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Parbhani Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T22:12:52Z

VanBoas1588: started new data.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Parbhani
| map_image = 96-Parbhani.svg
| mla = [[Rahul Vedprakash Patil]]
| party = {{Party index link|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| district = [[Parbhani district|Parbhani]]
| established = 1962
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 96
| electors = 350,721
}}
'''Parbhani Assembly constituency''' is one of [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|288 assembly constituencies]] of [[Maharashtra]] state of [[India]]. It comes under [[Parbhani Lok Sabha constituency]] for [[Elections in India|Indian general elections]].

The current [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|member of legislative assembly]] (MLA) from this constituency is [[Rahul Vedprakash Patil]]<ref name=elections>{{cite web|title=Constituencywise results|url=http://results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/ConstituencywiseS1396.htm?ac=96|accessdate=24 October 2019|publisher = Election Commission of India}}</ref> of [[Shiv Sena]] who defeated Mohammad Gouse Zain of [[Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi]] by 81,790 votes.<ref name=elections/>

In the 2014 Assembly elections, Rahul Patil replaced two-time MLA [[Sanjay Haribhau Jadhav]] of his own party who went on to become the [[List of members of the 16th Lok Sabha|member of parliament]] from [[Parbhani Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Parbhani Lok Sabha|url=http://www.elections.in/maharashtra/parliamentary-constituencies/parbhani.html|publisher=elections|accessdate=15 May 2015}}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#BB8ED0" | [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || rowspan="2" | Annasaheb Ramchandra Gavane || {{Full party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India|rowspan=4}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || [[Sheshrao Deshmukh]]
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || Annasaheb Ramchandra Gavane
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || rowspan="2" | Jamkar Raosaheb Bapusaheb || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || [[Abdul Rahman Khan Yousuf Khan]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || Gavane Vijay Annasaheb || {{Full party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || Bobde Hanumantrao Daulatrao || {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=7}}
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || rowspan="2" | [[Tukaram Renge Patil]]
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || rowspan="2" | [[Sanjay Haribhau Jadhav]]
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || rowspan="3" | [[Rahul Vedprakash Patil|Dr. Rahul Vedprakash Patil]]
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena (UBT)}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Parbhani }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Rahul Vedprakash Patil|Dr. Rahul Vedprakash Patil]] |party = Shiv Sena (UBT) |votes = 126,803 |percentage = 54.56% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Anand Sheshrao Bharose |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 92,587 |percentage = 39.84% |change = {{decrease}}15.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Naser Sharif Shaikh |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,442 |percentage = 2.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chakor Mahamuni Savitri |party = Rashtriya Samaj Paksha |votes = 1,779 |percentage = 0.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mohammed Gouse Zain |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,773 |percentage = 0.76% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,355 |percentage = 0.58% |change = {{decrease}}0.25 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 34,216 |percentage = 14.72% |change = {{decrease}}28.18 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 233,781 |percentage = 66.66% |change = {{increase}}3.83 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 232,426}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 350,721 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.44 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Shiv Sena (UBT) |loser = Shiv Sena |swing = {{decrease}}0.29 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Parbhani <ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Rahul Vedprakash Patil|Dr. Rahul Vedprakash Patil]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 104,584 |percentage = 54.85% |change = {{increase}}17.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mohammed Gouse Zain |party = Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 22,794 |percentage = 11.95% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ali Khan Moin Khan |party = All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen |votes = 22,741 |percentage = 11.93% |change = {{decrease}}11.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Suresh Kundlikrao Nagre |party = Independent politician |votes = 18,431 |percentage = 9.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Deshmukh Raviraj Ashokrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 15,580 |percentage = 8.17% |change = {{increase}}4.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sachin Bhimrao Patil |party = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 1,917 |percentage = 1.01% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,586 |percentage = 0.83% |change = {{increase}}0.27 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 81,790 |percentage = 42.90% |change = {{increase}}28.88 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 192,549 |percentage = 62.83% |change = {{decrease}}5.57 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 190,674}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 306,460 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.09 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |swing = {{increase}}17.02 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Parbhani <ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Rahul Vedprakash Patil|Dr. Rahul Vedprakash Patil]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 71,584 |percentage = 37.83% |change = {{decrease}}2.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Syad Khalad Syad Sahebjan |party = All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen |votes = 45,058 |percentage = 23.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Anand Sheshrao Bharose |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 42,051 |percentage = 22.22% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pratap Deshmukh |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 11,375 |percentage = 6.01% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Khan Irfanur Raheman Abdul Raheman Khan |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 7,342 |percentage = 3.88% |change = {{decrease}}15.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kadam Dattarya Shrirangrao |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 3,486 |percentage = 1.84% |change = {{decrease}}5.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,053 |percentage = 0.56% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 26,526 |percentage = 14.02% |change = {{increase}}1.40 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 190,423 |percentage = 68.40% |change = {{increase}}7.77 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 189,214}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 278,377 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.73 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |swing = {{decrease}}2.76 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Parbhani <ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sanjay Haribhau Jadhav]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 66,021 |percentage = 40.59% |change = {{decrease}}6.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vikhar Ahemad |party = Independent politician |votes = 45,498 |percentage = 27.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Adv. Tukaram Ganpatrao Renge Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 30,726 |percentage = 18.89% |change = {{decrease}}22.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhimrao Nagorao Hatiambire |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 12,651 |percentage = 7.78% |change = {{increase}}2.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Madhuri Rajan Kshirsagar |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 2,054 |percentage = 1.26% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Deshmukh Sunil |party = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 1,841 |percentage = 1.13% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mo. Shaji Ahemad Khan |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,660 |percentage = 1.02% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 20,523 |percentage = 12.62% |change = {{increase}}6.48 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 162,697 |percentage = 60.63% |change = {{decrease}}0.94 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 162,647}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 268,357 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.06 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |swing = {{decrease}}6.61 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Parbhani }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sanjay Haribhau Jadhav]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 74,939 |percentage = 47.20% |change = {{increase}}5.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ashok Anandrao Deshmukh |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 65,192 |percentage = 41.06% |change = {{increase}}4.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dhembre Baburao Khobraji |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 8,231 |percentage = 5.18% |change = {{increase}}3.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Yahya Khan M. Ishaqe |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,866 |percentage = 1.18% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Mawalge Mohan Yadavrao |party = Bahujan Mahasangha Paksha |votes = 1,751 |percentage = 1.10% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. Rauf Lala |party = Samajwadi Party |votes = 1,728 |percentage = 1.09% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Parvez Hashmi Mahemood Hashmi |party = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 970 |percentage = 0.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,747 |percentage = 6.14% |change = {{increase}}0.87 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 158,786 |percentage = 61.57% |change = {{increase}}3.81 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 158,783}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 257,888 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.69 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |swing = {{increase}}5.06 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Parbhani <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Tukaram Renge Patil]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 58,257 |percentage = 42.14% |change = {{increase}}4.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ansari M. Liyakat Ali A. Kadir |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 50,978 |percentage = 36.87% |change = {{increase}}11.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gavane Vijay Annasaheb |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 26,106 |percentage = 18.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Khandare Devrao Ganpatrao |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,802 |percentage = 1.30% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,279 |percentage = 5.27% |change = {{decrease}}7.46 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 143,668 |percentage = 57.76% |change = {{decrease}}8.99 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 138,249}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 248,718 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.59 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |swing = {{increase}}4.51 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Parbhani <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Tukaram Renge Patil]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 57,212 |percentage = 37.63% |change = {{decrease}}4.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shamim Ahemad Khan Rahim Ahemad Khan |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 37,858 |percentage = 24.90% |change = {{decrease}}7.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Raut Dudhagnokar Ganeshrao Nagorao |party = Janata Dal |votes = 16,900 |percentage = 11.12% |change = {{decrease}}13.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hake Suryakant Mukundrao |party = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 16,284 |percentage = 10.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ambure Devichand Digambarrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,340 |percentage = 2.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bharose Sheshrao Dhondaji |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,695 |percentage = 2.43% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dudhate Laxmanrao Madhavrao |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 2,796 |percentage = 1.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chopde Rangnathrao Gyanbarao |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,961 |percentage = 1.29% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,354 |percentage = 12.73% |change = {{increase}}2.91 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 155,752 |percentage = 66.75% |change = {{increase}}9.06 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 152,045}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 233,342 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.31 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |swing = {{decrease}}4.41 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Parbhani <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Bobde Hanumantrao Daulatrao |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 49,534 |percentage = 42.04% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shamim Ahemad Khan Rahim Ahemad Khan |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 37,966 |percentage = 32.22% |change = {{increase}}0.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gavane Vijay Annasaheb |party = Janata Dal |votes = 28,422 |percentage = 24.12% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,568 |percentage = 9.82% |change = {{increase}}4.13 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 119,860 |percentage = 57.69% |change = {{increase}}5.88 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 117,821}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 207,764 |ref = |change = {{increase}}50.32 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing = {{increase}}4.48 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Parbhani <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Gavane Vijay Annasaheb |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 26,335 |percentage = 37.56% |change = {{increase}}8.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ayeshabegum Iqbalhussain |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 22,346 |percentage = 31.87% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Taqi Hassankhan Qasimkhan |party = Independent politician |votes = 12,551 |percentage = 17.90% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ubale Kishanrao Thamajirao |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,311 |percentage = 6.15% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ghodke Sitalnath Jagannath |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 1,101 |percentage = 1.57% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pathan Sarfarjkhan Lalkhan |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,042 |percentage = 1.49% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hashami Sarwat Parwij |party = Independent politician |votes = 705 |percentage = 1.01% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,989 |percentage = 5.69% |change = {{decrease}}10.83 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 71,605 |percentage = 51.81% |change = {{increase}}4.46 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 70,109}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 138,211 |ref = |change = {{increase}}20.79 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{decrease}}7.66 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Parbhani <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Abdul Rahman Khan Yousuf Khan]] |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 23,910 |percentage = 45.22% |change = {{increase}}25.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gavane Vijay Annasaheb |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 15,172 |percentage = 28.69% |change = {{decrease}}9.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Deshmukh Ramchandra Devidasrao |party = Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 8,824 |percentage = 16.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chidrawar Sudhakar Bhimshankar |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 3,339 |percentage = 6.31% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kale Piraji Govindrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,633 |percentage = 3.09% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,738 |percentage = 16.52% |change = {{increase}}13.16 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 54,176 |percentage = 47.35% |change = {{decrease}}14.40 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 52,878}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 114,422 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.25 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}3.72 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Parbhani <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Jamkar Raosaheb Bapusaheb |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 25,700 |percentage = 41.50% |change = {{decrease}}9.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gauhane Annasaheb Ramchandrarao |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 23,616 |percentage = 38.13% |change = {{increase}}0.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ahmad Eqabal Hussain Ali Hasan |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 11,919 |percentage = 19.24% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shakuntalbai Baburao Khande |party = Independent politician |votes = 392 |percentage = 0.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,084 |percentage = 3.36% |change = {{decrease}}10.23 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 64,084 |percentage = 61.75% |change = {{increase}}7.38 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 61,935}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 103,782 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.80 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}9.79 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Parbhani <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Jamkar Raosaheb Bapusaheb |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 26,293 |percentage = 51.29% |change = {{increase}}11.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gauhane Annasaheb Ramchandrarao |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 19,328 |percentage = 37.70% |change = {{decrease}}5.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gavane G. Rao Shankarao |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 2,314 |percentage = 4.51% |change = {{decrease}}1.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Haji Syed M. Sayad Ali |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,840 |percentage = 3.59% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Watode Sambhaji Namji |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 1,487 |percentage = 2.90% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,965 |percentage = 13.59% |change = {{increase}}10.46 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 53,333 |percentage = 54.37% |change = {{increase}}0.74 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 51,262}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 98,093 |ref = |change = {{increase}}18.83 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing = {{increase}}8.42 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Parbhani <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Annasaheb Ramchandra Gavane |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 17,873 |percentage = 42.87% |change = {{decrease}}8.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. S. Rao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 16,568 |percentage = 39.74% |change = {{increase}}0.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = J. G. Khare |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,293 |percentage = 7.90% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. M. Khating |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 2,479 |percentage = 5.95% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = J. P. Yengde |party = Independent politician |votes = 781 |percentage = 1.87% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. Mustafakhan |party = Independent politician |votes = 701 |percentage = 1.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,305 |percentage = 3.13% |change = {{decrease}}8.89 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 44,274 |percentage = 53.63% |change = {{increase}}3.97 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 41,695}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 82,547 |ref = |change = {{increase}}15.05 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing = {{decrease}}8.41 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Parbhani <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sheshrao Deshmukh]] |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 17,215 |percentage = 51.28% |change = {{decrease}}9.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ambadasrao Ganeshrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 13,179 |percentage = 39.26% |change = }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rambhau Gangaram |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,849 |percentage = 8.49% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shanker Munjajee |party = Independent politician |votes = 327 |percentage = 0.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,036 |percentage = 12.02% |change = {{decrease}}9.46 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 35,631 |percentage = 49.66% |change = {{increase}}17.41 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 33,570}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 71,746 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.13 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing = {{decrease}}9.46 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Parbhani <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Annasaheb Ramchandra Gavane |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 12,647 |percentage = 60.74% |change = {{decrease}}14.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rangrao S/o Sunderrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 8,175 |percentage = 39.26% |change = {{increase}}20.80 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,472 |percentage = 21.48% |change = {{decrease}}35.56 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 20,822 |percentage = 32.25% |change = {{decrease}}13.69 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 20,822}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 64,562 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.85 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing = {{decrease}}14.76 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election]] : Parbhani <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Hyderabad |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606161433/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2016|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Annasaheb Ramchandra Gavane |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 20,020 |percentage = 75.50% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mukund Rao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 4,895 |percentage = 18.46% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jageshwar Dayal |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 1,603 |percentage = 6.04% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,125 |percentage = 57.04% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 26,518 |percentage = 45.94% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 26,518}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 57,723 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==Villages in Constituency==
;List of villages in the constituency<ref>{{cite web|title=Parbhani Vidhan Sabha Villages |url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/assemblypolls/maharashtra/parbhani.html|publisher=elections|accessdate=2 November 2018}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
*[[Karadgaon]]
*[[Mandwa, Parbhani|Mandwa]]
*[[Mirzapur, Parbhani|Mirzapur]]
*[[Takli Bobade]]
*[[Takli Kumbhakarna]]
* [[Sultanpur, Parbhani|Sultanpur]]
*[[Shahapur, Parbhani|Shahapur]]
*Singla
*[[Mangangaon, Parbhani|Mangangaon]]
*[[Nandkheda, Parbhani|Nandkheda]]
*[[Dharmapuri, Parbhani|Dharmapuri]]
*[[Pedgaon, Parbhani|Pedgaon]]
*[[Parva, Parbhani|Parva]]
*Gurwa
*[[Bramhangaon, Parbhani|Bramhangaon]]
*[[Raipur, Parbhani|Raipur]]
*[[Sendra]]
*[[Ukhalad]]
*[[Balsa, Parbhani|Balsa]]
*[[Pingali, Parbhani|Pingali]]
*Tatujawla
*Tadlimba
*[[Pathra, Parbhani|Pathra]]
*[[Varpud, Parbhani|Varpud]]
*[[Wangi, Parbhani|Wangi]]
*[[Dhar, Parbhani|Dhar]]
*[[Kaudgaon, Parbhani|Kaudgaon]]
*[[Tadborgaon]]
*[[Jamb, Parbhani|Jamb]]
*Karegaon
*Asola
*Jodparli
*Sawangi
*Zari
*Pimpla
*Sadegaon
*Wadadimai
*Nandgaon
*Sukapurwadi
*Rahati
*Alapur Pandri
*Porjawla
*Dhangarwadi
*Pimpri Deshmukh
*Mirkhel
*Babli
*Sambar
*Matkharala
*Pimpalgaon Tond
*Devthana
*Satla
*Samsapur
*Sanpuri
*Durdi
*Karadgaon
*Dharangaon
*Saba
*Murumba
*Jalalpur
*Nandapur
*Bramapuri
*Pingli Ko
{{div col end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Parbhani district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coord|19.26|76.78|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Parbhani]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Nilambur Assembly constituency

2026-05-04T09:51:00Z

VanBoas1588: started stub

{{Short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| state = Kerala
| name = Nilambur
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 35
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| established = 1965
| reservation = None
| electors = 2,25,356 (2021)<ref name="turnout_2021">{{cite web
|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Voter turnout 2021, CEO Kerala
|url=http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/GE-2021/VoterTurnout2021.pdf
|website=www.ceo.kerala.gov.in
}}</ref>
| mla = [[Aryadan Shoukath]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Wayanad Lok Sabha constituency|Wayanad]]
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| latest_election_year = [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| district = [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]]
}}

'''Nilambur Assembly constituency''' is one of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]] in southern [[India]]. It is also one of the seven [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies included in [[Wayanad Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://malappuram.nic.in/constituencies
|title = State Assembly Constituencies in Malappuram district, Kerala
}}</ref>

==Local self-governed segments==
Nilambur Assembly constituency is composed of the following local self-governed segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/malappuram.html
|title = Local Self Governments in Assembly Constituencies of Malappuram District
|access-date = 21 August 2019
|archive-date = 20 August 2019
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190820130501/http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/malappuram.html
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
!width="30px" |Sl no.
!width="100px" |Name
!width="130px" |Status ([[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]/[[Municipality]])
!width="100px" |[[Tehsil|Taluk]]
|-
|1
|[[Nilambur]]
|Municipality
|[[Nilambur (Taluk)|Nilambur]]
|-
|2
|[[Vazhikkadavu|Vazhikadavu]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Nilambur (Taluk)|Nilambur]]
|-
|3
|[[Moothedam]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Nilambur (Taluk)|Nilambur]]
|-
|4
|[[Edakkara]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Nilambur (Taluk)|Nilambur]]
|-
|5
|[[Pothukal]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Nilambur (Taluk)|Nilambur]]
|-
|6
|[[Chungathara]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Nilambur (Taluk)|Nilambur]]
|-
|7
|[[Karulai|Karulayi]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Nilambur (Taluk)|Nilambur]]
|-
|8
|[[Amarambalam]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Nilambur (Taluk)|Nilambur]]
|}

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
The following list contains all members of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] who have represented Nilambur Assembly constituency during the period of various assemblies:<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/assemblypolls/kerala/nilambur-assembly-constituency-map.html
|title = Members of Kerala Legislative Assembly: Nilambur
}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election
! Niyama Sabha
! Name
! colspan="2"|Party
! Tenure
|-
| [[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| 3rd
| [[K. Kunhali]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| 1967 – 1970
|-
| [[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]
| 4th
| M. P. Gangadharan
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
| 1970 – 1977
|-
| [[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| 5th
| [[Aryadan Muhammed]]
| 1977 – 1980
|-
| [[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |6th
| C. Haridas
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress (U)}}
| 1980
|-
| 1980*
| [[Aryadan Muhammed]]
| 1980 - 1982
|-
| [[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
| 7th
| [[T. K. Hamza]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
| 1982 – 1987
|-
| [[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| 8th
| rowspan="6" |[[Aryadan Muhammed]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=6|Indian National Congress}}
| 1987 – 1991
|-
| [[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| 9th
| 1991 – 1996
|-
| [[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| 10th
| 1996 – 2001
|-
| [[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| 11th
| 2001 – 2006
|-
| [[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| 12th
| 2006 – 2011
|-
| [[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| 13th
| 2011 – 2016
|-
| [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| 14th
| rowspan="2"|[[P. V. Anvar]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Independent politician}}
| 2016 - 2021
|-
| [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| rowspan="2" | 15th
| 2021-2025
|-
| [[2025 elections in India#Kerala|2025*]]
| rowspan=2|[[Aryadan Shoukath]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
| 2025 – 2026
|-
|[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| 16th
| 2026 – present
|-
|}
{{notelist}}*by-election

== Detailed election results==
Percentage change (±%) denotes the change in the number of votes from the immediate previous election.
===2026===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Nilambur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party= Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Aryadan Shoukath]]|votes=113,586|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|candidate=[[U. Sharafali]]|votes=58,735|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharath Dharma Jana Sena|candidate=Gireesh Mekkad|votes=12,660|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=Jaisal Maliyekkal|votes=1942|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=2672|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2025 by-election===
====By political party====
{{Election box begin|title=[[2025 elections in India#Kerala|2025 by-election]]: [[Nilambur]]<ref name="Assembly bypoll results highlights: Congress wins Nilambur; AAP wins a seat each in Gujarat, Punjab; Trinamool bags Bengal’s Kaliganj; BJP retains Kadi in Gujarat">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Assembly bypoll results highlights: Congress wins Nilambur; AAP wins a seat each in Gujarat, Punjab; Trinamool bags Bengal’s Kaliganj; BJP retains Kadi in Gujarat |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/assembly-bypoll-results-nilambur-ludhiana-kaliganj-visavadar-kadi-live-updates-june-23-2025/article69726381.ece |access-date=23 June 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=23 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250623125254/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/assembly-bypoll-results-nilambur-ludhiana-kaliganj-visavadar-kadi-live-updates-june-23-2025/article69726381.ece |archive-date=23 June 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party= Indian National Congress |candidate=[[Aryadan Shoukath]]|votes=77,737|percentage=44.17|change={{decrease}}1.17}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[M. Swaraj]]|votes=66,660|percentage=37.88|change={{decrease}}9.02}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[P. V. Anvar]]|votes=19,760|percentage=11.23|change={{increase}}11.23}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Mohan George|votes=8,648|percentage=4.91|change={{down}}0.05}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Sadik Naduthodi|votes=2,075|percentage=1.18|change={{down}}0.71}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above (India)|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=630|percentage=0.36|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=11,077|percentage=6.29|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=175,989|percentage=75.27%|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner=Indian National Congress
|loser =Independent
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==== By local self-governed segment ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! rowspan="3" |Status ([[Gram panchayat]]/[[municipality]])
! colspan="5" |Votes
|-
| style="background:{{party color|INC}}" |
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
|style="background:{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}" |
|
|-
!Indian National Congress
!Communist Party of India (Marxist)
!All India Trinamool Congress
!Lead
|-
|[[Amarambalam]]
|10065
|9814
|2447
|style="background:#0078FF|'''704'''
|-
|[[Chungathara]]
|10426
|9039
|2824
|style="background:#0078FF|'''1287'''
|-
|[[Edakkara]]
|7739
|6569
|2122
|style="background:#0078FF|'''1170'''
|-
|[[Karulai]]
|6403
|6533
|1870
|style="background:#ED1C24|'''118'''
|-
|[[Moothedam]]
|7986
|5924
|2216
|style="background:#0078FF|'''2067'''
|-
|[[Nilambur]]
|14362
|10393
|2124
|style="background:#0078FF|'''3967'''
|-
|[[Pothukal]]
|7851
|7461
|1585
|style="background:#0078FF|'''307'''
|-
|[[Vazhikkadavu]]
|12255
|10426
|4544
|style="background:#0078FF|'''1829'''
|-
|}

===2021===
====By political party====
{{Election box begin|title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Nilambur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[P. V. Anvar]]
|votes = {{formatnum:81227}}
|percentage = {{formatnum:46.9}}
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=V. V. Prakash|votes={{formatnum:78527}}|percentage={{formatnum:40.03}}|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=T. K. Ashokkumar|votes={{formatnum:8500}}|percentage={{formatnum:4.96}}|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=K. Babu Mani|votes={{formatnum:3281}}|percentage={{formatnum:1.89}}|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Sajadurahman C.P.|votes={{formatnum:559}}|percentage={{formatnum:0.32}}|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian Christian Secular Party|candidate=Anila Mathew|votes={{formatnum:509}}|percentage={{formatnum:0.29}}|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above (India)|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes={{formatnum:507}}|percentage={{formatnum:0.29}}|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = {{formatnum:2700}}
|percentage = {{formatnum:1.54}}
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|votes={{formatnum:173205}}|percentage={{formatnum:76.6}}|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Independent politician|Independent (P. V. Anvar)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

====By local self-governed segment====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! rowspan="3" |Status ([[Gram panchayat]]/[[municipality]])
! colspan="3" |Votes
|-
| style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}"|
|style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}" |
|-
!Indian National Congress
!Bharatiya Janata Party
!Independent (P. V. Anvar)
|-
|[[Amarambalam]]
|9746
|1446
|11,238
|-
|[[Chungathara]]
|11,347
|1072
|11,033
|-
|[[Edakkara]]
|7,745
|1022
|7,757
|-
|[[Karulai]]
|6159
|501
|7605
|-
|[[Moothedam]]
|8915
|690
|6584
|-
|[[Nilambur]]
|11,673
|1464
|13,200
|-
|[[Pothukal]]
|7813
|860
|8319
|-
|[[Vazhikkadavu]]
|13,436
|1367
|13,471
|-
|}

===2016===
====By political party====
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Nilambur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[P. V. Anvar]]|votes={{formatnum:77858}}|percentage=47.91%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Aryadan Shoukath]]|votes={{formatnum:66354}}|percentage=40.83%|change={{decrease}}7.81}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharath Dharma Jana Sena|candidate=Girish Mekkatt|votes={{formatnum:12284}}|percentage=7.56%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=K. Babu Mani|votes={{formatnum:4751}}|percentage=2.92%|change={{increase}}1.04}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes={{formatnum:1256}}|percentage=0.77%|change=-}}
{{Election box margin of victory||votes={{formatnum:11504}}|percentage=7.08%|change={{increase}}2.98}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:162503}}|percentage=78.83%|change={{increase}}0.89}}
{{Election box registered electors|reg. electors={{formatnum:206132}}|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link||winner=Independent politician|loser=Indian National Congress|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

====By local self-governed segment====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! rowspan="3" |Status ([[Gram panchayat]]/[[municipality]])
! colspan="3" |Votes
|-
| style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}"|
|style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}" |
|-
!Indian National Congress
!Bharath Dharma Jana Sena
!Independent (P. V. Anvar)
|-
|[[Amarambalam]]
|8379
|1909
|11,080
|-
|[[Chungathara]]
|9586
|1964
|9890
|-
|[[Edakkara]]
|6195
|1919
|7,486
|-
|[[Karulai]]
|5560
|533
|7030
|-
|[[Moothedam]]
|7048
|822
|6830
|-
|[[Nilambur]]
|11,241
|1659
|14,011
|-
|[[Pothukal]]
|7069
|1363
|8009
|-
|[[Vazhikkadavu]]
|10,917
|1986
|13,079
|-
|}

===2011===
====By political party====
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Nilambur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Aryadan Muhammed|votes={{formatnum:66331}}|percentage=48.64%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent politician|candidate=M. Thomas Mathew|votes={{formatnum:60733}}|percentage=44.54%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=K. C. Velayudhan|votes={{formatnum:4425}}|percentage=3.25%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=C. G. Unni|votes={{formatnum:2566}}|percentage=1.88%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Thariyan Kiliyan|votes={{formatnum:1291}}|percentage=0.95%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Thomas Mathew|votes={{formatnum:1012}}|percentage=0.74%|change=-}}
{{Election box margin of victory||votes={{formatnum:5598}}|percentage=4.10%|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:136358}}|percentage=77.94%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors|reg. electors={{formatnum:174945}}|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Indian National Congress|swing=}}{{Election box end}}

====By local self-governed segment====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! rowspan="3" |Status ([[Gram panchayat]]/[[municipality]])
! colspan="3" |Votes
|-
| style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}"|
|style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}" |
|-
!Indian National Congress
!Bharatiya Janata Party
!Independent (M. Thomas Mathew)
|-
|[[Amarambalam]]
|8363
|1008
|7929
|-
|[[Chungathara]]
|9690
|493
|8745
|-
|[[Edakkara]]
|7286
|562
|6371
|-
|[[Karulai]]
|5069
|277
|4822
|-
|[[Moothedam]]
|5690
|368
|4968
|-
|[[Nilambur]]
|12,454
|669
|11,280
|-
|[[Pothukal]]
|7182
|463
|6743
|-
|[[Vazhikkadavu]]
|10,383
|583
|9572
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Nilambur]]
* [[Malappuram district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
* [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20191013043120/https://keralapanchayatelection2020.keralas.info/ Remaining Date for Nilambur Municipality Election 2020]

{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}

{{Kerala Niyamasabha elections}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]

[[Category:State assembly constituencies in Malappuram district]]
[[Category:Nilambur area]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1965]]
[[Category:1965 establishments in Kerala]]

Twenty:20 (film)

2026-05-03T17:59:37Z

VanBoas1588: starting entry

{{short description|2008 film by Joshiy}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Twenty:20
| image = Twenty-20.jpg 
| caption = Promotional poster
| director = [[Joshiy]]
| writer = [[Udayakrishna-Siby K. Thomas|Udayakrishna Siby K. Thomas]]
| producer = Dileep
| starring = {{ubl|[[Mohanlal]]|[[Mammootty]]|[[Suresh Gopi]]|[[Jayaram]]}}
| music = {{ubl|'''Songs:''' [[Suresh Peters]] [[Berny Ignatius]]|'''Score:''' C. Rajamani}}
| cinematography = [[P. Sukumar]]
| editing = Ranjan Abraham
| studio = [[Association of Malayalam Movie Artists|AMMA Films]] Graand Production
| distributor = Manjunatha Release [[Kalasangham Films]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2008|11|5}}
| runtime = 170 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = {{INR|10 million}}<ref>{{Cite web |title='Twenty 20' breaks Kerala box-office record |url=http://nowrunning.com/news/news.aspx?it=19211 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224050630/http://nowrunning.com/news/news.aspx?it=19211 |archive-date=24 December 2008}}</ref>
| gross = 
}}

'''''Twenty:20''''' is a 2008 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[action thriller film]] written by [[Udayakrishna-Siby K. Thomas]], directed by [[Joshiy]], produced and distributed by [[Dileep]] through Graand Production and Manjunatha Release. The film stars [[Mohanlal]], [[Mammootty]], [[Suresh Gopi]] and [[Jayaram]]. The film was produced on behalf of the [[Association of Malayalam Movie Artists]] (AMMA) as a fundraiser to the [[Malayalam cinema]] support who were struggling financially.<ref>{{Citation |last=The Hindu |title=AMMA office-bearers assume charge |date=June 2006 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/06/26/stories/2006062608990400.htm |access-date=25 December 2008 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103043211/http://www.hindu.com/2006/06/26/stories/2006062608990400.htm |archive-date=2013-01-03 |url-status=dead |place=Chennai, India}}</ref> All the actors in AMMA worked without payment in order to raise funds for their welfare schemes.<ref>{{Cite news |last=IANS |date=29 June 2015 |title=Mammootty attends AMMA meeting, discusses plans for raising funds |url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/movies/mammootty-attends-amma-meeting-discusses-plans-for-raising-funds-1013085.html |access-date=12 September 2015 |location=[[Kochi]] |agency=[[IBN Live]]}}</ref>

The film features an ensemble cast, which includes almost all major artists in Malayalam cinema.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nicy |date=7 October 2014 |title=Shaji Kailas Confirms Next Film with Mohanlal and Mammootty |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/shaji-kailas-confirms-next-film-mohanlal-mammootty-610700 |access-date=12 September 2015 |agency=[[International Business Times]]}}</ref> The music was composed by [[Berny-Ignatius]] and [[Suresh Peters]] while C. Rajamani provided background score. The first two-week distributors share of the film stood at {{INRConvert|5.72|c}}.<ref name="Sify Movies 2008">{{Citation |last=Sify Movies |title=T:20 International opening |date=21 November 2008 |url=http://sify.com/movies/malayalam/fullstory.php?id=14803129 |access-date=25 December 2008 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130202095331/http://sify.com/movies/malayalam/fullstory.php?id=14803129 |archive-date=2 February 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The film managed to secure third position (with 7 prints, 4 in [[Chennai]]) in [[Tamil Nadu]]'s box office in its opening week.<ref>{{Citation |last=IndiaGlitz |title='Twenty: 20' makes it to Top 5 |date=9 December 2008 |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/43502.html |access-date=29 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211062717/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/43502.html |archive-date=11 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The total number of opening prints releasing inside Kerala was 117; outside Kerala, approximately 25 prints were released on 21 November 2014, including 4 prints in the US and 11 prints in the [[UAE]].<ref name="Sify Movies 2008" />

==Plot==
Viswanathan Menon is a retired [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court Chief Justice]] who along with his wife came home to celebrate [[Vishu]] with his family and hopes to spend the remainder of his life in tranquillity. The joint family arrives and prepares to celebrate through the weekend, but plans go awry when Menon's grandson Arun Kumar, who is a medical student in [[Bangalore]], is accused of murdering a fellow student. [[Superintendent of Police|SP]] Antony Punnekkadan, who has a grudge against Menon's children, attempts to take Arun into custody. Arun goes into hiding, but Antony finds Arun and seizes him from the hideout. Menon's children hires an ace [[Criminal defense lawyer|criminal lawyer]] named Ramesh Nambiar, who bails Arun out of prison.

Vinod Bhaskar is a doctor and a professor who wants to testify against Arun but is kidnapped by Karinkal Peethambaran, a thug hired by Menon's children. Arun gets murdered and Antony arrests Devan, a poor trader who happened to be at the scene. Devan's sister and his mother tells Ramesh that Devan is innocent and that he is being framed by Antony. Ramesh takes the case, where he proves Devan's innocence in court and Devan is released. Later, Ramesh encounters Devan, who introduces himself as a crime boss named Devaraja Prathapa Varma. Devaraja and his assistants deceived Ramesh into believing that Devaraja was innocent, where Devaraja reveals that he is the real killer and that he tricked Ramesh as retribution for saving Arun.

Devaraja plans to avenge the brutal murder of his brother Karthik Varma, who was killed by Arun and his cousins Mahindran and Ganeshan. This triggers a feud between Devaraja and Ramesh. When Devaraja tries to kill the last two relatives involved in the crime, Ramesh sets a trap. Devaraja escapes, but is eventually arrested by Antony. Ramesh learns the truth about the murder at the [[Bangalore Medical College]] from Vinod, who is Devaraja's close friend. Ramesh's sister Ashwathy, who was a student at the medical college, had witnessed Arun killing a girl at the school. Arun, along with his two relatives Mahindran and Ganeshan, apprehended Ashwathy and injected her with [[morphine]] to kill her.

However, Ashwathy survived, but fell into a deep [[coma]]. Karthik, who was Ashwathy's boyfriend, attempts to save her, but was also killed. After learning this, Ramesh is full of remorse. Devaraja escapes from police custody with the help of a cop and kills Ganeshan. Ramesh and Devaraja kills Mahindran and Antony kills Madhavan. The case is abandoned when Antony lets them walk free, knowing that they would escape anyway.

==Cast==
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Mohanlal]] as Devaraja Prathapa Varma
* [[Mammootty]] as [[Advocate]] Ramesh Nambiar
* [[Suresh Gopi]] as [[Superintendent of police (India)|SP]] Antony Punnekkadan [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Jayaram]] as Dr. Vinod Bhaskar (extended cameo appearance)
* [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]] as Karthi / Karthik Varma (cameo appearance)
* [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as Madhava Menon
* [[Manoj K. Jayan]] as Mahindran
* [[Shammi Thilakan]] as Ganeshan
* [[Vijayaraghavan (actor)|Vijayaraghavan]] as Balan Menon
* [[Indrajith Sukumaran]] as Arun Kumar, Madhava Menon's son
* [[Bhavana (Malayalam actress)|Bhavana]] as Ashwathy Nambiar
* [[Sindhu Menon]] as Padmini, Mahendran's wife
* [[Gopika]] as Devi, [[Advocate]] Ramesh Nambiar's wife
* [[Karthika Mathew]] as Alice, Antony Punnekkadan's wife
* [[Kavya Madhavan]] as Ancy
* [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] as [[Circle Inspector|CI]] Jayachandran Nair
* [[Jagadish]] as [[Constable]] Nakulan
* [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as Sankarettan, Devan and Karthik's cousin
* [[Sreenivasan]] as Constable Kunjappan (cameo appearance)
* [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]] as Retired [[Justice (title)|Justice]] Vishwanatha Menon
* [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] as Kuttikrishnan
* [[Lalu Alex]] as [[Deputy inspector general of police|DIG]] Krishnadas
* [[Bindu Panicker]] as Geetha
* [[Maniyanpilla Raju]] as [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Gopi
* [[Radhika (Malayalam actress)|Radhika]] as Radhika, Ashwathy's friend
* [[Kalpana (Malayalam actress)|Kalpana]] as Para Mary
* [[Kalabhavan Mani]] as Karinakel Pappachan
* [[Suraj Venjaramood]] as Gumasthan Ramu
* [[Babu Antony]] as Vikram Bhai
* [[Madhu Warrier]] as Devan's assistant
* [[Idavela Babu|Edavela Babu]] as Josuttan
* [[Baiju Santhosh]] as Satheesan
* [[Anil Murali]] as Surendran
* [[Lal (actor)|Lal]] as [[Advocate]] Radhakrishnan
* [[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardanan]] as Ramakrishnapilla
* [[Bijukuttan]] as Ottu Murali
* [[Harisree Ashokan]] as Poottu Varkey
* [[Salim Kumar]] as [[Superintendent of police (India)|SP]] Indhuchoodan
* [[Cochin Haneefa]] as Peruchazhi Vasu
* [[Indrans]] as Govindan
* [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]] as Minister Mathai
* [[T. P. Madhavan]] as [[Private secretary|Minister's PA]] Francis
* [[Biju Menon]] as [[Assistant superintendent|ASP]] Jacob Eerali IPS
* [[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]] as Bharathi Amma
* [[Jyothirmayi]] as Jyothi
* [[Usha (actress)|Usha]] as Latha
* [[Sukumari]] as Leelamma
* [[Mamukkoya]] as Vallakkaran Khadar
* [[Baburaj (actor)|Baburaj]] as Stephen
* [[Madhupal]] as Shekharan Kutty
* [[Mala Aravindan]] as Kurup
* [[Guinness Pakru]] as Vikraman, a worker in the tea shop
* [[Babu Namboothiri]] as Justice Kaimal
* [[Vijayakumar (Malayalam actor)|Vijayakumar]] as Junior [[Advocate]]
* [[Pradeep Kottayam]] (uncredited)

'''Special appearances in the song ''Hey Dil Deewana'''''
(Characters are named as per end credits)
* [[Nayanthara]] as Diana
* [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] as Tony
* [[Jayasurya]] as James
* [[Kunchacko Boban]] as Sabu
* [[Manikkuttan]] as Reji
{{div col end}}

==Production==
''Twenty:20'' was made as a fundraiser for the [[Association of Malayalam Movie Artists]] (AMMA). The script was written by Uday Krishna and Sibi K Thomas. As a producer, Dileep was the main investor in the project, and he bought the rights of the film for 40 million. He officially handed over the money to AMMA a year before. The film shooting officially started at a ceremony held in Hotel White Fort, [[Kochi, India|Kochi]], with Dileep handing over the advance to Joshi.<ref>{{Citation |last=AMMA |title=First step taken for 'AMMA's Film |date=November 2007 |df=dmy-all |url=http://www.malayalamcinema.com/php/showNews.php?newsid=105&linkid=3 |access-date=25 December 2008 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114033602/http://www.malayalamcinema.com/php/showNews.php?newsid=105&linkid=3 |archivedate=14 January 2009}}</ref> The filming was primarily held in [[Kochi, India|Kochi]] and [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. A song sequence in the film was shot in [[Mauritius]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Sify Movies |title=Dileep and Bhavana in Mauritius! |date=September 2008 |url=http://sify.com/movies/malayalam/imagegallery/galleryDetail.php?hcategory=13733817&hgallery=14786597 |access-date=25 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081102032613/http://sify.com/movies/malayalam/imagegallery/galleryDetail.php?hcategory=13733817&hgallery=14786597 |archive-date=2008-11-02 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The shooting of the film started on 7 December 2007 and finished in October 2008.

[[Meera Jasmine]], who was slated to act in the film opposite [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]], dropped out, citing a shortage of dates. There were reports that the AMMA was planning a ban on her regarding the issue.<ref>{{Citation |last=AOL India |title=Meera Jasmine in Twenty:20? |date=8 May 2008 |url=http://www.aol.in/southcinema/malayalam-story/meera-jasmine-in-twenty20/2008050709189088000011 |access-date=25 December 2008}}</ref> However, no ban was pronounced and Meera Jasmine was replaced with [[Bhavana (actress)|Bhavana]].

The [[High Court of Kerala]] issued a stay preventing the government's planned action of allowing a 50% premium to be charged for tickets in a case where the plaintiff argued that the state only had the right to offer tax breaks on the making of films.<ref name="Hindu6Nov2008">{{Cite news |date=6 November 2008 |title=Court directive to government |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/06/stories/2008110650580300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090506012746/http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/06/stories/2008110650580300.htm |archive-date=6 May 2009 |access-date=8 April 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

==Release==
===Theatrical===
''Twenty:20'' was released on 5 November 2008.

===Home media===
[[Moser Baer]] home entertainment released the [[VCD]] and DVD of the movie in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moser Baer Acquires 'Twenty 20' |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/events/18262.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418051717/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/events/18262.html |archive-date=18 April 2012 |access-date=19 October 2014 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> [[Surya TV]] owns the broadcast rights for ''Twenty:20''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TWENTY:20 |url=http://www.in.com/tv/movies/surya-tv-136/twenty20-21787.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045532/http://www.in.com/tv/movies/surya-tv-136/twenty20-21787.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=19 October 2014 |publisher=in.com}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Box office===

''Twenty:20'' released in 115 theatres and grossed more than {{INRConvert|1|c}} in the opening day which was highest at that time,<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2008 |title='Twenty 20' breaks Kerala box-office record |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/news/entertainment/twenty-20-breaks-kerala-box-office-record-6794.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141019090048/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/news/entertainment/twenty-20-breaks-kerala-box-office-record-6794.html |archive-date=19 October 2014 |access-date=19 October 2014 |publisher=[[Mathrubhumi]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref> The first week distributors share of the film stood at {{INRConvert|30.3|m}} and grossed ₹7.54 crore,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-12-02 |title=T: 20- Box- Office history! |url=http://sify.com/movies/malayalam/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202064315/http://sify.com/movies/malayalam/ |archive-date=2008-12-02 |access-date=2023-02-27 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> making it the first highest grossing Malayalam film in the opening week.<ref name="Sify Movies 2008" /> ''Twenty:20'' opened at the external market on 21 November 2008 with approximately 25 prints, including 4 prints in the US, 11 prints in the UAE, and 7 prints in Tamil Nadu.<ref name="Sify Movies 2008" /> It completed 100 days in 10 centres,<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2009 |title=Kerala Box Office (Jan 2009) |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14853568&cid=14625530 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140618102711/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14853568&cid=14625530 |archive-date=18 June 2014 |access-date=19 October 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> and got a distribution share of about {{INRConvert|10.5|c}} from Kerala alone.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 2014 |title=Drishyam crossed 'T20' to become the biggest Malayalam grosser ever |url=http://breakingmovies.blogspot.in/2014/01/drishyam-beats-t20-to-become-biggest.html |access-date=19 October 2014 |publisher=breakingmovies.in}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=November 2014}} The film completed 150 days in theatres.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2009 |title=Twenty:20 celebrates glorious 150 days |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2009/twenty-20-150-days-160609.html |publisher=Filmibeat}}</ref>

===Critical response===
[[Sify.com]] described the ensemble cast as the "Mother of all multi-starrers".<ref>{{Citation |last=Sify Movies |title=Mother of all multistarrers! |date=3 December 2008 |url=http://sify.com/movies/malayalam/fullstory.php?id=14570156 |access-date=25 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071206115907/http://sify.com/movies/malayalam/fullstory.php?id=14570156 |archive-date=6 December 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The site called the film a "stylish, racy and never a dull moment super entertainer."<ref>{{Citation |last=Sify Movies |title=Twenty20 review |url=http://sify.com/movies/malayalam/review.php?id=14791402&ctid=5&cid=2428 |access-date=25 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081109074802/http://sify.com/movies/malayalam/review.php?id=14791402&ctid=5&cid=2428 |archive-date=9 November 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The reviewer went on to write that the film "is a winner all the way" and that "it is a blockbuster in the making and is refreshingly fresh, innovative entertaining and highly recommended". [[Rediff.com]] rated the film 3/5, calling it "surprisingly good" and gave credit to the director Joshi for "designing a miracle".<ref>{{Citation |last=Rediff |title=Twenty20 review |date=November 2008 |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/nov/06sst.htm |access-date=25 December 2008}}</ref> It also received the [[Asianet Film Awards|Asianet Film Award for Best Film]].

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Twenty:20
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Suresh Peters]] and [[Berny–Ignatius]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = October 2008
| recorded = 2007–2008
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 13:54
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| label = [[Manorama Music]]
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Pandippada]]
| prev_year = 2005
| next_title = [[Love in Singapore (2009 film)|Love in Singapore]]
| next_year = 2009
| chronology = [[Suresh Peters]]
| misc = {{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Berny–Ignatius]]
| type = Soundtrack
| prev_title = [[Hareendran Oru Nishkalankan]]
| prev_year = 2007
| title = Twenty:20
| year = 2008
| next_title = [[Kaaryasthan]]
| next_year = 2010
}}
}}

The audio launch of the film was held in a function at [[Mohanlal]]'s own<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2008 |title=A Cochin holiday with Mohanlal |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/comment-a-cochin-holiday-with-mohanlal-1178418 |access-date=3 Nov 2014 |publisher=dnaindia.com}}</ref> Hotel Travancore Court, [[Eranakulam]]. AMMA president and actor [[Innocent Vincent|Innocent]] released the audio CD by handing it over to actress [[Manju Warrier]], who was the wife of actor [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]], the producer of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2008 |title=Mega audio launch of Twenty:20 |url=http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2008/twenty-20-audio-release-171008.html |access-date=3 Nov 2014 |publisher=filmibeat.com}}</ref> The music rights of the film were reportedly purchased for a record price by Manorama music. The music CD pack carries a bonus VCD of the video film ''The Making of Twenty:20''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Twenty:20 audio launched! |url=http://movies.bizhat.com/news/twenty_20_audio_launched.php |access-date=3 Nov 2014 |publisher=bizhat.com}}</ref> There are three songs in the album, one by composer [[Berny-Ignatius]] ("Sa Ri Ga Ma Pa") and others by [[Suresh Peters]].

===Track listing===
There are three tracks in the album: three vocals and the [[karaoke]] versions of them. The lyrics of the songs were penned by [[Gireesh Puthenchery]].
{| class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer(s)!! Composer !! Length !! Notes
|-
| "Oh Priya"
| [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Jyotsna Radhakrishnan]]
| [[Suresh Peters]]
| 4:49
| Picturised on [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]], [[Bhavana (actress)|Bhavana]]
|-
|"He Dil Deewana"
| George Peter, [[Suresh Peters]], [[Sunitha Sarathy]]
| Suresh Peters
| 4:48
| Picturised on [[Nayantara]], [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]], [[Jayasurya]], [[Kunchacko Boban]], [[Manikkuttan]] and [[Indrajith Sukumaran]].
|-
| "Sa Ri Ga Ma Pa"
| [[K. J. Yesudas|Dr. K. J. Yesudas]], [[Madhu Balakrishnan]], Afsal, Franco, [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]], [[Jassie Gift]], [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Sujatha Mohan]], [[Jyotsna Radhakrishnan]], [[Rimi Tomy]], Anitha
| [[Berny-Ignatius]]
| 4:57
| Title song.<ref>{{Citation |last=Manorama Online |title=Twenty:20 Tracklist |date=October 2008 |url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/musicAlbumDetails.do?albumOid=638439&BV_ID=@@@ |access-date=30 December 2008}}</ref> (Tribute to yesteryear actors)
|}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=1138482|title=Twenty:20}}
{{Joshiy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Twenty:20}}
[[Category:2008 films]]
[[Category:2008 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mauritius]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Udayakrishna-Siby K. Thomas]]
[[Category:Films scored by Berny–Ignatius]]
[[Category:Films scored by Suresh Peters]]
[[Category:Films directed by Joshiy]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:2008 action thriller films]]

Pardeep Chaudhary

2026-05-03T10:04:06Z

VanBoas1588: started new post.

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1961)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Pardeep Chaudhary
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| office = Member of [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2019
| term_end = 2024
| predecessor = [[Latika Sharma]]
| constituency = [[Kalka Assembly constituency|Kalka]]
| term1 = 2009 – 2014
| predecessor1 = [[Chander Mohan Bishnoi]]
| successor1 = [[Latika Sharma]]
| constituency1 = [[Kalka Assembly constituency|Kalka]]
| successor = [[Shakti Rani Sharma]]
}}

'''Pardeep Chaudhary''' (born 1961)<ref name=":0" /> is an Indian politician from [[Haryana]]. He is a former MLA from [[Kalka Assembly constituency|Kalka]] in [[Panchkula district|Panchakula district]]. He won the [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-24 |title=Kalka Election Results 2019 Live Updates (कालका): Pardeep Chaudhary of Congress Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/kalka-election-results-2019-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-2356343.html |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Chaudhary is from [[Kalka]], Panchakula district, Haryana. His is the son of late Roshan Lal. He runs his own business. He completed his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1981 at a college affiliated with [[Panjab University|Punjab University]], Chandigarh.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Pardeep Chaudhary(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- KALKA(PANCHKULA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/haryana2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=8026 |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
n 2024, he lost to [[Shakti Rani Sharma]] of the BJP by a margin of 10,883 votes. Chaudhary won from Kalka Assembly constituency representing Indian National Congress in the 2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election. He polled 57,948 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Latika Sharma]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 5,931 votes. He first became an MLA from Kalka on the [[Indian National Lok Dal]] ticket winning the [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]] where he defeated Satvinder Singh Rana of the Indian National Congress by a margin of 21,187 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-23 |title=Kalka (Haryana) Assembly Election Results 2019 Live: Winner, Runner-up |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/kalka-haryana-assembly-election-chunav-results-2019-live-winner-name-runner-up-6073618/ |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> In 2014, he lost to Latika Sharma of the BJP.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalka Constituency Election Results 2019: Kalka Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/haryana/constituency-show/kalka |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalka Assembly Election Results 2020 Live Updates, Kalka Assembly Election Latest News & Updates |url=https://news.abplive.com/haryana-election/kalka-assembly-election-result-2019-1.html |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pardeep, Chaudhary}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Haryana]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:People from Haryana]]
[[Category:Indian National Lok Dal politicians]]

Indian Secular Largest Assembly of Maharashtra

2026-05-01T02:07:13Z

VanBoas1588:

{{Short description|Malegaon Based Political Party in Maharashtra}}
{{Infobox Indian political party|name=Indian Secular Largest Assembly of Maharashtra|abbreviation=ISLAM|colorcode=Green|leader=[[Shaikh Aasif Shaikh Rashid]]|chairman=[[Shaikh Aasif Shaikh Rashid]]|president=[[Shaikh Aasif Shaikh Rashid]]|founder=[[Shaikh Aasif Shaikh Rashid]]|eci=Registered|alliance=Malegaon Secular Front([[Samajwadi Party|SP]])|ideology={{ulist|Secularism |Inclusive civic representation |Local governance focus}}|Political position=Centre}}

The '''Indian Secular Largest Assembly of Maharashtra''' (abbreviated as '''ISLAM''') is a regional political party based in [[Malegaon]], in the Nashik district of Maharashtra, India. It emerged as a significant political force in the [[2025–26 Maharashtra local elections|2026 Malegaon Municipal Corporation elections]] by becoming the single largest party in the civic body.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-17 |title=Maharashtra local body polls: ISLAM party ends Congress dominance in Malegaon; gets 35 seats |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/maharashtra-local-body-polls-islam-party-ends-congress-dominance-in-malegaon-gets-35-seats/articleshow/126600399.cms?utm_source=chatgpt.com|access-date=2026-02-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>{{AI-retrieved source|date=February 2026}}{{AI-retrieved source|date=February 2026}}

== History ==
The party was founded in October 2024 by [[Shaikh Aasif Shaikh Rashid|Shaikh Aasif]], a former Member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] representing the [[Malegaon Central Assembly constituency|''Malegaon Central'' constituency]]. Shaikh had previously been a member of both the Indian National Congress and the Nationalist Congress Party before launching this new party for the 2024–25 election cycle.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-21 |title=Ex-MLA from Malegaon Central forms new ISLAM party |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/former-mla-asif-shaikh-launches-new-islam-party-in-maharashtra/articleshow/114436962.cms |access-date=2026-02-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The party's full name — ''Indian Secular Largest Assembly of Maharashtra'' — reflects its stated emphasis on secular principles and broad representation.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=2026-01-18 |title=What is ISLAM party in Maharashtra? New outfit built on old networks rises to the top in Malegaon |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/the-making-of-islam-in-malegaon-a-new-party-built-on-old-networks-rises-to-the-top-10480907/ |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Ideology and position ==
While the name suggests an emphasis on secularism and inclusion, political commentators note that the party's appeal in its home base of Malegaon is deeply tied to local socio-religious dynamics and identity politics, particularly in a city with a large Muslim population.<ref name="auto"/>

== Electoral performance ==

=== 2026 Malegaon Municipal Corporation elections ===
In the 15 January 2026 civic polls, the ISLAM party made its electoral debut and became the single largest party in the 84-member Malegaon Municipal Corporation by winning 35 seats out of 84. It ended decades-long dominance of the Congress in the civic body, though it fell short of the 43-seat majority.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-17 |title=Maharashtra local body polls: ISLAM party ends Congress dominance in Malegaon; gets 35 seats |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/maharashtra-local-body-polls-islam-party-ends-congress-dominance-in-malegaon-gets-35-seats/articleshow/126600399.cms |access-date=2026-02-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Style="background-color:green;color:white"| Election Year
! Style="background-color:green;color:white"| Seats contested
! Style="background-color:green;color:white"| Seats won
! Style="background-color:green;color:white"| ± in seats
! Style="background-color:green;color:white"| Remarks
|-
! colspan="5" |[[Malegaon Municipal Corporation|Malegaon Municipal Corporation Election]]
|-
| 2026 {{small|(Debut)}}
| --
| {{Composition bar|35|84|hex=green}}
| {{increase}} 35
|
|-
|}
The party formed an alliance with the [[Samajwadi Party]], called the Malegaon Secular Front, which together won 40 seats, three short of the majority mark; other parties like AIMIM and Shiv Sena also won significant numbers of seats.

==See also==
*[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Political parties in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Secularism in India]]
[[Category:Regionalist parties in India]]
[[Category:2024 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Malegaon]]
[[Category:Politics of Nashik district]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 2024]]

Amaravathy (film)

2026-04-29T21:56:46Z

VanBoas1588:

{{Short description|1993 film directed by Selva}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Amaravathy
| image = Amaravathi 1993 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Selvaa (director)|Selvaa]]
| producer = Chozha Ponnurangam
| writer = Selvaa J. Ramesh (dialogues)
| starring = [[Ajith Kumar]] [[Sanghavi]]
| music = Bala Bharathi
| cinematography = B. Balamurugan
| editing = Raju KN
| studio = Chozha Creations
| released = {{film date|df=y|1993|6|4}}
| runtime = 146 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Amaravathy''''' ({{IPAc-en|@|m|@|'|r|ɑː|v|@|θ|ɪ}} {{respell|ə|muh|rah|vuh|thi}}) is a 1993 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romance film]] directed by [[Selvaa (director)|Selvaa]]. The film stars newcomers [[Ajith Kumar]] and [[Sanghavi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 May 2006 |title=Ajit and Asin are back! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ajit-and-asin-are-back-news-tamil-kkfvk4dhbdd.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021191605/http://www.sify.com/movies/ajit-and-asin-are-back-news-tamil-kkfvk4dhbdd.html |archive-date=21 October 2012 |access-date=1 December 2016 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> It was released on 4 June 1993 to a positive response at the box office.

== Plot ==
An old couple are heartbroken because their only daughter runs away with her lover. At that time they see Amaravathy who is a naive and beautiful girl who runs away from home but does not remember anything else. They decide to take to the police but instead want to raise her as their own daughter. she finds shelter in their house where she is well taken care of. Her life takes a turn when Arjun son of a rich business man falls in love with her. Arjun finds excuses to meet her in her house and gets well known with the family. One day with the help of Amaravathy's friend he manages to lure her into his house without her parents knowing and expresses his love for her and starts taking her to places and they start having the happiest days of their life. But her foster father fears she will elope too so forbids her to see Arjun but her father understands that they are deeply in love with each other. Just then a newspaper shows there is a missing girl called Angeline and she bears resemblance to Amaravathy. Arjun sees this and thinks it is Amaravathy. Just then a doctor comes and recognises Amaravathy as Angeline and tells Arjun and her foster parents she is Angeline the daughter of a rich businessman. She and her father never got over the loss of her mother and her uncle tortures them to give him the wealth and Angeline's hand in marriage and makes sure they tell nobody about him., Her father and her decide to kill themselves so they can escape the torture. Her father dies but Angel survives and has amnesia and has forgotten everything. Then the uncle kidnaps Amaravathy to force her into marriage and also tries to misbehave with her and just then Arjun fights him and rescues her. Arjun and Amaravathy live happily and also it is shown that nobody ever told Amaravathy about her past because they did not want to upset her.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Ajith Kumar]] as Arjun (dubbed by [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]])
* [[Sanghavi]] as Amaravathy (Angelin)
* [[Kalyan Kumar]] as Balasubramaniam
* [[Thalaivasal Vijay]] as Dr. Charle (credited as Vijay)
* [[Ra. Sankaran]] as Church Father
* [[Charle]] as Seethapathy, Saloon shop owner
* [[Junior Balaiah]] as Rickshaw driver
* Murali Kumar as Arjun's friend
* Kumaresan as Vegetable seller
* [[Cheenu Mohan]] as Bus conductor
* [[Kavitha (actress)|Kavitha]] as Raji, Balasubramaniam's wife
* [[Sabitha Anand|Sabitha]] as Arjun's aunty
* [[Mounika (actress)|Mounika]] as Geetha, Balasubramaniam's daughter
* [[Vichithra]] (special appearance in the song "Adi Soku Sundari")
* C. R. Saraswathy as Doctor

* [[Nizhalgal Ravi]] as Rathnavel, Police officer
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Frank, Angelin's father
* Bhanu Prakash as Gowtham, Arjun's friend (credited as Bharathan)
}}

== Production ==
After the success of ''[[Thalaivaasal]]'', Selvaa began a love story featuring newcomers. The producers were unhappy with the work of the newcomers and they soon approached [[Ajith Kumar]] to play the lead role after [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] had recommended him, after seeing parts of ''[[Prema Pusthakam]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2012 |title=How Ajith landed Amaravathi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/how-ajith-landed-amaravathi/articleshow/15387630.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=15 November 2021 |archive-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224200332/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/How-Ajith-landed-Amaravathi/articleshow/15387630.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Ajith signed the film on 3 August 1992, making his debut in Tamil as a lead actor.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 August 2017 |title=Thala Ajith's silver jubilee: 5 reasons why Vivegam star will dominate next 25 years in Tamil cinema |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/thala-ajith-5-reasons-why-vivegam-star-25-years-in-tamil-cinema-4780607/ |url-status=live |access-date=6 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006152114/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/thala-ajith-5-reasons-why-vivegam-star-25-years-in-tamil-cinema-4780607/ |archive-date=6 October 2017}}</ref> Similarly, the lead actress [[Sanghavi]] was 16 years old when the film started production.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 November 2009 |title=Grill Mill – Sangavi |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article51339.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=1 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026013014/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article51339.ece |archive-date=26 October 2012}}</ref> After the success of "Unnai Thottu" from ''Thalaivaasal'', Selvaa signed Bala Bharathi to compose the music.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/tamil/articles/cgkdzvp1rn3o|title=ராஜாவின் காலம் தான் ஆனால், ராஜா பாட்டு இல்லை - இளையராஜா சாயலில் ஹிட் கொடுத்த 10 இசையமைப்பாளர்கள்|trans-title=In Raja's time, but not his song - 10 composers who gave hits in his style|work=[[BBC]]|language=ta|date=28 May 2025|first=சேவியர்|last=செல்வகுமார்|access-date=20 March 2026}}</ref> As the film went into post production, Ajith was bed-ridden due to a racing injury and remained in treatment for twenty months.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 July 1999 |title=Bad back, great future |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/jul/06aji.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224200334/https://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/jul/06aji.htm |archive-date=24 December 2018 |access-date=1 December 2016 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Subsequently, another actor [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] had to dub scenes for Ajith.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/cp/2007/09/28/stories/2007092850320900.htm |title=Questions & Answers |last=Ramanan |first=V. V. |date=28 September 2007 |access-date=1 December 2016 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140713114556/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2007/09/28/stories/2007092850320900.htm |archive-date=13 July 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=31 August 2016 |title=അജിത്തിനും അബ്ബാസിനും ശബ്ദം നൽകിയ വിക്രം |url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/interview/vikram-irumugan-and-new-projects.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161210015115/http://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/interview/vikram-irumugan-and-new-projects.html |archive-date=10 December 2016 |access-date=7 December 2016 |work=[[Manorama Online]] |language=Malayalam}}</ref>

== Music ==
The music is composed by Bala Bharathi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amaravathi (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) (1993) |url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/amaravathi-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-songs-T0005326 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222142844/https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/amaravathi-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-songs-T0005326 |archive-date=22 February 2024 |access-date=22 February 2024 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Amaravathi Tamil Audio Cassette |url=https://banumass.com/product/tamil-audio-cassette/tamil-audio-cassettes/amaravathi-tamil-audio-cassette/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225125214/https://banumass.com/product/tamil-audio-cassette/tamil-audio-cassettes/amaravathi-tamil-audio-cassette/ |archive-date=25 February 2024 |access-date=2024-02-25 |website=Banumass |language=en}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 31:06
| all_lyrics = [[Vairamuthu]]
| title1 = Adi Soku Sundari
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Malgudi Subha]]
| length1 = 4:58
| title2 = Ha Ha Kanaveh Thana
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length2 = 4:34
| title3 = Poo Malaranthethu
| extra3 = [[Minmini]]
| length3 = 4:13
| title4 = Putham Pudhu Malare
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length4 = 5:02
| all_writing =
| title5 = Tajumahal Thevailla
| length5 = 4:09
| title6 = Udal Enna Uyir Enna
| length6 = 4:40
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[S. Janaki]]
| extra6 = Ashok
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Amaravathy'' was released on 4 June 1993.<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 4, 1993 |title=Amaravathy |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19930604&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=6 October 2017 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=4 |via=[[Google News Archive]] |archive-date=25 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625035853/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19930604&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Malini Mannath wrote for ''[[The Indian Express]]'', "Producer Chozha Ponnurangan and writer-director Chelvaa [...] come together again in [''Amaravathi''], which despite its flaws, is a fairly engaging entertainer that has romance, suspense and sentiments in the proper proportions."<ref name="MaliniMannathReview">{{Cite news |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=11 June 1993 |title=Fair source of entertainment |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19930611&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20171006145242/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/72YcapGjQTsr98r-yv6JX3GvyDbtHDRYwQuoXSSvVmYmcUgiAvthFYbGfCsk0giq3A8yQlWe7bHjZUo=w1440-h791 |archive-date=6 October 2017 |access-date=6 October 2017 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=6 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref>

The film was profitable and the success was partly credited to the chart-topping soundtracks composed by Bala Bharathi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 1997 |title=The Star Next Door |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/apr/04ajit.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074534/http://www.rediff.com/movies/apr/04ajit.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=1 December 2016 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> The film also gained media attention for its lead actor, Ajith, who was approached with several modelling assignments.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 1999 |title=Pyar to hona hi tha |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/sep/15ajit.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090458/http://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/sep/15ajit.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=1 December 2016 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|2373600}}

{{Selva (director)}}

[[Category:1993 Indian films]]
[[Category:1993 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1993 films]]
[[Category:1993 romance films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Selva (director)]]
[[Category:Indian romance films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Atul Gawande

2026-04-26T07:51:13Z

VanBoas1588: creating initial pg from scratch

{{short description|American surgeon (born 1965)}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Use American English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Atul Gawande
| image = Atul Gawande, USAID Assistant Administrator.jpg
| office = Assistant Administrator of the [[United States Agency for International Development]] for Global Health
| term_start = January 4, 2022
| term_end = January 20, 2025
| predecessor = Alma Golden
| successor = TBD
| president = [[Joe Biden]]
| office1 = [[COVID-19 Advisory Board#Members|Member of the COVID-19 Advisory Board]]
| 1blankname1 = Co-chairs
| 1namedata1 = [[David A. Kessler]], [[Vivek Murthy]] and [[Marcella Nunez-Smith]]
| term_start1 = November 9, 2020
| term_end1 = January 20, 2021
| predecessor1 = ''Position established''
| successor1 = ''Position abolished''
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1965|11|5}}
| birth_place = New York City, U.S.
| death_date =
| death_place =
| module = {{Infobox scientist|embed=yes
|field = Surgery, public health, healthcare
|workplaces = [[Haven Healthcare]] [[Harvard Medical School]] [[Brigham and Women's Hospital]]
|education = [[Stanford University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[Bachelor of Science|BS]]) [[Balliol College, Oxford]] ([[MA (Oxon)|MA]]) [[Harvard University]] ([[Doctor of Medicine|MD]], [[Master of Public Health|MPH]])
|prizes = {{Plainlist|
*[[MacArthur Fellows Program|MacArthur Fellow]] (2006)}}
|website = {{Plainlist|
*{{URL|atulgawande.com}}
*{{URL|http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/atul-gawande}}}}
}}
}}
'''Atul Atmaram Gawande''' (born November 5, 1965) is an American surgeon, writer, and public health researcher. He practices [[General surgery|general]] and [[endocrine surgery]] at [[Brigham and Women's Hospital]] in [[Boston|Boston, Massachusetts]]. He is a professor in the Department of Health Policy and Management at the [[Harvard School of Public Health|Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health]] and the Samuel O. Thier Professor of Surgery at [[Harvard Medical School]].

In public health, he was chairman of Ariadne Labs,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ariadne Labs founder Atul Gawande transitions to chairman and becomes CEO of new health care organization |url=https://www.ariadnelabs.org/resources/articles/ariadne-labs-founder-atul-gawande-transitions-to-chairman-and-becomes-ceo-of-new-health-care-organization/ |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=Ariadne Labs |language=en-US}}</ref> a joint center for health systems innovation, and chairman of [[Lifebox]], a nonprofit that works on reducing deaths in surgery globally. On 20 June 2018, Gawande was named CEO of healthcare venture [[Haven (healthcare)|Haven]], owned by [[Amazon.com|Amazon]], [[Berkshire Hathaway]], and [[JP Morgan Chase]], and stepped down as CEO in May 2020, remaining as executive chairman while the organization sought a new CEO.

He is the author of the books ''[[Complications: A Surgeon's Notes on an Imperfect Science]]''; ''Better: A Surgeon's Notes on Performance''; ''[[The Checklist Manifesto]]''; and ''[[Being Mortal: Medicine and What Matters in the End]]''.

In November 2020, he was named a member of President-elect [[Joe Biden]]'s [[COVID-19 Advisory Board]]. On 17 December 2021, he was confirmed as Assistant Administrator of the [[United States Agency for International Development]], and was sworn in on 4 January 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Rose |last=Wagner |title=Senate powers through nomination votes in marathon session|url=https://www.courthousenews.com/senate-powers-through-nomination-votes-in-marathon-session/ |date=December 17, 2021 |access-date=December 18, 2021 |website=[[Courthouse News Service]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usaid.gov/news-information/speeches/jan-4-2022-administrator-samantha-power-swearing-ceremony-atul-gawande-global-health|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104221140/https://www.usaid.gov/news-information/speeches/jan-4-2022-administrator-samantha-power-swearing-ceremony-atul-gawande-global-health|archive-date=January 4, 2022|title=Administrator Samantha Power at the Swearing-in Ceremony for Atul Gawande, Assistant Administrator to the Bureau for Global Health|date=January 4, 2022|publisher=U.S. Agency for International Development|access-date=January 5, 2022}}</ref> He left this position on January 20, 2025, when [[Donald Trump]] began his second presidential term.

==Early life and education==
Gawande was born on 5 November 1965<ref name="CBY">{{cite book |last=Exum |first=Kaitlen J. |chapter=Gawande, Atul |title=Current Biography Yearbook 2005 |publisher=HW Wilson |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-8242-1056-4 |pages=187–189|editor-last=Thompson|editor-first=Clifford |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/currentbiography0000unse_u0t8/page/186/mode/2up?q=Atul+Gawande |url=https://archive.org/details/currentbiography0000unse_u0t8}}</ref> in [[Brooklyn]], New York, to [[Marathi people|Marathi]] [[India]]n immigrants to the United States, both doctors.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=Atul Gawande on the Secrets of a Puzzle-Filled Career|url=https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/815241|website=Medscape|access-date=October 4, 2019|archive-date=May 19, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519010736/https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/815241|url-status=live}}</ref> His family soon moved to [[Athens, Ohio]], where he and his sister grew up, and he graduated from [[Athens High School (Ohio)|Athens High School]] in 1983.<ref>{{cite web|title=AHS alum a national player in medical arena|url=https://www.athensnews.com/news/local/ahs-alum-a-national-player-in-medical-arena/article_ef970127-f952-5e8d-afce-c5b9cb2c2f12.html|work=The Athens NEWS|date=November 22, 1999|access-date=October 4, 2019|archive-date=January 22, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122210639/https://www.athensnews.com/news/local/ahs-alum-a-national-player-in-medical-arena/article_ef970127-f952-5e8d-afce-c5b9cb2c2f12.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Gawande earned a bachelor's degree in biology and political science from [[Stanford University]] in 1987.<ref>{{cite web|title=Accomplished Alumni – School of Humanities and Sciences|url=http://humsci.stanford.edu/about/accomplished_alumni|website=Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences|access-date=December 8, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911023041/http://humsci.stanford.edu/about/accomplished_alumni|archive-date=September 11, 2016}}</ref> As a [[Rhodes Scholarship|Rhodes Scholar]], he earned an M.A. in [[Philosophy, Politics and Economics]] (PPE) from [[Balliol College, Oxford]], in 1989.<ref name="CBY" /> He graduated with a [[Doctor of Medicine]] from [[Harvard Medical School]] in 1995, and earned a [[Master of Public Health]] from the [[Harvard School of Public Health]] in 1999.<ref>{{cite web|title=Home {{!}} Atul Gawande {{!}} Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health|url=https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/atul-gawande/|website=Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health |access-date=October 4, 2019|archive-date=May 19, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519055527/https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/atul-gawande/|url-status=live}}</ref> He completed his [[general surgical]] [[residency training]], again at the [[Harvard University|Harvard]]-affiliated [[Brigham and Women's Hospital]], in 2003.<ref name="CBY" />

==Political advocacy==
As an undergraduate, Gawande was a volunteer for [[Gary Hart]]'s campaign for the presidency of the United States.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gudrais |first=Elizabeth |title=The Unlikely Writer |url=https://www.harvardmagazine.com/2009/09/atul-gawande-surgeon-health-policy-scholar-writer |website=Harvard Magazine |date=October 2009 |access-date=2 July 2021}}</ref> After graduating, he joined [[Al Gore]]'s 1988 presidential campaign.<ref name="GMAG" /> He worked as a health-care researcher for [[United States Congress|Representative]] [[Jim Cooper]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]-[[Tennessee|TN]]), who was author of a "managed competition" health care proposal for the Conservative Democratic Forum.<ref>{{cite magazine |author= |title=Cooperman |magazine=The New Republic |location=Washington |volume=209 |issue=21|date=22 November 1993 |page=11}}</ref> Gawande entered medical school in 1990, leaving after two years to become [[Bill Clinton]]'s healthcare lieutenant during the 1992 campaign.<ref name="GMAG">{{Cite web|title=Humane Endeavor|url=https://www.guernicamag.com/interviews/humane-endeavor/|website=Guernica / A Magazine of Art & Politics|date=November 17, 2014|access-date=January 6, 2015|archive-date=December 20, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220065406/https://www.guernicamag.com/interviews/humane-endeavor/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Public service ==
Gawande later became a senior advisor in the [[Department of Health and Human Services]] after [[Clinton's first inauguration]]. He directed one of the three committees of the Clinton administration's [[1993 Clinton health care plan#Task Force|Task Force on National Health Care Reform]], supervising 75 people and defined the benefits packages for Americans and subsidies and requirements for employers.<ref>{{cite news|title=Former Policymaker Opts for Hands-On Health Care|url= https://www.nytimes.com/1994/05/30/news/30iht-uo.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=May 30, 1994|access-date=June 20, 2018|archive-date=January 21, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100121073207/http://www.nytimes.com/1994/05/30/news/30iht-uo.html|issn=0362-4331|author=Horvitz, Paul F. }}</ref> But the effort was attacked in the press, and Gawande later described this time in his life as frustrating, saying that "what I'm good at is not the same as what people who are good at leading agencies or running for office are really good at."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Diamond|first=Dan|title=Pulse Check: Atul Gawande goes to Washington (again)|url=http://politi.co/2zhNFAw|access-date=2020-11-27|website=Politico|date=November 3, 2017 |language=en|archive-date=June 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625152541/https://www.politico.com/story/2017/11/03/pulse-check-atul-gawande-goes-to-washington-again-244469|url-status=live}}</ref>

Gawande led the "Safe surgery saves lives checklist" initiative of the [[World Health Organization]], which saw around 200 medical societies and health ministries collaborating to produce a checklist, which was published in 2008, to be used in [[operating theater]]s. ''[[The Lancet]]'' welcomed the checklist as "a tangible instrument to promote safety", adding "But the checklist is not an end in itself. Its real value lies in encouraging communication among teams and stimulating further reform to bring a culture of safety to the very centre of patients' care."<ref>{{cite journal|author=|date=5 July 2008|title=WHO's patient-safety checklist for surgery|journal=The Lancet|volume=372|issue=9632|page=1|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60964-2|pmid=18603137|s2cid=28767717|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Journalism==
Soon after he began his [[residency (medicine)|residency]], his friend [[Jacob Weisberg]], editor of ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]'', asked him to contribute to the online magazine. Several articles by Gawande were published in ''[[The New Yorker (magazine)|The New Yorker]]'', and he was made a staff writer for that publication in 1998.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sandhu |first=Sukhdev |title=Atul Gawande: 'If I haven't succeeded in making you itchy, disgusted or cry I haven't done my job |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/oct/11/atul-gawande-surgeon-author-interview |date=11 October 2014 |access-date=2 July 2021}}</ref>

In January 1998, Gawande published an article in ''Slate''{{snd}} "Partial truths in the partial-birth-abortion debate: Every abortion is gross, but the technique is not the issue"{{snd}} discussing how abortion policy should "hinge on the question of when the fetus first becomes a perceiving being" and "not on techniques at all{{snd}} or even on when the fetus can survive outside the womb".<ref name="Gawande">{{Cite web|last=Gawande|first=Atul|date=1998-01-30|title=Partial Truths in the Partial-Birth-Abortion Debate|url=https://slate.com/technology/1998/01/partial-truths-in-the-partial-birth-abortion-debate.html|access-date=2021-12-17|website=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |language=en}}</ref>

A June 2009 ''New Yorker'' essay by Gawande compared the health care of two towns in [[Texas]] to show why health care was more expensive in one town compared to the other. Using the town of [[McAllen, Texas]], as an example, it argued that a corporate, profit-maximizing culture (which can provide substantial amounts of [[Overutilization|unnecessary care]]) was an important factor in driving up costs, unlike a culture of low-cost high-quality care as provided by the [[Mayo Clinic]] and other efficient health systems.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=The Cost Conundrum|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2009/06/01/the-cost-conundrum|magazine=The New Yorker|date=May 25, 2009|access-date=October 4, 2019|archive-date=October 4, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191004181959/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2009/06/01/the-cost-conundrum|url-status=live}}</ref>

The article "made waves" by highlighting the issue, according to Bryant Furlow in ''[[The Lancet#Specialty journals|Lancet Oncology]]''.<ref name=pmid19810157>{{cite journal|author=Bryant Furlow|title=US reimbursement systems encourage fraud and overutilisation|journal=[[The Lancet Oncology]]|volume=10|issue=10|pages=937–938|date=October 2009|pmid=19810157|doi=10.1016/S1470-2045(09)70297-9|issn=1470-2045 |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanonc/article/PIIS1470-2045(09)70297-9/fulltext |url-access=subscription}}</ref> It was cited by President [[Barack Obama]] during Obama's attempt to get [[health care reforms proposed during the Obama administration|health care reform legislation]] passed by the [[United States Congress]]. According to Senator [[Ron Wyden]], the article "affected [Obama's] thinking dramatically", and was shown to a group of senators by Obama, who effectively said, "This is what we've got to fix."<ref>{{Cite news|title = Health Care Spending Disparities Stir a Fight|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/09/us/politics/09health.html|newspaper = [[The New York Times]]|date = June 8, 2009|access-date = 2015-12-06|issn = 0362-4331|first = Robert|last = Pear|archive-date = May 25, 2017|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170525140406/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/09/us/politics/09health.html|url-status = live}}</ref> After reading the ''New Yorker'' article, [[Warren Buffett]]'s long-time business partner [[Charlie Munger]] mailed a check to Gawande in the amount of $20,000 as a thank-you to Dr. Gawande for providing something so socially useful.<ref>{{cite news|author=Hatch, Lauren|title=New Yorker Writer Gets $20,000 Check From Warren Buffett's Partner|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/new-yorker-writer-offered-20000-check-from-warren-buffetts-partner-2010-3|work=Business Insider|date=March 2, 2010|access-date=October 4, 2019|archive-date=May 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518223857/https://www.businessinsider.com/new-yorker-writer-offered-20000-check-from-warren-buffetts-partner-2010-3|url-status=live}}</ref> Gawande returned the check and was subsequently sent a new check for $40,000. Gawande donated the $40,000 to the [[Brigham and Women's Hospital]] Center for Surgery and Public Health, where he had been a resident.<ref>{{cite news|title=Atul Gawande, a surgeon injecting humanity into US healthcare|url=https://www.ft.com/content/123aaa04-7618-11e8-8cc4-59b7a8ef7d3d?emailId=5b2cb92546f4610004bb4ea3 |work=[[Financial Times]] |access-date=June 23, 2018|archive-date=June 23, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623112857/https://www.ft.com/content/123aaa04-7618-11e8-8cc4-59b7a8ef7d3d?emailId=5b2cb92546f4610004bb4ea3|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2012, he gave the [[TED (conference)|TED]] talk "How Do We Heal Medicine?" which has been viewed more than 2.3 million times, {{As of|2025|April|lc=y}}. The talk draws on his books and articles, particularly his 2009 book ''The Checklist Manifesto,'' and cites the [[WHO Surgical Safety Checklist]] (13:30-)''.''<ref>{{cite web |first=Atul |last=Gawande |title=How do we heal medicine?|date=April 16, 2012 |url=https://www.ted.com/talks/atul_gawande_how_do_we_heal_medicine|publisher=TED (conference) |access-date=October 4, 2019|archive-date=August 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808045940/https://www.ted.com/talks/atul_gawande_how_do_we_heal_medicine|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Books==
{{external media|float=right|video1=[https://www.c-span.org/video/?170254-1/complications Presentation by Gawande on ''Complications'', May 6, 2002], [[C-SPAN]]|video2=[https://www.c-span.org/video/?197655-1/better-surgeons-notes-performance Presentation by Gawande on ''Better'', April 12, 2007], [[C-SPAN]]|video3=[https://www.c-span.org/video/?291127-6/the-checklist-manifesto ''Washington Journal'' interview with Gawande on ''The Checklist Manifesto'', January 7, 2010], [[C-SPAN]]|video4=[https://www.c-span.org/video/?321552-1/after-words-atul-gawande ''After Words'' interview with Gawande on ''Being Mortal'', October 10, 2014], [[C-SPAN]]}}
Gawande published his first book, ''[[Complications: A Surgeon's Notes on an Imperfect Science]]'', containing revised versions of 14 of his articles for ''Slate'' and ''The New Yorker'', in 2002.<ref name="CBY" /> It was a [[National Book Award]] finalist.<ref name="CBY" />

His second book, ''Better: A Surgeon's Notes on Performance'', was released in April 2007. It discusses three virtues that Gawande considers to be most important for success in medicine: diligence, doing right, and ingenuity. Gawande offers examples in the book of people who have embodied these virtues. The book strives to present multiple sides of contentious medical issues, such as [[Medical malpractice in the United States|malpractice law in the US]], physicians' role in [[capital punishment]], and treatment variation between hospitals.<ref>{{cite news|author=Chen, Pauline W.|title=Better: A Surgeon's Notes on Performance – Atul Gawande – Books – Review|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/22/books/review/Chen.t.html|work=The New York Times|date=April 22, 2007|access-date=March 23, 2018|archive-date=March 20, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320044154/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/22/books/review/Chen.t.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Gawande released his third book, ''[[The Checklist Manifesto: How to Get Things Right]]'', in 2009. It discusses the importance of organization and preplanning (such as thorough [[checklist]]s) in both medicine and the larger world. ''[[The Checklist Manifesto]]'' reached the [[The New York Times Best Seller list|''New York Times'' hardcover nonfiction bestseller list]] in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hardcover Nonfiction Books – Best Sellers|url=https://www.nytimes.com/best-sellers-books/2010-03-07/hardcover-nonfiction/list.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=March 7, 2010|access-date=October 4, 2019|archive-date=March 22, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322120352/http://www.nytimes.com/best-sellers-books/2010-03-07/hardcover-nonfiction/list.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

''[[Being Mortal|Being Mortal: Medicine and What Matters in the End]]'' was released in October 2014 and became a #1 [[New York Times bestseller]]. It discusses [[End-of-life care|end of life choices]] about [[assisted living]] and the effect of medical procedures on terminally ill people. The book was the basis of a documentary for the PBS television series "Frontline", which was first broadcast on February 10, 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Atul Gawande's 'Being Mortal'|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/09/books/review/atul-gawande-being-mortal-review.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=November 6, 2014|access-date=October 4, 2019|author=Fink, Sheri|archive-date=December 15, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215114252/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/09/books/review/atul-gawande-being-mortal-review.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/documentary/being-mortal/?|title=Being Mortal|website=[[PBS]]|access-date=October 4, 2019|archive-date=October 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003123453/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/film/being-mortal/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Later career ==
Gawande founded the [[Lifebox]] charity with [[Pauline Philip]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lifebox.org/news/lifebox-welcomes-new-interim-chair |title=Lifebox Welcomes New Interim Chair|author=|date=January 20, 2022|website=Lifebox |publisher=|access-date=2024-09-09|quote=}}</ref> He chaired the non-profit from its foundation in 2011 until 2022. Lifebox provides training and equipment for safer surgery.<ref>{{cite news |last=LaVito |first=Angelica |title=Dr. Atul Gawande to start as CEO of Buffett, Bezos and Dimon's health-care venture |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/07/06/dr-atul-gawande-to-start-as-ceo-buffett-bezos-dimon-health-venture.html |publisher=CNBC |date=9 July 2018 |access-date=3 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| last=Feinmann |first=Jane |year=2011 |title=Pulse oximeters for all |journal= BMJ|volume=343 |article-number=d8085 |doi=10.1136/bmj.d8085|pmid=22171350 |s2cid=206894388 }}</ref>

In 2018, he was named the CEO for the new, Boston-based company, [[Haven Healthcare]], formed by billionaire investor [[Warren Buffett]], Amazon's [[Jeff Bezos]], and JPMorgan Chase CEO [[Jamie Dimon]].<ref>{{cite news|date=June 20, 2018|title=Bezos, Buffett, Dimon health venture will be based in Boston|work=[[Boston Globe]]|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2018/06/20/gawande/C7uFtpyQ9DDpqNZ6BvA35J/story.html|access-date=October 4, 2019|archive-date=November 22, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122131836/https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2018/06/20/gawande/C7uFtpyQ9DDpqNZ6BvA35J/story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He stepped down from the position in May 2020, remaining as executive chairman while the organization sought a new CEO.<ref>{{cite web |last=Reuter |first=Elise |title=Gawande steps down as CEO of Haven, underscoring how hard it is to change healthcare |url=https://medcitynews.com/2020/05/gawande-steps-down-as-ceo-of-haven-underscoring-how-hard-it-is-to-change-healthcare/ |website=MedCity News |date=13 May 2020 |access-date=27 June 2021 }}</ref> In January 2021, Haven announced that it was to cease operations. According to [[CNBC]], sources associated with the company claimed that "while the firm came up with ideas, each of the three founding companies executed their own projects separately with their own employees, obviating the need for the joint venture to begin with."<ref>{{cite news |last=Son |first=Hugh |title=Haven venture disbanding after 3 years
|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/01/04/haven-the-amazon-berkshire-jpmorgan-venture-to-disrupt-healthcare-is-disbanding-after-3-years.html | publisher=CNBC | date=4 January 2021 |access-date=2 July 2021}}</ref>

In 2020, he was named a member of President-elect [[Joe Biden]]'s [[COVID-19 Advisory Board]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/11/09/politics/biden-coronavirus-advisers-experts-rick-bright/index.html|title=Biden transition team announces coronavirus advisers, including whistleblower Rick Bright|last=Mucha|first=Sarah|date=November 9, 2020|publisher=CNN|access-date=9 November 2020|archive-date=February 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209133805/https://www.cnn.com/2020/11/09/politics/biden-coronavirus-advisers-experts-rick-bright/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2021, President Biden nominated Gawande for the post of Assistant Administrator of [[United States Agency for International Development|U.S. AID]] for the Bureau of Global Health.<ref>{{cite web |title=President Biden Announces 11 Key Nominations |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/07/13/president-biden-announces-11-key-nominations/ |website=The White House |access-date=July 13, 2021 |date=July 13, 2021}}</ref> Hearings were held on Gawande's nomination in the [[Senate Foreign Relations Committee]] on September 29, 2021. Florida Senator [[Marco Rubio]] delayed Gawande's committee vote in October 2021, claiming, "Atul Gawande's defense of infanticide is disqualifying... President Biden should withdraw Gawande's nomination and replace him with someone who is committed to upholding the agency's mission of saving lives."<ref name="rubio.senate.gov">{{Cite web|title=Rubio Delays Atul Gawande's Nomination to Serve as Top Global Public Health Official Over Radical Abortion Views|url=https://www.rubio.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/2021/10/rubio-delays-atul-gawande-s-nomination-to-serve-as-top-global-public-health-official-over-radical-abortion-views|access-date=2021-12-17|website=U.S. Senator for Florida, Marco Rubio|date=October 19, 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Senator Rubio's statement stems from a 1998 article Gawande wrote defending particular methods of late-term abortion and post-delivery [[infanticide]].<ref name="Gawande"/> On November 3, 2021, the committee favorably reported Gawande's nomination to the Senate floor.<ref>{{cite web |title=PN874 – Atul Atmaram Gawande – United States Agency for International Development 117th Congress (2021–2022) |url=https://www.congress.gov/nomination/117th-congress/874?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22gawande%22%2C%22gawande%22%5D%7D&s=1&r=1 |website=US Congress |date = December 17, 2021|access-date=18 March 2022}}</ref> The entire Senate confirmed Gawande on December 17, 2021, by a vote of 48–31.<ref>{{cite web |title=On the Nomination (Confirmation: Atul Atmaram Gawande, of Massachusetts, to be an Assistant Administrator of the U.S. Agency for International Development) |url=https://www.congress.gov/nomination/117th-congress/874?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22gawande%22%2C%22gawande%22%5D%7D&s=1&r=1 |website=US Senate |date = December 17, 2021|access-date=March 18, 2022}}</ref>

Gawande stepped down from his post at [[United States Agency for International Development|USAID]] in January 2025. Working there since his appointment by President Biden, Gawande was featured in a [[The New Yorker|New Yorker]] documentary, outlining the world wide consequences of the dismantling of USAID.<ref>[https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2025/11/in-the-grip-of-horror-and-anger-gawande-grows-more-determined/ "In the grip of ‘horror and anger,’ Gawande grows more determined", ''Harvard Gazette'', 21 November 2025]</ref><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oj0PsaP2ZqQ&t=509s "Rovina’s Choice"]
</ref>

== Awards and honors ==
[[File:Harvard Alumni Day 2025 - Atul Gawande 04.jpg|thumb|Gawande speaking at Harvard Alumni Day in 2025]]
In 2004, Gawande was selected as one of the "20 Most Influential South Asians" by ''[[Newsweek]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/power-and-influence-123791|title=Power and Influence|work=Newsweek|date=March 21, 2004|access-date=October 4, 2019|archive-date=May 19, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519062432/https://www.newsweek.com/power-and-influence-123791|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2006, he was named a [[MacArthur Fellows Program|MacArthur Fellow]] for his work investigating and articulating modern surgical practices and [[medical ethics]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = Atul Gawande – MacArthur Foundation|url = https://www.macfound.org/fellows/779/|website = macfound.org|access-date = 2015-12-06|archive-date = December 8, 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151208144524/https://www.macfound.org/fellows/779/|url-status = live}}</ref> In 2007, he became director of the [[World Health Organization]]'s effort to reduce surgical deaths,<ref>[http://www.hhnmag.com/hhnmag/HHNDaily/HHNDailyDisplay.dhtml?id=6020001095 "Q&A with Atul Gawande, Part 2"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320001721/http://www.hhnmag.com/hhnmag/HHNDaily/HHNDailyDisplay.dhtml?id=6020001095 |date=March 20, 2012}} ''H&HN''. June 30, 2011. Retrieved July 7, 2011.</ref> and in 2009 he was elected a [[Hastings Center]] Fellow.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Hastings Center Annual Report 2009|url=https://www.thehastingscenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2009-Annual-Report.pdf |website=The Hastings Center |year=2009 |access-date=18 September 2021 }}</ref>

In the 2010 [[Time 100]], he was included, in fifth place in the "Thinkers" category.<ref>{{cite news |last=Daschle |first=Tom |url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1984685_1984745_1984936,00.html|title=The 2010 Time 100: Atul Gawande|date=April 29, 2010|access-date=May 7, 2010|archive-date=May 9, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100509210439/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1984685_1984745_1984936,00.html}}</ref> The same year, he was he was included by ''[[Foreign Policy]]'' magazine on its list of top global thinkers.<ref>{{cite news|author=Swift, Andrew|title=The FP Top 100 Global Thinkers|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/11/29/the_fp_top_100_global_thinkers|newspaper=Foreign Policy|date=November 28, 2010|access-date=October 4, 2019|archive-date=November 19, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141119224246/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/11/29/the_fp_top_100_global_thinkers|url-status=live}}</ref> He was elected to the [[American Philosophical Society]] in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|title=APS Member History|url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Atul+Gawande&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced|access-date=2021-03-19|website=American Philosophical Society|archive-date=June 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625152404/https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Atul+Gawande&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2014, he presented the BBC's annual radio [[Reith Lectures]], delivering a series of four talks titled ''The Future of Medicine''. These were delivered in [[Boston]], London, Edinburgh and [[Delhi]].<ref name=reith>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/6F2X8TpsxrJpnsq82hggHW/dr-atul-gawande-2014-reith-lectures Dr Atul Gawande – 2014 Reith Lectures.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015071226/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/6F2X8TpsxrJpnsq82hggHW/dr-atul-gawande-2014-reith-lectures |date=October 15, 2014 }} [[BBC Radio 4]]. Retrieved October 18, 2014.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Why Do Doctors Fail?, Dr Atul Gawande: The Future of Medicine, The Reith Lectures – BBC Radio 4|url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b04bsgvm|publisher = BBC|access-date = 2015-12-06|archive-date = December 2, 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141202215103/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b04bsgvm|url-status = live}}</ref> Also that year, he won the [[Lewis Thomas Prize|Lewis Thomas Prize for Writing about Science]].<ref>{{cite news|date=April 1, 2014|title=Surgeon and writer Atul Gawande awarded Lewis Thomas Prize|publisher=Rockefeller Foundation|url=https://www.rockefeller.edu/news/8087-surgeon-and-writer-atul-gawande-awarded-lewis-thomas-prize/|url-status=live|access-date=October 4, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518231130/https://www.rockefeller.edu/news/8087-surgeon-and-writer-atul-gawande-awarded-lewis-thomas-prize/|archive-date=May 18, 2020}}</ref> In November 2016, he was one of three recipients of the [[Massachusetts Governor]]'s Award in the Humanities for his contributions to improving civic life in Massachusetts.<ref>{{cite web|title=2016 Governor's Awards in the Humanities|url=http://masshumanities.org/programs/benefit-dinner/|access-date=December 22, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820003753/http://masshumanities.org/programs/benefit-dinner/|archive-date=August 20, 2019}}</ref> In May 2022 he was awarded an Honorary Doctor of Sciences by the University of Pennsylvania at their annual commencement ceremony.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Penn's 2022 Commencement Speaker and Honorary Degree Recipients|url=https://almanac.upenn.edu/articles/penns-2022-commencement-speaker-and-honorary-degree-recipients#:~:text=Penn's%202022%20Commencement%20Speaker%20and%20Honorary%20Degree%20Recipients,-March%201%2C%202022&text=Award%2Dwinning%20documentary%20filmmaker%20Ken,an%20honorary%20degree%20from%20Penn.|access-date=2022-05-30|website=University of Pennsylvania Almanac}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
=== Books ===
* {{cite book |author=Gawande, Atul |title=Complications: a surgeon's notes on an imperfect science |publisher=Picador |date=2002 }}
* {{cite book |author=Gawande, Atul |author-mask=1 |title=Better: a surgeon's notes on performance |publisher=Picador |date=2008 }}
* {{cite book |author=Gawande, Atul |author-mask=1 |title=The checklist manifesto |publisher=Metropolitan Books |date=2009 }}
* {{cite book |author=Gawande, Atul |author-mask=1 |title=Being mortal: medicine and what matters in the end |publisher=Metropolitan Books |date=2014 }}

{{reflist|40em|group=lower-alpha}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite journal |author=McBain, Sophie |date=21 November 2014 |title=Rock doctor |journal=New Statesman |volume=143 |issue=5237 |page=17}}

==External links==
'''Interviews and Talks'''
*''[[Charlie Rose (talk show)|Charlie Rose]]'' – [https://web.archive.org/web/20090404104226/http://www.charlierose.com/guest/view/56 interviews 2007–2010]
* ''[[The Daily Show]]'' – [http://www.thedailyshow.com/watch/wed-february-3-2010/atul-gawande guest on February 3, 2010]
*[http://www.democracynow.org/2010/1/5/dr_atul_gawande_on_real_health Atul Gawande on Real Healthcare Reform and His New Book, ''The Checklist Manifesto''] – video report by ''[[Democracy Now!]]''
*{{TED speaker}}
* '' [https://www.hughlafollette.com/radio/gawande-csnus.htm 30 Minute interview on his book, Complications]''. With Hugh LaFollette, On "Ideas and Issues" WET-FM.
* {{C-SPAN|1000066}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gawande, Atul}}
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford]]
[[Category:American male non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:American male writers of Indian descent]]
[[Category:American medical writers]]
[[Category:American people of Marathi descent]]
[[Category:American Rhodes Scholars]]
[[Category:Biden administration personnel]]
[[Category:Harvard Medical School alumni]]
[[Category:Harvard Medical School faculty]]
[[Category:Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health alumni]]
[[Category:Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health faculty]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Hastings Center]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:MacArthur Fellows]]
[[Category:New America (organization)]]
[[Category:People from Athens, Ohio]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Brooklyn]]
[[Category:People of the United States Agency for International Development]]
[[Category:Stanford University alumni]]
[[Category:The New Yorker people]]
[[Category:Writers from Boston]]
[[Category:Members of the National Academy of Medicine]]
[[Category:Indian scholars]]
[[Category:Members of the American Philosophical Society]]
[[Category:21st-century American surgeons]]

Battle of Hastivanj

2026-04-20T20:32:27Z

VanBoas1588: creating the pg w/ infobox

{{Short description|1586 battle of the Mughal conquest of Kashmir}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Hastivanj
| partof = the [[Mughal conquest of Kashmir]]
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|33.6457|N|74.6314|E|source:wikidata|display=inline, title}}
| map_type = India Jammu and Kashmir
| date = 10 October 1586
| place = Hastivanj Pass, [[Pir Panjal Pass|Pir Panjal]], [[Kashmir Sultanate]]
| result = Mughal victory
| combatant2 = {{flagicon image|Blood Flag.svg}} [[Kashmir Sultanate]]
| commander2 = {{flagicon image|Blood Flag.svg}} [[Shams Chak]] {{flagicon image|Blood Flag.svg}} Qasim Nayak {{flagicon image|Blood Flag.svg}} Zafar Nayak {{flagicon image|Blood Flag.svg}} Muhammad Chak
| combatant1 = {{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|border=}} [[Mughal Empire]]
| commander1 = {{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|border=}} Qasim Khan {{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|border=}} Yadgar Hussain
| strength2 = 5,000–10,000 infantry 2,000 musketeers
| strength1 = 10,000–20,000 men ~2,000 musketeer
| casualties1 = Heavy
| casualties2 = Heavy
}}
The '''Battle of Hastivanj'''{{efn|[[Devanagari|Nāgari]]: हास्टिवानज़ युद्ध ''Haastivaanaz Yuddh,'' [[Nastaliq|Nastaʿlīq]]: جنگ هستیوانج ''Jang-i-Hastivaanj''}} was fought between armies of [[Mughal Empire]] under Qasim Khan and [[Kashmir Sultanate]] under [[Shams Chak]]. It was fought on 10 October 1586 on a mountain ridge known as Hastivanj near modern-day [[Pir Panjal Pass|Pir Ki Gali]] Pass. It resulted in Mughal victory and subsequent [[Mughal conquest of Kashmir|annexation]] of Kashmir into Mughal Empire.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |first=Abu'l |last=Fazl |title=AkbarNama |date=1902–1939 |publisher=Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal |isbn=9394262644 |pages=Chapters 85, 89 and 91 |language=en |trans-title=Akbarnama by Abu'l Fazl}}</ref>

The battle, along with the fall of [[Srinagar]] on 14 October 1586,<ref name=":1" /> marks the ''de facto'' end of the [[Mughal conquest of Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chādūrah |first=Ḥaydar Malik |url=https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/SCSB-6850343 |title=History of Kashmir |date=1991 |publisher=Delhi: Bhavna Prakashan |pages=198a |language=English |access-date=14 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016115752/https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/SCSB-6850343 |archive-date=16 October 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Principal actors ==

=== Mughal Empire ===
* Qasim Khan Mir Bahr ; the commander of troops send to conquer Kashmir on behalf of emperor [[Akbar]]. In addition, subsequently the governor of [[Mughal Kashmir]].
* [[Shaykh Yaqub Sarfi Kashmiri]]; the Kashmiri noble who had rebelled against the Sultan and accompanied Mughal army into Kashmir.
* Haider Chak; Kashmiri noble turned rebel belonging the same clan as the Sultan. Has had led an unsuccessful rebellion against [[Yousuf Shah Chak]] and afterwards joined the service of [[Raja Man Singh]].
* Bahram Nayak, Isma'il Nayak and Shanki Charwar; Guardians and chief conductors of the passes. They were assigned the responsibility of safeguarding the pass of Kunandehbal also called Akrambal. They defected to Mughal camp and as a result, Kashmiri troops abandoned the Akrambal Fort<ref name=":0" />

=== Kashmir Sultanate ===
* [[Shams Chak]]; leading commander in the absence of [[Yakub Shah Chak]].
* Nazuk Bhat; [[Grand Vizier]] of the Sultanate.
* Hussain Chak; Zafar Khan, Shamsi Dooni, Mohammad Bhat, Alam Sher Khan; military commanders.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |first=K.N. |last=Pandit |title=Baharsitan Shahi |date=1991 |publisher=Gulshan Books |isbn=9788188643837 |pages=Chapter 15 |language=English |trans-title=Bahāristān-i-shāhī: A Chronicle of Medieval Kashmir}}</ref>

== Background ==

=== Mughal ===
[[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] since their establishment in India in 1526 had sought to expand in every direction of the subcontinent. Kashmir was no exception. Consequently, the first annexation attempt undertaken by Mughals was by [[Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat|Mirza Haider Dughlat]] in 1540. He conquered Kashmir on behalf of Mughal emperor [[Humayun]] but he himself ruled the Sultanate with the [[Shah Mir dynasty|Shah Miri]] Sultan appointed as a puppet. Towards the end of his 10-years rule, his position had weakened significantly because of his domestic and religious policies. To strengthen his rule he sought the help of Humayun who was at that time in [[Kabul]]. Qara Bahadur was dispatched by him to aide Mirza Haider in 1550. However, the army of Malik Idi Raina defeated Qara Bahadur.

Mughals under the leadership of emperor [[Akbar]] sensing an opportunity in dethronement of [[Yousuf Shah Chak]] and his subsequent appeal for help in year 1582 once again sent an army under the leadership of Muhammad Ali Akbarshahi and [[Bhagwant Das|Raja Bhagwant Das]] to conquer Kashmir. This army was defeated by [[Yakub Shah Chak]] near Pakhil.<ref name=":0" />

=== Kashmir ===
[[Yousuf Shah Chak]] ascended the throne of Kashmir in 1578. He also appointed Mohammad Bhat his [[Grand vizier]]. A lifelong rival of Mohammad Bhat for the high office of Grand vizier Abdal Bhat in conjuncture with Miran Syed Mubarak Khan started a rebellion in the same year. After losing the battle, he resorted to intrigue which eventually led to Yousuf Shah's dethronement. In order to regain his throne Yousuf Shah proceeded to [[Lahore]] to seek Mughal aide. However, instead of leading a Mughal army into Kashmir he once again fell for the intrigue of Abdal Bhat and abandoned the Mughal army thus invoking the wrath of Mughal emperor [[Akbar]], which culminated in his eventual Imprisonment and annexation of his Sultanate.<ref name=":1" />

After the abandonment of Mughal army by Yousuf Shah, Mughal emperor resolved to conquer Kashmir. In pursuit of this desire, he sent an army under the command of Muhammad Ali Akbarshahi, [[Shaykh Yaqub Sarfi Kashmiri|Shaykh Yaqub Kashmiri]] and Haider Chak on 20 December 1585. This army reached Pakhil and on 14 February 1582, the battle of Pakhil got underway. In its aftermath, Yousuf Shah, who had gone with the intention of negotiating with [[Bhagwant Das|Raja Bhagwant Das]], was treacherously imprisoned.

[[Yakub Shah Chak]] ascended the throne and proclaimed Ali Bhat as Grand vizier; however, Ali Bhat was given to narcotics and thus proved incompetent for the job. Under these circumstances, the actual authority was assigned to Miran Syed Hussain Khan and Shamsi Dooni. This state of affairs culminated in Ali Bhat's rebellion, which was eventually headed by [[Shams Chak]]. The rebellion was crushed and Shams Chak and his comrades were all put to arrest some suffered penal mutilation as well. In the aftermath of rebellion Muhammad Shah was proclaimed Grand vizier, the public pressure was mounted on him to punish Qazi Musa. Qazi Musa was a descendent of the famous Qazi Ibrahim. His family had been dispensers of justice in Kashmir for a very long time. The allegation brought against him were

* Primary role as instigator of rebellion against the Sultan Yaqub Shah
* Collusion with Mughals during their recent invasion of Kashmir.

For these charges, the Qazi Musa was executed. However, it is stated that real reason for his execution was his fame and popularity with the people. This popularity he had achieved by completing the roofing of [[Jamia Masjid, Srinagar|Jamia Masjid]] in short time of one year, which other nobles had failed to do. The execution of Qazi Musa caused considerable unrest and agitation among the nobles and the local people of Kashmir. Nobles such as Shams Chak, Malik Muhammad Hasan Chadura, and Ali Sher Magray deserted Yaqub Shah Chak and proceeded towards the Indian mountains. However, Malik Muhammad Hasan dissuaded them from going onwards and turned back to Kashmir where, after seven days of sporadic fighting, Baba Khalil and Shaikh Hasan intervened to stop the fighting between the two groups.

It was decided that the area beyond [[Sopore]] to the right bank of river [[Jhelum River|Jhelum]] would be ceded to the nobles. However, the parties did not stick to the agreement, and Yaqub marched at the head of a formidable force towards Sopore. His opponents did not feel that they were strong enough to resist him. Consequently, the nobles sent emissaries to Mughal court for help against Yakub Shah. After capturing the lands of the nobles, Yakub Shah was at height of his power and did not adhere to the treaty<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Sufi |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3452 |title=Kashir--being a History of Kashmir from the earliest Times vol 1 |date=1974 |pages=234}}</ref> struck with the Mughals in which following were agreed upon.

* The name of [[Akbar]] will be mentioned from [[Minbar|Pulpits]].
* All coins of the Sultanate will bear the name of Akbar.
* The saffron, silk and game will be declared imperial possession.

Finally, the Mughal court with an intention of taking advantage of the ongoing unrest in Kashmir tried to punish Yakub Shah for breaching the treaty. A strong force under the command of [[Qasim Khan (Mir Bahr)|Qasim Khan Mir Bahr]] was dispatched on 28 June 1586.

== March of the Mughal Army ==
In June 1586, Akbar's court decided to send a Strong Army of 40000 strong under the leadership of Qasim Khan. He was to be accompanied by two Kashmiri Nobles turned rebels namely Shaikh Yaqub Sarfi and Haider Chak. These two were to act as guides and help Mughals gather support among local population. Under his command were Mansabdars like Fateh Khan, Masnad Ali, Gujar Khan, Ali Akbarshahi, Shaikh Daulat Khanjari, Shaikh Sikandar Rafiq, Shah Mohammad, Mir Abdur Razzaq Mamuri, Yadgar Hussain, Lal Deo, Sonar Chand, Khawaja Zahir, Padshah Quli Shafaqat, Wali Beg and Hazari Beg. Sharif Sarmadi became the Bakhsi of this force.<ref name=":0" />

This force crossed the defile of Bhimbar on 1 September 1586. From Rajauri onwards the army chose the Kapartal route to reach Kashmir. After a few days, an advance guard of this Force made first contact with Kashmir Army at a place called Kapartal Kotal (Kunandehbal)

== Defense of the Kashmiris ==
Yaqub Shah, on arrival of news of coming Mughal army placed the city under the command of Nazuk Bhat's brother and himself proceeded to Hirpur to lead the campaign against Mughals.

One of his commanders Syed Saif Khan Baihaqi procured robes, horses, and equipment from Nazuk Bhat's brother and joined another commander Alam Sher Khan at the village of Kitchama.

Yaqub Shah made Haripur his Headquarters and took the precautionary measure of deploying commanders like Yusuf Khan, son of Husain Shah, Ibeh Khan, son of Abdal Khan, Ibrahim Khan, son of Miran Syed Mubarak Shah, and others to ensure the safety of Kenchil route (Kapartal according to Mughal Sources). Bahram Nayak, Ismail Nayak and Shanki Charwar who were the chief conductors and protectors of passes along with Naurang Khan originally called Fateh Ali (who earlier had defected to Mughal cause but afterwards fallen out and arrested by Kashmir army) defected to Mughal camp and as a result, the contingent sent to enforce Kenchil had to retreat to Haripur.

To strengthen the position of army after the defection of Nayaks Miran Syed Shah Abu’lMa’ali released Shamsi Chak and Muhammad Bhat from prison and appointed them commanders of centre and rear of the army respectively.

Entrusting the matters to his commander after arranging in the field Yaqub Shah proceeded towards the mountains of Chitar (Kashtwar) next morning.<ref name=":1" />

== Order of battle ==

=== Kunandehbal ===

==== Mughals ====

* Shaikh Yaqub Sarfi: Commander
* Jai Tawachibashi
* Shanki Charwar
* 100 to 200 skirmishers and an unknown number of defectors

==== Kashmir ====

* Mohammad Lang
* Dilawar Khan
* Bahadur Khan
* 100 to 150 Garrison troops and Musketeers
* Contingent of Yusuf Khan, Ibeh Khan and Ibrahim Khan as reinforcement

=== Hastivanj ===

==== Mughals, 40,000 cavalry, 20,000 infantry ====

* Centre: Qasim Khan
* Right wing: Masnad Ali, Fateh Khan, Mubarak Ali
* Left wing: Jalal Khan, Zirkhobi, Khanjari
* Vanguard: Mirza Ali, Akbar Shahi, Gujar Khan, Shaikh Daulat, Sharif Sarmadi

==== Kashmir 5,000 to 6,000 infantry, 100 to 200 cavalry ====

* Centre: Shamsi Chak
* Right wing: Zafar Khan, Mohammad Chak
* Left wing: Shamsi Dooni
* Vanguard: Hussain Chak
* Rear: Jalia and Mohammad Bhat

== Skirmish at Kunandehbal (Akrambal) ==
[[File:Akrambal.png|thumb|457x457px|Map of Skirmish at Akrambal]]

From Rajauri under the command of Yaqub Sarfi and Jai Tawachibashi accompanied by Shanki Charwar an advance guard of few hundred men was sent forward to scout the route and ascertain the condition of road. The advance guard on its arrival at Kunandehbal faced a fort of three walls with each wall with a thickness of 4 yards and height of 10 yards. This fort was garrisoned by Nayaks and their troops and was further reinforced by Mohammad Lung, Dilawar Khan, and Bahadur Khan. The advance guard charged but not only was it repulsed by the Kashmir army but also lost its commanders. Shaikh Yaqub suffered two bullet wounds and Jai Tawachibashi 12. They were both captured and held captive by Shamsi Chak.

Despite the victory the Nayaks defected and joined the Mughal camp. This made the position of Kashmiri contingent guarding the pass precarious and thus they abandoned the fort.<ref name=":0" />

== Battle of Hastivanj ==
[[File:Hastivanj.png|thumb|618x618px|Map of Battle of Hastivanj]]
On 10 October main body of Mughal troops under the Command of Qasim Khan aimed to cross the Hastivanj ridge. Accordingly, they deployed forces to battle Kashmiri Forces.

First attack was made my Imperial advance guard but it was forced to retreat under the heavy musket fire and shower of stones.

Kashmir army counterattacked with its right and forced the Mughal left to retreat.

Sensing the defeat, Qasim khan pressed his vanguard against Kashmir Right wing.

In the ensuing melee Mohammad Chak from Kashmir right wing was engaged by a Mughal Combatant named Lakha. Both were killed. A bullet of Qanbar Ali a retainer of Mirza hakim shot Zafar Khan Commanding the Kashmir right. and as a result his troops fell back. With their right wing faltering, the Kashmir army's line disintegrated.

Mughal advance guard and left wing made pursuit up to the bottom of the pass.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== Aftermath ==
Yadgar Hussain was immediately sent to the capital city of Srinagar. On 16 October name of Mughal Emperor was read from Pulpit of Jami Masjid.
On 25 October 1586, Qasim Khan entered Srinagar as a victorious General of Mughal Army.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

[[Category:Conflicts in 1586]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Mughal Empire]]

Sidhpur Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:22:11Z

VanBoas1588: starting new article

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sidhpur
| mla = [[Balvantsinh Rajput|Balvantsinh Chandansinh Rajput]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Patan district|Patan]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Patan Lok Sabha constituency|Patan]]
| established = 2007
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:271304}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 19
}}

'''Sidhpur''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Patan district|Patan]] district. It is numbered as 19-Sidhpur.

==List of segments==
This assembly seat represents the following segments,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent|date=12 December 2006|website=Election Commission of India|publisher=Delimitation Commission of India|pages=2–31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=|access-date=12 February 2017}}</ref>

# Sidhpur Taluka
# Patan Taluka (Part) Villages – Ajuja, Muna, Khareda, Untvada, Amarpura, Vahana, Bhatsan, Koita, Raviyana, Khodana, Katrasamal, Mesar, Haidarpura, Delvada, Ganeshpura, Abalouva, Jangral, Vasni, Jakha, Lakshmipura, Endla, Kanosan, Morpa, Vagdod, Vachhalva, Lakhdap, Bhilvan, Renchavi, Vadhi, Charup, Vadu, Siyol, Vamaiya, Kimbuva, Kotavad, Sanodarda.

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1998 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| [[Jay Narayan Vyas]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2002 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|[[Balvantsinh Rajput]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| [[Jay Narayan Vyas]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| [[Balvantsinh Rajput|Balvantsinh Chandansinh Rajput]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[Chandanji Talaji Thakor]]<ref name=election2017/>
|-
| [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Balvantsinh Rajput|Balvantsinh Chandansinh Rajput]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2022 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly election, 2022]]: Sidhpur Assembly constituency }}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Balvantsinh Rajput|Balvantsinh Chandansinh Rajput]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=91,187|percentage=48.19|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Chandanji Talaji Thakor|party=Indian National Congress|votes=88,373|percentage=46.7|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Govindbhai Rathod|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=2,040|percentage=1.08|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Rajput Mahendrasinh Dalpatsinh|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=2,082|percentage=1.1|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above|votes=1,857|percentage=0.98|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=|percentage=1.49|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}-->
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:271103}}
|ref=<ref name="Gujarat Elections ECI">{{cite web |title=Gujarat Legislative Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022" />

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: Sidhpur<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Chandanji Talaji Thakor
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 88,268
|percentage = 52.24
|change = 10.23
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Jaynarayan Vyas|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=71,008|percentage=42.03|change=-10.21}}
{{Election box majority||votes=88,268|percentage=52.24|change=+10.21}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2012]]}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat |access-date=9 June 2014 |archive-date=26 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126215052/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Balvantsinh Rajput]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=87,518|percentage=54.07|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Jay Narayan Vyas]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=61,694|percentage=38.12|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=25,824|percentage=15.95|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=161,860|percentage=77.42|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat|state=expanded}}
{{Gujarat elections|state=collapsed}}
{{Patan district}}
{{Authority control}}

{{coord|23.92|72.37|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Patan district]]
[[Category:Siddhpur]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:2007 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2007]]

El Salvador–India relations

2026-04-19T08:36:24Z

VanBoas1588: put up basic article w/ refs

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox Bilateral relations|El Salvador–India|El Salvador|India}}
[[El Salvador]] and [[India]] have maintained [[diplomatic relations]] since 1979. El Salvador maintains an embassy in [[New Delhi]] and an honorary consulate in [[Bangalore]].<ref>[http://www.embassypages.com/missions/embassy2330/ El Salvador Consulates in India] embassypages.com</ref> The Embassy of India in Guatemala is jointly accredited to El Salvador. India also maintains an honorary consulate in [[San Salvador]].<ref>[http://mea.gov.in/indian-mission.htm?202/202/0 Indian Honorary Consulate in El Salvador]</ref>

==History==
Diplomatic relations between El Salvador and India were established on 12 February 1979. The Embassy of El Salvador in London was concurrently accredited to India until June 2008, when El Salvador opened its embassy in New Delhi.<ref>{{cite web|title=Establecimiento de Relaciones|url=http://embajadaindia.rree.gob.sv/index.php/embajada/relaciones-bilaterales/establecimiento-de-relaciones|website=Embajada de El Salvador en India|access-date=31 March 2017|language=es-es|archive-date=31 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331205238/http://embajadaindia.rree.gob.sv/index.php/embajada/relaciones-bilaterales/establecimiento-de-relaciones|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Embassy of India in Panama City was initially concurrently accredited to El Salvador,<ref>{{cite web |date=December 2016 |title=India – El Salvador Relations |url=https://mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/El_Salvador_Bilateral_Jan_2013.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331114938/https://mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/El_Salvador_Bilateral_Jan_2013.pdf |archive-date=31 March 2017 |access-date=30 March 2017 |website=Ministry of External Affairs}}</ref> but this was later changed to the Embassy of India in Guatemala City.<ref name="MEA2016"/>

The two countries signed a memorandum of understanding on holding regular consultations between their respective foreign ministries in February 2004. The first Foreign Office Consultations between El Salvador and India were held in August 2012. The same month, they signed an agreement on co-operation in science, technology & innovation.<ref name="MEA2016">{{cite web |date=December 2016 |title=India – El Salvador Bilateral Relations |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/El_Salvador-India_Bilateral_Relations__Dec._2016_.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610234248/https://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/El_Salvador-India_Bilateral_Relations__Dec._2016_.pdf |archive-date=10 June 2017 |access-date=30 March 2017 |website=Ministry of External Affairs |publisher=Embassy of India, Guatemala City}}</ref> In November 2010, Salvadoran Ambassador to India Zamora Rivas stated that India was "very much central to our [El Salvador's] future plans" with regard to increasing the country's business ties with Asia.<ref>{{cite web |last1= |first1= |date=5 November 2010 |title=El Salvador to scale up business ties with India |url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/El-Salvador-to-scale-up-business-ties-with-India/article15675674.ece |access-date=30 March 2017 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref>

Salvadoran Foreign Ministers Maria Eugenia Brizuela de Avila, Francisco E. Lainez, and Hugo Martinez visited India in February 2004, March 2007, and March 2011 respectively. Vice President Ana Vilma de Escobar visited the country in January 2008 to attend the CII Partnership Summit. Several other Salvadoran ministers have also visited the country. From India, the highest level visits to El Salvador have been at the level of minister of state.<ref name="MEA2016"/>

In March 2011, the two countries signed a memorandum of understanding on Fisheries and Aquaculture.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cooperación|url=http://embajadaindia.rree.gob.sv/index.php/embajada/relaciones-bilaterales/cooperacion|website=Embajada de El Salvador en India|access-date=31 March 2017|language=es-es|archive-date=28 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228073240/http://embajadaindia.rree.gob.sv/index.php/embajada/relaciones-bilaterales/cooperacion|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Meeting between El-Salvador's foreign minister Alexandra Hill Tinoco and Indian foreign minister Dr.S.Jaishankar took place in 2023. They discussed areas of cooperation including Health, Solar power, capacity building and expanding commerce between the two nations. S.Jaishankar stated that India looks forward to have closer engagement with Central American Integration System (SICA). <ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=S Jaishankar meets his El Salvador counterpart, discusses health cooperation, trade |url=https://www.indiablooms.com/news-details/N/87298/s-jaishankar-meets-his-el-salvador-counterpart-discusses-health-cooperation-trade.html |access-date=2023-02-11 |website=Indiablooms.com |date=11 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2023, El Salvador introduced mandatory airport improvement fee of $1300 for any citizen of India and 56 other countries of Africa that are traveling to/through El Salvador.<ref>{{Cite web |title=El Salvador Airport Improvement Fee ($1,130) {{!}} Affected Countries |url=https://www.e-visaelsalvador.com/airport-improvement-fee |access-date=2026-03-24 |website=El Salvador E Visa |language=en}}</ref> This may be motivated by [[United States]] to curb "illegal immigrants" using El Salvador to enter US.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-13 |title=El Salvador slaps a $1,130 fee on African and Indian travelers as US pressures it to curb migration |url=https://apnews.com/article/el-salvador-travelers-fee-migration-dd176d85871e54a9eb8695f8fb03a65d |access-date=2026-03-24 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref>

==Trade==
Bilateral trade between El Salvador and India totaled US$74.72 million in 2015-16, recording a growth of 4.15% over the previous fiscal. India exported $68.54 million worth of goods to El Salvador, and imported $6.18 million. The main commodities exported by India to El Salvador are pharmaceuticals, fabrics, organic chemicals, plastic and plastic articles. The major commodities imported by India from El Salvador are wood, wood products, iron and steel.<ref name="MEA2016"/>

There have been several visits by trade and other delegations from El Salvador and India to each other's countries.<ref name="MEA2016"/>

==Cultural relations==
El Salvador purchased an elephant from India in 1955 for the Parque Zoologico Nacional de San Salvador, the national zoo in San Salvador. The Indian elephant, named Manhewla (from the Sanskrit name, Manjula), subsequently became a national icon and is the only elephant that has ever lived in El Salvador. Upon her death in January 2011, her body was kept for night for ''velacion'', a benediction ceremony in El Salvador in which friends and relatives gather around the deceased and sing. Manhewla became the first animal to receive the honour of her own ''velacion''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mahaprashasta |first=Ajoy Ashirwad |date=11 February 2011 |title=Elephant link |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/world-affairs/article30174411.ece |url-access=limited |access-date=31 March 2017 |website=Frontline}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Mahaprashasta |first=Ajoy Ashirwad |date=25 January 2011 |title=An Indian elephant dies in El Salvador and nothing will be the same again |url=http://seshippingnews.typepad.com/south_east_shipping_news/2011/01/an-indian-elephant-dies-in-el-salvador-and-nothing-will-be-the-same-again.html |access-date=31 March 2017 |website=South East Shipping News}}</ref>

The only Indian presence in El Salvador is a small number of nuns working with the Missionaries of Charity. As of December 2016, there were less than 12 Indians in El Salvador.<ref name="MEA2016"/>

==Foreign aid==
India donated {{INRConvert|5|l|year=1998}} worth of medicines to El Salvador in the aftermath [[Hurricane Mitch]] in 1998. Another $10,000 of medicines was donated in August 2005, and 18 Bajaj three-wheelers were donated in November 2005. The Government of India announced a $15 million line of credit for El Salvador in March 2007. India offered an additional $10 million line of credit during the India-SICA Foreign Minister level dialogue meeting in June 2008. However, as of December 2016, El Salvador has been unable to procure these lines of credit due to restrictions on borrowing imposed on the country by the IMF.<ref name="MEA2016"/>

India and El Salvador an MoU to establish an IT Training Centre in San Salvador with Indian assistance in 2008. The Centre was opened in June 2008, and was operated by NIIT for the first two years. NIIT continued operations for a third year at the request of the Salvadoran Government, before handing over the Centre to El Salvador in June 2011.<ref name="MEA2016"/>

India donated $250,000 to provide relief in the aftermath of [[Hurricane Ida (2009)|Hurricane Ida]] in November 2009, and $100,000 in the aftermath of Tropical Depression 12-E in late 2011.<ref name="MEA2016"/>

Under the ITEC programme, India sent Dr. Anitha Karun, principal scientist (horticulture) and an expert on tropical fruits, coconut & mango, worked with National Agricultural Research Centre of El Salvador in July–August 2013.<ref name="MEA2016"/>

Citizens of El Salvador are eligible for scholarships under the [[Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation Programme]] and the [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]].<ref name="MEA2016"/>

==See also==
* [[Foreign relations of El Salvador]]
* [[Foreign relations of India]]
==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Foreign relations of El Salvador}}
{{Foreign relations of India}}
{{Portal bar|Politics|El Salvador|India}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:El Salvador-India relations}}
[[Category:Bilateral relations of El Salvador|India ]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of India]]

Bakhtiyarpur

2026-04-18T01:23:30Z

VanBoas1588: creating initial pg initial version

{{Short description|Town in Patna district, Bihar, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bakhtiyarpur
| other_name =
| nickname = BKP ( bce patna )
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = Jagdamba temple.jpg
| imagesize = 300px
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Maa Jagdamba temple
| pushpin_map = India Bihar
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.459|N|85.539|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Patna district|Patna]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| leader_title = Current MLA
| leader_name = [[Aniruddh Kumar Yadav]]
| named_for = [[Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji]]
| government_type = [[Municipal Governance in India|Municipal council]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 53,223
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Magadhi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 803212
| registration_plate = BR-01
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-BR]]
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}
'''Bakhtiyarpur''' is a [[notified area]] and [[town]] near [[Patna|Patna City]] in the [[Patna district]] in the state of [[Bihar]], [[India]]. Bakhtiyarpur is under the [[Patna Sahib (Lok Sabha constituency)]], and is a Vidhan Sabha constituency of [[Bihar]] in [[Patna District]] under the [[Barh]] sub-division of Bihar. It is a major railway junction in [[Danapur railway division]], [[East Central Railway zone|ECR]]. The former Chief Minister of Bihar, [[Nitish Kumar]] belongs to Bakhtiyarpur.

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]], Bakhtiarpur had a population of 53,223. Males constitute 52.5% of the population and females 47.5%. Bakhtiarpur has an average [[Literacy|literacy rate]] of 70%, higher than the state average of 61.8%; with 78% of the males and 61.1% of females literate. About 18% of the population is under 6 years of age. [[Sex ratio]] is at 903 against the state average of 918. The majority of the residents follow [[Hinduism]] (approximately 95%), but there is a scant presence of [[Sikhs]] and [[Jainism|Jains]] (0.01%) and approximately 5% of [[Muslims]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref>

==Naming==
Bakhtiyarpur originally known as [[Nalanda]] is named after [[Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khilji]]. He was the military general of [[Qutb ud-Din Aibak]], and founded Bakhtiyar city after his conquest of Bengal in 1203, destruction of [[Nalanda]] and [[Vikramshila]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ANCIENT NALANDA UNIVERSITY'S RUINS {{!}} District Nalanda, Government of Bihar {{!}} India |url=https://nalanda.nic.in/en/tourist-place/ancient-nalanda-universitys-ruins/ |access-date=2023-04-05 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Transport==
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2025}}[[File:Bakhtiyarpur junction.jpeg|thumb|200px|Bakhtiyarpur Junction]]
;Air
[[Lok Nayak Jayaprakash Airport]], [[Patna]] is the nearest airport. [[Gaya Airport]] is also close to Bakhtiyarpur city with a distance of approximately 120 km.

;Rail link
[[Bakhtiyarpur railway station]] is located on the [[Howrah–Delhi main line]] and is about 46 km away from [[Patna]]. [[Bakhtiyarpur-Tilaiya line]] also originates here, connecting [[Rajgir]], [[Bihar Sharif]] and [[Harnaut]] of [[Nalanda district]] up to [[Tilaiya]] and to be extended to [[Koderma Junction railway station]].

;Roads
Bakhtiarpur is connected to [[Patna]] by [[National Highway 31 (India)|NH 31]], a 4-lane [[Controlled-access highway|Expressway]] in the west, and [[National Highway 20 (India)|NH 20]] towards south to connect [[Bihar Sharif]] up to [[Ranchi]] and [[Barh]] in the east. Regular bus service is available for these places. It is also connected to [[Mokama]] by a 2-lane NH parallel to the [[Ganga River]]. A 4-lane bridge [[Bakhtiyarpur-Tajpur Bridge]] is also under construction for connecting [[Patna district]] to [[Samastipur district]]. A state highway road SH 108 between bakhtiyarpur and [[fatuha]] which is old NH 30,

==Notable people==
* [[Nitish Kumar]]
* [[Sheel Bhadra Yajee]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Patna Division}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Patna district]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Patna]]

Dharmanagar Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:33:14Z

VanBoas1588: Made New Data W/ Refs

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Tripura State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Dharmanagar
| constituency_no = 56
| state = [[Tripura]]
| district = [[North Tripura district|North Tripura]]
| established = 1972
| loksabha_cons = [[Tripura East Lok Sabha constituency|Tripura East]]
| type = SLA
| map_image = Dharmanagar Assembly constituency map.svg
| reservation = None
| mla = Vacant{{efn|Biswa Bandhu Sen passed away on 26 December 2025.}}
| party = TBA
| latest_election_year =
| electors = {{formatnum:44745}}<ref name=election2023/>{{update after|2028|5}}
}}

'''Dharmanagar Assembly constituency''' is one of the 60 [[Tripura Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Tripura]] state in [[India]].<ref name="knowBLO">{{cite web |url=http://ermstripura.nic.in/officerlogin/outviews/viewBLO.aspx |title=Information of BLO |website=ermstripura.nic.in |accessdate=22 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128112151/http://ermstripura.nic.in/officerlogin/outviews/viewBLO.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> The first elections held for this constituency were in [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1972]].<ref name=district-AC-Map>{{cite web |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/Map.asp |title=District/AC Map - Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura |website=ceotripura.nic.in |access-date= 23 January 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405133941/http://ceotripura.nic.in/Map.asp |archive-date=5 April 2014}}</ref> It comprises the Ragna, Baruakandi and Dharmanagar sub-divisions of [[North Tripura district]].<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/7249-tripura/ |title=Delimitation Commission of India - Notification |website=eci.gov.in |date=12 May 2005 |author=Shangara Ram |access-date= 25 January 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || rowspan=3 | Amarendra Sarma || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1977 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1983 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
|-
| [[1988 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1988]] || Kalidas Dutta || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1993 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1993]] || rowspan=3 | Amitabha Datta || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=3|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1998 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
| [[2003 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|-
| [[2008 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || rowspan=4 | [[Biswa Bandhu Sen]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|-
|2026^
|
|
|
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2026 by-election ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 elections in India#Tripura|Tripura Legislative Assembly by-election, 2026]]: Dharmanagar}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Jahar Chakraborti
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Amitabha Datta
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Chayan Bhattacharjee
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Bibhas Ranjan Das
|party = Amra Bangali
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage = 80.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2023===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Dharmanagar<ref name="election2023">{{cite news |date=2 March 2023 |title=Tripura Assembly election results 2023: Check full list of winners |language=en |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/tripura-election-results-2023-constituency-winners-list-8473554/ |access-date=20 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220141112/https://indianexpress.com/elections/tripura-election-results-2023-constituency-winners-list-8473554/ |archive-date=20 December 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Biswa Bandhu Sen]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=18,684 |percentage=49.35% |change={{decrease}}7.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chayan Bhattacharya |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,586 |percentage=46.45% |change={{increase}}44.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Saurabh Goswami |party=Independent politician |votes=658 |percentage=1.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=444 |percentage=1.17% |change={{increase}}0.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bibash Ranjan Das |party=Independent politician |votes=203 |percentage=0.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,098 |percentage=2.90% |change= {{decrease}}16.62 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=37,861 |percentage=85.75% |change= {{decrease}}5.15 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 44,745 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.59 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}7.86 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Dharmanagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2018 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2018.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228163855/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2018.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Biswa Bandhu Sen]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=21,357 |percentage=57.21% |change={{increase}}55.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abhijit De |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=14,070 |percentage=37.69% |change={{decrease}}8.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kebal Kanti Nandi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=642 |percentage=1.72% |change={{decrease}}49.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=254 |percentage=0.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,287 |percentage=19.52% |change= {{increase}}14.29 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=37,333 |percentage=88.38% |change= {{decrease}}1.59 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 41,588 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.69 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}6.21 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2013 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Dharmanagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2013 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2013.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228165655/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2013.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Biswa Bandhu Sen]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,991 |percentage=50.99% |change={{decrease}}0.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amitabha Datta |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=16,147 |percentage=45.77% |change={{increase}}1.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jahar Chakrabarti |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=692 |percentage=1.96% |change={{decrease}}0.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pratyush Nag |party=Independent politician |votes=183 |percentage=0.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,844 |percentage=5.23% |change= {{decrease}}2.56 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=35,281 |percentage=91.45% |change= {{increase}}1.43 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 38,617 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}0.66 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2008 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Dharmanagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006160344/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Biswa Bandhu Sen]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,987 |percentage=51.65% |change={{increase}}7.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amitabha Datta |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=13,577 |percentage=43.86% |change={{decrease}}2.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tamal Kanti Deb |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=805 |percentage=2.60% |change={{decrease}}4.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjay Chowdhury |party=Independent politician |votes=213 |percentage=0.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,410 |percentage=7.79% |change= {{increase}}5.96 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=30,952 |percentage=90.05% |change= {{increase}}17.09 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 34,419 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{increase}}5.36 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2003 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Dharmanagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2003 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2003.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228165918/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2003.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Amitabha Datta |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=11,811 |percentage=46.29% |change={{increase}}5.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sima Pal Chowdhury |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,345 |percentage=44.47% |change={{increase}}8.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rasik Ranjan Goswami |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,869 |percentage=7.33% |change={{decrease}}15.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ranjit Lal Bhattacharya |party=Independent politician |votes=255 |percentage=1.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjoy Chowdhury |party=Independent politician |votes=234 |percentage=0.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=466 |percentage=1.83% |change= {{decrease}}2.93 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=25,514 |percentage=73.00% |change= {{decrease}}1.74 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 35,027 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.53 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{increase}}5.65 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1998 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Dharmanagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006160344/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Amitabha Datta |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=9,434 |percentage=40.64% |change={{decrease}}5.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sima Pal Chowdhury |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,330 |percentage=35.88% |change={{increase}}1.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rasik Ranjan Goswami |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=5,359 |percentage=23.09% |change={{increase}}5.42 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,104 |percentage=4.76% |change= {{decrease}}6.78 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=23,214 |percentage=76.08% |change= {{decrease}}1.86 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 31,127 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.00 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1993 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Dharmanagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Tripura.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006065326/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Tripura.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Amitabha Datta |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=10,310 |percentage=46.37% |change={{increase}}0.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kalidas Dutta |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,745 |percentage=34.83% |change={{decrease}}18.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rasik Ranjan Goswami |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,928 |percentage=17.67% |change={{increase}}17.05 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,565 |percentage=11.54% |change= {{increase}}4.74 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=22,236 |percentage=77.35% |change= {{decrease}}5.56 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 29,090 |ref = |change= {{increase}}32.74 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1988 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1988 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Dharmanagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1988 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201988.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006100546/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201988.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kalidas Dutta |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,505 |percentage=52.89% |change={{increase}}13.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amarendra Sarma |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=8,283 |percentage=46.09% |change={{decrease}}5.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ranjit Kumar Sharma |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=110 |percentage=0.61% |change={{decrease}}0.64 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,222 |percentage=6.80% |change= {{decrease}}5.47 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,970 |percentage=83.10% |change= {{increase}}4.08 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,915 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.52 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1983 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Dharmanagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport%20Tripura%201983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006044341/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport%20Tripura%201983.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Amarendra Sarma |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=7,309 |percentage=51.59% |change={{decrease}}2.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Binay Bhushan Ray |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,570 |percentage=39.31% |change={{increase}}15.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Radhagobinda Dutta |party=Independent politician |votes=1,043 |percentage=7.36% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jayanta Kumar Ray |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=178 |percentage=1.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,739 |percentage=12.27% |change= {{decrease}}17.60 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,168 |percentage=79.09% |change= {{decrease}}0.07 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 18,184 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.21 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{decrease}}2.36 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Dharmanagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport%201977%20Tripura.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613130016/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport%201977%20Tripura.pdf|archive-date=13 June 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Amarendra Sarma |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=6,640 |percentage=53.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Debiprasad Purkayastha |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,963 |percentage=24.07% |change={{decrease}}20.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amulya Chandra Deb |party=Janata Party |votes=1,818 |percentage=14.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanat Kumar Paul |party=Tripura Pradesh Congress Committee |votes=888 |percentage=7.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,677 |percentage=29.87% |change= {{increase}}26.85 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,309 |percentage=79.12% |change= {{increase}}12.88 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,783 |ref = |change= {{increase}}30.15 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}6.73 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Dharmanagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_TP_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006023438/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_TP_72.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Amarendra Sarma |party=Independent politician |votes=3,728 |percentage=47.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Debiprasad Purkayastha |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,489 |percentage=44.19% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Ranjan Deb Kanungo |party=Independent politician |votes=571 |percentage=7.23% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jogendra Bhusan Pal |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=108 |percentage=1.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=239 |percentage=3.03% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,896 |percentage=66.35% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,127 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
* [[North Tripura district]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.eci.gov.in/files/category/91-tripura/ Election results of Tripura]

{{Assembly constituencies of Tripura}}
{{coord|24.39|92.16|display=title}}

[[Category:North Tripura district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tripura]]
[[Category:Politics of Tripura]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Tripura]]

Saroj Ahire

2026-04-12T00:56:14Z

VanBoas1588: starting a details

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Saroj Ahire
| native_name =
| image =
| office = Member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2019
| term_end = Present
| predecessor =
| successor =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| children =
| party = [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| profession =
| spouse =
| sibling =
| website =
| constituency = [[Deolali Assembly constituency|Deolali]]
}}

'''Saroj Babulal Ahire''' is a leader of the [[Nationalist Congress Party]] who is serving as member of [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] from [[Deolali Assembly constituency]] in [[Nashik district|Nashik]] city.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 March 2022 |title=Maharashtra election result winners full list: Names of winning candidates of BJP, Congress, Shiv Sena, NCP |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/maharashtra-assembly-election/story/maharashtra-election-result-winners-full-list-names-of-winning-candidates-of-bjp-congress-shiv-sena-ncp-1612506-2019-10-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108092835/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/maharashtra-assembly-election/story/maharashtra-election-result-winners-full-list-names-of-winning-candidates-of-bjp-congress-shiv-sena-ncp-1612506-2019-10-24 |archive-date=8 November 2022 |access-date=8 November 2022 |website=[[India Today]] |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 November 2022 |title=SAROJ BABULAL AHIRE(NCP):Constituency- DEOLALI (SC)(NASHIK) Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://myneta.info/maharashtra2019/expense.php?candidate_id=9803 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108051331/https://myneta.info/maharashtra2019/expense.php?candidate_id=9803 |archive-date=8 November 2022 |access-date=8 November 2022 |website= [[Association for Democratic Reforms|myneta.info]] |language=English
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2019 |title=Maharashtra Election 2019 Winners Full List: Check full list of winning candidates in Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha Chunav 2019 |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/maharashtra-assembly-election-2019-winners-full-list/1744244/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026205732/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/maharashtra-assembly-election-2019-winners-full-list/1744244/ |archive-date=26 October 2022 |access-date=26 October 2022 |website=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|language=English
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2019 |title=नाशिक निवडणूक निकाल : राष्ट्रवादीच्या सरोज आहिरे यांचा विजय; घोलपांच्या तीस वर्षांच्या सत्तेला सुरूंग |url=https://www.lokmat.com/nashik/nashik-election-results-ncps-saroj-ahire-won-41-thousands-votes-shivsena-occupied-thirty-years/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108052635/https://www.lokmat.com/nashik/nashik-election-results-ncps-saroj-ahire-won-41-thousands-votes-shivsena-occupied-thirty-years/ |archive-date=8 November 2022 |access-date=8 November 2022 |website=[[Lokmat]] |language=Marathi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 October 2019 |title=Meet Maharashtra's 24 women MLAs |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/meet-maharashtras-24-women-mlas/articleshow/71769844.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108094018/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/meet-maharashtras-24-women-mlas/articleshow/71769844.cms |archive-date=8 November 2022 |access-date=8 November 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=English}}</ref><ref name="Maharashtra now has seven more women members in assembly2">{{cite news |last1=The New Indian Express |first1= |date=24 October 2019 |title=Maharashtra now has seven more women members in assembly |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/Oct/24/maharashtra-now-has-seven-more-women-members-in-assembly-2052497.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124181202/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/Oct/24/maharashtra-now-has-seven-more-women-members-in-assembly-2052497.html |archivedate=24 November 2024 |accessdate=24 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Meet Maharashtra's 24 women MLAs">{{cite news |last1=The Times of India |date=26 October 2019 |title=Meet Maharashtra's 24 women MLAs |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/meet-maharashtras-24-women-mlas/articleshow/71769844.cms |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124092457/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/meet-maharashtras-24-women-mlas/articleshow/71769844.cms |archivedate=24 November 2024 |accessdate=24 November 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ahire, Saroj}}
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Nationalist Congress Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:People from Nashik]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{Maharashtra-NCP-politician-stub}}

Ruth Prawer Jhabvala

2026-03-30T14:38:18Z

VanBoas1588: started a details.

{{Short description|British-American writer (1927–2013)}}
{{Redirect|Jhabvala|the Indian social worker|Renana Jhabvala}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox writer
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CBE}}
| image = Ruth Prawer Jhabvala 1987.jpg
| caption = Jhabvala in 1987
| birth_date = {{birth date|1927|5|7|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Cologne]], [[Weimar Republic]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2013|4|3|1927|5|7|df=yes}}
| death_place = New York City, U.S.
| birth_name = Ruth Prawer
| alma_mater = [[Queen Mary University of London]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Cyrus Jhabvala|1951}}
| children = 3, including [[Renana Jhabvala|Renana]]
| relatives = [[Siegbert Salomon Prawer]] (brother)
| period = 1955–2013
| occupation = {{hlist|Novelist|screenwriter}}
| citizenship = {{ubl|United Kingdom (1948–2013)|United States (1986–2013)}}
| awards = {{indented plainlist|
* '''[[Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay]]''' 1986 ''[[A Room with a View (1985 film)|A Room with a View]]'' 1992 ''[[Howards End (film)|Howards End]]''
* '''[[BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay]]''' 1983 ''[[Heat and Dust (film)|Heat and Dust]]''
* '''[[Booker Prize]]''' 1975 ''[[Heat and Dust]]''
* '''[[MacArthur Fellowship]]''' 1984
* '''[[Writers Guild of America Award for Best Adapted Screenplay]]''' 1986 ''[[A Room with a View (1985 film)|A Room with a View]]''
}}
}}
'''Ruth Prawer Jhabvala''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CBE}} ({{nee|'''Prawer'''}}; 7 May 1927{{spaced ndash}}3 April 2013) was a British and American novelist and screenwriter. She is best known for her collaboration with [[Merchant Ivory Productions]], made up of film director [[James Ivory]] and producer [[Ismail Merchant]].

After marrying Indian architect Cyrus Jhabvala in 1951 and moving from England to [[New Delhi]], she began to write novels and tales on Indian subjects. She wrote a dozen novels, 23 screenplays, and eight collections of short stories. After moving to the United States, she started writing screenplays for Merchant Ivory films. She is the only person to have won both a [[Booker Prize]] and an [[Academy Awards|Oscar]].

==Early life and education ==
Ruth Prawer was born on 7 May 1927<ref name="Watts" /> in [[Cologne]], Germany, during the [[Weimar Republic]], to Jewish parents Marcus and Eleanora (Cohn) Prawer.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mq-L3tAqFuwC&q=Marcus+Eleanora+Prawer&pg=PA94 |title=Merchant-Ivory: Interviews |first=Ismail |last=Merchant |page=94 |access-date=4 April 2012 |isbn=978-1-61703-237-0 |date=9 April 2012|publisher=Univ. Press of Mississippi }}</ref> Marcus was a lawyer who had moved to Germany from Poland to escape conscription, and Eleanora's father was [[Hazzan|cantor]] of Cologne's largest [[synagogue]].<ref name="Brave new worlds">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2005/mar/19/books.featuresreviews |title=Brave new worlds |first=Maya |last=Jaggi |date=19 March 2005 |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref><ref name="DT">{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/culture-obituaries/film-obituaries/9970277/Ruth-Prawer-Jhabvala.html |title=Ruth Prawer Jhabvala |date=3 April 2013 |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |access-date=4 April 2013}}</ref> Her father was accused of having Communist links, and was arrested and then released. Ruth witnessed the violence unleashed against the Jews during the [[Kristallnacht]].<ref name="Brave new worlds"/> The family was among the last group of refugees to flee the [[Nazi regime]] in 1939, emigrating to Britain.<ref name="DT"/>

During World War II, Prawer lived in [[Hendon]] in London, experienced [[the Blitz]] and began to speak English rather than German. She read the works of [[Charles Dickens]], and she read [[Margaret Mitchell]]'s ''[[Gone with the Wind (novel)|Gone with the Wind]]'' while taking refuge in air raid shelters during the ''[[Luftwaffe]]''{{'}}s bombing of London.<ref name="kirjasto">{{cite web |url=http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/jhab.htm |title=Ruth Prawer Jhabvala |website=Books and Writers |first=Petri |last=Liukkonen |publisher=[[Kuusankoski]] Public Library |location=Finland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070209223409/http://kirjasto.sci.fi/jhab.htm |archive-date=9 February 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

She became a British citizen in 1948. The following year, her father committed suicide after discovering that 40 members of his family had been murdered during the [[Holocaust]].<ref name="DT"/> Prawer attended [[Hendon School|Hendon County School]]) and then [[Queen Mary, University of London|Queen Mary College]], where she received an [[master of arts|MA]] in English literature in 1951.<ref name="DT"/>

== Literary career ==

=== Years in India ===
Ruth Prawer moved to India in 1951 after marrying Indian Parsi architect Cyrus Jhabvala. Her first novel, ''To Whom She Will'', was published in 1955. It was followed by ''Esmond in India'' (1957), ''[[The Householder (novel)|The Householder]]'' (1960) and ''Get Ready for Battle'' (1963). ''[[The Householder]]'', with a screenplay by Jhabvala, was filmed in 1963 by Merchant and Ivory. During her years in India, she wrote scripts for the Merchant-Ivory duo for ''[[The Guru (1969 film)|The Guru]]'' (1969) and ''[[Autobiography of a Princess]]'' (1975). She collaborated with Ivory for the screenplays for ''[[Bombay Talkie]]'' (1970) and ''ABC After-school Specials: William - The Life and Times of William Shakespeare'' (1973).<ref name="Raw 2012 xix - xxii">{{cite book |last=Raw |first=Laurence |title=Merchant-Ivory: Interviews |year=2012 |publisher=University of Mississippi |pages=xix–xxii |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mq-L3tAqFuwC&q=Marcus+Eleanora+Prawer&pg=PA94 |isbn=978-1-61703-237-0}}</ref>

In 1975, she won the [[Booker Prize]] for her novel ''[[Heat and Dust]]'', later adapted into a [[Heat and Dust (film)|film]].<ref name="livemint.com">{{cite news |title=Novelist, Oscar winner Ruth Prawer Jhabvala dies |url=http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/hJ10z7t1JS2CkhDZ7LgweJ/Novelist-Oscar-winner-Ruth-Prawer-Jhabvala-dies.html |access-date=6 April 2013 |newspaper=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=3 April 2013}}</ref> That year, she moved to New York where she wrote ''The Place of Peace''.<ref name="Raw 2012 xix - xxii"/> Her husband also moved to US permanently in late 1980s, and the couple lived on the east coast until Ruth's death in 2013.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cshjhabvala.com/about | title=Cyrus Jhabvala }}</ref> Cyrus Jhabwala died in Los Angeles in 2014.

Jhabvala "remained ill at ease with India and all that it brought into her life." She wrote in an autobiographical essay, ''Myself in India'' (published in ''London Magazine'') that she found the "great animal of poverty and backwardness" made the idea and sensation of India intolerable to her, a "Central European with an English education and a deplorable tendency to constant self-analysis."<ref name="Passages to India">{{cite news |title=Passages to India |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/18/books/passages-to-india.html |access-date=6 April 2013 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=18 July 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Between The Lines: Love and loathing in India |url=http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/lXBpWIbBxKPT3M561CK9pN/BETWEEN-THE-LINES-Love-and-loathing-in-India.html |access-date=6 April 2013 |newspaper=Mint |date=5 April 2013}}</ref> Her early works in India dwell on the themes of romantic love and [[Arranged marriage in the Indian subcontinent|arranged marriages]] and are portraits of the social mores, idealism and chaos of the early decades of independent India. Writing about her in the ''New York Times'', novelist [[Pankaj Mishra]] observed that "she was probably the first writer in English to see that India's Westernizing middle class, so preoccupied with marriage, lent itself well to Jane Austenish comedies of manners."<ref name="Passages to India"/>

=== Life in the United States ===
Jhabvala moved to New York City in 1975 and lived there until her death in 2013, becoming a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1986. She continued to write and many of her works including ''In Search of Love and Beauty'' (1983), ''Three Continents'' (1987), ''Shards of Memory'' (1995) and ''East into Upper East: Plain Tales From New York and New Delhi'' (1998) portray the lives and predicaments of immigrants from post-Nazi and post-World War Europe. Many of these works feature India as a setting where her characters go in search of spiritual enlightenment only to emerge defrauded and exposed to the materialistic pursuits of the East.<ref name="Passages to India"/> The ''New York Times Review of Books'' chose her ''Out of India'' (1986) as one of the best reads for that year.<ref name="kirjasto" /> In 1984, she was awarded a [[MacArthur Fellowship]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.macfound.org/fellows/211/ |title=Ruth Prawer Jhabvala - MacArthur Foundation |website=www.macfound.org |access-date=2019-01-19}}</ref>

In 2005 she published ''My Nine Lives: Chapters of a Possible Past'' with illustrations by her husband and the book was described as "her most autobiographical fiction to date".<ref name="Brave new worlds"/>

=== Reception ===
Her literary works were well received, with [[C. P. Snow]], [[Rumer Godden]] and [[V. S. Pritchett]] describing her work as "the highest art", "a balance between subtlety, humour and beauty" and as being [[Anton Chekhov|Chekhovian]] in its detached sense of comic self-delusion. [[Salman Rushdie]] described her as a "rootless intellectual" when he anthologized her in the ''Vintage Book of Indian Writing'', and [[John Updike]] described her an "initiated outsider".<ref name="Brave new worlds"/>

Jhabvala initially was assumed to be an Indian among the reading public because of her perceptive portrayals of the nuances of Indian lifestyles. Later, the revelation of her true identity led to falling sales of her books in India and made her a target of accusations about "her old-fashioned colonial attitudes".<ref name="independent.co.uk" />

Jhabvala's last published story was "The Judge's Will", which appeared in ''The New Yorker'' on 25 March 2013.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/books/2013/04/ruth-prawer-jhabvalas-stories.html |title=Ruth Prawer Jhabvala's stories |last=Rothman |first=Joshua |date=3 April 2013 |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |access-date=3 April 2013}}</ref>

==Merchant Ivory Productions==
{{main|Merchant Ivory Productions}}
In 1963, Jhabvala was approached by [[James Ivory]] and [[Ismail Merchant]] to write a screenplay for their debut ''[[The Householder]]'', based on her 1960 novel. During their first encounter, Merchant later said Jhabvala, seeking to avoid them, pretended to be the housemaid when they visited. The film, released by [[Merchant Ivory Productions]] in 1963 and starring [[Shashi Kapoor]] and [[Leela Naidu]], met with critical praise and marked the beginning of a partnership that resulted in over 20 films.<ref name="She came, she saw, she wrote">{{cite news |title=She came, she saw, she wrote |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/she-came-she-saw-she-wrote/article4577725.ece |access-date=6 April 2013 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=4 April 2013}}</ref><ref>Kaur, Harmanpreet. [http://www.projectorhead.in/eight/wandering-company.html "The Wandering Company: Merchant-Ivory Productions and Post-Colonial Cinema"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130610194545/http://www.projectorhead.in/eight/wandering-company.html |date=10 June 2013 }}, ''Projectorhead Film Magazine'', 10 January 2013.</ref>

''The Householder'' was followed by ''[[Shakespeare Wallah]]'' (1965), another critically acclaimed film. There followed a series of films, including ''[[Roseland (film)|Roseland]]'' (1977), ''[[Hullabaloo Over Georgie and Bonnie's Pictures]]'' (1978), ''[[The Europeans (1979 film)|The Europeans]]'' (1979), ''[[Jane Austen in Manhattan]]'' (1980), ''[[Quartet (1981 film)|Quartet]]'' (1981), ''[[The Courtesans of Bombay]]'' (1983) and ''[[The Bostonians (film)|The Bostonians]]'' (1984). The Merchant Ivory production of ''[[Heat and Dust (film)|Heat and Dust]]'' in 1983 won Jhabvala a [[BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay]] the following year.<ref name="Raw 2012 xix - xxii"/><ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=Filmink|first=Stephen|last=Vagg|date=11 September 2025|access-date=11 September 2025|url=https://www.filmink.com.au/forgotten-british-film-studios-the-rank-organisation-1982-1997/|title=Forgotten British Film Studios: The Rank Organisation 1982-1997}}</ref>

She won her first [[Academy Award]] for her screenplay for ''[[A Room with a View (1986 film)|A Room with a View]]'' (1986) and won a second in the same category for ''[[Howards End (film)|Howards End]]'' six years later.<ref name="livemint.com"/> She was nominated for a third [[Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay]] the following year for ''[[The Remains of the Day (film)|The Remains of the Day]]''.<ref name="independent.co.uk"/>

Her other films with Merchant and Ivory include ''[[Mr. & Mrs. Bridge]]'' (1990), ''[[Jefferson in Paris]]'' (1995), ''[[Surviving Picasso]]'' (1996), ''[[A Soldier's Daughter Never Cries (film)|A Soldier's Daughter Never Cries]]'' (1998) (the screenplay for which she co-authored with Ivory), ''[[The Golden Bowl (film)|The Golden Bowl]]'' (2000) and ''[[The City of Your Final Destination]]'' (2009), adapted from the [[The City of Your Final Destination (novel)|eponymous novel]] by [[Peter Cameron (novelist)|Peter Cameron]] and was her last screenplay.<ref name="Raw 2012 xix - xxii"/> ''[[Le Divorce]]'' which she co-wrote with Ivory was the last movie that featured the trio of Merchant, Ivory, and Jhabvala.<ref>{{cite web |title=In Remembrance: Ruth Prawer Jhabvala |url=http://www.lambdaliterary.org/features/rem/04/04/in-remembrance-ruth-prawer-jhabvala/ |access-date=6 April 2013 |website=[[Lambda Literary]] |date=4 April 2013}}</ref>

In an interview for the [[British Film Institute]], British actor [[James Wilby]] said that Jhabvala refused to write the screenplay of the 1987 film ''[[Maurice (1987 film)|Maurice]]'', despite being "the normal writer" for Merchant-Ivory films. The film was based on a [[Maurice (novel)|posthumously published novel]] by [[E. M. Forster]] which depicted a gay relationship set in [[Edwardian England]].<ref>{{Citation|title=Hugh Grant and James Wilby on Maurice, Merchant Ivory's gay love story {{!}} BFI Flare| date=4 April 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xx9T2xFoQ6E|language=en|access-date=2020-04-27}}</ref> Jhabvala did provide notes for ''Maurice'',<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://moveablefest.com/james-ivory-maurice/|title=Interview: James Ivory on Restoring "Maurice"|date=2017-06-02|website=The Moveable Fest|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-27}}</ref> but said that she did not wish to write the screenplay as the novel was "sub-Forster and sub-Ivory."<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/persons-of-interest/james-ivory-and-the-making-of-a-historic-gay-love-story|title=James Ivory and the Making of a Historic Gay Love Story|last=Larson|first=Sarah|magazine=The New Yorker|language=en|access-date=2020-04-27}}</ref>

The Merchant-Ivory duo was acknowledged by the [[Guinness Book of World Records]] as the longest collaboration between a director and a producer, but Jhabvala was a part of the trio from the very beginning. She introduced the composer [[Richard Robbins (composer)|Richard Robbins]], who went on to score music for almost every production by Merchant Ivory beginning with ''The Europeans'' in 1979, to the duo after meeting him while he was the director of [[Mannes College of Music|Mannes College of Music, New York]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Richard Robbins obituary |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2012/nov/13/richard-robbins |access-date=6 April 2013 |newspaper=The Guardian |date=13 November 2012}}</ref> ''[[Madame Sousatzka]]'' (1988) was the one film she wrote that was not produced by Merchant Ivory.{{cn|date=January 2026}}

==Selected filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| Title
!scope="col"| Other notes
|-
| 1963 || ''[[The Householder (film)|The Householder]]'' || screenplay, adapted from the novel by Jhabvala
|-
| 1965 || ''[[Shakespeare Wallah]]'' || screenplay
|-
| 1969 || ''[[The Guru (1969 film)|The Guru]]'' || screenplay
|-
| 1970 || ''[[Bombay Talkie]]''|| screenplay
|-
| 1975 || ''[[Autobiography of a Princess]]'' || written by
|-
| 1977 || ''[[Roseland (film)|Roseland]]'' || story and screenplay
|-
| 1978 || ''[[Hullabaloo Over Georgie and Bonnie's Pictures]]'' || written by
|-
| 1979 || ''[[The Europeans (1979 film)|The Europeans]]'' ||screenplay, adapted from the novel by [[Henry James]]
|-
| 1980 || ''[[Jane Austen in Manhattan]]'' || written by, inserted libretto "[[Sir Charles Grandison]]" by [[Jane Austen]]
|-
| 1981 || ''[[Quartet (1981 film)|Quartet]]'' || screenplay, adapted from the novel by [[Jean Rhys]]
|-
| 1983 || ''[[Heat and Dust (film)|Heat and Dust]]'' || screenplay, adapted from the novel by Jhabvala
|-
| 1984 || ''[[The Bostonians (film)|The Bostonians]]'' || screenplay, adapted from the novel by [[Henry James]]
|-
| 1985 || ''[[A Room with a View (1986 film)|A Room with a View]]'' || screenplay, adapted from the novel by [[E.M. Forster]]
|-
| 1988 || ''[[Madame Sousatzka]]'' || screenplay, adapted from the novel by [[Bernice Rubens]]. Directed by [[John Schlesinger]]
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Mr. & Mrs. Bridge]]'' || screenplay, adapted from the novels by [[Evan S. Connell]] (''Mr. Bridge'' & ''Mrs. Bridge'')
|-
| 1992 || ''[[Howards End (film)|Howards End]]'' || screenplay, adapted from the novel by [[E.M. Forster]]
|-
| 1993 || ''[[The Remains of the Day (film)|The Remains of the Day]]'' || screenplay, adapted from the novel by [[Kazuo Ishiguro]]
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Jefferson in Paris]]'' || screenplay
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Surviving Picasso]]'' || screenplay
|-
| 1998 || ''[[A Soldier's Daughter Never Cries (film)|A Soldier's Daughter Never Cries]]'' || screenplay, adapted from the novel by [[Kaylie Jones]]
|-
| 2000 || ''[[The Golden Bowl (film)|The Golden Bowl]]'' || screenplay, adapted from the novel by [[Henry James]]
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Le Divorce]]'' || co-written by [[James Ivory]], adapted from the novel by [[Diane Johnson]]
|-
| 2009 || ''[[The City of Your Final Destination]]'' || screenplay, adapted from the novel by [[Peter Cameron (novelist)|Peter Cameron]]
|-
|}

==Honours and awards ==
Jhabvala was made a [[Commander of the Order of the British Empire]] in the Diplomatic Service and Overseas List of the [[1998 New Year Honours#Commanders (CBE)|1998 New Years Honours]]. She was granted a joint fellowship by [[BAFTA]] in 2002 with Ivory and Merchant.<ref name="Watts">{{cite news |title=Ruth Prawer Jhabvala obituary |first=Janet |last=Watts |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/apr/03/ruth-prawer-jhabvala |access-date=6 April 2013 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=3 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ruth Prawer Jhabvala (1927–2013) |url=http://blogs.outlookindia.com/default.aspx?ddm=10&pid=2954&eid=31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130409103249/http://blogs.outlookindia.com/default.aspx?ddm=10&pid=2954&eid=31 |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 April 2013 |access-date=6 April 2013 |newspaper=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |date=3 April 2013 }}</ref>

She is the only person to have won both a [[Booker Prize]] and an [[Academy Awards|Oscar]].<ref name="independent.co.uk">{{cite news |title=Ruth Prawer Jhabvala: Author and screenwriter who won two Oscars and the Booker Prize |first=Martin |last=Childs |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/ruth-prawer-jhabvala-author-and-screenwriter-who-won-two-oscars-and-the-booker-prize-8560685.html |access-date=6 April 2013 |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |date=4 April 2013}}</ref>

===Major film awards and nominations ===
'''Academy Awards'''
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
! Year
! Category
! Film
! Result
! Ref.
|-
|[[59th Academy Awards|1986]]
|rowspan=3|[[Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay|Best Adapted Screenplay]]
| ''[[A Room with a View (1985 film)|A Room with a View]]''
| {{won}}
| rowspan=3|
|-
|[[65th Academy Awards|1992]]
| ''[[Howards End (film)|Howards End]]''
| {{won}}
|-
|[[66th Academy Awards|1993]]
| ''[[The Remains of the Day (film)|The Remains of the Day]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
|}

'''Golden Globe Awards'''
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
!Year
!Category
!Film
!Result
!Ref.
|-
|[[50th Golden Globe Awards|1992]]
|rowspan=2|[[Golden Globe Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]
| ''[[Howards End (film)|Howards End]]''
| {{nom}}
| rowspan=2|
|-
|[[51st Golden Globe Awards|1993]]
| ''[[The Remains of the Day (film)|The Remains of the Day]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
|}

'''British Academy Film Awards'''
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
!Year
!Category
!Film
!Result
!Ref.
|-
|[[37th British Academy Film Awards|1983]]
|rowspan=4|[[BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay|Best Adapted Screenplay]]
| ''[[Heat and Dust (film)|Heat and Dust]]''
| {{won}}
|rowspan=4|
|-
|[[40th British Academy Film Awards|1986]]
| ''[[A Room with a View (1985 film)|A Room with a View]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[46th British Academy Film Awards|1992]]
| ''[[Howards End (film)|Howards End]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[47th British Academy Film Awards|1993]]
| ''[[The Remains of the Day (film)|The Remains of the Day]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
|}

'''Writers Guild of America Awards'''
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
!Year
!Category
!Film
!Result
!Ref.
|-
|[[39th Writers Guild of America Awards|1986]] ||rowspan=3|[[Writers Guild of America Award for Best Adapted Screenplay|Best Adapted Screenplay]] || ''[[A Room with a View (1986 film)|A Room with a View]]'' || {{won}} ||rowspan=4|<ref name="merchantivory">{{cite web |title=Ruth Prawer Jhabvala |url=http://www.merchantivory.com/ruth.html |website=Merchant Ivory Productions |access-date=6 April 2013}}</ref>
|-
|[[45th Writers Guild of America Awards|1992]] || ''[[Howards End (film)|Howards End]]'' || {{nom}}
|-
|rowspan=2|[[46th Writers Guild of America Awards|1993]] || ''[[The Remains of the Day (film)|The Remains of the Day]]'' || {{nom}}
|-
|| [[Laurel Award for Screenwriting Achievement|Screen Laurel Award]] || {{n/a}} || {{won}}
|-
|}

=== Other awards ===
*1975: [[Booker Prize]] – ''[[Heat and Dust]]''<ref name="merchantivory" />
*1976: [[Guggenheim Fellowship]]
*1979: Neil Gunn Prize<ref name="literature.britishcouncil" />
*1984: [[MacArthur Fellows Program|MacArthur Fellowship]]<ref name="merchantivory" />
*1984: [[London Film Critics Circle|London Critics Circle Film Awards]] – [[London Film Critics' Circle Award for Screenwriter of the Year|Screenwriter of the Year]] (''[[Heat and Dust (film)|Heat and Dust]]'')<ref name="literature.britishcouncil" />
*1990: [[New York Film Critics Circle|New York Film Critics Circle Awards]] – [[New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]] (''[[Mr. and Mrs. Bridge]]'')<ref name="merchantivory" />
*2003: [[O. Henry Award]] (''Refuge in London'')<ref name="literature.britishcouncil">{{cite web |title=Ruth Prawer Jhabvala |url=http://literature.britishcouncil.org/ruth-prawer-jhabvala |website=British Council |access-date=6 April 2013}}</ref>

==Personal life and death ==
In 1951, Prawer married Cyrus Shavaksha Hormusji Jhabvala,<ref>Journal of the Indian Institute of Architects vol. 29 and 30, ed. S. Kumar, 1963, p. 41</ref> an Indian [[Parsi people|Parsi]] architect and, later, head of the [[School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi]].<ref name="She came, she saw, she wrote"/><ref name="Watts"/> The couple moved into a house in Delhi's [[Civil Lines, Delhi|Civil Lines]] where they raised three daughters: Ava, Firoza and [[Renana Jhabvala|Renana]].<ref name="She came, she saw, she wrote"/><ref name="Watts"/> In 1975, Jhabvala moved to New York and divided her time between India and the United States. In 1986, she became a naturalized citizen of the United States.<ref name="Raw 2012 xix - xxii"/>

Her elder brother, [[Siegbert Salomon Prawer]] (1925–2012), an expert on [[Heinrich Heine]] and horror films, was fellow of [[The Queen's College, Oxford|The Queen's College]] and Taylor Professor of German Language and Literature at the University of Oxford.<ref name="DT"/>

Jhabvala died in her home in New York City on 3 April 2013 at the age of 85. James Ivory reported that her death was caused by complications from a [[Respiratory disease|pulmonary disorder]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Schudel |first=Matt |title=Ruth Prawer Jhabvala, novelist and screenwriter, dies at 85 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/ruth-prawer-jhabvala-novelist-and-screenwriter-dies-at-85/2013/04/03/6b4ec3be-8b40-11e2-9f54-f3fdd70acad2_story.html |access-date=3 April 2013 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=3 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/04/movies/ruth-prawer-jhabvala-writer-dies-at-85.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 |title=Ruth Prawer Jhabvala, Screenwriter, Dies at 85 |last=Gates |first=Anita |date=3 April 2013 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=4 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title=Oscar-winning screenwriter of 'Howards End' and 'A Room With a View' dies |url=http://insidemovies.ew.com/2013/04/04/ruth-prawer-jhabvala-died/ |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |access-date=6 April 2013 |date=4 April 2013}}</ref> Reacting to her death, Merchant Ivory Productions said that Jhabvala had "been a beloved member of the Merchant Ivory family since 1960, comprising one-third of our indomitable trifecta that included director James Ivory and the late producer Ismail Merchant" and that her death was "a significant loss to the global film community".<ref>{{cite web |title=Ruth Prawer Jhabvala Dead: Oscar-Winning Screenwriter And Novelist Dies at 85 |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/04/04/ruth-prawer-jhabvala-dead_n_3012270.html?ir=Entertainment |access-date=6 April 2013 |website=[[Huffington Post]] |date=4 April 2013 }}{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Literary works==

===Novels and novellas===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| Title
!scope="col"| Other notes
|-
| 1955 || ''To whom she will : a novel'' || Published in the United States as ''Amrita''
|-
| 1956 || ''The Nature of Passion'' ||
|-
| 1958 || ''Esmond in India'' ||
|-
| 1960 || ''[[The Householder (novel)|The Householder]]'' ||
|-
| 1962 || ''Get Ready for Battle'' ||
|-
| 1965 || ''A Backward Place'' ||
|-
| 1972 || ''A New Dominion'' || published in the United States as ''Travelers''
|-
| 1975 || ''[[Heat and Dust]]'' ||
|-
| 1983 || ''In Search of Love and Beauty'' ||
|-
| 1987 || ''Three Continents'' ||
|-
| 1993 || ''Poet and Dancer'' ||
|-
| 1995 || ''Shards of Memory'' ||
|-
|}

=== Short stories and collections ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Other notes
|-
| 1963 ||''Like Birds, Like Fishes''||
|-
| 1968 ||''A Stronger Climate''||
|-
| 1971 ||''An Experience of India''||
|-
| 1976 ||''How I Became a Holy Mother and other stories''||
|-
| 1986 || ''Out of India (novel) |Out of India'': Selected Stories''||
|-
| 1998 ||''East into Upper East: Plain Tales from New York and New Delhi''||
|-
| 2004 ||''My Nine Lives : Chapters of a Possible Past''||
|-
|2008
|The Teacher
|[https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2008/07/28/the-teacher-fiction-ruth-prawer-jhabvala "The Teacher"]. ''The New Yorker''. Volume:84. 28 July 2008
|-
| 2011 ||''A Lovesong for India: Tales from East and West''||
|-
| 2013 ||''A Judge's Will''|| |{{cite magazine |date=25 March 2013 |title=The judge's will |magazine=The New Yorker |volume=89 |issue=6 |pages=88–95 |url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2013/03/25/the-judges-will }}
|-
| 2018 ||''At the End of the Century: The Stories of Ruth Prawer Jhabvala''||
|}

===Critical studies and reviews of Jhabvala's work===

;Anthologies and encyclopedias
* {{cite book |editor-last1=Bausch |editor-first1=Richard |editor-first2=R. V. |editor-last2=Cassill |chapter=Passion |first=Ruth |last=Prawer Jhabvala |title=Norton Anthology of Short Fiction |url=https://archive.org/details/nortonanthology000cass |url-access=registration |edition=6th |location=New York |publisher=[[W.W. Norton]] |year=2000 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/nortonanthology000cass/page/801 801–813] |isbn=978-0-39397-508-6}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Mishra |editor-first=Pankaj |chapter=Two more under the Indian sun |first=Ruth |last=Prawer Jhabvala |title=India in Mind: An Anthology |location=New York |publisher=Vintage Books |year=2005 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/indiainmindantho0000unse/page/108 108–130] |isbn=978-0-37572-745-0 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/indiainmindantho0000unse/page/108 }}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Ross |editor-first=Robert |chapter=An experience of India |first=Ruth |last=Prawer Jhabvala |title=Colonial and Postcolonial Fiction in English: An Anthology |location=New York |publisher=Garland |year=1999 |pages=189–209 |isbn=978-0-81531-431-8}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Serafin |editor-first=Steven |chapter=Ruth Prawer Jhabvala |title=Encyclopedia of World Literature in the 20th Century |volume=4 (L-Z) |edition=3rd |location=Farmington Hills, Michigan |publisher=St. James Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-1-55862-377-4 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo04sera }}

;Screenwriting
* {{cite book |last=Bailur |first=Jayanti |title=Ruth Prawer Jhabvala: Fiction and Film |location=New Delhi |publisher=Arnold Publishers |year=1992}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Katz |editor-first=Susan Bullington |chapter=Ruth Prawer Jhabvala |title=Conversations with Screenwriters |location=Portsmouth, New Hampshire |publisher=Heinemann |year=2000 |pages=1–8 |isbn=978-0-32500-295-8}}

;Other
* {{cite book |last=Crane |first=Ralph J. |title=Ruth Prawer Jhabvala |location=New York |publisher=Twayne |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-80577-030-8 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/ruthprawerjhabva00ralp }}
* {{cite book |last=Crane |first=Ralph J. |title=Passages to Ruth Prawer Jhabvala |location=New Delhi |publisher=Sterling Publishers |year=1991 |isbn=978-8-12071-355-0}}
* {{cite magazine |author=Jasanoff, Maya |date=7 January 2019 |title=A passage from India : Ruth Prawer Jhabvala and the art of ambivalence |department=The Critics. A Critic at Large |magazine=The New Yorker |volume=94 |issue=43 |pages=62–67 |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2019/01/07/ruth-prawer-jhabvala-and-the-art-of-ambivalence }}<ref>Online version is titled "Ruth Prawer Jhabvala and the art of ambivalence".</ref>
* {{cite book |last=Rai |first=Sudha |title=Homeless by Choice: Naipaul, Jhabvala, Rushdie and India |location=Jaipur |publisher=Printwell |year=1992 |isbn=978-8-17044-241-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Shepherd |first=Ronald |title=Ruth Prawer Jhabvala in India: The Jewish Connection |location=Delhi |publisher=Chanakya Publications |year=1994 |isbn=978-8-17001-096-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Sucher |first=Laurie |title=The Fiction of Ruth Prawer Jhabvala: The Politics of Passion |location=Basingstoke |publisher=Macmillan |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-33342-196-3}}

==See also==
* [[List of Academy Award winners and nominees from Great Britain]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite magazine |url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2006/06/26/innocence-2 |first=Ruth |last=Prawer Jhabvala |title=Innocence |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |date=26 June 2006}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.merchantivory.com/goldenbowl/ruth.html |title='It works diagonally': A Conversation with Ruth Prawer Jhabvala on The Golden Bowl and the Art of Adaptation |first=Philip |last=Horne |website=Merchant Ivory |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502053133/http://www.merchantivory.com/goldenbowl/ruth.html |archive-date=2 May 2014}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.moviemaker.com/hop/04/screenwriting.html |first=Phillip |last=Williams |title=Rewriting Literature: A Conversation With Ruth Prawer Jhabvala |website=MovieMaker |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010803024846/http://www.moviemaker.com/hop/04/screenwriting.html |archive-date=3 August 2001}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00942mz |title=Desert Island Discs |website=[[BBC Radio 4]] |date=24 January 1999}}
* {{cite web |url=https://rsliterature.org/fellow/ruth-prawer-jhabvala-cbe/ |title=Ruth Prawer Jhabvala CBE remembered |first=Catherine |last=Freeman |website=[[The Royal Society of Literature]]|date=September 2023 }}

== External links ==
* {{Wikiquote-inline}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{NPG name}}

{{Navboxes
| title = Awards for Ruth Prawer Jhabvala
| list =
{{AcademyAwardBestAdaptedScreenplay 1981–2000}}
{{BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay 1983–1999}}
{{Booker Prize}}
{{London Film Critics Circle Award for Screenwriter of the Year}}
{{New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Screenplay}}
{{Writers Guild of America Award for Best Adapted Screenplay}}
{{Laurel Award for Screenwriting Achievement}}
}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jhabvala, Ruth Prawer}}
[[Category:1927 births]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of Queen Mary University of London]]
[[Category:Booker Prize winners]]
[[Category:British women screenwriters]]
[[Category:English emigrants to India]]
[[Category:English emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Jewish English writers]]
[[Category:Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Jewish American novelists]]
[[Category:Jewish women novelists]]
[[Category:MacArthur Fellows]]
[[Category:English people of Polish-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:American short story writers]]
[[Category:American women screenwriters]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature]]
[[Category:Writers Guild of America Award winners]]
[[Category:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Best Adapted Screenplay Academy Award winners]]
[[Category:Best Adapted Screenplay BAFTA Award winners]]
[[Category:20th-century English novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century English novelists]]
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[[Category:20th-century English women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century American women novelists]]
[[Category:The New Yorker people]]
[[Category:American emigrants to India]]
[[Category:German people of Polish-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Naturalized citizens of the United States]]
[[Category:Writers from the London Borough of Barnet]]
[[Category:Deaths from lung disease]]
[[Category:20th-century American women novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century English women]]
[[Category:O. Henry Award winners]]
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[[Category:British emigrants to India]]
[[Category:Jewish British novelists]]
[[Category:German emigrants to the United States]]

Department of Agriculture and Co-operation (Telangana)

2026-03-28T23:56:06Z

VanBoas1588: put up the info and citations

{{Short description|None}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Minister of Agriculture and Co-operation
| body =
| native_name = {{transliteration|te|Vyavasāyaṁ mariyu Sahakāra Śākha Mantrī}}
| insignia =
| insigniasize =
| insigniacaption =
| insigniaalt =
| flag =
| flagsize =
| flagalt =
| flagborder =
| flagcaption =
| image = Thummala Nageshwar Rao.jpg
| imagesize =
| alt =
| imagecaption =
| incumbent = [[Thummala Nageswara Rao]]
| acting =
| incumbentsince = 7 December 2023
| department = Department of Agriculture and Co-operation
| style =
| type =
| status =
| abbreviation = A&C
| member_of = State Cabinet
| reports_to = [[List of governors of Telangana|Governor of Telangana]] [[List of chief ministers of Telangana|Chief Minister of Telangana]] [[Telangana Legislature]]
| residence =
| seat =
| nominator =
| appointer = [[List of governors of Telangana|Governor of Telangana]]
| appointer_qualified = on the advice of the [[List of chief ministers of Telangana|Chief Minister of Telangana]]
| termlength =
| termlength_qualified =
| constituting_instrument =
| precursor =
| inaugural = [[Pocharam Srinivas Reddy]]
| formation = 2 June 2014
| first =
| last =
| abolished =
| superseded_by =
| succession =
| unofficial_names =
| deputy =
| salary =
| website = {{url|https://agri.telangana.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Department of Agriculture and Co-operation''' is a cabinet level ministerial post in the [[Government of Telangana]]. First held on 2 June 2014, this ministry has one of the important portfolios in the cabinet of the state. The incumbent Minister for the Department of Agriculture and Co-operation for the state of Telangana is [[Thummala Nageswara Rao]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Telangana State Portal Council of Ministers (Present) |url=https://www.telangana.gov.in/government/council-of-ministers |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=www.telangana.gov.in}}</ref>

The department was created mainly to provide agricultural extension services to farmers and to transfer the latest technical knowledge to the farming community.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://agri.tg.nic.in/index.html | title=Official Website| work=TGovernment of Telangana | access-date=20 July 2014}}</ref> Telangana's agriculture department separated from Andhra Pradesh as part of [[Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014|Andhra Pradesh bifurcation]].<ref name="Notification">{{cite web|title=Notification|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2014/158365.pdf|work=The Gazette of India|publisher=Government of India|date=4 March 2014|access-date=4 March 2014|format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/states/esplit-telangana-govt-depts-to-have-new-web-ids/article6072216.ece | title=E-split: Telangana govt, depts to have new web Ids| work=The Hindu | date=1 June 2014 | access-date=20 July 2014}}</ref> It aims to promote agricultural trade and to boost agricultural production and productivity in Telangana.

==Background==
The economy of Telangana is largely dependent on agriculture and most people have taken farming as a profession.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} The [[podu (agriculture)|podu system]] is used in some areas.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}
{{-}}

== List of ministers ==
{| class="wikitable" style="line-height:1.4em; text-align:center"
! rowspan=2 |#
! rowspan=2 colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan=2 style="width:16em" | Minister {{small|(Lifespan) Constituency}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan=2 style="width:5em" |Election {{small|(Term)}}
! rowspan=2 style="width:8em" |Party
! rowspan=2 style="width:8em" |Ministry
! rowspan=2 style="width:10em" |Chief Minister
!rowspan=2 |Ref.
|-
!Term start
!Term end
!Duration
|-
!1
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}"|
|[[File:Pocharam Srinivas Reddy (cropped).jpg|97x97px]]
|'''[[Pocharam Srinivas Reddy]]''' {{small|(born 1949) MLA for [[Banswada Assembly constituency|Banswada]]}}
|2 June 2014
|6 September 2018
|'''{{ayd|2 June 2014|6 September 2018}}'''
|[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]] {{small|(1st)}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
| bgcolor="#FFA1F4"| '''[[First K. Chandrashekar Rao ministry|Rao I]]'''
| rowspan="2" |[[K. Chandrashekar Rao|Kalvakuntla Chandrashekhar Rao]]
|
|-
!2
|[[File:Singireddy_Niranjan_reddy.jpg|97x97px]]
|'''[[Singireddy Niranjan Reddy]]''' {{small|(born 1958) MLA for [[Wanaparthy Assembly constituency|Wanaparthy]]}}
|19 February 2019
|3 December 2023
|'''{{ayd|19 February 2019|3 December 2023}}'''
|[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018]] {{small|[[2nd Telangana Assembly|(2nd)]]}}
|bgcolor="#FFA1F4"| '''[[Second K. Chandrashekar Rao ministry|Rao II]]'''
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-19 |title=Telangana Cabinet Expansion: KCR Inducts 10 Ministers |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/telangana-politics/2019/02/19/telangana-cabinet-expansion-kcr-inducts-10-ministers |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=Sakshi Post |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-02-16 |title=66 days with 1 minister, Telangana CM KCR to expand cabinet on February 19 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/66-days-with-1-minister-telangana-cm-kcr-to-expand-cabinet-on-february-19/articleshow/68018145.cms |access-date=2023-03-24 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Telangana CM expands cabinet, inducts 10 ministers |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/politics/telangana-cm-expands-cabinet-inducts-10-ministers-3556951.html |access-date=2023-05-05 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!3
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Thummala Nageshwar Rao.jpg|97x97px]]
|'''[[Thummala Nageswara Rao]]''' {{small|(born 1953) MLA for [[Khammam Assembly constituency|Khammam]]}}
|7 December 2023
|''Incumbent''
|'''{{ayd|7 December 2023|}}'''
|[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]] {{small|[[3rd Telangana Assembly|(3rd)]]}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| '''[[Revanth Reddy ministry|Reddy]]'''
|[[Revanth Reddy|Anumula Revanth Reddy]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-14 |title=Work with service motive: Tummala |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/agriculture-minister-tummala-nageswara-rao-safeguard-assets-with-a-service-motive/articleshow/105973139.cms |access-date=2024-02-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Revanth Reddy Is Telangana Chief Minister, 11 Join Cabinet. Who Are They? |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/revanth-reddy-swearing-in-telangana-chief-minister-revanth-reddy-to-be-telangana-chief-minister-11-more-to-join-cabinet-who-are-they-4641656 |access-date=2024-02-22 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{State Agencies of Telangana}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Government of Telangana]]
[[Category:Government departements of Telangana]]

2015 Dimapur mob lynching

2026-03-28T08:15:18Z

VanBoas1588: creating new article w/ refs

{{Short description|In Nagaland, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Citation style|date=September 2025}}

The '''2015 Dimapur mob lynching''' was a case of [[mob lynching]] that took place in [[Dimapur]], [[Nagaland]], [[India]], on 5 March 2015.<ref name="Dragged">{{cite news|title=Rape accused dragged out of jail, lynched in Nagaland|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Rape-accused-dragged-out-of-jail-lynched-in-Nagaland/articleshow/46471326.cms|accessdate=7 March 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 March 2015}}</ref> A [[Ochlocracy|mob]] of about 7000–8000 people broke into a prison, dragged a man detained under accused of rape out of the Dimapur Central Jail, paraded him naked and beat him to death in a case of [[Vigilantism|vigilante justice]].<ref name="NoArrests">{{cite news|title=Dimapur mob lynching case: Situation remains tense in Assam, Nagaland; no arrests so far|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/dimapur-mob-lynching-case-situation-remains-tense-in-assam-nagaland-no-arrests-so-far/532522-3-226.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150308011811/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/dimapur-mob-lynching-case-situation-remains-tense-in-assam-nagaland-no-arrests-so-far/532522-3-226.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 March 2015|accessdate=7 March 2015|work=[[IBNLive]]|date=7 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=8 March 2015 |title=India lynch mob: Police arrest 22 over vigilante-style murder of rape suspect |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-03-09/india-lynch-mob3a-police-arrest-22-over-vigilante-style-murder/6289754 |access-date=8 March 2015 |work=ABC |agency=Agence France-Presse and Reuters}}</ref>

The incident took place in the backdrop of widespread public anger over rising [[Rape in India|sexual violence against women in India]] and a controversy over a ban on the documentary ''[[India's Daughter]]'', based on the [[2012 Delhi gang rape]], and concerns in Nagaland over [[Illegal immigration in India#Political concerns over Bangladeshi illegal immigrants|illegal immigration from Bangladesh]].<ref name=AlJazeeraMob>{{cite news| url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia/2015/03/irate-indian-mob-lynches-rape-accused-150305174906211.html | title=Indian mob raid prison and lynch rape suspect | work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] | date=5 March 2015 | access-date=12 March 2015}}</ref><ref name=HinduVigilantism>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/vigilantism-in-dimapur/article6972016.ece | title=Vigilantism in Dimapur | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=9 March 2015 | access-date=12 March 2015}}</ref><ref name=NYTSmoldering>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/09/world/in-neighborhood-of-indian-rapists-smoldering-anger-and-code-of-silence.html?_r=0 | title=In Indian Rapists' Neighborhood, Smoldering Anger and Code of Silence | work=[[The New York Times]] |author=Ellen Barry | date=8 March 2015 | access-date=12 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="illegal ">{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/06/suspected-rapist-lynched-outside-indian-prison | title=Suspected rapist lynched outside Indian prison | work=[[The Guardian]] | date=6 March 2015 | access-date=12 March 2015}}</ref><ref name=BBCLynch>{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-31753944 | title=Angry Indians lynch rape suspect after breaking into jail | work=[[BBC News]] | date=5 March 2015 | access-date=12 March 2015}}</ref>

==Events==
{{Location map | India
| width =
| float =
| caption = Location of Dimapur in India
| alt = Location of Dimapur in India
| label = Dimapur
| label_size = 100 
| position = bottom
| background = orange
| mark = Orange_pog.svg
| marksize = 8 
| lat_deg = 25.9200
| lon_deg = 93.7300
}}

===Alleged rape===
According to the [[first information report]] (FIR) filed by the victim, a 20-year-old student of Shri Digamber Jain Girls' College,<ref name=MirrorCivil>{{cite news| url=http://www.easternmirrornagaland.com/2015/03/civil-society-cries-out-against-alleged-rape-in-dimapur/|title=Civil society cries out against alleged rape in Dimapur|work=Eastern Mirror|date=5 March 2015 | accessdate=12 March 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402212312/http://www.easternmirrornagaland.com/2015/03/civil-society-cries-out-against-alleged-rape-in-dimapur/|archivedate=2 April 2015}}</ref><ref name="accomplish">{{cite news |author1=Ahuja |first=Rajesh |author2=Karmakar |first2=Rahul |date=10 March 2015 |title=Naga accomplice of rape accused spared from lynching: Report |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/naga-accomplice-of-rape-accused-spared-from-lynching-report/article1-1324472.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150309231856/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/naga-accomplice-of-rape-accused-spared-from-lynching-report/article1-1324472.aspx |archive-date=9 March 2015 |accessdate=12 March 2015 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> was raped in Hotel De Oriental Dream<ref name=43persons/><ref name="Outside">{{cite news |last=Mitra |first=Dola |date=30 March 2015 |title=A Story From Outside |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/a-story-from-outside-news-293755 |accessdate=21 November 2025 |work=[[Outlook India]]}}</ref> in [[Dimapur]] on 23 February 2015. The accused Farid Khan and his accomplice Nikavi, alias Ngukav forcibly assaulted her and intoxicated her. Then Farid Khan had allegedly raped her multiple times.<ref name="accomplish" /><ref name="HushMoney"/><ref name="Lured"/> The accused and his accomplice were arrested on 25 February 2015 for rape and assault, and were lodged in Dimapur Central Jail. They had been charged under [[Indian Penal Code]] sections 476, 344 and 363.<ref name=SchoolUniforms/><ref name=epao>{{cite news| url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=24..130315.mar15 | title=Nagaland Govt clarifies on 'no rape' report|work=E-Pao|accessdate=14 March 2015}}</ref>

The rape victim later in an interview claimed that she had been given {{currency|5000|INR}} by the accused to remain silent about the incident. She said that the man was known to her as her neighbor and his wife belonged to the same village as her. She also said that she was lured into a car by a friend, who then left. The man then intoxicated her and raped her several times. She later reported it to the police and handed over the money.<ref name=HushMoney>{{cite news|title=Lynched man gave me Rs 5000 as hush money: Woman|url=http://www.sify.com/news/lynched-man-gave-me-rs-5000-as-hush-money-woman-news-national-pdhwj2cdfeehc.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150309053642/http://www.sify.com/news/lynched-man-gave-me-rs-5000-as-hush-money-woman-news-national-pdhwj2cdfeehc.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 March 2015|accessdate=7 March 2015|work=[[Sify]]|date=7 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="Lured">{{cite news |last=Gupta Kashyap |first=Samudra |date=8 March 2015 |title=Dimapur lynching: Student says was 'lured' by friend, taken to Syed Sharif Khan |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/dimapur-lynching-student-says-was-lured-by-friend-taken-to-syed-sharif-khan/ |accessdate=8 March 2015 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> The accused Farid Khan told Nagaland Police in his interrogation that he had consensual sex with her for which he had given her money.<ref name="consensual">{{cite news |last=Singh |first=Vijaita |date=12 March 2015 |title=Dimapur lynching: It was 'consensual sex' not rape, says Nagaland govt report |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/dimapur-mob-lynching-victim-was-never-raped-nagaland-govt-tells-mha/?SocialMedia |accessdate=12 March 2015 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref>

===Identity of the man===
Initially, the man was thought to be an illegal immigrant from [[Bangladesh]].<ref name=Infiltrator/> The accused was later named as Syed Sarif Uddin Khan, alias Farid, a 35-year-old [[used car]] businessman. Originally from, [[Karimganj district]] of [[Assam]], he had been living in Nagaland for 8 years. He was married to a Naga lady for 4 years and had a three-year-old daughter.<ref name="Infiltrator">{{cite news |last=Gupta Kashyap |first=Samudra |date=6 March 2015 |title=Nagaland: Angry mob raids Dimapur Central Jail, lynches 35-year-old rape accused alleged to be 'Bangladeshi infiltrator' |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/nagaland-mob-break-into-prison-drag-out-and-lynch-rape-accused-to-death/ |accessdate=8 March 2015 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref name=Rush/><ref name="FinalName">{{Cite news |date=31 December 2015 |title=Dimapur lynching and the unending wait for justice |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/dimapur-lynching-and-the-unending-wait-for-justice/cid/1528290 |access-date=20 March 2024 |work=The Telegraph (India) |quote=Syed Sarif Uddin Khan, alias Farid, was arrested by Nagaland police on February 24 after an FIR was filed by a girl from Nagaland accusing him of raping her.}}</ref>

The family of the accused claimed that he was framed. One of his brothers, who also lived in Dimapur and ran a business said the woman who had filed the case was close to the accused's family and was well-acquainted with his wife. He claims that the woman had invited Farid to a hotel with some other persons on 23 February, and that she forced him to drink and demanded {{currency|200,000|INR}} from him. He asserts that on being refused, she filed a case the next day.<ref name=Rush/>

===Mob attack===
On 5 March, about 7000-8000 people broke into the Dimapur Central Jail.<ref name=NoArrests/> They dragged the accused out, while parading him naked, pelted him with stones and beat him. They dragged the accused to a [[clock tower]] about 7km away, by tying a rope to his waist from a motorcycle. The accused died on the way.<ref name=NoArrests/><ref name=Rush/><ref name=Telecom/> The body was displayed from the clock tower's railings, until the police came and took it down.<ref name=Truckers>{{cite news|title=Dimapur lynching: Assam truckers stop plying to Nagaland|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/dimapur-lynching-assam-truckers-stop-plying-to-nagaland/article6969318.ece|accessdate=7 March 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=7 March 2015}}</ref> The [[Superintendent of Police]] Meren Jamir later said that the mob was led by a group of a few hundred school and college girls in uniforms, which prevented the police from using more force. Jamir said that the initial crowd was small and they had been repelled by [[baton charge]]s. But, later the mob returned with larger numbers.<ref name=SchoolUniforms/> Even though 8 [[Company (military unit)|companies]] of security forces were present at the jail, they failed to stop the mob.<ref name=NoArrests/> The police later said that there was at least one former inmate of the prison, who knew the interior layout of the jail.<ref name=ExInmateRape>{{cite news|title=Dimapur: How an ex-inmate led lynch mob to rape-accused in jail|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/how-an-ex-inmate-led-lynch-mob-to-rape-accused-in-dimapur-jail/|accessdate=17 August 2015|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=11 March 2015}}</ref>

The police had fired blanks and [[tear gas]] at the crowd but had failed to disperse them.<ref name=Dragged/> One member of the mob was killed and 52 members of the police were injured in the clashes. The mob also burnt 10 police vehicles.<ref name=Rush/>

Initially, it was reported that the man was an [[illegal immigrant]] from [[Bangladesh]]. There had been calls from local organisations to expel outsiders. The incident was also attributed to the faulty justice system of the state, which had obtained few convictions in various cases of rape.<ref name=Rush>{{cite news|title=Rush to pre-empt lynching backlash|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150307/jsp/nation/story_7334.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150307105024/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150307/jsp/nation/story_7334.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 March 2015|accessdate=7 March 2015|work=[[The Telegraph (India)]]|date=7 March 2015}}</ref> The man's local accomplice who was lodged in same jail was left alone by the mob.<ref name=accomplish/>

===Aftermath===
In the home state of the accused, [[Assam]], All Assam Minority Students' Union burnt an [[effigy]] of the Nagaland government in [[Nagaon]], accusing the government of discriminating against minorities living in the state, and demanded an investigation by the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) on 6 March.<ref name=GogoiMoves>{{cite news|title=Lynch backlash alert in Assam — Gogoi moves Delhi, Zeliang|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150307/jsp/northeast/story_7239.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150307105104/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150307/jsp/northeast/story_7239.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 March 2015|accessdate=7 March 2015|work=[[The Telegraph (India)]]|date=6 March 2015}}</ref>

On 6 March, Assam Chief Minister [[Tarun Gogoi]] condemned the attack and discussed the matter with Home Minister [[Rajnath Singh]] and Nagaland Chief Minister [[T. R. Zeliang]].<ref name=GogoiMoves/> Dimapur Deputy Police Commissioner Wezope Kenye and Superintendent of Police Meren Jamir were suspended on the evening of 6 March. The Central Jail Chief was also suspended.<ref name=Fires>{{cite news|title=Nagaland fires 3 policemen after mob lynches rapist to death|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150307/nation-current-affairs/article/nagaland-fires-3-cops-killing-rape-accused-publicly|access-date=7 March 2015|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=7 March 2015}}</ref><ref name=Rush/><ref name=Judicial/> Residents of Nagaland were asked to avoid traveling into Assam. Shops and commercial established remained closed on 6 March in Dimapur under a [[curfew]].<ref name=Rush/><ref name=Curfew/>

On 7 March, [[trucker]]s from Assam stopped moving goods into Nagaland in protest of the incident. They also alleged they are harassed in Nagaland and asked to pay illegal tolls.<ref name=Truckers/> [[Amnesty International|Amnesty International India]] on 7 March demanded an investigation into the incident, calling it a serious lapse of the justice system.<ref name=Amnesty>{{cite news|title=Amnesty International Demands Investigation into Nagaland Lynching|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/amnesty-international-demands-investigation-into-nagaland-lynching-744806|accessdate=7 March 2015|work=[[NDTV]]|date=7 March 2015}}</ref> The curfew continued in Dimapur.<ref name=Curfew>{{cite news|title=Curfew continues for 2nd day in Dimapur, Nagaland CM admits to administrative lapses|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/curfew-continues-for-2nd-day-in-dimapur-nagaland-cm-admits-to-administrative-lapses/532456-3-226.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150309154805/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/curfew-continues-for-2nd-day-in-dimapur-nagaland-cm-admits-to-administrative-lapses/532456-3-226.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 March 2015|accessdate=7 March 2015|work=[[NDTV]]|date=7 March 2015}}</ref> Chief Minister Zeliang said that there had been administrative lapses and that relaxing the Section 177 of the [[CrPC]], which prohibits [[unlawful assembly]], in Nagaland was a mistake.<ref name=NoArrests/> He also said that the [[social media]] was responsible for inciting the incident.<ref name=SocialMedia>{{cite news|title=Nagaland CM blames social media for lynching, rape suspect's brother says attack politically motivated|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nagaland-cm-blames-social-media-for-lynching-rape-suspect-s-brother-calls-attack-political/article1-1323837.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150308023422/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nagaland-cm-blames-social-media-for-lynching-rape-suspect-s-brother-calls-attack-political/article1-1323837.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 March 2015|accessdate=7 March 2015|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=7 March 2015}}</ref> Later, Nagaland government restricted telecom services in the region.<ref name=Telecom>{{cite news|title=Nagaland lynching: Many arrests made, telecom services restricted|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nagaland-mob-lynching-several-arrests-made-telecom-services-restricted/article1-1324005.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150308095433/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nagaland-mob-lynching-several-arrests-made-telecom-services-restricted/article1-1324005.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 March 2015|accessdate=8 March 2015|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=8 March 2015}}</ref> [[Internet]] was blocked for 48 hours in the state starting on the night of 7 March. [[SMS]] and [[Multimedia Messaging Service|MMS]] services were also blocked.<ref name=InternetSMS>{{cite news|title=Internet, SMS services blocked in Nagaland after lynching of rape accused|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-internet-sms-services-blocked-in-nagaland-after-lynching-of-rape-accused-2066973|accessdate=8 March 2015|work=[[DNA India]]|date=8 March 2015}}</ref>

Also on 7 March, Chief Minister Gogoi blamed the security force of the central government for failing to protect the jail.<ref name=GogoiBlames>{{cite news|title=Lynching incident: Tarun Gogoi blames central forces|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/article/miscellaneous/lynching-incident-tarun-gogoi-blames-central-forces/51177/|accessdate=7 March 2015|work=[[The Financial Express (India)]]|date=7 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150308100104/http://www.financialexpress.com/article/miscellaneous/lynching-incident-tarun-gogoi-blames-central-forces/51177/|archive-date=8 March 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Gogoi also claimed that the medical report had not confirmed rape. The brother of the dead also repeated the claim. The body was airlifted to the dead's hometown in Bosla village in [[Karimganj district]].<ref name=DontConfirmRape>{{cite news|title=Anger mounts over Nagaland lynching, Assam CM says medical reports don't confirm rape|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/anger-mounts-over-mob-lynching-of-man-unconfirmed-medical-reports-say-rape-ruled-out/article1-1323920.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150308104414/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/anger-mounts-over-mob-lynching-of-man-unconfirmed-medical-reports-say-rape-ruled-out/article1-1323920.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 March 2015|accessdate=8 March 2015|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=8 March 2015}}</ref><ref name=Airlifted>{{cite news|title=Dimapur lynch victim's body airlifted to Assam|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/dimapur-lynch-victim-s-body-airlifted-to-assam/50713.html|accessdate=8 March 2015|work=[[The Tribune (India)]]|date=7 March 2015}}</ref>

On 8 March, the body of the man was buried in his village.<ref name=Buried>{{cite news|title=Nagaland lynching: Victim buried as protests rock Assam; internet, SMS services blocked|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Nagaland-lynching-Victim-buried-as-protests-rock-Assam-internet-SMS-services-blocked/articleshow/46493548.cms|accessdate=8 March 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 March 2015}}</ref> About, 4000 Bengali Muslims had left Nagaland by then, fearing attacks.<ref name=BengaliMuslim>{{cite news|title=21 arrests made in lynching case, 4,000 Bengali Muslims leave Nagaland|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/curfew-clamped-in-dimapur-21-arrests-made-in-connection-with-lynching/article1-1324119.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150309041113/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/curfew-clamped-in-dimapur-21-arrests-made-in-connection-with-lynching/article1-1324119.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 March 2015|accessdate=8 March 2015|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=8 March 2015}}</ref>

On 10 March 2015, the protesters agitated against the 5 March 2015, incident at [[Hojai]]. The protesters blocked the railway tracks near the [[Hojai railway station]]. Therefore, the lone train service the [[Nagaland Express]] originating from [[Dimapur]] to [[Guwahati]] was made to halt for nearly an hour at Lanka Railway Station.<ref name=ProtestatHojai>{{cite news|title=Protesters block Hojai Railway tracks|url=http://morungexpress.com/protesters-block-hojai-railway-tracks/|work=[[The Morung Express]]|date=10 March 2015|archive-date=2 June 2019|access-date=2 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602185237/http://morungexpress.com/protesters-block-hojai-railway-tracks/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Investigation===
On 6 March, it was reported that the police were examining the [[CCTV]] footage from the Dimapur hotel where the rape had allegedly taken place.<ref name=Rush/> The Superintendent of Police, Meren Jamir said that the footage showed the girl entering and leaving the room with the accused.<ref name="SchoolUniforms">{{cite news |last=Gupta Kashyap |first=Samudra |date=7 March 2015 |title=Hundreds of girls in school, college uniforms led lynch mob, says Dimapur SP |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/girls-in-school-college-uniforms-led-lynch-mob-says-dimapur-sp/ |accessdate=7 March 2015 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> On the same day, it was announced that Zeilang's state cabinet had appointed Veprasa Nyekha, a retired district and sessions judge, to head a judicial inquiry commission.<ref name="Judicial">{{cite news |date=6 March 2015 |title=Nagaland lynching rape accused: 3 suspended, judicial probe ordered |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Nagaland-lynching-rape-accused-3-suspended-judicial-probe-ordered/articleshow/46479226.cms |accessdate=7 March 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]] |agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref>

On 8 March, [[Inspector-General of Police]] Wabang Jamir said from initial medical report it appeared the girl was raped and that the samples had been sent to a forensic lab.<ref name="ConfirmsRape">{{cite news |last=Kalita |first=Prabin |date=8 March 2015 |title=Nagaland lynching: Medical test of Naga woman confirms rape |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Nagaland-lynching-Medical-test-of-Naga-woman-confirms-rape/articleshow/46494340.cms |accessdate=8 March 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> By 8 March, 22 people had been arrested in connection to the lynching. The arrests were made after the police analysed the video clips of the incidents.<ref name=Arrests>{{cite news|title=Nagaland: Eighteen arrested for Dimapur lynching incident|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-eighteen-arrested-for-dimapur-lynching-incident-2066946|accessdate=8 March 2015|work=[[DNA India]]|date=8 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="22Arrests">{{cite news |date=8 March 2015 |title=22 arrested for lynching rape accused in Nagaland's Dimapur |url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/lN85uIdLjh4wzrHb0cSYIN/Nagaland-18-arrested-for-Dimapur-lynching-incident.html |accessdate=8 March 2015 |work=[[Live Mint]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref> By 9 March, 43 people had been arrested in connection to the lynching.<ref name=43persons>{{cite news | url=http://www.nagalandpost.com/channelnews/state/StateNews.aspx?news=TkVXUzEwMDA3Njc5NA%3D%3D | title=March 5 violence: Nagaland Police apprehend 43 persons | publisher=[[Nagaland Post]] | date=10 March 2015 | accessdate=13 March 2015 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Of those arrested, 25 were identified as the "core mob" group. The police found that most those who had joined the mob, had come in response to comments on two blogs: ''[[The Naga Blog]]'' and ''Naga Spear''. The protest march was initially intended to condemn the rape, but it became politically motivated. Soon afterwards, the [[district collector]] was asked to handover the accused but he refused. The mob kept vandalising sites and photographs were uploaded to the blogs. After the administrator of ''Naga Blog'' began deleting posts, the people moved to ''Naga Spear''. [[Instant messaging]] [[Mobile app|app]]s were also used to increase the size of the mob. The mob believed that they were lynching a Bangladeshi.<ref name="ExSepoy">{{cite news |last=Nair |first=Smita |date=13 March 2015 |title=In Nagaland lynch mob: airline staffer, ex-sepoy, auto driver and teachers |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/in-lynch-mob-airline-staffer-ex-sepoy-auto-driver-and-teachers/ |accessdate=17 August 2015 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

On 11 March, it was reported that the Nagaland state government informed the [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] that the alleged rapist had claimed in the interrogation after his arrest that he had never raped the victim and that it was consensual sex for which he gave her {{currency|5000|INR}}.<ref name="consensual"/> But, Nagaland Chief Minister [[T. R. Zeliang]] later told ''[[The Times of India]]'' that the [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] had been misquoted by the media. Nagaland Government denied that it has stated that no rape had taken place and preliminary medical reports indicated rape and it had sent samples to the Central Forensic Laboratory in Guwahati.<ref name=CourtWillDecide>{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/Rape-or-not-court-will-decide-Nagaland-CM/articleshow/46532904.cms | title=Rape or not, court will decide: Nagaland CM | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=12 March 2015 | accessdate=13 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="Surprises">{{cite news |last=IANS |date=11 March 2015 |title=Media Reports Ruling Out Nagaland Rape Surprises Police Chief |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Media-Reports-Ruling-Out-Nagaland-Rape-Surprises-Police-Chief/2015/03/11/article2708734.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150314195205/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Media-Reports-Ruling-Out-Nagaland-Rape-Surprises-Police-Chief/2015/03/11/article2708734.ece |archive-date=14 March 2015 |accessdate=13 March 2015 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

On 19 March 2015, after a cabinet meeting the Nagaland government recommended a [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) inquiry for the case. By then, the police had arrested 55 people and issued photos of 34 wanted suspects.<ref name="CBIprobe">{{cite news |last=[[Press Trust of India]] |date=19 March 2015 |title=Dimapur lynching case: Nagaland recommends CBI probe |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/dimapur-lynching-case-nagaland-recommends-cbi-probe/article7011226.ece |accessdate=17 August 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

On 18 May 2015, a judicial commission, headed by retired [[Gauhati High Court]] judge B. D. Agarwal, began its investigation. The commission in a public notice asked local newspapers, associations, unions, blogs including ''Naga Blog'' and ''Naga Spear'', principals of schools and colleges, and family members of the victims to submit written statements regarding the lynching.<ref name="PeopleWritten">{{cite news |last=Gupta Kashyap |first=Samudra |date=19 May 2015 |title=Dimapur lynching: Judicial panel asks people to give written statements |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/judicial-probe-into-dimapur-lynching-begins/ |accessdate=17 August 2015 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> On 18 June 2015, it was reported that only three persons had submitted the requested statements.<ref name=SlowExtension>{{cite news|title=Dimapur lynching case: Slow progress in probe, panel gets extension|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/dimapur-lynching-case-slow-progress-in-probe-panel-gets-extension/|accessdate=17 August 2015|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=18 June 2015}}</ref>

On 7 September 2015, the [[Gauhati High Court]] directed the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) to start a probe and submit a report within 6 months. The Court was hearing a [[public interest litigation]] (PIL) filed by one Rajeeb Kalita of [[Guwahati]]. By then, 58 people had been arrested and 32 persons had lookout notices on them.<ref name="CBIProbe-IE">{{cite news |last=Gupta Kashyap |first=Samudra |date=8 September 2016 |title=Gauhati HC orders CBI probe into Dimapur lynching |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/gauhati-hc-orders-cbi-probe-into-dimapur-lynching/ |accessdate=29 April 2016 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

In June 2016, a judiciary inquiry commission headed by retired justice B. D. Agrawal released its findings in a report. The report found the incident occurred due to the ineffectiveness of the police. The report pointed out that the mob took two hours to reach the Central Jail from the City Tower and spent more than three hours in breaking the jail gates.<ref name="2016Commission">{{Cite news |last=Gupta Kashyap |first=Samudra |date=6 June 2016 |title=Probe report on Dimapur lynching raps police for ineffectiveness |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/probe-report-on-dimapur-lynching-raps-police-for-ineffectiveness-2836516/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606023857/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/probe-report-on-dimapur-lynching-raps-police-for-ineffectiveness-2836516/ |archive-date=6 June 2016 |access-date=20 March 2024 |newspaper=The Indian Express |quote=The commission has described the mob as a “mini-size” protest — and comprising mostly girl students — and said “the executive officers and security forces appear to have surrendered before the small crowd for no valid reason”.}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Lynching]]
* [[Rape in India]]
* [[2012 Delhi gang rape and murder]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==

* {{Cite news |date=18 March 2015 |title=A Lynching in Dimapur |url=https://openthemagazine.com/features/india/a-lynching-in-dimapur/ |work=Open, The Magazine}}

{{Lynching in India}}

{{coord missing|Nagaland}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dimapur mob lynching, 2015}}
[[Category:2015 in Nagaland]]
[[Category:2015 murders in India]]
[[Category:Lynching deaths in India]]
[[Category:Dimapur|Mob lynching, 2015]]
[[Category:Crime in Nagaland]]
[[Category:2010s in Nagaland]]
[[Category:Filmed killings in India]]
[[Category:March 2015 in India]]
[[Category:March 2015 crimes in Asia]]
[[Category:Stone pelting in India]]
[[Category:Attacks on prisons in Asia]]
[[Category:Attacks on buildings and structures in 2015]]
[[Category:Attacks on government buildings and structures in India]]
[[Category:Attacks on residential buildings in India]]
[[Category:Vigilantism against sex offenders]]
[[Category:Sexual misconduct allegations]]
[[Category:History of women in India]]
[[Category:Sex crimes in India]]

Watercolor painting

2026-03-27T12:48:17Z

VanBoas1588: enhanced references and corrected details

{{Short description|Type of painting method}}
{{Other uses|Watercolor (disambiguation)}}
{{redirect|Aquarelle}}
{{Use American English|date=September 2016}}
[[File:Dolceacqua43 - Artista locale mentre dipinge un acquarello.jpg|thumb|An artist working on a watercolor using a round brush]]
[[File:Loves Messenger Stillman DAM.jpg|thumb|''[[Love's Messenger]]'', an 1885 watercolor and [[tempera]] by [[Marie Spartali Stillman]]]]

'''Watercolor''' ([[American English]]) or '''watercolour''' ([[Commonwealth English]]; see [[American and British English spelling differences#-our, -or|spelling differences]]), also '''''aquarelle''''' ({{IPA|fr|akwaʁɛl|lang}}; from Italian diminutive of Latin {{lang|la|aqua}} 'water'),<ref>{{cite OED|aquarelle}}</ref> is a [[painting]] method<ref name="London, Vladimir p. 19">"Watercolor may be as old as art itself, going back to the Stone Age when early ancestors combined earth and charcoal with water to create the first wet-on-dry picture on a cave wall." {{Harvtxt|London|2021|p=19}}</ref> in which the [[paint]]s are made of [[pigment]]s suspended in a water-based<ref>"Ancient Egyptians used water-soluble translucent paints to decorate papyrus scrolls. They used such earth pigments as ochres and siennas, as well as minerals like reds, cinnabar, blue azure, green malachite, and so on, with gum arabic and egg white. Technically, these water-soluble colors were watercolors." {{Harvtxt|London|2021|p=19}}</ref> solution. ''Watercolor'' refers to both the [[List of art media|medium]] and the resulting [[work of art|artwork]].

The conventional and most common [[Support (art)|support]]—material to which the paint is applied—for watercolor paintings is paper, usually special types of [[watercolor paper]]. Other supports or substrates include stone, ivory, silk, reed, [[papyrus]], bark papers, plastics, [[vellum]], [[leather]], [[textile|fabric]], wood, and watercolor canvas (coated with a gesso that is specially formulated for use with watercolors). Watercolor paper is often made entirely or partially with cotton.<ref>"100% cotton papers are more absorbent in most brands, but there are papers that have only 50% cotton or even high quality papers, which have no blending with cotton." {{Harvtxt|Viscarra|2020|p=21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vloothuis |first=Johannes |date=2017-07-14 |title=Understanding the Different Grades of Watercolor Paper |url=https://www.artistsnetwork.com/art-mediums/watercolor/understanding-the-different-grades-of-watercolor-paper/ |access-date=2018-10-03 |publisher=Artists Network |language=en-US}}</ref> This gives the surface the appropriate texture and minimizes distortion when wet.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watercolor Paper: How to Choose the Right Paper for Use with Watercolors |url=http://www.art-is-fun.com/watercolor-paper/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007051717/http://www.art-is-fun.com/watercolor-paper/ |archive-date=2015-10-07 |access-date=2015-10-06 |website=art-is-fun.com |publisher=Art Is Fun}}</ref> Watercolor papers are usually cold-pressed papers that provide better texture and appearance. Another variation is hot-pressed watercolor paper, which has a smoother texture and appearance than cold-pressed paper.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Siegel |first1=Jude |title=A Pacific Northwest Nature Sketchbook |date=2006 |publisher=Timber Press, Inc. |location=Portland, OR |isbn=978-0-88192-791-7 |page=26}}</ref> Transparency is the main characteristic of watercolors. It is caused by the gum binder being absorbed by the paper, leaving a top layer of dispersed pigment particles, through which the paper shimmers. "It consists of a mixture of pigments, binders such as gum arabic and humectants such as glycerin, which together with other components, allow the color pigment to join and form the paint paste, which we know as watercolor. With regard to the colors, the quality of the pigments and their degree of concentration, it is what determines how good the watercolor is and also its price. A paint that has a high concentration of pigment, professional type, allows us to use it with a large amount of water without losing the intensity of color."<ref>{{Harvtxt|Viscarra|2020|p=47}}</ref> Watercolors can also be made opaque by adding [[Chinese white]]. In the 19th century this could be controversial, and not regarded as "true watercolor" in the English tradition,<ref>"Turner himself was of the same opinion; he declared to me [Munro] that water-colour painting would be totally mined, and lose all its individuality and beauty by the bad practice of mingling opaque with transparent colour." {{Harvtxt|Redgrave|Redgrave|1866}}</ref> but by about 1880 this dispute was over.

Watercolor paint is an ancient form of painting, if not the most ancient form of art itself.<ref name="London, Vladimir p. 19" /> In East Asia, watercolor painting<ref>"With the discovery of paper in China around 2000 years ago, the watercolor media took a different route in which the color of the paper played an important role." {{Harvtxt|London|2021|p=19}}</ref> with inks is referred to as [[brush painting]] or scroll painting. In [[Chinese painting|Chinese]], [[Korean painting|Korean]] and [[Japanese painting]]<ref>"Watercolors on silk were frequently used by Chinese and Japanese artists. Their artworks often included calligraphy as well as peaceful nature scenes, animals, and pictures of everyday life." {{Harvtxt|London|2021|p=21}}</ref> it has been the dominant medium, often in monochrome black or browns, often using [[inkstick]] or other pigments. India, Ethiopia and other countries have long watercolor painting traditions as well.

As well as the growing importance of finished watercolors, especially in England from the later part of the 18th century, many Western artists used watercolor primarily as a sketching tool in preparation for the "finished" work in oil or engraving.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Watercolor? |url=http://www.collectorsguide.com/fa/fa043.shtml |website=collectorsguide.com |publisher=The Collector's Guide |access-date=2018-08-28 |archive-date=2021-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609203051/https://www.collectorsguide.com/fa/fa043.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> Until the end of the eighteenth century, traditional watercolors were known as 'tinted drawings',<ref>"They had a limited range of colours that did not replicate those found in nature and the colours were never applied at their maximum intensity.{{Harvtxt|Moorby|Chaplin|Warrell|Smibert|2010|p=43}}</ref> and calling watercolor paintings "drawings" persisted until at least the 20th century in some quarters. The development of high quality color [[lithography]] by the end of the 19th century made possible attractive reproductive prints of watercolors, which have remained common, especially of landscape and still-life subjects.

==History==
Watercolor art dates back to the cave paintings of [[Paleolithic]] Europe<ref>"In its simplest form, watercolour was used in Europe more than 10,000 years ago when cave-dwellers of the Upper Palaeolithic era mixed red earth with water and used it to paint pictures of hunters and their prey on the cave walls." {{Harvtxt|Chaplin|2001|p=6}}</ref> and has been used for [[illustrated manuscript|manuscript illustration]] since at least [[ancient Egypt|Egyptian times]], with particular prominence in the [[Middle Ages|European Middle Ages]].<ref>"Monks used watercolor and body color to brighten hand-written texts and manuscripts during the European Middle Ages. {{Harvtxt|London|2021|p=21}}</ref> However, its ''continuous'' history as an art medium begins with [[the Renaissance]]. The German [[Northern Renaissance]] artist [[Albrecht Dürer]] (1471–1528), who painted several fine botanical, wildlife, and landscape watercolors, is generally considered among the earliest examples of watercolor.<ref>"The origins of European watercolor, as we understand it now, may be traced back to the Northern Renaissance. Albrecht Durer (1471-1528), a German artist, was among the first to discover the possibilities of this medium. {{Harvtxt|London|2021|p=21}}</ref> An important school of watercolor painting in Germany was led by [[Hans Bol]] (1534–1593) as part of the [[Dürer Renaissance]].

[[File:Albrecht Dürer - Hare, 1502 - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|left|[[Albrecht Dürer]], ''[[Young Hare]]'', 1502, watercolor and [[body color]], [[Albertina, Vienna]]|alt=A painting of a hare with large ears.]]

Despite this early start, watercolors were generally used by Baroque easel painters only for sketches, copies or [[modello|cartoons]] (full-scale design drawings)<ref>During the Baroque era, watercolor was frequently used to decorate naturalist books, albums, and scientific publications, as well as to create hand-painted maps and building drawings. Watercolor portraiture on paper, vellum, and ivory was also quite popular. {{Harvtxt|London|2021|p=23}}</ref> Notable early practitioners of watercolor painting were [[Anthony van Dyck|Van Dyck]]<ref>Anthony Van Dyck (1599 - 1641), a Flemish artist, improved the watercolor painting method by incorporating transparent washes. This was a noteworthy advance in which painters allowed the color of the paper to show through pigments and play a major role in the artwork. {{Harvtxt|London|2021|p=23}}</ref> (during his stay in England), [[Claude Lorrain]], [[Giovanni Benedetto Castiglione]], and many [[Dutch (ethnic group)|Dutch]] and [[Flemish people|Flemish]] artists.<ref>Watercolor was practiced by such masters as Claude Lorrain (1600 or 1604/5 - 1682), Giovanni Benedetto Castiglione (1609 - 1664), and many more Dutch and Flemish baroque artists. {{Harvtxt|London|2021|p=24}}</ref> However, [[botanical illustration]] and [[Animal painter|wildlife illustration]] perhaps form the oldest and most important traditions in watercolor painting. Botanical illustrations became popular during the Renaissance, both as hand-tinted [[woodcut|woodblock]] illustrations in books or broadsheets and as tinted ink drawings on [[vellum]] or paper. Botanical artists have traditionally been some of the most exacting and accomplished watercolor painters, and even today, watercolors—with their unique ability to summarize, clarify, and idealize in full color—are used to illustrate scientific and museum publications. Wildlife illustration reached its peak in the 19th century with artists such as [[John James Audubon]], and today many naturalist [[field guide]]s are still illustrated with watercolor paintings.

===English school===
Several factors contributed to the spread of watercolor painting during the 18th century, particularly in England.<ref>"Yet in the Christian era in Britain, it was not appreciated as an art medium in its own right until the 19th century, when Queen Victoria gave the royal seal of approval that brought it firmly into the purview of the art establishment." {{Harvtxt|Chaplin|2001|p=6}}</ref> Among the elite and aristocratic classes, watercolor painting was one of the incidental adornments of a good education; mapmakers, military officers, and engineers valued it for its usefulness in depicting properties, terrain,<ref>"By the 18th century, watercolour was well established as a means of making a topographical view of the landscape." {{Harvtxt|Chaplin|2001|p=6}}</ref> fortifications, field geology, and for illustrating public works or commissioned projects. Watercolor artists were commonly taken on geological or archaeological expeditions, funded by the [[Society of Dilettanti]] (founded in 1733), to document discoveries in the Mediterranean, Asia, and the New World. These expeditions stimulated the demand for topographical painters, who churned out memento paintings of famous sites (and sights) along the [[Grand Tour|Grand Tour to Italy]] that was undertaken by every fashionable young man of the time.<ref>"While families making the Grand Tour of Europe took along their art tutor, in effect to provide the holiday photographs, professional artists such as Alexander Cozens (1717–1786) and Francis Towne (1740–1816) travelled extensively in Italy. It became part of the English tradition that one went abroad to do watercolour paintings of exotic ruins – except that they were known as watercolour drawings, as the medium was not even dignified by the recognition that it was paint". {{Harvtxt|Chaplin|2001|p=6}}</ref>

In the late 18th century, the English cleric [[William Gilpin (clergyman)|William Gilpin]] wrote a series of hugely popular books describing his [[picturesque]] journeys throughout rural England, and illustrated them with self-made sentimentalized monochrome watercolors of river valleys, ancient castles, and abandoned churches.<ref>"Turner's apprentice years in the 1790s coincided with the fashion for all things 'Picturesque', an aesthetic taste propagated by William Gilpin (1724–1804), which embraced asymmetrical, broken forms and rough textures, and was epitomised by tumbledown cottages and the ruined abbey-churches laid waste in the Reformation." {{Harvtxt|Moorby|Chaplin|Warrell|Smibert|2010|p=167}}</ref> This example popularized watercolors as a form of personal tourist journal. The confluence of these cultural, engineering, scientific, tourist, and amateur interests culminated in the celebration and promotion of watercolor as a distinctly English "national art". [[William Blake]] published several books of hand-tinted engraved poetry, provided illustrations to [[Dante's Inferno|Dante's ''Inferno'']], and he also experimented with large [[monotype]] works in watercolor.<ref>"The artist who most truly brought the eighteenth-century tradition of figurative composition into the early years of the nineteenth century was William Blake." {{Harvtxt|Reynolds|1998}}</ref> Among the many other significant watercolorists of this period were [[Thomas Gainsborough]],<ref>"Many more artists influenced the English watercolor style, including Thomas Gainsborough (1727-1788), William Pars (1742-1782), John Sell Cotman (1782-1842), and Samuel Prout (1783–1852)." {{Harvtxt|London|2021|p=24}}</ref> [[John Robert Cozens]], [[Francis Towne]],<ref>"professional artists such as Alexander Cozens (1717–1786) and Francis Towne (1740–1816) travelled extensively in Italy." {{Harvtxt|Chaplin|2001|p=6}}</ref> [[Michael Angelo Rooker]], [[William Pars]],<ref>"His study of stonework from the gateway at Battle Abbey, for example, is a colour exercise derived from an earlier watercolour by the eighteenth-century topographical painter, Michael Angelo Rooker (1746– 1801). Using part of Rooker's composition as a starting point, Turner has perfected the process of building up a picture using one application of colour at a time, gradually moving through a scale of tonality from light to dark." {{Harvtxt|Moorby|Chaplin|Warrell|Smibert|2010|pp=18–19}}</ref> [[Thomas Hearne (artist)|Thomas Hearne]],<ref>"Hearne's style is even more precise and unperturbed than Rooker's. He was born a year or two before Rooker, emerged into public notice about 1765, and after his foreign voyage settled down to a long life of drawing the places of interest in Great Britain, many for a well-known publication called Antiquities of Great Britain, to which he was still contributing as late as 1807." {{Harvtxt|Reynolds|1998}}</ref> and [[John Warwick Smith]].<ref>"John 'Warwick' Smith has long been supposed to owe his nickname to the circumstance of his patronage by Lord Warwick, though it may come from his birthplace near the village of Warwick in Cumberland. He was in Rome from 1777 to 1781 and again in 1783. He shows the marks of his travel by an interest in Italian methods of composing landscape and in an enhanced sense of colour (Fig. 23) {{Harvtxt|Reynolds|1998}}</ref>

[[File:Thomas Girtin 006.JPG|thumb|[[Thomas Girtin]], ''[[Jedburgh Abbey]] from the River'', 1798–99, watercolor on paper]]

From the late 18th century through the 19th century, the market for printed books and domestic art contributed substantially to the growth of the medium.<ref>"In 1799 the Napoleonic Wars broke out and Europe was closed to the British traveller." {{Harvtxt|Chaplin|2001|p=7}}</ref> Watercolors were used as the basic document from which collectible landscape or tourist engravings were developed, and hand-painted watercolor originals or copies of famous paintings contributed to many upper class art portfolios. Satirical broadsides by [[Thomas Rowlandson]], many published by [[Rudolph Ackermann]], were also extremely popular.

The three English artists credited with establishing watercolor as an independent, mature painting medium are [[Paul Sandby]] (1730–1809), often called the "father of the English watercolor"; [[Thomas Girtin]] (1775–1802), who pioneered its use for large format, romantic or picturesque landscape painting; and [[Joseph Mallord William Turner]] (1775–1851),<ref>"He was born in London on 23 April 1775, and given the names Joseph Mallord William Turner. His family called him William but he is now usually referred to by initials as J. M. W. Turner." {{Harvtxt|Reynolds|2020|p=19}}</ref> who brought watercolor painting to the highest pitch of power and refinement,<ref>"Girtin and Turner in particular explored the capacity of watercolour for creating atmospheric effects, experimenting with texture and colour." {{Harvtxt|Chaplin|2001|p=8}}</ref> and created hundreds of superb historical, topographical, architectural, and mythological watercolor paintings. His method of developing the watercolor painting in stages, starting with large, vague color areas established on wet paper, then refining the image through a sequence of [[wash (visual arts)|washes]] and glazes,<ref>"The seemingly effortless freshness of these watercolours disguises the rigorous planning stage that lies behind them. For, between the pencil sketches and the finished watercolours, Turner evolved a creative process that enabled him to experiment in an open-ended fashion with the structure and relative dispositions of colour and light." {{Harvtxt|Moorby|Chaplin|Warrell|Smibert|2010|p=26}}</ref> permitted him to produce large numbers of paintings with "workshop efficiency"<ref>"One charming account recalls how Turner would hang up his moist studies on cords spread across his room, so that his drying sheets, stained with 'pink and blue and yellow', would at first glance resemble the laundry of a washerwoman." {{Harvtxt|Moorby|Chaplin|Warrell|Smibert|2010|p=26}}</ref> and made him a multimillionaire, partly by sales from his personal art gallery, the first of its kind. Among the important and highly talented contemporaries of Turner and Girtin were [[John Varley (painter)|John Varley]], [[John Sell Cotman]],<ref>"John Varley (1778–1842), Thomas Girtin (1775–1802), John Sell Cotman (1782–1842) and David Cox (1783–1859) ushered in the golden age of British watercolour". {{Harvtxt|Chaplin|2001|p=7}}</ref> [[Copley Fielding|Anthony Copley Fielding]], [[Samuel Palmer]],<ref>"When it is remembered that men of such diverse gifts and temperaments as David Cox and Samuel Palmer, F.O. Finch and Copley Fielding were his [John Varley] pupils it will be apparent that he did not impose his own vision on his scholars but, as education truly signifies, drew out of them what was latent in them." {{Harvtxt|Reynolds|1998}}</ref> [[William Havell]],<ref>"William Havell was, at the age of twenty-three, the youngest of the exhibiting members in 1805. His work typifies the common approach of the members of the Society: the dependence of composition on the seventeenth-century landscape painters, the aspiration to vie with oil paintings, the rich tonality of the piece." {{Harvtxt|Reynolds|1998}}</ref> and [[Samuel Prout]]. The Swiss painter [[Abraham-Louis-Rodolphe Ducros]] was also widely known for his large format, romantic paintings in watercolor.

[[File:Jamaica hut4.jpg|thumb|An unfinished watercolor by [[William Berryman]], created between 1808 and 1816, using watercolor, ink, and pencil. The use of partial pigmentation draws attention to the central subject.]]

[[File:Remains of the Vicars’ College, Exeter.jpg|thumb|''Remains of the Vicars' College, [[Exeter]]'' by George Townsend; 1885.]]

The confluence of amateur activity, publishing markets, middle class [[art collecting]], and 19th-century technique led to the formation of English watercolor painting societies: the ''Society of Painters in Water Colours'' (1804, now known as the [[Royal Watercolour Society]]) and the ''New Water Colour Society'' (1832, now known as the [[Royal Institute of Painters in Water Colours]]). (A ''Scottish Society of Painters in Water Colour'' was founded in 1878, now known as the [[Royal Scottish Society of Painters in Watercolour]].)<ref>"By the nineteenth century, watercolor had become so popular that several art societies were formed, including the Society of Painters in Water Colours (1804, now the Royal Watercolour Society), the New Water Colour Society (1832, now the Royal Institute of Painters in Water Colours), and the Scottish Society of Painters in Water Colours (1878, now the Royal Scottish Society of Painters in Watercolour). The Watercolour Society of Ireland (WCSI) was established in Ireland in 1870, and the Ulster Watercolour Society (UWS) was founded in Northern Ireland. The Russian Watercolor Society was formed in St. Petersburg, Russia, in 1880." {{Harvtxt|London|2021|p=26}}</ref> These societies provided annual exhibitions and buyer referrals for many artists. They also engaged in petty status rivalries and aesthetic debates, particularly between advocates of traditional ("transparent") watercolor and the early adopters of the denser color possible with [[gouache|body color or gouache]] ("opaque" watercolor). The late Georgian and Victorian periods produced the zenith of the British watercolor, among the most impressive 19th-century works on paper,<ref>{{Harvtxt|Reynolds|1992|p=102}}</ref> due to artists Turner, Varley, Cotman,<ref>"J.S. Cotman was born in Norwich in 1782; and, having decided that he must devote himself to art, came to London at the age of sixteen or seventeen in 1798. Here he was befriended by Dr Monro, and became another instance of that connoisseur's remarkable flair in choosing promising young men. As were Turner and Girtin five years before, he was set to copy outlines and trace drawings." {{Harvtxt|Reynolds|1998}}</ref> [[David Cox (artist)|David Cox]], [[Peter de Wint]]<ref>"The early nineteenth century Girtin, Turner, Cotman, Cox, De Wint, Constable, Bonington, and the Exhibiting Societies". {{Harvtxt|Reynolds|1998}}</ref> [[William Henry Hunt (painter)|William Henry Hunt]], [[John Frederick Lewis]],<ref>"Lewis and Hunt were forerunners in an aesthetic shift which is apparent in the watercolours of the next thirty years, towards brilliance of colour and minuteness of touch." {{Harvtxt|Reynolds|1998}}</ref> [[Myles Birket Foster]],<ref>"Birket Foster applies these principles[brilliance of colour and minuteness of touch] to landscapes in which the emphasis is laid on the charm of summer fields and country lanes and the inhabitants are idealized into the best behaved children or worthy, handsome peasantry." {{Harvtxt|Reynolds|1998}}</ref> [[Frederick Walker (painter)|Frederick Walker]],<ref>"In the next generation of artists the acknowledged leader of the illustrative school was Frederick Walker." {{Harvtxt|Reynolds|1998}}</ref> [[Thomas Collier (painter)|Thomas Collier]], [[Arthur Melville]] and many others. In particular, the graceful, lapidary, and atmospheric watercolors ("genre paintings") by [[Richard Parkes Bonington]]<ref>"Although he only lived to be twenty-five, Bonington crystallized the prevailing tendencies of his time so well that he not only left a body of great work behind him but he had a strong influence on his contemporaries and successors both in France and England." {{Harvtxt|Reynolds|1998}}</ref> created an international fad for watercolor painting, especially in England and France in the 1820s. In the latter half of the 19th century, portrait painter [[Frederick Havill]] became a key player in the establishment of watercolour in England. Art critic Huntly Carter described Havill as a "founder of the water colour school."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Havill Frederick biography |url=https://modjourn.org/biography/havill-frederick-1884/}}</ref>

The popularity of watercolors stimulated many innovations, including heavier and more [[sizing|sized]] [[wove paper]]s, and brushes (called "pencils") manufactured expressly for watercolor. Watercolor tutorials were first published in this period by Varley, Cox, and others, establishing the step-by-step painting instructions that still characterize the genre today; ''The Elements of Drawing'', a watercolor tutorial by English art critic [[John Ruskin]], has been out of print only once since it was first published in 1857. Commercial brands of watercolor were marketed and paints were packaged in metal tubes or as dry cakes that could be "rubbed out" (dissolved) in studio porcelain or used in portable metal paint boxes in the field. Breakthroughs in chemistry made many new pigments available, including synthetic [[ultramarine blue]], [[cobalt blue]], [[viridian]], [[cobalt violet]], [[cadmium yellow]], [[aureolin]] ([[potassium cobaltinitrite]]), [[zinc white]], and a wide range of [[carmine]] and [[madder lake]]s. These pigments, in turn, stimulated a greater use of color with all painting media, but in English watercolors, particularly by the [[Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood]].

[[File:The Blue Boat 1892 Winslow Homer.jpg|thumb|right|[[Winslow Homer]], ''The Blue Boat'', 1892]]

====United States====
[[File:Brooklyn Museum - White Ships - John Singer Sargent.jpg|thumb|right|John Singer Sargent, ''White Ships''. [[Brooklyn Museum]]]]

Watercolor painting also became popular in the United States during the 19th century; outstanding early practitioners included [[John James Audubon]], as well as early [[Hudson River School]] painters such as [[William H. Bartlett]] and [[George Harvey (painter)|George Harvey]]. By mid-century, the influence of John Ruskin led to increasing interest in watercolors, particularly the use of a detailed "Ruskinian" style by such artists as John W. Hill Henry, [[William Trost Richards]], [[Roderick Newman]], and [[Fidelia Bridges]]. The ''American Society of Painters in Watercolor'' (now the [[American Watercolor Society]]) was founded in 1866. Late-19th-century American exponents of the medium included [[Thomas Moran]], [[Thomas Eakins]], [[John LaFarge]], [[John Singer Sargent]],<ref>"Watercolor extended its reach to the American continent with European painters documenting the "new world", and became popular there in the nineteenth century. In 1866, the American Society of Painters in Watercolor (now the American Watercolor Society) was established. Artists such as James A. M. Whistler (1834-1903), Thomas Moran (1837-1926), Thomas Eakins (1844-1916), John Singer Sargent (1856-1925), and many more had contributed to the American tradition of watercolor by the end of the nineteenth century." {{Harvtxt|London|2021|pp=26–27}}</ref> [[Childe Hassam]], and, preeminently, [[Winslow Homer]].

===Europe===
[[File:Stanisław Masłowski (1853-1926), Autumn landscape in Rybiniszki, 1902.jpeg|thumb|right|[[Stanisław Masłowski]], ''Pejzaż jesienny z Rybiniszek'' (Autumn landscape of [[Riebiņi|Rybiniszki]]), watercolor, 1902]]

Watercolor was less popular in Continental Europe. In the 18th century, [[gouache]] was an important medium for the Italian artists [[Marco Ricci]] and [[Francesco Zuccarelli]], whose landscape paintings were widely collected.<ref>Brown, David Blayney. "Watercolour." ''Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online''. Oxford University Press. Retrieved April 26, 2014.</ref> Gouache was used by a number of artists in France as well. In the 19th century, the influence of the English school helped popularize "transparent" watercolor in France, and it became an important medium for [[Eugène Delacroix]], [[François Marius Granet]], [[Henri-Joseph Harpignies]], and the satirist [[Honoré Daumier]]. Other European painters who worked frequently in watercolor were [[Adolph Menzel]] in Germany and [[Stanisław Masłowski]] in Poland.

During the nineteenth century, watercolor was used to create detailed replicas of large scale oil paintings. One example is the watercolor version of Frederic Edwin Church's ''The Heart of the Andes'', which scholars have actually identified as a copy rather than the original work. Analysis of the works materials and alterations shows the importance of watercolor during this period.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Carr |first=Gerald L. |date=1982 |title=American Art in Great Britain: The National Gallery Watercolor of The Heart of the Andes |journal=Studies in the History of Art |volume=12 |issue=81–100 |via=JSTOR}}</ref>

[[File:Paul Cézanne 151.jpg|thumb|[[Paul Cézanne]], self-portrait]]

The adoption of brightly colored, petroleum-derived aniline dyes (and pigments compounded from them), which all fade rapidly on exposure to light, and the efforts to properly conserve the twenty thousand [[J. M. W. Turner]] paintings inherited by the British Museum in 1857, led to a negative reevaluation of the permanence of pigments in watercolor.<ref>{{Cite thesis |title=Brushing the surface: the practice and critical reception of watercolour techniques in England 1850-1880 |last=Mann |first=Fiona |date=2011 |access-date=2024-03-10 |degree=Doctor of Philosophy |publisher=Oxford Brookes University |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/341769073.pdf |doi=10.24384/P9Z8-JM16 |pages=202–203|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311030327/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/341769073.pdf |archive-date=2024-03-11 }}</ref> This caused a sharp decline in their status and market value. Nevertheless, isolated practitioners continued to prefer and develop the medium into the 20th century. [[Paul Signac]] created landscape and maritime watercolors, and [[Paul Cézanne]] developed a watercolor painting style consisting entirely of overlapping small glazes of pure color.

===20th and 21st centuries===
Among the many 20th-century artists who produced important works in watercolor were [[Wassily Kandinsky]], [[Emil Nolde]], [[Paul Klee]], [[Egon Schiele]], and [[Raoul Dufy]]. In America, the major exponents included [[Charles Burchfield]], [[Edward Hopper]], [[Georgia O'Keeffe]], [[Charles Demuth]], and [[John Marin]] (80% of his total work is watercolor). In this period, American watercolor painting often emulated European Impressionism and Post-Impressionism,<ref>"The European forms of Impressionism and Post-Impressionism were frequently emulated in the United States." {{Harvtxt|London|2021|p=27}}</ref> but significant individualism flourished in "regional"<ref>"At about the same time, several of new regional schools sprung up." {{Harvtxt|London|2021|p=27}}</ref> styles of watercolor painting from the 1920s to 1940s. In particular, the "[[Cleveland School (arts community)|Cleveland School]]" or "Ohio School" of painters centered around the [[Cleveland Museum of Art]], and the [[California Scene Painting|California Scene]]<ref>"The Cleveland Museum of Art was the epicenter of the "Cleveland" or "Ohio School" of artists. In 1921, the California Water Color Society was established (now the National Watercolor Society)." {{Harvtxt|London|2021|p=27}}</ref> painters were often associated with Hollywood animation studios or the [[Chouinard Art Institute]] (now [[California Institute of the Arts]]). The California painters exploited their state's varied geography, Mediterranean climate, and "[[Car culture|automobility]]" to reinvigorate the outdoor or "plein air" tradition. The most influential among them were [[Phil Dike]], [[Millard Sheets]], [[Rex Brandt]], [[Dong Kingman]], and [[Milford Zornes]]. The California Water Color Society, founded in 1921 and later renamed the National Watercolor Society, sponsored important exhibitions of their work. The largest watercolor in the world at the moment (at {{convert|9|ft|m|0}} tall and {{convert|16|ft|m|0|abbr=on}} wide) is ''Building 6 Portrait: Interior.''<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nalewicki |first=Jennifer |title=The Story Behind the World's Largest Watercolor Painting |language=en |work=Smithsonian |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/story-behind-worlds-largest-known-watercolor-painting-180963798/ |access-date=2018-07-01}}</ref> Produced by American artist [[Barbara Prey]] on commission for [[MASS moca|MASS MoCA]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-05-30 |title=The World's Largest Watercolor Goes on Display at MASS MoCA |language=en-us |work=Creators |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/mass-moca-worlds-largest-watercolor/ |access-date=2018-07-01}}</ref> the work can be seen at MASS MoCA's Robert W. Wilson Building.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Barbara Ernst Prey Building 6 Portrait: Interior |language=en-US |work=MASS MoCA |url=https://massmoca.org/event/barbara-prey-building-6-portrait/ |access-date=2018-07-01}}</ref>

In [[France]], several festivals dedicated to watercolor exist, such as the Brioude Watercolor Biennial<ref>{{Cite web |language=fr |title=Accueil {{!}} Biennale d'Aquarelle de Brioude |url=https://www.biennale-aquarelle.com |work=Aquarelle Brioude |access-date=2025-01-17}}</ref> , held in July, which brings together watercolorists of various nationalities every two years. Demonstrations and lectures are organized in the village of Brioude.

In America, although the rise of [[abstract expressionism]], and the trivializing influence of amateur painters and advertising- or workshop-influenced painting styles, led to a temporary decline in the popularity of watercolor painting after {{Circa|1950}},<ref>"Watercolor art in the United States declined after the 1950s, giving place to abstract expressionism." {{Harvtxt|London|2021|p=27}}</ref> watercolors continue to be utilized by artists like [[Martha Elizabeth Burchfield Richter|Martha Burchfield]], [[Joseph Raffael]], [[Andrew Wyeth]], [[Philip Pearlstein]],<ref>"However, artists such as Andrew Wyeth (1917-2009), Philip Pearlstein (born 1924), Joseph Raffael (born 1933), and many others continued to create in this medium." {{Harvtxt|London|2021|p=27}}</ref> [[Eric Fischl]], [[Gerhard Richter]], [[Anselm Kiefer]], and [[Francesco Clemente]]. In Spain, [[Ceferí Olivé]] created an innovative style followed by his students, such as [[Rafael Alonso López-Montero]] and [[Francesc Torné Gavaldà]]. In [[Mexico]], the major exponents are [[Ignacio Barrios]], [[Edgardo Coghlan]], [[Ángel Mauro]], [[Vicente Mendiola]], and [[Pastor Velázquez]]. In the [[Canary Islands]], where this pictorial technique has many followers, there are notable artists such as [[José Comas Quesada]].

==Watercolor paint==
[[File:Watercolours.jpg|thumb|A set of watercolors]]

Watercolor paint consists of four principal ingredients:<ref>"It consists of a mixture of pigments, binders such as gum arabic and humectants such as glycerin, which together with other components, allow the color pigment to join and form the paint paste, which we know as watercolor." {{Harvtxt|Viscarra|2020|p=47}}</ref> a [[pigment]]; [[gum arabic]]<ref>"Turner's surviving watercolour palettes have been found to contain various gum mixtures that generally include arabic, tragacanth, cherry or sarcocolla, and traces of added sugar." {{Harvtxt|Moorby|Chaplin|Warrell|Smibert|2010|p=38}}</ref><ref>"Gum arabic tends to dry out in the paint and is quite brittle, so the other main ingredient is glycerine, which keeps the paint soluble." {{Harvtxt|Chaplin|2001|p=25}}</ref> as a binder to hold the pigment in suspension; additives like [[glycerin]], [[ox gall]],<ref>"so ox gall is added as a wetting agent." {{Harvtxt|Chaplin|2001|pp=25–26}}</ref> [[honey]], and preservatives to alter the [[viscosity]], hiding, durability or color of the pigment and vehicle mixture; and, evaporating water, as a solvent used to thin or dilute the paint for application.

The more general term ''[[watermedia]]'' refers to any painting medium that uses water as a solvent and that can be applied with a [[brush]], [[pen]], or sprayer. This includes most [[ink]]s, watercolors, [[tempera]]s, [[casein paint|casein]]s, [[gouache]]s, and modern [[acrylic paint]]s.

The term "watercolor" refers to paints that use water-soluble, complex carbohydrates as a binder. Originally (in the 16th to 18th centuries), watercolor binders were sugars and/or hide glues, but since the 19th century, the preferred binder is natural [[gum arabic]], with [[glycerin]] and/or [[honey]] as additives to improve plasticity and solubility of the binder, and with other chemicals added to improve product shelf life.

The term "[[bodycolor]]" refers to paint that is opaque rather than transparent. It usually refers to opaque watercolor, known as [[gouache]].<ref>{{Harvtxt|Chilvers|2009}}</ref> Modern acrylic paints use an [[acrylic resin]] dispersion as a binder.

Paintings using water-soluble colored ink instead of modern watercolors are called {{lang|la|aquarellum atramento}} ([[Latin]] for "aquarelle made with ink") by experts. However, this term has now tended to pass out of use.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Ling|1991}}</ref><ref>{{Harvtxt|Waterhouse|1994}}</ref>

Fluorescent watercolors are usually extremely sensitive to light exposure. Research shows that the materials in this type of watercolor can experience fading under exposure to daylight containing ultraviolet radiation. Studies show that removing ultraviolet wavelengths can slow the fading process, though changes in appearance may still occur depending on different lighting conditions.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Connors-Rowe |first1=Sandra A. |last2=Morris |first2=Hannah R. |last3=Whitmore |first3=Paul M. |date=2005 |title=Evaluation of appearance and fading of daylight fluorescent watercolors |journal=Journal of the American Institute for Conservation |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=75–94 |doi=10.1179/019713605806082338 |via=JSTOR}}</ref>

Fluorescent watercolor paints appearance is influenced by reflected light and fluorescent emission. Conservation studied have taught us that change in lighting conditions can completely alter the brightness and color of these paints. This reaction to certain light exposure can complicate how accurately these paints match colors during conservation.<ref name=":0" />

Conservation research emphasizes the importance of measuring color change in watercolor materials over time. Studies that compare watercolor and plant based pigments use specific tools to measure and track fading and discoloration after light and heat exposure. These procedures help create a stronger understanding of how watercolor pigments change and take shape over time.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Soleymani |first1=Somayeh |last2=Ireland |first2=Tracy |last3=McNevin |first3=Dennis |date=2016 |title=Effects of plant dyes, watercolors and acrylic paints on the colorfastness of Japanese tissue papers |journal=Journal of the American Insitute for Conservation |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=56–70 |doi=10.1080/01971360.2015.1103101 |via=Taylor & Francis Online}}</ref>

===Commercial watercolors===
[[File:Watercolors by William Reeves, London, inventor of watercolors in cakes, undated - Joseph Allen Skinner Museum - DSC07847.JPG|left|thumb|upright|A [[Reeves and Sons|Reeves]] watercolor box]]
Watercolor painters before the turn of the 18th century had to make paints themselves using pigments purchased from an [[apothecary]] or specialized "colorman", and mixing them with gum arabic or some other binder. The earliest commercial paints were small, resinous blocks that had to be wetted and laboriously "rubbed out" in water to obtain a usable color intensity. [[Reeves and Sons|William Reeves]] started his business as a colorman around 1766. In 1781, he and his brother, Thomas Reeves, were awarded the Silver Palette of the [[Society of Arts]], for the invention of the moist watercolor ''paint-cake'', a time-saving convenience, introduced in the "golden age" of English watercolor painting. The "cake" was immediately soluble when touched by a wet brush.<ref>"...more user-friendly soft watercolour blocks had been introduced by the artists' colourman Reeves." {{Harvtxt|Moorby|Chaplin|Warrell|Smibert|2010|p=40}}</ref>

Modern commercial watercolor paints are available in tubes, pans and liquids.<ref>"...in general it can be liquid, creamy in tubes, solid, in the form of pans, chalk pastels, waxes, markers, pencils, etc." {{Harvtxt|Viscarra|2020|p=47}}</ref> The majority of paints sold today are in collapsible small metal tubes in standard sizes and formulated to a consistency similar to toothpaste by being already mixed with a certain water component. For use, this paste has to be further diluted with water. Pan paints (small dried cakes or bars of paint in an open plastic container) are usually sold in two sizes, full pans and half pans.

Owing to modern [[Industrial technology|industrial]] [[organic chemistry]], the variety, [[colorfulness|saturation]], and permanence of artists' colors available today has been vastly improved. Correct and non-toxic [[primary colors]] are now present through the introduction of [[hansa yellow]], [[phthalo blue]] and [[quinacridone]]. From such a set of three colors, in principle all others can be mixed, as in a classical technique no white is used. The modern development of pigments was not driven by artistic demand. The [[art materials]] industry is too small to exert any market leverage on global dye or pigment manufacture. With rare exceptions such as aureolin, all modern watercolor paints utilize pigments that have a wider industrial use. Paint manufacturers buy, by industrial standards very small, supplies of these pigments, [[Mill (grinding)|mill]] them with the vehicle, solvent, and additives, and package them. The milling process with inorganic pigments, in more expensive brands, reduces the particle size to improve the color flow when the paint is applied with water.

===Transparency===
In the partisan debates of the 19th-century English art world, gouache was emphatically contrasted to traditional watercolors and denigrated for its high [[hiding power]] or lack of "transparency"; "transparent" watercolors were exalted. The aversion to opaque paint had its origin in the fact that well into the 19th century [[lead white]] was used to increase the covering quality. That pigment tended to soon discolor into black under the influence of sulphurous air pollution, totally ruining the artwork.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Kraaijpoel|Herenius|2007|p=187}}</ref> The traditional claim that "transparent" watercolors gain "luminosity" because they function like a pane of stained glass laid on paper—the color intensified because the light passes through the pigment, reflects from the paper, and passes a second time through the pigment on its way to the viewer—is false. Watercolor paints typically do not form a cohesive paint layer, as do acrylic or [[oil paint|oil]] paints, but simply scatter pigment particles randomly across the [[paper]] surface; the transparency is caused by the paper being visible between the particles.<ref name="Kraaijpoel2007">{{Harvtxt|Kraaijpoel|Herenius|2007|p=183}}</ref> Watercolors may appear more vivid than acrylics or oils because the pigments are laid down in a purer form, with few or no fillers (such as kaolin) obscuring the pigment colors. Typically, most or all of the gum binder will be absorbed by the paper, preventing the binder from changing the visibility of the pigment.<ref name="Kraaijpoel2007" /> The gum being absorbed does not decrease but increase the adhesion of the pigment to the paper, as its particles will then penetrate the fibers more easily. In fact, an important function of the gum is to facilitate the "lifting" (removal) of color, should the artist want to create a lighter spot in a painted area.<ref name="Kraaijpoel2007" /> Furthermore, the gum prevents [[flocculation]] of the pigment particles.<ref name="Kraaijpoel2007" />

== Techniques ==
Watercolor painting employs a range of techniques that take advantage of the medium’s transparency, fluidity, and interaction with water and paper. These techniques influence the appearance, texture, and depth of a finished work.

One of the most common approaches is the '''wash''', in which diluted pigment is applied evenly across the paper. Washes may be ''flat'', producing a uniform color, or ''graded'', transitioning gradually from darker to lighter tones. Washes are often used to establish backgrounds, skies, or large areas of color.

Artists frequently distinguish between '''wet-on-wet''' and '''wet-on-dry''' techniques. In wet-on-wet painting, pigment is applied to damp or wet paper, allowing colors to spread and blend softly, as well as lighten an intense color. This technique is often associated with atmospheric effects and loose forms. Wet-on-dry painting involves applying pigment to dry paper, resulting in sharper edges and greater control, which is useful for detailed areas.

'''Layering''', also known as ''glazing'', is another fundamental technique. Transparent layers of color are applied over dried paint to build depth, modify hues, or create shadows. Because watercolor is transparent, underlying layers remain visible and contribute to the final color effect.

Additional techniques are used to create texture and visual interest. '''Dry brush''' involves using a brush with minimal water to produce rough, broken marks that emphasize the texture of the paper. '''Lifting''' removes pigment from damp or dry paper using a brush, sponge, or cloth to create highlights or corrections. Artists may also employ '''masking''', in which areas are temporarily covered to preserve the white of the paper while surrounding areas are painted.

During conservation and restoration, materials used to tone or repair watercolor are meticulously selected for color stability. Scientific studies in paper conservation show that plant-based dyes that are applied to Japanese tissue papers experience a greater color change compared to modern watercolor. Because of this, artists normally use commercial pigments when repairing paintings that are meant to be visually stable over a long period of time.<ref name=":1" />

Research in paper conservation has also investigated how different kinds of coloring materials interact with traditional materials used in watercolor restoration. There are studies that compare natural plant dyes to synthetic watercolor pigments, and they have found that plant-derived pigments show lower resistance to heat and humidity. This highlights the risk when using natural dyes in watercolor works.<ref name=":1" />

Together, these techniques form the foundation of watercolor painting and are commonly adapted and combined by artists according to style, subject matter, and personal preference.

==See also==
* [[Acrylic painting techniques]]
* [[History of painting]]
* [[Ink wash painting]]
* [[Oil painting]]
* [[:Category:Watercolorists]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Works cited===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book |last=Chaplin |first=Mike |title=Painting Expressive Watercolours |date=2001 |publisher=Collins |edition=Kindle |location=London |asin=B00KV2RLEA}}
* {{Cite book |last=Chilvers |first=Ian |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Art and Artists |date=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=USA}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Kraaijpoel |first1=D. |title=Het kunstschilderboek — handboek voor materialen en technieken |last2=Herenius |first2=C. |date=2007 |publisher=Cantecleer |language=nl}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ling |first=Roger |title=Roman Painting |date=1991 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]}}
* {{Cite book |last=London |first=Vladimir |title=The Book on Watercolor |date=2021 |edition=Kindle |asin=B0B1VFHMC1}}{{self-published inline|date=April 2023}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mann |first=Eleanor |title=The Watercolour Book: How to Paint Anything |date=2016 |edition=Kindle |asin=B01AIOM0Z0}}{{self-published inline|date=April 2023}}
* {{Cite book |title=How to Paint Like Turner |date=2010 |publisher=Tate |editor-last=Moorby |editor-first=Nicola |edition=Kindle |location=London |asin=B00XULC1FI |editor-last2=Chaplin |editor-first2=Mike |editor-last3=Warrell |editor-first3=Ian |editor-last4=Smibert |editor-first4=Tony}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Redgrave |first1=Richard |last2=Redgrave |first2=Samuel |title=A Century of Painters of the English School |date=1866 |author-link=Richard Redgrave |author2-link=Samuel Redgrave}}
* {{Cite book |last=Reynolds |first=Graham |title=Watercolours, A Concise History |date=1992 |publisher=[[Thames and Hudson]] |location=London}}
* {{Cite book |last=Reynolds |first=Graham |title=English Watercolors: an introduction |date=1998 |publisher=New Amsterdam |edition=Kindle |location=New York |asin=B00FF9PY98}}
* {{Cite book |last=Reynolds |first=Graham |title=Turner |date=2020 |publisher=Thames and Hudson |edition=Second, Kindle |location=London |asin=B0BDRNNKVW}}
* {{Cite book |last=Viscarra |first=Alejandra |title=How to Paint in Watercolor from the Beginning |date=2020 |edition=Kindle |asin=B0852QZCND}}{{self-published inline|date=April 2023}}
* {{Cite book |last=Waterhouse |first=Ellis Kirkham |title=Painting in Britain, 1530 to 1790 |date=1994 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]]}}
{{Refend}}{{Cite book |last=Brandt |first=Rex |title=Watercolor with Rex Brandt; a handbook for the student-painter covering the materials, techniques and presentation of watercolor painting as taught at Chouinard Art Institute and at the Brandt-Dike Summer School at Corona del Mar. |publisher=Corona del Mar? Calif, c1949 |year=1949}}{{Cite book |last=White |first=Matthew |title=Improve Your Art Through This 3-Step Watercolor Painting Process |date=July 5, 2023}}{{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Daniel |title=How to Paint a Watercolor Portrait}}{{Cite book |last=Lombardo |first=A. |title=Chinese Watercolor Techniques: Painting Animals |date=March 15, 2005 |publisher=Reed Business Information}}

==Further reading==

===History===
* Andrew Wilton & Anne Lyles. ''The Great Age of British Watercolours (1750–1880)''. Prestel, 1993. {{ISBN|3-7913-1254-5}}
* Anne Lyles & Robin Hamlyn. ''British watercolours from the Oppé Collection''. Tate Gallery Publishing, 1997. {{ISBN|1-85437-240-8}}
* Christopher Finch. ''American Watercolors''. Abbeville Press, 1991. ASIN B000IBDWGK
* Christopher Finch. ''Nineteenth-Century Watercolors''. Abbeville Press, 1991. {{ISBN|1-55859-019-6}}
* Christopher Finch. ''Twentieth-Century Watercolors''. Abbeville Press, 1988. {{ISBN|0-89659-811-X}}
* Eric Shanes. Turner: ''The Great Watercolours''. Royal Academy of Arts, 2001. {{ISBN|0-8109-6634-4}}
* Martin Hardie. ''Water-Colour Painting in Britain'' (3 volumes: I. The Eighteenth Century; II. The Romantic Period; III. The Victorian Period.). Batsford, 1966–1968. {{ISBN|1-131-84131-X}}
* Michael Clarke. ''The Tempting Prospect: A Social History of English Watercolours''. British Museum Publications, 1981. ASIN B000UCV0XO
* Moore, Sean. ''Ultimate Visual Dictionary''. Dorling Kindersley, 1994. {{ISBN|0-7513-1050-6}}

===Tutorials and Technique===
* Rex Brandt. ''The Winning Ways of Watercolor: Basic Techniques and Methods of Transparent Watercolor in Twenty Lessons''. Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1973. {{ISBN|0-442-21404-9}}
* David Dewey. ''The Watercolor Book: Materials and Techniques for Today's Artist''. Watson-Guptill, 1995. {{ISBN|0-8230-5641-4}}
* Donna Seldin Janis. ''Sargent Abroad: Figures and Landscapes''. Abbeville Press; 1st edition (October 1997). {{ISBN|978-0-7892-0384-7}}.
* Charles LeClair. ''The Art of Watercolor'' (Revised and Expanded Edition). Watson-Guptill, 1999. {{ISBN|0-8230-0292-6}}
* Royal Watercolour Society. ''The Watercolour Expert''. Cassell Illustrated, 2004. {{ISBN|1-84403-149-7}}
* John Ruskin. ''The Elements of Drawing'' [1857]. Watson-Guptill, 1991. {{ISBN|0-8230-1602-1}} (Reprints from other publishers are also available.)
* Pip Seymour. ''Watercolour Painting: A Handbook for Artists''. Lee Press, 1997. {{ISBN|0-9524727-4-0}}
* Stan Smith. ''Watercolor: The Complete Course''. Reader's Digest, 1995. {{ISBN|0-89577-653-7}}
* Curtis Tappenden. ''Foundation Course: Watercolour''. Cassell Illustrated, 2003. {{ISBN|1-84403-082-2}}
* Edgar A. Whitney. ''Complete Guide to Watercolor Painting''. Watson-Guptill, 1974. [Dover Edition {{ISBN|0-486-41742-5}}]

===Materials===
* Ian Sidaway. ''The Watercolor Artist's Paper Directory''. North Light, 2000. {{ISBN|1-58180-034-7}}
* Jacques Turner. ''Brushes: A Handbook for Artists and Artisans''. Design Press, 1992. {{ISBN|0-8306-3975-6}}
* Sylvie Turner. ''The Book of Fine Paper''. Thames & Hudson, 1998. {{ISBN|0-500-01871-5}}
* Michael Wilcox. ''The Wilcox Guide To The Best Watercolor Paints''. School of Colour Publications, 2000. {{ISBN|978-0-9679628-0-1}}

==External links==
{{commons}}
*[https://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/collection/works/?exhibition_id=7537&page=2 Online exhibition of 86 (English) Victorian watercolours] from the Art Gallery of New South Wales (Sydney)
* [http://www.americanwatercolorsociety.org/ American Watercolor Society]
* [http://www.nationalwatercolorsociety.org/ National Watercolor Society (USA)]
* {{Cite web |title=What is watercolour? |url=https://www.vam.ac.uk/articles/what-is-watercolour?srsltid=AfmBOorLt1beMeEdpTEMUNlyw7G_E-EJ7dC4ulXCzgkmatYEioQMrCb9www.vam.ac.uk/contentapi/logotron/watercolour-painting |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=Paintings & Drawings |publisher=[[Victoria and Albert Museum]] }}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Watercolor Painting}}
[[Category:Watercolor painting| ]]
[[Category:Paints]]
[[Category:Painting]]
[[Category:Painting techniques]]
[[Category:Watermedia]]

Nadoda Rajput

2026-03-21T21:32:23Z

VanBoas1588: Created new info

{{Short description|Rajput community in Gujarat, India}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}

'''Nadoda''' are a [[Rajput]] community found in the state of [[Gujarat]], India.They are notable for their historic refusal to pay taxes to the sultans. <ref name="poigujarat">{{cite book | title=People of India: Volume XXII : Gujarat | publisher=Popular Prakashan | author=Singh, K. S. | year=2003 | pages=992–995 | isbn=8179911047}}</ref>
[[File:Ravi Varma-Rajput soldier.jpg|thumb]]

==Origin==
While having their origins in the regions of [[Malwa]] and [[Rajasthan]],<ref name="People of India: India's communities, Volume 5">{{cite book|title=India's Communities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g9MVAQAAMAAJ|year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-563354-2}}</ref> they are primarily found in the [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]], [[Kutch district|Kutch]],<ref name="EPW">{{cite journal |last=Shah |first=G. |year=1987 |title= Middle Class Politics: Case of Anti-Reservation Agitations in Gujarat (AN 160) |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=22 |issue=19/21 |pages=AN155 |jstor=4377019}}</ref> [[Patan district|Patan]]<ref name="Gujarat state gazetteers">{{cite book|title= Gujarat Gazetteers: Mehsana, Gujarat (India) |url= https://www.indianculture.gov.in/gazettes/gujarat-state-gazetteers-mehsana-district |year=1975|publisher= The Director, Government Printing, Stationery and Publications, Ahmadabad, Gujarat |type=Gazetter}}</ref> and other region of [[Gujarat]], India.<ref name="EPW"/>

==History==
Nadoda Rajputs are one of the [[Rajput]] communities of [[Gujarat]], they migrated from [[Rajasthan]] about six hundred years ago. The belief is that the Nadoda refuse to pay taxes to the Muslim rulers. Hence, they were called ''Naravaya'' (defaulters) and Nadoda is its corrupt form.<ref name="India's Communities">{{cite book | title=India's Communities, Volume 3 | publisher=Oxford University Press, 1998 | author= Kumar Suresh Singh | year=1998 | pages=2517 | isbn=0195633547}}</ref> The term "Nadoda" dates back to the [[Muslim invasion of India]].<ref name="People of India: India's communities, Volume 5"/> As regards the explanations of the word nadoda, it is to be derived from Nadavata, transferred to the ——a declension in Prakrit. Thus Nadava give rise to word Nadoda.<ref name="Sanskrit and Indological Studies">{{cite book | title= Sanskrit and Indological Studies: Dr. V. Raghavan Felicitation Volume | publisher= Motilal Banarsidass, 1975 | author= Venkatarama Raghavan | year=1975 | pages=253 | isbn= 0842608214}}</ref>

==Culture==

Nadoda Rajputs are [[Kshatriya]] by varna. They are followers of their [[Kuldevi]]. Lord [[Shiva]] and [[Krishna]] are their primary deities.<ref name="poigujarat"/>

Nadoda Rajputs have four ghols (marriage circles) and marital alliances between them is restricted. In case of dress, ornaments, customs, social practices and style of life each ghol is specific in relation to others. They are aligned to Rajputs-Darbar groups, They are one of the members of ''ther-tasili''.<ref name="poigujarat"/>

==Clans==
Nadoda Rajputs further have ataks (clans) which enjoy an equal social status.<ref name="poigujarat"/> These clans (ataks: Surnames)<ref name="Surname meaning">{{cite web |url=https://www.tezpatrika.com/dictionary/surname-meaning-in-gujarati |title=Surname Meaning in gujarati|newspaper=Tezpatrika.com |date= |author= }}</ref> are Avera,[[Barad (name)|Barad]], [[Bhati]], [[Chavda (Rajput clan)|Chavda]], Chavad, Chudasama, [[Chohan]], [[Dabhi]], Dayma (Dahima), Dod,<ref name="GazeBombay ">{{cite book|title= Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency, Volume 9, Issue 1 |url= https://archive.org/details/1901GazetteerOfTheBombayPresidencyVol9Part1Hindus358D |year=1901|publisher= Government central Press |type=Gazetter}}</ref> Dodiya, Galecha, [[Gohil dynasty|Gohil]], Goletar, Hadial, Herma, [[Jadav]], Jiriya, [[Jethva]], Kuchhotia,<ref name="GazeBombay "/> [[Kher (surname)|Kher]], Lakum, Makvana (Makwana), [[Mori Rajputs|Mori]], Masani, Narvan, Pavra, Padhar, [[Parihar (clan)|Padhiar]], Palonia, [[Parmar (Rajput clan)|Parmar]],<ref name="GazeBombay "/> [[Rathore (Rajput clan)|Rathod]], Rehevar, Rathavi, [[Solanki (clan)|Solanki]], Sindhav([[Saindhava|Sindhav]]), Suvar(Sur), Tank, Tuar(Tunvar), [[Vadhel]], [[Vaghela dynasty|Vaghela]], Vaish(Vainsh), Vaja, [[Vala clan|Vala]], Vanol, Vejol(Vihol).<ref name="GazeBombay "/> They are [[Kshatriya]] through [[Akhil Bharatiya Kshatriya Mahasabha]].<ref name="poigujarat"/>

== See also ==
* [[Chavda dynasty]]
* [[Rajputs of Gujarat]]
* [[Jadeja]]
* [[Garasia]]
* [[Molesalam Rajput]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:History of taxation in India]]
[[Category:Rajput clans of Gujarat]]

Alagar Kovil

2026-03-12T14:55:46Z

VanBoas1588: creating initial stub and citations

{{Short description|Village in Madurai district, Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{This|an Indian village|temple in this village|Kallalagar Temple}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Alagar Kovil
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = AzhagarKovil Madurai.JPG
| image_alt = Image of [[Kallalagar Temple]], after which the village is named
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|10|04|29.45|N|78|12|47.15|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Madurai district|Madurai]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 266
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
{{Vaishnavism}}

'''Alagar Kovil''' is a village in [[Madurai district]] in the South Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. The village is centered around [[Kallalagar Temple]]. Constructed in the [[Tamil architecture]], the temple is glorified in the ''[[Divya Prabandha|Nalayira Divya Prabandham]]'', the early medieval [[Tamil literature|Tamil]] canon of the [[Alvars|Alvar]] saints from the 6th–9th centuries CE. It is one of the 108 ''[[Divyadesam|Divya Desam]]s'' dedicated to [[Vishnu]], who is worshiped as [[Vishnu|Kallalagar]] and his consort [[Lakshmi]] as Tirumamagal.<ref>{{cite book|title=108 Vaishnavite Divya Desams: Divya desams in Pandya Nadu|last= M. S. |first=Ramesh|publisher=[[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanam]]|year=1993}}</ref>

==Kallalagar Temple==
[[Kallalagar Temple]] covers an area of about {{cvt|2|acre}} and has a five-tiered ''[[gopuram]]'' (gateway tower). The temple is enclosed in a rectangular enclosure with large granite walls. The central shrine houses the image of the presiding deity, [[Vishnu|Sundarabahu Perumal]] in standing posture. The images of [[Lakshmi|Sridevi]] and [[Bhūmi|Bhudevi]] are also housed in the sanctum. There are two life size images of [[Narasimha]], the [[avatar]] of Vishnu. One of them is shown holding the [[asura]] [[Hiranyakasipu]] and other slaying him.<ref>{{cite book|title=Temples of Tamil Nadu|last=Rao|first=A.V.Shankaranarayana|publisher=Vasan Publications|isbn=978-81-8468-112-3|year=2012|pages=229–231}}</ref>

The temple houses various sculptures dated to the [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara period]]. The temple has an idol of [[Sudarshana Chakra|Chakaratalvar]], who is represented with 16 hands holding various weapons, and is not accompanied by Narasimha.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Raṅga-maṇḍapa of the Tāṭikkompu Temple A Study of an Iconographic Programme of the Vijayanagara Tradition|journal=East and West|volume=46|last=S.|first=Gopalakrishnan|issue=3/4|date=December 1996|jstor=29757285|pages=415–431}}</ref>

=== Chithirai festival ===
[[Meenakshi Tirukalyanam|Chithirai festival]] is an annual festival celebrated during the month of [[Chithirai]]. During the festival, Kallalagar is taken on a procession from Alagar Kovil and reaches Madurai on [[Purnima|Pournami]] (Full Moon day).<ref>{{cite book|title=Saints, Goddesses and Kings: Muslims and Christians in South Indian Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fxqtx8SflEsC&q=azhagar+kallar&pg=PA43|year=2004|page=43|isbn=978-0-521-89103-5|last1=Bayly|first1=Susan}}</ref> During Ethir Sevai, Alagar changes his appearance as a [[Kallar (caste)|Kallar]] and enters Madurai. The god is taken on a ceremonial dip to the [[Vaigai]] river, in a horse mount.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/divine-wedding-under-lockdown-chithirai-festival-at-madurai-meenakshi-temple/story-qZotuPYKznlpKznD1LGg4O.html|title=Divine wedding under lockdown: Chithirai festival at Madurai Meenakshi Temple|work=[[The Hindustan Times]]|date=4 May 2020|access-date=6 July 2023}}</ref> The [[Dashavatara]] of Vishnu is enacted throughout the night at Ramarayar Mandapam, located to the north of Vaigai. After this event, Alagar is taken to Mysore Veera Mandapam on decorated Anantharayar palanquin. The next morning, Alagar returns to Alagar kovil in 'poo pallakku' (palanquin decorated with flowers).{{cn|date=March 2026}}

During the month of [[Aadi (month)|Aadi]], the brahmotsavam festival is being celebrated for ten days. This festival occurs within the precincts of the temple, and the [[temple car]] is taken in procession during Pournami.{{cn|date=March 2026}}

== Transport ==
{{refimprove|section|date=March 2026}}
Alagar Kovil is connected by road to Madurai and [[Melur]]. [[Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation]] operates buses to the village. The nearest major railway station is [[Madurai Junction railway station|Madurai Junction]], and the nearest airport is [[Madurai Airport|Madurai International airport]]. [[Taxi]]s and [[auto rickshaw]]s also operate to the location.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Madurai district}}

[[Category:Villages in Madurai district]]

Dinesh Deva

2026-03-08T23:31:14Z

VanBoas1588: put up initial post basic info

{{short description|Actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dinesh Deva
| birth_place = [[Ranchi]], Jharkhand
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor| Dancer}}
| years_active = 2001–present
| alma_mater =
}}
'''Dinesh Deva''' is an Indian actor and dancer. He works in Nagpuri albums and [[Nagpuri cinema|Nagpuri films]]. He has been working in the industry since 2001.<ref name="dailypioneer">{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2013/state-editions/jollywood-losing-identity.html|title=Jollywood losing identity|publisher=dailypioneer|date=9 July 2013|accessdate=27 September 2022}}</ref> He is known for the Nagpuri albums and films ''Nagpur Kar Bhoot'', ''[[Mahuua]]'', ''Hum Bhi to Ashique Hain'' and ''Gangwa''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/ranchi-15197376.html|title=नागपुरी फिल्म 'महुआ' का हुआ मुहूर्त|website=jagran}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/jharkhand/saraikela-kharsawan-bollywood-actors-are-working-in-nagpuri-film-being-shot-in-saraikela-jhnj-1666426.html|title=सरायकेला में चल रही है नागपुरी फिल्म की शूटिंग, ये बॉलीवुड कलाकार कर रहे हैं काम|website=hindi.news18|access-date=27 September 2022}}</ref>

==Career==
He started working in nagpuri albums and films in the year of 2001.<ref name="dailypioneer"/> He acted in film ''Nagpur kar Bhoot'', which was a horror comedy movie.<ref name="telegraphindia">{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/nagpuri-film-starts-riding-on-spirits-local-cine-industry-embarks-upon-a-new-trend-with-nagpur-kar-bhoot/cid/811785|title=Nagpuri film starts riding on spirits – Local cine industry embarks upon a new trend with Nagpur kar bhoot|website=telegraphindia|date=26 March 2006|access-date=27 September 2022}}</ref> In 2013, he acted in the movie ''Bunga re Bunga,'' a [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]] film.<ref name="dailypioneer"/> In 2018, he acted in the movie [[Mahuua]], which won best Nagpuri film of 2018 in [[Jharkhand International Film Festival Awards]].<ref name="jsscfighters">{{cite web|url=https://www.jsscfighters.com/jharkhand-international-film-festival-awards-2018-jiffa-2018/|title=JHARKHAND INTERNATIONAL FILM FESTIVAL AWARDS 2018 – JIFFA 2018 – Jpsc & Jssc Fighters|website=jsscfighters|access-date=27 September 2022|archive-date=2 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002215149/https://www.jsscfighters.com/jharkhand-international-film-festival-awards-2018-jiffa-2018/|url-status=dead}}</ref> His upcoming movie is ''Gangwa'', in which actor of Jharkhand Bunty Singh and well known Bollywood actors [[Ranjeet]] and [[Hemant Birje]] have acted. The film is directed by Aditya Kumar, the actor of [[Gangs of Wasseypur – Part 2]].<ref name="prabhatkhabar">{{Cite news|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/nagpuri-cinema/regional-language-films-shooting-complete-in-jharkhand-nagpuri-khortha/1248949.html|title=झारखंड : क्षेत्रीय भाषा में बनी कई फिल्मों की शूटिंग पूरी, जल्द होगी रिलीज|website=prabhatkhabar|access-date=27 September 2022}}</ref> In 2022, he acted in Nagpuri film "Karma Dharma", a film about the [[Karam festival]] which was released on YouTube.<ref name="crazybollywood">{{Cite news|url=https://crazybollywood.com/nagpuri-film-karma-dharma-released-conspiracy-to-flop-digitally-latest-bihar-news-current-news-of-bihar-cb-news/|title=Nagpuri film "Karma Dharma" released, conspiracy to flop digitally|publisher=crazybollywood|date=25 July 2022|access-date=27 September 2022}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class=wikitable
|+Key
|style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
|Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!scope="col" | Year
!scope="col" | Film
!scope="col" | Role
!scope="col" | Language
!scope="col" | Notes
|-
|2005
| ''Hum Bhi to Ashique Hain''
|
|Nagpuri
|
|-
| 2006
|''Nagpur Kar Bhoot''
|
| Nagpuri
|<ref name="telegraphindia"/>
|-
|2013
|''Bunga re Bunga''
|
|Kurukh
|<ref name="dailypioneer"/>
|-
|2018
|''[[Mahuua]]''
|
| Nagpuri
| Won best Nagpuri film award in [[Jharkhand International Film Festival Awards]], 2018<ref name="jsscfighters"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/ranchi/story-premiere-of-nagpuri-film-mahua--1859428.html|title=नागपुरी फिल्म 'महुआ का हुआ प्रीमियर|website=livehindustan|access-date=27 September 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2020
|style="background:#FFFFCC;"|{{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}''Gangwa''
|
| Nagpuri
|<ref name="prabhatkhabar"/>
|-
|2022
|''Karma Dharma''
|
|Nagpuri
|<ref name="crazybollywood"/>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|12568411}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Deva, Dinesh}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Nagpuria people]]
[[Category:People from Ranchi district]]
[[Category:People from Jharkhand]]

National Automated Clearing House

2026-03-08T21:51:13Z

VanBoas1588: Created new stub

{{Short description|Indian payment clearing service}}
{{Redirect|NACH||Nach (disambiguation)}}
'''National Automated Clearing House''', introduced by [[National Payments Corporation of India]], is a centralised clearing service that aims at providing interbank high volume, low value transactions that are repetitive and periodic in nature. Offering credit and debit service to corporates, banks, and financial institutions, the service, aimed at integrating all regional ECS into one National [[Payment system|Payment System]], is claimed to be better than its predecessor, [[Electronic Clearing Service]].<ref name="fe">{{Cite news |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/industry/banking-finance/banks-switching-from-ecs-to-nach-here-is-what-you-need-to-know/300649/ |title=Banks switching from ECS to NACH, here is what you need to know |date=2016-06-29 |work=The Financial Express |access-date=2017-11-22 |language=en-US}}</ref>

According to the service's website, transactions towards distribution of subsidies, dividends, interest, salary, pension etc. and also for bulk transactions towards collection of payments pertaining to telephone, electricity, water, loans, investments in mutual funds, insurance premium etc."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.npci.org.in/product-overview/national-automated-clearing-house-product-overview |title=National Automated Clearing House Product Overview |date=2017-03-31 |website=NPCI |access-date=2017-11-22}}</ref>

In March 2017, NPCI via a circular notified a paperless way for corporates to register NACH mandates for its customers, which can be later used to debit customer accounts.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.npci.org.in/sites/default/files/circular/NACH%20Circular%20No%20218-%20API%20%20based%20E-mandate%20process.pdf|title=API Based E-mandate process|website=NPCI}}</ref>

==Electronic Clearing Service==
{{Main|Electronic Clearing Service}}
Electronic Settling Service, or ECS, is an electronic clearing service that facilitates funds transfer between bank accounts. The service was started by [[Reserve Bank of India]] providing, both, debit and credit which can be used to pay utility bills.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pf/what-is-electronic-clearing-service-ecs-111070800019_1.html |title=What is Electronic Clearing Service (ECS)? |last=Jaleel |first=Tania Kishore |date=2011-07-08 |work=Business Standard India |access-date=2017-11-22}}</ref>

== API based e-mandate process ==
User can authenticate a NACH API e-mandate on the web. The customer gets directed to the NPCI website, where customer has to choose their bank, and then authenticate via one of the two methods - 1. Net banking credentials 2. [[Debit card]].<ref name=":0" /> [[Kotak Mahindra Bank]] became the first bank to allow customers to choose both methods for authentication.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/kotak-bank-launches-debit-card-based-e-mandate-on-npcis-api-platform/article26910161.ece|title=Kotak Bank launches debit card-based e-mandate on NPCI's API platform|website=@businessline|date=22 April 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-10-04}}</ref> Since then, 38 banks allow customers to authenticate API based e-mandates as of September 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npci.org.in/sites/default/files/Live%20Banks%20in%20API%20E-Mandate_10_03_19.pdf|title=Bank status in API E-Mandate|last=|first=|date=|website=NPCI|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>

API based E-mandate process is expected to make the process fast, frictionless and paperless.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://tech.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/corporate/rbi-emandate-nod-paves-way-for-auto-debits-by-fintech-firms/69049432|title=RBI eMandate nod paves way for auto-debits by fintech firms - ETtech|last=www.ETtech.com|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=26 April 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-10-04}}</ref>

==Membership==
NPCI has categorised members of NACH system in three entities:

'''Sponsor banks''' are allowed to originate transactions the system required, they have a mutual agreement with NPCI and also are members of any payment system approved by the [[Reserve Bank of India]].

'''Destination banks''' are allowed to do transaction, process mandates and update the [[Aadhaar]] mapper through the use of the system. On necessary agreement, all the banks that are members of any payment system participate on NACH system as Destination Banks.

The corporate/government departments, on submission of necessary agreement with their Sponsor Banks, participate on NACH system as '''Users'''. For this, to facilitate settlement on their behalf, the departments indicate the names of the Sponsor Banks with whom accounts are maintained.

NPCI notifies all of the members if a new member is added to the NACH network or if suspension or termination of a NACH member occurs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npci.org.in/sites/all/themes/npcl/images/PDF/NACH-Procedural-Guidelines.pdf|title=National Automated Clearing House (NACH) Procedural Guidelines|website=NPCI|access-date=30 November 2017}}</ref>

==Comparison with ECS==
*Registration for NACH takes approximately 15 days over ECS taking 30 days for registration.
*For future reference, NACH provides a unique number called Mandate Registration Reference Number.

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Portal|India|Banks|Money}}
[[Category:Banking in India]]
[[Category:Payment systems]]
[[Category:Payment and settlement systems in India]]

Celluloid (film)

2026-03-06T21:33:55Z

VanBoas1588: put up new details w/ infobox

{{Short description|2013 film directed by Kamal}}{{About|2=the film material used in early photographic and motion picture processes|3=Celluloid}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Celluloid
| image = Celluloid_film.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Kamal (director)|Kamal]]
| producer = {{plainlist|
*Kamal
*Mohamed Ubaidh
}}
| writer = Kamal
| based_on = {{plainlist|
*{{based on|''Life of J. C. Daniel''|[[Chelangatt Gopalakrishnan]]}}
*{{based on|''Nashta Naayika''|[[Vinu Abraham]]}}
}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Prithviraj Sukumaran]]
*[[Sreenivasan]]
*[[Mamta Mohandas]]
*[[Nedumudi Venu]]
*Chandni
}}
| cinematography = [[Venu (cinematographer)|Venu]]
| editing = [[K. Rajagopal (film editor)|K. Rajagopal]]
| studio = Prime Time Cinema
| distributor = Murali Films
| music = [[M. Jayachandran]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|02|15}}
| runtime = 129 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = ₹ 3.5 Crore
| gross = ₹ 4.6Crore <ref>[http://boxofficeverdicts.blogspot.in/p/malayalam-films-of-2013.html Malayalam Films of 2013]</ref>
}}
'''''Celluloid''''' is a [[List of Malayalam films of 2013|2013]] Indian [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]-language [[biographical drama film]] co-produced, written, and directed by [[Kamal (director)|Kamal]]. It stars [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]], [[Sreenivasan]], [[Mamta Mohandas]], and Chandni. The film is based on the life of [[J.C. Daniel]], regarded as the father of [[Malayalam cinema]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/81509.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120428222111/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/81509.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 April 2012 |title=Kamal with a 'Celluloid' |work=IndiaGlitz |date=27 April 2012 |access-date=19 October 2012}}</ref> focusing on the making of his film ''[[Vigathakumaran]]'', and the story of its heroine, [[P. K. Rosy]]. The film is particularly based on ''Life of J. C. Daniel'', a biography of J. C. Daniel written by [[Chelangatt Gopalakrishnan]]. Filming began in November 2012, and the online posters, created by a 16-year-old boy, ''Aswin'', which went viral on social media. Released in February 2013, the film received positive reviews and won seven [[Kerala State Film Awards]], including [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Film|Best Film]] and [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] (Prithviraj).<ref>{{cite news|title=Seven awards for 'Celluloid'|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/seven-awards-for-celluloid/article4443795.ece?homepage=true|access-date=1 March 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=23 February 2013|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> It was also supported by All Lights Film Services (ALFS),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.org.in/release/y2k13/dec/decrel65.php |title='Go Global' with All Lights Film Services|publisher=indiantelevision.org.in |date=18 December 2013 }}</ref> a leading film festival consultancy and become a box-office success.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anil |first=Chintha Mary |date=27 June 2016 |title=After Srividya, Vidya Balan was my only choice to play Madhavikutty, Kamal to TNM |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/after-srividya-vidya-balan-was-my-only-choice-play-madhavikutty-kamal-tnm-45543 |access-date=21 May 2025 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
''Celluloid'' tells the tale of [[J. C. Daniel]] and his love for cinema. He goes to great lengths to get the equipment required to make a movie, writes numerous letters, visits places, and meets [[Dadasaheb Phalke]], the man who brought cinema to India. Getting an actress to act in his movie was a tough task. It is decided that Rosamma, later named as [[P K Rosy]], will play the lead role in J. C. Daniel's revolutionary 'motion picture' venture, ''[[Vigathakumaran]]'', the story of which J. C. Daniel himself conceived. He sells everything to make his dream a reality, further borrowing money to meet the expenses. When ''Vigathakumaran'' is finally screened at Capitol Theatre, a 'cinemapura', the upper caste members of the audience create a ruckus over a lower-caste girl acting as a [[Nair]] lady. Rosie, hunted by the Madambis, leaves town never to be seen again. Years later, the shriveled, impoverished Daniel, with only his wife, Janet, by his side, is leading a life far removed from what he had envisaged. [[Chelangatt Gopalakrishnan]]'s interest in Daniel's life, his efforts to give him his due, and the flashbacks to the incidents in his life post ''Vigathakumaran'' form the rest of the movie.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] in a dual role as:
** [[J.C. Daniel]] (Father)
** Harris Daniel (Son)
* [[Sreenivasan]] as [[Chelangatt Gopalakrishnan]]
* [[Mamta Mohandas]] as Janet
* Chandni Geetha as [[P. K. Rosy|Rosy]]
*[[T.G. Ravi]] as Sundaraj
**[[Sreejith Ravi]] as Young Sundaraj
* [[Jayaraj Century]] as Johnson
* [[Nedumudi Venu]] as Subramaniam
* Sruthi Dilip as Lana
* [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as [[Malayattoor Ramakrishnan|Ramakrishna Iyer]] (I. A. S)
* [[Irshad (actor)|Irshad]]
* Thampi Antony
* [[Ramesh Pisharody]] as Pillai
* [[Nandu Madhav]] as [[Dadasaheb Phalke]]
* [[Madhan Bob]] as [[P. U. Chinnappa]]
* [[Thalaivasal Vijay]] as [[R. Nataraja Mudaliar]]
* Jayaraj Warrier
* [[Manikandan Pattambi]]
* Chembil Asokan as Paulose
* László Pere as the Cinematographer
* Bhagyalakshmi (Cameo appearance in Climax scene)
}}

==Production==
[[Prithviraj Sukumaran|Prithviraj]] was selected to play the lead role in this film.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/I-am-working-on-a-landmark-film-Prithviraj/articleshow/16383973.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024182249/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-13/news-and-interviews/33816001_1_malayalam-film-prithviraj-amal-neerad |url-status=live |archive-date=24 October 2012 |title=I am working on a landmark film: Prithviraj |date=13 September 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=19 October 2012}}</ref> It was then reported that [[Samvrutha Sunil]] will be playing the role of Janet, the wife of [[J.C. Daniel]], which was supposed to be her last film before her marriage. But later, [[Mamta Mohandas]] replaced her.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/85041.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825090421/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/85041.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 August 2012 |title=Mamta to replace Samvrutha for 'Celluloid' |work=IndiaGlitz |date=22 August 2012 |access-date=19 October 2012}}</ref> Chandni, a singer who shot to fame through the reality show Josco Indian Voice, was selected to play the role of [[P. K. Rosie]], Malayalam cinema's first heroine. The character of [[Dadasaheb Phalke|Dada Phalke]] was given to actor Nandu Madhav who had done the same role for the 2009 Marathi film [[Harishchandrachi Factory]] (which itself dealt with the struggles in making the first Indian feature film Raja Harishchandra by Dada Phalke)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/kochi/chandni-makes-celluloid-debut-226 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120826022529/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/kochi/chandni-makes-celluloid-debut-226 |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 August 2012 |title=Chandni makes Celluloid debut |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |date=25 August 2012 |access-date=19 October 2012}}</ref> [[Sreenivasan]] enacts the role of Chelangatt Gopalakrishnan who worked and lobbied tirelessly to give Daniel his due in Kerala.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/flashback-in-tinsel-town/article3987337.ece |title=Flashback in tinsel town |work=The Hindu |date=11 October 2012 |access-date=19 October 2012 |location=Chennai, India |first=Saraswathy |last=Nagarajan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021031350/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/flashback-in-tinsel-town/article3987337.ece |archive-date=21 October 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The online posters for the film were done by sixteen-year-old boy, Aswin K. S., which was selected for promotion and wiki updates. 'Celluloid' is the first film to have the youngest publicity designer.

The film was shot at [[Thiruvananthapuram]] and [[Mysore]]. It was dubbed into Tamil as ''J. C. Daniel'' and released in August 2013.

==Soundtrack==
[[M. Jayachandran]]'s soundtrack has been well appreciated by critics and audiences alike.<ref>{{cite web|title=The music by M Jayachandran is another gift for this film|url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/interviews/article1464059.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308000417/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/interviews/article1464059.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 March 2013|publisher=Indian Express}}</ref> "Enundodee", a song which is a throwback to the yesteryears, rendered by [[Sithara (Singer)|Sithara]] became a hit on TV and internet.<ref>{{cite web|title=Singing a different Tune|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130215/entertainment-tvmusic/article/singing-different-tune|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707075742/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/130215/entertainment-tvmusic/article/singing-different-tune|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 July 2023|publisher=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> The song "Katte Katte" sung by Vaikom Vijayalakshmi and G. Sreeram has also been termed a hit.<ref>{{cite web|title=Music Review: Celluloid (Malayalam)|url=http://therarefied.blogspot.in/2013/02/music-review-celluloid-malayalam.html}}</ref> Engandiyoor Chandrasekharan and [[Rafeeq Ahammed]] penned lyrics for the songs.

{{Track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Enundodi
| lyrics1 = Engandiyoor Chandrasekharan
| extra1 = [[Sithara (Singer)|Sithara]]
| length1 = 4:00
| title2 = Katte Katte
| lyrics2 = [[Rafeeq Ahammed]]
| extra2 = G. Sreeram, [[Vaikom Vijayalakshmi]]
| length2 = 4:00
}}

==Festival screenings==
The film was an official selection for the following film festivals:
* Indian Film Festival Japan – International Competition section.
* Indian Film Festival of Houston – International Competition section.
* Bollywood Film Festival Norway – International Competition section.
* ImagineIndia International Film Festival Madrid
* New Generation Film Festival
* Pune International Film Festival India
* Jaipur International Film Festival India
* International Sport Film Festival Italy
* Queens World Film Festival, USA
* ReelWorld Film Festival, Toronto, Canada
* International Film Festival for Comedy Romance and Musical Film Festival, Indonesia 2013
* 6th Nashik International Film Festival 2014
* Columbia George International Film Festival, USA 2014

==Accolades==
{{no sources|section|date=May 2025}}

In the 2012 [[National Film Awards]], ''Celluloid'' won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam]].

In the [[Kerala State Film Awards]], it won:
*2012 [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Film]]
*2012 [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor]] – [[Prithviraj Sukumaran|Prithviraj]]
*2012 [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Music Director]] – [[M. Jayachandran]]
*2012 [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Singer]] – [[Sithara Krishnakumar]] (Song : Enundodee Ambilichantham)
*2012 [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Costume Designer]] – S. B. Satheesh
*2012 [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Art Director]] – Suresh Kollam
*[[2012 Kerala State Film Awards]] Special Jury Mention – G. Sreeram, [[Vaikom Vijayalakshmi]] – 'Katte Katte Nee' Song

==Critical reception==
Aswin Kumar of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3.5 stars out of 5 and said "''Celluloid'', a moving tribute to Malayalam cinema from director Kamal is touching, poetic and immensely powerful. On a sprawling canvas, Kamal diligently recreates an age and fills it with characters who go on to become iconic figures in the history of Malayalam cinema. Prithviraj can hold this role close to his heart, so can Mamta. The dialect of Prithviraj may seem a bit jarring at times. But he masks it with an over-powering rendition of a character that transforms from youth to an ageing, frail, defeated soul."<ref>{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/movie-review/18540481.cms | work=The Times Of India | title=Celluloid - The Times of India}}</ref>

Paresh C Palicha of [[Rediff.com]] said "In ''Celluloid'' Kamal shows what 'passion for cinema' really meant before it became a stylish thing to say. Prithviraj is good and consistent as Daniel. Chandni gives a lifelike performance as Rosy with stars in her eyes."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-celluloid-is-compelling/20130218.htm|title = Review: Celluloid is compelling}}</ref>

==Controversies==
The film allegedly contains derogatory remarks on the renowned writer and civil servant [[Malayatoor Ramakrishnan]] and former [[Chief Minister of Kerala|Kerala Chief Minister]] [[K. Karunakaran]] which sparked off a controversy in Kerala. Karunakaran is not openly mentioned but Malayattoor is being portrayed as a casteist who never wanted a Nadar to be given the title as the father of Malayalam cinema. This was followed by a controversial interview by Kamal in which he stated that Karunakaran and Malayatoor Ramakrishnan had roles in denying justice to J. C. Daniel by not recognising him as the father of Malayalam cinema. Kamal had pointed out in the interview that actor Siddique's character in the film essayed Malayatoor Ramakrishnan and he deliberately avoided mentioning the names of Karunakaran and Malayatoor to avoid controversies.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/barbs-in-celluloid-lead-to-bloodletting/article4446883.ece "Barbs in ‘Celluloid’ lead to bloodletting"]</ref>

The row over the film continued to be in the headlines for over a week with various writers, politicians, and cultural icons commenting on the issue. "My father was the one who did all he could for the benefit of Malayalam movies, and even thought of a film studio in the state capital and instituting pensions for the film fraternity. A thousand Kamals cannot tarnish his image", [[K. Muraleedharan]], Karunakaran's son, said on the portrayal of his father as a villain. But he after seeing the movie said that there was nothing about Karunakaran in the film and this ended the controversy.<ref>[http://gulfnews.com/news/world/india/row-over-kerala-award-winning-film-celluloid-1.1149899 "Row over Kerala award-winning film ‘Celluloid’"]</ref>

==See also==
* [[Harishchandrachi Factory]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|2717168}}

{{Kamal (director)}}
{{KeralaStateFilmAwardBestFilm}}
{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Malayalam}}
{{Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Film}}

[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2013 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. Jayachandran]]
[[Category:Indian biographical films]]
[[Category:History of Kerala on film]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kamal (director)]]
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mysore]]
[[Category:2010s biographical films]]
[[Category:Twins in Indian films]]

Oral Koodi Kallanayi

2026-03-04T09:22:57Z

VanBoas1588: basic rework formatting after review for clarity

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Oraal Koodi Kallanaayi
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[P. A. Thomas]]
| producer = P. A. Thomas
| writer = [[S. L. Puram Sadanandan]]
| screenplay = [[J. Sasikumar]]
| starring = [[Prem Nazir]] [[Sheela]] [[Adoor Bhasi]] [[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]]
| music = K. V. Job
| cinematography = P. B. Maniyam
| editing = K. D. George
| studio = Thomas Pictures
| distributor = Thomas Pictures
| released = {{Film date|1964|05|07|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Oraal Koodi Kallanaayi''''' is a 1964 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film, directed and produced by P. A. Thomas and Manneth David. The film stars [[Prem Nazir]], [[Sheela]], [[Adoor Bhasi]] and [[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]]. The film had musical score by K. V. Job.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=121|title=Oraal Koodi Kallanaayi|accessdate=2014-10-10|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?185|title=Oraal Koodi Kallanaayi|accessdate=2014-10-10|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/orral-koodi-kallanaayi-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015124159/http://spicyonion.com/title/orral-koodi-kallanaayi-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=15 October 2014|title=Oraal Koodi Kallanaayi|accessdate=2014-10-10|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Prem Nazir]] as Prabhakaran
* V.C Ahammadunni (Ex MP)
*[[Sheela]] as Aysha
*[[Adoor Bhasi]] as Panikkar
*[[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]]
*Jeevan Prakash
*[[Pappukutty Bhagavathar]]
*[[P. J. Antony]]
*P. A. Thomas as Beeran
*[[J. Sasikumar]]
*[[T. S. Muthaiah]] as Govindhan
*[[Prathapachandran]]
*[[Alleppey Vincent]]
*[[Ambika Sukumaran|Ambika]] as Devaki Teacher
*[[Devaki]]
*Gemini Chandra
* K.S Parvathi
* Ravi
* Master Jithendran
*[[Gemini Ganesan]]
*[[J. A. R. Anand]]
*Kushalakumari
*Manikyam
*Murali as Shekaran Master
*Panjabi
*[[Pankajavalli]]
*[[S. P. Pillai]] as Manak Kammath
*V. S. Achari
* Govind Paliyat
* Jose
* Hariram
* Hashim
* Aravindan
* Krishnan
* Gopi
* Kipson
* Raman
* Madhavan

{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by K. V. Job with lyrics by Sreemoolanagaram Vijayan, [[Abhayadev]] and [[G. Sankara Kurup]].
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Chaaykkadakkaaran Beeraankaakkede" || [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[P. Leela]] || Sreemoolanagaram Vijayan ||
|-
| 2 || "Enthinum Meethe Muzhangatte" || P. Leela || [[Abhayadev]] ||
|-
| 3 || "Kaarunyam Kolunna" || P. Leela, Chorus || [[G. Sankara Kurup]] ||
|-
| 4 || "Kannuneer Pozhikkoo" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || Abhayadev ||
|-
| 5 || "Karivala Vikkana" || P. Leela || Abhayadev ||
|-
| 6 || "Kinaavilennum Vannene" || K. J. Yesudas, P. Leela || Abhayadev ||
|-
| 7 || "Maanam Karuthaalum" || K. J. Yesudas || Abhayadev ||
|-
| 8 || "Poovukal Thendum" || P. Leela, Chorus || G. Sankara Kurup ||
|-
| 9 || "Unnanam Uranganam" || [[C. O. Anto]] || Abhayadev ||
|-
| 10 || "Veeshuka Nee Kodumkatte" || Jayalakshmi || Abhayadev ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0254636|Orral Koodi Kallanaayi}}

[[Category:1964 films]]
[[Category:1964 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1964 Indian films]]

{{1960s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Duplicate (1998 film)

2026-03-03T23:31:16Z

VanBoas1588: Improved readability and structure

{{short description|Hindi-language action comedy film}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Duplicate
| image = Duplicate-1998.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Mahesh Bhatt]]
| producer = [[Yash Johar]]
| writer = [[Robin Bhatt]] [[Akash Khurana]] [[Javed Siddiqi]]
| narrator =
| starring = [[Shah Rukh Khan]] [[Juhi Chawla]] [[Sonali Bendre]]
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Anu Malik]] '''Score:''' [[Louis Banks]]
| cinematography = Sameer Arya
| editing = Waman Bhonsle
| studio = [[Dharma Productions]]
| distributor = [[Eros International]]
| released = {{Film date|1998|5|8|df=y}}
| runtime = 166 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INRConvert|9.5|c|year=1998}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Movies/movie_detail/duplicate#.VbxZ9txVikp|title=Duplicate Budget|publisher=Box Office India|date=22 July 2015|access-date=22 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707015519/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Movies/movie_detail/duplicate#.VbxZ9txVikp|archive-date=7 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| gross = {{INRConvert|21.49|c|year=1998}}<ref name="Duplicate Box office">{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Movies/movie_detail/duplicate#.VbxZ9txVikp|title=Duplicate Box office|publisher=Box Office India|date=22 July 2015|access-date=22 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707015519/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Movies/movie_detail/duplicate#.VbxZ9txVikp|archive-date=7 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
}}

'''''Duplicate''''' is a 1998 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[action comedy film]] directed by [[Mahesh Bhatt]]. It stars [[Shahrukh Khan|Shah Rukh Khan]] in a [[dual role]], with [[Juhi Chawla]] and [[Sonali Bendre]] playing female lead roles. The film portrays Shah Rukh Khan playing a dual role as Bablu, an aspiring chef, and Manu, a notorious gangster. It marked Khan's first of many collaborations with [[Dharma Productions]]. At the [[43rd Filmfare Awards]], the film received 2 nominations – [[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role|Best Villain]] (Khan) and [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]] ([[Javed Akhtar]] for "Mere Mehboob Mere Sanam"). The movie has been described as a remake of the 1935 Hollywood classic ''[[The Whole Town's Talking]]''.<ref>{{cite web |date=10 January 2021 |title=Revisiting Duplicate: 20 interesting facts about the Shah Rukh Khan action-comedy |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/photos/slideshows/2021/Jan/10/revisiting-duplicate-20-interesting-facts-about-the-shah-rukh-khan-action-comedy-1237.html |access-date=3 July 2025 |website=Cinema Express}}</ref>

==Plot==
Bablu, a bubbly and childish young man, is an aspiring chef who always prays to God whenever he gets the chance. Manu, who is a very big gangster and a doppelganger of Bablu, is meanwhile getting chased by the police. He eventually gets caught, but swiftly gets his way out of getting arrested.

On his way to a job interview, Bablu meets Sonia Kapoor, a charming and beautiful hotel catering manager, in a cab. They argue over who should get the cab, but eventually figure out that they are going to the same place; Bablu is going to a job interview with Sonia. Bablu eventually gets hired as the head chef at the hotel after showing off his cooking skills and meets the hotel's owner who has a crush on Sonia, even though Sonia doesn't reciprocate his feelings. Throughout the film, the manager tries his hardest to get Bablu and Sonia broken up, and Bablu fired. As Sonia and Bablu continue to work with each other, Bablu falls in love with her.

One day, when Bablu takes Sonia out for lunch trying to express his feelings, he gets arrested after the police mistake him for Manu. Bablu is able to prove his true identity, but not before Manu hears of his duplicate. Bablu is given an identity card by the police and goes home happily only to be met by Manu and his goons. Manu tries to kill Bablu and take his place, but Manu threatens him that they have to switch places if he wants him and his loved ones to survive, forcing Bablu to unwillingly accept.

Due to his womanizing nature, Manu begins to flirt with Sonia, posing as Bablu, who notices that his behavior has changed drastically, and rejects Manu. Manu becomes extremely frustrated and continues to try and flirt with her. At the same time, Lily, Manu's girlfriend, also tries to flirt with Bablu, posing as Manu, after falling in love with his "new" personality. Bablu rejects her as well since he is madly in love with Sonia. Regardless, Bablu starts teaching all of Manu's gang members, including Lily, about morals.

One day, Manu arrives at Bablu's house, still posing as him, and sees that the light is on. He thinks that the real Bablu is inside and starts calling out for him, but is surprised to see that it is Bablu's mother. She thinks Bablu is drunk since Manu who is posing as Bablu is calling out for Bablu, so she scolds him and tells him to go to sleep. Soon Bablu and Manu switch back since the police have given up on looking for Manu. Manu decides he wants to kill Bablu and calls Bablu's mother and Sonia to an abandoned and rundown location so that Sonia and Bablu can get married, trapping them. Meanwhile, Bablu realizes he has lost a lot of his money, and thinking Manu did it, locates him, falling into Manu's trap as well. At the same exact time, the police have tracked down who they ''think'' is Manu, but is really Bablu, and follow him to the rundown location. The police arrive before Bablu, but Sonia intervenes and tells them they have the wrong guy, thinking Manu is Bablu. All of a sudden, the real Bablu arrives at the location and tells the police that the other man is Manu. Causing more confusion, Manu reappears and says he is Bablu. However, Bablu's mom says that Bablu was a big wrestler before he came to Mumbai and she says whoever pulls her to their respective side is the real Bablu. Bablu and Manu begin pulling, and when Bablu sees his mother in pain, he lets go, letting Manu win. Manu believes this proves he is "Bablu", thinking now the real Bablu will get shot and killed, but Bablu's mother reveals that the real Bablu would never let his mother be in pain. Manu reveals that he has a gun, and tries shooting Bablu, but before he can do that, Lily shoots him dead from behind. She reveals that because Bablu taught her how to be a good person, she decided to save the day. Regardless of Lily being in love with Bablu, Bablu and Sonia get married, ending the film on a good note.

==Cast==
*[[Shahrukh Khan]] as Bablu Chaudhary / Manu Dada (dual role)
*[[Juhi Chawla]] as Sonia Kapoor, Bablu's love interest.
*[[Sonali Bendre]] as Lily, Manu's love interest.
*[[Mohnish Behl]] as Ravi Lamba, Sonia's Hotel Manager.
*[[Farida Jalal]] as Mrs. Chaudhary, "Bebe"
*[[Tiku Talsania]] as Inspector R. K. Thakur
*[[Gulshan Grover]] as Shalaku
*[[Sharat Saxena]] as Dhingra
*Naushaad Abbas as a henchman
*Rana Jung Bahadur as Gappa
*[[Kajol]] as Simran Singh, the girl on the station (uncredited cameo)
*[[Vishwajeet Pradhan]] as Tony (special appearance)

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Duplicate
| type = Soundtrack Album
| artist = [[Anu Malik]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released =
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 46:37
| label = [[Saregama]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The songs featured in the film are composed by [[Anu Malik]] with lyrics penned by [[Javed Akhtar]]. The songs were rendered by [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]], [[Alka Yagnik]], [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya]], [[Kumar Sanu]], and [[Udit Narayan]]. Most popular songs in album "Mere Mehboob Mere Sanam", "Kathai Aankhon Wali", "Ek Shararat Hone Ko Hai", etc.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)!! Length
|-
| 1.
| "Mere Mehboob Mere Sanam"
| [[Alka Yagnik]] & [[Udit Narayan]]
| 06:59
|-
| 2.
| "Kathai Aankhon Wali"
| [[Kumar Sanu]]
| 07:13
|-
| 3.
| "Ek Shararat Hone Ko Hai"
| [[Kavita Krishnamurti|Kavita Krishnamurthy]] & Kumar Sanu
| 05:54
|-
| 4.
| "Ladna Jhagadna"
| Kavita Krishnamurthy & [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya]]
| 06:28
|-
| 5.
| "Wah Ji Wah"
| Kumar Sanu
| 06:04
|-
| 6.
| "Tum Nahin Jaana"
| Alka Yagnik, [[Shankar Mahadevan]] & Udit Narayan
| 06:48
|}

== Box office ==

''Duplicate'' grossed {{INRConvert|17.39|c}} in India and $1 million ({{INR|link=Indian rupee}}4.10 [[crore]]) in other countries, for a worldwide total of {{INRConvert|21.49|c}}, against its {{INRConvert|9.50|c}} budget. It had a worldwide opening week of {{INRConvert|9.44|c}}.<ref name="Duplicate Box office"/> It is the [[List of Bollywood films of 1998|12th-highest-grossing Bollywood film of 1998]] worldwide.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Years/year_world_total/1998#.VbxZD9xViko|title=Top Worldwide Grossers 1998|publisher=Box Office India|date=22 July 2015|access-date=22 July 2015}}</ref>

===Overseas===

It grossed $375,000 ({{INR|link=Indian rupee}}1.53 [[crore]]) in its first week and earned a total of $1 million ({{INR|link=Indian rupee}}4.10 [[crore]]) outside India.<ref name="Duplicate Box office"/> Overseas, it is the [[List of Bollywood films of 1998|3rd-highest-grossing Bollywood film of 1998]] behind ''[[Kuch Kuch Hota Hai]]'' ($6.3 million ({{INR|link=Indian rupee}}21.49 [[crore]])) and ''[[Dil Se..]]'' ($2.32 million ({{INR|link=Indian rupee}}9.86 [[crore]])), which were also [[Shah Rukh Khan]] starrers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Years/year_over_total/1998#.VbxZFNxViko|title=Top Overseas Gross 1998|publisher=Box Office India|date=22 July 2015|access-date=22 July 2015}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="float:centre; width:45%; text-align:center;"
|+ ''''Duplicate'''' worldwide collections breakdown
|-
! Territory
! Territory wise Collections break-up
|-
| rowspan="3" | India
| ''Nett Gross'': {{INRConvert|10.17|c}}
|-
| ''Distributor share'': {{INRConvert|5.14|c}}
|-
| ''Total Gross'': {{INRConvert|17.39|c}}
|-
|| International ''(Outside India)''
| $1 million ({{INR|link=Indian rupee}}4.10 [[crore]])
|-
||'''Worldwide'''
| {{INRConvert|21.49|c}}
|}

==Awards and nominations==
===[[Filmfare Awards|1999 Filmfare Awards]]===

{|class="wikitable storable"
! Category || Nominees || Result
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role|Best Villain]]
|[[Shah Rukh Khan]]
|rowspan="2"{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
|[[Javed Akhtar]] for "Mere Mehboob Mere Sanam"
|-
|}

===[[Bollywood Movie Awards]]===

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;"
!Year
!Category
!Film
!Result
|-
| 1999
| [[Bollywood Movie Award – Most Sensational Actress|Most Sensational Actress]]
| [[Juhi Chawla]]
| {{won}}
|-
|}

===[[Zee Cine Awards]]===

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;"
!Year
!Category
!Film
!Result
|-
| 1999
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Female]]
| [[Juhi Chawla]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0164550|Duplicate}}
* {{Netflix title}}

{{Mahesh Bhatt}}
{{Karan Johar}}
{{Dharma Productions}}

[[Category:1998 films]]
[[Category:1998 action comedy films]]
[[Category:1998 crime comedy films]]
[[Category:1998 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1998 Indian films]]
[[Category:1990s gangster films]]
[[Category:Films about lookalikes]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anu Malik]]
[[Category:Films shot in the Czech Republic]]
[[Category:Films directed by Mahesh Bhatt]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Robin Bhatt]]
[[Category:Films shot in Switzerland]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian crime comedy films]]
[[Category:Films about chefs]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]

Duplicate (1998 film)

2026-03-03T23:31:16Z

VanBoas1588: Improved readability and structure

Poli Huduga

2026-03-03T22:17:03Z

VanBoas1588: enhance references for consistency and improved wording based on references

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Poli Huduga
| image =
| caption =
| director = S. S. Ravichandra
| story = [[Paruchuri Brothers]]
| writer =
| starring = [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]] Karishma [[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]]
| producer = K. Janakiram
| music = [[Hamsalekha]]
| cinematography = B. Purushottham
| editing = [[Suresh Urs]]
| studio = Sri Productions
| released = {{Film date|1989|09|19|df=yes}}
| runtime = 139 minutes
| language = Kannada
| country = India
| budget =
}}

'''''Poli Huduga''''' ({{translation|Rogue boy}}) is a 1989 [[Kannada]]-language [[action drama film]] written by [[Paruchuri Brothers]] and directed by S. S. Ravichandra. The film cast includes [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]], Karishma, [[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]] and [[Devaraj]], while many other prominent actors featured in supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/celebs//ravichandran/filmography.html|title=Ravichandran - Filmography | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203105522/https://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/ravichandran/filmography.html | archive-date=2017-02-03 |website=www.filmibeat.com}}</ref> The soundtrack and score composition was by [[Hamsalekha]]. The film was a remake of [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Kaliyuga Pandavulu]]''.

== Cast ==
* [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]] as Vijay Kumar
* Karishma
* [[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]]
* [[Devaraj]]
* [[Thoogudeepa Srinivas]]
* [[Jaggesh]]
* [[Mukhyamantri Chandru]]
* [[Doddanna]]
* [[Sundar Krishna Urs]]
* [[Umashri]]
* [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]]
* Dinesh
* [[Mysore Lokesh]]
* Jyothi

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed and lyrics written by [[Hamsalekha]] and audio was bought by [[Lahari Music]].<ref>{{Cite web| title=Kannada Belli Songs,kannada songs download,kannada songs free download,kannada songs mp3,kannada video songs download | url=http://kannadamasti.net/music/list/2624927 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418072214/http://kannadamasti.net:80/music/list/2624927 | archive-date=2015-04-18}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Yaaru Poli
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Manjula Gururaj]]
| lyrics1 = [[Hamsalekha]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Aa Suryana Sutthodu
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[Vani Jairam]]
| lyrics2 = Hamsalekha
| length2 =
| title3 = Kuhu Kuhu Kogile
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Lata Hamsalekha
| lyrics3 = Hamsalekha
| length3 =
| title4 = Janana Marana
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| lyrics4 = Hamsalekha
| length4 =
| title5 = Jokumarane
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Vani Jairam
| lyrics5 = Hamsalekha
| length5 =
| title6 = Mugiyitu Aa Kaalavu
| extra6 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| lyrics6 = Hamsalekha
| length6 =
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Poli Huduga}}
[[Category:1989 films]]
[[Category:1989 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1989 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Hamsalekha]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:1989 action films]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. S. Ravichandra]]

{{1980s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Melmaruvathur Arpudhangal

2026-03-03T05:22:06Z

VanBoas1588: Created new page

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Melmaruvathur Arpudhangal
| image = Melmaruvathur Arpudhangal.jpg
| caption = Title card
| director = Jagadeesan
| screenplay = Jagadeesan
| story = 'Sakthi Dasan' C. Ganesan
| producer = Ja. Gurumoorthi
| starring = [[Rajesh (Tamil actor)|Rajesh]] [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]] [[Radha Ravi]] [[Sulochana Latkar|Sulochana]] [[K. R. Vijaya]]
| cinematography = W. R. Chandran
| editing = S. V. Jayabal
| music = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| studio = Om Selvi Arts
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|1986|10|1|df=y}}
| runtime = 135 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Melmaruvathur Arpudhangal''''' ({{Translation|Miracles in [[Melmaruvathur]]}}) is 1986 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[devotional film]] written and directed by Jagadeesan from a story by "Sakthi Dasan" C. Ganesan. Music was by [[K. V. Mahadevan]]. The film stars [[Rajesh (Tamil actor)|Rajesh]], [[Sulakshana (actress)|Sulakshana]], [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]] and [[Radha Ravi]]. It was released on 1 October 1986.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Melmaruvathur Arputhangal (1986) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/melmaruvathur-arputhangal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116061811/https://screen4screen.com/movies/melmaruvathur-arputhangal |archive-date=16 November 2023 |access-date=3 March 2022 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{no plot|date=March 2022}}

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Rajesh (Tamil actor)|Rajesh]] as Mari Muthu
* [[Sulakshana (actress)|Sulakshana]] as Gayathri
* [[Radha Ravi]] as Rajadurai
* [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]] as Karpagam
* [[Thengai Srinivasan]] as Village President
* [[K. R. Vijaya]] as Goddess Sakthi
* Pile Sivan as Raja Durai's Friend
* S. N. Parvathi as Mari Muthu's Neighbour
* Payalvaan Ranganathan as Raja Durai's Henchmen
* MLA Thangaraj
* Raj Krishna
* Mythili Priya
}}

== Soundtrack ==
Music was composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Melmaruvathur Arputhangal (1986)Tamil Super Hit Film LP Vinyl Record by K.V.Mahadhevan |url=https://dmcvinyl.com/collection/melmaruvathur-arputhangal-by-kvm/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103012145/https://dmcvinyl.com/collection/melmaruvathur-arputhangal-by-kvm/ |archive-date=3 November 2021 |access-date=3 March 2022 |website=Disco Music Center}}</ref>

;Tamil version

Lyrics were written by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]].
{| class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer !! Length
|-
| "Ore Thaai Ore Kulam" || [[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]] || 03:38
|-
| "Oora Paadala" || [[Malaysia Vasudevan]] || 01:09
|-
| "Unna Thaane Malaya" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || 04:06
|-
| "Amma Unathu Arputhangal" || [[Vani Jairam]] || 04:33
|-
| "Aanaiyittal Aadukkiren" || [[P. Susheela]] || 04:37
|-
| "Ennai Peththavalae" || K. J. Yesudas || 04:15
|-
| "Vanga Kadalin" || [[S. P. Sailaja]] || 05:15
|-
| "Vaanamayil Pole" || Vani Jairam || 04:14
|}

;Telugu version

This film was dubbed into Telugu as ''Aadhi Sakthi Mahimalu''.<ref name="Aadhi Sakthi Mahimalu">{{Cite web |title=Aadhi Sakthi Mahimalu |url=https://indiancine.ma/BEHY/info |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230920161115/https://indiancine.ma/BEHY/info |archive-date=20 September 2023 |access-date=10 January 2021 |website=indiancine.ma}}</ref> Lyrics were written by [[Rajasri (writer)|Rajasri]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aadhi Shakthi Mahimulu |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/76IKCjqggIaCwjoTMBb80o |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20221119053004/https://open.spotify.com/album/76IKCjqggIaCwjoTMBb80o |archive-date=19 November 2022 |access-date=10 January 2021 |website=[[Spotify]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| "Ninnu Nenu" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || 04:12
|-
| "Amma Needu" || [[Vani Jairam]] || 04:39
|-
| "Ananthiga" || [[P. Susheela]] || 04:44
|-
| "Kannu Penchhina" || Raj Seetharam || 04:20
|-
| "Punya Sagara" || Vani Jairam || 05:17
|-
| "Oorikai Paadave" || [[G. Anand]] || 01:18
|}

== Reception ==
''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, "Jagadeesan works at his subject at an unhurried pace coolly, but not casually or perfunctorily".<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 November 1986 |title=Unhurried |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19861114&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=2 May 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=14 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> [[Subha (writers)|Jayamanmadhan]] of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' called the film's screenplay and Mahadevan's music as plus points.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஜெயமன்மதன் |author-link=Subha (writers) |date=9 November 1986 |title=மேல்மருவத்தூர் அற்புதங்கள் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1986-11-09/page/n15/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230920161535/https://archive.org/details/kalki1986-11-09/page/n15/mode/2up |archive-date=20 September 2023 |access-date=17 February 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=14–15 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Balumani of ''Anna'' praised acting, lyrics, music, cinematography, stunts and direction.<ref>{{cite news|title=மேல்மருவத்தூர் அற்புதங்கள்|work=Anna|language=ta|access-date=16 July 2025|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP372-6-23-11-14|date=31 October 1986|via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|last=பாலுமணி |page=8}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|3322598}}

[[Category:1986 Indian films]]
[[Category:1986 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1986 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]
[[Category:Hindu devotional films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Dhill

2026-03-03T04:33:55Z

VanBoas1588: further adjust content per sources and cleaned formatting

{{short description|2001 film by Dharani}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dhill
| image = Dhill poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Dharani (director)|Dharani]]
| screenplay = Dharani
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = {{Ubl |[[Bharathan]]}}
}}
| story = Dharani
| starring = [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] [[Laila (actress)|Laila]] [[Ashish Vidyarthi]]
| producer = T. Ajaykumar
| cinematography = S. Gopinath
| narrator = [[P. Ravi Shankar]] {{Small|'''(climax)'''}}
| editing = [[B. Lenin]] [[V. T. Vijayan]]
| music = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| studio = Lakshmi Productions
| distributor = Omm Divya LTD [[Siddhanta Mahapatra]]
| country = India
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2001|07|13}}
| runtime = 158 minutes
| language = Tamil
| gross =
}}

'''''Dhill''''' ({{translation|Guts/Courage}}) is a 2001 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action film]] written and directed by [[Dharani (director)|Dharani]]. The film stars [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] in the lead role, alongside [[Laila (actress)|Laila]], [[Ashish Vidyarthi]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] and [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] in supporting roles. The music was composed by [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]], while cinematography and editing were handled by S. Gopinath and [[B. Lenin]] and [[V. T. Vijayan]].

''Dhill'' was released on 13 July 2001. It received positive reviews and became a commercial success. The film was remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Sreeram]]'' (2002), [[Hindi]] as ''[[Dum (2003 Hindi film)|Dum]]'' (2003), [[Kannada]] as ''[[Sye (2005 film)|Sye]]'' (2005), Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]] as ''Shotrur Mokabila'' (2002) and in [[Bangladesh]]I Bengali as ''Arman'' (2002). ''Dhill'' was the first film to credit Vikram with the title ''Chiyaan''.

==Plot==
Kanagavel an aspiring [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] trainee, succeeds in clearing the exams. After having dinner at a restaurant with his girlfriend Asha and while paying the bill, [[Inspector]] ''Encounter'' Shankar behaves indecently with Asha, but is severely beaten by Kanagavel. Upon learning this, the Chief of Police Training Academy tells Kanagavel that Shankar is an egoistic, corrupt police officer who uses his powers for illegal activities. The Chief reveals that Shankar, along with minister Vedhanayagam and goon Aadhi Bhagavan, alias Adi, were responsible for his daughter's death. His wife, Arathi, losing her sanity as she witnessed Aadhi Bhagavan killing his rival, and she had only came forward to testify in the court.

Learning this, Kanagavel decides to end Shankar's threat once and for all. However, Shankar already goes on the offensive by killing Kanagavel's friend Ashok with the help of Adi. Kanagavel retaliates by attacking Shankar, where he kills Adi with Shankar's gun stolen by him, making everybody believe that Shankar gunned Adi in retaliation. Shankar kills Vedanayagam and frames Kanagavel for the crime. However, it is revealed that Adi's death was faked and that he is actually in Kanagavel's captivity. Unaware of this, Shankar manages to launch a massive manhunt against Kanagavel. Upon learning that Adi is still alive, Shankar springs into action to track down Adi, Kanagavel and Asha.

Shankar traces the trio, and a shootout occurs, where Adi gets fatally injured. Taking advantage of the situation, Shankar tries to corner and kill Kanagavel. On his deathbed, Adi confesses all his crimes to Asha, who records the confession. The [[police commissioner]] arrives at the crime scene, where Asha gives him his dying confession. With Shankar's real face exposed, the commissioner orders Kanagavel and Shankar to surrender. Shankar tries to escape, but Kanagavel tracks him down and kills him. Kanagavel surrenders to the court, but he is released based on evidence and is made to join the IPS.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] as [[Assistant Commissioner of Police|ACP]] Kanagavel [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Laila (actress)|Laila]] as Asha (Voice dubbed by [[Sreeja Ravi]])
* [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] as [[Inspector]] "Encounter" Shankar (Voice dubbed by [[P. Ravi Shankar]])
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as R. Mahendran, Chief of Police Training Academy
* [[FEFSI Vijayan]] as Aadhi Bhagavan
* [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] as "Chinnathirai Singam" Megaserial Mahadevan, Kanagavel's friend
* Rajasekhar as Subramaniam, Kanagavel's father
* [[Kalairani]] as Lakshmi, Kanagavel's mother
* [[Deepa Venkat]] as Selvi, Kanagavel's sister
* Akash as Sekhar, Kanagavel's brother-in-law & Asha's brother
* Vijaya Bharathi as Shanthi, R. Mahendran's wife
* Sukran as Ashok, Kanagavel's friend
* [[Mayilsamy]] as Ezhumalai, Kanagavel's friend
* [[Pandu (actor)|Pandu]] as Constable Sudalairaja
* [[Vaiyapuri]] as Udumalai, Kanagavel's friend
* [[Mohan Raj]] as Minister Vedhanayagam
* [[Charuhasan]] as Minister Subbaiya
* [[M. R. Krishnamurthy|MRK]] as Advocate Perumal
* [[R. N. R. Manohar]]
* [[Crane Manohar]] as Mani
* Karnaa Radha
* [[Manikka Vinayagam]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/paravai-muniyammas-innocence-turned-dhool-shoot-into-a-fun-experience-director-dharani/articleshow/74873364.cms|title=Paravai Muniyamma's innocence turned Dhool shoot into a fun experience: Director Dharani|work=The Times of India|author=M. Suganth|date=29 March 2020|access-date=11 July 2022|archive-date=11 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711215229/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/paravai-muniyammas-innocence-turned-dhool-shoot-into-a-fun-experience-director-dharani/articleshow/74873364.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Alphonsa (actress)|Alphonsa]] in an [[item number]] ("Machan Meesai")
* Priyanka Robo Shankar as Cooking show anchor (uncredited)
}}

==Production==
Vikram, after the success of the critically acclaimed ''[[Sethu (film)|Sethu]]'', chose to sign on to appear in an action film directed by his [[Loyola College, Chennai|Loyola College]] classmate Dharani. The director had previously worked under the name of Ramani and had made the [[Mammootty]] starrer ''[[Ethirum Pudhirum]]'' in 1999.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/apr/29ss.htm| title = rediff.com, Movies: Vasundhara's no glam doll| access-date = 23 March 2012| archive-date = 4 November 2013| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131104165343/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/apr/29ss.htm| url-status = live}}</ref> The film was initially titled as ''Kanagavel'' after the lead character, before being renamed to ''Dhill''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/gossip/2001/feb/radha.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050306214255/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/gossip/2001/feb/radha.htm|archive-date=6 March 2005|title=Dinakaran}}</ref> To appear trim in the role of the aspiring police officer, Vikram went on a strict diet eating only fruits and drinking juice.<ref name="starint">{{cite news|author=Selva, T|date=10 January 2005|title=Vikram's star rises|newspaper=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|access-date=2011-07-31|url=http://ecentral.my/news/story.asp?file=/2005/1/10/movies/9803468&sec=movies|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609122941/http://ecentral.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2005%2F1%2F10%2Fmovies%2F9803468&sec=movies|archive-date=9 June 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> He revealed that for the film when bulking, he was on 25 egg whites and one whole cooked chicken a day and also employed a body builder to train him.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/04/01/stories/2006040100220300.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060906014930/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/04/01/stories/2006040100220300.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=6 September 2006 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=V for Vikram | date=1 April 2006}}</ref>

Vikram often helped out during the shooting of the film by helping suggest changes to scenes.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-27/news-interviews/28258661_1_blast-ramani-dharani | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710183027/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-27/news-interviews/28258661_1_blast-ramani-dharani | url-status=dead | archive-date=10 July 2012 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Blast from the past | date=27 October 2010}}</ref> The film also marked the Tamil debut of Hindi actor [[Ashish Vidyarthi]], who has since gone on to appear in several other prominent films. The actor had to wear prosthetic make-up for the film, noting that it took over one hour to put on.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://cinematoday2.itgo.com/%27DIL%27%20-%20%28Vikram%20-%20Laila%29.htm| title = Dil| access-date = 23 March 2012| archive-date = 31 May 2008| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080531133718/http://cinematoday2.itgo.com/%27DIL%27%20-%20%28Vikram%20-%20Laila%29.htm| url-status = live}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]] and consists of 5 songs.

{{Infobox album
| name = Dhill
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2001
| recorded = 2001
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 24:01
| label = Hit Musics [[Saregama]]
| producer = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| prev_title = [[Randam Bhavam]]
| prev_year = 2001
| next_title = [[Alli Thandha Vaanam]]
| next_year = 2001
| misc = {{External media|audio1={{YouTube|Vz1_1HA7sq4|Dhill - Audio Jukebox}}}}
}}

{{track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 24:01
| title1 = Dhill Dhill
| lyrics1 = [[Pa. Vijay]]
| extra1 = Timmy, [[Sriram Parthasarathy]], [[Ranjith (actor)|Ranjith]]
| length1 = 4:08
| title2 = Kannukulle
| lyrics2 = [[Arivumathi]]
| extra2 = [[Manikka Vinayagam]]
| length2 = 4:45
| title3 = Machan Meesai
| lyrics3 = Pa. Vijay
| extra3 = Pushpa Anand
| length3 = 4:51
| title4 = Oh Nanbane
| lyrics4 = Arivumathi
| extra4 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], [[K.S.Chithra]]
| length4 = 5:25
| title5 = Un Samayal Arayil
| lyrics5 = [[Kabilan (lyricist)|Kabilan]]
| extra5 = [[P. Unnikrishnan]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]
| length5 = 4:52
| all_writing =
| title6 =
| length6 =
| title7 =
| length7 =
| title8 =
| length8 =
| title9 =
| length9 =
| title10 =
| length10 =
}}

==Release==
''[[The Hindu]]'' stated that "Vikram has the ability and potential" and that "Vikram has once again proved that his success in ''[[Sethu (film)|Sethu]]'' was not a fluke".<ref name="dhillhindu">{{cite news|author=Kumar, Ashok|date=27 July 2001|title=Film Review: Dhil|access-date=2011-07-31|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2001/07/27/stories/09270222.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030730150404/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2001/07/27/stories/09270222.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 July 2003|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> Ayappa Prasad from Screen Magazine wrote that " ''Dhill ''stands out for its convincing storyline and a good performance by Vikram who has strained a lot to be a good action hero who can also emote".<ref>http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/C7C0176562FC0DAEE5256B170039A5C7 {{Dead link|date=November 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ''Dhill'' became Vikram's first success in the [[masala (film genre)|masala film genre]] and led the way for more such films in the same genre for him.<ref name="dhillhit">{{cite news|author=Kumar, Ashok|date=9 August 2002|title=Raising expectations|access-date=2011-07-31|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/08/09/stories/2002080901030200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030908024202/http://hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/08/09/stories/2002080901030200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 September 2003|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/kalki2001-08-05/page/16/mode/2up ''Kalki'' review]</ref>

''Dhill'' won six [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]] for 2001 with Vidyasagar winning the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] award for his work in ''Dhill'' alongside ''[[Thavasi]]'' and ''[[Poovellam Un Vasam]]''. The film also won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Male Playback|Best Male Playback Singer]] for [[P. Unnikrishnan]], [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Female Playback|Best Female Playback Singer]] for [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]] and the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Make-up Artist|Best Make-up Artist]] award for Nageswar Rao. Furthermore, dubbing artistes [[Sai Ravi]] and [[Sreeja Ravi|Sreeja]] picked up the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Male Dubbing Artist|Best Male Dubbing Artist]] and [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Female Dubbing Artist|Best Female Dubbing Artist]] respectively for their work in the film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/10733.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041024060415/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/10733.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 October 2004|title = Tamil Cinema News | Tamil Movie Reviews | Tamil Movie Trailers - IndiaGlitz Tamil}}</ref>

The success of ''Dhill'' prompted Vikram and Dharani to come together in 2002 for a project titled ''[[Dhool]]'', which also went on to do become a large commercial success.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/08/09/stories/2002080901030200.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030908024202/http://hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/08/09/stories/2002080901030200.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=8 September 2003 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Raising expectations | date=9 August 2002}}</ref> Furthermore, to capitulate on the hit pair of Vikram and Laila, a 1997 Malayalam film they had starred in together, ''Ithu Oru Snehagadha'' was dubbed and released in Tamil as ''Thrill''.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/05/17/stories/2002051701380300.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030704161026/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/05/17/stories/2002051701380300.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=4 July 2003 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=A shot in the arm | date=17 May 2002}}</ref>

== Dubbed versions and remakes ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Language
!Main Cast
|-
| rowspan="3" |2002
|''[[Sreeram]]''
|Telugu
|[[Uday Kiran]], [[Natassha|Anita Hassanandani]]
|-
|''[[Arman (2002 film)|Arman]]''
|Bengali (Bangladesh)
| [[Manna (actor)|Manna]], [[Purnima (Bangladeshi actress)|Purnima]]
|-
|''[[Shotrur Mokabila]]''
|Bengali
| [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Rachna Banerjee]]
|-
|2003
|''[[Dum (2003 Hindi film)|Dum]]''
|Hindi
|[[Vivek Oberoi]], [[Diya Mirza]]
|-
|2005
|''[[Sye (2005 film)|Sye]]''
|Kannada
|[[Sudeep]], [[Kanika (actress)|Kanika]]
|}
Despite the remakes, the film was dubbed and released twice in Hindi as ''Meri Aan: Man In Work''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vikram-is-red-hot-in-andhra-news-telugu-kkfvHnjchci.html |title=Vikram is red hot in Andhra |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409004703/http://www.sify.com/movies/vikram-is-red-hot-in-andhra-news-telugu-kkfvHnjchci.html |archive-date=9 April 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0375705|Dhill}}

{{Dharani (director)}}

[[Category:2001 films]]
[[Category:2000s masala films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:2001 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2001 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vidyasagar (composer)]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Dharani (director)]]
[[Category:2001 action films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

A Aa E Ee (2009 Tamil film)

2026-03-03T04:23:08Z

VanBoas1588: improved section as per guidelines and cleaned formatting as per guidelines

{{short description|2009 film by Sabapathy Dekshinamurthy}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = A Aa E Ee
| image = Movie poster A Aa E Ee.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Sabapathy Dekshinamurthy]]
| producer = AVM K. Shanmugam
| writer = V. Srinivasan (dialogues)
| story = [[Krishna Vamsi]]
| starring = [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] [[Navdeep]] [[Aravind Akash]] [[Monica (actress)|Monica]] [[Saranya Mohan]]
| music = [[Vijay Antony]]
| cinematography = [[Aruldas]]
| editing = K. Shankar K. Thangavel Kumaran
| distributor = [[AVM Productions]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2009|1|9}}
| runtime = 130 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''A Aa E Ee''''' is a 2009 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by [[Sabapathy Dekshinamurthy]]. It stars [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], [[Navdeep]], [[Aravind Akash]], [[Monica (actress)|Monica]], and [[Saranya Mohan]], whilst, supporting actors [[Cochin Haneefa]], [[J. Livingston|Livingston]], [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] and [[Ganja Karuppu]] play other prominent roles.<ref>{{cite web|title=Oct 6th treats 'A AA E EE' audio launch|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/42059.html|website=IndiaGlitz.com|access-date=2008-10-04| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081005143334/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/42059.html| archive-date= 5 October 2008| url-status= live}}</ref> Produced by the oldest [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] film production company, [[AVM Productions]], the film was released on 9 January 2009. The film is a remake of Telugu film ''[[Chandamama (2007 film)|Chandamama]]''. The film received mixed reviews from critics.

==Plot==
Subramaniam ([[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]]), an [[ayurveda|ayurvedic]] physician, is a much-respected man in his village. His only daughter Anitha ([[Monica (actress)|Monica]]) returns home from Chennai after completing a course in [[fashion designing]]. Having lost her mother at a very young age, Anitha is close to her father, and they share a special bond. Soon, Anitha's marriage is fixed with Elango ([[Aravind Akash]]), the son of Vedachalam ([[Cochin Haneefa]]). While Vedachalam is a good-for-nothing chap, Elango is a perfect match. Elango falls in love with Anitha, but she tells him of her past: her lover Akash ([[Navdeep]]), who had jilted her after a one-night stand. Elango, though shattered, meets Akash and tries to unite him with Anitha. In this attempt, he finds himself falling in love with Anitha's cousin Eeswari ([[Saranya Mohan]]). Now the story is about uniting the two pairs of lovers. Anitha does not want painful memories from her past hurting her father .

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] as Subramaniam
*[[Navdeep]] as Aakash
*[[Monica (actress)|Monica]] as Anitha
*[[Aravind Akash]] as Elango
*[[Saranya Mohan]] as Eeswari
*[[Cochin Haneefa|V. M. C. Haneefa]] as Vedachalam
*[[J. Livingston|Livingston]] as Police officer
*[[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Elango's grandmother
*[[Ganja Karuppu]] as Kicha
*[[Sathyan Sivakumar|Sathyan]] as Elango's friend
*[[Bonda Mani]]
*[[Pandu (actor)|Pandu]] as Doctor
*[[R. S. Shivaji]] as Police officer
*[[Vasu Vikram]]
*[[Mohan Raman]] as Drummer
*[[S. N. Lakshmi]]
}}

==Production==
The film was shot in locations like Thenkasi, Kuttralam, Ambasamudram, Manimutharu, Karaikudi, Thirumayam, and Salem in Tamilnadu and in Challakudi at Kerala.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/-review-tamil-movie-10183|title=A Aa E Ee Preview|website=Indiaglitz|access-date=31 July 2024}}</ref> The song "Kannivedi" choreographed by Bobby was done with 456 cut shots.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/a-unique-song/articleshow/3903963.cms|date=29 December 2008|website=Times of India|access-date=31 July 2024|title=A unique song}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/a-family-entertainer/articleshow/3403714.cms|title=A family entertainer|website=Times of India|access-date=31 July 2024|date=26 August 2008}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
Soundtrack was composed by Vijay Antony and lyrics by Eknath, Priyan and Annamalai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://open.spotify.com/album/2Dn6gs0oqBjvI1J7PqvkZn|title=A Aa E Ee (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)|website=Spotify|access-date=31 July 2024}}</ref> ''Rediff'' wrote "Though Vijay Antony seems to want to go beyond his Kadhalil Vizhunthen tracks, it still looks like the hangover exists. Some numbers are passable, while others are down-right boring".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/ssa/20081021.htm|date=21 October 2008|website=Rediff|first=Pavithra |last=Srinivasan|title=Mediocre|access-date=31 July 2024}}</ref> ''Milliblog'' wrote "{{Transliteration|ta|A aa e ee }} is a middling soundtrack from the Nakka mukka man".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://milliblog.com/2008/10/12/music-review-a-aa-e-ee-tamil-vijay-antony/|title=Music review: A Aa E Ee (Tamil – Vijay Antony)|date=12 October 2008|website=[[Milliblog]]|access-date=31 July 2024}}</ref> ''Behindwoods'' wrote "Vijay Antony has employed creative musical idioms in this album. The sound mixing is good!".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-music-reviews/review-1/a-aa-e-ee-music-review.html|title=A Aa E Ee Music Review|website=Behindwoods|access-date=31 July 2024}}</ref>
{{Infobox album
| name = A Aa E Ee
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Vijay Antony]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2009
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = Tamil
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Kadhalil Vizhunthen]]
| prev_year = 2008
| next_title = [[TN 07 AL 4777]]
| next_year = 2009
}}

{| class="wikitable"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics
|-
| 1 || "A Aa E Ee" || [[Rahul Nambiar]], Dinesh || Priyan
|-
| 2 || "Dingi Tappu" || [[Megha (singer)|Megha]], Sheeba, Vinaya, Maya, [[Ramya NSK]], [[Vijay Antony]] || rowspan=2|Eknaath
|-
| 3 || "Kanni Vedi" || Vijay Antony, [[Sangeetha Rajeshwaran]]
|-
| 4 || "Mena Minuki" || Vijay Antony, [[Suchitra]], [[Surmukhi Raman]], [[Sangeetha Rajeshwaran]] || Vijay Antony
|-
| 5 || "Natta Nada" || Sangeetha Rajeshwaran, [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], Christopher || Annamalai
|-
| 6 || "Tappo Tappo" || Bakshi, Sulabha || Eknaath
|-
|}

==Release and reception==
The film was originally slated to release on 18 December 2008 but got postponed and released on 9 January 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/dec-08-02/a-aa-e-ee-11-12-08.html|title=Movie release postponed|date=11 November 2008|website=Behindwoods|access-date=31 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/43559.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081212054238/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/43559.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 December 2008 |title='A AA E EE' comes in January - Tamil Movie News |website=IndiaGlitz |access-date=2012-02-09}}</ref>

''Times of India'' wrote "If only the director had trimmed the first few minutes where Prabhu 'hardsells' ayurveda, had one song less, and shortened the build up to the climax, the occasional drag could have been avoided".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/a-aa-e-ee/movie-review/4035612.cms|title=A aa e ee Movie Review {2.5/5}: Critic Review of A aa e ee by Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref> ''Behindwoods'' wrote "Imagine those drag sitcoms they used to telecast on national television, especially the ones that are made in less-than-a-shoe-string’s budget and happen mostly in a single room with the help of set props to depict different locations? We didn’t find ‘A Aa E Ee’ any different from those sitcoms and the movie was nightmarishly reminiscent of those excruciatingly boring, no-other-choice days".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-reviews/reviews-2/a-aa-e-ee.html|title=A Aa E Ee Movie Review - Behindwoods.com - A Aa E Ee Movie Review Navdeep Monica Saranya Mohan Arvind Akash Manorama Prabu Ganesan Livingstone Direction D.Sabapathy Music Vijay Antony Production AVM Images Gallery Stills|website=www.behindwoods.com}}</ref> ''Indiaglitz'' wrote "If you can forgive thee first ten minutes of the movie, 'A AA E EE' is worth a watch. A florid bouquet can be given to Sabhapathy, for his guts to make a movie sans any hero worship or vulgar comedies".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/a-aa-e-ee-review-tamil-movie-10183|title=A AA E EE Review|date=8 January 2009|access-date=31 July 2024|website=Indiaglitz}}</ref> Pavithra Srinivasan of ''Rediff'' wrote "For a feel-good comedy, this one falls remarkably flat".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/aaaeee-review/20090109.htm|first=Pavithra|last=Srinivasan|website=Rediff|title=A Aa E Ee falls flat|date=9 January 2009|access-date=31 July 2024}}</ref> Mythily Ramachandran of ''Nowrunning'' wrote "There are moments when the film sags, but if you have a penchant for clean family drama, this one could be straight up your alley".<ref>{{cite web|first=Mythily|last=Ramachandran|website=Now Running|access-date=31 July 2024|title=A AA E EE Review by Mythily Ramachandran|url=https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/5846/tamil/a-aa-e-ee/1970/review.htm}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{official website|https://web.archive.org/web/20090217201728/http://a-aa-e-ee.com:80/}}
* {{IMDb title|tt2009407}}
* [http://www.paadal.com/album/a_aa_e_ee A Aa E Ee at Paadal.com]

{{AVM Productions}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:A Aa E Ee}}
[[Category:2009 films]]
[[Category:2009 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2009 Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vijay Antony]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sabapathy Dekshinamurthy]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Karaikudi]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]

IPC 376

2026-03-03T02:35:24Z

VanBoas1588: Starting A Info

{{distinguish|text=IPC 376, a section of the [[Indian Penal Code]]}}
{{Short description|2021 Indian Tamil movie}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = IPC 376
| image = IPC 376 film.jpg
| caption = Release poster
| director = Ramkumar Subbaraman
| producer = S. Prabhakar
| writer =
| starring = [[Nandita Swetha]]
| music = Yaadhav Ramalinkgam
| cinematography = K. Dhillraj
| editing = Nirmal
| studio = Power King Studio
| released = {{Film date|2021|10|29|df=yes}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''IPC 376''''' is a 2021 Indian Tamil-language [[Thriller film|horror thriller film]] directed by Ramkumar Subbaraman and starring [[Nandita Swetha]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2017 |title=2021ல் தமிழில் வெளியான படங்கள் - முழு விபரம் |url=https://m.dinamalar.com/cinema_detail.php?id=101917 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308210957/https://m.dinamalar.com/cinema_detail.php?id=101917 |archive-date=2022-03-08 |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=Dinamalar}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Nandita Swetha]] as Yazhini (Voice dubbed by Uma Maheswari)
*Meghana Ellen as Bharati
*[[Mahanadhi Shankar]] as Perumal
*[[G. Marimuthu|Marimuthu]] as Arumugam
*[[Sampath Ram]] as Assistant Commissioner
*[[Saravana Sakthi]]
*Raja
*[[Madhusudhan Rao (actor)|Madhusudhan Rao]] as Swamiji
*[[Super Subbarayan]] as Rajasekaran
*[[Aryan (Tamil actor)|Aryan]] as Sebastian
*[[Pondy Ravi]]
*[[Bijili Ramesh]]
*Robo Chandru as Murugesan
}}

==Production==
The film is directed by Ramkumar Subbaraman, a former assistant of Balasekaran and Prabhu Solomon.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=7 March 2019 |title=Nandita Sweta takes action avatar |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/070319/nandita-sweta-takes-action-avatar.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308210957/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/070319/nandita-sweta-takes-action-avatar.html |archive-date=8 March 2022 |access-date=8 March 2022 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> The film is about the consequences of rape crime.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 July 2019 |title=Proud of making it so far without a godfather: Actor Nandita Swetha intv |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/proud-making-it-so-far-without-godfather-actor-nandita-swetha-intv-105118 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308210956/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/proud-making-it-so-far-without-godfather-actor-nandita-swetha-intv-105118 |archive-date=8 March 2022 |access-date=8 March 2022 |website=The News Minute}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=COVID symptoms for Nandita Swetha, quarantines herself |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/covid-symptoms-for-nandita-swetha-quarantined-herself-news-tamil-ve1d33bchfijg.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308215504/https://www.sify.com/movies/covid-symptoms-for-nandita-swetha-quarantined-herself-news-tamil-ve1d33bchfijg.html |archive-date=2022-03-08 |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The title ''IPC 376'' is based on the Indian penal code section for rape crime.<ref>{{Cite web |title='ஐபிசி 376' : போலீஸ் கெட்டப்பில் மிரட்ட வரும் 'அட்டகத்தி' நந்திதா! |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/nandita-swethas-next-based-on-social-issue/articleshow/68287443.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308211003/https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/nandita-swethas-next-based-on-social-issue/articleshow/68287443.cms |archive-date=2022-03-08 |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=Samayam Tamil}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=6 March 2019 |title=First look of Nandita Swetha's 'IPC 376' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/first-look-of-nandita-swethas-ipc-376/articleshow/68285728.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308210958/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/first-look-of-nandita-swethas-ipc-376/articleshow/68285728.cms |archive-date=2022-03-08 |access-date=2022-03-08 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=8 July 2021 |title=Nandita Sweta slams troll asking her size |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/nandita-sweta-slams-troll-asking-her-size/articleshow/84229056.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308210954/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/nandita-sweta-slams-troll-asking-her-size/articleshow/84229056.cms |archive-date=2022-03-08 |access-date=2022-03-08 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> The film was planned to be made as a Tamil and Telugu language bilingual.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 March 2020 |title=அடுத்த கட்டத்திற்கு சென்ற நந்திதாவின் IPC 376 |url=https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/2020/03/05175924/1309393/Nandita-movie-goes-next-level.vpf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308210957/https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/2020/03/05175924/1309393/Nandita-movie-goes-next-level.vpf |archive-date=8 March 2022 |access-date=8 March 2022 |website=maalaimalar.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2 July 2020 |title=IPC 376 trailer: Nandita Sweta promises a gripping crime & horror thriller |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ipc-376-trailer-nandita-sweta-promises-a-gripping-crime-horror-thriller/articleshow/76752007.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308210959/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ipc-376-trailer-nandita-sweta-promises-a-gripping-crime-horror-thriller/articleshow/76752007.cms |archive-date=2022-03-08 |access-date=2022-03-08 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Nandita Swetha underwent training for her role as a cop.<ref name="T" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=7 March 2019 |title=Stunt sequences and loads of action for Nandita |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/stunt-sequences-and-loads-of-action-for-nandita/articleshow/68286943.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308210956/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/stunt-sequences-and-loads-of-action-for-nandita/articleshow/68286943.cms |archive-date=2022-03-08 |access-date=2022-03-08 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 March 2019 |title=நந்திதாவின் 'ஐபிசி 376' பாலியல் வன்கொடுமைக்கு எதிரான படமா? |url=https://www.puthiyathalaimurai.com/newsview/44289/Nandita-Swetha-s--IPC-376--Movie-is-against-rape-crime |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308210959/https://www.puthiyathalaimurai.com/newsview/44289/Nandita-Swetha-s--IPC-376--Movie-is-against-rape-crime |archive-date=2022-03-08 |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=Puthiyathalaimurai}}</ref> Nandita did an underwater stunt sequence in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 August 2020 |title=Nandita's underwater feat! |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/050820/nanditas-underwater-feat.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308210956/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/050820/nanditas-underwater-feat.html |archive-date=8 March 2022 |access-date=8 March 2022 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> She performed the stunt sequences herself without a body double.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2020 |title=Nandita Swetha Birthday Special! These PHOTOS of the Kannada bombshell will make you go weak in the knees |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nandita-swetha-birthday-special-these-photos-of-the-kannada-bombshell-will-make-you-go-weak-in-the-knees/photostory/75452987.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308210958/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nandita-swetha-birthday-special-these-photos-of-the-kannada-bombshell-will-make-you-go-weak-in-the-knees/photostory/75452987.cms |archive-date=8 March 2022 |access-date=8 March 2022 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> The final schedule of shooting started in January of 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2019 |title=ஐபிசி 376 |url=https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/preview/2019/10/25221018/1268131/IPC-376-Movie-Preview.vpf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308210957/https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/preview/2019/10/25221018/1268131/IPC-376-Movie-Preview.vpf |archive-date=8 March 2022 |access-date=8 March 2022 |website=maalaimalar.com}}</ref><ref name="T">{{Cite news |date=7 January 2020 |title=Nandita Swetha starts final schedule of 'IPC 376' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/nandita-swetha-starts-final-schedule-of-ipc-376/articleshow/73134517.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308210956/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/nandita-swetha-starts-final-schedule-of-ipc-376/articleshow/73134517.cms |archive-date=2022-03-08 |access-date=2022-03-08 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Filming finished in March 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=It's a wrap for Nandita Swetha' s IPC 376 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/mar/08/its-a-wrap-for-nandita-swetha-s-ipc-376-17413.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308210957/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/mar/08/its-a-wrap-for-nandita-swetha-s-ipc-376-17413.html |archive-date=2022-03-08 |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=5 March 2020 |title=Nandita Swetha's IPC 376 completes shooting |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/nandita-swethas-ipc-376-completes-shooting/articleshow/74493933.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308210955/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/nandita-swethas-ipc-376-completes-shooting/articleshow/74493933.cms |archive-date=2022-03-08 |access-date=2022-03-08 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
Songs by Yaadhav Ramalinkgam.
*"Angali Thaye"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nandita Swetha IPC 376 Movie Songs | Angali Thaye Song Lyrical | Roshini | Yaadhav Ramalinkgam |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QauMsWw5XHM |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308210955/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QauMsWw5XHM |archive-date=2022-03-08 |access-date=2022-03-08 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
*"Karaarana Khakki"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nandita Swetha IPC 376 Movie Songs | Karaarana Khakki Song Lyrical | Yaadhav Ramalinkgam |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lYjCHcZan0s |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308210957/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lYjCHcZan0s |archive-date=2022-03-08 |access-date=2022-03-08 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

==Reception==
A critic from ''[[Maalaimalar]]'' praised the performances of the cast while criticising the film's pace.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 November 2021 |title=மர்ம கொலைகளும்... திடுக்கிடும் பின்னணியும் - ஐபிசி 376 விமர்சனம் |url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/review/2021/11/01143424/3154950/Tamil-cinema-IPC-376-movie-review.vpf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106221159/https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/review/2021/11/01143424/3154950/Tamil-cinema-IPC-376-movie-review.vpf |archive-date=6 November 2021 |access-date=8 March 2022 |work=maalaimalar.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links ==
*{{IMDb title|11355234}}

[[Category:2021 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2021 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian horror thriller films]]
[[Category:2021 films]]

Nandi Awards of 1976

2026-02-24T19:41:50Z

VanBoas1588:

{{Short description|Indian Telugu film and TV awards ceremony}}
{{one source|date=July 2021}}
{{Nandi Awards}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}

The [[Nandi Awards]], first awarded in 1964, were presented annually by the Government of Andhra Pradesh to recognise excellence in [[Telugu cinema]]. The following won the best films awards in 1976.

== 1976 Nandi Awards Winners List ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Category<ref>{{cite web|date=|title=Nandi Award winners 1964-2008|url=https://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|accessdate=14 July 2021}}</ref>
!Winner
!Film
|-
|[[List of winners of the Nandi Award for Best Feature Film|Best Feature Film]]
|[[B. S. Narayana]]
|[[Oorummadi Brathukulu]]
|-
|Second Best Feature Film
|[[C. S. Rao]]
|[[Mahakavi Kshetrayya]]
|-
|Third Best Feature Film
|[[K. Balachander]]
|[[Anthuleni Katha]]
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1976 awards]]
[[Category:Nandi Awards]]

Tal Chhapar Sanctuary

2026-02-24T15:32:25Z

VanBoas1588: updated intro after review and added references as per guidelines

{{Short description|Protected area in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2012}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Tal Chhapar Sanctuary
| alt_name =
| iucn_category = IV
| image = Aquila rapax.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = [[Tawny eagle]] at Tal Chhapar Sanctuary
| image_size =
| map = India Rajasthan
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| map_width =
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| mapframe-coordinates = {{Coord|27.79744|N|74.43240|E}}
| mapframe-zoom = 11
| location = [[Churu District]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| nearest_city = [[Chhapar]]
| coordinates = {{coord|27.798141|N|74.434937|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coords_ref =
| established = 1971<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wildvoyager.com/destinations/india/tal-chhapar|title=Tal Chhapar Sanctuary & Wildlife|publisher=Wild Voyager|access-date=13 December 2017}}</ref>
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| governing_body = [[Government of Rajasthan]]
| url =
}}
'''Tal Chhapar Sanctuary''' is a [[wildlife sanctuary]] in the [[Churu district]] of northwestern [[Rajasthan]], in the [[Shekhawati]] region of [[India]]. It is known for [[blackbuck]]s and is also home to a variety of [[birds]]. It is situated on the fringe of the Great Indian Desert and between [[Ratangarh, Churu|Ratangarh]] and [[Sujangarh]] on the [[Nokha, Bikaner|Nokha]]-[[Sujangarh]] state highway.

==Geography and geology==
The sanctuary is named after [[Chhapar]] village which is located at 27°-50' North and 74°-25' East. It is a flat saline depression locally known as a "tal" that has a unique [[ecosystem]] in the heart of the [[Thar Desert]]. It is at a height of 302 metres<ref name=TCS>{{cite web |title=Tal Chapar Sanctuary |url=http://rajasthantourism.gov.in/Attractions/EcoTourismZones/TalChaparSanctuary.aspx |date=29 Feb 2012 |publisher=rajasthantourism.gov.in |access-date=29 February 2012 |archive-date=5 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205204658/http://www.rajasthantourism.gov.in/Attractions/EcoTourismZones/TalChaparSanctuary.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> (990 feet) above sea level, and covers 719 hectares.<ref name=TCS/> Tal Chhaper Sanctuary, with almost flat tract and interspersed shallow low-lying areas, has open grassland with scattered ''[[Acacia]]'' and ''[[Prosopis]]'' trees which give it an appearance of a typical [[savanna]]. The word "tal" means pond or 'talab' in Hindi. The rain water flows through shallow low-lying areas and collect in the small seasonal water ponds.

The geology of the zone is obscured by the wind blown over-burden. Some small hillocks and exposed rocks of slate and quartzite are found in the western side of the sanctuary. The area between hillocks and the sanctuary constitutes the watershed area of the sanctuary. The whole sanctuary used to be flooded by water during the heavy rains but with salt mining going on in the watershed, hardly any rain falling on the hillocks reaches the sanctuary. Nearby villages are Jogalia, Jaitasar, Bidasar.

==Flora and fauna==
[[File:Blackbuck in Tal Chhapar Sanctuary November 2025 by Tisha Mukherjee 07.jpg|thumb|Blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra)]]
[[File:Southern_Grey_Shrike.jpg|thumb|Southern grey shrike]]
[[File:Indian_Spotted_Creeper-Feeding.jpg|thumb|Indian spotted creeper feeding]]
Tal Chhapar Sanctuary lies on the passageway of many [[migratory birds]], which pass through this area in September and stay until March. These include [[eastern imperial eagle]], [[tawny eagle]], [[short-toed eagle]], [[cream-coloured courser]], [[Old World sparrow]]s, [[little green bee-eater]], [[black ibis]] and [[demoiselle crane]]. Resident birds include the [[skylark]], [[crested lark]], [[Eurasian collared dove]] and brown doves.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Khan |first=A. N. |year=2015 |title=Birding in north-west India |journal=Buceros |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=10–17 |url=http://www.bnhsenvis.nic.in/PublicationArchiveDetails.aspx?SubLinkId=168&LinkId=754&Year=2015}}</ref>

==Climate==
This region is characterized by a distinct winter (from October to February), summer (March to June) and monsoon (July to September). The zone has a dry climate with a large variation in temperature, wind blows south – west during summer. In May and June winds become very hot and that is called "loo". The maximum temperature reaches up to {{cvt|48|C|F}} in June and the minimum temperature falls to {{cvt|10|C|F}} in December – January. The Tal Chhapar Zone comes under the principal arid zone of the country. Rainfall in this region is highly erratic. There is a large variation in mean annual rainfall in this region. The average rainfall in this region ranges between 300 and 450 mm.

==See also==
* [[Arid Forest Research Institute]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

[[Category:1966 establishments in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1966]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Churu district]]
[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Rajasthan]]

Vaishnavi Macdonald

2026-02-16T15:42:25Z

VanBoas1588: expand structure and updated info based on references

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{BLP sources|date=February 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vaishnavi Macdonald
| birth_name = Vaishnavi Mahant
| image = Vaishnavi Macdonald 2014-05-11 13-37.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Macdonald in 2014
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| other_names =
| known_for = ''[[Shaktimaan]]'', ''[[Miley Jab Hum Tum]]'', ''[[Sapne Suhane Ladakpan Ke]]''
| spouse = Leslie Macdonald
| children = 1
| website =
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 1988–present
}}

'''Vaishnavi Macdonald''' ([[née]] '''Mahant''') is an Indian film and TV actress who is best known for playing Geeta Viswas in [[Mukesh Khanna]]'s television series ''[[Shaktimaan]]'', telecasted on [[Doordarshan]]. She is currently seen in [[Dangal (TV channel)|Dangal's]] recently launched Aye Mere Humsafar.{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}} She has acted in various [[Bollywood]] films such as ''[[Bambai Ka Babu (1996 film)|Bambai Ka Babu]]'', opposite [[Saif Ali Khan]], ''[[Gharana Mogudu|Ladlaa]]'' and Barsaat Ki Raat (1998). She is also known for playing Shilpa Sharma in ''[[Miley Jab Hum Tum]]'', Shail in the [[Zee TV]] show ''[[Sapne Suhane Ladakpan Ke]]'' and Leela Taneja in the television series ''[[Tashan-E-Ishq]].''

== Early life and career ==

As a child she moved to [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] where she decided to become a scientist. However, while vacationing in [[Mumbai]], she had the opportunity to appear in the [[Ramsay Brothers]]' horror film ''[[Veerana]]'' and decided to pursue acting as a profession.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-25|title=First of Many: Vaishnavi MacDonald revisits Veerana|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/vaishnavi-macdonald-veerana-ramsay-brothers-horror-film-acting-debut-first-of-many-7320274/|access-date=2021-07-07|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> She subsequently appeared in ''Barsaat Ki Raat'', ''[[Gharana Mogudu|Ladlaa]]'', ''[[Maidan-E-Jung]]'', ''[[Bambai Ka Babu (1996 film)|Bambai Ka Babu]]'', ''Daanveer'' and ''[[Oru Mutham Manimutham]].''

From 1998 to 2005, she played the female lead Geeta Vishwas in the superhero series ''[[Shaktimaan]]'' on [[Doordarshan]]. The show, as well as her character, got high acclaim and was considered her breakthrough role. When her journalist character Geeta Vishwas was written out of the series, fan protests prompted the producers to bring her back. In 2000, she played the role of ACP Ratna, a daring police officer in the comedy serial ''Raju Raja Rajasaab'' on Sahara TV.<ref name=interview>[https://www.indiantelevision.com/interviews/actor/vaishnavi.htm An Interview with Vaishnavi Mahant.] 12 October 2001. www.indiantelevision.com Accessed 1 February 2011.</ref>

She went on to play leading roles in several [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] films.

She played the role of Sameera's mother Sapna in ''[[Chhoona Hai Aasmaan]]'' and Bhaskar's mother in the [[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|Sony Entertainment Television]] serial ''[[Bhaskar Bharti]]''. She also appeared in ''Karmyudh'' on Doordarshan in the role of Inspector Shivangi Chauhan.

She is married to Leslie Macdonald<ref>{{Cite web|title=Christmas 2019: Here's how Vaishnavi Macdonald celebrates the festival|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/video/christmas-2019-vaishnavi-macdonald-celebrates-the-festival-1631176-2019-12-24|access-date=2021-07-06|website=India Today|date=24 December 2019 |language=en}}</ref> and has a daughter.

== Filmography ==

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Year
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Title
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Role
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Notes
|-
| 1988
|''[[Veerana]]''
| Child Jasmine Pratap
|
|-
| 1994
|''[[Laadla (1994 film)|Laadla]]''
|Item girl in song ''Ladki hai kya''
|
|-
| 1995
|''[[Maidan-E-Jung]]''
|Radha
|
|-
| 1996
| ''[[Bambai Ka Babu (1996 film)|Bambai Ka Babu]]''
| Anita
|
|-
| 1996
| ''Daanveer''
| Sudha
|
|-
| 1997
| ''[[Oru Mutham Manimutham]]''
|Lekha
|Malayalam Movie
|-
| 1998
|''Barsaat Ki Raat''
|Rangeeli
|
|-
| 2001
|''Dal – The Gang''
|Reshma
|
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Baabul (2006 film)|Baabul]]''
|
|
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Mata (2006 film)|Mata]]''
|Swamini ("dil wanted" song)
| Kannada movie
|-
| 2008
| ''Saanchaa''
|
|
|-
| 2011
|''[[Mummy Punjabi]]''
| Amrita (Jackie Shroff's wife)
|
|-
|2014
|''[[Super Nani]]''
| Mann's mother
|
|-
| 2017
|''[[Who Is the First Wife of My Father]]''
| Nikita
|
|-
| 2018
|''[[Raja Abroadiya]]''
|Prakash Kaur
|
|-
| 2019
|''[[Dosti Ke Side Effects]]''
|Shristi's mother
|
|-
| 2019
|''Hansa Ek Sanyog''
|
|
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Year
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Title
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Role
|-
| 1998–2005
| ''[[Shaktimaan]]''
| Geeta Vishwas
|-
| 1998–1999
| ''[[Main Dilli Hoon]]''
| Sanyogita
|-
| rowspan="3"| 1998
| ''[[Saturday Suspense]]''
|
|-
| ''[[X Zone]]''
|
|-
| ''Awaz Ki Duniya''
| Herself (co-anchor)
|-
| rowspan="3"| 1999
| ''Naagin''
| Cameo
|-
| ''Baat Ban Jaaye''
| Guest appearance
|-
| ''Zee Horror Show'' – The Party
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2000
| ''Raju Raja Rajashaab''
| ACP Ratna
|-
| ''Naqab''
|
|-
| rowspan="6"| 2001
| ''Dushman''
|
|-
| ''Chingaari''
|
|-
| ''Gharana''
|
|-
| ''Choti Maa – Ek Anokha Bandhan''
| Sharda/Shakti
|-
| ''[[Chandan Ka Palna Resham Ki Dori]]''
| Shreya
|-
| ''[[Suraag – The Clue]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2004
| ''[[Dekho Magar Pyaar Se]]''
| Priyanka
|-
| ''[[K. Street Pali Hill]]''
| Ishita Khandelwal
|-
| 2005
| ''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]''
| Madhavi Bose/Madhavi Vineet Khanna
|-
| 2005–2007
| ''[[Ek Ladki Anjaani Si (TV series)|Ek Ladki Anjaani Si]]''
| Meera Sachdev
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Mamta (TV series)|Mamta]]''
| Vasundhara
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2007–2008
| ''[[Chhoona Hai Aasmaan]]''
| Sapna/Anupama Singh
|-
| ''[[Kahe Naa Kahe]]''
| Urmila
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Saas v/s Bahu]]''
| Contestant
|-
| 2008–2010
| ''[[Miley Jab Hum Tum]]''
| Shilpa Sharma
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2009
| ''[[Mere Ghar Aayi Ek Nanhi Pari]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Bhaskar Bharti]]''
| Bhaskar's mother
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2010
| ''[[Bairi Piya (TV series)|Bairi Piya]]''
| Sunanda Devi Pundir
|-
| ''Karmyudh''
| Shivangi Chauhan
|-
| ''[[Sapnon Se Bhare Nena]]''
| Anjali
|-
| 2010–2012
| ''[[Sasural Genda Phool]]''
| Suhana's Mother
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Maa Exchange]]''
| Herself
|-
| 2012–2015
| ''[[Sapne Suhane Ladakpan Ke]]''
| Shail Garg
|-
| 2015–2016
| ''[[Tashan-E-Ishq]]''
| Leela Taneja
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Pardes Mein Hai Mera Dil]]''
| Cameo Role
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2017–2018
| ''[[Dil Se Dil Tak]]''
| Indu Bhanushali
|-
| ''Hum Paanch Phir Se''
| Parikrama
|-
| 2017–2019
| ''[[Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai]]''
| Vishakha Maheshwari Somani
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Savdhaan India]]''
|
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Mitegi Laxman Rekha]]''
| Devyani
|-
| 2019–2020
| ''[[Divya Drishti]]''
| Mahima Shergill aka Laal Chakor
|-
| 2020–2021
| ''[[Aye Mere Humsafar]]''
| Surajmukhi Sharma
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Shaadi Mubarak]]''
| Mrs. Gopalani
|-
| rowspan="2"|2021
| ''[[Kyun Utthe Dil Chhod Aaye]]''
| Zahida Iqbal Baig
|-
| ''[[Tera Yaar Hoon Main]]''
| Shobha Roy
|-
| 2021–2022
| ''[[Meet: Badlegi Duniya Ki Reet]]''
| Anubha Ashok Hooda
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Banni Chow Home Delivery]]''
| Vandana Hemant Singh Rathore
|-
| 2022–2025
| ''[[Parineetii (TV series)|Parineetii]]''
| Parminder Rajveer Bajwa
|-
| 2025-Present
| Rimjhim
| Rani Sa
|-
|}

== Publications ==

* Macdonald, Vaishnavi. ''The Invisible Hand of God''. {{ISBN|979-8-6696-6456-5}}.
* Macdonald, Vaishnavi. ''The Cinderella Effect: Nothing Here is Forever''. Pen It! Publications, LLC. {{ISBN|978-1-954868-15-1}}.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=0883305|name=Vaishnavi Macdonald}}
*

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:MacDonald, Vaishnavi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Actresses from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Indian Christians]]
[[Category:Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Arun Matheswaran

2026-02-14T15:54:52Z

VanBoas1588:

{{Short description|Indian film director, screenwriter (born 1982)}}
{{Indian name|Arun|Matheswaran}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Arun Matheswaran
| image =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1982|02|25}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Film director|screenwriter}}
| yearsactive = 2013–present
| spouse = Ranjini
}}

'''Arun Matheswaran''' is an Indian film director and screenwriter who predominantly works in the [[Tamil film industry]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=Anusha |date=4 May 2022 |title='Saani Kaayidham' is the Second Instalment in My Revenge Trilogy: Director Arun Matheswaran |url=https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/features/interviews/saani-kaayidham-is-the-second-instalment-in-my-revenge-trilogy-director-arun-matheswaran/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227035638/https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/features/interviews/saani-kaayidham-is-the-second-instalment-in-my-revenge-trilogy-director-arun-matheswaran/ |archive-date=27 December 2023 |access-date=7 January 2024 |website=Silverscreen India}}</ref>

== Career ==
Before his debut as a director, Arun worked as an assistant director to [[Thiagarajan Kumararaja]], and was the dialogue writer of ''[[Irudhi Suttru]]'' (2016).<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2021 |title=Actor Dhanush says director Arun Matheswaran's 'Rocky' is a 'gem' |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2021/12/07/actor-dhanush-director-arun-matheswaran-rocky-gem-tamil-film.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814101210/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2021/12/07/actor-dhanush-director-arun-matheswaran-rocky-gem-tamil-film.html |archive-date=14 August 2022 |access-date=7 January 2024 |website=[[Onmanorama]] |agency=[[IANS]]}}</ref> Arun made his directorial debut in with ''[[Rocky (2021 film)|Rocky]]'' (2021) which received widespread acclaim from critics.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aiyappan |first=Ashameera |date=23 December 2021 |title=Rocky movie review: A stunning tapestry of anger, blood, and violence |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/rocky-movie-review-a-stunning-tapestry-of-anger-blood-and-violence-10231601.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215191309/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/rocky-movie-review-a-stunning-tapestry-of-anger-blood-and-violence-10231601.html |archive-date=15 December 2023 |access-date=7 January 2024 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M |date=23 December 2021 |title=Rocky Movie Review : Rocky is gloriously violent and deeply sentimental |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/rocky/movie-review/88455427.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016184823/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/rocky/movie-review/88455427.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=16 October 2022 |access-date=7 January 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> His second film, ''[[Saani Kaayidham]]'' (2022), a crime drama featuring [[Keerthy Suresh]] and [[Selvaraghavan]], premiered on [[Amazon Prime Video]].<ref name=":0" />

Arun's third directorial ''[[Captain Miller (film)|Captain Miller]]'' (2024), an action-adventure film set in the 1930s,<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 October 2022 |title=Dhanush wraps up the first schedule of Captain Miller |url=https://www.dtnext.in/cinema/2022/10/11/dhanush-wraps-up-the-first-schedule-of-captain-miller-2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204221617/https://www.dtnext.in/cinema/2022/10/11/dhanush-wraps-up-the-first-schedule-of-captain-miller-2 |archive-date=4 December 2022 |access-date=7 January 2024 |website=[[DT Next]]}}</ref> has [[Dhanush]] playing the lead and is part of a multi-film franchise that includes a prequel and sequel.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=8 November 2023 |title=Dhanush's Captain Miller to release in 3 parts; director says prequel-sequel will have giant budget |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/dhanushs-captain-miller-to-release-in-3-parts-director-says-prequel-sequel-will-have-giant-budget-1257276 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120075936/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/dhanushs-captain-miller-to-release-in-3-parts-director-says-prequel-sequel-will-have-giant-budget-1257276 |archive-date=20 November 2023 |access-date=7 January 2024 |website=[[Pinkvilla]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Debmitra |date=9 November 2023 |title=Dhanush's Captain Miller Release Date Delayed |url=https://www.comingsoon.net/indian/news/1396342-dhanush-captain-miller-release-date-delayed |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114085556/https://www.comingsoon.net/indian/news/1396342-dhanush-captain-miller-release-date-delayed |archive-date=14 November 2023 |access-date=7 January 2024 |website=[[ComingSoon.net]]}}</ref> After ''Captain Miller'', Arun was confirmed to be collaborating with Dhanush again for an untitled project, produced by [[Wunderbar Films]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2023 |title=After Captain Miller, Dhanush To Collaborate With Arun Matheswaran Again |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/after-captain-miller-dhanush-to-collaborate-with-arun-matheswaran-again-8545752.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826142037/https://www.news18.com/movies/after-captain-miller-dhanush-to-collaborate-with-arun-matheswaran-again-8545752.html |archive-date=26 August 2023 |access-date=7 January 2024 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 December 2023 |title=Update on Dhanush's third directorial to arrive on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/dec/22/update-on-dhanushs-third-directorial-to-arrive-on-this-date-50631.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107132800/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/dec/22/update-on-dhanushs-third-directorial-to-arrive-on-this-date-50631.html |archive-date=7 January 2024 |access-date=7 January 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> and a biopic of composer [[Ilaiyaraaja]], co-writing the screenplay with [[Kamal Haasan]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 March 2024 |title=Kamal Haasan will make an important contribution to Ilaiyaraaja's biopic |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kamal-haasan-will-make-an-important-contribution-to-ilaiyaraajas-biopic/articleshow/108676008.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240321135754/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kamal-haasan-will-make-an-important-contribution-to-ilaiyaraajas-biopic/articleshow/108676008.cms |archive-date=21 March 2024 |access-date=21 March 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The status of the latter project became unknown after Arun started directing a separate film, titled ''DC'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-01 |title=Lokesh Kanagaraj-Arun Matheswaran project titled DC; Wamiqa Gabbi to also star |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Nov/01/lokesh-kanagaraj-arun-matheswaran-project-titled-dc-wamiqa-gabbi-to-also-star |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=9 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251109072422/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Nov/01/lokesh-kanagaraj-arun-matheswaran-project-titled-dc-wamiqa-gabbi-to-also-star |url-status=live }}</ref> but it was later confirmed that he was still attached to the Ilaiyaraaja biopic, and that pre-production had been completed.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-02-10 |title=Dhanush-Arun Matheswaran's Ilaiyaraaja biopic: 'Pre-production has been completed' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2026/Feb/10/tamilnews2026feb09arun-matheswaran-still-on-board-to-direct-dhanush-in-ilaiyaraaja-biopic |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260210102956/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2026/Feb/10/tamilnews2026feb09arun-matheswaran-still-on-board-to-direct-dhanush-in-ilaiyaraaja-biopic |archive-date=2026-02-10 |access-date=2026-02-10 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmmaking style ==
Arun's films revolve around the themes of revenge and contain "harsh realism" which he claims helps differentiate them from other Tamil films based on revenge. He has named [[Jim Jarmusch]], [[Seijun Suzuki]] and [[Akira Kurosawa]] as some of the filmmakers who influence his films.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anjum |first=Abeer |date=5 May 2022 |title=Arun Matheswaran on 'Saani Kaayidham': Idea Is Not To Showcase Violence |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/arun-matheswaran-on-saani-kaayidham-idea-is-not-to-showcase-violence-but-stay-true-to-the-action-drama-news-195088 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107140700/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/arun-matheswaran-on-saani-kaayidham-idea-is-not-to-showcase-violence-but-stay-true-to-the-action-drama-news-195088 |archive-date=7 January 2024 |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Arun Matheswaran was born on 25 February 1982. He is married to Ranjini.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1629382652112539649 |user=SathyaJyothi |title=Wishing our dear super talented craftsman , Director @ArunMatheswaran a very Happy Birthday 🎂♥️ - Team #CaptainMiller |author-link=Sathya Jyothi Films |access-date=13 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vvvMMtaRB-E |title=😅என்னோட உண்மையான Age இதுதான்.! - Priyanka Mohan Opens Up {{!}} Arun Matheswaran {{!}} Captain Miller Special |date=10 January 2024 |language=ta |publisher=Rednool |time=18:00 to 18:08 |time-caption=From |access-date=12 January 2024 |via=[[YouTube]] |archive-date=11 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111143520/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=vvvMMtaRB-E |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{Pending films key}}
*''All films in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] unless otherwise noted.''

=== As a film director ===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of directorial credits
|-
!scope="colgroup" | Year
! scope="colgroup" | Title
! scope="colgroup" | Notes
! scope="colgroup" | {{Reference heading}}
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Rocky (2021 film)|Rocky]]''
|
|
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Saani Kaayidham]]''
|
|
|-
|2024
| ''[[Captain Miller (film)|Captain Miller]]''
|
|
|-
|2026
| {{Pending film|DC}}
|Filming
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=பிரிவு |first=இணையதளச் செய்திப் |date=2025-11-01 |title=டிசி! லோகேஷ் கனகராஜ் படத்தின் புரோமோ! |url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2025/Nov/01/dc-movie-teaser |access-date=2025-11-01 |website=Dinamani |language=ta |archive-date=13 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251113142215/https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2025/Nov/01/dc-movie-teaser |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

=== Other roles ===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of other credits
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Settai (film)|Settai]]''
| Actor
|
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Irudhi Suttru]]''
| Writer
|Dialogues only
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|8260883}}

{{Arun Matheswaran}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Matheswaran, Arun}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Tamil screenwriters]]
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]

T. Udhayachandran

2026-02-12T03:10:58Z

VanBoas1588: starting new pg

{{Short description|Service Officer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = T. Udhayachandran
| birth_name =
| image = T. Udhayachandran.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = 17 May 1972
| birth_place = [[namakkal district]]
| occupation = [[Indian Administrative Service]]
| party =
| website =
| parents =
| spouse =
| children =
}}
'''T. Udhayachandran''' ({{langx|ta|த. உதயச்சந்திரன்}}) is an [[Indian Administrative Service]] officer and Commissioner of Archaeology,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tnarch.gov.in/contacts.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830055228/www.tnarch.gov.in/contacts.htm|archive-date=2019-08-30|title=Department of Archaeology}}</ref> [[Government of TamilNadu]].

==Early life==
Udhayachandran was born on 17 May 1972, in [[Namakkal District]] and graduated in BE (Electronics &Communication Engineering) from [[Institute of Road & Transport Technology]], [[Erode]]. He belongs to 1995 batch of [[Indian Administrative Service]] and he was one of the youngest officers with age of 23 years.<ref>{{cite news|title=T Udhayachandran|url=http://www.fetna2015.org/udhayachandran/|access-date=25 August 2015|agency=FETNA|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304124725/http://www.fetna2015.org/udhayachandran/|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> His interest varies from Tamil literature, contemporary history, anthropology and technology related areas.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

==Career==
When he was Collector in [[Erode district]] he initiated massive education loan scheme for students.<ref>{{cite news|title=Students turn out in large numbers for education loan mela|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/students-turn-out-in-large-numbers-for-education-loan-mela/article1907227.ece|access-date=25 August 2015|agency=The Hindu}}</ref> He successfully conducted local body elections after ten years to ensure social justice in three rebel village panchayats [[Pappapatti]], [[Keeripatti]] and [[Nattarmangalam]] in [[Madurai district]]. He was assisted by Mr.S.V.Rajasekaran, the then panchayat union Commissioner, Usilampatti, in the field level activities.<ref>{{cite news|title=For the first time in 10 years, caste Hindus participate actively in the poll process in the four "rebel" villages.|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2321/stories/20061103003813200.htm|access-date=25 August 2015|agency=frontline.in}}</ref>

He also holds various posts in government organization including Secretary to Government (Curriculum ) School Education Department, Tamil Nadu Textbook Corporation Ltd, [[Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage Board]], [[Tamil Nadu Newsprint and Papers Limited]], Elnet Technologies Ltd and Rural Development and Panchayat Raj Department.<ref>{{cite web|title=Board of directors|url=http://www.tnpl.com/BoardOf_Directors.aspx#|website=TNPL|access-date=25 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Board of Directors|url=http://www.textbookcorp.tn.nic.in/board.htm|website=textbookcorp.tn.in|access-date=25 August 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712014232/http://www.textbookcorp.tn.nic.in/board.htm|archive-date=12 July 2015}}</ref> He also served as chairman and managing director of Tamil Nadu Small Tea Growers Industrial Cooperative Tea Factories Federation Ltd (INDCOSERVE), [[Coonoor]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Major reshuffle of IAS officers|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/major-reshuffle-of-ias-officers/article4860826.ece|access-date=25 August 2015|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

==Corruption case against TNPSC selection==
In 2011 when he was serving as [[Tamil Nadu Public Service Commission|TNPSC]] Secretary, he was not permitted to undertake the recruitment process by chairman and other members. He raised a complaint against it. [[Directorate of Vigilance and Anti-Corruption]] registered graft case against then [[Tamil Nadu Public Service Commission|TNPSC]] Chairman, Sellamuthu and all the 13 Members of the TNPSC following allegations.<ref>{{cite news|title=DVAC registers graft case against TNPSC Chairman, Members|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/dvac-registers-graft-case-against-tnpsc-chairman-members/article2536872.ece|access-date=25 August 2015|agency=The Hindu}}</ref> In 2012, R. Sellamuthu submitted his resignation to Governor.<ref>{{cite news|title=TNPSC Chairman quits over graft charges|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tnpsc-chairman-quits-over-graft-charges/article2799168.ece|access-date=25 August 2015|agency=The Hindu}}</ref> Later, he brought innovative schemes like Online Application System and Computer Based Test to ensure transparency in selection process.<ref>{{cite news|title=TNPSC Secretary shifted|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tnpsc-secretary-shifted/article4022168.ece|access-date=25 August 2015|agency=The Hindu}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Udhayachandran, T.}}
[[Category:People from Namakkal district]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Tamil people]]
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:1972 births]]

Baldwin Boys' High School

2026-02-10T03:54:46Z

VanBoas1588: expand section also and corrected details per sources

{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=April 2008}}
{{Notability|Organizations|date=July 2020}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Baldwin Boys' High School
| image = [[File:Baldwin Boys High' School Logo.jpg|200px|School Logo]]
| image_size =
| caption = The School Coat of Arms
| motto = Reverentia Jehovae est Caput Sapientiae ([[Latin]])
| city = [[Bangalore]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| postal_code = 560023
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|12.9622|77.6060|format=dms|type:edu_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| type = [[Private school|Private]] [[boarding school]]
| established = {{start date and age|1880}}
| founder = [[John Baldwin (educator)|John Baldwin]]
| authority = Board of Governors
| principal = Dr. Angel Mary
| faculty = 245 teachers and over 150 executive and support staff
| gender = Boys
| enrollment = approx. 6000
| campus_size = {{convert|10|acre|m2}}
| houses = '''Richard''', '''Oldham''', '''Buttrick''', '''Toussaint''', '''Pfeiffer''', '''Weston''', '''Andersen'''
{{color box|red}}{{color box|orange}}{{color box|blue}}{{color box|turquoise}}{{color box|purple}}{{color box|white}}{{color box|crimson}}
| mascot = Lion and Eagle
| publication = The Baldwinian
| website = {{URL|http://baldwinboyshighschool.edu.in}}
| school_board = [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education]] (year 10) [[Indian School Certificate]] (year 12)
| affiliation = [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations]]
| motto_translation = The fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom
| address = 14, Hosur Road, Richmond Town
| colors = [[Red]] and [[blue]] {{color box|red}}{{color box|blue}}
| free_label1 = Former Students
| free_text1 = Old Baldwinian
| free_label3 = School Song
| free_text3 = ''Shout all hail''
| footnote =
}}

'''Baldwin Boys' High School''' (abbreviated '''BBHS''', informally referred to as '''Baldwins''') is a private boys school for [[Boarding school|boarders]] and [[Day school|day scholars]], founded in 1880 in [[Bangalore]], India. The school is run by the [[Methodist Church in India]] under the chairmanship of [[Bishop]] Dr.Anilkumar John Servand.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Baldwin School Diary}}</ref>

In 2018, there were complaints about pupils who were late having to stand outside, and the Karnataka State Commission for Protection of Child Rights asked the police to take action.<ref>{{cite web | last=Ravishanker | first=Reshma | title=Take action against school, says child rights panel | website=Deccan Herald | date=24 August 2018 | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/take-action-against-school-not-689224.html | access-date=28 March 2025}}</ref>

==Notable former pupils==

*[[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]], actor

* [[Chiranjeevi Sarja]], actor<ref>{{cite news | last=Ram | first=Theja | title=Kannada actor Chiranjeevi Sarja dies in Bengaluru, he was 35 | work=The News Minute | date=7 June 2020 | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/karnataka/kannada-actor-chiranjeevi-sarja-dies-bengaluru-he-was-39-126073 | access-date=4 July 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://baldwinboyshighschool.edu.in/ Official website]

{{Bangalore topics}}
{{Education in Bangalore}}

[[Category:Boys' schools in India]]
[[Category:Methodist schools in India]]
[[Category:Christian schools in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Boarding schools in Karnataka]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1880]]
[[Category:1880 establishments in British India]]

{{Karnataka-school-stub}}

Zahir Shah Mirza

2026-02-08T18:18:22Z

VanBoas1588:

{{Short description|Moghul Prince (c. 1855–1899)}}'''Mirza Mu'hammad Zahir ud-Din Shah''' (c. 1855–1899) known as '''Mirza Zahir Shah''' ([[Persian language|Persian]]-ظهیرالدّین میرزا محمد) was a [[Mughal dynasty|Mughal Prince]] through the Nineteenth [[Mughal emperors|Mughal Emperor]] [[Akbar II]] lineage descendant who was the Great-Grandfather of Mirza Zahir Shah and an [[India]]n [[Zamindar]] in the erstwhile [[British Empire]] who was the first [[Zamindar of Natore]] and Patriarch founder of the [[Singranatore family|House of Singra and Natore]]. He was the son of Prince [[Mirza Jalal Shah]], who was the son of the ruler of [[Assam]], Prince [[Mirza Jahan Shah]], who was the son of Emperor [[Akbar II]] (r. 1806–1837).
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Mirza Zahir Shah
| title = Prince of [[Timurid Dynasty|Timurid–Mughal Dynasty]]
| succession = [[Zamindar]] of [[Singranatore]]
| reign = 1870s – 1899
| reign-type = Lordship
| predecessor = ''Established the landlord systems''
| successor = [[Mirza Zafar]]
| birth_name = Mirza Muhammad Zahir Shah
| birth_date = {{C.|1855}}
| birth_place = [[Allahabad]] {{small|(Present Day [[India]])}}
| death_date = {{C.|1899}} (aged 43–44)
| death_place = {{Small|[[Singranatore]] [[Bengal Presidency]] [[British Raj]] (present day [[Bangladesh]])}}
| issue = [[Mirza Zafar]] [[Umdatunnissa, Nawab Begum of Kharui]]
| full name = Mirza Muhammad Zahiruddin Shah bin Mirza Muhammad Jalal Shah bin Mirza Muhammad Jahan Shah Bahadur bin Sultan Ibn Sultan Sahib al-Mufazi Wali Ni'mat Haqiqi Khudavand Mujazi Abu Nasir Mu'in al-Din Muhammad Mirza Akbar Shah Pad-Shah Ghazi
| house = [[Mughal Dynasty|Mughal]] [[Singranatore Family|House of Singranatore]]
| house-type = Parents House
 
Founding House
| father = [[Mirza Jalal Shah]]
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]] {{small|([[Hanafi]])}}
| royal house =
| dynasty = [[Timurid Dynasty]]
}}

== Ancestry ==
{{Ahnentafel|1. '''Mirza Zahiruddin Shah''' (1855 – 1899)|2. [[Mirza Jalaluddin Shah]] ( ? – ? ) |4=4. [[Mirza Jahan Shah]] (1779 – 1846)|8=8. [[Akbar II]] (1760 – 1837)|16=16. [[Shah Alam II]] (1728 – 1806)|24=|32=32. [[Alamgir II]] (1699 – 1759)|48=|64=64. [[Jahandar Shah]] (1661 – 1713)|96=|128=128. [[Bahadur Shah I]] (1643 – 1712)|192=|256=256. [[Aurangzeb Alamgir I]] (1618 – 1707)|384=|512=|1024=|align=center|title=Ancestors of Mirza Zahir Shah|collapsed=yes}}

==Background & Early life's==
[[File:AbbasM.JPG|thumb|left|Uncle [[Mirza Shah Abbas|Muhammad Mirza Abbas Shah]] (1845-1910) at the [[Red Fort|Imperial palace]]]]
Born in about 1855 as the oldest son of Mirza Jalal Shah, a [[political pensioner]], in [[Allahabad]], after the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|events of 1857]]. He was a grandson of [[Mirza Jahan Shah]] (1779–1846) and was named after an ancestor, [[Zahiruddin Babur|Mirza Zahiruddin Muhammad Babur]], the first [[Mughal Emperor]] (1483–1530). Many members of the formerly ruling families were exiled eastwards towards [[Bengal]], such as the family of [[Tipu Sultan]] and [[Wajid Ali Shah]], the rulers of [[Mysore]] and [[Awadh]]. The Delhi Imperial family was exiled eastward to [[Burma]]. Calcutta in Bengal became the capital of the [[British Raj|Indian Empire]] in 1858, himself reaching there before 1868 and serving the [[Rajshahi Raj family|Maharajas of Natore]] in Natore.

==Biography==
He was given land grants by the British administrators as a [[lord]] (''[[Zamindar]]'') of the villages in [[East Bengal]] and served as the "[[Mridha]]" or the Minister to the [[Rajshahi Raj family|Maharaja of Rajshahi]] under whom he was [[subinfeudation|subinfeudated]]. With the decline of the Natore Zamindari, he received areas and villages formerly under the Hindu ruling family.

===Death and legacy===
In the early 1870s, in neighboring estates in Natore, he provided support to the local governors and zamindars in crushing the [[Pabna Peasant Uprisings|Pabna revolt]]s by the peasantry. In [[Pabna]], he was a patron and participant in the [[Chalanbeel Horse Race]]s. After his death in 1899, the estates of the family were expanded by his son and grandsons to become one of the few Muslim zamindars in the area. After the [[East Bengal State Acquisition and Tenancy Act of 1950|abolition of the lord-peasant system in 1950]], members of the family held important positions in regional politics and local governance.

His son, [[Mirza Zafar]], succeeded him as the ''[[Zamindar]]''. His office of the ''Mridha'' went to younger sons who dominated politics in [[Rajshahi]] and [[Natore]] well into the twenty-first century, such as [[Ibrahim Ali Mridha]] and others.

==Sources==
* {{cite book
| last1 = Chowdhury
| first1 = S. R. Kumar
| author-link =
| last2 = P. K.
| first2 = Singh
| last3 = Ismail
| first3 = M. Ali
| title = Blood Dynasties: Zemindaris of Bengal - A Chronicle of Bengal's Ruling families
| type = Paperback
| year = 2012
| publisher = Dictus: Politics and Democracy series.
| isbn = 9783847385080
}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mirza, Zahir Shah}}
[[Category:1850s births]]
[[Category:1899 deaths]]
[[Category:Mughal princes]]
[[Category:People from British India]]

Harpagomorpha dentata

2026-01-01T19:12:34Z

VanBoas1588: Starting Post

{{Short description|Genus of millipedes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =
| image_caption =
| display_parents = 3
| genus = Harpagomorpha (millipede)
| parent_authority = [[C. A. W. Jeekel|Jeekel]], 1980
| species = dentata
| authority = (Carl, 1932)
| synonyms = ''Orthomorpha dentata''
}}

'''''Harpagomorpha dentata''''' is a species of [[millipede]] in the family [[Paradoxosomatidae]]. It is the only species in the genus '''''Harpagomorpha''''', known from the [[Nilgiri mountains]], [[Southern India]]. ''H. dentata'' was originally described by Swiss zoologist [[Johann Carl]] in 1932 under the name ''Orthomorpha dentata'', and transferred to its own genus by Dutch zoologist [[C. A. W. Jeekel]] in 1980.<ref name=Catalog2013>{{cite journal|author=Nguyen, A. D.|author2=Sierwald, P.|name-list-style=amp|year=2013|title=A worldwide catalog of the family Paradoxosomatidae Daday, 1889 (Diplopoda: Polydesmida)|journal=CheckList|volume=9|issue=6|pages=1132–1353|doi=10.15560/9.6.1132|doi-access=free|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1141444}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from1=Q107143191|from2=Q18348495}}

[[Category:Polydesmida]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of the Western Ghats]]

{{Polydesmida-stub}}

Apollo Hospitals, Visakhapatnam

2025-12-29T04:51:34Z

VanBoas1588: cleaned up references per sources and corrected details

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{one source|date=November 2016}}
{{more citations needed|date=November 2016}}
}}
{{Infobox hospital
| name = Apollo Hospitals, Visakhapatnam
| org_group =
| image = Apollo Hospitals, Visakhapatnam.jpg
| caption = 
| logo = 
| location = [[Arilova]]
| region = [[Visakhapatnam]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| country = [[India]]
| healthcare =
| type = Super speciality
| speciality =
| standards = 
| emergency = Yes
| affiliation = [[Andhra Medical College]]
| beds =
| founded = 2016
| closed = 
| coordinates = {{Coord|17.71708|N|83.30921|E|display=inline,title}}
| website = [http://www.apollovizag.com/ apollovizag]
| other_links = 
}}
'''Apollo Hospitals, Visakhapatnam''' is a branch of the Apollo Group of Hospitals located in [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="ap.nic">{{cite web|title=List of recognized Hospitals|url=http://dme.ap.nic.in/Recognizedhosolist.pdf|website=www.dme.ap.nic.in|accessdate=16 November 2016}}</ref> The hospital serves the health needs of north coastal [[Andhra Pradesh]] and adjacent [[Odisha]].<ref name="hindubusinessline">{{cite news|title=Apollo Hospitals to open three centres in Seemandhra this year|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/apollo-hospitals-to-open-three-centres-in-seemandhra-this-year/article6066602.ece|accessdate=10 November 2016|agency=The Hindubusiness|date=30 May 2016}}</ref>

==History==

The multi-specialty, 350-bed hospital at Health City, Arilova, Visakhapatnam, has been operational since 2016.<ref name="apollohealthcity">{{cite web|title=Shri Nara Chandrababu Naidu inaugurates the world class Apollo Hospitals, Visakhaptnam, at Healthcity, Arilova|url=https://www.apollohealthcity.com/apollo-hospitals-visakhaptnam-at-healthcity-arilova/|website=www.apollohealthcity.com|accessdate=12 June 2017}}{{Dead link|date=June 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The hospital includes a Trauma Care Team and a Respiratory Rehabilitation Unit. The institute covers various branches of healthcare, including neurosciences, orthopedics, cosmetic and plastic surgery, gastroenterology, and liver clinics. Departments include cardiology, cardiovascular surgery, neurosurgery (including thrombectomy), bariatric surgery, plastic surgery, critical care, obstetrics and gynecology, nephrology, urology, orthopedics, radiology, ENT, and organ transplant.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

== Services ==
{{Advert section|date=July 2024}}

=== Out patient clinic ===
Out patient clinics are available from 8:00 am to 8:00 pm from Monday to Saturday.

=== Apollo pharmacy ===
One Apollo pharmacy outlet is attached to the main hospital. It is a part of Apollo Hospitals.

=== Education and research ===
AHERF hosts academic courses coupled with research in the field of healthcare.<ref name="aherf">{{cite web|title=Apollo Hospitals Educational and Research Foundation, DNB education in Radiology, Anesthesia and Cardiology|url=http://www.aherf.org/|website=www.aherf.org/|accessdate=11 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912010316/http://www.aherf.org/|archive-date=12 September 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [[List of hospitals in India]]
* [[Apollo Hospitals]]

[[Category:Hospitals in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Apollo Hospitals]]
[[Category:2016 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Hospitals established in 2016]]

Frederick Selwyn Copleston

2025-12-23T11:30:38Z

VanBoas1588: put up new article basic info

{{short description|British Indian civil servant}}
{{no inline references|date=December 2021}}

'''Frederick Selwyn Copleston''' (1850–1935) was a member of the [[Indian Civil Service]]. He was the [[Chief Justice of Myanmar|Chief Judge of the Chief Court of Lower Burma]] from 1900 to 1902.

== Biography ==
Copleston was the son of Rev. R. E. Copleston, Fellow of [[Exeter College, Oxford]] and Vicar of Edmonton. He was a member of the Copleston family, lords of the [[Copplestone|manor of Copleston]] in Devon until 1659. [[Reginald Copleston|Reginald Stephen Copleston]], [[Diocese of Calcutta (Church of North India)|Bishop of Calcutta]] and [[Ernest Copleston|Ernest Arthur Copleston]], Bishop of Colombo were his brothers.

After education at [[Marlborough College]], Copleston joined the Indian Civil Service in July 1873 and arrived in India in October 1873, when he was appointed Assistant Magistrate and Collector in [[Allahabad]]. He volunteer for service in Burma the following year and was posted there an Assistant Commissioner, and held various offices before being appointed Judicial Commissioner of Lower Burma in 1898. When the Court of the Judicial Commissioner was replaced in April 1900, Copleston was appointed the first [[Chief Justice of Myanmar|Chief Judge of the Chief Court of Lower Burma]].<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Latest Intelligence - Burma|date=9 April 1900 | page=6 |issue=36111}}</ref>

He retired in April 1902 and returned to England. According to his family, he had been asked by [[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|Lord Curzon]] to serve as [[Lieutenant-Governor of Burma]], but refused, whereupon Curzon struck off his name from the honours list. In retirement he was a [[Justice of the peace|Justice of the Peace]] for [[Somerset]].

== Family ==
Copleston married in 1883 Elizabeth Colley of Clontarf, of Dublin; she died in 1895. He married secondly in 1902 Norah Margaret Little, daughter of Colonel Colhoun-Little, MD, IMS; they had two sons, one of whom was the Jesuit philosopher and theologian [[Frederick Charles Copleston]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

;Sources
* Frederick C. Copleston, S.J. ''Memoirs of a Philosopher''. Kansas City, MO: Sheed & Ward, 1993.
* ''The India List and India Office List for 1905''. London: Harrison and Sons, 1905.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Copleston, Frederick Selwyn}}
[[Category:Judges from British Burma]]
[[Category:1935 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]
[[Category:People educated at Marlborough College]]
[[Category:1850 births]]
[[Category:Administrators in British Burma]]
[[Category:English justices of the peace]]

Chandelas of Kalanjara

2025-12-18T02:46:17Z

VanBoas1588: put up initial post basic info

{{Short description|Royal dynasty}}
The '''Chandelas of [[Kalinjar Fort|Kalinjar]]''' were a royal dynasty who controlled some parts of former Chandela territory. They were a minor branch of the [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti]].

==History==
===Establishment===
The Hindu princes and chiefs were discontented at their loss of independence and had recovered Kannauj, [[Benares]], [[Gwalior]], and [[Kalinjar Fort|Kalinjar]] had been lost during [[Qutb al-Din Aibak]]'s reign.<ref name="Mehta94">{{harvnb|Mehta|1986|p=94}}</ref>{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=201}} One of these princes, who recovered [[Kalinjar Fort|Kalinjar]] and perhaps [[Gwalior]], probably a descendant of the main [[Chandela dynasty|Chandelas of Jejakabhukti]] founded this dynasty.

===Conflict with Afghans===
One of its rulers was killed by [[Sher Shah Suri]]'s army after he defeated the ruler in 1545 CE.{{sfn|Romila Thapar|2013|p=572}} This ruler's contemporary was Keerat Rai of Mahoba, another ruler descended from the Chandelas, and the father of [[Rani Durgavati]].{{sfn|Romila Thapar|2013|p=572}} The powerful Gond kingdom of [[Garha Kingdom|Garha Katanga]] lay to its south.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |last1=Mehta |first1=Jaswant Lal |title=Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India: 1000-1526 A.D |date=1986 |publisher=Sterling Publishers |isbn=978-81-207-0573-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=82puAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}
* {{cite book |author=K. A. Nizami |author-link=K. A. Nizami |chapter=The Early Turkish Sultans of Delhi |editor1=Mohammad Habib |editor2=Khaliq Ahmad Nizami |title=A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526) |volume=5 |edition=Second |year=1992 |publisher=The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9cmAQAAMAAJ |oclc=31870180 }}
* {{cite book |author=Romila Thapar |author-link=Romila Thapar |title=The Past Before Us |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aei9AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA571 |year=2013 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-72651-2 }}

[[Category:Chandelas of Jejakabhukti]]

List of rivers of Andhra Pradesh

2025-12-04T05:58:51Z

VanBoas1588: Created location

{{short description|None}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Sources exist|date=May 2021}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2024}}
{{Expand Telugu}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}{{Use Indian English|date=April 2021}}

The major rivers of [[Andhra Pradesh]] are [[Godavari River|Godavari]], [[Krishna River|Krishna]] and [[Penna River|Pennar]]. The [[coastline of Andhra Pradesh]] has a length of 1053 km (654.3039 mi), the Third longest coastline in India after [[Gujarat]] and [[Tamil Nadu]].

== List ==
* [[Krishna River]]
* [[Godavari River]]
* [[Penna River]]
* [[Tungabhadra River]]
* [[Vamsadhara River]]
* [[Vedavathi River]]
* [[Swarnamukhi|Swarnamukhi River]]
* Veda River
* Avathi River
* Jayamangali River
* [[Chitravathi River]]
* [[Sagileru|Sagileru River]]
* [[Cheyyeru River]]
* [[Kundu River]]
* [[Maldevi River]]
* [[Papagni River]]
* Kunderu River
* Bahuda River
* Puncha River
* [[Mahendratanaya River]]
* [[Nagavali River]]
* [[Sileru River]]
* [[Arani River]]
* [[Vajrapu Kotturu|Bendi Gedda]]
* Bahuda River
* [[Budameru Rivulet|Budameru River]]
* [[Champavathi River]]
* Garibula Gedda
* [[Galeru|Galeru River]]
* [[Gosthani River]]
* [[Gundlakamma River]]
* [[Kinnerasani River]]
* Kandaleru River
* Kandivalasa River
* Kalangi River
* [[Koringa River]]
* [[Kundu River]]
* Madala River
* Manneru River
* [[Munneru River]]
* Murredu River
* [[Nadari River]]
* [[Kosasthalaiyar River]]
* Narava Gedda
* [[Palar River]]
* [[Paleru|Paleru River]]
* Pedda Gedda
* Pedda Vagu
* [[Ponnaiyar River]]
* [[Sabari River]]
* [[Sarada River]]
* [[Swarnamukhi|Swarnamukhi River]]
* [[Tammileru|Tammileru River]]
* Tandava River
* [[Varaha River]]
* [[Vedavathi River]]
* Yeleru River
* [[Yerrakaluva]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== See also ==
* [[List of rivers of India]]
{{Hydrography of Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Rivers of Andhra Pradesh|*]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh-related lists|Rivers]]
[[Category:Lists of rivers of India|Andhra Pradesh]]

Raj Bhavan, Shillong

2025-11-30T05:53:13Z

VanBoas1588: refine formatting for clarity and improved wording

#REDIRECT [[Lok Bhavan, Shillong]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Marbled cat

2025-11-23T12:57:15Z

VanBoas1588: quick refined section for clarity and improved wording

{{Short description|Species of feline}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Marbled cat
| image = Marbled cat borneo.jpg
| image_caption = A marbled cat in [[Danum Valley Conservation Area|Danum Valley]], [[Borneo]]
| status = NT
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |title=''Pardofelis marmorata'' |name-list-style=amp |author=Ross, J. |author2=Brodie, J. |author3=Cheyne, S. |author4=Datta, A. |author5=Hearn, A. |author6=Loken, B. |author7=Lynam, A.J. |author8=McCarthy, J. |author9=Phan, C. |author10=Rasphone, A. |author11=Singh, P. |author12=Wilting, A. |date=2016 |article-number=e.T16218A97164299 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T16218A97164299.en |access-date=16 January 2022}}</ref>
| status2 = CITES_A1
| status2_system = CITES
| status2_ref = <ref name=iucn/>
| genus = Pardofelis
| species = marmorata<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Wozencraft |id=14000177 |heading=Species ''Pardofelis marmorata'' |page=542}}</ref>
| authority = ([[William Charles Linnaeus Martin|Martin]], 1836)
| range_map = MarbledCat_distribution.jpg
| range_map_caption = Distribution of marbled cat, 2016<ref name=iucn />
| subdivision_ranks = Subspecies
| subdivision = *''P. m. charltoni''
*''P. m. marmorata''
}}

The '''marbled cat''' ('''''Pardofelis marmorata''''') is a small [[Felidae|wild cat]] native from the [[eastern Himalayas]] to [[Southeast Asia]], where it inhabits forests up to an elevation of {{cvt|2500|m|ft}}. As it is present in a large range, it has been listed as [[Near Threatened]] on the [[IUCN Red List]] since 2015.<ref name=iucn />

The marbled cat is closely related to the [[Asian golden cat]] (''Catopuma temminckii'') and the [[bay cat]] (''C. badia''), all of which diverged from other [[Felidae|felids]] about 9.4 million years ago.<ref name=Johnson_al2006>{{Cite journal |last1=Johnson |first1=W. E. |last2=Eizirik |first2=E. |last3=Pecon-Slattery |first3=J. |last4=Murphy |first4=W. J. |last5=Antunes |first5=A. |last6=Teeling |first6=E. |last7=O'Brien |first7=S. J. |name-list-style=amp |title=The Late Miocene Radiation of Modern Felidae: A Genetic Assessment |year=2006 |doi=10.1126/science.1122277 |journal=Science |volume=311 |issue=5757 |pages=73–77 |pmid=16400146 |bibcode=2006Sci...311...73J |s2cid=41672825 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1230866}}</ref>

==Characteristics==
The marbled cat is similar in size to a [[domestic cat]], but has rounded ears and a very long tail that is as long as the cat's head and body. The ground colour of its long fur varies from brownish-grey to ochreous brown above and greyish to buff below. It is patterned with black stripes on the short and round head, on the neck and back. On the tail, limbs and underbelly it has solid spots. On the flanks it has irregular dark-edged blotches that fuse to dark areas and look like a 'marbled' pattern. Its paws are webbed between the digits and are completely sheathed.<ref name=pocock1939>{{cite book |author=Pocock, R. I. |year=1939 |chapter= Genus ''Pardofelis'' Severtzow |title=The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Mammalia – Volume 1 |location=London |publisher=Taylor and Francis |pages=253−258 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/PocockMammalia1/pocock1#page/n323/mode/2up}}</ref>
Its coat is thick and soft. Spots on the forehead and crown merge into narrow longitudinal stripes on the neck, and irregular stripes on the back. The legs and underparts are patterned with black dots, and the tail is marked with black spots proximally and rings distally. It has large feet and unusually large [[canine tooth|canine teeth]], resembling those of the big cats, although these appear to be the result of [[parallel evolution]]. Marbled cats range from {{convert|45|to|62|cm|in|abbr=on}} in head-body length with a {{convert|35|to|55|cm|in|abbr=on}} long and thickly furred tail that indicates the cat's adaptation to an [[arboreal]] lifestyle, where the tail is used as a counterbalance. Recorded weights vary between {{convert|2|and|5|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name=WCoW>{{cite book |author=Sunquist, M. |author2=Sunquist, F. |name-list-style=amp |year=2002 |chapter=Marbled cat ''Pardofelis marmorata'' (Martin 1837) |title=Wild Cats of the World |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |pages=373–376 |isbn=978-0-226-77999-7 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/wildcatsofworld00sunq/page/373}}</ref>

==Distribution and habitat==
[[File:Pardofelis marmorata 300280177.jpg|thumb|A marbled cat in Sabah]]
The marbled cat occurs along the eastern [[Himalaya]]n foothills and in tropical [[Indomalaya]] eastward into southwest [[China]], and on the islands of [[Sumatra]] and [[Borneo]]. It is primarily associated with moist and mixed [[Deciduous forest|deciduous]]-[[Evergreen forest|evergreen]] [[tropical forest]]s. Its distribution in [[India]] is confined to the north-eastern forests.<ref name=iucn/>

In eastern [[Nepal]], a marbled cat was recorded for the first time in January 2018, outside a protected area in the [[Kangchenjunga]] landscape at an altitude of {{cvt|2750|m}}.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lama |first1=S. T. |last2=Ross |first2= J. G. |last3=Bista |first3=D. |last4=Sherpa |first4=A. P. |last5=Regmi |first5=G. R. |last6=Suwal |first6=M. K.|last7=Sherpa |first7=P. |last8=Weerman |first8=J. |last9=Lama |first9=S. S. |last10=Thapa |first10=M. |last11=Poudyal |first11=L. P. |year=2019 |title=First photographic record of marbled cat ''Pardofelis marmorata'' Martin, 1837 (Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae) in Nepal |journal=Nature Conservation |volume=32 |pages=19−34 |doi=10.3897/natureconservation.32.29740|doi-access=free |hdl=10182/10670 |hdl-access=free}}</ref>

In [[northeast India]], marbled cats were recorded in [[Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Dampa Tiger Reserve|Dampa]] and [[Pakke Tiger Reserve]]s, [[Balpakram]]-[[Baghmara, India|Baghmara]] landscape and Singchung-Bugun Village Community Reserve in [[Arunachal Pradesh]] between January 2013 and March 2018.<ref name=Mukherjee_2019>{{cite journal |last1=Mukherjee |first1=S. |last2=Singh |first2=P. |last3=Silva |first3=A. |last4=Ri |first4=C. |last5=Kakati |first5=K. |last6=Borah |first6=B. |last7=Tapi |first7=T. |last8=Kadur |first8=S. |last9=Choudhary |first9=P. |last10=Srikant |first10=S. |last11=Nadig |first11=S. |last12=Navya |first12=R. |last13=Björklund |first13=R. |last14=Ramakrishnan |first14=U. |year=2019 |title=Activity patterns of the small and medium felid (Mammalia: Carnivora: Felidae) guild in northeastern India |journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa |volume= 11 |issue=4 |pages=13432−13447 |doi=10.11609/jott.4662.11.4.13432-13447 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

In [[Bhutan]], it has been recorded in [[Royal Manas National Park]], and in [[broadleaved forest|broadleaved]] and mixed [[conifer forest]]s at elevations up to {{cvt|3810|m}} in [[Jigme Dorji National Park]] and [[Wangchuck Centennial National Park]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Tempa, T. |author2=Hebblewhite, M. |author3=Mills, L.S. |author4=Wangchuk, T.R. |author5=Norbu, N. |author6=Wangchuk, T. |author7=Nidup, T. |author8=Dhendup, P. |author9=Wangchuk, D. |author10=Wangdi, Y. |author11=Dorji, T. |name-list-style=amp |year=2013 |title=Royal Manas National Park: A hotspot for wild felids, Bhutan |journal= Oryx |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=207–210 |doi=10.1017/s0030605312001317|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Thinley |first1=P. |last2=Morreale |first2=S.J. |last3=Curtis |first3=P.D. |last4=Lassoie |first4=J.P. |last5=Dorji |first5=T. |last6=Leki |last7=Phuntsho |first7=S. |last8=Dorji |first8=N. |name-list-style=amp |year=2015 |title=Diversity, occupancy, and spatio-temporal occurrences of mammalian predators in Bhutan's Jigme Dorji National Park |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283015579 |journal=Bhutan Journal of Natural Resources & Development |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=19–27}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Dhendup, T. |year=2016 |title=Notes on the occurrence of Marbled Cats at high altitudes in Bhutan |journal=NeBIO |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=35–37|url=http://www.uwice.gov.bt/admin_uwice/publications/publication_files/Research-Articles/2016/UWICERA-NOOMCAHAIB.pdf}}</ref>

In [[Thailand]], it was recorded in a hill [[evergreen forest|evergreen]] [[bamboo]] mixed forest in [[Phu Khieu Wildlife Sanctuary]].<ref name=Grassman>{{cite journal |last1=Grassman, L. I. Jr. |last2=Tewes, M. E. |year=2000 |title=Marbled cat in northeastern Thailand |journal=Cat News |volume=33 |page=24}}</ref>

In [[Borneo]], it has also been recorded in [[peat swamp forest]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cheyne, S. M. |last2=Macdonald, D. W. |year=2010 |title=Marbled cat in Sabangau peat-swamp forest, Indonesian Borneo |journal=Cat News |volume=52 |page=11 |url=http://www.outrop.com/uploads/7/2/4/9/7249041/cheyne__macdonald_2010_marbled_cat_news.pdf |access-date=2017-12-04 |archive-date=2020-08-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803212308/http://www.outrop.com/uploads/7/2/4/9/7249041/cheyne__macdonald_2010_marbled_cat_news.pdf }}</ref>
The population size of the marbled cat is not well understood. Few records were obtained during camera-trapping surveys throughout much of its range. In three areas in [[Sabah]], the population density was estimated at 7.1 to 19.6 individuals per {{cvt|100|km2}}, an estimate that may be higher than elsewhere in the cat's range.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hearn|first1=A. J. |last2=Ross|first2=J. |last3=Bernard |first3=H. |last4=Bakar |first4=S. A. |last5=Hunter|first5=Luke T. B.|last6=Macdonald|first6=D. W. |year=2016 |title=The First Estimates of Marbled Cat ''Pardofelis marmorata'' Population Density from Bornean Primary and Selectively Logged Forest |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=11 |issue=3 |article-number=e0151046 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0151046 |pmc=4805203 |pmid=27007219|bibcode=2016PLoSO..1151046H |doi-access=free}}</ref>
In [[Kalimantan]], marbled cats were recorded in mixed [[swamp forest]] and tall interior forest at altitudes below {{convert|20|m|ft|abbr=on}} in the vicinity of [[Sabangau National Park]] between 2008 and 2018.<ref name=Jeffers_al2019>{{cite journal |last1=Jeffers, K. A. |last2=Adul |last3=Cheyne |first3=S. M. |year=2019 |title=Small cat surveys: 10 years of data from Central Kalimantan, Indonesian Borneo |journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=13478–13491 |doi=10.11609/jott.4466.11.4.13478-13491 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

== Behaviour and ecology ==
Marbled cats recorded in northeastern India and Kalimantan on Borneo were active by day.<ref name=Mukherjee_2019/><ref name=Jeffers_al2019/>

The first-ever [[Radio telemetry|radio-tracked]] marbled cat had an overall home range of {{cvt|5.8|km2}} at an elevation of {{cvt|1000|to|1200|m}} and was active primarily during [[nocturnal]] and [[crepuscular]] times.<ref name=Grassman/>
Marbled cats recorded in northeast India were active during the day with activity peaks around noon.<ref name=Mukherjee_2019/>

Forest canopies probably provide the marbled cat with much of its prey: birds, [[squirrel]]s and other [[rodent]]s, and reptiles.<ref name=WCoW/> In the [[Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park]], a marbled cat was observed in a dense forest patch in an area also used by [[siamang]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Morino |first1=L. |year=2009 |title=Observation of a wild marbled cat in Sumatra |journal=Cat News |issue=50 |page=20}}</ref> In Thailand, one individual has been observed in Phu Khieo Wildlife Sanctuary preying on a [[Phayre's leaf monkey]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Borries, C. |author2=Primeau, Z. M. |author3=Ossi-Lupo, K. |author4=Dtubpraserit, S. |author5=Koenig, A. |name-list-style=amp |year=2014 |title=Possible predation attempt by a marbled cat on a juvenile Phayre's leaf monkey |journal=Raffles Bulletin of Zoology |issue=62 |pages=561–565 |url=https://archive.org/details/raffles-bulletin-zoology-62-561-565}}</ref>

A few marbled cats have been bred in captivity, with [[gestation]] estimated to be 66 to 82 days. In the few recorded instances, two kittens were born in each litter, and weighed from {{cvt|61|to|85|g}}. Their eyes open at around 12 days, and the kittens begin to take solid food at two months, around the time that they begin actively climbing. Marbled cats reach sexual maturity at 21 or 22 months of age, and have lived for up to 12 years in captivity.<ref name=WCoW/>

== Threats ==
The primary threat to the marbled cat is loss and degradation of forest as it depends on large tracts of intact forest.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hendry |first1=A. |last2=Amir |first2= Z. |last3= Decoeur|first3=H.|last4= Mendes|first4=C. P. |last5=Moore |first5=J. H |last6=Sovie |first6=A. |last7=Luskin |first7=M. S. |date=January 2023 |title=Marbled cats in Southeast Asia: Are diurnal and semi-arboreal felids at greater risk from human disturbances? |journal=Ecosphere |volume=14|issue=1 |article-number=e4338 |doi=10.1002/ecs2.4338|doi-access=free |bibcode=2023Ecosp..14E4338H }}</ref>
Forest loss is continuing across its range due to logging and expansion of human settlements and agriculture.<ref name=iucn />
Indiscriminate [[snaring]] is prevalent throughout much of its range, and also likely poses a major threat. It is valued for its skin, meat, and bones, but infrequently observed in the [[Wildlife trade#In Asia|illegal Asian wildlife trade]].<ref name=iucn />
During a survey in the [[Lower Subansiri District]] of [[Arunachal Pradesh]], a marbled cat was encountered that had been killed by a local hunter for a festival celebrated by the indigenous [[Apatani people]] in March and April every year. The dead cat was used in a ceremony, and its blood was sacrificed to the deity for goodwill of their family and for ensuring a good harvest, protection from wildlife, disease and pest.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Selvan |first1=K. M. |last2=Gopi |first2=G. V. |last3=Habib |first3=B. |last4=Lyngdoh |first4=S. |year=2013 |title=Hunting record of endangered Marbled Cat ''Pardofelis marmorata'' in the Ziro Valley of Lower Subansiri, Arunachal Pradesh, India |journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=3583–3584 |doi=10.11609/JoTT.o3208.100 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Conservation==
The marbled cat is included in [[CITES Appendix I]], and hunting it is prohibited in [[Bangladesh]], [[Cambodia]], [[China]], [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], [[Myanmar]], [[Nepal]] and [[Thailand]]. Hunting is regulated in [[Laos]] and [[Singapore]].<ref name=iucn/> In India, it is protected under Schedule I of the [[Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Ministry of Law and Justice |year=2022 |title=The Wild Life (Protection) Amendment Act, 2022 |journal=The Gazette of India Extraordinary, Part II, Section 1 |place=New Delhi |url=https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_parliament/2022/The%20Wild%20Life%20(Protection)%20Amendment%20Act,%202022.pdf}}</ref>

== Taxonomy ==
''Felis marmorata'' was the [[scientific name]] proposed by [[William Charles Linnaeus Martin]] in 1836 for a skin of a male marbled cat from Java or Sumatra.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Martin |first1=W. C. |year=1836 |title=Description of a new species of ''Felis'' |journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London |volume=IV |issue=XLVII |pages=107–108 |url=https://archive.org/stream/lietuvostsrmoksl33liet#page/n664/mode/1up}}</ref>
''Felis longicaudata'' proposed by [[Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville]] in 1843 was a [[zoological specimen]] from India or [[Cochinchina]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Blainville |first1=H. M. D. |year=1843 |title=Ostéographie ou description iconographique comparée du squelette et du système dentaire des cinques classes d'animaux vertébrés récents et fossils pour servir de base a la zoologie et la géologie. Volume 2: Mammifères. Carnassiers |location=Paris |publisher=Arthus Bertrand |pages=1–196 |chapter=Os du squelette des Felis |chapter-url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6220591s/f744}}</ref>
''Felis charltoni'' proposed by [[John Edward Gray]] in 1846 was a specimen from [[Darjeeling]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gray |first1=J. E. |year=1846 |title=New species of Mammalia |journal=The Annals and Magazine of Natural History; Zoology, Botany, and Geology |volume=18 |issue= 118|pages=211−212 |url=https://archive.org/details/annalsmagazineof18lond/page/211|doi=10.1080/037454809494412 }}</ref>
The [[Generic name (biology)|generic name]] ''Pardofelis'' was proposed by [[Nikolai Severtzov]] in 1858.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Severtzow |first1=M. N. |year=1858 |title=Notice sur la classification multisériale des Carnivores, spécialement des Félidés, et les études de zoologie générale qui s'y rattachent |journal=Revue et Magasin de Zoologie Pure et Appliquée |volume=X |pages=385–396 |url=https://archive.org/stream/revueetmagasinde10soci#page/386/mode/2up}}</ref>

At present, two subspecies are recognized as [[Valid name (zoology)|valid]]:<ref name=CatSG2017>{{cite journal |last1=Kitchener |first1=A. C. |last2=Breitenmoser-Würsten |first2=C. |last3=Eizirik |first3=E. |last4=Gentry |first4=A. |last5=Werdelin |first5=L. |last6=Wilting |first6=A. |last7=Yamaguchi |first7=N. |last8=Abramov |first8=A. V. |last9=Christiansen |first9=P. |last10=Driscoll |first10=C. |last11=Duckworth |first11=J. W. |last12=Johnson |first12=W. |last13=Luo |first13=S.-J. |last14=Meijaard |first14=E. |last15=O'Donoghue |first15=P. |last16=Sanderson |first16=J. |last17=Seymour |first17=K. |last18=Bruford |first18=M. |last19=Groves |first19=C. |last20=Hoffmann |first20=M. |last21=Nowell |first21=K. |last22=Timmons |first22=Z. |last23=Tobe |first23=S. |date=2017 |title=A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group |journal=Cat News |issue=Special Issue 11 |pages=34−35 |url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/32616/A_revised_Felidae_Taxonomy_CatNews.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y}}</ref>
*''P. marmorata marmorata'' (Martin, 1836) – from the [[Malay Peninsula]] to [[Sumatra]] and [[Borneo]]
*''P. marmorata longicaudata'' (Blainville, 1843) – from [[Nepal]] to north of the [[Isthmus of Kra]]

=== Phylogeny ===
The marbled cat was once considered to belong to the [[Pantherinae|pantherine]] lineage of cats.<ref name=Hemmer>{{cite journal |author=Hemmer, H. |year=1978 |title=The evolutionary systematics of living Felidae: Present status and current problems |journal=Carnivore |volume=1 |pages=71–79}}</ref> But
results of a [[phylogenetic]] analysis indicate that it forms an [[Lineage (evolution)|evolutionary lineage]] with the [[Asian golden cat]] (''Catopuma temminckii'') and the [[bay cat]] (''C. badia'') that [[Genetic divergence|genetically diverged]] about {{mya|12.77|7.36}}. The marbled cat diverged from this lineage about {{mya|8.42|4.27}}.<ref name=Johnson_al2006/><ref name=Werdelin_al2010>{{cite book |last1=Werdelin |first1=L. |last2=Yamaguchi |first2=N. |last3=Johnson |first3=W. E. |last4=O'Brien |first4=S. J. |year=2010 |chapter=Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae) |pages=59–82 |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266755142 |editor1-last=Macdonald |editor1-first=D. W. |editor2-last=Loveridge |editor2-first=A. J. |title=Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford, UK |isbn=978-0-19-923445-5}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikispecies|Pardofelis marmorata}}
{{Commons category|Pardofelis marmorata}}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.catsg.org/index.php?id=122 |website=IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group |title=Marbled cat ''Pardofelis marmorata'' |access-date=2014-12-16 |archive-date=2017-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212052106/http://www.catsg.org/index.php?id=122 }}

{{Carnivora|Fe.}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q80191}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:marbled cat}}
[[Category:Pardofelis]]
[[Category:Mammals of Bhutan]]
[[Category:Mammals of Indonesia]]
[[Category:Mammals of Thailand]]
[[Category:Mammals of Cambodia]]
[[Category:Mammals of Vietnam]]
[[Category:Mammals of Laos]]
[[Category:Fauna of Yunnan]]
[[Category:Carnivorans of Malaysia]]
[[Category:Fauna of Eastern Himalaya]]
[[Category:Fauna of Southeast Asia]]
[[Category:Mammals described in 1837]]
[[Category:Taxa named by William Charles Linnaeus Martin]]
[[Category:Carnivorans of Borneo]]

Naderī satī stone inscription

2025-11-19T18:24:17Z

VanBoas1588: Created new details

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Naderī
| native_name =

| settlement_type = village
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
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| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh
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| coordinates = {{coord|24.4036|N|78.1120|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Gwalior division|Gwalior]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Gwalior district|Gwalior]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
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| government_type =
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| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
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| elevation_m = 196
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| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 474001 (HPO)
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}}

The '''Naderī satī stone inscription''' is an epigraphic record documenting the [[sati (practice)|self-immolation]] of a woman after the death of her husband. It has been assigned to the fifth or sixth century CE.

==Location==
'''Naderi''' is located in [[Guna District]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India, to the south of the town of [[Chanderi]].

==Publication==
The inscription has been noted by M. B. Garde, H. N. Dvivedī and M. Willis in their respective epigraphic lists.<ref>Gwalior State, Archaeological Report for VS 1981/AD 1924-25: number 25; Dvivedī, ''Gvāliyar rājye ke abhilekh'' (VS 2004): number 737; [[Michael D. Willis]], ''Inscriptions of Gopakṣetra'' (London, 1996).</ref>

==Description and Contents==
The inscription is written in [[Sanskrit]] and appears to record the ''satī'' of a woman after her husband was killed by a lion. The inscription is dated 66 or the initial numbers of the date have been omitted; palaeography suggests a date in the 5th or 6th century.
==See also==
*[[Indian inscriptions]]

==Notes==
<references/>

==External links==
* [https://archive.org/stream/annualreportofth014507mbp#page/n79/mode/2up/search/Naderi Gwalior State, Archaeological Report online]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Naderi sati stone inscription}}
[[Category:Sanskrit inscriptions in India]]
[[Category:Gupta and post-Gupta inscriptions]]

Vartika Jha

2025-10-30T21:58:41Z

VanBoas1588: starting new article

{{short description|Indian choreographer (born 2000)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vartika Jha
| image = Vartika Jha (cropped).jpg
| caption = Jha at a dance workshop in 2020
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|2000|04|08}}
| birth_place = [[Renusagar]], [[Sonbhadra district|Sonbhadra]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Dancer]]|[[choreographer]]|[[actress]]}}
| years_active = 2018–present
| style = {{hlist|[[Popping]]|[[Hip hop dance|Hip hop]]|[[Belly dance|Belly]]}}
}}

'''Vartika Jha''' (born 8 April 2000) is an Indian choreographer, dancer, and actress. She was a contestant and runner-up in [[StarPlus|Star Plus]]'s dance reality show ''[[Dance Plus (season 4)]]'' in 2018.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/dharmesh-yelande-dance-reality-shows-make-dreams-come-true/articleshow/67740707.cms |title=Dharmesh Yelande: Dance reality shows make dreams come true |date=30 January 2019 |access-date=15 July 2022 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> She has since established herself as one of India's most popular dancers and choreographers.

==Early and personal life==
Jha was born to Arvind Kumar Jha, an operator at [[Hindalco]], Renusagar, and Kanta Jha on 8 April 2000<ref>{{Cite web |title=Know all about Super Guru Vartika Jha: Life, career, boyfriend, biography & more |url=https://www.jagrantv.com/en-show/vartika-jha-biography-age-early-life-boyfriend-birth-place-family-photo-and-news-rc1024113 |access-date=5 August 2023 |website=jagrantv |language=en}}</ref> and was brought up in Sonbhadra, Uttar Pradesh. She born in a Hindu family.{{cn|date=October 2022}}

==Career==

After facing several rejections, Jha was selected on ''[[Dance Plus (season 4)]]'' in 2018 in [[Dharmesh Yelande]]'s team, which aired on [[StarPlus|Star Plus]]. In the show, she reached finals where she was the 2nd runner-up.

The ''Dance Plus's'' judge, choreographer, and Bollywood director [[Remo D'Souza]] cast Vartika in his film [[Street Dancer 3D]] along with [[Varun Dhawan]] and [[Shraddha Kapoor]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/uttar-pradesh/varanasi/sonbhadra-daughter-got-varun-dhawan-next-film-abcd-3-on-dancing-talent |title=Sonbhadra Daughter Got Varun Dhawan Next Film ABCD 3 On Dancing Talent |date=6 June 2019 |access-date=15 July 2022 |archive-date=13 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113035928/https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/uttar-pradesh/varanasi/sonbhadra-daughter-got-varun-dhawan-next-film-abcd-3-on-dancing-talent |work=amarujala.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/varun-dhawan-katrina-kaifs-abc3d-marks-debut-of-an-international-dancer-shakti-mohan-and-vartika-jha/articleshow/66745074.cms |title=Varun Dhawan, Katrina Kaif's ABC3D marks debut of an international dancer, Shakti Mohan and Vartika Jha |date=22 November 2018 |access-date=15 July 2022 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/meet-shraddha-kapoors-rule-breakers-from-street-dancer-3d/articleshow/73239508.cms |title=Meet Shraddha Kapoor's 'Rule Breakers' from Street Dancer 3D! |date=14 January 2020 |access-date=15 July 2022 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/street-dancer-3d-dance-plus-4-finalist-contestant-vartika-jha-shooting-in-london-with-varun-dhawan-shraddha-kapoor-remo-dsouza-posts-behind-the-scene-pics-933360 |title=Street Dancer 3D: 'Dance Plus 4' finalist Vartika Jha on the sets in London, Posts behind-the-scene pics with Shraddha Kapoor! |date=4 March 2019 |access-date=15 July 2022 |work=ABP News Bureau}}</ref>

She then participated as a choreographer in [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]]'s dance show [[India's Best Dancer (Hindi season 1)|India's Best Dancer (season 1)]], wherein Jha was the winning choreographer of the contestant Tiger Pop (Ajay Singh) who became the winner of India's Best Dancer (season 1) in 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/indias-best-dancer-winner-tiger-pop-lifts-the-trophy-of-the-first-season-takes-home-cash-prize-of-rs-15-lakh/articleshow/79357190.cms |title=India's Best Dancer winner: Tiger Pop lifts the trophy of the first season; takes home cash prize of Rs 15 lakh |date=22 November 2020 |access-date=15 July 2022 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/tiger-pop-from-gurgaon-wins-indias-best-dancer-season-1-takes-home-rs-15-lakhs-and-a-car-3106976.html |title=Tiger Pop from Gurgaon Wins India's Best Dancer Season 1, Takes Home Rs 15 Lakhs and a Car |date=23 November 2020 |access-date=15 July 2022 |archive-date=23 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223150841/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/tiger-pop-from-gurgaon-wins-indias-best-dancer-season-1-takes-home-rs-15-lakhs-and-a-car-3106976.html |work=news18}}</ref>

In 2021, Vartika choreographed the ''Super Dancer'' contestant, Sanchit Chanana, who became 2nd runner-up of the show in Sony TV's dance show [[Super Dancer|Super Dancer Chapter 4]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/super-dancer-chapter-4-winner-to-be-announced-on-oct-9-details-of-grand-finale-here-1861651-2021-10-06 |title=Super Dancer Chapter 4 winner to be announced on Oct 9. Details here |date=6 October 2021 |access-date=15 July 2022 |archive-date=11 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011155006/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/super-dancer-chapter-4-winner-to-be-announced-on-oct-9-details-of-grand-finale-here-1861651-2021-10-06 |work=India Today}}</ref>

She then worked as a choreographer in Sony TV's dance show [[India's Best Dancer (Hindi season 2)|India's Best Dancer (season 2)]], where Vartika was the winning choreographer of the contestant Saumya Kamble who became the winner of India's Best Dancer (season 2) in 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/indias-best-dancer-season-2-winner-saumya-kamble-my-father-didnt-support-me-initially-but-today-hes-proud-of-me/articleshow/88793780.cms |title=India's Best Dancer Season 2 winner Saumya Kamble: My father didn't support me initially but today he's proud of me |date=7 February 2022 |access-date=15 July 2022 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/saumya-kamble-wins-indias-best-dancer-season-2-gourav-sarwan-is-first-runner-up-4639016.html |title=Saumya Kamble Wins India's Best Dancer Season 2; Gourav Sarwan Is First Runner-up |date=10 January 2022 |access-date=15 July 2022 |archive-date=10 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410054827/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/saumya-kamble-wins-indias-best-dancer-season-2-gourav-sarwan-is-first-runner-up-4639016.html |work=news18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/indias-best-dancer-2-winner-saumya-kamble-want-to-represent-my-style-internationally-7716034/ |title=India's Best Dancer 2 winner Saumya Kamble: Want to represent my style internationally |date=10 January 2022 |access-date=15 July 2022 |archive-date=6 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506204347/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/indias-best-dancer-2-winner-saumya-kamble-want-to-represent-my-style-internationally-7716034/ |work=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/india-best-dancer-2-grand-finale-winner-live-updates-gourav-sarwan-saumya-kamble-photos-videos-7713422/ |title=India's Best Dancer Season 2 Grand Finale Live Updates: Saumya Kamble lifts trophy |date=11 January 2022 |access-date=15 July 2022 |archive-date=18 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118231915/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/india-best-dancer-2-grand-finale-winner-live-updates-gourav-sarwan-saumya-kamble-photos-videos-7713422/ |work=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/indias-best-dancer-2-finale-saumya-kamble-lifts-trophy-gourav-sarwan-is-runnerup-101641746145977.html |title=India's Best Dancer 2 finale: Saumya Kamble lifts trophy, Gourav Sarwan is runner-up |date=11 January 2022 |access-date=15 July 2022 |archive-date=2 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502155934/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/indias-best-dancer-2-finale-saumya-kamble-lifts-trophy-gourav-sarwan-is-runnerup-101641746145977.html |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

In 2022, Vartika became the captain of team Vartika in [[Zee TV]]'s dance show [[Dance India Dance#Li'l Master season 5|DID Li'l Masters (Season 5)]] where she choreographed for all the contestants of team Vartika. Then, she worked as a choreographer in Zee TV's dance show [[DID Super Moms (Season 3)]], where Vartika was the winning choreographer of Varsha Bumra who became the winner of DID Super Moms (Season 3) in 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/varsha-bumra-wins-did-super-moms-3-takes-home-the-trophy-and-rs-5-lakh-see-photos-8172608/ |title=Varsha Bumra wins DID Super Moms 3, takes home the trophy and Rs 5 lakh. See photos |date=25 September 2022 |access-date=25 September 2022 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/did-super-moms-winner-varsha-bumra-says-3-months-on-show-were-the-best-days-of-my-life-exclusive-2004660-2022-09-25 |title=DID Super Moms winner Varsha Bumra says '3 months on show were the best days of my life' Exclusive |date=25 September 2022 |access-date=25 September 2022 |work=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/did-super-moms-winner-is-varsha-bumra-takes-home-the-trophy-and-rs-7-5-lakh-prize-money-2004593-2022-09-25 |title=DID Super Moms winner is Varsha Bumra, takes home the trophy and Rs 7.5 lakh prize money |date=25 September 2022 |access-date=25 September 2022 |work=India Today}}</ref>
In 2023, Jha was also a choreographer of Akshay Pal in [[India's Best Dancer (Hindi TV series) season 3|India's Best Dancer (Season 3)]].

In 2024, she was a choreographer for her contestant Deepak Shahi (aka Nepo) in [[India's Best Dancer (Hindi TV series) season 4|India's Best Dancer (Season 4)]], who finished in fourth place, as a finalist.

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable"
| style="background:#FFFFCC;" |{{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
|Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! class="unsortable" |Notes
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Street Dancer 3D]]'' || Samaira || rowspan="9" | [[Hindi language|Hindi]] ||
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Be Happy (film)|Be Happy]]'' || Dancer ||

|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Network
!Show
!Role
!Notes
|-
|2018
|rowspan="2"|[[StarPlus|Star Plus]]
|''[[Dance Plus (season 4)|Dance Plus 4]]''
|Contestant
|style="background:#7FFFD4"|{{nowrap|2nd Runner-up}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|2020
|''[[Dance Plus (season 5)|Dance Plus 5]]''
|Herself(artist)
|{{CGuest|Guest}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]]
|''[[India's Best Dancer (Hindi season 1)|India's Best Dancer (season 1)]]''
|Choreographer
|bgcolor=lightgreen|Winner with Tiger Pop
|-
|rowspan="2"|2021
|''[[Super Dancer|Super Dancer Chapter 4]]''
|Choreographer
|style="background:#7FFFD4"|2nd Runner-up with Sanchit
|-
|[[StarPlus|Star Plus]]
|''[[Dance Plus (season 6)|Dance Plus 6]]''
|Herself(artist)
|{{CGuest|Guest}}
|-
|rowspan="5"|2022
|[[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]]
|''[[India's Best Dancer (Hindi season 2)|India's Best Dancer (season 2)]]''
|Choreographer
|bgcolor=lightgreen|Winner with Soumya Kamble
|-
|[[Colors TV]]
|''[[Dance Deewane Juniors (season 1)|Dance Deewane Juniors 1]]''
|Herself(artist)
|{{CGuest|Guest dance partner with Riddhi}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Zee TV]]
|''[[Dance India Dance#Li'l Master season 5|DID Li'l Masters (Season 5)]]''
|Captain
|Skipper Team Vartika
|-
|''[[DID Super Moms (Season 3)]]''
|Choreographer
|bgcolor=lightgreen|Winner with Varsha Bumra
|-
|[[Gemini TV]]
|''Dance Ikon (Season 1)''
|Herself(artist)
|{{CGuest|Guest dance partner with Soumya Kamble}}
|-
|2023
|[[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]]
|''[[India's Best Dancer (Hindi season 2)|India's Best Dancer (season 3)]]''
|Choreographer
|With Akshay Pal
|-
|2023
|[[Amazon Mini TV]]
|''Hip Hop india (Season 1)''
|Herself(artist)
|{{CGuest|Guest performer}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
|[[Disney+ Hotstar]]
|''[[Dance Plus Pro]]''
|Herself(artist)
|{{CGuest|Guest dance partner with Aman & Kunal}}
|-
|[[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]]
|''[[India's Best Dancer (Hindi TV series) season 4|India's Best Dancer (season 4)]]''
|Choreographer
|style="background:#FF69B4;" |Fourth Place With Nepo
|-
| rowspan="3" |2025
|[[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]]
|''IBD vs SD champions ka Tashan''
|Guest performer
|With SD team
|-
|[[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]]
|''Dance Icon (Season 2)''
|Wild fire contestant
|Team Earth
|-
|[[Amazon MX Player]]
|''Hip Hop India (Season 2)''
|Herself (artist)
|{{CGuest|Guest performer}}
|}

===Music videos===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Singer(s)
!Ref.
|-
|2022
|''Gaaye Ja''
|[[Arijit Singh]]
|
|-
|2023
|''Eto kiser tara''
|[[Arijit Singh]]
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/composer-sunny-mr-explains-why-working-with-arijit-on-gaaye-ja-was-liberating/articleshow/92563167.cms |title=Composer Sunny MR explains why working with Arijit on 'Gaaye Ja' was liberating |date=30 June 2022 |access-date=30 July 2022 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''Jalwa''
|[[CarryMinati]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=YouTuber CarryMinatis New Rap Single Jalwa Is Inspired By Queen Cleopatra |url=https://zeenews.india.com/people/youtuber-carryminatis-new-rap-single-jalwa-is-inspired-by-queen-cleopatra-2647668.html |access-date=14 August 2023 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''Dheere Dheere''
|[[Daba Notra]]
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=nm10431578}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|vartika-jha}}
* {{Instagram|jhavartika}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jha, Vartika}}
[[Category:2000 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Popping dancers]]
[[Category:Indian hip-hop musicians]]
[[Category:Hip-hop dancers]]
[[Category:Indian belly dancers]]
[[Category:Indian female dancers]]
[[Category:Indian women choreographers]]
[[Category:Reality dancing competition contestants]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Dancers from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:People from Sonbhadra district]]
{{authority control}}

Karoline Edtstadler

2025-10-20T15:26:34Z

VanBoas1588: quick refine formatting based on references and corrected details

{{short description|Austrian lawyer and politician (born 1981)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Karoline Edtstadler
| image = File:- EU2024BE Informal meeting of EU Affairs Ministers BOZAR JNZT 0039 (53687728581) (cropped).jpg
| caption = Edtstadler in 2024
| office = [[List of governors of Salzburg (state)|Governor of Salzburg State]]
| deputy = [[Marlene Svazek]] ([[FPÖ]]) Stefan Schnöll ([[ÖVP]])
| term_start = 2 July 2025
| term_end. =
| predecessor = [[Wilfried Haslauer]]
| successor =
| office1 = [[Chancellery (Austria)|Federal Minister for the EU and the Constitution at the Federal Chancellery]]
| termstart1 = 29 January 2020
| termend1 = 3 March 2025
| president1 = [[Alexander Van der Bellen]]
| chancellor1 = {{ubl|[[Sebastian Kurz]]|[[Alexander Schallenberg]]|[[Karl Nehammer]]}}
| predecessor1 = [[Gernot Blümel]]
| office2 = [[Member of the European Parliament]]
| constituency2 = [[Austria (European Parliament constituency)|Austria]]
| term_start2 = [[2019 European Parliament election in Austria|2 July 2019]]
| term_end2 = 6 January 2020
| succeeding2 =
| office3 = [[Secretary of state|State Secretary]] of the [[Ministry of the Interior (Austria)|Interior]]
| president3 = [[Alexander Van der Bellen]]
| chancellor3 = [[Sebastian Kurz]]
| minister3 = [[Herbert Kickl]] [[Eckart Ratz]]
| term_start3 = 18 December 2017
| term_end3 = 3 June 2019
| predecessor3 =
| successor3 =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1981|3|28|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Salzburg]], [[Salzburg (state)|Salzburg State]], Austria<ref>{{cite web |author=Interior Ministry of Austria |title=Herbert Kickl |accessdate=21 December 2017 |url=http://www.bmi.gv.at/101/Lebenslauf.aspx}}</ref>
| birthname =
| party = [[File:Flag of Austria.svg|23px]] [[Austrian People's Party]] [[File:Flag of Europe.svg|23px]] [[European People's Party]]
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
| nationality = Austrian
}}
'''Karoline Stephanie Edtstadler''' ({{IPA|de|kaʁoˈliːnɛ ˈɛt.ʃtadlɐ|lang}}; born 28 March 1981) is an Austrian lawyer and politician who serves as the [[List of governors of Salzburg (federal state) |Governor of Salzburg state]] since 2 July 2025, the second woman in this position and the first for the [[ÖVP]]. Previously, she served as minister for the EU and the constitution at the [[Chancellery (Austria)|Austrian Chancellery]] in the federal governments of [[Chancellor of Austria|Chancellors]] [[Sebastian Kurz]], [[Alexander Schallenberg]] and [[Karl Nehammer]] between 2020 and 2025. A member of the [[Austrian People's Party]] (ÖVP), she previously served as [[Member of the European Parliament]] (MEP) from 2019 until 2020 and as State Secretary at the [[Ministry of the Interior (Austria)|Ministry of the Interior]] from 2017 to 2019.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://salzburg.orf.at/news/stories/2884313/|title=Salzburgerin Edtstadler neue Staatssekretärin|date=2017-12-16|access-date=2018-06-12|language=de-DE}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Key dates ahead|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/elections-press-kit/0/key-dates-ahead |publisher=European Parliament |accessdate=28 May 2019 |language=en |date=20 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Key dates ahead|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-48365702|publisher=BBC News |accessdate=28 May 2019 |language=en |date=22 May 2017}}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
Edtstadler is the daughter of former director of the Salzburg state [[Landtag|provincial parliament]] Karl W. Edtstadler, and was raised in [[Elixhausen]] in the [[Salzburg-Umgebung District|Salzburg-Umgebung]] district.<ref name=":0" /> She attended elementary school in Elixhausen and went on to the Salzburg Fine Arts [[Gymnasium (school)|Gymnasium]]. Edtstadler studied law at the [[University of Salzburg]] and graduated in 2004 with a [[Magister degree|magistra]] degree. Court internships at the [[Mondsee (town)|Mondsee]] district court and at the Salzburg Regional Court followed. In 2006 she became a judge's candidate at the higher regional court of [[Linz]] and in 2008 she became a judge at the Salzburg regional court.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.kleinezeitung.at/politik/innenpolitik/5339536/Karoline-Edtstadler_Salzburger-Richterin-als-Staatssekretaerin-im|title=Karoline Edtstadler: Salzburger Richterin als Staatssekretärin im Innenministerium|work=www.kleinezeitung.at|access-date=2018-06-12|language=de}}</ref>

In 2010, Edtstadler passed relatively heavy sentences on two upstanding brothers, who had been charged with injuring a police officer at a demonstration against the [[asylum policy]] of minister of the interior [[Maria Fekter]]. The higher regional court of Linz reversed the judgements in significant points, as even the [[public prosecutor]] considered the sentences to be too heavy.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.sn.at/politik/innenpolitik/karoline-edtstadler-salzburgerin-ist-oevp-staatssekretaerin-im-innenministerium-21802297|title=Karoline Edtstadler - Salzburgerin ist ÖVP-Staatssekretärin im Innenministerium|last=Nachrichten|first=Salzburger|access-date=2018-06-12|language=de}}</ref> The president of the regional court Hans Rathgeb praised Edtstadler's work at the court: "She was a very goal-oriented and experienced judge".<ref name=":0" />

In October 2011, Edtstadler moved to Section IV (Criminal Law) in the [[Ministry of Justice (Austria)|Ministry of Justice]]. From 2014, she was a personal expert in the [[Cabinet (government)|cabinet]] of Minister of Justice [[Wolfgang Brandstetter]], where she was involved in the reform of the [[criminal code]] and of criminal law relating to young offenders. In early 2015, she became Senior Prosecutor at the Vienna Corruption Prosecutor's Office, while she remained assigned to the Ministry of Justice. From May 2016 she was a legal employee at the [[European Court of Human Rights]] (ECHR) in [[Strasbourg]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />

== Political career ==
===Career in national politics===
From 2004 to 2006, Edtstadler served as councilor in [[Henndorf am Wallersee]] for the [[Austrian People's Party|ÖVP]].

From 2017 until 2019, Edtstadler served as secretary of state in the Austrian [[Ministry of the Interior (Austria)|Ministry of the Interior]], in the government of [[Chancellor of Austria|Chancellor]] [[Sebastian Kurz]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>Joanna Plucinska and Laurens Cerulus (August 29, 2018), [https://www.politico.eu/article/brussels-nears-boiling-point-on-technology-austria-digital-single-market/ Austrians race to wrap up digital single market] ''[[Politico Europe]]''.</ref>

===Member of the European Parliament, 2019–2020===
In the [[2019 European Parliament election]], Edtstadler was number two on her party's list, following [[Othmar Karas]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Weisskircher |first1=Manès |title=The European Parliament elections: Trouble in paradise for Austria’s right-wing government? |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2019/02/25/the-european-parliament-elections-trouble-in-paradise-for-austrias-right-wing-government/ |website=European Politics and Policy |publisher=The London School of Economics and Political Science |accessdate=25 May 2019}}</ref> As [[Member of the European Parliament]], she served on the [[Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs]] and on the [[Subcommittee on Human Rights]]. Within the centre-right [[European People's Party Group]] (EPP), she led the ÖVP delegation.

===Return to national politics===
Since 2020, Edtstadler has been serving as minister for the EU and the Constitution at the Austrian [[Chancellery (Austria)|Chancellery]] in the government of [[Chancellor of Austria|Chancellor]] [[Sebastian Kurz]]. In addition, she has been co-chairing of the [[European People's Party|EPP European Affairs Ministers Meeting]] (alongside [[Helen McEntee]]), which gathers the centre-right EPP ministers ahead of meetings of the [[General Affairs Council]] (GAC).<ref>[https://www.epp.eu/structure/ministerial-meetings/ Council of the EU and Ministerial meetings] [[European People’s Party]] (EPP).</ref>

In 2022, [[United Nations Secretary-General]] [[António Guterres]] appointed Edtstadler to serve on his inaugural [[Internet Governance Forum]] (IGF) Leadership Panel.<ref>[https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/personnel-appointments/2022-08-16/internet-governance-forum-leadership-panel%C2%A0 Internet Governance Forum Leadership Panel] [[United Nations]], press release of 16 August 2022.</ref>

===Salzburg state politics===
On 28 June 2025, she was elected as new Salzburg state ÖVP party leader. On 2 July 2025, she was elected as new Governor of Salzburg state by the Landtag of Salzburg, following the retirement of Governor [[Wilfried Haslauer]] Junior. She previously planned to open a law firm after exiting the Austrian federal government in March 2025, but the planned successor of Haslauer as Governor of Salzburg, [[Stefan Schnöll]], waived the governorship due to private reasons. The ÖVP’s coalition partner in Salzburg, the FPÖ, voted for Edtstadler as the new Governor. The opposition SPÖ also voted for her. Landtag members of the Green Party and the Communist Party Plus voted against her.<ref>{{cite web |title=Edtstadler mit 97,5 Prozent neue ÖVP-Obfrau|url=https://salzburg.orf.at/stories/3311391/|publisher=salzburg.orf.at |accessdate=28 June 2025 |language=de-AT|date=28 June 2025}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Edtstadler has a son and lives in Salzburg.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{Portal|European Union}}

{{Navboxes
|title=Karoline Edtstadler navigational boxes
|list =
{{Cabinet Nehammer}}
{{Cabinet Schallenberg}}
{{Cabinet Kurz II}}
}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Edtstadler, Karoline}}
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Austrian women politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century women civil servants]]
[[Category:Austrian civil servants]]
[[Category:Austrian jurists]]
[[Category:Austrian People's Party politicians]]
[[Category:Austrian women civil servants]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the 28th National Council (Austria)]]
[[Category:MEPs for Austria 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Women jurists]]
[[Category:Women members of the National Council (Austria)]]

A.R. Akela

2025-10-16T17:33:35Z

VanBoas1588: Minor updates and cleanup applied

#REDIRECT [[A. R. Akela]]

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Ravi Kant (lawyer)

2025-10-10T22:15:48Z

VanBoas1588: started a pg

'''Ravi Kant''' is an Indian [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] advocate and president of the [[Human trafficking|anti-trafficking]] [[non-governmental organization]] Shakti Vahini, named after the Hindu mother goddess who fought injustice.<ref>{{cite web |title="Yes Men Can," says India's Kant Brothers |url=https://womensenews.org/2017/10/yes-men-can-says-indias-kant-brothers/ |website=[[Women's eNews]] |date=25 October 2017 |access-date=21 October 2023}}</ref><ref name="wapo">{{cite news |title=Male voices speak out to end violence against women |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/male-voices-speak-out-to-end-violence-against-women/2013/04/01/ba5a1296-9aff-11e2-a941-a19bce7af755_story.html |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=21 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=India builds game-changing database to track human trafficking |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/india-trafficking-technology-idINKBN19D1T8 |website=[[Reuters]] |access-date=21 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=A Challenge to Doing Gender Justice by Violence |work=The New York Times |date=17 May 2011 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/18/world/asia/18iht-letter18.html |access-date=21 October 2023 |last1=Roy |first1=Nilanjana S. }}</ref>

He was educated at [[St. Vincent's High and Technical School]] and [[Delhi University]].

In 2013, Kant and his two brothers received [[Vital Voices]] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SYKcoOfS7Kg Solidarity Award] from then Vice President [[Joe Biden]] for their work on combating sexual violence in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Three Indian brothers feted by the US for empowering Indian women |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/three-indian-brothers-feted-by-the-us-for-empowering-indian-women-518033 |website=[[NDTV]] |access-date=21 October 2023}}</ref><ref name="wapo"/> The award recognizes Kant and his brothers efforts to end violence against women and was presented to them at [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-vrbVs4YmV0 Vital Voices' annual ceremony at the Kennedy Center in Washington], D.C. on 4 April 2013

Kant was Selected for the prestigious International Visitors Leadership Programme by the US State Department in 2013. kant also presented a paper strengthening legislations to combat Violence Against Women before the [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_hqhFWTiRCM Tom Lantos Human Rights Commission], US Senate

In 2018, Kant represented Shakti Vahini in the Landmark Case Shakti Vahini vs Union of India<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shakti Vahini vs Union Of India on 27 March, 2018 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/92846055/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240210182409/https://indiankanoon.org/doc/92846055/ |archive-date=2024-02-10 |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=indiankanoon.org |url-status=live }}</ref> which resulted in Supreme Court laying down guidelines to combat honor related crimes in India. In this landmark judgement the Supreme Court upheld therRight to choice of marriage.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shakti Vahini vs Union Of India on 27 March, 2018 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/92846055/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240210182409/https://indiankanoon.org/doc/92846055/ |archive-date=2024-02-10 |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=indiankanoon.org |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2020, he began working with [[Amar Singh (art dealer)|Amar Singh]] on a Supreme Court case to ban [[LGBTQ]] [[conversion therapy]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Royal Rebels: Amar Singh and Prince Manvendra Singh Gohil |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/london/2022/10/royal-rebels-amar-singh-and-prince-manvendra-singh-gohil |website=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]] |access-date=21 October 2023}}</ref> At present, the precedent set by [[Madras High Court|Madras High Court's]] ''[[S Sushma v. Commissioner of Police|S Sushma v. Commissioner of Police (2021)]]'', prohibited conversion therapy in India, directed the [[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment]] to provide 'shelter homes' for LGBTQ protection, and directed the to government create education programs 'to sensitize police and prison authorities, district and state legal service authorities, health professionals, educational institutions, and most importantly, parents of LGBTQIA+ members'.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |date=2021-06-22 |title=India's High Court Bans Conversion Therapy: A Much Needed Law |url=https://www.jurist.org/commentary/2021/06/bhavyata-kapoor-india-high-court-bans-conversion-therapy/ |access-date=2023-10-29 |website=www.jurist.org |language=en-US}}</ref>

However, the only protection against conversion therapy is limited to the [[Mental Healthcare Act, 2017]], prohibiting medical discrimination against patients on the basis of gender and sexual orientation, limiting liability to state and mental health professionals, but not prohibiting the community or parents from enacting conversion therapy on members of LGBTQIA+ members.<ref name=":13" />

Since 2022, Kant has led the [https://www.justrights.international/#:~:text=Working%20in%20India%2C%20Nepal%2C%20Kenya%2C%20and%20the%20US%2C,sexual%20abuse%2C%20through%20legal%20interventions%20and%20community%20engagement. Access to Justice Project] in India an alliance of 250 NGOs working for the thematic areas of child abuse, child trafficking and child marriage

In February 2024, Kant was appointed as the National Convenor of [https://www.ndtv.com/video/time-to-enforce-laws-and-end-child-marriage-ravi-kant-national-convener-just-rights-for-children-876447 Just Rights for Children Alliance]

In February 2025, Kant attended the SHIELD Cyber Security Conclave where he gave a call for action to combat CSEAM cases terming it as organized crime<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-19 |title=Lack resources to tackle child sexual abuse material: Expert |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/lack-resources-to-tackle-child-sexual-abuse-material-expert/articleshow/118366811.cms |access-date=2025-02-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kant, Ravi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Supreme Court of India lawyers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Osian, Rajasthan

2025-10-05T13:37:19Z

VanBoas1588: started a details.

{{Other uses|Osian (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Osian
| other_name = Uvasisala, Ukesa and Upkesapur-pattana
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| image_skyline = Osiyan1 photo wiki.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = [[Sachiya Mata Temple]], Osian
| image_map = {{mapframe|frame=yes|type=point|{{Coord||}}|text=|zoom=SWITCH:5,7,11|switch=zoomed out, zoomed mid, zoomed in}}
| map_caption =
| nickname = [[Bhubaneswar]] of [[Rajasthan]]
| coordinates = {{coord|26.7167|N|72.9167|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jodhpur district|Jodhpur]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Osian tehsil|Osian]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census2011"/>
| area_rank = 1
| area_total_km2 = 10.4306
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 323
| population_total = 12548
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census2011">[http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0815_PART_B_DCHB_JODHPUR.pdf Jodhpur District Census Handbook], page 204</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 342303
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91-2922
| registration_plate = RJ-19
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}
'''Osian''' (also spelt Osiyan) is an ancient town located in the [[Jodhpur District]] of [[Rajasthan]] state in western [[India]]. It is an oasis in the [[Thar Desert]]. The town is a [[panchayat village]]<ref>2011 Village Panchayat Code for Osian = 35850, {{Cite web|title=Reports of National Panchayat Directory: Village Panchayat Names of Osian, Jodhpur, Rajasthan|publisher=Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India|url=http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewpansumSQL.asp?selstate=727&parenttype=B&ptype=V|access-date=14 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514044736/http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewpansumSQL.asp?selstate=727&parenttype=B&ptype=V|archive-date=14 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Where is Osian, Rajasthan, India on Map Lat Long Coordinates |url=https://www.latlong.net/place/osian-rajasthan-india-18727.html |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=www.latlong.net}}</ref> and the headquarters for [[Osian tehsil]]. It lies {{convert|69|km|mi|abbr=on}} by road north of the district headquarters at [[Jodhpur]], on a diversion off the main Jodhpur – [[Bikaner]] Highway. The under-construction [[Amritsar Jamnagar Expressway]] passes through this town.

Osian is famous as home to the cluster of ruined Hindu and [[Jain]] temples dating from the 8th to 12th century AD. The city was a major religious centre of the kingdom of [[Marwar]] during the [[Gurjara Pratihara]] dynasty.<ref name="Gurjar Pratihar2">{{cite book|title=The art under the Gurjara-Pratihāras|author=Brajesh Krishna|publisher = Harman Pub. House|year=1990|isbn=978-81-85151-16-8|page=45|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PMmfAAAAMAAJ&q=osian+gurjara}}</ref> Of the 18 shrines in the group, the [[Surya]] Temple, [[Sachiya Mata Temple]], Katan Bawari and the Jain temple dedicated to [[Mahavira]] stands out in their grace and architecture.

The town was a major trading center at least as early as the [[Gupta period]]. It maintained this status, while also being a major center of Hinduism and Jainism for hundreds of year. This came to an abrupt end when the town was attacked by the armies of Muhammed of Ghor in 1195.<ref>{{Cite web |last=sinha |first=manoshi |date=2017-06-29 |title=Osian: 8th Century Architectural Lotus Blooming in the Desert! |url=https://www.myindiamyglory.com/2017/06/29/osian-8th-century-temples/ |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=myIndiamyGlory |language=en-GB}}</ref>
Osian is a famous tourist destination.

==History==
[[File:Kilometre sign Osiyan.jpg|thumb|150px|left|[[Milestone|Kilometre sign]]]]

Evidence suggests that Osian is a very old settlement. Some of its early names include Uvasisala, Ukesa and Upkesapur-pattana. In its early history, the village was a center for [[Brahmanism]]. It was a major stop for camel caravans during the [[Gupta period]].<ref>*{{cite book |title=India: The Peacock's Call |last=Dobbie |first=Aline |year=2002 |page=43 |publisher=Aline Dobbie's India books |isbn=9781843940104 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nk72ebIB1iEC&q=Osian%2C+Jodhpur&pg=PA41 |access-date=7 February 2015}}</ref> The town was an important center for the [[ Pratihar| Pratihar dynasty]]. Tradition states that, after being abandoned for a time, the village was re-established by Utpaladeva (c. 900-950). Utpaladeva converted to Jainism, and turned the village into a center for the religion. However, Jainism had a presence in the village long before that. The town was prosperous and successful at this time. At its peak, it had over three hundred Jain temples.<ref>Kalia, p.1</ref>

[[Muhammad of Ghor]] and his Turkish and Muslim armies attacked the town in 1195. The people of the city fled during these attacks. Most of the city, and most of its temples, were destroyed. After this attack, the residents did not return, and the city became deserted.<ref>Kalia, p.2</ref>

The Jain Harivamsa Purana refers to [[Vatsaraja]]'s rule in [[Saka]] year 705 (A.D. 783). It is believed that he was highly influential in Upakesapura (Osian), as inscriptions of [[Vikram Samvat]] dating back to 1013 (A.D. 956), and referring to this place, have been found.{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}}

==Religion==
{{Main|Mahavira Jain temple, Osian}} {{Main|Sachiya Mata Temple}}

[[File:Osian_17-70.jpg|thumb|Shikhar of Mahaviraji temple, Osian]]
[[File:Osiya-temple and Architecture 08.jpg|thumb|Goddess Osian Idol]]
It is believed from several pieces of evidence that the people of ''Osian'' become Jain by [[Ratnaprabhasuri|Acharya Ratnaprabhasuri]], who had impressed the populace of the region with his supernatural powers.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Dodhia |first=Rati |title=Rise and Glory History of Halari Visa Oshwals |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/007575/45 |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=jainqq.org}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Baya |first=D S |title=Oswals and Other Jains of Rajasthan |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/250235/2 |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=jainqq.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sangve |first=Vilas |title=Jaina Community, a Social Survey |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/007019/110 |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=jainqq.org}}</ref>

The Mahavira Temple is an important [[Tirtha (Jainism)|tirtha]] for [[Jainism|Jains]]. According to an inscription found at [[Sachiya Mata Temple]] dating back to 956 A.D., it was built during the [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty]] by King Vatsaraja in 783 AD,{{sfn|Kalia|1982|p=2}}{{sfn|Panikar|2010|p=309}}{{sfn|Bose|2015|p=148}} making it the oldest surviving Jain temple in Western India.{{sfn|Cort|1998|p=112}} According to Jain legends, [[Ratnaprabhasuri|Acharya Ratnaprabhasuri]] in ({{circa|457}} BCE) restored the life of son of a prominent brahman following this even the villagers converted to Jainism and this place for origination of [[Oswal]] community.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=149}}{{sfn|Hassan|1989|p=260}} Witnessing the power of [[Ratnaprabhasuri]] Goddess [[Chamunda]] was compelled to become a Jain vegetarian deity{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=149}}{{sfn|Babb|2015|p=123}} and became the protector deity of the temple, protecting devotees who worship image of Mahavira in the temple.{{sfn|Babb|2004|p=169}} [[Ratnaprabhasuri]] then named her [[Sachiya Mata]] as she truthfully advised [[Ratnaprabhasuri]] to stay in Osian during [[Chaturmas]].{{sfn|Qvarnström|2010|p=42}}

Osian is an important Jain pilgrimage center for the Maheshwari and Oswal Jain communities. The ([[Mahavira]], महावीर) Temple, built here in A.D. 783, is an important [[Tirtha (Jainism)|tirtha]] for [[Jainism|Jains]] built by [[Gurjara Pratihara]] King [[Vatsaraja]].<ref name="Gurjar Pratihar2"/>

The [[Sachiya Mata Temple]] also equally old and important situated on a hill north-east of [[Mahavira]] Temple, enable us some clues to understand the social history of that period. This Temple was built by Utpaldev who is the brother of Raja Punj the son of King 'Bheemsain' (king of [[Bhinmal]]). This has many decorative features of a Jain temple and its construction can be attributed to Jains. Jains worship this deity as a ''samyaktvi'' ({{Translation|one who has [[Ratnatraya]]}}) goddess and as protector of the land, of their clan of [[Oswal|Oswals]] and of the [[Mahavira Jain temple, Osian]].

The [[Shingavi]], Baid, Bafna, Lunawat, Tated, Parekh, Karnavat and many other clans of Jain community conduct their 'Mundan-Sanskar' in [[Sachiya Mata Temple]].

==Demographics==
In the 2011 India census, Osian reported 12,548 inhabitants, 6,572 of whom were male and 5,976 of female, which gave a gender ratio of 909 females per thousand males.<ref name="Census2011"/>

== Transport ==
The nearest airport is at [[Jodhpur Airport]]. State Highway 61 passes through Osian. [[Osiyan railway station]] is on the [[Jodhpur–Jaisalmer line]] of [[North Western Railway]].

==Gallery==
{{multiple images
| border = infobox
| total_width = 290
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/2/1/1
| align = right
| width = 200
| image1 = Osian Monuments.JPG
| caption1 = Monument at Osian
| image2 = Osiya-temple & architecture 06.jpg
| caption2 = Parshvanath statue
| image3 = Osian 17-70.jpg
| caption3 = Shikhar of [[Mahavira Jain temple, Osian]]
| image4 = Osian 17-69.jpg
| caption4 = Top of Jain Temple
| image5 = Osiya-temple & architecture 23.jpg
| caption5 = Jain Temple in Osian
| image6 = Osian 17-63.jpg
| caption6 = Carving on the walls of Osian Jain temple
| image7 = Osian 16-06.jpg
| caption7 = Harihara temple
| image8 = Osiya-temple & architecture 25.jpg
| caption8 = Elephant Carving on wall
| image9 = Osiya-temple and Architecture 12.jpg
| caption9 = Osiya temple and Architecture
| image10 = Osiya-temple and Architecture 23.jpg
| caption10 = Inside the main temple
| image11 = Osiya-temple and Architecture 48.jpg
| caption11 = Sculpture inside the temple
| image12 = KITLV 88217 - Unknown - Jaina temple Osia in British India - 1897.tif
| caption12 = Jain temple in Osian, 1897
}}

==See also==
* [[Oswal]]
* [[Bhinmal]]
* [[Mandore]]
* [[Swayamprabhasuri]]

==References==
{{Commons category|Osian, Rajasthan}}
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book| last=Babb | first=Lawrence A. |url={{Google books|IsmGAwAAQBAJ|page=169|plainurl=yes}} |title=Alchemies of Violence: Myths of Identity and the Life of Trade in Western India | publisher=[[SAGE Publishing]] | location=[[New Delhi]] | date=10 August 2004 | isbn=9788132103219 }}
* {{cite book| last=Babb | first=Lawrence A. |url={{Google books|6VtwDwAAQBAJ|pg=PT123|plainurl=yes}} |title=Understanding Jainism | publisher=[[Dunedin Academic Press]] | series=Understanding Faith | date=28 May 2015 | isbn=9781780465357 }}
* {{cite book| last=Bose | first=Melia Belli |url={{Google books|6dR0CgAAQBAJ|page=148|plainurl=yes}} |title=Royal Umbrellas of Stone: Memory, Politics, and Public Identity in Rajput Funerary Art | series=Brill's Indological Library | publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] | location=[[New Delhi]] | date=25 August 2015 | isbn=9789004300569 }}
* {{cite book| last=Cort | first=John E. | authorlink=John E. Cort |url={{Google books|WWfnXbVWjKcC|plainurl=yes}} |title=Open Boundaries: Jain Communities and Cultures in Indian History |date=1998|publisher=[[SUNY Press]]|isbn=9780791437865 }}
* {{cite book |last=Dundas |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Dundas |title=The Jains |url={{Google books|tNabNG3jAi4C|page=149|plainurl=yes}} |edition=Second |date=2002 |orig-year=1992 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-415-26605-5 |location=London and New York }}
* {{cite book|last1=Hassan | first1=Syed Siraj ul |title=The Castes and Tribes of H.E.H. the Nizam's Dominions | volume=1 | url={{Google books|lYSd-3yL9h0C|page=260|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=[[Asian Educational Services]] | year=1989 |isbn=9788120604889 }}
*{{cite book |title=Art of Osian Temples: Socio-economic and Religious Life in India, 8th-12th Centuries A.D. |last=Kalia |first=Asha |year=1982 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=9780391025585 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3n-sycLo3XQC&q=Osian%2C+Jodhpur&pg=PA10 |access-date=7 February 2015}}
* {{cite book|last=Panikar|first=Agustin|url={{Google books|oCPtDwAAQBAJ|page=309|plainurl=yes}} |title=Jainism: History, Society, Philosophy and Practice | volume=24 | series=Lala Sunder Lal Jain research series |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] | location=[[Delhi]] |date=2010|isbn=978-81-208-3460-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Qvarnström|first=Olle|url={{Google books|5_EdL2FtIqQC|page=42|plainurl=yes}} |title=Jainism and Early Buddhism: Essays in Honor of Padmanabh S. Jaini |publisher=Jain Publishing Company | issue=1 | year=2010|isbn=978-0-89581-956-7 }}

==External links==
* {{Cite web|title=Photograph: Maha-Maru - Harihara temple 1 - Garbhagrha, north jangha detail Osian, temple |publisher=American Institute for Indian Studies|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/images/aiis/aiis_search.html?depth=Get+Details&id=59436|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110125001/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/images/aiis/aiis_search.html?depth=Get+Details&id=59436|archive-date=10 November 2014|url-status=live}}
{{Jodhpur district}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Jain temples in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Jodhpur district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Jodhpur district]]