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INS Kirch

2026-05-05T17:36:42Z

ValarieNarvaez8: creating post

{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}{{italic title|string=Kirch}}

{{Short description|Indian corvette}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2010}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
| image = Milan 2018 - MILES - Milan Exercise Sea - 9.jpg
| image_caption = INS ''Kirch'' during Milan Exercise
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
| hide_header =
| country = India
| flag = {{shipboxflag|India|naval}}
| name = INS ''Kirch''
| namesake = "Sword"
| ordered =
| builder = [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers]], [[Mazagon Dock Limited]]
| laid_down = 31 January 1992
| launched = 5 October 1995
| acquired =
| commissioned = 22 January 2001
| decommissioned =
| in_service =
| out_of_service =
| struck =
| reinstated =
| identification = [[Pennant number]]: P62
| honours =
| fate =
| status = Active
| notes =
| badge =
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
| hide_header =
| header_caption =
| class = {{sclass|Kora|corvette}}
| displacement = 1,400 tons full load
| length = {{convert|91.1|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| beam = {{convert|10.5|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| draught = {{convert|4.5|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| draft =
| propulsion = *2 diesel motors with 14,400 hp
*2 shafts
| speed = {{convert|25|kn|km/h|0}}
| range = {{convert|4000|mi|km|abbr=on}} at {{convert|16|kn|km/h}}
| complement = 134 (incl 14 officers)
| sensors = *1 × MR 352 Pozitiv-E radar
*Bharat 1245 navigation radar
*Bharat Vympel IPN-10 combat data system
| EW =
| armament = *16 × [[Kh-35|Kh-35 Uran-E SSM]]
*2 × [[Strela 2|Strela-2M]] (SA-N-5) SAM
*1 × 76.2mm [[OTO-Melara]] SRGM gun
*2 × 30mm [[AK-630]] guns
| armour =
| armor =
| aircraft = 1 [[HAL Chetak]] or [[HAL Dhruv]] helicopter
| aircraft_facilities =
| notes =
}}
}}

'''INS ''Kirch''''' is a {{sclass|Kora|corvette}}, currently in active service with the [[Indian Navy]].<ref name=in-kora>{{cite web|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/corvettes_kora.htm |title=Surface Ships of Indian Navy |access-date=2009-08-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619082545/http://indiannavy.nic.in/corvettes_kora.htm |archive-date=19 June 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==Service history==
In early 2011, the ship was part of a fleet of warships from the [[Eastern Fleet (India)|Eastern Fleet]] which went on an operational deployment in South East Asia and the Western Pacific.<ref name="in11efd">{{cite web |title=Operational Deployment of Eastern Fleet 2011 |url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/operations/operational-deployment-eastern-fleet-2011 |accessdate=13 February 2014 |work=Indian Navy |publisher=Indian Navy}}</ref> The flotilla was composed of the {{INS|Delhi|D61|6}}, [[INS Ranvijay (D55)|INS ''Ranvijay'']], [[INS Ranvir (D54)|INS ''Ranvir'']], [[INS Jyoti (A58)|INS ''Jyoti'']] and INS ''Kirch'', and carried 1,400 naval personnel on board. They were commanded by [[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] Harish Chandra Singh Bisht. The flotilla, along with an Indian Navy [[Maritime patrol aircraft|maritime reconnaissance]] aircraft took part in a five-day exercise [[SIMBEX]] 2011 with the [[Republic of Singapore Navy|Singapore Navy]] in the [[South China Sea]]. Four naval ships including a submarine of the Singapore Navy were commanded by Rear Admiral Joseph Leong, Fleet Commander of the Republic of Singapore Navy. The Indian fleet then proceeded on its forward deployment, and made port calls at Alava pier in [[Subic Bay]] (Philippines),<ref name="suns30m">{{cite news |date=30 March 2011 |title=5 Indian naval ships dock in Subic |url=http://www.sunstar.com.ph/pampanga/local-news/2011/03/30/5-indian-naval-ships-dock-subic-147601 |accessdate=1 February 2013 |newspaper=Sun Star |archive-date=22 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222000843/http://www.sunstar.com.ph/pampanga/local-news/2011/03/30/5-indian-naval-ships-dock-subic-147601 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Vlapostok (Russia), [[Manila]] (Philippines), [[Ho Chi Minh City]] (Vietnam), [[Bandar Seri Begawan]] (Brunei), [[Kota Kinabalu|Kota Kina Balu]] (Malaysia) and [[Jakarta]] (Indonesia).<ref name="in11efd" /> The ships also visited China, Japan and South Korea.<ref name="bn18m">{{cite news |date=18 March 2011 |title=Indo-US Malabar exercise looms in uncertainty |url=http://www.brahmand.com/news/Indo-US-Malabar-exercise-looms-in-uncertainty/6595/1/10.html |accessdate=1 February 2013 |newspaper=Brahmand News}}</ref><ref name="dh18m2">{{cite news |date=18 March 2011 |title=Indian, Singapore navy to exercise in South China Sea |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/146889/indian-singapore-navy-exercise-south.html |accessdate=1 February 2013 |newspaper=Deccan Herald}}</ref><ref name="bn19m">{{cite news |date=19 March 2011 |title=Indian, Singapore navy to engage in five-day naval exercise in South China Sea |url=http://brahmand.com/news/Indian-Singapore-navy-to-engage-in-five-day-naval-exercise-in-South-China-Sea/6603/1/10.html |accessdate=1 February 2013 |newspaper=Brahmand News}}</ref> After exercising with the [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]], the fleet conducted drills at [[Vladivostok]] with the [[Pacific Fleet (Russia)|Russian Navy's Pacific Fleet]]. This was the second time the Indian Navy had made a port call at Vladivostok.<ref name="bn18a2">{{cite news |date=18 April 2011 |title=India, Russia to hold joint naval exercise |url=http://brahmand.com/news/India-Russia-to-hold-joint-naval-exercise/6826/1/10.html |accessdate=1 February 2013 |newspaper=Brahmand News}}</ref><ref name="bdn31m">{{cite news |date=31 March 2011 |title=Japan pulls out of tri-nation naval war games |url=http://brahmand.com/news/Japan-pulls-out-of-tri-nation-naval-war-games/6669/1/14.html |accessdate=1 February 2013 |newspaper=Brahmand News}}</ref><ref name="zeen18a">{{cite news |date=18 April 2011 |title=Indian warships in Russia for naval exercise |url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/indian-warships-in-russia-for-naval-exercise_700764.html |accessdate=1 February 2013 |newspaper=Zee News}}</ref> She also participated at the [[International Fleet Review 2026]] held at [[Visakhapatnam|Visakapatanam]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=IFR & MILAN 2026 |url=https://www.ifrmilan26.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260219124733/https://www.ifrmilan26.com/ |archive-date=2026-02-19 |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=IFR & MILAN 2026 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
<references/>
{{Corvettes of the Indian Navy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kirch (P62)}}
[[Category:Kora-class corvettes]]
[[Category:Corvettes of the Indian Navy]]
[[Category:1995 ships]]
[[Category:Ships built in India]]

Priya Rajan

2026-05-02T14:41:54Z

ValarieNarvaez8: creating basic entry needs work

{{Short description|49th Mayor of Chennai}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2022}}

{{Distinguish|text=actress, TV presenter, and producer [[Priya Raman]]}}{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Priya Rajan
| office = 49th [[Mayor of Chennai]]
| predecessor = [[Saidai Sa. Duraisamy]]
| deputy = Mahesh Kumar
| successor =
| term_start = 4 March 2022
| term_end =
| office1 =
| constituency5 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| predecessor3 =
| successor3 =
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1993|11|20|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite tweet|user=ThamizhachiTh|number=1594355869080518656|date=20 November 2022|title=My heartiest birthday wishes to our Mayor of Chennai @PriyarajanDMK|language=en|access-date=23 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121132043/https://twitter.com/thamizhachith/status/1594355869080518656|archive-date=21 November 2022|url-status=live}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Madras]] (now [[Chennai]]), [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| term =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| spouse = K. Raja
| children =
}}

'''Priya Rajan''' (born 20 November 1993) is the [[Mayor of Chennai|49th]] and incumbent [[mayor]] of [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India. She is a member of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) and was elected on 4 March 2022 after the [[2022 Tamil Nadu local elections]]. She is the youngest and the third woman to serve as mayor of the city.

== Early and personal life==
Priya graduated from Sri Kanyaka Parameswari Arts and Science College for Women with a post-graduate degree in [[Commerce]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2022/mar/04/dmks-r-priya-to-make-history-as-chennais-first-sc-woman-mayor-2426105.html|title=DMK's R Priya to make history as Chennai's first SC woman mayor|newspaper=[[New Indian Express]]|access-date=11 March 2022}}</ref> She is the granddaughter of [[Chengai Sivam]], former two time [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]] of [[Perambur Assembly constituency|Perambur]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/priya-rajan-dmks-mayoral-candidate-in-chennai-reveals-what-her-priorities-are/articleshow/89969329.cms|title=Priya Rajan, DMK's mayoral candidate in Chennai, reveals what her priorities are|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=4 March 2022|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

==Political career==
Priya Rajan was elected as a councilor from 74th ward in [[Thiru. Vi. Ka Nagar]] in [[Greater Chennai Corporation|Chennai Corporation]] representing [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) in the [[2022 Tamil Nadu local elections]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/28-year-old-woman-set-to-become-new-chennai-mayor/article65187902.ece|title=R. Priya set to be Chennai's New Mayor|date=4 March 2022|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> On 4 March 2022, she was elected as the 49th mayor of [[Chennai]] in 2022.<ref>{{cite news|title=Dalit woman is youngest mayor of India's Chennai city|url=https://www.ucanews.com/news/dalit-woman-is-youngest-mayor-of-indias-chennai-city/96373|access-date=1 October 2022|work=UCA News|language=en}}</ref> She is the youngest and the third woman to become the mayor of the city.<ref>{{cite news|date=3 March 2022|title=Chennai to get its youngest and first Dalit woman as mayor; meet R Priya |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/chennai-to-get-its-youngest-and-first-dalit-woman-as-mayor-meet-r-priya-101646304060975.html |access-date=1 October 2022|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajan, Priya}}
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Mayors of Chennai]]
[[Category:Politicians from Chennai]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Women mayors of places in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Mayors of places in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]

Disproportionate assets case against J. Jayalalithaa

2026-05-01T19:28:46Z

ValarieNarvaez8: Creating new biography

{{Short description|Indian political scandal in 1991–96}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox news event
| title = Disproportionate assets case of J. Jayalalithaa
| image =[[File:J Jayalalithaa.jpg|100px]][[File:V. K. Sasikala.png|100px]]
| image_name =
| image_size =
| caption = J. Jayalalithaa & her close associate V. K. Sasikala
| date = {{Start date and age|1996|06|14|df=y}}
| time =
| place = [[Chennai]]
| coordinates =
| also known as = DA Case
| participants = [[J. Jayalalithaa]], [[V. K. Sasikala|Sasikala]], Ilavarasi, V. N. Sudhakaran, DR Subramanian Swamy (chief petitioner)
| outcome = Imprisonment and fine
| reported injuries =
| reported missing =
| reported property damage =
| burial =
| inquiries =
| inquest =
| coroner =
| suspects =
| charges = Misuse of office, Disproportionate assets, Criminal conspiracy, Corruption
| verdict = Supreme Court: Trial court verdict restored. High Court: Acquitted of all charges, bail bonds discharged. Trial Court: 4 years' simple imprisonment for all four, a fine of {{INR}}100 crore for Jayalalithaa and {{INR}}10 crores for the other three
| convictions = Supreme Court: 3; High Court: none; Trial Court: 4.
| litigation = 18 years
}}

[[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayaram Jayalalithaa]] (24 February 1948 – 5 December 2016), commonly referred to as Jayalalithaa, was an Indian politician who was the six-time [[Chief Minister (India)|Chief Minister]] of the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. She was initially convicted for misusing her office during her tenure of 1991–96.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Jayalalithaa-wealth-case-timeline-of-events/article10887817.ece|title=Jayalalithaa wealth case: timeline of events|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=2017-02-21|language=en}}</ref> [[Subramanian Swamy]] was the chief petitioner. Some of the allegations involved spending on her foster son's lavish marriage in 1996 and her acquisition of properties worth more than {{INRConvert|66.65|c|year=1996}}, as well as jewellery, cash deposits, investments and a fleet of luxury cars. This was the first case in India where a ruling chief minister had to step down on account of a court sentence. Ultimately, in May 2015, her conviction was overturned, she was acquitted of all charges. She died before the [[Supreme Court of India]] reviewed the case in 2017.

The trial lasted 18 years and was transferred to [[Bengaluru]] from [[Chennai]]. A judgement on 27 September 2014 in the Special Court headed by Justice [[John Michael D'Cunha]] convicted all of the accused—namely J. Jayalalithaa, [[V. K. Sasikala|VK Sasikala]], Ilavarasi and V. N. Sudhakaran—and sentenced them to four years' simple imprisonment. Jayalalithaa was fined {{INRConvert|100|c|year=2014}} and the other three were fined {{INRConvert|10|c|year=2014}} each. She was convicted for the third time and was forced to step down from the Chief Minister's office for a second time. She was also the seventh politician and the first [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) from the state, and the third nationally,{{citation needed|date=February 2017}} to be disqualified after the Supreme Court judgement in 2014 on the [[Representation of the People Act, 1951|Representation of the People Act]] that prevents convicted politicians from holding office.

In May 2015, the [[Karnataka High Court]]'s C. R. Kumaraswamy overturned the trial court's verdict, acquitting those accused of all charges. This paved the way for Jayalalithaa's return to power as Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu on 23 May 2015.

On 14 February 2017, the Supreme Court of India's Binaki Chandra Bose, Amitva Ray over-ruled the Karnataka High Court. Sasikala and the other accused were convicted and sentenced to four years' imprisonment, as well as being fined {{INRConvert|10|c|year=2017}} each. The case against Jayalalithaa was abated because she had died but fines were levied on her properties.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sasikalas-conviction-in-wealth-case-upheld-by-supreme-court/articleshow/57140345.cms|title=Sasikala's conviction in wealth case upheld by Supreme Court|first=Dhananjay|last=Mahapatra|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|date=14 February 2017}}</ref>

==Case==
{| class="wikitable floatright"
|+ Movable Properties in Disproportionate Assets<ref>{{cite news |title=Where are Jaya's assets? |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/where-are-jayas-assets/articleshow/102881362.cms |access-date=23 August 2023 |work=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! Particulars !! Numbers
|-
| Sarees || 11,344
|-
| Decorated footwears || 750
|-
| Shawls || 250
|-
| Dressing tables || 9
|-
| Wrist watches || 91
|-
| Suitcases || 131
|-
| Teapoys || 34
|-
| Tables || 31
|-
| Cots || 24
|-
| Sofa Sets || 20
|-
| Dressing Mirrors || 31
|-
| Telephones/Intercoms || 33
|-
| Wall Clocks || 27
|-
| Fans || 86
|-
| Decorated Chairs || 146
|-
| Hanging Lights || 81
|-
| Crystal Cut Glasses || 215
|-
| Refrigerators || 12
|-
| Television Sets || 10
|-
| VCRs || 8
|-
| Video Camera || 1
|-
| CD Players || 4
|-
| Audio Decks || 2
|-
| Two-in-One Tape Recorders || 24
|-
| Video Cassettes ||1,040
|-
| Cash || 1,93,202
|}
Jayalalithaa was a six-time chief minister of the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu. She was accused of misusing her office during her first tenure as chief minister during 1991–96 to amass properties worth {{INRConvert|66.65|c|year=1996}} and depositing the amount in her proxy accounts.<ref name="India Abroad">{{cite news|title=Jayalalitha convicted, supporters go on rampage|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-79276989.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328134356/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-79276989.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 March 2015|location= New Delhi|publisher=India Abroad|date=11 February 2000|access-date=2014-01-01|first=Kalyan|last=Arun}}</ref> The assets under the purview of the case span over {{cvt|1200|ha}} including the farm houses and bungalows in Chennai, agricultural land in Tamil Nadu, a farm house in Hyderabad, a tea estate in the Nilgiris, valuable jewellery, industrial sheds, cash deposits and investments in banks and a set of luxury cars.<ref name=NDTV/> A raid in her Poes garden residence in 1997 recovered {{convert|800|kg|abbr=on}} silver, {{convert|28|kg|abbr=on}} gold, 750 pairs of shoes, 10,500 sarees, 91 watches and other valuables. The valuables were kept in a vault in [[Reserve Bank of India]] in Chennai. The opposition party petitioned the court to take control of those assets but a judge who inspected them in January 2014 ordered their transfer to Bangalore.<ref name=TOI>{{cite news|title=Karnataka judge inspects Jayalalithaa's assets|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Karnataka-judge-inspects-Jayalalithaas-assets/articleshow/28494380.cms|work=TNN|publisher=The Times of India|date=7 January 2014|access-date=2014-01-01|location=Chennai}}</ref> The judgement on 27 September 2014 in the Special Court found all four parties guilty. The case had political implications as it was the first case where a ruling Chief minister had to step down on account of a court verdict.

Later, on 11 May 2015, Jayalalithaa was acquitted of all the charges by High Court of Karnataka by C. R. Kumaraswamy.<ref>{{cite news|title=High Court verdict on Jayalalithaa's asset case|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/resources/text-of-karnataka-high-courts-verdict-on-jayalalithaa-da-case/article7193478.ece|date=12 May 2015|access-date=2015-05-25|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

Later, on 15 February 2017, The Supreme court overheard the case and convicted all by [[Pinaki Chandra Bose]] and [[Amitava Roy]]. The order of the special court was restored by the apex court. This ended VK Sasikala's dream to be Chief Minister.

==Trial==

The [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) government lost power to the Jayalalithaa-led [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] government in 2001. In 2003, DMK requested that the court proceedings take place outside Tamil Nadu because it doubted that a fair trial would happen under her governance. The case was transferred to the neighbouring state of [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Jayalalithaa deposes for third time in disproportionate assets case| url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/jayalalithaa-disproportionate-assets-case-hearing-146566-2011-11-21|work=IANS|location= Bangalore|publisher=India Today|date=22 November 2011|access-date=2014-01-01}}</ref> During May 2010, Jayalalithaa's counsel argued that those in charge of the proceedings were not competent to run the case. The Supreme Court dismissed the appeal.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jayalalitha's petition in graft case dismissed|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2030116871.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328142034/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2030116871.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 March 2015|location= New Delhi|work=Hindustan Times|agency=IANS|date=11 May 2010|access-date=2014-01-01 }}</ref>

In 2002, several prosecution witnesses resiled from their earlier depositions when Jayalalithaa was acquitted by [[Madras High Court]]. Bangalore Special Court noted that "No attempt has been made to elicit or find out whether witnesses were resiling because they are now under pressure to do so. It does appear that the new public prosecutor is hand in glove with the accused, thereby causing a reasonable apprehension of likelihood of failure of justice in the minds of the public at large. There is a strong indication that the process of justice is being subverted."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2025/stories/20031219005403000.htm|title=Over to Bangalore|work=frontline.in|access-date=2015-05-27}}</ref>

Despite attempting to avoid appearing personally before the court, citing security concerns, the Supreme Court ordered Jayalalithaa to do so.<ref>{{cite news|title=No relief from SC, Jaya to appear before court today|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2489514071.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304130946/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2489514071.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 March 2016|location= New Delhi|publisher=Hindustan Times|date=20 October 2011|access-date=2014-01-01}}</ref> Her deposition lasted two days in October 2011.<ref name=NDTV>{{cite news|title=Jayalalithaa's court appearance over, heads back to Chennai|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/jayalalithaa-s-court-appearance-over-heads-back-to-chennai-143196|last=Iyer|first=Radhika|publisher=NDTV|location=Bangalore|date=21 October 2011|access-date=2014-01-01}}</ref>

In 2012, Karnataka Advocate General [[B.V.Acharya]], who had spent seven years building the case, resigned as the Special Public Prosecutor. He told reporters that he was being pressured by the state government and "forces" who wanted him off the case.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/relief-jayalalithaa-acharya-says-he-will-not-file-additional-submission-da-case|title=In a relief to Jayalalithaa, Acharya says he will not file an additional submission in DA case|work=The News Minute|date=5 May 2015|access-date=2015-05-27}}</ref>

During June 2014, the Supreme Court ordered resumption of trial and dismissed the plea from Jayalalithaa seeking to abate the case.<ref>{{cite news|title=SC Orders Resumption of Trial in Jaya Assets Case|url=https://www.questia.com/read/1P3-3336384381|location= New Delhi|publisher=Hindustan Times|date=18 June 2014}}{{dead link|date=July 2021}}</ref>

On 27 September 2014, the Special Court headed by Justice [[John Michael D'Cunha]] convicted all four accused. Jayalalithaa was sentenced to four years simple imprisonment under the Prevention of Corruption Act and fined {{INR}}100 crores, which would be set-off against the confiscated properties. The three co-accused were all sentenced to four years simple imprisonment and fined {{INR}}10 crores each. Failure to pay the fine would result in an additional year of sentence. The outcome also meant that Jayalalithaa was disqualified as an MLA and as Chief Minister, and that she would not be able to contest elections for 10 years.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite news|title=Jayalalithaa goes to jail|work=The Hindu|last1=Yamunan|first1=Sruthisagar|last2=Krishnaprasad|date=28 September 2014|location=Bangalore}}</ref><ref name=times1>{{cite news|title=Assets take Jaya from Garden to jail|newspaper=Sunday Times|date=28 September 2014|location=Bangalore/Chennai|last1=Sivan|first1=Jayaraj|last2=A.|first2=Subramani|last3=P.|first3=Vasanth Kumar}}</ref>

Following the judgment, Jayalalithaa was moved to Parappana Agrahara prison. Requests for a VVIP cell and medical treatment were denied. The three co-accused were also jailed at that prison.<ref>{{cite news|title=Amma is now prisoner number 7402|newspaper=Sunday Times|last1=M.K.|first1=Madhusoodan|last2=Kalkod|first2=Rajiv|date=28 September 2014}}</ref> The four sought bail pending an appeal and this was granted on 17 October 2014. It was stipulated that the appeal must be completed within three months.<ref name=bail/> On 17 October 2014, Supreme Court granted two months bail and suspended her sentence.<ref>{{cite news|title=India's Supreme Court grants bail to Jayalalitha|work=BBC News|date=17 October 2014|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-29655666|access-date=2014-10-17}}</ref> On 18 December 2014, the same court extended her bail by four months and ordered that her appeal challenging conviction in Karnataka High Court be conducted on day-to-day basis by a Special Bench.<ref name=":0" />

The case went to appeal in Karnataka High Court. Judgement was delayed because Anbazhagan petitioned the Supreme Court against the appointment of Bhavani Singh as prosecutor. He was accused of aiding the defendants. The Supreme Court accepted the appeal and ruled that appointment of Bhavani was against rules. It also instructed the High Court to get written statements from the newly appointed prosecutor of the case by Karnataka government.<ref name="Bhavani">{{cite news|title=Supreme Court strikes down Bhavani Singh's appointment|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/no-freash-hearing-of-jayalalithaas-appeal/article7146155.ece|work=The Hindu|date=27 April 2015|access-date=2015-05-23}}</ref> The Karnataka government appointed B. V. Acharya.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jayalalithaa wealth case: B.V. Acharya back as SPP|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/jayalalithaa-wealth-case-bv-acharya-back-as-spp/article7150632.ece|work=The Hindu|date=29 April 2015|access-date=2015-05-23}}</ref>

On 11 May 2015, Jayalalithaa was acquitted of all charges by the Karnataka High Court, causing wild celebrations by supporters.<ref name=acquit>{{cite news|title=Indian Tamil leader Jayalalithaa Jayaram cleared of corruption, paving way for return to politics|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-05-11/indian-tamil-leader-jayalalithaa-jayaram-cleared-of-corruption/6461526|date=11 May 2015|work=ABC News|access-date=2015-05-25}}</ref>

On 15 February 2017, The Supreme court overheard the case and convicted all. The order of the special court was restored by the apex court.

Karnataka has sent a bill of Rs 12.04 [[crore]] to Tamil Nadu in connection with this case. The bill details the expenditure incurred by Karnataka while conducting the DA case between 2004 and 2016. The bill has details of the court charges, security, fees of lawyers, salary of judges and also the security arrangements made in connection with the case. The expenses were incurred by the chief accountant, the registrars of the city civil court and the Karnataka high court and the home department.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vicky |date=2017-02-17 |title=Karnataka sends Rs 12 crore bill to TN for conducting Jaya DA case |url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/karnataka-sends-rs-12-crore-bill-to-tn-conducting-jaya-da-case-2350711.html |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=www.oneindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
===2014===
Announcement of the judgement and sentence was delayed by six hours, leading to chaos outside the court. Soon after, sporadic incidents of violence were reported across the state initiated by the AIADMK and Jayalalithaa loyalists. Most shops, restaurants, malls and movie halls remained closed and public transport was totally stopped. The neighbouring state of Karnataka and Kerala stopped inter-state buses to Tamil Nadu. A state-owned bus was set ablaze near [[Kanchipuram]] before passengers were made to alight. The governor of Tamil Nadu, [[Konijeti Rosaiah]] ordered operations to maintain law and order and, while the police said that the situation was under control, opposition parties complained of violence. The leader of DMK, [[M. Karunanidhi]], wrote to the [[President of India]] and the Prime Minister seeking restoration of peace.<ref>{{cite news|title=Violence across the state|work=The Hindu|last=S.|first=Vijayakumar|date=28 September 2014|location=Chennai}}</ref> The Central Home Ministry offered support to control violence.<ref>{{cite news|title=Centre offers help to tackle violence|work=The Hindu|last=Special Correspondent|date=28 September 2014|location=New Delhi}}</ref> Venkatesan, a 65-year-old fan of Jayalilathaa, immolated himself in Chennai as a mark of protest and died later in hospital. Another follower tried [[self-immolation]] in front of the house of Jayalalithaa at Poes Gardens but was stopped by the police.<ref>{{cite news|title=65-year old man kills self over conviction|work=The Hindu|last=Peter|first=Petlee|date=28 September 2014|location=Chennai}}</ref>

Following the disqualification of Jayalalithaa as Chief Minister, media reported various front-runners for the post.<ref>{{cite news|title=Front runners|work=The Hindu|date=28 September 2014|location=Chennai}}</ref> The AIADMK eventually opted for [[O. Panneerselvam]] to become Chief Minister.<ref>{{cite news|title=Disproportionate assets case aftermath: New Chief Minister|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/o-panneerselvam-is-tamil-nadu-s-new-chief-minister-599069|publisher=NDTV|date= 28 September 2014|location=All India|access-date=2014-09-28}}</ref>

=== 2017 ===
Sasikala then convened the party's MLA council in her capacity as the general secretary, where [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]] was unanimously appointed as the new chief minister and sworn in the next day.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/tn-governor-accepts-resignation-of-cm-o-panneerselvam-and-his-council-of-ministers/article9523821.ece|title=Governor accepts CMs resignation|website=[[Business Line]]|publisher=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The Kodanad tea estate, associated with the assets of Jayalalithaa and Sasikala, was later the site of the [[Kodanad estate robbery and murder|robbery and murder]] in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=T. N. M. |date=2019-01-14 |title=Kodanad robbery and murder case: A timeline of events and the mystery deaths |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/kodanad-robbery-and-murder-case-timeline-events-and-mystery-deaths-95016 |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

==Political consequences==

=== 2014 ===
Jayalalithaa became the first Chief Minister to lose her post due to being convicted while in office and the seventh MLA to lose office for that reason.<ref>{{cite news|title=Fifth politician to lose post|newspaper=Sunday Times|date=28 September 2014}}</ref> She was convicted for the third time overall and was forced to step down from the Chief Minister's office for the second time.<ref name=times1/> Jayalalithaa was the sixth former chief minister of an Indian state to have been charged and jailed in a corruption case.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jaya 1st CM in office to be convicted|publisher=Sunday Times|date=28 February 2014}}</ref>

=== 2017 ===
It effectively ending Sasikala's chief ministerial ambitions and she banned for contesting elections for 10 years till 2027. She was released in January 2021.

==Timeline==
* June 1996 – [[Subramanian Swamy]] files complaint against Jayalalithaa against the amassed wealth. The DMK-led government registered a [[First Information Report]] against her and an investigation into the complaint begins
* June 1997 – Jayalalithaa, Sasikala, Ilavarasi and Sudhakaran are formally charged and this is confirmed by special court in October
* May 2001 – Jayalalithaa-led AIADMK comes back to power in Tamil Nadu
* February 2003 – [[K. Anbazhagan]], the secretary of DMK, files an appeal in the Supreme Court to transfer proceedings outside Tamil Nadu to ensure a fair trial. In November that year, the Court orders that the trial be moved to Bangalore, Karnataka
* March 2005 – Trial commences in special court in Bangalore
* December 2010 to February 2011 – Re-examination of witnesses by prosecution
* 20, 21 October and 22, 23 November 2011 – Jayalalithaa appears in person in court and answers questions
* August 2012 – Special Public Prosecutor (SPP) B. V. Acharya resigns quoting efforts transferring him
* 2013 – G. Bhawani Singh appointed as the SPP in February, removed by the [[Government of Karnataka]] in August and then reinstated by the Supreme Court in September<ref>{{cite news|title=Supreme Court quashes order removing Bhavani Singh|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/supreme-court-quashes-order-removing-bhavani-singh/article5184888.ece|work=The Hindu|date= 7 September 2013|location=Bangalore|access-date=2013-09-30}}</ref>
* 28 August 2014 – Trial concludes and court decides 20 September as the date of sentence
* 16 September 2014 – Court allows appeal of Jayalalithaa to move proceedings to different court and sentence to 27 September on grounds of security.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite news|title=Twists and Turns|work=The Hindu|date= 27 September 2014|location=Bangalore}}</ref>
* 27 September 2014 – Court pronounces verdict – all four convicted are sentenced.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jayalalithaa guilty in assets case, Gets 4-year jail term|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/jayalalithaa-verdict-assets-case-disproportionate-special-court-301123-2014-09-27|publisher=India Today|date= 27 September 2014|location=Bangalore|access-date=2014-09-27}}</ref> The four defendants were sent to the [[Central Prison, Bangalore|Parappana Agrahara Central Jail]] in Bengaluru.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url = http://onelawstreet.com/2015/05/jayalalithaa-acquitted-by-karnataka-high-court-in-da-case-read-judgment-and-case-history/|title = Jayalalithaa acquitted by Karnataka High Court in DA case – Read judgment and case history|date = 11 May 2015|access-date=2015-05-11|website = 1, Law Street|publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref>
* 29 September 2014 – Jayalalithaa files a bail plea in Karnataka High Court.<ref>{{cite news|title=Disproportionate assets case: Jayalalithaa files bail plea in Karnataka HC|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/disproportionate-assets-case-jayalalithaa-files-bail-plea-in-karnataka-hc-1735347.html|publisher=Firstpost|date= 29 September 2014|location=Bangalore|access-date=2014-09-29}}</ref> The plea was rejected two days later,<ref>{{cite news|title=Disproportionate assets case: Bail plea was not accepted, and is postponed for six more days.|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/disproportionate-assets-case-jayalalithaa-files-bail-plea-in-karnataka-hc-1735347.html|publisher=Firstpost|date= 29 September 2014|location=Bangalore|access-date=2014-09-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Huge blow to Jayalalithaa|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/huge-blow-to-former-tamil-nadu-cm-j-jayalalithaa-as-karnataka-hc-refuses-bail-to-her-in-da-case/504433-62-128.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008225229/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/huge-blow-to-former-tamil-nadu-cm-j-jayalalithaa-as-karnataka-hc-refuses-bail-to-her-in-da-case/504433-62-128.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 October 2014|publisher=IBNLive|date=7 October 2014|access-date=2015-05-25}}</ref> but on 17 October 2014 it was granted by the Supreme Court.<ref name=bail>{{Cite web|url = http://onelawstreet.com/2014/10/jayalalitha-bail-order-supreme-court-17-10-2014/|title = Jayalalitha Bail Order – Supreme Court – 17.10.2014|date = 17 October 2014|access-date = 2015-05-03|website = 1, Law Street|publisher = |last = |first = |archive-date = 18 May 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150518125224/http://onelawstreet.com/2014/10/jayalalitha-bail-order-supreme-court-17-10-2014/|url-status = dead}}</ref>
* 18 October 2014 – Jayalalithaa returns to chennai, after 21 days in Bangalore prison.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jayalalithaa returns to Chennai after 21 days in Bangalore jail|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jayalalithaa-returns-to-chennai-after-21-days-in-bangalore-jail/articleshow/44869870.cms|publisher=Firstpost|date= 18 October 2014|access-date=2014-10-18}}</ref>
* 27 April 2015 – Supreme Court holds appointment of Bhawani Singh as prosecutor in appeal as wrong in law but does not allow a fresh hearing.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://onelawstreet.com/2015/04/sc-holds-appointment-of-bhawani-singh-as-spp-in-jayalalithas-appeal-bad/|title = Supreme Court terms SPP's appointment bad but no de novo hearing in Jayalalitha's Appeal|date = 27 April 2015|access-date = 2015-05-03|website = 1, Law Street|publisher = |last = |first = |archive-date = 18 May 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150518115550/http://onelawstreet.com/2015/04/sc-holds-appointment-of-bhawani-singh-as-spp-in-jayalalithas-appeal-bad/|url-status = dead}}</ref>
* 11 May 2015 – Jayalalithaa is acquitted of all corruption charges by the Karnataka High Court.<ref name=":0" />
* 23 May 2015 – Jayalalithaa returns to power as Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jayalalitha: sworn in a chief minister of Tamil Nadu|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-32857257|work=BBC News|location=India|date=23 May 2015|access-date=2015-05-25}}</ref>
* 5 December 2016 – Jayalalithaa died on 5 December after suffering from a cardiac arrest.
* 14 February 2017 – Sasikala and other co-accused found guilty of corruption charges. Proceedings against Jayalalithaa were abated and dismissed on account of her death.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/sasikala-supreme-court-da-case-aiadmk-panneerselvam-960558-2017-02-14|title = Sasikala convicted in DA case, she must serve remaining jail term, rules Supreme Court| date=14 February 2017 }}</ref>
* 5 April 2017 – The [[Supreme Court of India]] rejected the [[review petition]] of [[Government of Karnataka]] to re-examine its decision to abate the proceedings against Jayalalithaa due to her death.<ref name="DAReview">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jayalalithaa-da-case-supreme-court-rejects-karnataka-governments-review-plea/articleshow/58029674.cms|title = Jayalalithaa DA case: Supreme Court rejects Karnataka government's review plea|date=5 April 2017 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
* 28 September 2018 – The Supreme Court of India dismissed the [[curative petition]] of Karnataka Government to re-examine its decision to abate the proceedings against Jayalalithaa due to her death.<ref name="DACurative">{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/da-case-sc-rejects-karnataka-s-curative-petition-118092801261_1.html|title = DA case: SC rejects Karnataka's curative petition|date=28 September 2018 |website=business standard}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

[[Category:Jayalalithaa]]
[[Category:Corruption in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2014 in Indian politics]]
[[Category:History of Tamil Nadu (1947–present)]]
[[Category:Political corruption in India]]
[[Category:Crime in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Law enforcement operations in India]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]

S. A. Dharmadhikari

2026-04-24T19:31:33Z

ValarieNarvaez8: creating initial article nd citations

{{Short description|47th Chief Justice of Madras High Court}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sushrut Arvind Dharmadhikari
| office = [[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Madras High Court|47th Chief Justice]] of [[Madras High Court]]
| status =
| term_start = 6 March 2026
| appointer = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| nominator = [[Surya Kant (judge)|Surya Kant]]
| predecessor = [[Manindra Mohan Shrivastava|M. M. Shrivastava]]
| successor =
| office1 = [[Judge]] of [[Kerala High Court]]
| term_start1 = 23 April 2025
| term_end1 = 5 March 2026
| nominator1 = [[Sanjiv Khanna]]
| appointer1 = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| office2 = [[Judge]] of [[Madhya Pradesh High Court]]
| term_start2 = 7 April 2016
| term_end2 = 22 April 2025
| nominator2 = [[T. S. Thakur]]
| appointer2 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| honorific_prefix = Hon'ble Chief Justice
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1966|07|08|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Raipur]], [[Chhattisgarh]]
| parents = Arvind H. Dharmadhikari, Shubha Dharmadhikari
| education = [[B. Com]] and [[LL.B]]
| alma_mater = [[Nagpur University]]
}}
'''Sushrut Arvind Dharmadhikari''' (born 8 July 1966) is an Indian judge currently serving as the [[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Madras High Court|47th Chief Justice]] of [[Madras High Court]] since March 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sajeev |first=Upasana |date=2026-03-06 |title=Justice Sushrut Arvind Dharmadhikari Sworn In As Chief Justice of Madras High Court |url=https://www.livelaw.in/high-court/madras-high-court/madras-high-court-justice-sa-adhikari-sworn-in-as-chief-justice-525443 |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref> He also served as a [[Judge]] of the [[Kerala High Court]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Justice Sushrut Arvind Dharmadhikari Transferred From Madhya Pradesh To Kerala High Court |url=https://www.bwlegalworld.com/article/justice-sushrut-arvind-dharmadhikari-transferred-from-madhya-pradesh-to-kerala-high-court-553583 |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=BW Legal World |language=en}}</ref> and the [[Madhya Pradesh High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Judge's Profile {{!}} High Court of Madhya Pradesh |url=https://mphc.gov.in/judges-profile |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260117233524/https://mphc.gov.in/judges-profile |archive-date=2026-01-17 |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=mphc.gov.in}}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
Justice Dharmadhikari was born on 8 July 1966 at [[Raipur]] in [[Chhattisgarh]]. He completed his [[Graduation]] in commerce and law from [[Nagpur University]]. In 1992 he enrolled as an advocate in [[Madhya Pradesh High Court]]. He had been linked to one of the most important legal matters in India's history as he served as counsel for Welfare commissioner for [[Bhopal Gas Tragedy]] victims. He served as standing counsel for [[Union of India (government)|Union of India]] from 2000 to 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who Is Justice Dharmadhikari, Madras High Court Chief Justice Pick |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/who-is-justice-sushrut-arvind-dharmadhikari-madras-high-court-chief-justice-pick-bhopal-gas-tragedy-case-kerala-story-2-case-11144210 |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=NDTV}}</ref>

He was appointed as an Additional Judge of the Madhya Pradesh High Court on 7 April 2016 and was made permanent on 17 March 2018. In April 2025 he was transferred to [[Kerala High Court]] and took oath as such on 23 April 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-07 |title=Supreme Court Collegium Recommends Transfer of Madhya Pradesh HC Judge Justice S A Dharmadhikari to Kerala HC - Law Trend |url=https://lawtrend.in/supreme-court-collegium-recommends-transfer-of-madhya-pradesh-hc-judge-justice-s-a-dharmadhikari-to-kerala-hc/ |access-date=2026-02-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> In Kerala High Court, Justice Dharmadhikari was a part of the two judge [[division bench]] which was hearing plea against the release of [[The Kerala Story 2 Goes Beyond]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Justice Dharmadhikari, Who Heard 'Kerala Story 2' Case, Gets A Promotion |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/justice-dharmadhikari-who-heard-kerala-story-2-case-gets-a-promotion-to-become-chief-justice-of-madras-high-court-11143169 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260227110927/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/justice-dharmadhikari-who-heard-kerala-story-2-case-gets-a-promotion-to-become-chief-justice-of-madras-high-court-11143169 |archive-date=2026-02-27 |access-date=2026-02-28 |work=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Daily |first=Keralakaumudi |title=Justice Sushrut Arvind Dharmadhikari, who heard Kerala Story 2 pleas late night, promoted |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1706813 |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=Keralakaumudi Daily |language=en}}</ref>

In February 2026, Supreme court collegium recommended his elevation as chief justice of [[Madras High Court]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bench |first=Bar & |date=2026-02-27 |title=Supreme Court Collegium recommends Justice SA Dharmadhikari as Madras High Court Chief Justice |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/law-policy/supreme-court-collegium-recommends-justice-sa-dharmadhikari-as-madras-high-court-chief-justice |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref> by superseding justice [[Atul Sreedharan]], who was senior to Dharmadhikari<ref>{{Cite web |last=Leaflet |first=The |date=2026-02-27 |title=Collegium recommends Justice S.A. Dharmadhikari as Madras High Court Chief Justice, superseding Justice Atul Sreedharan |url=https://theleaflet.in/leaflet-reports/collegium-recommends-justice-sa-dharmadhikari-as-madras-high-court-chief-justice-superseding-justice-atul-sreedharan |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=The Leaflet |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sushrut Aravind Dharmadhikari, Who Heard Kerala Story 2 Plea, Appointed Chief Justice of Madras High Court |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/deshabhimani-english-/kerala-news/justice-sushrut-aravind-dharmadhikari-appointed-madras-high-court-chief-justice-63352 |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=Deshabhimani |language=en}}</ref> and he was appointed<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Mani Singh |date=2026-03-05 |title=சென்னை ஹைகோர்ட் புதிய தலைமை நீதிபதியாக சுஷ்ருத் அரவிந்த் தர்மாதிகாரி நியமனம்! யார் இவர்? |url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/news/chennai/madras-high-court-gets-new-chief-justice-as-justice-sushrut-arvind-dharmadhikari-appointed-778847.html |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=tamil.oneindia.com |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-05 |title=Justice SA Dharmadhikari Appointed as Chief Justice of Madras High Court; Centre Issues Notification - Law Trend |url=https://lawtrend.in/justice-sa-dharmadhikari-appointed-as-chief-justice-of-madras-high-court-centre-issues-notification/ |access-date=2026-03-05 |language=en-US}}</ref> as such and took oath on 6 March 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bench |first=Bar & |date=2026-03-06 |title=Justice SA Dharmadhikari sworn in as Chief Justice of Madras High Court |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/justice-sa-dharmadhikari-sworn-in-as-chief-justice-of-madras-high-court |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references responsive="1"></references>

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1966 births]]

Tractors in India

2026-04-23T23:50:33Z

ValarieNarvaez8: Adding basic pg needs work

{{Short description|Overview of Indian tractor industry}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{See also|Tractors India}}
{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| align = right
| width = 220
| footer = India is the world's largest manufacturer of [[tractor]]s with 50% of world's output in 2016; it is also the world's largest tractor market.<ref name="aem.org"/><ref name="ft.com"/> Above, tractors adapted for different functions in various parts of India.
| image1 =Agriculture in India tractor farming Punjab preparing field for a wheat crop without burning previous crop stalk.jpg
| image2 =Tractor at Cotton Harvest.jpg
| image3 = കൊയ്തുയന്ത്രം.jpg
}}
'''Tractors in India''' are a major industry and significant contributor to its agriculture output gains.<ref name="aem.org"/><ref name="ft.com"/>

In 1947, as India gained independence from the British Empire, the level of agriculture mechanisation was low. The socialist oriented five-year plans of the 1950s and 1960s aggressively promoted rural mechanisation via joint ventures and tie-ups between local industrialists and international tractor manufacturers. Despite these efforts, the first three decades after independence local production of 4-wheel tractors grew slowly. By the late 1980s tractor production was nearly 140,000 units per year, and a prevalence rate of less than 2 per 1,000 farmers.

After economic reforms of 1991, the pace of change increased and by late 1990s with production approached 270,000 per year. In early 2000s, India overtook the United States as the world's largest producer of four-wheel tractors. FAO estimated, in 1999, that of total agricultural area in India, less than 50% is under mechanised land preparation, indicating large opportunities still exist for agricultural mechanisation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2006-09-23|title=Seminar Report|url=http://www.taa.org.uk/southeast/Singh.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060923220117/http://www.taa.org.uk/southeast/Singh.htm|archive-date=2006-09-23|access-date=2021-04-16|website=taa.org.uk}}</ref>

In 2013, India produced 619,000 [[tractor]]s accounting for 29% of world's output, as the world's largest producer and market for tractors.<ref name="aem.org"/><ref name="ft.com"/> India currently has 16 domestic and 4 multinational corporations manufacturing tractors.

==History==
===1945 to 1960===

War surplus tractors and bulldozers were imported for land reclamation and cultivation in mid-1940s. In 1947 central and state tractor organisations were set up to develop and promote the supply and use of tractors in agriculture and up to 1960, the demand was met entirely through imports. There were 8,500 tractors in use in 1951, 20,000 in 1955 and 37,000 by 1960.In this period Massey Ferguson entered India With Massey Ferguson 35x and 135

===1960–1970===
By 1970 annual production had exceeded 20,000 units with over 146,000 units working in the country.

===1971 to 1980===

By late 60's the government of India initiated the [[Green Revolution in India]] program and the need for mechanisation created more demands for farm tractors.To meet the initial demand the Government allowed lot of imports mostly from [[USSR]] and its [[Eastern Bloc]] neighbours. In addition six new manufacturers were established during this period although three companies (Kirloskar Tractors, Harsha Tractors and Pittie Tractors) did not survive. HMT, a large public sector unit, began manufacturing Agricultural Tractors in 1972 under the HMT brand name with technology acquired from [[Zetor]] of the Czech Republic (and in year 2016 this company was shut down by the government of India). Escorts Ltd. began local manufacture of Ford tractors in 1971 in collaboration with Ford, UK and total production climbed steadily to 33,000 in 1975–76

===1981 to 1990===

A further five manufacturers(Auto Tractors, Haryana Tractors, United Auto Tractors, Asian Tractors, and VST Tillers) began production during this period but only VST has survived in the increasingly competitive marketplace. Annual production exceeded 75,000 units by 1985 and reached 140,000 in 1990 when the total in use was about 1.2 million. Than India – a net importer up to the mid-seventies – became an exporter in the 1980s mainly to countries in Africa.

===1991 to 1997===

Since 1992, it has not been necessary to obtain an industrial license for tractor manufacture in India. By 1997 annual production exceeded 255,000 units and the national tractor population had passed the two million mark. India now emerged as one of the world leaders in wheeled tractor production.

===1997 to 1999===
{{unreferenced section|date=December 2012}}
Five new manufacturers started production in this period. In 1996 [[Sonalika Tractors]] started its first tractor manufacturing plant in Hosiarpur, then in 1998 Bajaj Tempo, later renamed [[Force Motors]], began tractor production in Pune.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.agricultureinindia.net/machinery/farm-tractor/tractor-status-and-manufacturer-india-agriculture/16287 | title=Tractor: Status and Manufacturer | India | Agriculture | date=25 January 2018 }}</ref> In April of the same year New Holland Tractor (India) Ltd launched production of 70 hp tractors<ref>{{Cite web |title=About us {{!}} New Holland India |url=https://agriculture.newholland.com/apac/en-in/about-us/new-holland/nh-in-india |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=agriculture.newholland.com}}</ref> with matching equipment by investing $US 75 million in a state-of-the-art plant at Greater Noida in Uttar Pradesh state with an initial capacity of 35000 units per year. Also during this time, Larsen and Toubro established a joint venture with [[John Deere]] of the United States, for the manufacture of 35–65 hp tractors at a plant in Pune, Maharashtra. And Greeves Ltd began producing tractors under similar arrangements with [[Deutz-Fahr]] of Italy. [[Captain Tractors]] has rolled out first indigenous Mini Tractor of 9.5 hp for small and marginal farmers. CASE now [[Case IH]] looking to develop a joint venture in India went into discussions with various Indian companies and in 1999 settled with New Holland Pvt Ltd. India for manufacturing CASE brand tractors and harvesting equipment at New Holland's facility.

===1999 to present===
Facing market saturation in the traditional markets of the north west (Punjab, Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh) tractors sales began a slow and slight decline. By 2002 sales went below 200,000. Manufacturers expanded into eastern and southern India markets in an attempt to reverse the decline, and began exploring the potential for overseas markets.

In 2013, India produced 619,000 tractors accounting for 29% of world's output. It is the world's largest producer and market for tractors.<ref name="aem.org"/><ref name="ft.com"/> India currently has 16 domestic and 4 multinational corporations manufacturing tractors. In 2014 Zetor come back in India and linked with the local tractor manufacture companies to supply 40 to 75 hp tractors on zetor brand name to other countries.

==Characteristics, prevalence and market share==
[[File:Mahindra tractor.JPG|thumb|240px|Mahindra tractor has the largest share of Indian tractor market.]]
* Market Characteristics:
** Despite the growing availability and sales in the higher HP utility tractors in the category 2 (50–100 HP) and even in category 3 (100–180 HP) the average HP remains between 40 and 45 HP.
** While the industry remains very competitive nationally and internationally and with ever increasing numbers of OEMs, the manufactures are offering quality improvements in engine efficiency and emissions, better selection in transmissions, power steering, etc., they have also managed to keep prices down by limiting offerings in digitalization (little or no use of engine control modules – ECM) of the engine-tractor, roll over protection systems as optional, and the other bells and whistles for operators that come as standard options elsewhere.
** Very competitive and widely available repair services due in part to keeping things simple (no ECMs, etc.).
** Sales are also driven as the "agricultural" tractors are widely used in providing commercial transport services in rural and peri-urban areas. The cost of a tractor and trailer are much less than the higher speed commercial truck offerings in the 1–5 ton sector.
* Prevalence:
** Tractors are getting widespread acceptance in India.
** Kotaks and ICRA reports estimate that nearly 4.3 million tractors were in operation, and 1 in 20 rural households owned a tractor in 2011. They project that the market will grow at 7% to 8% per year, and only 19% of Indian rural farming households that can afford a tractor have as yet purchased a unit.
** Designs that allow multi-functional use, adapted to local needs and rural constraints, are experiencing higher demands.
* Market Share:
** Five companies account for over 80% of the market share
** Mahindra and Mahindra (largest at 42.5% share)
** TAFE with 20%
** Rest
*** Escorts,
*** ITL-Sonalika
*** [[John Deere]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-05-05|title=Indian Tractor Industry – Cyclical Moderation in Growth Ahead|url=http://www.icra.in/Files/ticker/Tractor%20Industry-An%20update,%20February%202012.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505005418/http://www.icra.in/Files/ticker/Tractor%20Industry-An%20update,%20February%202012.pdf|archive-date=2012-05-05|access-date=2021-04-16|website=[[ICRA Limited]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/tractor-industry-flourishes-amidst-slowdown/article5535226.ece|title=Tractor industry flourishes amidst slowdown|first=Yuthika|last=Bhargava|newspaper=The Hindu |date=3 January 2014}}</ref>

==Current manufacturers==

===ACE Tractors===
[[Action Construction Equipment]] Limited (ACE) began manufacturing of Tractors in 2009 by launching two models in 35 / 45 HP categories. At present it is manufacturing 3 models by introducing 55 HP models in 2011. And also manufactured crains, harvester etc. In Oct.2013 ACE Tractors reached a milestone of selling 2000 tractors in India and Nepal. ACE has its manufacturing plants in Faridabad (Haryana), Kashipur/Bajpur (Uttrakhand).

===Agri-King Tractors and Equipments Pvt. Ltd.===
Established in 2010 at Majholi, Himachal Pradesh in Northern India, Agri King<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://agrikingtractors.com/|title=Agri King Tractors – Tractor Manufacturer – Chandigarh, Mohali, Punjab|first=Param|last=Singh|website=Agri King Tractors}}</ref> produces a few models of tractors, which seem to be based on [[Steyr Tractor]]s or [[Basak Traktor|Basak]] tractors . The Agri King T44 40 HP model, Agri King T54 50 HP model, and Agri King 20–55 50 HP model with improved 24 speed synchro-mesh transmission. All feature [[Kirloskar Group|Kirloskar]] engines.

===Agrotrack===
'''Pauniya Tractors And Farm Equipment''' was founded in 2018 by C.A. Singh. Their history says AGROTRACK Tractor India was looking for company to assemble their tractors in India, and selected Pauniya. They assemble a limited number of models utilizing Kirloskar engines.<ref>{{Cite web | title=HOME – agrotrack.in | url=https://www.agrotrack.in/ | access-date=2024-12-15 | website=www.agrotrack.in}}</ref>

===Akash===
'''Akash Equipments & Machineries Pvt, Ltd''' began building tractors in 2010. They are based in Faridabad, Haryana, and only assemble a few different low-horsepower models.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Home | url=http://akashequipments.com/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130504213519/http://akashequipments.com | access-date=2024-12-15 | archive-date=2013-05-04}}</ref>

===Angad Tractors===
{{main|SAS Motors}}

===Apollo Tractors===
'''Apollo Tractors – Fieldtrack Earthmovers Pvt. Ltd''' began in 2017 in Kadi, Mehsana, India. It is a small manufacturer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fieldtrack.co.in/|title=Welcome to Fieldtrack | website=fieldtrack.co.in | publisher = Fieldtrack Earthmovers Pvt. Ltd }}</ref>

===AutoNXT===
'''AutoNxt Automation''' began in 2022 in Kalher, Bhiwandi, Maharashtra, and is building electric tractors for the Indian market.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.autonxt.in/|title=AutoNxt – Innovating the Future of Electric Tractors & Tricycles|website=www.autonxt.in}}</ref>

===Captain Tractors Pvt. Ltd===
[http://www.captaintractors.com Captain Tractors] had been established in 1994 in [[Rajkot]] by joint efforts of two brothers Mr. G.T. Patel and Mr. M.T. Patel based from village [https://www.google.com/maps/place/Sanali,+Gujarat+365450/@21.7250613,70.9138004,13z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x39586e55fd6ae349:0x6e4147d59713fc6b!8m2!3d21.7319376!4d70.9521275 Sanali] dist. [[Amreli]] ([[Gujarat]]). Today Captain Tractors manufacture mini tractors from 15 to 30 HP.

===Cellestial eMobility===
'''Cellestial eMobility''' is another electric tractor manufacturer in India. They are based in Hyderabad.

===Crossword Agro Industries===
Located in Rajkot, India, Crossword manufactures small tractors under the Nissan, Atmak and Captain brand names. .<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.crosswordagro.com/|title=Crossword Agro Industries|website=crosswordagro.com}}</ref>

===D.K. Champion===
'''D.K. Diesels Pvt. Ltd''' was founded in 1998 and is based in the mini-tractor capital in India of Rajkot, Gujarat. They build mini-tractors up to smaller tractors, 10–28 hp.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dkgroup.co.in/|title=D K Diesels Pvt Ltd: Mini Tractor manufacturer | work = D K Group Rajkot }}</ref>

===Darsh===
''DarshTrek'' and ''Darsh Belarus'' began in 2022 as a part of Darsha, Erisha Agritech Private Ltd., division of Rana Group. ''Darsh Belarus'' tractors are assembled and manufactured under license from [[Minsk Tractor Works|MTZ]] and is based in New Delhi. ''DarshTrek'' tractors include some built by ''Captain Tractors'', some electric, and others.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.erishaagritech.com/|title=DarshTrek & Belarus Tractor Combine Harvesters and agriculture drones|website=www.erishaagritech.com}}</ref>

===Eicher===
{{main|Eicher Motors}}
In 1949, Eicher GoodEarth, was set up in India with technical collaboration with Gebr. Eicher of Germany, imported and sold about 1500 tractors in India. On 24 April 1959 Eicher came out with the first locally assembled tractor from its Faridabad factory and in a period from 1965 to 1974 became the first fully manufactured (100% indigenisation) tractor in India. In December 1987 Eicher Tractors went public and in June 2005 Eicher Motors Limited sold Eicher Tractors & Engines to a subsidiary of TAFE called [[TAFE Tractors|TAFE Motors and Tractors Limited]].

Eicher also produced tractors under the Euro Power and Eicher Valtra brands under license from [[Valtra]], an [[AGCO]] brand.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000307/biz.htm|title=Eicher Tractors to launch Valtra 6100|website=The Tribune|location=India}}</ref>

===Escorts===
{{main|Escorts Group}}
Escorts began local manufacture of Ford tractors in 1971 in collaboration with Ford, UK and total production climbed steadily to 33,000 in 1975, reaching 71,000 by 1980. Ford (Ford – New Holland) was sold in 1992. Ford Motor Company proper quit the tractors business, but the name was allowed to continue as per agreement until 2000, when Escorts relabelled its Ford models under the Escort brand. Escort manufactures produces construction and agriculture tractors in the 8-75 HP range and has already sold over 600,000 tractors. Its tractors are marketed under three brand names, Escort, Powertrac and Farmtrac.

In 2020 [[Kubota]] acquired 10% of Escorts, and is selling 40% of Kubota Agricultural Machinery India (KAI) to Escorts. In 2022, the ag company was renamed '''Escorts-Kubota Ltd''', and tractors are also marketed under the ''Escorts-Kubota'' brand.

===Farmer Tractor===
Based in Rajkot, Gujarat, Farmer Tractor is focused on the production the Farmer Tractor DI 1200, using a Greaves four stroke, direct injection, 12 HP diesel engine.<ref name="preetagro.com">{{Cite web|title=Company Information|url=https://www.preet.co/about-preet-group.html|access-date=2021-04-16|website=preet.co}}</ref>

===HAV===
'''HAV''', or '''Hybrid Agri Vehicle''', is a hybrid-engine tractor manufacturer based in Noida, Uttar Pradesh. Founded in 2020, they manufacture diesel & CNG – electric hybrid tractors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hybridagrivehicle.com/|title=HAV Tractors | Improving the life of farmers in India|website=hybridagrivehicle.com}}</ref>

===Hercules tractors===
'''Swift Auto Engg Solutions Pvt. Ltd''' manufacture the ''Hercules'' brand of tractors in India. It is based in Ballabhgarh, Haryana.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.indiamart.com/swiftautoengineering/ | title=Swift Auto Engg Solutions Pvt. Ltd. | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725021921/http://www.indiamart.com/swiftautoengineering/ | archive-date=2014-07-25}}</ref>

===HMT Tractors===
{{main|Hindustan Machine Tools}}

HMT is a large public sector unit and began manufacturing Agricultural Tractors in 1972 under the HMT brand name with technology acquired from [[Zetor]] of the [[Czech Republic]]. It manufactures its tractors in [[Pinjore]], [[Panchkula]] in a large factory that also manufactures machine-tools, and [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]] It has a capacity of 20,000 tractors per annum. In the Machine-tool company is a large foundry. It produces tractors in a range from 25 HP to 75 HP. HMT has also exported tractors to the USA under the Zebra brand, which were marketed by Zetor distributors and dealers there. The company is controlled by the Ministry of Heavy industry that provides to the public its financial performance. Now the company is permanently closed.

===HNT===
'''HNT Pvt. Ltd (Hoshiar Nirvair Tractors Pvt Ltd)''' was founded in 2012 in Una, Himachal Pradesh. They manufacturer a range of tractors from 35 hp up to 75 hp.<ref>{{Cite web | title=HNT Tractors | url=http://hnttractor.com/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203164029/http://hnttractor.com/ | access-date=2024-12-15 | archive-date=2021-12-03}}</ref>

===Indo Farm===
Indo Farm commenced commercial production of tractors in October 2000 at its plant located at Baddi in District Solan, Himachal Pradesh with technology acquired from [[Ursus SA|Ursus]] of the Poland.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indofarm.in/downloads/Company_Profile_1.pdf |title=Company website |website=indofarm.in |access-date=2021-04-16}}</ref> Spread over an area of 34 acres, the plant started with the production of a single model. Within a decade of successful operations Indo Farm grew to a company having models in the range of 30 HP, 38 HP, 42 HP, 48 HP, 50 HP, 52 HP, 55 HP, 60 HP, 65 HP, 75 HP and 90 HP with many variants. Within a year of its operations, the company had successfully indigenized the engine components, manufacturing and assembly processes, and accordingly stopped import of engines. In 2008, the company diversified into manufacturing and marketing of Pick-N-Carry cranes of 9 tonnes – 20 tonnes capacity and has recently commenced production of mobile tower cranes too. It is now making engines for generator sets that are exported overseas.

===John Deere===
In 2000, John Deere set up production in a joint venture with [[Larsen & Toubro]] Ltd in [[Sanaswadi]], in a rural area near [[Pune]], Maharashtra. It was known as L&T John Deere Private Ltd, and manufactured tractors under the L&T – John Deere name for sale in India, and under the John Deere name for worldwide sales.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2000/10/08/stories/06080008.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118120635/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2000/10/08/stories/06080008.htm|url-status=dead |archive-date=18 January 2008|title=The Hindu : L&T-John Deere's Pune facility}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=Fall 2001|title=JD Journal|url=http://www.deere.com/en_US/compinfo/media/pdf/publications/jd_journal/archives/fall_2001.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=JD Journal|volume=30|issue=3|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929092344/http://www.deere.com/en_US/compinfo/media/pdf/publications/jd_journal/archives/fall_2001.pdf|archive-date=2007-09-29}}</ref>

In 2005, Deere & Company acquired nearly all the remaining shares in this joint venture. The new enterprise, is known as John Deere Equipment Private Limited. The factory currently produces tractors in of 35, 38, 40, 42,45, 50, 55, 65, 75 and 89 HP capacities for domestic markets and for export to the US, Mexico, Turkey, North and South Africa, and South East Asia. Pune factory started to produce new 55 to 75 Hp 5003 series tractors for European market in 2008.

John Deere India Private Limited is a subsidiary of Deere & Company, USA in India. Its factory, located at Sanaswadi, Pune, manufactures 5000 Series agricultural tractors.
The Indian operations of Deere & Company include a technology center located at Magarpatta City Pune, John Deere Dewas (Indore MP) works, Jon Deere PDC Nagpur (MH) and John Deere Water Vadodara.
The technology center provides services in the areas of Information technology, engineering, supply management, embedded systems and technical authoring for company's operations worldwide.
John Deere Water, formed by the acquisitions of Plastro Irrigation Systems, T-Systems International, and Roberts Irrigation Products.

===Mahindra Gujarat Tractor Limited (MGTL)===
{{Main|Mahindra Gujarat}}

The company popularly known as Gujarat Tractors and its popular 60 hp model Hindustan 60 was established in 1959 as Tractors and Bulldozers Private Ltd and imported tractors. Manufacturing began in 1963, in collaboration Motokov-Praha ([[Zetor]]) of Czechoslovakia, and was known as Hindustan Tractors & Bulldozers Ltd.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.taa.org.uk/southeast/Singh.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=31 July 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060923220117/http://www.taa.org.uk/southeast/Singh.htm |archive-date=23 September 2006 }}</ref> In 1967, it became Hindustan Tractors Ltd. The tractors were based on the Zetor tractor design and sold under the [[Hindustan]] brand. In 1978, the Gujarat, Indian government formed [ Gujarat Tractors] from the ailing company. In 1999, [[Mahindra Tractors]] purchased 60% of the company, and in 2001, completed purchasing the rest of the company, renaming it [[Mahindra Gujarat|Mahindra Gujarat Tractors Ltd]] thus becoming part of [[Mahindra Group]]. The company is engaged in manufacturing of tractors in a range of 30–60 hp which are marketed under Farmplus and Shaktimaan brand.

Mahindra Gujarat Tractor Limited (MGTL) has its Head Office at Vadodara.
MGTL is an ISO 9001:2008 and OHSAS18001:2007 certified company. The company has a very good marketing network across India having 13 area offices and around 225 dealers.

In 2017, Mahindra Gujarat was renamed '''Gromax Agri Equipment (GAEL)''', and is using ''Trakstar'' as its tractor brand.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Unknown Title | url=http://www.trakstarttactor.com/}}{{Dead link | date=December 2024 | fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

===Mahindra Tractors===
{{Main|Mahindra Tractors}}
Mahindra Tractors is an international farm equipment manufacturer of Mahindra & Mahindra. In 2010, Mahindra became the largest selling tractor in the world. Mahindra's largest consumer base is in India, but with sales also focusing on China, North America and a growing base in Australia. The company is the largest manufacturer with about 25% of the market in India and has the capacity to build 150,000 tractors a year.

In 1963, M&M formed a joint venture with [[International Harvester]] to manufacture tractors carrying the Mahindra nameplate for the Indian market. Mahindra purchased the rights from [[International Harvester]] to manufacture their British designed International B-275 model which was also sold in USA as [[McCormick Harvesting Machine Company|McCormick]] International. Mahindra Tractors sold about 85,000 units annually making it one of the largest tractor producers in the world.[5] To expand into the growing tractor market in China, Mahindra acquired majority stake in Jiangling.

Its sales in Gujarat are under the label Mahindra Gujarat and its sales in Punjab are under the label Swaraj. In 1999, Mahindra purchased 100% of Gujarat Tractors from the Government of Gujarat ??[9] and Mahindra purchased a 64.6% stake in Swaraj in 2004.

Mahindra Tractors started manufacturing 15HP tractor under the brand name Yuvraj in Rajkot in 2011. The plant in Rajkot is set up jointly by Deepak Diesel Pvt Ltd and Mahindra & Mahindra. The plant has a maximum capacity of 30000 tractors per year.

===Mars Group===
Originally established in 1976, the MARS Group is engaged in manufacturing/marketing of dump trucks, loaders, foggers, and agricultural tractors and attachments. Based in Lucknow, U.P., it began manufacturing two mini-tractor models under the Marshal name in 2005, Captain DI 2600 of 25 HP and Trishul MT DI 625 10 HP.
<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-06-24|title=Marshal Mini Tractor Specification – Technical Details|url=http://www.marsgroup.co.in/tractor.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624151126/http://www.marsgroup.co.in/tractor.html|archive-date=2013-06-24|access-date=2021-04-16|website=[[MARS Group]]}}</ref>

===New Holland Agriculture===
{{main|New Holland Agriculture}}
New Holland Ag's entry into India was facilitated by FIAT's acquisition of Ford-New Holland in 1991. By 1998 New Holland Ag. (India) completed the construction of a new plant in Noida, near New Delhi, with a capacity of 5000 tractors in the 35–75 hp range. In 1999, New Holland Ag's parent company FIAT bought 70% of holdings of Case Corporation and created Case New Holland Global (CNH one of the top three tractor/agricultural/construction machinery manufacturers in the world), the new holding company for New Holland Ag. (India). In 2000, the capacity of the Noida plant rose to 12,000 tractors per year and in 2007 the company manufactured 24,000 tractors for the domestic and export markets. New Holland India exports fully built tractors to 51 countries in Africa, Australia, South-East Asia, West Asia, North America and Latin America. The India plant of New Holland was originally built in 1998 to cater only to India domestic market. However, due to slow down of economy by year 2001–2002 and slump in domestic demand, it became a challenge to utilize the installed capacity of the factory. Hence the company started looking its market beyond India borders. By 2007 New Holland had increased its exports to 8000 units and was contributing over 50% of the company business. In 2007, this also made New Holland the second largest tractor exporter from India after John Deere.

===Preet Tractors===
Entrepreneur Hari Singh and his brother Gurcharan Singh laid the foundation of "Preet Agro Industries back in 1980 when they began initial production of straw reapers, threshers and other agricultural implements. The two launched their first tractor driven combine harvester in 1986. With a successful line of combine harvesters under their belt they began research and development for a tractor that led to their first and best known model "987". With excellent reliability and performance Preet continues to make remarkable impact not only in Indian farming community and other countries across the world.
Preet's manufacturing plant Patiala, Punjab, spanning 50,000 sq meters is producing low cost ad quality tractors offered in a range of 35 HP to 90 HP. Similarly the Combine harvesters are offered in 75 HP and 110 HP for multiple crops, including paddy, wheat, etc.

In 2022, Preet began marketing their tractors overseas using the ''Avenger'' brand.<ref>{{Cite web | title=:: AVENGER :: – European Series Agricultural Tractors | url=https://www.avenger.co.in/ | access-date=2024-12-15 | website=www.avenger.co.in}}</ref>

===SAME Deutz-Fahr (India) Private Ltd.===
{{main|SAME_Deutz-Fahr}}

In 1996, SAME DEUTZ-FAHR set up production in a joint venture with Greaves Ltd in Ranipet, Tamil Nadu. It was known as SAME GREAVES TRACTOR Ltd, and manufactured tractors under the name SAME-Greaves for sale in India. In 2002, [[SAME Deutz-Fahr|SAME DEUTZ-FAHR]] acquired nearly all the remaining shares in this joint venture. The new enterprise is known as SAME DEUTZ-FAHR India Private Ltd. The factory currently produces tractors in of 35 to 120HP capacities and Engines from 35 to 160 HP for domestic markets and International Markets.

SAME DEUTZ-FAHR (SDF) India Private Limited a subsidiary of SDF Group Italy since 2002. The Group manufacturers and sells tractor across the globe through its major brands [[SAME (Tractors)|SAME]], [[Deutz-Fahr]], [[Lamborghini Trattori|Lamborghini]], Hurlimann and Gregoire. SDF India sells its tractors in India through its brand Deutz-Fahr and the product range includes tractors from 35–80HP. SDF India has an established network of 220+ dealerships with service centres across India.

=== Solis Tractors (Solis-Yanmar) ===

In 2011 a joint venture between Yanmar Co. Ltd. and ITL (Sonalika-International Tractors Limited) was formed in to manufacture and market tractors in India and for export markets under the "Solis Yanmar" brand name. In the past, this company has built tractors for Claas and Renault, among others. Today it collaborates with the Japanese Yanmar and produces tractors for Landini. With a production of 120,000 units per year, Sonalika is one of the largest tractor manufacturers in the world. The Sonalika Group is an Indian multinational company headquartered in Hoshiarpur, India.
Solis offers a wide range of 2 and 4-wheel drive tractors from 30 HP (model 3016 SN) to 75 HP (7524 S).

=== Sonalika ===
{{main|Sonalika Tractors}}
International Tractors Limited was incorporated on 17 October 1987 and began manufacturing tractors designed by [[Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute]] (CMERI). I. In 2000 ITL entered into a tie up with [[Renault|Renault Agricultural]] of France and began manufacturing Sonalika tractors. Sonalika is currently manufacturing models between 18 HP to 120 HP, and as well as the Renault CERES brand between 60HP to 90HP.
In 2005 [[Yanmar]] bought a 13 per cent stake in the company and began lifted production to 200 tractors per day. In 2013 the world's largest private investment company US based [[BlackRock]] purchased approximately 13% stake in ITL with the remaining 70 owned by founder Lachhman Das Mittal. In 2016 Yanmar purchased BlackRock's stake, bringing their stake to approximately 30%. In 2017 Sonalika began manufacturing Zetor Global brand tractors for [[Zetor]].

Sonalika International tractors Ltd. is the youngest and the third largest tractor maker in India. Its integrated tractor manufacturing plant at Hoshiarpur has a capacity to produce 3 lakh units per annum. The company produces tractors in a range from 20HP to 120HP and has presence in more than 80 countries. Sonalika ITL has been recently felicitated by The Economic Times publication as an 'Iconic Brand of India'.

===Standard Combine===
Standard Combine began building tractors in [[Barnala]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India. In Standard Tractors, tractors are being manufactured in the range of 35, 45, 50, 60, and 75 HP with respective model names: Standard 335, Standard 345, Standard 450, Standard 460, and Standard 475. Engines for all these tractor models, except the last one, are manufactured within the plant as 'Standard Engines', in specific names – SE 335, SE 345, SE 450 and SE 460, respectively. All the above-mentioned models of Standard Engines have shown compliance to the TREM-III emission norms, as have been verified by the ARAI. However, two new variants of tractor of 35 hp (Standard 335-I) and 45 hp (Standard 345-I), equipped with famous [[Perkins Engines|Perkins]] engines (assembled within the Standard Tractors plant), and two completely new models of tractor of 30 hp (Standard 330) and 40 hp (Standard 340) are on the verge to be launched. Besides these, three 3-wheelers (two passenger-carriers and one cargo), one 4-wheeler (cargo), a crane, an electric 3-wheeled mini-car, and two 2-wheelers (scooters) are either in the process of development or on the verge of launch from the Standard Tractor Division.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MD Standard Tractors – Why Us?|url=http://www.standardtractor.com/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070509121116/http://www.standardtractor.com/|archive-date=2007-05-09|access-date=2021-04-16|website=standardtractor.com}}</ref>

===Swaraj Tractors===
In the mid-sixties, with the Green Revolution triggering large-scale tractor usage, there was a need for the country to build sufficient indigenous capacity to meet this growing demand.

In 1965, the [[Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute]] (CMERI), Durgapur initiated design and development of Swaraj Tractor based on indigenous know how.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.scienceindiamag.in/swaraj-the-untold-story-of-indias-first-indigenous-tractor/ |title=Swaraj: The Untold Story of India's First Indigenous Tractor |access-date=21 May 2024}}</ref> That is how the idea for development of what was to become Swaraj was initiated. The first prototype was ready in May 1967 and by April 1970, field experience of over 1,500 hours had been gained. At that point, it was decided to christen a name for the product – signifying Indian, easy to pronounce and signifying power and grace. The name 'Swaraj', was approved by the then Prime Minister, Mrs Indira Gandhi.

In 1970, the Government of Punjab acquired the Swaraj tractor's design and established Punjab Tractors Limited (PTL). The tractors were produced and sold under the brand name of Swaraj. In 2007, Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd. acquired majority stake in PTL, and in Feb 2009, it was merged into M&M as the Swaraj Division of Mahindra & Mahindra.

===TAFE===
{{main|Tractors and Farm Equipment Limited}}
Tractors and Farm Equipment Limited (TAFE) is the second largest tractor manufacturer in India. The company established in 1961 to manufacture and market [[Massey Ferguson]] tractors and related farm equipment in India. It is part of [[Amalgamations Group]] based in [[Chennai]] with [[Mallika Srinivasan]] as the chairman of the company.[[AGCO]] also owns 24% stake in TAFE. Tractors are built and sold in India under both the TAFE and Massey Ferguson brands, and exported under both brands as well. In 2005, [[TAFE Tractors|TAFE]] bought the [[Eicher Motors]] tractor and engine division.<ref>{{Cite web|title=TAFE – Cultivating the World – About Tractors and Farm Equipment Limited|url=https://www.tafe.com/|access-date=2021-04-16|website=tafe.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2005-05-26|title=Tafe buys Eicher's tractor, engine & gear businesses for Rs 310 crore|work=[[The Economic Times]]|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tafe-buys-eichers-tractor-engine-gear-businesses-for-rs-310-crore/articleshow/1122079.cms|access-date=2021-04-16}}</ref>

===Traclaxx Tractors===
'''Traclaxx Tractors Pvt. Ltd ''', formerly ''Forcetrac Tractors Private Limited'' was founded in 2014 in Ludhiana, Punjab by Darpan Dadu. They are a small volume, low horsepower tractor manufacturer and is part of BAX Intl.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Traclaxx {{!}} | url=http://traclaxxtractors.com/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128112039/http://traclaxxtractors.com:80/ | access-date=2024-12-15 | archive-date=2017-01-28}}</ref> They may not still be in business as of 2023.

===VST Tillers===
VST Tillers was set up in 1967 in [[Bangalore]], India. In collaboration with [[Mitsubishi Agricultural Machinery]] of Japan, they manufacture 18HP tractors under various brands, including Mitsubishi-Shakti, Shakti, Eurotrac-VST and Euro-Trac. They have been exported to Asia, the Middle East, Europe and the USA.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Corporate Profile|url=https://www.vsttractors.com/about-us/corporate-profile|access-date=2021-04-16|website=vsttillers.com}}</ref> In 2020, VST and [[Zetor]] set up a joint venture to manufacture tractors in India under the ''VST-Zetor'' brand.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vstzetor.com/|title=Partnering to bring "World Class Technology" to India}}</ref>

==Previous Indian tractor companies==
Tractor companies that did not survive and were not acquired by other companies are:

==={{anchor|ATL}} Auto Tractors Ltd., Pratapgarh===
Established in 1979, Auto Tractors Ltd. (ATL) had a manufacturing plant at [[Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh]], and were making tractors with {{convert|28|bhp|kW|abbr=on}} [[British Leyland|Leyland]] engines. It was established with 40% state money and the remainder an [[IDBI Bank]] loan. Production began in September 1981, but with severe supply problems and an outmoded product they only produced 2,380 tractors in their nearly ten years of existence. This was less than the projected production for the first two years alone.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bajaj|first=J.L.|date=1994-08-27|title=Divesting State Ownership: A Tale of Two Companies|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4401684|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|location=Mumbai, India|publisher=[[Sameeksha Trust]]|volume=29|issue=35|pages=M125–M126|ref = JLB94 | jstor=4401684 }}</ref> The company and assets were sold to automaker [[Sipani]] in 1991, who focused on producing diesel tractor engines (at over five times the rate of ATL themselves) but built some tractors as well.<ref>[[#JLB94|Bajaj 1994]], p. M127.</ref>

After having been liquidated, the last of the company assets were offered for sale by the Uttar Pradesh state government in 2008.<ref>{{citation|last=Srivastava|first=B.K.L.|title=Tender Sale Notice of Auto Tractors, Ltd|date=2008-03-04|url=http://www.mca.gov.in/Ministry/latestnews/Sale_Notice_of_ATL_4mar2008.pdf|work=Office of the Official Liquidator, High court of Judicature|location=[[Allahabad]], [[Uttar Pradesh|U.P.]], India|publisher=Government of India, Ministry of Corporate Affairs}}</ref>

===Asian Tractors Ltd===
Began building tractors in 1989 from their own designs.<ref name=":0" />

===Ford Tractors===
{{See also|Fordson tractor}}
{{main|New Holland Agriculture}}
Ford (formerly Ford Tractor Division) began producing Ford Tractors in India in 1972 with a tie up with Escorts. In 1986 Ford acquired [[New Holland Agriculture|New Holland]] and tractor operations was transferred to Ford-New Holland and made into an independent corporation. In 1991, [[Fiat]] began an arranged purchase of Ford-New Holland that was completed in 1993, ending Ford Motor Company's long history of tractor production. The deal required that New Holland/FIAT stop using the Ford name. New Holland India Pvt Ltd began production of tractors in India in 1998.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Choodamani|first=S.|date=1999-03-21|title=New Holland expanding aggressively|url=https://www.domain-b.com/companies/companies_n/new_holland_india/19990321new_holland_india.html|access-date=2021-04-16|website=domain-b.com}}</ref>

===Harsha Tractors===
In 1975, Harsha Tractors Ltd began manufacturing tractors in conjunction with Motoimport of Russia.<ref name=":0" /> Tractor production never amounted to much, and has since ceased.

===Haryana Tractors Ltd===
As a part of Pratap Steel Rolling Mills Ltd., Haryana began building tractors from their own designs in 1983.<ref name=":0" />

===Kirloskar Tractors===
{{see also|Kirloskar Group}}
Founded in co-operation with [[Klochner-Humboldt Deutz|Deutz-Fahr]] of Germany in 1974.<ref name=":0" /> It has since ceased to manufacture tractors. However, the company continues to manufacture engines under license from Deutz.

===Pittie Tractors===
Pittie Tractors was set up by a young and dynamic engineer – Shrikant Pittie and started out as Pittie Tools. The Pittie family are prominent industrialists in Pune and the family set up the first private industry in Pune – The Raja Bahadur Motilal Poona Mills Ltd. in 1893. Pittie Tractors indigenously developed and manufactured tractors and was well set to capture a large share of the market in India. However, due to an unfortunate labour strike at one of its critical vendors, followed by a similar strike at its own plant, the company lost nearly a year of production. As a result, the company fell into financial difficulty and ultimately had to wind-up operations.

===United Auto Tractors Ltd.===
Began in 1986 in conjunction with Uzina Tractorul of Romania.<ref name=":0" />

==Tractor Manufacturers Association==
The Tractor Manufacturers' Association of India (TMA) is housed under The [[Confederation of Indian Industry]] (CII), New Delhi. Though not all manufacturers are members TMA is recognised as the main trade group representing the agricultural tractor industry in India. TR Kesavan, COO – Product Strategy and Corporate Relations, [[TAFE – Tractors and Farm Equipment Limited]] is the current President of TMA.

==See also==
* [[List of tractor manufacturers]] – worldwide list
* [[List of former tractor manufacturers]] – worldwide list

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="aem.org">[http://www.aem.org/News/Advisors/AEM/?HL=Global_Tractor_Market_Analysis_Available_to_AEM_Members_from_Agrievolution_Alliance&A=1292 Global Tractor Market Analysis Available to AEM Members from Agrievolution Alliance Association of Equipment Manufacturers], Wisconsin, US (2014) (subscription required)</ref>
<ref name="ft.com">[http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/ac52bec2-bb1b-11e3-948c-00144feabdc0.html India proves fertile ground for tractor makers] The Financial Times (7 April 2014) (subscription required)</ref>
}}

{{Agriculture in India}}

[[Category:Agriculture in India]]
[[Category:Tractors]]

Shri Ram Janmbhoomi Teerth Kshetra

2026-04-19T22:39:33Z

ValarieNarvaez8: Adding a pg needs work - done

{{Short description|Trust for a Hindu temple in Ayodhya, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox organization
| image = Shri_Ram_Janmabhoomi_Teerth_Kshetra.jpg
| caption =
| map =
| formation = {{start date and age|df=y|2020|2|5}}
| type = Trust
| purpose = Construction and management of [[Ram Mandir]] in [[Ayodhya]]
| headquarters = R-20, Greater Kailash Part -1, [[New Delhi]], India
| coordinates = 
| leader_title = Chairman
| leader_name = [[Nritya Gopal Das|Mahant Nrityagopal Das]]
| leader_title2 = General Secretary
| leader_name2 = [[Champat Rai]]
| num_members = 15<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://srjbtkshetra.org/members/|title=Members – Shri Ram Janmabhoomi Teerth Kshetra|access-date=18 June 2020|archive-date=19 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619060117/https://srjbtkshetra.org/members/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=18 July 2020|title=Ram Mandir construction likely to begin soon; list of Shri Ram Janmabhoomi Teerth Kshetra Trust members|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/ram-mandir-construction-likely-to-begin-in-august-a-list-of-ram-janmabhoomi-teerth-kshetra-trust-members/623246|access-date=2021-11-22|website=Times Now News}}</ref>
| abbreviation = SRJBTK
| location = [[Ram Janmabhoomi]]
| region_served = [[Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh]], India
| website = {{URL|https://srjbtkshetra.org}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/videos/news/india-official-website-of-shri-ram-janmabhoomi-tirtha-kshetra-trust-starts-operating-1264022|title=Official website of Shri Ram Janmabhoomi Tirtha Kshetra Trust starts operating|date=18 June 2020|website=news.abplive.com|access-date=18 June 2020|archive-date=19 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619174217/https://news.abplive.com/videos/news/india-official-website-of-shri-ram-janmabhoomi-tirtha-kshetra-trust-starts-operating-1264022|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
The '''Shri Ram Janmbhoomi Teerth Kshetra (SRJBTK)''' is a trust set up for the construction and management of [[Ram Mandir]] in [[Ayodhya]] by the [[Government of India]] in February 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-05 |title=Explained: What is the Trust set up to build Ram Temple in Ayodhya? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-what-is-the-trust-govt-has-set-up-to-build-ram-temple-in-ayodhya-6252985/ |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The trust is composed of 15 trustees.<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 February 2020|title=Notification. Ministry of Home Affairs.|url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/215935.pdf|website=egazette.nic.in|publisher=The Gazette of India|access-date=22 November 2021|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122060200/https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/215935.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Saha|first1=Poulomi|date=February 5, 2020|title=Sri Ram Janmabhoomi Teerth Kshetra: PM Modi announces formation of Ayodhya temple trust|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ayodhya-ram-temple-trust-pm-narendra-modi-announces-in-lok-sabha-1643403-2020-02-05|website=India Today|access-date=4 March 2020|archive-date=6 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106182232/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ayodhya-ram-temple-trust-pm-narendra-modi-announces-in-lok-sabha-1643403-2020-02-05|url-status=live}}</ref>

This trust organized [[Ram Mandir Prana Pratishtha|Prana Pratishtha]] on 22 January 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Livemint |date=2024-01-20 |title=Ayodhya Ram Mandir: Uddhav Thackeray receives invitation for ceremony |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/ayodhya-ram-mandir-news-live-updates-22-january-pm-modi-pran-pratishtha-ram-lalla-idol-puja-rule-politics-news-latest-11705711386540.html |access-date=2024-01-30 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
It was created as per the [[2019 Supreme Court verdict on Ayodhya dispute|verdict]] of the Supreme Court on the ''[[Ayodhya dispute|M Siddiq(D) Thr Lrs v/s Mahant Suresh Das & Ors case]]''. The court directed the central government to set up a trust to oversee and manage the construction of the temple within three months of the judgement. Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] announced the formation of the trust in the [[Lok Sabha]] on 5 February 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Varma,Anuja|first=Gyan|date=February 5, 2020|title=Modi announces 15-member trust for temple in Ayodhya|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/pm-modi-says-govt-sets-up-trust-for-ram-temple-in-ayodhya-11580886927287.html|website=Livemint|access-date=5 March 2020|archive-date=6 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206161537/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/pm-modi-says-govt-sets-up-trust-for-ram-temple-in-ayodhya-11580886927287.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The trust was awarded the disputed 2.77-acre land as well as the 67.703-acre land acquired under the ''Acquisition of Certain Area at Ayodhya Act, 1993'' following the Supreme Court verdict in this regard.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chishti|first=Seema|date=7 February 2020|title=Explained: Story of 67 acres in Ayodhya adjoining Babri site, now with Ram temple trust|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/ayodhay-verdict-ram-temple-trust-babri-masjid-6254985/|website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

The central government nominated the 12 of 15 members of the trust. [[K. Parasaran|Kesava Parasaran]], the former [[Attorney-General for India|Attorney General]] who represented ''Shri Ram Lalla Virajmaan'' in the Ayodhya case'','' was made the acting chairman.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gupta|first=Moushumi Das|date=2020-02-05|title=Lawyer K Parasaran, 92, who represented Hindus in SC, to head Ram temple trust|url=https://theprint.in/india/lawyer-k-parasaran-92-who-represented-hindus-in-sc-to-head-ram-temple-trust/360241/|access-date=2020-10-28|website=ThePrint|language=en-US|archive-date=31 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031102623/https://theprint.in/india/lawyer-k-parasaran-92-who-represented-hindus-in-sc-to-head-ram-temple-trust/360241/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 19 February 2020, the trust nominated the rest of its members and elected [[Nritya Gopal Das|Mahant Nrityagopal Das]] as the chairman.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Uprety|first=Ajay|date=6 November 2019|title=Who is Mahant Nritya Gopal Das, head of Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2019/11/06/who-is-mahant-nritya-gopal-das-head-of-ram-janmabhoomi-nyas.html|website=The Week|access-date=18 June 2020|archive-date=19 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619112811/https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2019/11/06/who-is-mahant-nritya-gopal-das-head-of-ram-janmabhoomi-nyas.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The senior trustees had signed an agreement with C.B. Sompura in 1992 for architecture design services which was revalidated with additional provisions. In November 2020, the trust appointed [[Larsen & Toubro]] as the design & build contractor and [[Tata Consulting Engineers]] as the project manager consultant for the construction of the temple. In February 2020, further contracts were signed with [[Tata Consulting Engineers]] and Design Associates Inc. for the development of the 67-acre temple complex.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shri Ram Janmbhoomi Teerth Kshetra Official Web Site|url=https://srjbtkshetra.org/|access-date=2021-02-17|website=Shri Ram Janmbhoomi Teerth Kshetra|language=en-US|archive-date=18 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618042300/https://srjbtkshetra.org/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Composition of Trustees ==
The trust will have 15 members, of which 9 are permanent and 6 are nominated members with each member must be a practicing Hindu.<ref name="indiatoday">{{cite web|author=Singh|first=Jitendra Bahadur|last2=Sharma|first2=Sanjay|date=5 February 2020|title=Ram Temple Trust: God's advocate, Nirmohi Akhara, Dalit get seat on board, check full list - India News|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ram-temple-trust-members-structure-full-details-1643646-2020-02-05|website=India Today|accessdate=2020-12-15}}</ref>

'''Permanent members:'''

* [[K. Parasaran]]: represented ''Shri Ram Lalla Virajmaan''
* Four religious leaders from various temples across India
* A representative from the [[Nirmohi Akhara]]
* Two prominent civilians from [[Ayodhya district]]
* A [[Dalit]] representative

'''Nominated members:'''

* Two prominent persons to be elected by the trust through majority resolution to be part of the trust
* One representative to be nominated by the central government, who will be an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer, at least of joint secretary level
* One representative to be nominated by the state government and would be an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer under the state government
* The District Magistrate of Ayodhya will be the ex-officio trustee (If the serving DM is not a Hindu then the additional magistrate will sit on the board)
* The chairman of the construction committee of the Ram Mandir complex will also be selected by the trust board and will be an ex-officio trustee

The temple trust set up by the government was initially headed by Parasaran was tasked to nominate the remaining three members. On 19 February 2020, the first meeting of trust held at the residence of Parasaran, elected [[Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas|Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas']] chief, [[Nritya Gopal Das|Mahant Nrityagopal Das Ji Maharaj]] as the Chairman and [[Vishva Hindu Parishad|VHP]] vice-president, [[Champat Rai]] as the General Secretary.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hebbar|first=Nistula|date=2020-02-19|title=Ram temple trust elects Nritya Gopal Das as president|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nritya-gopal-das-elected-president-champat-rai-general-secretary-of-ram-mandir-trust/article30862649.ece|access-date=2020-10-27|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=30 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030232450/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nritya-gopal-das-elected-president-champat-rai-general-secretary-of-ram-mandir-trust/article30862649.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-15|title=Ayodhya saints at loggerheads with Champat Rai for comment on Shiv Sena chief|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/ayodhya-saints-at-loggerheads-with-champat-rai-for-comment-on-shiv-sena-chief/story-HY3s2dxSSWsAmmKBrbrwRO.html|access-date=2020-10-27|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=28 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028032042/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/ayodhya-saints-at-loggerheads-with-champat-rai-for-comment-on-shiv-sena-chief/story-HY3s2dxSSWsAmmKBrbrwRO.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Both of them were elected unanimously to the trust. Former IAS officer and [[Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister of India|Principal Secretary]], [[Nripendra Misra|Nripendra Mishra]] was nominated as the Chairman of the construction committee.<ref>{{Cite web|last=www.ETGovernment.com|title=Former IAS Nripendra Misra to head committee for Ram Mandir construction in Ayodhya - ET Government|url=https://government.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/governance/former-ias-nripendra-misra-to-head-committee-for-ram-mandir-construction-in-ayodhya/74221053|access-date=2020-10-27|website=ETGovernment.com|language=en|archive-date=30 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030195448/https://government.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/governance/former-ias-nripendra-misra-to-head-committee-for-ram-mandir-construction-in-ayodhya/74221053|url-status=live}}</ref> Currently, Swami Govind Dev Giri Ji Maharaj is the Treasurer and [[K. Parasaran]] is the Senior Spokesperson of the trust.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Members|url=https://srjbtkshetra.org/members/|access-date=2020-10-27|website=Shri Ram Janmbhoomi Teerth Kshetra|language=en-US|archive-date=19 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619060117/https://srjbtkshetra.org/members/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Of 15, only 11 trustees have voting rights. The two officers appointed by the state and central government, district collector of Ayodhya and the representative of Nirmohi Akhara will not have any voting rights in the proceedings of the trust.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-06|title=Ram temple in Ayodhya: Parasaran first trustee, 15-member Trust office has his home address|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ram-temple-case-parasaran-first-trustee-15-member-trust-office-has-his-home-address-6253248/|access-date=2020-10-27|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=31 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031025252/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ram-temple-case-parasaran-first-trustee-15-member-trust-office-has-his-home-address-6253248/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==List of chairpersons ==

{| class="wikitable"
| bgcolor=#cccccc | '''S. No.'''
| bgcolor=#cccccc | '''Portrait'''
| bgcolor=#cccccc | '''Name'''
| bgcolor=#cccccc | '''Took office'''
| bgcolor=#cccccc | '''Left office'''
| bgcolor=#cccccc | '''Term'''
| bgcolor=#cccccc | '''Background'''
|-
| bgcolor=#e6e6aa | ''Acting''
| bgcolor=#e6e6aa|
| bgcolor=#e6e6aa | [[K. Parasaran]]
| bgcolor=#e6e6aa | 5 February 2020
| bgcolor=#e6e6aa| 19 February 2020
| bgcolor=#e6e6aa|{{age in years and days|2020|2|5|2020|2|19}}
| bgcolor=#e6e6aa| Former [[Attorney General of India]]
|-
| ''' 1 '''
| [[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi with Mahant Nrityagopal Das at the foundation stone laying ceremony of ‘Shree Ram Janmabhoomi Mandir’, in Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh on August 05, 2020 (cropped).jpg|116x116px]]
| [[Nritya Gopal Das]]
| 20 February 2020
|Incumbent
|{{age in years and days|2020|2|19}}

|Chief of [[Krishna Janmasthan Temple Complex|Shri Krishna Janmasthan Seva Sansthan]]

Chief of Mani Ram Das ki Chavani
|-
|}
Satyendra Das, the chief priest of the Shri Ram Janmbhoomi Temple, passed away. He was 85 years old.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-13 |title=Video: Ram Mandir head priest, who died at 85, given 'jal samadhi' in Saryu river |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/video/ram-mandir-chief-priest-acharya-satyendra-das-jal-samadhi-saryu-river-ayodhya-2679533-2025-02-13 |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

The last rites were performed on the banks of the Saryu river in Ayodhya on the Thursday after his death.

==See also==
*[[Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Official website|srjbtkshetra.org}}

[[Category:Ram Mandir, Ayodhya]]
[[Category:Ayodhya dispute]]
[[Category:2020 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Religious organizations established in 2020]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Ayodhya]]

Pragpur Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T08:59:59Z

ValarieNarvaez8: creating new entry w/ sources

{{Short description|Former Legislative Assembly constituency in Himachal Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Pragpur
|state = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
|type= SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|district = [[Kangra district|Kangra]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kangra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kangra]]
|established = 1972
|abolished = 2008<ref>{{cite news |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |work=Election commission of India |access-date= February 22, 2022 }}</ref>
|electors =
|reservation = SC
}}

'''Pragpur''' was one of the 68 constituencies in the [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]] a northern state of India.<ref name=delimitation1976>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3939-dpaco-1976/ |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1976 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=1 December 1976 |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref> It was in [[Kangra district]] and was a part of [[Kangra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kangra Lok Sabha constituency]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1977 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || Yog Raj || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1982 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1982]] || Virender Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1985 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || Yog Raj || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || rowspan=3 | Virender Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1993 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
| [[1998 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
| [[2003 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]] || Naveen Dhiman || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]] || Yog Raj || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}
== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pragpur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Yog Raj |party=Indian National Congress |votes=21,253 |percentage=49.09% |change={{increase}}35.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naveen Dhiman |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=20,911 |percentage=48.30% |change={{increase}}41.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajinder Kumar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,091 |percentage=2.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=342 |percentage=0.79% |change= {{decrease}}9.46 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=43,291 |percentage=68.22% |change= {{decrease}}4.16 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 63,459 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.44 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2003 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pragpur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111191922/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Naveen Dhiman |party=Independent politician |votes=16,585 |percentage=40.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yog Raj |party=Independent politician |votes=12,359 |percentage=29.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pardeep Kumar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,749 |percentage=13.95% |change={{decrease}}32.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anita Kumari Sandal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,683 |percentage=6.51% |change={{decrease}}43.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pritam Chand Sheria |party=Himachal Vikas Congress |votes=2,656 |percentage=6.44% |change={{increase}}3.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surinder Pal Singh |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=720 |percentage=1.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Baldev Raj |party=Independent politician |votes=463 |percentage=1.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,226 |percentage=10.25% |change= {{increase}}6.61 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=41,215 |percentage=72.38% |change= {{increase}}0.31 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 56,945 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.40 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}9.86 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1998 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pragpur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111191922/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Virender Kumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=17,513 |percentage=50.10% |change={{increase}}7.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yog Raj |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,241 |percentage=46.46% |change={{increase}}29.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gurdas Ram |party=Himachal Vikas Congress |votes=983 |percentage=2.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harnam Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=218 |percentage=0.62% |change={{decrease}}1.56 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,272 |percentage=3.64% |change= {{decrease}}1.70 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=34,955 |percentage=72.81% |change= {{increase}}0.13 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 48,506 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.54 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}7.53 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1993 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pragpur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111133700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Virender Kumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=13,685 |percentage=42.57% |change={{decrease}}20.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yog Raj |party=Independent politician |votes=11,968 |percentage=37.23% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pritam Chand Sheria |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,520 |percentage=17.17% |change={{decrease}}18.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dalip Kumar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=702 |percentage=2.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,717 |percentage=5.34% |change= {{decrease}}22.25 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=32,148 |percentage=72.44% |change= {{decrease}}1.64 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 44,691 |ref = |change= {{increase}}2.62 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}20.47 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pragpur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statisticall%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114181905/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statisticall%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Virender Kumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=20,197 |percentage=63.04% |change={{increase}}16.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yog Raj |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,359 |percentage=35.45% |change={{decrease}}14.00 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,838 |percentage=27.59% |change= {{increase}}24.52 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=32,038 |percentage=74.30% |change= {{decrease}}0.03 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 43,548 |ref = |change= {{increase}}29.17 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pragpur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114090530/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Yog Raj |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,272 |percentage=49.46% |change={{increase}}25.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Varinder Kumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=11,512 |percentage=46.40% |change={{increase}}5.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dalip Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,029 |percentage=4.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=760 |percentage=3.06% |change= {{decrease}}4.66 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=24,813 |percentage=74.34% |change= {{increase}}0.58 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 33,713 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.33 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1982 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pragpur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1982 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1982/Statistical%20Report%201982%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117041754/eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1982/Statistical%20Report%201982%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Virender Kumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=9,241 |percentage=41.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yog Raj |party=Independent politician |votes=7,503 |percentage=33.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dalip Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,296 |percentage=23.52% |change={{decrease}}10.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramesh Chand |party=Janata Party |votes=167 |percentage=0.74% |change={{decrease}}65.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chand Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=152 |percentage=0.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,738 |percentage=7.72% |change= {{decrease}}24.76 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=22,518 |percentage=74.05% |change= {{increase}}24.47 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 30,836 |ref = |change= {{increase}}0.37 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}25.20 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pragpur<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319174923/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=19 March 2016|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Yog Raj |party=Janata Party |votes=9,881 |percentage=66.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dalip Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,036 |percentage=33.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,845 |percentage=32.48% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,917 |percentage=49.48% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 30,721 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Janata Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|30.44|77.59|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Kangra district]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{HimachalPradesh-geo-stub}}
{{India-constituency-stub}}

Andaman and Nicobar Islands Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-14T03:42:11Z

ValarieNarvaez8: starting basic stub added tags

{{Short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Andaman and Nicobar Islands}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Andaman and Nicobar Islands {{Small|AN-1}}
| map_image = IN-AN.svg
| map_caption = Location of Andaman & Nicobar Islands in India
| established = 1952
| mp = [[Bishnu Pada Ray]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Shri Bishnu Pada Ray, MP of Andaman & Nicobar Islands, addressing at the inauguration of the Public Information Campaign, at Ferrargunj, South Andaman on January 03, 2016.jpg
| state =
| union_territory = [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
| district = [[Nicobar district|Nicobar]], [[North and Middle Andaman district|North and Middle Andaman]], [[South Andaman district|South Andaman]]
| assembly_cons = 
}}

'''Andaman and Nicobar Islands Lok Sabha constituency''' is the only [[Lok Sabha]] ([[Parliamentary]]) [[constituency]] in the [[Union Territory]] of [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]. It covers the entire union territory. Andaman and Nicobar Island has been voting for its [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] since [[1967 Indian general election]].

Until the [[1967 Indian general election|1967 general election]], the [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] representing this territory was not elected, but directly appointed by the [[President of India]].<ref name=nom>{{cite book |last1=Murthy |first1=R. V. R. |title=Andaman and Nicobar Islands: Development and Decentralization |year=2005|publisher=Mittal Publication |language=English |isbn=978-8183240499|page=45}}</ref> After 1967, the member of parliament was elected by adult franchise. The first elected member of parliament was [[K. R. Ganesh]]. He is the only elected member from this constituency to serve as a minister at the central government. [[Manoranjan Bhakta]] has won 8 times from this constituency. As of the latest election in [[2024 Indian general election|2024]], the current MP representing this constituency is [[Bishnu Pada Ray]] of the [[Bhartiya Janata Party]].

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year!!Name of [[Member of Parliament|M.P.]]
!colspan="2"|Political Affiliation
|-
|[[1952 Indian general election|1952]]
|[[John Richardson (bishop of Car Nicobar)|John Richardson]]
| rowspan ="3" bgcolor=black|
|Nominated<ref name="1-ls">{{cite web|title=First Lok Sabha Members Bioprofile - RICHARDSON, RT. REV. JOHN (Andaman and Nicobar Islands—Nominated—1952)|url=http://164.100.47.194/loksabha/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/977.htm|access-date=23 November 2017}}</ref>
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
| [[Lachman Singh]]
|rowspan="2"|Nominated - INC<ref name="2-ls">{{cite web|title=Second Lok Sabha Members Bioprofile - SINGH, SHRI LACHMAN, Cong., (Andaman and Nicobar Islands—Nominated—1957)|url=http://164.100.47.194/loksabha/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/1375.htm|access-date=23 November 2017}}</ref><ref name="3-ls">{{cite web|title=Third Lok Sabha Members Bioprofile - NIRANJAN LALL, SHRI, Cong., (Nominated—Andaman and Nicobar Islands—1962)|url=http://164.100.47.194/loksabha/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/1574.htm|access-date=23 November 2017}}</ref>
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
| [[Niranjan Lall]]
|-

|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]||rowspan="2"| [[K. R. Ganesh]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=9}}
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]||rowspan="7"|[[Manoranjan Bhakta]]
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]||[[Bishnu Pada Ray]]|| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]||[[Manoranjan Bhakta]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]||rowspan="2"|[[Bishnu Pada Ray]]|| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]||[[Kuldeep Rai Sharma]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]||[[Bishnu Pada Ray]]|| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Election results ==

=== General Election 1967 ===

{{Election box begin | title=[[1967 Indian general election]]: Andaman and Nicobar Islands<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf|title=Statistical report on general elections, 1967 to the Fourth Lok Sabha|publisher=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]|format=PDF|page=186|access-date=30 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718185108/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf|archive-date=2014-07-18|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=K.R. Ganesh|votes=19,310|percentage=52.57|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=P. K. S. Prasad|votes=9,270|percentage=25.24|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=K. Kandaswamy|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=4,891|percentage=13.32|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 10,040
|percentage = 27.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=36,924|percentage=78.45|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Election 1971 ===

{{Election box begin | title=[[1971 Indian general election]]: Andaman and Nicobar Islands<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf|title=Statistical report on general elections, 1971 to the Fifth Lok Sabha|publisher=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]|format=PDF|page=201|access-date=30 May 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=K R Ganesh|votes=27,373|percentage=61.48|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=P. K. S. Prasad|votes=10,040|percentage=22.55|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ramesh Chandra Muzumdar|party=Independent (politician)|votes=4,820|percentage=10.83|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 17,333
|percentage = 38.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=44,531|percentage=70.55|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Election 1977 ===

{{Election box begin | title=[[1977 Indian general election]]: Andaman and Nicobar Islands<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf|title=Statistical report on general elections, 1977 to the Sixth Lok Sabha|publisher=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]|format=PDF|page=201|access-date=30 May 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Manoranjan Bhakta]]
|votes = 35,400
|percentage = 58.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = K. R. Ganesh
|votes = 25,168
|percentage = 41.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 10,232
|percentage = 16.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 60,590
|percentage = 71.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Election 1980 ===

{{Election box begin | title=[[1980 Indian general election]]: Andaman and Nicobar Islands<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf|title=Statistical report on general elections, 1980 to the Seventh Lok Sabha|publisher=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]|format=PDF|page=245|access-date=30 May 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Manoranjan Bhakta]]
|votes = 42,046
|percentage = 53.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = P. K. S. Prasad
|votes = 16,014
|percentage = 20.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = K. Kandaswamy
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 15,856
|percentage = 20.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Samar Choudhary
|party = Janata Party
|votes = 2,034
|percentage = 2.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 26,032
|percentage = 32.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 81,146
|percentage = 84.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Election 1984 ===

{{Election box begin | title=[[1984 Indian general election]]: Andaman and Nicobar Islands<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf|title=Statistical report on general elections, 1984 to the Eighth Lok Sabha|publisher=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]|format=PDF|page=244|access-date=30 May 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Manoranjan Bhakta]]
|votes = 47,019
|percentage = 52.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Lok Dal
|candidate = K. Kandaswamy
|votes = 27,883
|percentage = 31.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Nilima Das
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = 11,086
|percentage = 12.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 19,136
|percentage = 21.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 91,093
|percentage = 78.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Election 1989 ===

{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Indian general election]]: Andaman and Nicobar Islands<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf|title=Statistical report on general elections, 1989 to the Ninth Lok Sabha|publisher=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]|format=PDF|page=293|access-date=30 May 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Manoranjan Bhakta]]
|votes = 53,383
|percentage = 47.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Tapan Bepari
|votes = 34,469
|percentage = 30.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = K. Kandaswamy
|party = Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha
|votes = 19,172
|percentage = 16.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 18,914
|percentage = 16.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 115,403
|percentage = 71.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Election 1991 ===

{{Election box begin | title=[[1991 Indian general election]]: Andaman and Nicobar Islands<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1991/VOL_I_91.pdf|title=Statistical report on general elections, 1991 to the Tenth Lok Sabha|publisher=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]|format=PDF|page=315|access-date=30 May 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Manoranjan Bhakta]]
|votes = 54,075
|percentage = 50.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Tapan Bepari
|votes = 47,374
|percentage = 44.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Bishnu Pada Ray]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 5,208
|percentage = 4.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 6,701
|percentage = 6.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Election 1996 ===

{{Election box begin | title=[[1996 Indian general election]]: Andaman and Nicobar Islands<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1996/Vol_I_LS_96.pdf|title=Statistical report on general elections, 1996 to the Eleventh Lok Sabha|publisher=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]|format=PDF|page=485|access-date=30 May 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Manoranjan Bhakta]]
|votes = 74,642
|percentage = 58.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Bishnu Pada Ray]]
|votes = 31,097
|percentage = 24.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Tapan Kumar Bepari
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = 18,363
|percentage = 14.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 43,545
|percentage = 33.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,30,918
|percentage = 61.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Election 1998 ===

{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Indian general election]]: Andaman and Nicobar Islands<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf|title=Statistical report on general elections, 1998 to the Twelfth Lok Sabha|publisher=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]|format=PDF|page=266|access-date=30 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718181833/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf|archive-date=2014-07-18|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Manoranjan Bhakta]]|votes=52,365|percentage=35.91|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Bishnu Pada Ray]]|votes=51,821|percentage=35.53|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian Congress (Socialist)|candidate=[[Kuldeep Rai Sharma]]|votes=29,687|percentage=20.36|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Tapan Kumar Bepari|votes=8,272|percentage=5.67|change=}}

{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 544
|percentage = 0.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,47,698|percentage=63.66|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Election 1999 ===

{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Indian general election]]: Andaman and Nicobar Islands<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf|title=Statistical report on general elections, 1999 to the Thirteenth Lok Sabha|publisher=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]|format=PDF|page=262|access-date=30 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf|archive-date=2014-07-18|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Bishnu Pada Ray]]
|votes = 76,891
|percentage = 52.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Manoranjan Bhakta]]
|votes = 62,944
|percentage = 43.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Agapil Kujur
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 4,805
|percentage = 3.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 13,947
|percentage = 9.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,47,102
|percentage = 59.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Election 2004 ===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general election]]: Andaman and Nicobar Islands<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf|title=Statistical report on general elections, 2004 to the Fourteenth Lok Sabha|publisher=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]|format=PDF|page=356|access-date=30 May 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Manoranjan Bhakta]]
|votes = 85,794
|percentage = 55.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Bishnu Pada Ray]]
|votes = 55,294
|percentage = 35.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Tapan Kumar Bepari
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = 4,175
|percentage = 2.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 30,500
|percentage = 19.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,53,825
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Election 2009 ===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general election]]: Andaman and Nicobar Islands<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf|title=Election Commission of India, General Elections, 2009 (15th Lok Sabha)|publisher=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]|format=PDF|page=192|access-date=30 May 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Bishnu Pada Ray]]
|votes = 75,211
|percentage = 44.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Kuldeep Rai Sharma]]
|votes = 72,221
|percentage = 42.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Tapan Kumar Bepari
|votes = 7,190
|percentage = 4.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = P. R. Ganeshan
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = 4,916
|percentage = 2.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 2,990
|percentage = 1.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,70,103
|percentage = 64.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Election 2014 ===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections|General Election, 2014]]: Andaman & Nicobar Islands<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseU011.htm?ac=1|title=Constituencywise-All Candidates|publisher=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]|access-date=2014-05-17|archive-date=2014-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517135258/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseU011.htm?ac=1|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm|title=Parliamentary Constituency wise Turnout for General Election - 2014|publisher=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]|access-date=30 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525214134/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm|archive-date=2014-05-25|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Bishnu Pada Ray]]|votes=90,969|percentage=47.80|change=+3.59}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Kuldeep Rai Sharma]]|votes=83,157|percentage=43.69|change=+1.23}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=Sanjay Meschack|votes=3,737|percentage=1.96|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=Anita Mondal|votes=2,283|percentage=1.20|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the Above|votes=1,564|percentage=0.82|change=N/A}}

{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 7,812
|percentage = 4.11
|change = +2.36
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,90,328|percentage=70.66|change=+6.50}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general election|General elections, 2019]]: Andaman & Nicobar Islands|Andman & Nicobar Islands}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Kuldeep Rai Sharma]]|votes=95,308|percentage=45.98|change=+2.29}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Vishal Jolly|votes=93,901|percentage=45.30|change=-2.50}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Paritosh Kumar Haldar|votes=5,341|percentage=2.58|change=+2.58}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=Sanjay Meshack|votes=2,839|percentage=1.37|change=-0.56}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Prakash Minj|votes=2,486|percentage=1.20|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=Ayan Mandal|votes=1,721|percentage=0.83|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the Above|candidate=None of the Above|votes=1,412|percentage=0.68|change=N/A}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 1,407
|percentage = 0.68
|change = -3.43
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=207,296|percentage=65.21|change=-5.45}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
===General Election 2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Bishnu Pada Ray]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 1,02,436
|percentage = 50.58
|change = +5.28
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Kuldeep Rai Sharma]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 78,040
|percentage = 38.54
|change = -7.44
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Manoj Paul
|party = ANDC
|votes = 8,254
|percentage = 4.08
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = D. Ayyappan
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = 6,017
|percentage = 2.97
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|candidate = V.K. Abdul Aziz
|party = [[Independent politician|IND]]
|votes = 2,203
|percentage = 1.09
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,809
|percentage = 0.89
|change = +0.21
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 23,996
|percentage = 12.04
|change = +11.36
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 202,514
|percentage = 64.26
|change = -0.95
}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 315,148 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{notelist}}

== See also ==

*[[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

== External links ==

*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190420063640/https://www.indiancrux.info/2019/04/2019-andaman-nicobar-islands-lok-sabha-constituency-election-result.html 2019 Andaman & Nicobar islands Lok Sabha Constituency Election Results and Candidates List]}}
*[https://resultuniversity.com/election/andaman-nicobar-islands-lok-sabha Andaman and Nicobar Islands Lok Sabha Seat Results]
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/andaman_and_nicobar_islands/andaman_and_nicobar_islands/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Andaman and Nicobar lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{Andaman and Nicobar Islands|state=expanded}}{{Authority control}}

{{Coord|10|93|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Andaman And Nicobar Islands (Lok Sabha Constituency)}}
[[Category:Constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:Politics of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
[[Category:1950s establishments in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies established in 1952]]
[[Category:Elections in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]

Kaunayen chicken

2026-03-30T06:57:25Z

ValarieNarvaez8: creating new post

{{Short description|Chicken breed}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}

'''Kaunayen''' ({{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯥꯎꯅꯌꯦꯟ}}) is an indigenous chicken breed from the [[Imphal Valley]] of [[Manipur]], India. It is traditionally reared by the [[Manipuri people]] in backyard systems and is mainly used for [[cockfighting]]. The breed is known for its fighting ability and distinct physical traits.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=VIJ|first=P K|last2=TANTIA|first2=M S|last3=SINGH|first3=TH RANADHIR|date=2016-09-15|title=Kaunayen chicken – a new indigenous germplasm from Manipur|url=https://epubs.icar.org.in/index.php/IJAnS/article/view/61588|journal=The Indian Journal of Animal Sciences|language=en|volume=86|issue=9|issn=2394-3327}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Mutum|first=Robin Singh|last2=Das|first2=Abhik|last3=Ghosh|first3=Sankar Kumar|last4=Wangkheimayum|first4=Vidyarani Devi|date=2025-01-01|title=The origins of "Kaunayen" game fowls of Manipur, India: Insights from mitochondrial D-loop sequence analysis|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0032579124012458|journal=Poultry Science|volume=104|issue=1|article-number=104667|doi=10.1016/j.psj.2024.104667|issn=0032-5791|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Mutum|first=Robin Singh|last2=Wangkheimayum|first2=Vidyarani Devi|date=2023-12-11|title=DNA barcoding of indigenous fowl of Manipur, Kaunayen ( Gallus gallus domesticus )|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10495398.2022.2155178|journal=Animal Biotechnology|language=en|volume=34|issue=9|pages=4430–4434|doi=10.1080/10495398.2022.2155178|issn=1049-5398|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

== Recognition ==

Kaunayen was officially registered as an indigenous chicken breed by the [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]] – National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources (ICAR-NBAGR) in June 2016. It became the 17th registered chicken breed in India.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tribune|first=The Assam|date=2026-01-16|title=Manipuri duck 'Meitei Nganu' registered as indigenous breed by ICAR|url=https://assamtribune.com/north-east/manipuri-duck-meitei-nganu-registered-as-indigenous-breed-by-icar-1604564|access-date=2026-01-18|website=assamtribune.com|language=en}}</ref>

== Distribution ==

The breed is native to Manipur and is mainly found in the Imphal Valley. Although it shows variation among birds from different parts of the state, Kaunayen chickens share common physical and behavioral traits.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

== Physical characteristics ==

Kaunayen chickens have an elongated body, long neck, and long legs. Broodiness is common in hens.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

Plumage color is usually black or brown. Males often show a patchy pattern, while females usually have a solid color. Adult cocks commonly have shining bluish-black feathers on the wings, breast, tail, and thighs. In fighting cocks, the neck, breast, and thighs are often bare, hard, and rose-red in color.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

The comb is red and pea-shaped.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

=== Weight ===

The average body weight of an adult cock is about 3.01 kg, while an adult hen weighs around 2.32 kg.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

=== Eggs ===

A Kaunayen hen lays about 35 eggs per year. The eggs are medium-sized, with an average weight of about 42.43 g. The shell color is brown.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

* Egg quality measurements include:

* Albumen index: 0.07

* Yolk index: 0.38

* Haugh unit: 76.88<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

== Related breeds ==

Morphologically, Kaunayen chickens appear similar to Danki and [[Aseel (chicken)|Aseel]] breeds. However, Kaunayen is native to Manipur, which is geographically distant and isolated from the breeding areas of Danki and Aseel. Due to long-term adaptation to local conditions, Kaunayen is considered a distinct population of fighting chickens.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

== Genetic characteristics ==

Despite being registered as a single breed, Kaunayen chickens show high genetic diversity within the population. Molecular studies indicate that the breed is phylogenetically closer to Southeast Asian chickens, with links to some East Asian and South Asian breeds. The findings support Kaunayen as a distinct indigenous breed with unique genetic features.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

== See also ==
* [[Kakyen]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Notelist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Meitei culture]]
[[Category:Chicken breeds originating in India]]

Central Asia

2026-03-29T08:37:01Z

ValarieNarvaez8:

{{Short description|Subregion of the Asian continent}}
{{Distinguish|Soviet Central Asia}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox continent
| title = Central Asia
| image = Central Asia (orthographic projection).svg
| area = {{convert|400,3451|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| population = 75,897,577 (2021) ([[List of continents by population#Regional and continental (sub)totals in 2016|16th]])<ref name="UN WPP 2019">{{Cite web|title=World Population prospects – Population division|url=https://population.un.org/wpp/|access-date=16 July 2019|publisher=[[United Nations]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190205234912/https://population.un.org/wpp/|archive-date=5 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="UN WPP 2019 2">{{Cite web|title=Overall total population|url=https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|format=xlsx|access-date=16 July 2019|publisher=[[United Nations]]|archive-date=18 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218054922/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|url-status=live}}</ref>
| density = {{convert|17.43|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}}
| GDP_nominal = $446 billion (2023)<ref name="IMF">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April|title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2023|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]}}</ref>
| GDP_PPP = $1.25 trillion (2023)<ref name="IMF" />
| GDP_per_capita = $5,900 (2023; nominal)<ref name="IMF" /> $16,400 (2023; PPP)<ref name="IMF" />
| HDI = {{increase}}0.818 (''very high''){{efn|2023 data from 2025 report for "Europe and Central Asia" regional designation}}<ref>{{cite book |url=https://hdr.undp.org/content/human-development-report-2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 - A matter of choice: People and possibilities in the age of AI |date=6 May 2025 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |publication-date=6 May 2025 |page=286 |access-date=29 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506064128/https://hdr.undp.org/content/human-development-report-2025 |archive-date=6 May 2025 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| demonym = Central Asian
| countries = {{collapsible list
| title = [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia|5 recognized]]
| {{flag|Kazakhstan}}
| {{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}
| {{flag|Tajikistan}}
| {{flag|Turkmenistan}}
| {{flag|Uzbekistan}}
}}
| languages = [[Dungan language|Dungan]], [[Karakalpak language|Karakalpak]], [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]], [[Koryo-mar]], [[Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]], [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]], [[Russian language|Russian]], [[Tajik language|Tajik]], [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]], [[Uyghur language|Uyghur]], [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]], and [[#Languages|others]]
| time = {{collapsible list
| title = 2 time zones
| bullets = true
| '''[[UTC+05:00]]''':
{{hlist
| Standard: [[Time in Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan]], [[Time in Tajikistan|Tajikistan]], [[Time in Turkmenistan|Turkmenistan]], [[Time in Uzbekistan|Uzbekistan]]
}}
| '''[[UTC+06:00]]''':
{{hlist
| Standard: [[Kyrgyzstan Time|Kyrgyzstan]]
}}
}}
| internet = [[.uz]], [[.kz]], [[.tj]], [[.tm]], [[.kg]]
| calling_code = [[List of country calling codes|Zone 9 except Kazakhstan (Zone 7)]]
| cities =
{{collapsible list
| title = List{{sup|a}}
| bullets = true
| {{flagicon|Kazakhstan}}
[[Aktöbe]]
| {{flagicon|Uzbekistan}}
[[Andijan]]
| {{flagicon|Kazakhstan}} [[Almaty]]
| {{flagicon|Turkmenistan}} [[Ashgabat]]
| {{flagicon|Kazakhstan}} [[Astana]]
| {{flagicon|Kyrgyzstan}} [[Bishkek]]
| {{flagicon|Tajikistan}} [[Dushanbe]]
| {{flagicon|Uzbekistan}} [[Fergana]]
| {{flagicon|Kazakhstan}} [[Karagandy]]
| {{flagicon|Uzbekistan}} [[Namangan]]
| {{flagicon|Uzbekistan}} [[Samarkand]]
| {{flagicon|Kazakhstan}} [[Shymkent]]
| {{flagicon|Uzbekistan}} [[Tashkent]]
}}
| m49 = {{ubl
| <code>143</code> – Central Asia
| <code>142</code> – [[Asia]]
| <code>001</code> – [[World]]
}}}}

'''Central Asia''' is a region of [[Asia]] consisting of [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Turkmenistan]], [[Uzbekistan]], and most of [[Kazakhstan]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Central Asia|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Central-Asia|access-date=21 January 2022|archive-date=7 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107103023/https://www.britannica.com/place/Central-Asia|url-status=live}}</ref> The countries as a group are also colloquially referred to as the "-stans" as all have names ending with the [[Persian language|Persian]] suffix "[[-stan]]" (meaning {{gloss|land}}) in both respective native languages and most other languages. The region is bounded by the [[Caspian Sea]] to the southwest, [[European Russia]] to the northwest, [[China]] and [[Mongolia]] to the east,<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Mongolia|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mongolia|access-date=21 January 2022|archive-date=8 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608083309/https://www.britannica.com/place/Mongolia|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Afghanistan]] and [[Iran]] to the south, and [[Siberia]] to the north. Together, the five Central Asian countries have a total population of around {{formatnum: {{#expr: {{formatnum: ({{UN Population|Kazakhstan}} + {{UN Population|Kyrgyzstan}} + {{UN Population|Tajikistan}} + {{UN Population|Turkmenistan}} + {{UN Population|Uzbekistan}}) / 1e6 round 0 |R}} }} }} million.

In the pre-Islamic and early Islamic eras ({{c.|1000}} and earlier) Central Asia was inhabited predominantly by [[Iranian peoples]],<ref name="Bosworth-1990">{{Encyclopaedia Iranica|last=Bosworth|first=C. E.|author-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth|title=CENTRAL ASIA iv. In the Islamic Period up to the Mongols|volume=5|fascicle=2|pages=169–172|url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/central-asia-iv|quote=In early Islamic times Persians tended to identify all the lands to the northeast of Khorasan and lying beyond the Oxus with the region of Turan, which in the Šāh-nāma of Ferdowsī is regarded as the land allotted to Ferēdūn's son Tūr. The denizens of Tūrān were held to include the Turks, in the first four centuries of Islam essentially those nomadizing beyond the Jaxartes, and behind them the Chinese (see Kowalski; Minorsky, "Tūrān"). Tūrān thus became both an ethnic and a geographical term, but always containing ambiguities and contradictions, arising from the fact that all through Islamic times the lands immediately beyond the Oxus and along its lower reaches were the homes not of Turks but of Iranian peoples, such as the Sogdians and Khwarezmians.}}</ref><ref>C. E. Bosworth, "The Appearance of the Arabs in Central Asia under the Umayyads and the establishment of Islam", in ''History of Civilizations of Central Asia'', Vol. IV: The Age of Achievement: AD 750 to the End of the Fifteenth Century, Part One: The Historical, Social and Economic Setting, edited by M. S. Asimov and C. E. Bosworth. Multiple History Series. Paris: Motilal Banarsidass Publ./UNESCO Publishing, 1999. excerpt from page 23: "Central Asia in the early seventh century, was ethnically, still largely an Iranian land whose people used various Middle Iranian languages".</ref> populated by [[Eastern Iranian]]-speaking [[Bactrians]], [[Sogdians]], [[Khwarezmian language|Chorasmians]], and the semi-nomadic [[Scythians]] and [[Dahae]]. As the result of [[Turkic migration]], Central Asia also became the homeland for the [[Kazakhs]], [[Kyrgyzs]], [[Volga Tatars|Tatars]], [[Turkmens]], [[Uyghurs]], and [[Uzbeks]]; [[Turkic languages]] largely replaced the Iranian languages spoken in the area, with the exception of Tajikistan and areas where [[Tajik language|Tajik]] is spoken.

The [[Silk Road]] trade routes crossed through Central Asia, leading to the rise of prosperous trade cities.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Great Silk Roads|url=https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/content/great-silk-roads|access-date=16 May 2024|website=Silk Roads Programme|publisher=UNESCO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Taseer|first=Aatish|date=11 May 2020|title=In Uzbekistan, Coming to Terms With the Country's Dazzling History|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/11/t-magazine/uzbekistan-history-silk-road.html|access-date=16 May 2024|work=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The region was a crossroads for the movement of people, goods, and ideas between Europe and the [[Far East]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.silk-road.com/artl/srtravelmain.shtml|title=Travelers on the Silk Road|author=Adela C. Y. Lee|access-date=14 November 2014|archive-date=25 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525113916/http://www.silk-road.com/artl/srtravelmain.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Ta'lim Primary 6 Parent and Teacher Guide (p.{{spaces}}72) – Islamic Publications Limited for the Institute of Ismaili Studies London</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|year=2013|last1=Phillips|first1=Andrew|last2=James|first2=Paul|author-link2=Paul James (academic)|title=National Identity between Tradition and Reflexive Modernisation: The Contradictions of Central Asia|url=https://www.academia.edu/2832538|journal=National Identities|volume=3|issue=1|pages=23–35|quote=In Central Asia the collision of modernity and tradition led all but the most deracinated of the intellectuals-[[cleric]]s to seek salvation in reconstituted variants of traditional identities rather than succumb to the modern European idea of nationalism. The inability of the elites to form a united front, as demonstrated in the numerous declarations of autonomy by different authorities during the Russian civil war, paved the way, in the early 1920s for the Soviet re-conquest of the Central Asia in the early 1920s.|doi=10.1080/14608940020028475|s2cid=146570543|access-date=13 December 2017|archive-date=7 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107161541/https://www.academia.edu/2832538|url-status=live}}</ref> Most countries in Central Asia are still integral to parts of the world economy.<ref name="Frankopan-2017">{{Cite book|last=Frankopan|first=Peter|title=The Silk Roads: A New History of the World|date=March 2017|publisher=[[Vintage Books]]|isbn=978-1-101-94633-6|edition=First Vintage Books|location=New York|pages=xv-xvi|author-link=Peter Frankopan}}</ref>

From the mid-19th century until near the end of the 20th century, Central Asia was incorporated into the [[Russian Empire]], and later the [[Soviet Union]], which led to Russians and other [[Slavs]] colonising the area. Modern-day Central Asia is home to a large population of descendants of [[European emigration|European settlers]], who mostly live in Kazakhstan: 7 million Russians, 500,000 [[Ukrainians]],<ref>[http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_89.php Демоскоп Weekly – Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100316172713/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_89.php |date=16 March 2010 }}. Demoscope.ru. Retrieved on 29 July 2013.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stat.kg/stat.files/din.files/census/5010003.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206105009/http://www.stat.kg/stat.files/din.files/census/5010003.pdf|archive-date=6 February 2009|title=5.01.00.03 Национальный состав населения}}</ref><ref>[http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2005/0191/analit05.php Итоги переписи населения Таджикистана 2000 года: национальный, возрастной, половой, семейный и образовательный составы] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807010258/http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2005/0191/analit05.php |date=7 August 2011 }}. Demoscope.ru (20 January 2000). Retrieved on 29 July 2013.</ref> and about 170,000 [[History of Germans in Russia, Ukraine and the Soviet Union|Germans]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Trochev|first=Alexei|title=Transitional Justice Attempts in Kazakhstan|date=22 February 2018|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781108182171%23CN-bp-4/type/book_part|work=Transitional Justice and the Former Soviet Union|pages=88–108|editor-last=Horne|editor-first=Cynthia M.|edition=1|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/9781108182171.005|isbn=978-1-108-18217-1|access-date=4 December 2020|editor2-last=Stan|editor2-first=Lavinia|archive-date=10 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410131024/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/transitional-justice-and-the-former-soviet-union/transitional-justice-attempts-in-kazakhstan/B4A2EAEAE2948E13C043D0071FED7A84|url-status=live}}</ref> During the Stalinist period, the forced [[deportation of Koreans in the Soviet Union]] resulted in a population of over 300,000 [[Koryo-saram|Koreans]] in the region.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Central Asia's Koreans in Korea: There and (Mostly) Back Again|url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/odr/central-asias-koreans-in-korea-there-and-mostly-back-again/|access-date=12 August 2021|website=openDemocracy|archive-date=9 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109105937/https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/odr/central-asias-koreans-in-korea-there-and-mostly-back-again/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Definitions ==
{{See also|Greater Central Asia}}{{Multiple image
| image1=Caucasus central asia political map 2000.jpg
| caption1=Political map of Central Asia and the [[Caucasus]] (2000)
| image2=Map of Central Asia.png
| caption2=Political map of Central Asia including Afghanistan
}}

One of the first geographers to mention Central Asia as a distinct region of the world was [[Alexander von Humboldt]]. The borders of Central Asia are subject to multiple definitions. Historically, political geography and culture have been two significant parameters widely used in scholarly definitions of Central Asia. Humboldt's definition comprised every country between 5° North and 5° South of the latitude 44.5°N.{{clarify|date=October 2024}}<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dani|first1=A. H.|title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The Dawn of Civilization: Earliest Times to 700 B.C.|date=1993|publisher=UNESCO|isbn=978-92-3-102719-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6lPzhfNRZ9IC&q=Afghanistan+humboldt+central+asia&pg=PA477|language=en|access-date=9 November 2020|archive-date=10 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410131049/https://books.google.com/books?id=6lPzhfNRZ9IC&q=Afghanistan+humboldt+central+asia&pg=PA477|url-status=live}}</ref> Humboldt mentions some geographic features of this region, which include the Caspian Sea in the west, the Altai mountains in the north and the Hindu Kush and Pamir mountains in the South.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Humboldt|first1=Alexander von|title=Asie centrale|date=1843|publisher=Paris, Gide|page=17|language=fr|url=https://archive.org/details/asiecentralerec03humbgoog}}</ref> He did not give an eastern border for the region. His legacy is still seen: [[Humboldt University of Berlin]], named after him, offers a course in [[Central Asian studies]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Humboldt University of Berlin|title=Central Asian studies – Institute of Asian and African Studies|url=https://www.iaaw.hu-berlin.de/en/region/centralasia/central-asian-seminar-1/about-us/about-us|website=www.iaaw.hu-berlin.de|publisher=Humboldt University of Berlin|language=en|access-date=1 April 2020|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727184251/https://www.iaaw.hu-berlin.de/en/region/centralasia/central-asian-seminar-1/about-us/about-us|url-status=live}}</ref> The Russian geographer Nikolaĭ Khanykov questioned the latitudinal definition of Central Asia and preferred a physical one of all countries located in the region landlocked from water, including [[Afghanistan]], [[Khorasan province|Khorasan]] (Northeast Iran), [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Turkmenistan]], [[East Turkestan]] (Xinjiang), [[Mongolia]], and [[Uzbekistan]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cummings|first1=Sally N.|title=Understanding Central Asia: Politics and Contested Transformations|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-43319-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SRafuiRUJaMC&q=humboldt+central+asia+definition&pg=PT28|language=en|access-date=9 November 2020|archive-date=10 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410131019/https://books.google.com/books?id=SRafuiRUJaMC&q=humboldt+central+asia+definition&pg=PT28|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Saez|first1=Lawrence|title=The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC): An emerging collaboration architecture|date=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-67108-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yTzKWI42uR4C&q=humboldt+central+asia+Afghanistan&pg=PA35|language=en|access-date=9 November 2020|archive-date=10 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410131049/https://books.google.com/books?id=yTzKWI42uR4C&q=humboldt+central+asia+Afghanistan&pg=PA35|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Cornell|first1=Svante E.|title=Modernization and Regional Cooperation in Central Asia: A New Spring?|publisher=Central Asia-Caucasus Institute and the Silk Road Studies|url=http://silkroadstudies.org/resources/1811CA-Regional.pdf|access-date=1 April 2020|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108072230/http://silkroadstudies.org/resources/1811CA-Regional.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Central Asia definitions (orthographic).png|thumb|upright=1.2|Expanded definition of Central Asia. Core definition that includes the five post-Soviet states in dark green. [[Afghanistan]], the most commonly added country to Central Asia, in green. Regions that are sometimes considered part of Central Asia in light green.]]
[[File:Central Asia borders4.png|thumb|upright=1.2|Three sets of possible boundaries for the Central Asia region (which overlap with conceptions of South and East Asia).]]

[[Russian culture]] has two distinct terms: ''Средняя Азия'' (''Srednyaya Aziya'' or "Middle Asia", the narrower definition, which includes only those traditionally non-Slavic, Central Asian lands that were incorporated within those borders of historical Russia) and ''Центральная Азия'' (''Tsentralnaya Aziya'' or "Central Asia", the wider definition, which includes Central Asian lands that have never been part of historical Russia). The latter definition includes Afghanistan and '[[East Turkestan]]'.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cornell|first1=Svante E.|title=Modernization and Regional Cooperation in Central Asia: A New Spring?|quote=Russian scholars who used the term 'Middle Asia' synonymously with Turkestan used 'Central Asia' largely to refer to areas outside Russian control, including Afghanistan and 'East Turkestan'.|publisher=Central Asia-Caucasus Institute and the Silk Road Studies|url=http://silkroadstudies.org/resources/1811CA-Regional.pdf|access-date=1 April 2020|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108072230/http://silkroadstudies.org/resources/1811CA-Regional.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

The most limited definition was the official one of the [[Soviet Union]], which defined Middle Asia as consisting solely of Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan, omitting [[Kazakhstan]]. Soon after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the leaders of the four former [[Soviet Central Asia]]n Republics met in [[Tashkent]] and declared that the definition of Central Asia should include Kazakhstan as well as the original four included by the Soviets. Since then, this has become the most common definition of Central Asia.

In 1978, [[UNESCO]] defined the region as "Afghanistan, north-eastern [[Iran]], [[Pakistan]], [[northern India]], western China, Mongolia and the Soviet Central Asian Republics".<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Mayor|first1=Federico|author-link1=Federico Mayor Zaragoza|editor-last1=Dani|editor-first1=A. H.|editor-link1=Ahmad Hasan Dani|editor-last2=Masson|editor-first2=V. M.|year=1992|chapter=Preface|title=The Dawn of Civilization, Earliest Times to 700 B.C.|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000094466|series=History of Civilizations of Central Asia|volume=1|publication-place=Paris|publisher=UNESCO Publishing|pages=7–9|isbn=978-92-3-102719-2|oclc=28186754|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104104024/https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000094466|archive-date=4 November 2022|quote=Subsequently, at a UNESCO meeting held in 1978, it was agreed that the study on Central Asia should deal with the civilizations of Afghanistan, north-eastern Iran, Pakistan, northern India, western China, Mongolia and the Soviet Central Asian Republics.|quote-page=8|access-date=21 October 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>

An alternative method is to define the region based on ethnicity, and in particular, areas populated by Eastern [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]], Eastern [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]], or [[Mongolic peoples|Mongolian]] peoples. These areas include Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, the Turkic regions of southern [[Siberia]], the five republics, and [[Afghan Turkestan]]. Afghanistan as a whole, the northern and western areas of Pakistan and the [[Kashmir Valley]] of India may also be included. The [[Tibetans]] and [[Ladakh]]is are also included. Most of the mentioned peoples are considered [[Indigenous peoples|indigenous]] to the region. Central Asia is sometimes referred to as [[Turkestan]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Polo|first1=Marco|last2=Smethurst|first2=Paul|title=The Travels of Marco Polo|year=2005|isbn=978-0-7607-6589-0|page=676|publisher=Barnes & Noble Books}}</ref><ref>Ferrand, Gabriel (1913), "Ibn Batūtā", Relations de voyages et textes géographiques arabes, persans et turks relatifs à l'Extrème-Orient du 8e au 18e siècles (Volumes 1 and 2) (in French), Paris: Ernest Laroux, pp. 426–458</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Andrea|first1=Bernadette|title=Ibn Fadlan's Journey to Russia: A Tenth-Century Traveler from Baghdad to the Volga River by Richard N. Frye: Review by Bernadette Andrea|journal=Middle East Studies Association Bulletin|volume=41|issue=2|pages=201–202|doi=10.1017/S0026318400050744|s2cid=164228130}}</ref>

== Geography ==
[[File: Bringing the sheep home, on the southern shore of Issy-Kol. (3968109583).jpg|thumb|On the south shore of Issyk Kul lake, [[Issyk Kul Region]]]]

Central Asia is a region of varied geography, including high passes and [[mountain ranges|mountains]] ([[Tian Shan]]), vast [[desert]]s ([[Kyzyl Kum]], [[Taklamakan]]), and especially treeless, grassy [[steppe]]s. The vast steppe areas of Central Asia are considered together with the steppes of [[Eastern Europe]] as a homogeneous geographical zone known as the [[Eurasian Steppe]].

Much of the land of Central Asia is too dry or too rugged for farming. The [[Gobi Desert]] extends from the foot of the [[Pamirs]], 77°{{spaces}}E, to the [[Great Khingan]] (Da Hinggan) Mountains, 116°–118°{{spaces}}E.
[[File:Kazakhstan steppe Zhambyl Province (8).jpg|thumb|The [[Eurasian Steppe]] in Kazakhstan has a [[semi-arid]], [[Continentality|continental]] climate]]
Central Asia has the following geographic extremes:
* The world's northernmost [[desert]] ([[sand dunes]]), at Buurug Deliin Els, [[Mongolia]], 50°18'{{spaces}}N.
* The [[Northern Hemisphere]]'s southernmost [[permafrost]], at [[Erdenetsogt]] sum, [[Mongolia]], 46°17'{{spaces}}N.
* The world's shortest distance between non-frozen [[desert]] and [[permafrost]]: {{convert|770|km|mi|abbr=on}}.
* The Eurasian [[pole of inaccessibility]].

A majority of the people earn a living by herding livestock. Industrial activity centers in the region's cities.

Major rivers of the region include the [[Amu Darya]], the [[Syr Darya]], [[Irtysh]], the [[Hari River, Afghanistan|Hari River]] and the [[Murghab River]]. Major bodies of water include the [[Aral Sea]] and [[Lake Balkhash]], both of which are part of the huge west-central Asian [[endorheic]] basin that also includes the [[Caspian Sea]].

Both of these bodies of water have shrunk significantly in recent decades due to the diversion of water from rivers that feed them for irrigation and industrial purposes. Water is an extremely valuable resource in arid Central Asia and can lead to rather significant international disputes.

{{wide image|Zentralasien topo.png|750px|Topographic map of Central Asia.}}
{{Clear}}

=== Historical regions ===
{{Location map+ | Kazakhstan
| AlternativeMap = Relief Map of Kazakhstan.png
| width = 300
| caption = Historical regions of Central Asia 
on a map of Kazakhstan
| places =
{{Location map~|Kazakhstan|lat=42.00|long=60.00|label=Khwarezm|position=top|mark=Clear pog.svg}}
{{Location map~|Kazakhstan|lat=40.30|long=73.37|label=Ferghana|position=top|mark=Clear pog.svg}}
{{Location map~|Kazakhstan|lat=44.00|long=76.95|label=Zhetysu|position=top|mark=Clear pog.svg}}
{{Location map~|Kazakhstan|lat=45.00|long=85.00|label=Dzun- garia|position=top|mark=Clear pog.svg}}
{{Location map~|Kazakhstan|lat=40.30|long=84.00|label=Tarim_Basin|position=top|mark=Clear pog.svg}}
}}
{{Location map+ | Uzbekistan
| AlternativeMap = Relief Map of Uzbekistan.png
| width = 300
| float=right
| caption = Historical Regions of Central Asia on a map of Uzbekistan
| places =
{{Location map~|Uzbekistan|lat=42.00|long=60.00|label=Khwarezm|position=top|mark=Clear pog.svg}}
{{Location map~|Uzbekistan|lat=40.00|long=72.00|label=Ferghana|position=top|mark=Clear pog.svg}}
{{Location map~|Uzbekistan|lat=39.50|long=65.00|label=Transoxiana|position=top|mark=Clear pog.svg}}
{{Location map~|Uzbekistan|lat=39.00|long=65.00|label=(Sogdia)|position=top|mark=Clear pog.svg}}
{{Location map~|Uzbekistan|lat=43.00|long=72.00|label=Zhetysu|position=top|mark=Clear pog.svg}}
{{Location map~|Uzbekistan|lat=37.50|long=70.00|label=Bactria|position=bottom|mark=Clear pog.svg}}
{{Location map~|Uzbekistan|lat=37.00|long=61.90|label=Margiana|position=top|mark=Clear pog.svg}}
}}

{{Location map+ | Uzbekistan
| AlternativeMap = Relief Map of Uzbekistan.png
| width = 300
| caption = Historic cities of Central Asia Kokand is one of the many towns that rose and fell in the Ferghana Valley
| places =
{{Location map~ | Uzbekistan|lat=39.70|long=66.98|label=Samarkand|position=top|mark=Dot-yellow.svg}}
{{Location map~ | Uzbekistan|lat=39.77|long=64.33|label=Bukhara|position=left|mark=Dot-yellow.svg}}
{{Location map~ | Uzbekistan|lat=41.38|long=60.22|label=Khiva|position=top}}
{{Location map~ | Uzbekistan|lat=40.53|long=70.93|label=Kokand|position=right}}
{{Location map~ | Uzbekistan|lat=41.27|long=69.22|label=Tashkent|position=top|mark=Dot-yellow.svg}}
{{Location map~ | Uzbekistan|lat=37.66|long=62.19|label=Merv}}
{{Location map~ | Uzbekistan|lat=36.8|long=66.87|label=Balkh}}
}}

Central Asia is bounded on the north by the forests of Siberia. The northern half of Central Asia (Kazakhstan) is the middle part of the [[Eurasian steppe]]. Westward the Kazakh steppe merges into the Russian-Ukrainian steppe and eastward into the steppes and deserts of Dzungaria and Mongolia. Southward the land becomes increasingly dry and the nomadic population increasingly thin. The south supports areas of dense population and cities wherever irrigation is possible. The main irrigated areas are along the eastern mountains, along the [[Oxus]] and [[Jaxartes]] Rivers and along the north flank of the [[Kopet Dagh]] near the Persian border. East of the Kopet Dagh is the important oasis of [[Merv]] and then a few places in Afghanistan like [[Herat]] and [[Balkh]]. Two projections of the [[Tian Shan]] create three "bays" along the eastern mountains. The largest, in the north, is eastern Kazakhstan, traditionally called [[Jetysu]] or Semirechye which contains [[Lake Balkhash]]. In the center is the small but densely populated [[Ferghana valley]]. In the south is [[Bactria]], later called Tocharistan, which is bounded on the south by the [[Hindu Kush]] mountains of Afghanistan. The [[Syr Darya]] (Jaxartes) rises in the Ferghana valley and the [[Amu Darya]] (Oxus) rises in Bactria. Both flow northwest into the [[Aral Sea]]. Where the Oxus meets the Aral Sea it forms a large delta called [[Khwarazm]] and later the [[Khanate of Khiva]]. North of the Oxus is the less-famous but equally important [[Zarafshan River]] which waters the great trading cities of [[Bokhara]] and [[Samarkand]]. The other great commercial city was [[Tashkent]] northwest of the mouth of the Ferghana valley. The land immediately north of the Oxus was called [[Transoxiana]] and also [[Sogdia]], especially when referring to the Sogdian merchants who dominated the silk road trade.

To the east, Dzungaria and the Tarim Basin were united into the Manchu-Chinese province of [[Xinjiang]] (Sinkiang; Hsin-kiang) about 1759. Caravans from China usually went along the north or south side of the Tarim basin and joined at [[Kashgar]] before crossing the mountains northwest to Ferghana or southwest to Bactria. A minor branch of the silk road went north of the Tian Shan through Dzungaria and Zhetysu before turning southwest near Tashkent. Nomadic migrations usually moved from Mongolia through Dzungaria before turning southwest to conquer the settled lands or continuing west toward Europe.

The [[Kyzyl Kum]] Desert or semi-desert is between the Oxus and Jaxartes, and the [[Karakum Desert]] is between the Oxus and [[Kopet Dagh]] in Turkmenistan. [[Khorasan]] meant approximately northeast Persia and northern Afghanistan. [[Margiana]] was the region around Merv. The [[Ustyurt Plateau]] is between the Aral and Caspian Seas.

To the southwest, across the Kopet Dagh, lies Persia. From here Persian and Islamic civilisation penetrated Central Asia and dominated its high culture until the Russian conquest. In the southeast is the route to India. In early times Buddhism spread north and throughout much of history warrior kings and tribes would move southeast to establish their rule in northern India. Most nomadic conquerors entered from the northeast. After 1800 western civilisation in its Russian and Soviet form penetrated from the northwest.

;Names of historical regions
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Ariana]]
* [[Bactria]]
* [[Dahae|Dahistan]]
* [[Khorasan]]
* [[Khwarazm]]
* [[Margiana]]
* [[Parthia]]
* [[Sogdia]]
* [[Tokharistan]]
* [[Transoxiana]]
* [[Turan]]
* [[Turkestan]]
{{Div col end}}
{{Clear}}

== Climate ==
[[File:Koppen-Geiger Map v2 Central Asia 1991–2020.svg|thumb|300x300px|Köppen–Geiger climate classification map at 1-km resolution for Central Asia (1991–2020)|alt=Köppen–Geiger climate classification map at 1-km resolution for Central Asia (1991–2020)]]
Because Central Asia is landlocked and not buffered by a large body of water, temperature fluctuations are often severe, excluding the hot, sunny summer months. In most areas, the climate is dry and continental, with hot summers and cool to cold winters, with occasional snowfall. Outside high-elevation areas, the climate is mostly semi-arid to arid. In lower elevations, summers are hot with blazing sunshine. Winters feature occasional rain or snow from low-pressure systems that cross the area from the [[Mediterranean Sea]]. Average monthly precipitation is very low from July to September, rises in autumn (October and November) and is highest in March or April, followed by swift drying in May and June. Winds can be strong, producing dust storms sometimes, especially toward the end of the summer in September and October. Specific cities that exemplify Central Asian climate patterns include [[Tashkent]] and [[Samarkand]], Uzbekistan, [[Ashgabat]], Turkmenistan, and [[Dushanbe]], Tajikistan. The last of these represents one of the wettest climates in Central Asia, with an average annual precipitation of over {{convert|22|in|mm|order=flip|abbr=in}}.

Biogeographically, Central Asia is part of the [[Palearctic realm]]. The largest [[biome]] in Central Asia is the [[temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands]] biome. Central Asia also contains the [[montane grasslands and shrublands]], [[deserts and xeric shrublands]] and [[temperate coniferous forests]] biomes.

=== Climate change ===
{{Main|Climate change in Asia}}

[[File:Koppen-Geiger Map Central Asia future.svg|thumb|2071–2100 Central Asia map under [[Representative Concentration Pathway|the worst climate change scenario]]. Mid-range scenarios are currently considered more likely<ref name="HausfatherPeters2020">{{cite journal|last1=Hausfather|first1=Zeke|last2=Peters|first2=Glen|title=Emissions – the 'business as usual' story is misleading|journal=Nature|date=29 January 2020|volume=577|issue=7792|pages=618–20|doi=10.1038/d41586-020-00177-3|pmid=31996825|bibcode=2020Natur.577..618H|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Schuur2022">{{Cite journal|last1=Schuur|first1=Edward A.G.|last2=Abbott|first2=Benjamin W.|last3=Commane|first3=Roisin|last4=Ernakovich|first4=Jessica|last5=Euskirchen|first5=Eugenie|last6=Hugelius|first6=Gustaf|last7=Grosse|first7=Guido|last8=Jones|first8=Miriam|last9=Koven|first9=Charlie |last10=Leshyk |first10=Victor|last11=Lawrence|first11=David|last12=Loranty|first12=Michael M.|last13=Mauritz|first13=Marguerite|last14=Olefeldt|first14=David|last15=Natali|first15=Susan|last16=Rodenhizer|first16=Heidi|last17=Salmon|first17=Verity|last18=Schädel|first18=Christina|last19=Strauss|first19=Jens |last20=Treat |first20=Claire|last21=Turetsky|first21=Merritt|year=2022|title=Permafrost and Climate Change: Carbon Cycle Feedbacks From the Warming Arctic|journal=Annual Review of Environment and Resources|volume=47|pages=343–371|doi=10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-011847|quote="Medium-range estimates of Arctic carbon emissions could result from moderate climate emission mitigation policies that keep global warming below 3°C (e.g., RCP4.5). This global warming level most closely matches country emissions reduction pledges made for the Paris Climate Agreement..."|doi-access=free|bibcode=2022ARER...47..343S}}</ref><ref name="Phiddian2022">{{Cite web|last=Phiddian|first=Ellen|date=5 April 2022|title=Explainer: IPCC Scenarios|url=https://cosmosmagazine.com/earth/climate/explainer-ipcc-scenarios/|website=[[Cosmos (magazine)|Cosmos]]|access-date=30 September 2023|quote="The IPCC doesn't make projections about which of these scenarios is more likely, but other researchers and modellers can. [[The Australian Academy of Science]], for instance, released a report last year stating that our current emissions trajectory had us headed for a 3°C warmer world, roughly in line with the middle scenario. [[Climate Action Tracker]] predicts 2.5 to 2.9°C of warming based on current policies and action, with pledges and government agreements taking this to 2.1°C.|archive-date=20 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920224129/https://cosmosmagazine.com/earth/climate/explainer-ipcc-scenarios/|url-status=live}}</ref>]]

As of 2022, there has been a scarcity of research on climate impacts in Central Asia, even though it experiences faster warming than the global average and is generally considered to be one of the more [[climate change vulnerability|climate-vulnerable]] regions in the world.<ref name="Vakulchuk-2022">{{Cite journal|last1=Vakulchuk|first1=Roman|last2=Daloz|first2=Anne Sophie|last3=Overland|first3=Indra|last4=Sagbakken|first4=Haakon Fossum|last5=Standal|first5=Karina|date=26 May 2022|title=A void in Central Asia research: climate change|journal=Central Asian Survey|volume=42|pages=1–20|doi=10.1080/02634937.2022.2059447|s2cid=249116255|issn=0263-4937|doi-access=free|hdl=11250/2999461|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Along with [[West Asia]], it has already had greater increases in hot temperature extremes than the other parts of Asia,<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1464}} [[Rainfall]] in Central Asia had decreased, unlike elsewhere in Asia, and the frequency and intensity of [[dust storm]]s had grown (partly due to poor [[land use]] practices). [[Drought]]s have already become more likely, and their likelihood is expected to continue increasing with greater climate change.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1465}} By 2050, people in the [[Amu Darya]] basin may be faced with severe water scarcity due to both climate and socioeconomic reasons.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10">Shaw, R., Y. Luo, T. S. Cheong, S. Abdul Halim, S. Chaturvedi, M. Hashizume, G. E. Insarov, Y. Ishikawa, M. Jafari, A. Kitoh, J. Pulhin, C. Singh, K. Vasant, and Z. Zhang, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter10.pdf Chapter 10: Asia]. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability] [H.-O. Pörtner, D. C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E. S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, New York, US, pp. 1457–1579 |doi=10.1017/9781009325844.012.</ref>{{rp|1486}}

== History ==
{{Main|History of Central Asia}}

{{See also|Soviet Central Asia}}
Although, during the golden age of Orientalism the place of Central Asia in the world history was marginalised, contemporary historiography has rediscovered the "centrality" of the Central Asia. The history of Central Asia is defined by the area's climate and geography. The aridness of the region made [[Agriculture in Central Asia|agriculture]] difficult, and its distance from the sea cut it off from much trade. Thus, few major cities developed in the region; instead, the area was for millennia dominated by the nomadic horse peoples of the [[steppe]].

[[File:Indo-European migrations.jpg|thumb|Early [[Indo-European migrations]] from the [[Pontic steppes]] and across Central Asia. The [[Andronovo culture]] existed in Central Asia in the 2nd millennium BC.]]
[[File:Assimilation of Baltic and Aryan Peoples by Uralic Speakers in the Middle and Upper Volga Basin (Shaded Relief BG).png|thumb|Various [[List of ancient Iranian peoples|Iranic]] speaking populations in Central Asia during the Iron Age (highlighted in green)]]

Relations between the [[steppe nomads]] and the settled people in and around Central Asia were long marked by conflict. The nomadic lifestyle was well suited to [[war]]fare, and the steppe [[Horses in warfare|horse riders]] became some of the most militarily potent people in the world, limited only by their lack of internal unity. Any internal unity that was achieved was most probably due to the influence of the [[Silk Road]], which traveled along Central Asia. Periodically, great leaders or changing conditions would organise several tribes into one force and create an almost unstoppable power. These included the [[Hun]] invasion of Europe, the [[Five Barbarians]] [[Invasion and rebellion of the Five Barbarians|rebellions in China]] and most notably the [[Timeline of Mongol conquests|Mongol conquest]] of much of [[Eurasia]].<ref>[http://www.sfusd.k12.ca.us/schwww/sch618/Ibn_Battuta/Battuta's_Trip_Three.html A Land Conquered by the Mongols] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423014420/http://www.sfusd.k12.ca.us/schwww/sch618/Ibn_Battuta/Battuta%27s_Trip_Three.html |date=23 April 2008 }}</ref>

During pre-Islamic and early Islamic times, Central Asia was inhabited predominantly by speakers of [[Iranian languages]].<ref name="Bosworth-1990" /><ref>C.E. Bosworth, "The Appearance of the Arabs in Central Asia under the Umayyads and the establishment of Islam", in ''History of Civilisations of Central Asia'', Vol. IV: The Age of Achievement: AD 750 to the End of the Fifteenth Century, Part One: The Historical, Social and Economic Setting, edited by M. S. Asimov and C. E. Bosworth. Multiple History Series. Paris: UNESCO Publishing, 1998. excerpt from page 23: "Central Asia in the early seventh century, was ethnically, still largely an Iranian land whose people used various Middle Iranian languages.</ref> Among the ancient sedentary [[Iranian peoples]], the [[Sogdians]] and [[Khwarezmian language|Chorasmians]] played an important role, while Iranian peoples such as [[Scythians]] and the later on [[Alans]] lived a nomadic or semi-nomadic lifestyle.

The main [[Turkic migration|migration]] of Turkic peoples occurred between the 6th and 11th centuries, when they spread across most of Central Asia. The [[Eurasian Steppe]] slowly transitioned from [[Indo European]] and [[Iranian languages|Iranian]]-speaking groups with dominant West-Eurasian ancestry to a more heterogeneous region with increasing East Asian ancestry through Turkic and Mongolian groups in the past thousands years, including extensive Turkic and later Mongol migrations out of Mongolia and slow assimilation of local populations.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Damgaard|first1=Peter de Barros|last2=Marchi|first2=Nina|last3=Rasmussen|first3=Simon|last4=Peyrot|first4=Michaël|last5=Renaud|first5=Gabriel|last6=Korneliussen|first6=Thorfinn|last7=Moreno-Mayar|first7=J. Víctor|last8=Pedersen|first8=Mikkel Winther|last9=Goldberg|first9=Amy|last10=Usmanova|first10=Emma|last11=Baimukhanov|first11=Nurbol|last12=Loman|first12=Valeriy|last13=Hedeager|first13=Lotte|last14=Pedersen|first14=Anders Gorm|last15=Nielsen|first15=Kasper|date=May 2018|title=137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0094-2|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=557|issue=7705|pages=369–374|doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2|pmid=29743675|bibcode=2018Natur.557..369D|issn=1476-4687|hdl=1887/3202709|s2cid=13670282|hdl-access=free|access-date=6 August 2022|archive-date=21 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221160318/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0094-2|url-status=live}}</ref> In the 8th century AD, the [[Islamic expansion]] reached the region but had no significant demographic impact. In the 13th century AD, the [[Mongol invasion of Central Asia|Mongolian invasion of Central Asia]] brought most of the region under Mongolian influence, which had "enormous demographic success", but did not impact the cultural or linguistic landscape.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Zhabagin|first1=Maxat|last2=Balanovska|first2=Elena|last3=Sabitov|first3=Zhaxylyk|last4=Kuznetsova|first4=Marina|last5=Agdzhoyan|first5=Anastasiya|last6=Balaganskaya|first6=Olga|last7=Chukhryaeva|first7=Marina|last8=Markina|first8=Nadezhda|last9=Romanov|first9=Alexey|last10=Skhalyakho|first10=Roza|last11=Zaporozhchenko|first11=Valery|last12=Saroyants|first12=Liudmila|last13=Dalimova|first13=Dilbar|last14=Davletchurin|first14=Damir|last15=Turdikulova|first15=Shahlo|date=8 June 2017|title=The Connection of the Genetic, Cultural and Geographic Landscapes of Transoxiana|journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=7|issue=1|page=3085|doi=10.1038/s41598-017-03176-z|pmid=28596519|pmc=5465200|bibcode=2017NatSR...7.3085Z|issn=2045-2322}}</ref>

=== Invasion routes through Central Asia ===
[[File:Mongol dominions1.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|The [[Mongol Empire]] at its greatest extent. The gray area is the later [[Timurid Empire]].]]

Once populated by [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]] tribes and other [[Proto-Indo-Europeans|Indo-European speaking people]], Central Asia experienced numerous invasions emanating out of [[Southern Siberia]] and [[Mongolia]] that would drastically affect the region. Genetic data shows that the different Central Asian Turkic-speaking peoples have between ~22% and ~70% East Asian ancestry (represented by "Baikal hunter-gatherer ancestry" shared with other Northeast Asians and Eastern Siberians), in contrast to Iranian-speaking Central Asians, specifically [[Tajiks]], which display genetic continuity to [[Indo-Iranians]] of the [[Iron Age]].<ref name="Guarino-Vignon-2022">{{Cite journal|last1=Guarino-Vignon|first1=Perle|last2=Marchi|first2=Nina|last3=Bendezu-Sarmiento|first3=Julio|last4=Heyer|first4=Evelyne|last5=Bon|first5=Céline|date=14 January 2022|title=Genetic continuity of Indo-Iranian speakers since the Iron Age in southern Central Asia|journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=12|issue=1|page=733|doi=10.1038/s41598-021-04144-4|pmid=35031610|pmc=8760286|bibcode=2022NatSR..12..733G|issn=2045-2322}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dai|display-authors=etal|date=25 August 2022|title=The Genetic Echo of the Tarim Mummies in Modern Central Asians|url=https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/39/9/msac179/6675590|access-date=5 December 2022|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=39|issue=9|article-number=msac179|doi=10.1093/molbev/msac179|pmid=36006373|pmc=9469894|archive-date=5 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205180435/https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/39/9/msac179/6675590|url-status=live}}</ref> Certain Turkic ethnic groups, specifically the [[Kazakhs]], display even higher East Asian ancestry. This is explained by substantial [[Mongolic peoples|Mongolian]] influence on the [[Kazakhs|Kazakh]] genome, through significant admixture between blue eyes, blonde hair, the medieval [[Kipchaks]] of Central Asia and the invading medieval Mongolians. The data suggests that the [[Mongol invasion of Central Asia]] had lasting impacts onto the genetic makeup of Kazakhs.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Zhao|first1=Jing|last2=Wurigemule|first2=null|last3=Sun|first3=Jin|last4=Xia|first4=Ziyang|last5=He|first5=Guanglin|last6=Yang|first6=Xiaomin|last7=Guo|first7=Jianxin|last8=Cheng|first8=Hui-Zhen|last9=Li|first9=Yingxiang|last10=Lin|first10=Song|last11=Yang|first11=Tie-Lin|last12=Hu|first12=Xi|last13=Du|first13=Hua|last14=Cheng|first14=Peng|last15=Hu|first15=Rong|date=December 2020|title=Genetic substructure and admixture of Mongolians and Kazakhs inferred from genome-wide array genotyping|journal=Annals of Human Biology|volume=47|issue=7–8|pages=620–628|doi=10.1080/03014460.2020.1837952|issn=1464-5033|pmid=33059477|s2cid=222839155|url=https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/13280220}}</ref><ref>Estimating the impact of the Mongol expansion upon the gene pool of Central Asians. ЛД Дамба · 2018</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Zhabagin|first1=Maxat|last2=Sabitov|first2=Zhaxylyk|last3=Tarlykov|first3=Pavel|last4=Tazhigulova|first4=Inkar|last5=Junissova|first5=Zukhra|last6=Yerezhepov|first6=Dauren|last7=Akilzhanov|first7=Rakhmetolla|last8=Zholdybayeva|first8=Elena|last9=Wei|first9=Lan-Hai|last10=Akilzhanova|first10=Ainur|last11=Balanovsky|first11=Oleg|last12=Balanovska|first12=Elena|date=22 October 2020|title=The medieval Mongolian roots of Y-chromosomal lineages from South Kazakhstan|journal=BMC Genetics|volume=21|issue=1|page=87|doi=10.1186/s12863-020-00897-5|issn=1471-2156|pmc=7583311|pmid=33092538|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Khussainova|first1=Elmira|last2=Kisselev|first2=Ilya|last3=Iksan|first3=Olzhas|last4=Bekmanov|first4=Bakhytzhan|last5=Skvortsova|first5=Liliya|last6=Garshin|first6=Alexander|last7=Kuzovleva|first7=Elena|last8=Zhaniyazov|first8=Zhassulan|last9=Zhunussova|first9=Gulnur|last10=Musralina|first10=Lyazzat|last11=Kahbatkyzy|first11=Nurzhibek|last12=Amirgaliyeva|first12=Almira|last13=Begmanova|first13=Mamura|last14=Seisenbayeva|first14=Akerke|last15=Bespalova|first15=Kira|date=2022|title=Genetic Relationship Among the Kazakh People Based on Y-STR Markers Reveals Evidence of Genetic Variation Among Tribes and Zhuz|journal=Frontiers in Genetics|volume=12|article-number=801295|doi=10.3389/fgene.2021.801295|pmid=35069700|pmc=8777105|issn=1664-8021|doi-access=free}}</ref>
[[File:Men from Khiva.JPG|thumb|left|upright|Uzbek men from [[Khiva]], {{c.|1861}}–1880]]
According to recent [[genetic genealogy]] testing, the genetic admixture of the Uzbeks clusters somewhere between the [[Iranian peoples]] and the [[Mongols]].<ref name="journal">{{cite journal|doi=10.1086/342096|author=Tatjana Zerjal|title=A Genetic Landscape Reshaped by Recent Events: Y-Chromosomal Insights into Central Asia|journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics|year=2002|volume=71|issue=3|pages=466–482|pmid=12145751|pmc=419996|display-authors=etal}}</ref> Another study shows that the Uzbeks are closely related to other Turkic peoples of Central Asia and rather distant from Iranian people. The study also analysed the maternal and paternal DNA haplogroups and shows that Turkic speaking groups are more homogenous than Iranian speaking groups.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Heyer|first1=Evelyne|last2=Balaresque|first2=Patricia|last3=Jobling|first3=Mark A.|last4=Quintana-Murci|first4=Lluis|last5=Chaix|first5=Raphaelle|last6=Segurel|first6=Laure|last7=Aldashev|first7=Almaz|last8=Hegay|first8=Tanya|date=1 September 2009|title=Genetic diversity and the emergence of ethnic groups in Central Asia|journal=BMC Genetics|volume=10|issue=1|page=49|doi=10.1186/1471-2156-10-49|issn=1471-2156|pmc=2745423|pmid=19723301|doi-access=free}}</ref> Genetic studies analyzing the full genome of Uzbeks and other Central Asian populations found that about ~27-60% of the Uzbek ancestry is derived from East Asian sources, with the remainder ancestry (~40–73%) being made up by European and Middle Eastern components.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mezzavilla|first1=Massimo|last2=Vozzi|first2=Diego|last3=Pirastu|first3=Nicola|last4=Girotto|first4=Giorgia|last5=d'Adamo|first5=Pio|last6=Gasparini|first6=Paolo|last7=Colonna|first7=Vincenza|date=5 December 2014|title=Genetic landscape of populations along the Silk Road: admixture and migration patterns|journal=BMC Genetics|volume=15|issue=1|page=131|doi=10.1186/s12863-014-0131-6|issn=1471-2156|pmc=4267745|pmid=25476266|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Guarino-Vignon-2022"/><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Triska|first1=Petr|last2=Chekanov|first2=Nikolay|last3=Stepanov|first3=Vadim|last4=Khusnutdinova|first4=Elza K.|last5=Kumar|first5=Ganesh Prasad Arun|last6=Akhmetova|first6=Vita|last7=Babalyan|first7=Konstantin|last8=Boulygina|first8=Eugenia|last9=Kharkov|first9=Vladimir|last10=Gubina|first10=Marina|last11=Khidiyatova|first11=Irina|last12=Khitrinskaya|first12=Irina|last13=Khrameeva|first13=Ekaterina E.|last14=Khusainova|first14=Rita|last15=Konovalova|first15=Natalia|date=28 December 2017|title=Between Lake Baikal and the Baltic Sea: genomic history of the gateway to Europe|journal=BMC Genetics|volume=18|issue=1|page=110|doi=10.1186/s12863-017-0578-3|issn=1471-2156|pmc=5751809|pmid=29297395|doi-access=free}}</ref> According to a recent study, the Kyrgyz, Kazakhs, Uzbeks, and Turkmens share more of their gene pool with various East Asian and Siberian populations than with West Asian or European populations, though the Turkmens have a large percentage from populations to the east, their main components are Central Asian.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Click+on+image+to+zoom&p=PMC3&id=4405460_pgen.1005068.g002.jpg|title=PubMed Central Image Viewer.|website=National Center for Biotechnology Information}}</ref> The study further suggests that both migration and linguistic assimilation helped to spread the Turkic languages in Eurasia.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Villems|first1=Richard|last2=Khusnutdinova|first2=Elza|last3=Kivisild|first3=Toomas|last4=Yepiskoposyan|first4=Levon|last5=Voevoda|first5=Mikhail|last6=Osipova|first6=Ludmila|last7=Malyarchuk|first7=Boris|last8=Derenko|first8=Miroslava|last9=Damba|first9=Larisa|date=21 April 2015|title=The Genetic Legacy of the Expansion of Turkic-Speaking Nomads across Eurasia|journal=PLOS Genetics|language=en|volume=11|issue=4|article-number=e1005068|doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1005068|issn=1553-7404|pmc=4405460|pmid=25898006|doi-access=free}}</ref>

=== Medieval to modern history ===
[[File:Mongolia in 1636.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Central Asia in 1636. The [[Dzungar Khanate]] was the last great [[nomadic empire]] in Central Asia.]]

The [[Tang dynasty]] of China expanded westwards and controlled large parts of Central Asia, directly and indirectly through their Turkic vassals. Tang China actively supported the Turkification of Central Asia, while extending its cultural influence.<ref name="XZ">{{cite journal|last1=Zhou|first1=Xiuqin (University of Pennsylvania)|date=2009|title=Zhaoling: The Mausoleum of Emperor Tang Taizong|url=http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp187_taizong_emperor.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923100254/http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp187_taizong_emperor.pdf|archive-date=23 September 2011|url-status=live|journal=Sino-Platonic Papers|issue=187|pages=155–156}}</ref> The Tang Chinese were defeated by the [[Abbasid Caliphate]] at the [[Battle of Talas]] in 751, marking the end of the Tang dynasty's western expansion and the 150 years of Chinese influence. The [[Tibetan Empire]] would take the chance to rule portions of Central Asia and South Asia. During the 13th and 14th centuries, the [[Mongols]] conquered and ruled the largest contiguous empire in recorded history. Most of Central Asia fell under the control of the [[Chagatai Khanate]].

The dominance of the nomads ended in the 16th century, as [[firearm]]s allowed settled peoples to gain control of the region. [[Russia]], [[China]], and other powers expanded into the region and had captured the bulk of Central Asia by the end of the 19th century. The [[Qing dynasty]] gained control of [[East Turkestan]] in the 18th century as a result of a [[Dzungar–Qing Wars|long struggle with the Dzungars]]. The Russian Empire [[Russian conquest of Central Asia|conquered]] the lands of the [[nomad]]ic Kazakhs, Turkmens, Kyrgyz and Central Asian [[khanat]]es in the 19th century. A major revolt known as the [[Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)|Dungan Revolt]] occurred in the 1860s and 1870s in the eastern part of Central Asia, and [[Xinjiang under Qing rule|Qing rule]] almost collapsed in all of East Turkestan. After the [[Russian Revolution]], the western Central Asian regions were incorporated into the [[Soviet Union]]. The eastern part of Central Asia, known as [[Xinjiang]], was [[Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China|incorporated]] into the [[People's Republic of China]], having been previously ruled by the [[Qing dynasty]] and the [[Nationalist government|Republic of China]]. Mongolia gained its independence from China and has remained independent but became a Soviet [[satellite state]] until the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Afghanistan remained relatively independent of major influence by the Soviet Union until the [[Saur Revolution]] of 1978.
[[File:Karazin - Entry of Russian troops into Samarkand 1868.jpg|thumb|Russian troops taking [[Samarkand]] during the [[Russian conquest of Bukhara]], 1868]]
The Soviet areas of Central Asia saw much [[Soviet infrastructure in Central Asia|industrialisation and construction of infrastructure]], but also the suppression of local cultures, hundreds of thousands of deaths from failed collectivisation programmes, and a lasting legacy of ethnic tensions and environmental problems. Soviet authorities [[Population transfer in the Soviet Union|deported]] millions of people, including entire nationalities,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.faqs.org/minorities/USSR/Deported-Nationalities.html|title=Deported Nationalities|access-date=14 November 2014|archive-date=4 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104090832/http://www.faqs.org/minorities/USSR/Deported-Nationalities.html|url-status=live}}</ref> from western areas of the Soviet Union to Central Asia and [[Siberia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.anneapplebaum.com/gulag/intro.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013124127/http://anneapplebaum.com/gulag/intro.html|title=Anne Applebaum – Gulag: A History Intro|archive-date=13 October 2007}}</ref> According to Touraj Atabaki and Sanjyot Mehendale, "From 1959 to 1970, about two million people from various parts of the Soviet Union migrated to Central Asia, of which about one million moved to Kazakhstan."<ref>"''[https://books.google.com/books?id=zwKBZmpBo5YC&pg=PA66 Central Asia and the Caucasus: transnationalism and diaspora] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410131014/https://books.google.com/books?id=zwKBZmpBo5YC&pg=PA66 |date=10 April 2023 }}''". Touraj Atabaki, Sanjyot Mehendale (2005). p.{{spaces}}66. {{ISBN|0-415-33260-5}}.</ref>

=== After the collapse of the Soviet Union ===
With the [[collapse of the Soviet Union]], five countries gained independence, that is, [[Kazakhstan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Turkmenistan]], and [[Uzbekistan]]. The historian and [[Turkologist]] [[Peter B. Golden]] explains that without the imperial manipulations of the Russian Empire but above all the Soviet Union, the creation of said republics would have been impossible.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Golden|first1=Peter B.|author1-link=Peter B. Golden|editor1-last=Schmidtke|editor1-first=Sabine|editor1-link=Sabine Schmidtke|title=Studying the Near and Middle East at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, 1935–2018|date=2018|publisher=Gorgias Press|location=Piscataway, New Jersey, US|page=421|url=|chapter=The construction of ethnicity in medieval Turkic Eurasia}}</ref>

In nearly all the new states, former Communist Party officials retained power as local strongmen. None of the new republics could be considered functional democracies in the early days of independence, although in recent years Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan and [[Mongolia]] have made further progress towards more open societies, unlike Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan, which have maintained many Soviet-style repressive tactics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eiu.com//public/topical_report.aspx?campaignid=DemocracyIndex2011|title=Democracy Index 2011|work=Economist Intelligence Unit|access-date=22 March 2012|archive-date=7 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307135720/http://www.eiu.com/public/topical_report.aspx?campaignid=DemocracyIndex2011|url-status=live}}</ref>

Beginning in the early 2000s, the Chinese government engaged in a [[Persecution of Uyghurs in China|series of human rights abuses]] against [[Uyghurs]] and other ethnic and religious minorities in [[Xinjiang]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=8 February 2021|title=Uighurs: 'Credible case' China carrying out genocide|work=[[BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-55973215|archive-date=8 February 2021|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210208184814/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-55973215|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Culture ==

=== Arts ===
{{Main|Central Asian art}}

{{See also|Architecture of Central Asia}}
[[File:Petropavl mosque.jpg|thumb|Mosque in [[Petropavl]]ovsk, Kazakhstan]]

At the crossroads of Asia, [[shamanistic]] practices live alongside [[Buddhism]]. Thus, [[Yama (East Asia)|Yama]], Lord of Death, was revered in Tibet as a spiritual guardian and judge. [[Mongolian Buddhism]], in particular, was influenced by [[Tibetan Buddhism]]. The [[Qianlong Emperor]] of Qing China in the 18th century was Tibetan Buddhist and would sometimes travel from [[Beijing]] to other cities for personal religious worship.
[[File:Sadi and the youth of kashgar Bukhara 1547.JPG|thumb|left|Saadi Shirazi is welcomed by a youth from [[Kashgar]] during a forum in [[Bukhara]].]]
Central Asia also has an indigenous form of improvisational [[oral poetry]] that is over 1000 years old. It is principally practiced in [[Kyrgyzstan]] and [[Kazakhstan]] by ''akyns'', lyrical improvisationalists. They engage in [[Freestyle battle|lyrical battles]], the ''[[aytysh]]'' or the ''[[alym sabak]]''. The tradition arose out of early bardic [[Oral tradition|oral historians]]. They are usually accompanied by a [[stringed instrument]]—in Kyrgyzstan, a three-stringed [[komuz]], and in Kazakhstan, a similar two-stringed instrument, the [[dombra]].

Photography in Central Asia began to develop after 1882, when a [[Russian Mennonite]] photographer named Wilhelm Penner moved to the [[Khanate of Khiva]] during the Mennonite migration to Central Asia led by [[Claas Epp, Jr.]] Upon his arrival to [[Khanate of Khiva]], Penner shared his photography skills with a local student Khudaybergen Divanov, who later became the founder of [[Uzbek photography]].<ref>Walter Ratliff, "Pilgrims on the Silk Road: A Muslim-Christian Encounter in Khiva", Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2010</ref>

[[File:Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi in Hazrat-e Turkestan, Kazakhstan.jpg|thumb|[[Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi]] in Hazrat-e Turkestan, [[Kazakhstan]]. Timurid architecture consisted of [[Persian art]].]]

Some also learn to sing the ''[[Manas (epic)|Manas]]'', Kyrgyzstan's epic poem (those who learn the ''Manas'' exclusively but do not improvise are called ''manaschis''). During Soviet rule, ''akyn'' performance was co-opted by the authorities and subsequently declined in popularity. With the fall of the [[Soviet Union]], it has enjoyed a resurgence, although ''akyns'' still do use their art to campaign for political candidates. A 2005 ''[[The Washington Post]]'' article proposed a similarity between the improvisational art of ''akyns'' and modern [[freestyle rap]] performed in the West.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A10646-2005Mar5.html|title="In Central Asia, a Revival of an Ancient Form of Rap – Art of Ad-Libbing Oral History Draws New Devotees in Post-Communist Era" by Peter Finn, Washington Post Foreign Service, Sunday, March 6, 2005, p. A20.|access-date=14 November 2014|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=6 March 2005|archive-date=5 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805151952/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A10646-2005Mar5.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

As a consequence of Russian colonisation, European fine arts – painting, sculpture and graphics – have developed in Central Asia. The first years of the Soviet regime saw the appearance of modernism, which took inspiration from the Russian avant-garde movement. Until the 1980s, Central Asian arts had developed along with general tendencies of Soviet arts. In the 1990s, arts of the region underwent some significant changes. Institutionally speaking, some fields of arts were regulated by the birth of the art market, some stayed as representatives of official views, while many were sponsored by international organisations. The years of 1990–2000 were times for the establishment of contemporary arts. In the region, many important international exhibitions are taking place, Central Asian art is represented in European and American museums, and the Central Asian Pavilion at the Venice Biennale has been organised since 2005.

=== Sports ===
{{Main|Sport in Central Asia}}

[[File:SB - Kazakh man on horse with golden eagle.jpg|thumb|left|[[Kazakhs|Kazakh]] man on a horse with golden eagle]]

[[Equestrianism|Equestrian sports]] are traditional in Central Asia, with disciplines like [[endurance riding]], [[buzkashi]], [[dzhigit]], and [[kyz kuu]]. The traditional game of buzkashi is played throughout the Central Asian region, the countries sometimes organise buzkashi competition amongst each other. The first regional competition among the Central Asian countries, [[Russia]], Chinese [[Xinjiang]], and [[Turkey]] was held in 2013.<ref>{{cite news|title=Asia Holds First 'Kokpar' Championship|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/25104199.html|website=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty|access-date=31 March 2020|language=en|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727190239/https://www.rferl.org/a/25104199.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The first world title competition was played in 2017 and won by [[Kazakhstan]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Showdown in Astana: Rival Kazakhs, Kyrgyz Battle For First Kokpar World Title|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/kazakhstan-kyrgyzstan-kokpar-rivalry-world-championship/28701819.html|newspaper=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|date=29 August 2017|language=en|access-date=31 March 2020|archive-date=10 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710143436/https://www.rferl.org/a/kazakhstan-kyrgyzstan-kokpar-rivalry-world-championship/28701819.html|url-status=live|last=Baumgartner|first=Pete}}</ref>

[[Association football]] is popular across Central Asia. Most countries are members of the [[Central Asian Football Association]], a region of the [[Asian Football Confederation]]. However, [[Kazakhstan]] is a member of the [[UEFA]].

[[Wrestling]] is popular across Central Asia, with Kazakhstan having claimed 14 Olympic medals, Uzbekistan seven, and Kyrgyzstan three. As former Soviet states, Central Asian countries have been successful in [[gymnastics]].

[[Mixed Martial Arts]] is one of more common sports in Central Asia, [[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyz]] athlete [[Valentina Shevchenko]] holding the [[UFC]] [[Flyweight]] Champion title.

[[Cricket]] is the most popular sport in [[Afghanistan]]. The [[Afghanistan national cricket team]], first formed in 2001, has claimed wins over Bangladesh, West Indies and Zimbabwe.

Notable Kazakh competitors include cyclists [[Alexander Vinokourov]] and [[Andrey Kashechkin]], boxer [[Vassiliy Jirov]] and [[Gennady Golovkin]], runner [[Olga Shishigina]], decathlete [[Dmitriy Karpov]], gymnast [[Aliya Yussupova]], judoka [[Askhat Zhitkeyev]] and [[Maxim Rakov]], skier [[Vladimir Smirnov (skier)|Vladimir Smirnov]], weightlifter [[Ilya Ilyin]], and figure skaters [[Denis Ten]] and [[Elizabet Tursynbaeva]].

Notable Uzbekistani competitors include cyclist [[Djamolidine Abdoujaparov]], boxer [[Ruslan Chagaev]], canoer [[Michael Kolganov]], gymnast [[Oksana Chusovitina]], tennis player [[Denis Istomin]], chess player [[Rustam Kasimdzhanov]], and figure skater [[Misha Ge]].

== Economy ==
[[File:GDP growth trends in Central Asia, 2000−2013.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|GDP growth trends in Central Asia, 2000–2013. Source: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 (2015), Figure 14.1]]
[[File:GDP in Central Asia by economic sector, 2005 and 2013.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|GDP in Central Asia by economic sector, 2005 and 2013. Source: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030, Figure 14.2]]
[[File:GDP per capita development in Central Asia.svg|thumb|GDP per capita development in Central Asia, since 1973]]

Since gaining independence in the early 1990s, the Central Asian republics have gradually been moving from state-controlled economies to market economies. However, reform has been deliberately gradual and selective, as governments strive to limit the social cost and ameliorate living standards. All five countries are implementing structural reforms to improve competitiveness. Kazakhstan is the only CIS country to be included in the 2020<ref name="imbwc2020">{{cite web|title=IMB World Competitiveness Rankings 2020|url=https://www.imd.org/contentassets/6333be1d9a884a90ba7e6f3103ed0bea/wcy2020_overall_competitiveness_rankings_2020.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621140124/https://www.imd.org/contentassets/6333be1d9a884a90ba7e6f3103ed0bea/wcy2020_overall_competitiveness_rankings_2020.pdf|archive-date=21 June 2020|url-status=live|website=imb.org}}</ref> and 2019<ref name="iwbwc2019">{{cite web|title=2019 World Competitiveness Ranking|url=https://www.imd.org/contentassets/6b85960f0d1b42a0a07ba59c49e828fb/one-year-change-vertical.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530135916/https://www.imd.org/contentassets/6b85960f0d1b42a0a07ba59c49e828fb/one-year-change-vertical.pdf|archive-date=30 May 2019|url-status=live|website=imd.org}}</ref> IWB World Competitiveness rankings. In particular, they have been modernizing the industrial sector and fostering the development of service industries through business-friendly fiscal policies and other measures, to reduce the share of agriculture in GDP. Between 2005 and 2013, the share of agriculture dropped in all but Tajikistan, where it increased while industry decreased. The fastest growth in industry was observed in Turkmenistan, whereas the services sector progressed most in the other four countries.<ref name="Mukhitdinova-2015" />

Public policies pursued by Central Asian governments focus on buffering the political and economic spheres from external shocks. This includes maintaining a trade balance, minimizing public debt and accumulating national reserves. They cannot totally insulate themselves from negative exterior forces, however, such as the persistently weak recovery of global industrial production and international trade since 2008. Notwithstanding this, they have emerged relatively unscathed from the [[2008 financial crisis]]. Growth faltered only briefly in Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan and not at all in Uzbekistan, where the economy grew by more than 7% per year on average between 2008 and 2013. Turkmenistan achieved unusually high 14.7% growth in 2011. Kyrgyzstan's performance has been more erratic but this phenomenon was visible well before 2008.<ref name="Mukhitdinova-2015" />

The republics which have fared best benefitted from the commodities boom during the first decade of the 2000s. Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan have abundant oil and natural gas reserves and Uzbekistan's own reserves make it more or less self-sufficient. Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan all have gold reserves and Kazakhstan has the world's largest uranium reserves. Fluctuating global demand for cotton, aluminium and other metals (except gold) in recent years has hit Tajikistan hardest, since aluminium and raw cotton are its chief exports − the Tajik Aluminium Company is the country's primary industrial asset. In January 2014, the Minister of Agriculture announced the government's intention to reduce the acreage of land cultivated by cotton to make way for other crops. Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan are major cotton exporters themselves, ranking fifth and ninth respectively worldwide for volume in 2014.<ref name="Mukhitdinova-2015">{{Cite book|title=Central Asia. In: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030|last=Mukhitdinova|first=Nasiba|publisher=UNESCO|year=2015|isbn=978-92-3-100129-1|location=Paris|pages=365–387}}</ref>

Although both exports and imports have grown significantly over the past decade, Central Asian republics countries remain vulnerable to economic shocks, owing to their reliance on exports of raw materials, a restricted circle of trading partners and a negligible manufacturing capacity. Kyrgyzstan has the added disadvantage of being considered resource poor, although it does have ample water. Most of its electricity is generated by hydropower.<ref name="Mukhitdinova-2015" />

The Kyrgyz economy was shaken by a series of shocks between 2010 and 2012. In April 2010, President [[Kurmanbek Bakiyev]] was deposed by a popular uprising, with former minister of foreign affairs [[Roza Otunbayeva]] assuring the interim presidency until the election of [[Almazbek Atambayev]] in November 2011. [[Food prices]] rose two years in a row and, in 2012, production at the major Kumtor gold mine fell by 60% after the site was perturbed by geological movements. According to the World Bank, 33.7% of the population was living in absolute poverty{{clarify|date=January 2020}} in 2010 and 36.8% a year later.<ref name="Mukhitdinova-2015" />

Despite high rates of economic growth in recent years, GDP per capita in Central Asia was higher than the average for developing countries only in Kazakhstan in 2013 (PPP$23,206) and Turkmenistan (PPP$14 201). It dropped to PPP$5,167 for Uzbekistan, home to 45% of the region's population, and was even lower for Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan.<ref name="Mukhitdinova-2015" />

Kazakhstan leads the Central Asian region in terms of foreign direct investments. The Kazakh economy accounts for more than 70% of all the investment attracted in Central Asia.<ref>{{cite web|title=70% of investments into Central Asia are drawn to Kazakhstan|url=http://kazakh-tv.kz/en/view/business/page_198413_70-of-investments-into-central-asia-are-drawn-to-kazakhstan|website=kazakh-tv.kz|access-date=3 October 2018|archive-date=3 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003153515/http://kazakh-tv.kz/en/view/business/page_198413_70-of-investments-into-central-asia-are-drawn-to-kazakhstan|url-status=live}}</ref>

In terms of the economic influence of big powers, China is viewed as one of the key economic players in Central Asia, especially after Beijing launched its grand development strategy known as the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in 2013.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329310641|title=China's Belt and Road Initiative through the Lens of Central Asia|last1=Vakulchuk|first1=Roman|last2=Overland|first2=Indra|publisher=Routledge|year=2019|isbn=978-1-138-60749-1|editor-last=M. Cheung|editor-first=Fanny|location=London.|pages=115–133|editor2-last=Hong|editor2-first=Ying-yi|access-date=25 April 2019|archive-date=24 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024180554/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329310641_China%27s_Belt_and_Road_Initiative_through_the_lens_of_Central_Asia|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Central Asian countries attracted $378.2{{spaces}}billion of foreign direct investment (FDI) between 2007 and 2019. Kazakhstan accounted for 77.7% of the total FDI directed to the region. Kazakhstan is also the largest country in Central Asia accounting for more than 60 percent of the region's gross domestic product (GDP).<ref name="CAFDI">{{cite web|title=FDI to Central Asia Reached 378.2{{spaces}}billion Over Past 13 years|url=https://astanatimes.com/2020/12/fdi-to-central-asia-reached-378-2-billion-over-past-13-years/|website=The Astana Times|date=9 December 2020|access-date=10 December 2020|archive-date=11 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211080521/https://astanatimes.com/2020/12/fdi-to-central-asia-reached-378-2-billion-over-past-13-years/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Central Asian nations fared better economically throughout the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. Many variables are likely to have been at play, but disparities in economic structure, the intensity of the pandemic, and accompanying containment efforts may all be linked to part of the variety in nations' experiences.<ref name="European Investment Bank.-2022">{{Cite book|author1=European Investment Bank.|url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/business-resilience-in-the-pandemic-and-beyond|title=Business resilience in the pandemic and beyond: Adaptation, innovation, financing and climate action from Eastern Europe to Central Asia|date=18 May 2022|publisher=European Investment Bank|doi=10.2867/832329|isbn=978-92-861-5086-9|language=EN|access-date=20 July 2022|archive-date=3 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703145318/https://www01.eib.org/en/publications/business-resilience-in-the-pandemic-and-beyond|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Education in the Western Balkans, Eastern Europe and Central Asia: Findings from PISA 2018|url=https://www.unicef.org/eca/reports/education-western-balkans-eastern-europe-and-central-asia-findings-pisa-2018|access-date=19 July 2022|website=UNICEF|date=18 May 2022|language=en|archive-date=19 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719123339/https://www.unicef.org/eca/reports/education-western-balkans-eastern-europe-and-central-asia-findings-pisa-2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Central Asian countries are, however, predicted to be hit the worst in the future. Only 4% of permanently closed businesses anticipate to return in the future, with huge differences across sectors, ranging from 3% in lodging and food services to 27% in retail commerce.<ref name="European Investment Bank.-2022"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Impact of COVID-19 on the hospitality industry|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/nl/nl/pages/consumer/articles/impact-of-covid-19-on-the-hospitality-industry.html|access-date=19 July 2022|website=Deloitte Netherlands|language=nl|archive-date=19 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719123331/https://www2.deloitte.com/nl/nl/pages/consumer/articles/impact-of-covid-19-on-the-hospitality-industry.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2022, experts assessed that global climate change is likely to pose multiple economic risks to Central Asia and may possibly result in many billions of losses unless proper adaptation measures are developed to counter growing temperatures across the region.<ref name="Vakulchuk-2022"/><ref>{{Cite news|last=Vakulchuk|first=Roman|date=28 July 2022|title=Climate Change in Central Asia: Are we Beyond the Point of no Return?|work=Central Asian Bureau for Analytical Reporting (CABAR)|url=https://cabar.asia/en/climate-change-in-central-asia-are-we-beyond-the-point-of-no-return|access-date=1 August 2022|archive-date=1 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801132933/https://cabar.asia/en/climate-change-in-central-asia-are-we-beyond-the-point-of-no-return|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Education, science, and technology ==
{{See also|Science and technology in Kazakhstan|Science and technology in Kyrgyzstan|Science and technology in Tajikistan|Science and technology in Turkmenistan|Science and technology in Uzbekistan}}

=== Modernisation of research infrastructure ===
Bolstered by strong economic growth in all but [[Science and technology in Kyrgyzstan|Kyrgyzstan]], national development strategies are fostering new high-tech industries, pooling resources and orienting the economy towards export markets. Many national research institutions established during the Soviet era have since become obsolete with the development of new technologies and changing national priorities. This has led countries to reduce the number of national research institutions since 2009 by grouping existing institutions to create research hubs. Several of the [[Turkmen Academy of Sciences]]'s institutes were merged in 2014: the Institute of Botany was merged with the Institute of Medicinal Plants to become the [[Institute of Biology and Medicinal Plants]]; the Sun Institute was merged with the Institute of Physics and Mathematics to become the [[Institute of Solar Energy]]; and the Institute of Seismology merged with the State Service for Seismology to become the [[Institute of Seismology and Atmospheric Physics]]. In [[Science and technology in Uzbekistan|Uzbekistan]], more than 10 institutions of the Academy of Sciences have been reorganised, following the issuance of a decree by the Cabinet of Ministers in February 2012. The aim is to orient academic research towards problem-solving and ensure continuity between basic and applied research. For example, the Mathematics and Information Technology Research Institute has been subsumed under the [[National University of Uzbekistan]] and the Institute for Comprehensive Research on Regional Problems of Samarkand has been transformed into a problem-solving laboratory on environmental issues within [[Samarkand State University]]. Other research institutions have remained attached to the [[Uzbek Academy of Sciences]], such as the [[Centre of Genomics and Bioinformatics]].<ref name="Mukhitdinova-2015" />

[[Science and technology in Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan]] and [[Science and technology in Turkmenistan|Turkmenistan]] are also building technology parks as part of their drive to modernise infrastructure. In 2011, construction began of a technopark in the village of Bikrova near Ashgabat, the Turkmen capital. It will combine research, education, industrial facilities, business incubators and exhibition centres. The technopark will house research on alternative energy sources (sun, wind) and the assimilation of nanotechnologies. Between 2010 and 2012, technological parks were set up in the east, south and north Kazakhstan oblasts (administrative units) and in the capital, Astana. A Centre for Metallurgy was also established in the east Kazakhstan oblast, as well as a Centre for Oil and Gas Technologies which will be part of the planned Caspian Energy Hub. In addition, the Centre for Technology Commercialisation has been set up in Kazakhstan as part of the Parasat National Scientific and Technological Holding, a joint stock company established in 2008 that is 100% state-owned. The centre supports research projects in technology marketing, intellectual property protection, technology licensing contracts and start-ups. The centre plans to conduct a technology audit in Kazakhstan and to review the legal framework regulating the commercialisation of research results and technology.<ref name="Mukhitdinova-2015" />

[[File:Trends in GERD GDP ratio in Central Asia, 2001−2013.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Trends in research expenditure in Central Asia, as a percentage of GDP, 2001–2013. Source: UNESCO Science Report: 2030 (2015), Figure 14.3]]

Countries are seeking to augment the efficiency of traditional extractive sectors but also to make greater use of information and communication technologies and other modern technologies, such as solar energy, to develop the business sector, education and research. In March 2013, two research institutes were created by presidential decree to foster the development of alternative energy sources in Uzbekistan, with funding from the [[Asian Development Bank]] and other institutions: the SPU Physical−Technical Institute ([[Physics Sun Institute]]) and the [[International Solar Energy Institute]]. Three universities have been set up since 2011 to foster competence in strategic economic areas: [[Nazarbayev University]] in Kazakhstan (first intake in 2011), an international research university, [[Inha University in Tashkent|Inha University]] in Uzbekistan (first intake in 2014), specializing in information and communication technologies, and the [[International Oil and Gas University]] in Turkmenistan (founded in 2013). Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan are both generalizing the teaching of foreign languages at school, in order to facilitate international ties. Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan have both adopted the three-tier bachelor's, master's and PhD degree system, in 2007 and 2012 respectively, which is gradually replacing the Soviet system of Candidates and Doctors of Science. In 2010, Kazakhstan became the only Central Asian member of the [[Bologna Process]], which seeks to harmonise higher education systems in order to create a European Higher Education Area.<ref name="Mukhitdinova-2015" />

=== Financial investment in research ===
The Central Asian republics' ambition of developing the business sector, education and research is being hampered by chronic low investment in research and development. Over the decade to 2013, the region's investment in research and development hovered around 0.2–0.3% of GDP. Uzbekistan broke with this trend in 2013 by raising its own research intensity to 0.41% of GDP.<ref name="Mukhitdinova-2015" />

Kazakhstan is the only country where the business enterprise and private non-profit sectors make any significant contribution to research and development – but research intensity overall is low in Kazakhstan: just 0.18% of GDP in 2013. Moreover, few industrial enterprises conduct research in Kazakhstan. Only one in eight (12.5%) of the country's manufacturing firms were active in innovation in 2012, according to a survey by the [[UNESCO Institute for Statistics]]. Enterprises prefer to purchase technological solutions that are already embodied in imported machinery and equipment. Just 4% of firms purchase the license and patents that come with this technology. Nevertheless, there appears to be a growing demand for the products of research, since enterprises spent 4.5 times more on scientific and technological services in 2008 than in 1997.<ref name="Mukhitdinova-2015" />

=== Trends in researchers ===
[[File:Central Asian researchers by sector of employment (HC), 2013.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Central Asian researchers by sector of employment (HC), 2013. Source: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 (2015), Figure 14.5]]

Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan count the highest researcher density in Central Asia. The number of researchers per million population is close to the world average (1,083 in 2013) in Kazakhstan (1,046) and higher than the world average in Uzbekistan (1,097).<ref name="Mukhitdinova-2015" />

Kazakhstan is the only Central Asian country where the business enterprise and private non-profit sectors make any significant contribution to research and development. Uzbekistan is in a particularly vulnerable position, with its heavy reliance on higher education: three-quarters of researchers were employed by the university sector in 2013 and just 6% in the business enterprise sector. With most Uzbek university researchers nearing retirement, this imbalance imperils Uzbekistan's research future. Almost all holders of a Candidate of Science, Doctor of Science or PhD are more than 40 years old and half are aged over 60; more than one in three researchers (38.4%) holds a PhD degree, or its equivalent, the remainder holding a bachelor's or master's degree.<ref name="Mukhitdinova-2015" />

[[File:Central Asian researchers by field of science, 2013.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Central Asian researchers by field of science, 2013. Source: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 (2015), Figure 14.4]]

Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan have all maintained a share of women researchers above 40% since the fall of the Soviet Union. Kazakhstan has even achieved gender parity, with Kazakh women dominating medical and health research and representing some 45–55% of engineering and technology researchers in 2013. In Tajikistan, however, only one in three scientists (34%) was a woman in 2013, down from 40% in 2002. Although policies are in place to give Tajik women equal rights and opportunities, these are underfunded and poorly understood. Turkmenistan has offered a state guarantee of equality for women since a law adopted in 2007 but the lack of available data makes it impossible to draw any conclusions as to the law's impact on research. As for Turkmenistan, it does not make data available on higher education, research expenditure or researchers.<ref name="Mukhitdinova-2015" />

{| class="wikitable"
|+ PhDs obtained in science and engineering in Central Asia, 2013 or closest year (''UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030'' (2015), Table 14.1)
! rowspan=3 |
! colspan="2" | PhDs
! colspan="4" | PhDs in science
! colspan="4" | PhDs in engineering
|-
! rowspan=2 | Total
! rowspan=2 | Women (%)
! rowspan=2 | Total
! rowspan=2 | Women (%)
! Total
! Women
! rowspan=2 | Total
! rowspan=2 | Women (%)
! Total
! Women
|-
! colspan=2 | Per million pop.
! colspan=2 | Per million pop.
|-
| Kazakhstan (2013)
| 247
| 51
| 73
| 60
| 4.4
| 2.7
| 37
| 38
| 2.3
| 0.9
|-
| Kyrgyzstan (2012)
| 499
| 63
| 91
| 63
| 16.6
| 10.4
| 54
| 63
| –
| –
|-
| Tajikistan (2012)
| 331
| 11
| 31
| –
| 3.9
| –
| 14
| –
| –
| –
|-
| Uzbekistan (2011)
| 838
| 42
| 152
| 30
| 5.4
| 1.6
| 118
| 27.0
|}

Note: PhD graduates in science cover life sciences, physical sciences, mathematics and statistics, and computing; PhDs in engineering also cover manufacturing and construction. For Central Asia, the generic term of PhD also encompasses Candidate of Science and Doctor of Science degrees. Data are unavailable for Turkmenistan.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Central Asian researchers by field of science and gender, 2013 or closest year (''UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030'' (2015), Table 14.1)
! rowspan=3 |
! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | Total researchers (head counts)
! colspan="12" | Researchers by field of science (head counts)
|-
! colspan="2" | Natural Sciences
! colspan="2" | Engineering and technology
! colspan="2" | Medical and health sciences
! colspan="2" | Agricultural sciences
! colspan="2" | Social sciences
! colspan="2" | Humanities
|-
! Total
! Per million pop.
! Number of women
! Women (%)
! Total
! Women (%)
! Total
! Women (%)
! Total
! Women (%)
! Total
! Women (%)
! Total
! Women (%)
! Total
! Women (%)
|-
| Kazakhstan (2013)
| 17,195
| 1,046
| 8,849
| 51.5
| 5,091
| 51.9
| 4,996
| 44.7
| 1,068
| 69.5
| 2,150
| 43.4
| 1,776
| 61.0
| 2 114
| 57.5
|-
| Kyrgyzstan (2011)
| 2,224
| 412
| 961
| 43.2
| 593
| 46.5
| 567
| 30.0
| 393
| 44.0
| 212
| 50.0
| 154
| 42.9
| 259
| 52.1
|-
| Tajikistan (2013)
| 2,152
| 262
| 728
| 33.8
| 509
| 30.3
| 206
| 18.0
| 374
| 67.6
| 472
| 23.5
| 335
| 25.7
| 256
| 34.0
|-
| Uzbekistan (2011)
| 30,890
| 1,097
| 12,639
| 40.9
| 6,910
| 35.3
| 4,982
| 30.1
| 3,659
| 53.6
| 1,872
| 24.8
| 6,817
| 41.2
| 6,650
| 52.0
|}

=== Research output ===
[[File:Growth in scientific output has accelerated in Kazakhstan since 2012.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Scientific publications from Central Asia catalogued by Thomson Reuters' Web of Science, Science Citation Index Expanded, 2005–2014, UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 (2015), Figure 14.6]]

The number of scientific papers published in Central Asia grew by almost 50% between 2005 and 2014, driven by Kazakhstan, which overtook Uzbekistan over this period to become the region's most prolific scientific publisher, according to Thomson Reuters' Web of Science (Science Citation Index Expanded). Between 2005 and 2014, Kazakhstan's share of scientific papers from the region grew from 35% to 56%. Although two-thirds of papers from the region have a foreign co-author, the main partners tend to come from beyond Central Asia, namely the Russian Federation, USA, German, United Kingdom and Japan.<ref name="Mukhitdinova-2015" />

Five Kazakh patents were registered at the US Patent and Trademark Office between 2008 and 2013, compared to three for Uzbek inventors and none at all for the other three Central Asian republics, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan.<ref name="Mukhitdinova-2015" />

[[File:The most prolific countries in Central Asia – Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan – specialize in physics and chemistry.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Cumulative total of articles by Central Asians between 2008 and 2013, by field of science. Source: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 (2015), Figure 14.6]]

Kazakhstan is Central Asia's main trader in high-tech products. Kazakh imports nearly doubled between 2008 and 2013, from US$2.7{{spaces}}billion to US$5.1{{spaces}}billion. There has been a surge in imports of computers, electronics and telecommunications; these products represented an investment of US$744{{spaces}}million in 2008 and US$2.6{{spaces}}billion five years later. The growth in exports was more gradual – from US$2.3{{spaces}}billion to US$3.1{{spaces}}billion – and dominated by chemical products (other than pharmaceuticals), which represented two-thirds of exports in 2008 (US$1.5{{spaces}}billion) and 83% (US$2.6{{spaces}}billion) in 2013.<ref name="Mukhitdinova-2015" />

=== International cooperation ===
The five Central Asian republics belong to several international bodies, including the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe]], the [[Economic Cooperation Organization]], and the [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation]]. They are also members of the [[Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation Program|Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation]] (CAREC) Programme, which also includes Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, China, Mongolia and Pakistan. In November 2011, the 10 member countries adopted the ''CAREC 2020 Strategy'', a blueprint for furthering regional co-operation. Over the decade to 2020, US$50{{spaces}}billion is being invested in priority projects in transport, trade and energy to improve members' competitiveness. The landlocked Central Asian republics are conscious of the need to co-operate in order to maintain and develop their transport networks and energy, communication and irrigation systems. Only Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, and Turkmenistan border the [[Caspian Sea]] and none of the republics has direct access to an ocean, complicating the transportation of hydrocarbons, in particular, to world markets.<ref name="Mukhitdinova-2015" />

Kazakhstan is also one of the three founding members of the [[Eurasian Economic Union]] in 2014, along with Belarus and the Russian Federation. Armenia and Kyrgyzstan have since joined this body. As co-operation among the member states in science and technology is already considerable and well-codified in legal texts, the Eurasian Economic Union is expected to have a limited additional impact on co-operation among public laboratories or academia but it should encourage business ties and scientific mobility, since it includes provision for the free circulation of labour and unified patent regulations.<ref name="Mukhitdinova-2015" /><ref>{{cite book|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002354/235406e.pdf|title=Countries in the Black Sea basin. In: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030|last1=Erocal|first1=Deniz|last2=Yegorov|first2=Igor|publisher=UNESCO|year=2015|isbn=978-92-3-100129-1|location=Paris|pages=324–341|access-date=1 June 2017|archive-date=30 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630025557/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002354/235406e.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

Kazakhstan and Tajikistan participated in the Innovative Biotechnologies Programme (2011–2015) launched by the [[Eurasian Economic Community]], the predecessor of the [[Eurasian Economic Union]], The programme also involved Belarus and the Russian Federation. Within this programme, prizes were awarded at an annual bio-industry exhibition and conference. In 2012, 86 Russian organisations participated, plus three from Belarus, one from Kazakhstan and three from Tajikistan, as well as two scientific research groups from Germany. At the time, Vladimir Debabov, scientific director of the Genetika State Research Institute for Genetics and the Selection of Industrial Micro-organisms in the Russian Federation, stressed the paramount importance of developing bio-industry. "In the world today, there is a strong tendency to switch from petrochemicals to renewable biological sources", he said. "Biotechnology is developing two to three times faster than chemicals."<ref name="Mukhitdinova-2015" />

Kazakhstan also participated in a second project of the Eurasian Economic Community, the establishment of the Centre for Innovative Technologies on 4 April 2013, with the signing of an agreement between the Russian Venture Company (a government fund of funds), the Kazakh JSC National Agency and the Belarusian Innovative Foundation. Each of the selected projects is entitled to funding of US$3–90{{spaces}}million and is implemented within a public–private partnership. The first few approved projects focused on supercomputers, space technologies, medicine, petroleum recycling, nanotechnologies and the ecological use of natural resources. Once these initial projects have spawned viable commercial products, the venture company plans to reinvest the profits in new projects. This venture company is not a purely economic structure; it has also been designed to promote a common economic space among the three participating countries.<ref name="Mukhitdinova-2015" /> Kazakhstan recognises the role civil society initiatives have to address the consequences of the COVID-19 crisis.<ref name="civil-soc">{{cite web|title=EU Central Asia Civil Society Forum: Making Our Partnerships Stronger|url=https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage/87703/eu-central-asia-civil-society-forum-making-our-partnerships-stronger_en|website=EU External Action|access-date=22 November 2020|archive-date=29 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129091614/https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-Homepage/87703/eu-central-asia-civil-society-forum-making-our-partnerships-stronger_en|url-status=live}}</ref>

Four of the five Central Asian republics have also been involved in a project launched by the [[European Union]] in September 2013, IncoNet CA. The aim of this project is to encourage [[European Union's scientific cooperation beyond the bloc|Central Asian countries to participate in research projects]] within [[Horizon 2020]], the European Union's eighth research and innovation funding programme. The focus of this research projects is on three societal challenges considered as being of mutual interest to both the European Union and Central Asia, namely: climate change, energy and health. IncoNet CA builds on the experience of earlier projects which involved other regions, such as Eastern Europe, the South Caucasus and the Western Balkans. IncoNet CA focuses on twinning research facilities in Central Asia and Europe. It involves a consortium of partner institutions from Austria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Germany, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Poland, Portugal, Tajikistan, Turkey and Uzbekistan. In May 2014, the European Union launched a 24-month call for project applications from twinned institutions – universities, companies and research institutes – for funding of up to €10, 000 to enable them to visit one another's facilities to discuss project ideas or prepare joint events like workshops.<ref name="Mukhitdinova-2015" />

The [[International Science and Technology Center]] (ISTC) was established in 1992 by the European Union, Japan, the Russian Federation and the US to engage weapons scientists in civilian research projects and to foster technology transfer. ISTC branches have been set up in the following countries party to the agreement: Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. The headquarters of ISTC were moved to Nazarbayev University in Kazakhstan in June 2014, three years after the Russian Federation announced its withdrawal from the centre.<ref name="Mukhitdinova-2015" />

Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Kazakhstan have been members of the [[World Trade Organization]] since 1998, 2013 and 2015 respectively.<ref name="Mukhitdinova-2015" />

== Territorial and regional data ==
[[File:Central Asia.svg|thumb|Political map of Central Asia]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#ececec;"
! scope="col" style="width:120px;" | [[Country]]
! scope="col" style="width:80px;" | [[List of countries by area|Area]] km2
! scope="col" style="width:100px;" | [[List of countries by population|Population]]{{UN Population|ref}} ({{UN Population|Year}})
! scope="col" style="width:50px;" | [[List of countries by population density|Population density]] per km2
! scope="col" style="width:100px;" | [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|Nominal GDP]] (2023) 
! [[GDP per capita]] (2023)
! [[HDI]] (2023)<ref>{{cite book |url=https://hdr.undp.org/content/human-development-report-2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 - A matter of choice: People and possibilities in the age of AI |date=6 May 2025 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |publication-date=6 May 2025 |pages=278–280 |access-date=29 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506064128/https://hdr.undp.org/content/human-development-report-2025 |archive-date=6 May 2025 |url-status=live }}</ref>
! [[Capital (political)|Capital]]
! [[Official languages]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{flag|Kazakhstan}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 2,724,900
| style="text-align:right;" | {{UN Population|Kazakhstan}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 6.3
| style="text-align:right;" | $245.695{{spaces}}billion
| style="text-align:right;" | $12,306
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.837
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Astana]]
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]], [[Russian language|Russian]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 199,950
| style="text-align:right;" | {{UN Population|Kyrgyzstan}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 29.7
| style="text-align:right;" | $12.309{{spaces}}billion
| style="text-align:right;" | $1,736
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.720
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Bishkek]]
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]], [[Russian language|Russian]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{flag|Tajikistan}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 142,550
| style="text-align:right;" | {{UN Population|Tajikistan}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 60.4
| style="text-align:right;" | $12.796{{spaces}}billion
| style="text-align:right;" | $1,277
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.691
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Dushanbe]]
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Tajik language|Tajik]], [[Russian language|Russian]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{flag|Turkmenistan}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 488,100
| style="text-align:right;" | {{UN Population|Turkmenistan}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 11.1
| style="text-align:right;" | $82.624{{spaces}}billion
| style="text-align:right;" | $13,065
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.764
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Ashgabat]]
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{flag|Uzbekistan}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 448,978
| style="text-align:right;" | 36,024,900<ref>{{cite web|date=28 January 2023|title=Demographics of the Republic of Uzbekistan (January–December 2022)|url=https://stat.uz/uz/matbuot-markazi/qo-mita-yangiliklar/34140-demografik-holat-2022-yil-yanvar-sentabr-2|publisher=stat.uz|language=uz}}</ref>
| style="text-align:right;" | 69.1
| style="text-align:right;" | $92.332{{spaces}}billion
| style="text-align:right;" | $2,563
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.740
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Tashkent]]
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]]
|}

== Demographics ==
{{Main|Demographics of Central Asia}}

[[File:Central Asia population pyramid 2023.svg|thumb|Population pyramid of Central Asia in 2023]]
[[File:Central Asia Ethnic en.svg|thumb|upright=1.75|Ethnic map of Central Asia. White areas are thinly-populated semi-desert. The three northwest-tending lines are the Syr Darya and Amu Darya Rivers flowing from the eastern mountains into the Aral Sea and in the south the irrigated north side of the Kopet Dagh mountains.]]
[[File:Uzbek Kids.JPG|thumb|left|Uzbek children in [[Samarkand]]]]
[[File:Afghan children in Badakhshan Province-2012.jpg|thumb|Children in Afghanistan]]

By a broad definition including Mongolia and Afghanistan, more than 90 million people live in Central Asia, about 2% of Asia's total population. Of the regions of Asia, only [[North Asia]] has fewer people. It has a population density of 9 people per km2, vastly less than the 80.5 people per km2 of the continent as a whole. Kazakhstan is one of the least densely populated countries in the world.

=== Languages ===
[[Russian language|Russian]], as well as being spoken by around six million ethnic [[Russians]] and [[Ukrainians]] of Central Asia,<ref>Robert Greenall, [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4420922.stm Russians left behind in Central Asia], [[BBC News]], 23 November 2005.</ref> is the de facto [[lingua franca]] throughout the former Soviet Central Asian republics. [[Mandarin Chinese]] has an equally dominant presence in [[Inner Mongolia]], [[Qinghai]], and [[Xinjiang]].

The languages of the majority of the inhabitants of the former Soviet Central Asian republics belong to the [[Turkic languages|Turkic language group]]. [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]] is mainly spoken in [[Turkmenistan]], and as a minority language in [[Afghanistan]], [[Russia]], [[Iran]], and [[Turkey]]. [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]] and [[Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]] are related languages of the [[Kipchaks|Kypchak]] group of Turkic languages and are spoken throughout [[Kazakhstan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], and as a minority language in [[Tajikistan]], Afghanistan and [[Xinjiang]]. [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]] and [[Uyghur language|Uyghur]] are spoken in [[Uzbekistan]], [[Tajikistan]], Kyrgyzstan, Afghanistan, and Xinjiang.

[[Middle Iranian languages]] were once spoken throughout Central Asia, such as the once prominent [[Sogdian language|Sogdian]], [[Khwarezmian language|Khwarezmian]], [[Bactrian language|Bactrian]] and [[Scythian language|Scythian]], which are now extinct and belonged to the [[Eastern Iranian languages|Eastern Iranian]] family. The Eastern Iranian [[Pashto]] language is still spoken in Afghanistan and northwestern [[Pakistan]]. Other minor Eastern Iranian languages such as [[Shughni language|Shughni]], [[Munji language|Munji]], [[Ishkashimi language|Ishkashimi]], [[Sarikoli language|Sarikoli]], [[Wakhi language|Wakhi]], [[Yaghnobi language|Yaghnobi]] and [[Ossetian language|Ossetic]] are also spoken at various places in Central Asia. Varieties of [[Persian language|Persian]] are also spoken as a major language in the region, locally known as [[Dari]] (in Afghanistan), [[Tajik language|Tajik]] (in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan), and [[Bukhori]] (by the [[Bukharan Jews]] of Central Asia).

[[Tocharian languages|Tocharian]], another [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European language group]], which was once predominant in oases on the northern edge of the [[Tarim Basin]] of Xinjiang, is now extinct.

Other language groups include the [[Tibetic languages]], spoken by around six million people across the [[Tibetan Plateau]] and into Qinghai, [[Sichuan]] (Szechwan), [[Ladakh]] and [[Baltistan]], and the [[Nuristani languages]] of northeastern Afghanistan. [[Korean language|Korean]] is spoken by the [[Koryo-saram]] minority, mainly in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan.<ref>Alekseenko, Aleksandr Nikolaevich (2000). Республика в зеркале переписей населения[Republic in the Mirror of the Population Censuses] (PDF). ''Population and Society: Newsletter of the Centre for Demography and Human Ecology'' (in Russian). Institute of Economic Forecasting of the Russian Academy of Sciences (47): 58–62. Retrieved 18 March 2019.</ref>

=== Religions ===
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Religion in Central Asia
| label1 = [[Islam]]
| value1 = 87.78
| color1 = DarkGreen
| label2 = [[Christianity]]
| value2 = 7.29
| color2 = DodgerBlue
| label3 = [[Irreligion]]
| value3 = 6.44
| color3 = Grey
| label4 = [[Folk religion]]
| value4 = 0.8
| color4 = Red
| label5 = [[Buddhism]]
| value5 = 0.4
| color5 = Gold
| label6 = Others
| value6 = 0.21
| color6 = Black
| label7 = [[Judaism]]
| value7 = 0.02
| color7 = DarkBlue
}}
[[File:Bibi Khanym Mosque in Samarkand from north.jpg|thumb|left|[[Bibi Khanym Mosque]] in [[Uzbekistan]]]]

[[Islam in Central Asia|Islam]] is the religion most common in the Central Asian Republics, [[Afghanistan]], Xinjiang, and the peripheral western regions, such as [[Bashkortostan]]. Most Central Asian Muslims are [[Sunni]], although there are sizable [[Shia]] minorities in [[Afghanistan]] and [[Tajikistan]].

[[Buddhism in Central Asia|Buddhism]] and [[Zoroastrianism]] were the major faiths in Central Asia before the arrival of Islam. Zoroastrian influence is still felt today in such celebrations as [[Nowruz]], held in all five of the Central Asian states.<ref>Christoph Marcinkowski, ''Shi'ite Identities: Community and Culture in Changing Social Contexts'' (Münster: LIT, 2010), 244. {{ISBN|9783643800497}}</ref> The [[Silk Road transmission of Buddhism|transmission of Buddhism along the Silk Road]] eventually brought the religion to China.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Buddhist Conquest of China: The Spread and Adaptation of Buddhism in Early Medieval China|last=Zürcher|first=Erik|publisher=BRILL|year=2007|isbn=978-90-04-15604-3|pages=23}}</ref> Amongst the [[Turkic peoples]], [[Tengrism]] was the leading religion before Islam.<ref>Megan Rancier, ''Turkic Soundscapes: From Shamanic Voices to Hip-Hop'' (London: Taylor & Francis, 2018), 258. {{ISBN|9781351665957}}</ref> [[Tibetan Buddhism]] is most common in Tibet, Mongolia, [[Ladakh]], and the southern Russian regions of Siberia.

The form of [[Christianity]] most practiced in the region in previous centuries was [[Nestorianism]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Bosch|first=David|author-link=David Bosch|title=Transforming Mission: Paradigm Shifts in Theology of Mission|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qEpf6wqHcGwC|year=1991|publisher=[[Orbis Books]]|isbn=978-1-60833-146-8|page=204|via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> but now the largest denomination is the [[Russian Orthodox Church]], with many members in Kazakhstan, where about 25% of the population of 19 million identify as Christian, 17% in Uzbekistan and 5% in Kyrgyzstan. [[Pew Research Center]] estimates indicate that in 2010, around 6 million [[Christians]] lived in Central Asian countries, the Pew Forum study finds that Kazakhstan (4.1 million) has the largest Christian population in the region, followed by Uzbekistan (710,000), Kyrgyzstan (660,000), Turkmenistan (320,000) and Tajikistan (100,000).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2011/12/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf|title=Global Christianity – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population|publisher=Pew Research Center|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801204254/https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2011/12/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf|archive-date=1 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Bukharan Jews]] were once a sizable community in Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, but nearly all have emigrated since the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]].

In Siberia, [[shaministic|shamanistic]] practices persist, including forms of [[divination]] such as [[Kumalak]].

Contact and migration with [[Han people]] from China has brought [[Confucianism]], [[Daoism]], [[Mahayana Buddhism]], and other [[Chinese Folk Religion|Chinese folk beliefs]] into the region.

Central Asia is where many integral beliefs and elements in various religious traditions of [[Judaism]], Christianity, Islam, Buddhism.<ref name="Frankopan-2017" />

<table class="wikitable sortable">
<tr>
<th rowspan="2">Country</th>
<th rowspan="2" data-sort-type="number">Population</th>
<th colspan="2" data-sort-type="number">Muslim</th>
<th colspan="2" data-sort-type="number">Christian</th>
<th colspan="2" data-sort-type="number">Irreligion</th>
<th colspan="2" data-sort-type="number">Folk Religion</th>
<th colspan="2" data-sort-type="number">Other Religion</th>
<th colspan="2" data-sort-type="number">Buddhist</th>
<th colspan="2" data-sort-type="number">Jewish</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Pop.</th>
<th>%</th>
<th>Pop.</th>
<th>%</th>
<th>Pop.</th>
<th>%</th>
<th>Pop.</th>
<th>%</th>
<th>Pop.</th>
<th>%</th>
<th>Pop.</th>
<th>%</th>
<th>Pop.</th>
<th>%</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>{{flag|Uzbekistan}}</td>
<td>27,440,000</td>
<td>26,534,480</td>
<td>96.70%</td>
<td>631,120</td>
<td>2.30%</td>
<td>219,520</td>
<td>0.80%</td>
<td>10,000</td>
<td><0.1%</td>
<td>10,000</td>
<td><0.1%</td>
<td>10,000</td>
<td><0.1%</td>
<td>10,000</td>
<td><0.1%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>{{flag|Tajikistan}}</td>
<td>6,880,000</td>
<td>6,652,960</td>
<td>96.70%</td>
<td>110,080</td>
<td>1.60%</td>
<td>103,200</td>
<td>1.50%</td>
<td>0</td>
<td><0.1%</td>
<td>0</td>
<td><0.1%</td>
<td>0</td>
<td><0.1%</td>
<td>0</td>
<td><0.1%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>{{flag|Turkmenistan}}</td>
<td>5,040,000</td>
<td>4,687,200</td>
<td>93.00%</td>
<td>322,560</td>
<td>6.40%</td>
<td>25,200</td>
<td>0.50%</td>
<td>0</td>
<td><0.1%</td>
<td>0</td>
<td><0.1%</td>
<td>0</td>
<td><0.1%</td>
<td>0</td>
<td><0.1%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>{{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}</td>
<td>6,520,000</td>
<td>5,868,000</td>
<td>90.00%</td>
<td>521,600</td>
<td>8.00%</td>
<td>130,400</td>
<td>2.00%</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0.00%</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0.00%</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0.00%</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0.00%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>{{flag|Kazakhstan}}</td>
<td>18,745,000</td>
<td>12,990,285</td>
<td>69.30%</td>
<td>3,130,415</td>
<td>16.70%</td>
<td>2,493,085</td>
<td>13.30%</td>
<td>20,620</td>
<td>0.10%</td>
<td>18,745</td>
<td>0.10%</td>
<td>16,870</td>
<td>0.10%</td>
<td>3,400</td>
<td>0.02%</td>
</tr>
<tr class=sortbottom style="background:#D7EEF4">
<td>Total</td>
<td>64,625,000</td>
<td>55,535,690</td>
<td>85.94%</td>
<td>4,663,615</td>
<td>7.22%</td>
<td>4,158,860</td>
<td>6.44%</td>
<td>51,370</td>
<td>0.08%</td>
<td>136,105</td>
<td>0.21%</td>
<td>26,870</td>
<td>0.04%</td>
<td>10,000</td>
<td>0.02%</td>
</tr></table>

== Geostrategy ==
{{Main|Geostrategy in Central Asia}}
[[File:Qianlong Horse.jpg|thumb|Tartar prostrating before [[Qianlong Emperor]] of China (1757).<ref>{{citation|first=James A.|last=Millward|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-231-13924-3|title=Eurasian crossroads: a history of Xinjiang|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8FVsWq31MtMC|pages=45–47|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-date=10 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410131015/https://books.google.com/books?id=8FVsWq31MtMC|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
[[File:Great Game cartoon from 1878.jpg|thumb|Political cartoon from the period of the [[The Great Game|Great Game]] showing the Afghan Amir Sher Ali with his "friends" Imperial Russia and the United Kingdom (1878)]]
[[File:Islam karimov.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Islam Karimov]] (President, Uzbekistan) in [[the Pentagon]], March 2002]]

Central Asia has long been a strategic location merely because of its proximity to several great powers on the Eurasian landmass. The region itself never held a dominant stationary population nor was able to make use of natural resources. Thus, it has rarely throughout history become the seat of power for an empire or influential state. Central Asia has been divided, redivided, conquered out of existence, and fragmented time and time again. Central Asia has served more as the battleground for outside powers than as a power in its own right.

Central Asia had both the advantage and disadvantage of a central location between four historical seats of power. From its central location, it has access to trade routes to and from all the regional powers. On the other hand, it has been continuously vulnerable to attack from all sides throughout its history, resulting in political fragmentation or outright power vacuum, as it is successively dominated.
* To the North, the steppe allowed for rapid mobility, first for nomadic horseback warriors like the Huns and Mongols, and later for Russian traders, eventually supported by railroads. As the Russian Empire expanded to the East, it would also push down into Central Asia towards the sea, in a search for warm water ports. The Soviet Bloc would reinforce dominance from the North and attempt to project power as far south as Afghanistan.
* To the East, the demographic and cultural weight of Chinese empires continually pushed outward into Central Asia since the [[Silk Road]] period of [[Han dynasty]]. However, with the Sino-Soviet split and collapse of the Soviet Union, China would project its soft power into Central Asia, most notably in the case of Afghanistan, to counter Russian dominance of the region.
* To the Southeast, the demographic and cultural influence of India was felt in Central Asia, notably in Tibet, the [[Hindu Kush]], and slightly beyond. From its base in India, the [[British Empire]] competed with the Russian Empire for influence in the region in the 19th and 20th centuries.
* To the Southwest, West Asian powers have expanded into the southern areas of Central Asia (usually Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, and Turkmenistan). Several Persian empires would conquer and reconquer parts of Central Asia; Alexander the Great's Hellenic empire would extend into Central Asia; two Islamic empires would exert substantial influence throughout the region;<ref name="iranpress.com">{{Cite web|title=No one is happy about US military presence in Central Asia|url=https://iranpress.com/content/48774/one-happy-about-military-presence-central-asia|access-date=13 October 2021|website=iranpress.com|language=en|archive-date=17 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017005344/https://iranpress.com/content/48774/one-happy-about-military-presence-central-asia|url-status=live}}</ref> and the modern state of Iran has projected influence throughout the region as well. Turkey, through a common [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] nation identity, has gradually increased its ties and influence as well in the region. Furthermore, since Uzbekistan announced their intention to join in April 2018, Turkey and all of the Central Asian Turkic-speaking states except Turkmenistan are together part of the [[Turkic Council]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Uzbekistan decides to join 'Turkic alliance' during Erdogan's visit – Turkey News|url=https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/uzbekistan-decides-to-join-turkic-alliance-during-erdogans-visit-131109|access-date=6 October 2021|website=Hürriyet Daily News|date=30 April 2018|language=en|archive-date=6 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006112831/https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/uzbekistan-decides-to-join-turkic-alliance-during-erdogans-visit-131109|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the post–Cold War era, Central Asia is an ethnic cauldron, prone to instability and conflicts, without a sense of national identity, but rather a mess of historical cultural influences, tribal and clan loyalties, and religious fervor. Projecting influence into the area is no longer just Russia, but also Turkey, Iran, China, Pakistan, India, and the United States:
* Russia continues to dominate political decision-making throughout the former SSRs; although, as other countries move into the area, Russia's influence has begun to wane though Russia still maintains military bases in [[Kyrgyzstan]] and [[Tajikistan]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Why Russia Will Send More Troops to Central Asia|url=https://www.stratfor.com/analysis/why-russia-will-send-more-troops-central-asia|website=Stratfor|access-date=26 September 2015|archive-date=27 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927163915/https://www.stratfor.com/analysis/why-russia-will-send-more-troops-central-asia|url-status=live}}</ref>
* The United States, with its military involvement in the region and oil diplomacy, is also significantly involved in the region's politics.<ref name="iranpress.com" /> The United States and other NATO members were the main contributors to the [[International Security Assistance Force]] in Afghanistan during the [[Islamic Republic of Afghanistan|Islamic Republic]] period and also exert considerable influence in other Central Asian nations.
* China has security ties with Central Asian states through the [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation]], and conducts energy trade bilaterally.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/publication/10883/shanghai_cooperation_organization.html|title=The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation|first=Andrew|last=Scheineson|date=24 March 2009|access-date=24 September 2010|work=Backgrounder|publisher=[[Council on Foreign Relations]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101008081727/http://www.cfr.org/publication/10883/shanghai_cooperation_organization.html|archive-date=8 October 2010}}</ref>
* India has geographic proximity to the Central Asian region and, in addition, enjoys considerable influence on Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7492982.stm|title=India: Afghanistan's influential ally|access-date=14 November 2014|publisher=BBC News|date=8 October 2009|archive-date=29 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129011825/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7492982.stm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1945666,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091208010925/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1945666,00.html|archive-date=8 December 2009|title=India, Pakistan and the Battle for Afghanistan|date=5 December 2009|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=14 November 2014}}</ref> India maintains a military base at [[Farkhor Air Base|Farkhor]], Tajikistan, and also has extensive military relations with Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan.<ref name="Reiter">{{cite book|last1=Reiter|first1=Erich|last2=Hazdra|first2=Peter|title=The Impact of Asian Powers on Global Developments|year=2004|publisher=Springer, 2004|isbn=978-3-7908-0092-0}}</ref>[[File:SCO meeting (2022-09-16).jpg|thumb|Leaders present at the [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation|SCO]] summit in [[Samarkand]], Uzbekistan, in 2022 ]]
* Turkey also exerts considerable influence in the region on account of its ethnic and linguistic ties with the Turkic peoples of Central Asia and its involvement in the [[Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan oil pipeline]]. Political and economic relations are growing rapidly (e.g., Turkey recently eliminated visa requirements for citizens of the Central Asian Turkic republics).
* Iran, the seat of historical empires that controlled parts of Central Asia, has historical and cultural links to the region and is vying to construct an oil pipeline from the Caspian Sea to the Persian Gulf.
* [[Pakistan]], a nuclear-armed Islamic state, has a history of political relations with neighbouring Afghanistan and is termed capable of exercising influence. For some Central Asian nations, the shortest route to the ocean lies through Pakistan. Pakistan seeks [[natural gas]] from Central Asia and supports the development of pipelines from its countries. According to an independent study, [[Turkmenistan]] is supposed to be the fifth largest natural gas field in the world.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Turkmenistan Gas Field Is One of World's Largest|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122409510811337137|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|access-date=26 September 2015|issn=0099-9660|first=Guy|last=Chazan|archive-date=28 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428142524/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122409510811337137|url-status=live}}</ref> The mountain ranges and areas in northern Pakistan lie on the fringes of [[Greater Central Asia]]; the [[Gilgit–Baltistan]] region of Pakistan lies adjacent to Tajikistan, separated only by the narrow Afghan [[Wakhan Corridor]]. Being located on the northwest of South Asia, the area forming modern-day Pakistan maintained extensive historical and cultural links with the central Asian region.
* Japan has an important and growing influence in Central Asia, with the master plan of the capital city of Astana in Kazakhstan being designed by Japanese architect Kisho Kurokawa, and the [[Central Asia plus Japan]] initiative designed to strengthen ties between them and promote development and stability of the region.

Russian historian [[Lev Gumilev]] wrote that [[Xiongnu]], [[Mongols]] ([[Mongol Empire]], [[Zunghar Khanate]]), and [[Turkic peoples]] ([[First Turkic Khaganate]], [[Uyghur Khaganate]]) played a role to stop Chinese [[List of endangered languages in China|aggression]] [[Ethnic groups in Chinese history|to the north]]. The Turkic Khaganate had special policy against Chinese assimilation policy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/articles/Article16.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130407040942/http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/articles/Article16.htm|title=Л.Н. Гумилев. Люди и природа Великой степи|archive-date=7 April 2013|website=gumilevica.kulichki.net}}</ref>

The region, along with Russia, is also part of "the great pivot" as per the [[The Geographical Pivot of History|heartland theory]] of [[Halford Mackinder]], which says that the power which controls Central Asia—richly endowed with natural resources—shall ultimately be the "empire of the world". For example, the region is endowed with various mineral resources such as [[chromium]], [[cobalt]], [[zinc]], [[copper]], [[silver]], [[lithium]], [[lead]], [[molybdenum]], and many others making it a potential major global supplier of critical materials for clean energy technologies.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Vakulchuk|first1=Roman|last2=Overland|first2=Indra|date=December 2021|title=Central Asia is a missing link in analyses of critical materials for the global clean energy transition|journal=One Earth|volume=4|issue=12|pages=1678–1692|doi=10.1016/j.oneear.2021.11.012|bibcode=2021OEart...4.1678V|issn=2590-3322|hdl=11250/2839043|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Cities in Central Asia
! style="width:80px;" | City
! style="width:90px;" | Country
! style="width:60px;" | Population
! style="width:200px;" class=unsortable|Image
! class=unsortable|Information
|-
| [[Astana]]
| Kazakhstan
| {{nts|1,006,574}} (2017)
| [[File:Байтерек - panoramio.jpg|200px]]
| The capital and second largest city in Kazakhstan. After Kazakhstan gained its independence in 1991, the city and the region were renamed from Tselinograd to Aqmola. The name was often translated as "White Tombstone", but actually means "Holy Place" or "Holy Shrine". The "White Tombstone" literal translation was too appropriate for many visitors to escape notice in almost all guide books and travel accounts. In 1994, the city was designated as the future capital of the newly independent country and again renamed to the Astana after the capital was officially moved from [[Almaty]] in 1997. In 2019 the city was renamed to Nur-Sultan to honor the resigned president, but was reverted to Astana in 2022.
|-
| [[Almaty]]
| Kazakhstan
| {{nts|1,713,220}} (2017)
| [[File:Almaty, Kok-tobe exposition (edit).jpg|200px]]
| It was the capital of Kazakhstan (and its predecessor, the [[Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic|Kazakh SSR]]) from 1929 to 1998. Despite losing its status as the capital, Almaty remains the major commercial center of Kazakhstan. It is a recognised financial center of Kazakhstan and the Central Asian region.
|-
| [[Bishkek]]
| Kyrgyzstan
| {{nts|1,027,200}} (2019)
|
| The capital and the largest city of Kyrgyzstan. Bishkek is also the administrative center of [[Chüy Region]], which surrounds the city, even though the city itself is not part of the region, but rather a region-level unit of Kyrgyzstan.
|-
| [[Osh]]
| Kyrgyzstan
| {{nts|243,216}} (2009)
| [[File:Osh 03-2016 img27 view from Sulayman Mountain.jpg|200px]]
| The second largest city of Kyrgyzstan. Osh is also the administrative center of [[Osh Region]], which surrounds the city, even though the city itself is not part of the region, but rather a region-level unit of Kyrgyzstan.
|-
| [[Dushanbe]]
| Tajikistan
| {{nts|780,000}} (2014)
| [[File:Palace of Nations and the Flagpole, Dushanbe, Tajikistan.JPG|200px]]
| The capital and largest city of Tajikistan. Dushanbe means "Monday" in [[Tajik language|Tajik]] and [[Persian language|Persian]],<ref>D. Saimaddinov, S. D. Kholmatova, and S. Karimov, ''Tajik-Russian Dictionary'', Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tajikistan, Rudaki Institute of Language and Literature, Scientific Center for Persian-Tajik Culture, Dushanbe, 2006.</ref> and the name reflects the fact that the city grew on the site of a village that originally was a popular Monday [[marketplace]].
|-
| [[Ashgabat]]
| Turkmenistan
| {{nts|1,032,000}} (2014)
| [[File:Neutrality-Road-Ashgabat-2015.JPG|200px]]
| The capital and largest city of Turkmenistan. Ashgabat is a relatively young city, growing out of a village of the same name established by [[Russian Empire|Russians]] in 1818. It is not far from the site of [[Nisa (village)|Nisa]], the ancient capital of the [[Parthia]]ns, and it grew on the ruins of the [[Silk Road]] city of Konjikala, which was first mentioned as a wine-producing village in the 2nd century BC and was leveled by an earthquake in the 1st century BC (a precursor of the [[1948 Ashgabat earthquake]]). Konjikala was rebuilt because of its advantageous location on the Silk Road, and it flourished until its destruction by Mongols in the 13th century AD. After that, it survived as a small village until the Russians took over in the 19th century.<ref>[http://www.geographicbureau.com/trips/central_asia/turkmenistan/info/brief_description_of_the_main_s.jdx Konjikala] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029043151/http://www.geographicbureau.com/trips/central_asia/turkmenistan/info/brief_description_of_the_main_s.jdx |date=29 October 2014 }}: the Silk Road precursor of Ashgabat</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=UGanxmJgQNIC&pg=PA40 Konjikala] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410131044/https://books.google.com/books?id=UGanxmJgQNIC&pg=PA40 |date=10 April 2023 }}, in: MaryLee Knowlton, ''Turkmenistan'', Marshall Cavendish, 2006, pp. 40–41, {{ISBN|0-7614-2014-2}}, {{ISBN|978-0-7614-2014-9}}.</ref>
|-
| [[Bukhara]]
| Uzbekistan
| {{nts|237,900}} (1999)
| [[File:2012 Bukhara 7515821196.jpg|200px]]
| The nation's fifth-largest city and the capital of the [[Bukhara Region]] of Uzbekistan. Bukhara has been one of the main centers of Persian civilisation from its early days in the 6th century BC, and, since the 12th century AD, Turkic speakers gradually moved in. Its architecture and archaeological sites form one of the pillars of Central Asian history and art.
|-
| [[Kokand]]
| Uzbekistan
| {{nts|209,389}} (2011)
| [[File:KokandPalace.jpg|200px]]
| Kokand ({{lang-uz-Latn-Cyrl|Qo'qon|Қўқон}}; {{langx|tg|Хӯқанд}}; {{langx|fa|خوقند}}; [[Chagatai language|Chagatai]]: خوقند; {{langx|ru|Коканд}}) is a city in [[Fergana Region]] in eastern [[Uzbekistan]], at the southwestern edge of the [[Fergana Valley]]. It has a population of 192,500 (1999 census estimate). Kokand is 228{{spaces}}km southeast of [[Tashkent]], 115{{spaces}}km west of [[Andijan]], and 88{{spaces}}km west of [[Fergana]]. It is nicknamed "City of Winds", or sometimes "Town of the Boar".
|-
| [[Samarkand]]
| Uzbekistan
| {{nts|596,300}} (2008)
| [[File:Samarkand view from the top.jpg|200px]]
| The second largest city in Uzbekistan and the capital of [[Samarqand Region]]. The city is most noted for its central position on the Silk Road between [[China]] and the West, and for being an Islamic center for scholarly study. It was here that the ruler [[Ulugh Beg]] (1394–1449) built a gigantic astronomical observatory.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ehgamberdiev|first=Shuhrat|date=January 2009|title=Ulugh Beg: the scholar on the throne|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0017/001791/179113e.pdf|journal=A World of Science|volume=7|issue=1|pages=21–23|access-date=1 June 2017|archive-date=11 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011101431/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0017/001791/179113e.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Tashkent]]
| Uzbekistan
| {{nts|2,571,668}} (2020)
|[[File:Nest One Tashkent.jpg|200px]]
| The capital and largest city of Uzbekistan. In pre-Islamic and early Islamic times, the town and the region were known as Chach. Tashkent started as an [[oasis]] on the [[Chirchik River]], near the foothills of the [[Golestan]] Mountains. In ancient times, this area contained Beitian, probably the summer "capital" of the [[Kangju]] confederacy.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Pulleyblank|first=Edwin G|year=1963|title=The consonantal system of Old Chinese|journal=Asia Major|volume=9|page=94}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Geography|Asia}}
* [[Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation Program]]
* [[Central Asian Football Federation]]
* [[Central Asian Games]]
* [[Central Asian Union]]
* [[Central Asians in ancient Indian literature]]
* [[Western Regions|Chinese Central Asia]]
* [[Chinese Turkestan]]
* [[Pole of inaccessibility#Eurasia|Continental pole of inaccessibility]]
* [[Hindutash]]
* [[Inner Asia]]
* [[Mountains of Central Asia]]
* [[Russian Turkestan]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{Free-content attribution
| title = UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030
| author = UNESCO
| publisher = UNESCO Publishing
| page numbers = 365–387
| source =
| documentURL = http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002354/235406e.pdf
| license statement URL =
| license = CC BY-SA IGO 3.0
}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book|last=Blank|first=Stephen J.|title=Central Asia After 2014|year=2013|publisher=Strategic Studies Institute and U.S. Army War College Press|isbn=978-1-58487-593-2|url=https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo44943}}
* Chow, Edward. "Central Asia's Pipelines: Field of Dreams and Reality", in ''[http://www.nbr.org/publications/element.aspx?id=456 Pipeline Politics in Asia: The Intersection of Demand, Energy Markets, and Supply Routes]''. [[National Bureau of Asian Research]], 2010.
* Farah, Paolo Davide, Energy Security, Water Resources and Economic Development in Central Asia, World Scientific Reference on Globalisation in Eurasia and the Pacific Rim, Imperial College Press (London, UK) & World Scientific Publishing, November 2015. Available at SSRN: [http://ssrn.com/abstract=2701215 Energy Security, Water Resources and Economic Development in Central Asia]
* Dani, A. H. and V. M. Masson, eds. ''[http://www.unesco.org/culture/asia/index-en.html History of Civilizations of Central Asia]''. Paris: [[UNESCO]], 1992.* Gorshunova. Olga V. ''Svjashennye derevja Khodzhi Barora...'', (''Sacred Trees of Khodzhi Baror: Phytolatry and the Cult of Female Deity in Central Asia'') in Etnoragraficheskoe Obozrenie, 2008, n° 1, pp.{{spaces}}71–82. {{ISSN|0869-5415}}. {{in lang|ru}}.
* {{cite journal|last1=Klein|first1=I.|last2=Gessner|first2=U.|last3=Kuenzer|year=2012|title=Regional land cover mapping and change detection in Central Asia using MODIS time-series|journal=Applied Geography|volume=35|issue=1–2|pages=219–234|doi=10.1016/j.apgeog.2012.06.016|bibcode=2012AppGe..35..219K}}
* {{cite book|last1=Luong|first1=Pauline Jones|title=The Transformation of Central Asia: States and Societies from Soviet Rule to Independence|date=2004|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-8842-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KefvEz9bfyEC}}
* [[Mandelbaum, Michael]], ed. ''Central Asia and the World: Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Turkmenistan''. [[New York City|New York]]: [[Council on Foreign Relations]] Press, 1994.
* Marcinkowski, M. Ismail. ''Persian Historiography and Geography: Bertold Spuler on Major Works Produced in Iran, the Caucasus, Central Asia, Pakistan and Early Ottoman Turkey''. [[Singapore]]: [[Pustaka Nasional]], 2003.
* Menga, Filippo (2020). [https://www.routledge.com/Power-and-Water-in-Central-Asia/Menga/p/book/9780367667351 Power and Water in Central Asia]. Routledge. {{ISBN|9780367667351}}
* [[Martha Brill Olcott|Olcott, Martha Brill]]. ''Central Asia's New States: Independence, Foreign policy, and Regional security''. [[Washington, D.C.]]: [[United States Institute of Peace Press]], 1996.
* {{Cite journal|year=2013|last1=Phillips|first1=Andrew|last2=James|first2=Paul|author-link2=Paul James (academic)|title=National Identity between Tradition and Reflexive Modernisation: The Contradictions of Central Asia|url=https://www.academia.edu/2832538|journal=National Identities|volume=3|issue=1|pages=23–35|doi=10.1080/14608940020028475|s2cid=146570543}}
* Hasan Bulent Paksoy. ''ALPAMYSH: Central Asian Identity under Russian Rule''. [[Hartford]]: [[AACAR]], 1989. [http://vlib.iue.it/carrie/texts/carrie_books/paksoy-1/ alpamysh: central asian identity under Russian rule] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109034048/http://vlib.iue.it/carrie/texts/carrie_books/paksoy-1/ |date=9 November 2020 }}
* [[Svat Soucek|Soucek, Svatopluk]]. ''A History of Inner Asia''. [[Cambridge]]: [[Cambridge University Press]], 2000.
* [[Ted Rall|Rall, Ted]]. ''Silk Road to Ruin: Is Central Asia the New Middle East?'' New York: [[NBM Publishing]], 2006.
* Stone, L. A. ''The International Politics of Central Eurasia'' (272 pp). Central Eurasian Studies On Line: Accessible via the Web Page of the International Eurasian Institute for Economic and Political Research: [https://web.archive.org/web/20071103154944/http://www.iicas.org/forumen.htm IEI_forum / International Eurasian Institute for Economic and Political Research]
* Trochev, Alexei; Slade, Gavin (2019), in Caron, Jean-François (ed.), [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-13-6693-2_5 "Trials and Tribulations: Kazakhstan's Criminal Justice Reforms"], ''Kazakhstan and the Soviet Legacy'', Singapore: Springer Singapore, pp.{{spaces}}75–99, {{ISBN|978-981-13-6692-5}}, retrieved 4 December 2020.
* Vakulchuk, Roman (2014) Kazakhstan's Emerging Economy: Between State and Market, Peter Lang: Frankfurt/Main. Available at: www.researchgate.net/publication/299731455
* Weston, David. [http://www.ericdigests.org/pre-9211/asia.htm ''Teaching about Inner Asia''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403065456/http://www.ericdigests.org/pre-9211/asia.htm |date=3 April 2008 }}, Bloomington, Indiana: ERIC Clearinghouse for Social Studies, 1989.
* Yellinek, Roie, [https://www.e-ir.info/2020/02/14/opinion-the-impact-of-chinas-belt-and-road-initiative-on-central-asia-and-the-south-caucasus/ The Impact of China's Belt and Road Initiative on Central Asia and the South Caucasus], E-International Relations, 14 February 2020.

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|voy=Central Asia}}
* {{Iranica|central-asia-index}}
* [https://gulf2000.columbia.edu/maps.shtml Central Asia ethnicity, languages, and religious composition maps] at [[Columbia University]]
* [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11743/ General Map of Central Asia I – World Digital Library] a historic map from 1874
* [https://thecentralasianchronicles.asia/ The Central Asian Chronicles]

{{Clear}}
{{Central Asian topics}}
{{Navboxes
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[[Category:Central Asia| ]]
[[Category:Regions of Asia]]

Ranbir Chander Sobti

2026-03-25T10:31:35Z

ValarieNarvaez8: creating some entry from scratch

{{Short description|Indian educationist and cell biologist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ranbir Chander Sobti
| image = Ranbir Chander Sobti - Kolkata 2012-02-25 9053.JPG
| image_size = 200px
| caption = Sobti in [[Kolkata]] on 25 February 2012
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1948|08|19|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Tarn Taran district|Tarn Taran]], [[East Punjab]], India
| death_date =
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| restingplace =
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| othername =
| occupation = Cell Biologist Educationist
| yearsactive =
| known for =
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| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =
| website =
}}
'''Ranbir Chander Sobti''' is an Indian educationist, cell biologist.<ref name="Principles of Enzyme Technology">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m_F6CgAAQBAJ&q=Ranbir+Chander+Sobti&pg=PR14 | title=Principles of Enzyme Technology | publisher=PHI Learning |author1=M. Y. Khan |author2=Farha Khan | year=2015 | pages=368 | isbn=9788120350410}}</ref> He is a former vice chancellor of the [[Panjab University]], Chandigarh and [[Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University]], Lucknow. He is known to have involved in advanced research in plant genetic studies and has written over 240 articles,<ref name="Ranbir Sobti on ResearchGate">{{cite book | url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ranbir_Sobti/publications | title=Ranbir Sobti on ResearchGate }}</ref> and 22 books<ref name="Amazon profile">{{cite web | url=https://www.amazon.com/s?text=R.C.+Sobti&search-alias=books&field-author=R.C.+Sobti&sort=relevancerank | title=Amazon profile | publisher=Amazon | date=2016 | access-date=18 February 2016}}</ref> including ''Essentials of Biotechnology''<ref name="Essentials of Biotechnology">{{cite book | title=Essentials of Biotechnology | publisher=CRC Press |author1=R.C. Sobti |author2=Suparna S. Pachouri | year=2008 | pages=750 | isbn=9781420082845}}</ref> and ''Emerging Trends in Biomedical Science and Health''.<ref name="Emerging Trends in Biomedical Science and Health">{{cite book | title=Emerging Trends in Biomedical Science and Health | publisher=I K International Publishing House |author1=D.V. Rai |author2=R.C. Sobti |author3=Raj Bahadur | year=2009 | pages=272 | isbn=9789380026220}}</ref> He is an elected Fellow of several major science academies such as [[Indian National Science Academy]],<ref name="INSA Fellow">{{cite web | url=http://www.insaindia.org/detail.php?id=P12-1592 | title=INSA Fellow | publisher=Indian National Science Academy | date=2016 | access-date=18 February 2016 | archive-date=30 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330104542/http://www.insaindia.org/detail.php?id=P12-1592 | url-status=dead }}</ref> [[National Academy of Agricultural Sciences]], [[National Academy of Medical Sciences]], [[National Academy of Sciences, India]],<ref name="NASI Fellow">{{cite web | url=http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=S | title=NASI Fellow | publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India | date=2016 | access-date=18 February 2016 | archive-date=16 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316043224/http://nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=S | url-status=dead }}</ref> and Punjab Academy of Sciences.<ref name="Sobti on Zaheer Science Foundation">{{cite web | url=http://www.zaheersciencefoundation.com/the-governing-council/prof-rc-sobti | title=Sobti on Zaheer Science Foundation | publisher=Zaheer Science Foundation | date=2016 | access-date=18 February 2016 | archive-date=3 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303063630/http://www.zaheersciencefoundation.com/the-governing-council/prof-rc-sobti | url-status=dead }}</ref> The Government of India awarded him the fourth highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Shri]], in 2009, for his contributions to Literature and Education.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2016 | access-date=3 January 2016 | archive-date=15 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Biography ==
[[File:StuC PU.jpg|thumb|left|[[Panjab University]] Student Centre]]
Ranbir Chander Sobti graduated in Science (BSc) with honours from [[Panjab University]] in 1969.<ref name="BBAU profile">{{cite web | url=http://www.bbau.ac.in/Biodata%20RC%20Sobti.pdf | title=BBAU profile | publisher=Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow | date=2016 | access-date=18 February 2016}}</ref> He continued his studies at the same institution to secure his master's degree (MSc) in 1970 and a doctoral degree (PhD) in 1974. While doing his doctoral research, he also passed a certificate course in German language in 1971.<ref name="BBAU profile" /> His career started as a teaching assistant in 1974 at his alma mater where he worked for 28 years. He served the institution in various capacities such as Curator (1975–1976), Lecturer (1976–1985), Reader (1985–1994) and Professor in Cell Biology (1994–2006) when he was appointed as the vice chancellor of the university. In between, he took a hiatus and worked at the [[University of Miami]], Florida as a resident associate professor during two periods, 1976–1980 and 1983–1985. During his stay at Miami, he successfully completed the course of Master of Science in Public Health (MSPH) in 1983.<ref name="BBAU profile" />

In 2006, Sobti assumed the responsibility as the vice chancellor of Panjab University and continued in the post till 2012.<ref name="Dr Sobti takes over as VC ">{{cite web | url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060723/cth2.htm | title=Dr Sobti takes over as VC | work=The Tribune | date=22 July 2006 | access-date=18 February 2016}}</ref> He also worked as the Dean of the Alumni Relations (1998–1999) and Foreign Students (2001–2004), as the honorary director of the Honorary Director of the [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]] Academic Staff College (2004–2006) and as the chairman, Board of Examiners of the [[Department of Electronics and Accreditation of Computer Classes]] (DOAECC).<ref name="Sobti on Zaheer Science Foundation" /> In 2012, he moved to [[Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University]] (BBAU) as its vice chancellor and held the position till 2018.<ref name="Objectives">{{cite web | url=http://www.bbau.ac.in/CIIPP/CIIPPDetails.aspx | title=Objectives | publisher=Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University | date=2016 | access-date=18 February 2016}}</ref> When the [[Indian Science Congress Association]] conducted their 101st annual session at [[Jammu]], he chaired the session as its general president.<ref name="List of Past General Presidents">{{cite web | url=http://www.sciencecongress.nic.in/html/past_general_presidents.php | title=List of Past General Presidents | publisher=Indian Science Congress Association | date=2016 | access-date=18 February 2016 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301131614/http://www.sciencecongress.nic.in/html/past_general_presidents.php | archive-date=1 March 2016 }}</ref> He has also served as the director of the [[National Research Development Corporation]] (NRDC) and as a member of the executive council of the [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] (NAAC), Bangalore.<ref name="Sobti on Zaheer Science Foundation" /> He headed the panel of NAAC which conducted an appraisal on the [[Tripura University]] in 2015.<ref name="Varsity faces NAAC downgrade threat">{{cite web | url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150917/jsp/northeast/story_43002.jsp#.VsgO8_J97IV | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920234212/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150917/jsp/northeast/story_43002.jsp#.VsgO8_J97IV | url-status=dead | archive-date=20 September 2015 | title=Varsity faces NAAC downgrade threat | publisher=The Telegraph | date=17 September 2015 | access-date=20 February 2016}}</ref> He is a member of ''Zaheer Science Foundation'', a New Delhi-based [[non government organization]] promoting scientific research and educational reforms, in coordination with government agencies.<ref name="Zaheer Science Foundation">{{cite web | url=http://www.zaheersciencefoundation.com/ | title=Zaheer Science Foundation | publisher=Zaheer Science Foundation | date=2016 | access-date=20 February 2016}}</ref>

Sobti is married to Vipin Khindagi; the marriage took place on 8 October 1975, while he was working as a curator at Panjab University.<ref name="Dr Sobti takes over as VC " />

== Legacy ==
The Centre of Biotechnology of the [[Panjab University]] was established during Sobti's tenure as the Reader of the Department of Zoology at the university and he worked as the founder coordinator of the centre from 1989 to 1995.<ref name="BBAU profile" /> His efforts are reported behind the elevation of the Centre into a department in 1995 and he chaired the department till 2005, except for a period from February 2001 to September 2002. While he served as the vice chancellor, the university started 65 industry-oriented courses, established a dedicated post of Dean for the research department, established chairs for contemporary and traditional thought and introduced semester system for all academic courses. It was during this period, the university received over {{INR}} 800 million in research grants and {{INR}} 3 billion in government funding.<ref name="INSA Fellow" /> With the funding, he helped establish regional centres and colleges in rural areas and initiated programs to provide preferential admission to [[AIDS]]/[[Thalassemia]] patients and single girl child families at the affiliated colleges and university campus and provided free education to orphans and [[differently abled]] students.<ref name="INSA Fellow" /> The university also took up the responsibility to adopt 8 nearby villages and set up facilities there for computer literacy, community health and language learning. In 2011, a community radio service under the name, ''Jyotirgmaya 91.2 MHz'', was launched for exchange of knowledge and information among the participating communities and to provide a dialogue platform for them.<ref name="Jyotirgamaya CR">{{cite web | url=http://edaa.in/puradio/ | title=Jyotirgamaya CR | publisher=Ministry of \information and Broadcasting | date=2016 | access-date=19 February 2016}}</ref> It was under his vice chancellorship at the [[Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University]], the institution started its collaboration with Uttar Pradesh Council for Science and Technology (UPCST) and [[North Eastern Railway zone|North Eastern Railway]] (NER), Lucknow Division for innovations in the public sector services.<ref name="Punctuality award for NER Lucknow division">{{cite web | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/punctuality-award-for-ner-lucknow-division/ | title=Punctuality award for NER Lucknow division | publisher=Indian Express | date=14 April 2013 | access-date=19 February 2016}}</ref> He established the ''Centre for Industry Institution Partnership Program'' (CIIPP), a forum for dialogue between industry representatives and academicians, and also contributed in making the university campus, a smoke-free and polythene-free green campus.<ref name="Smoke, Tobacco and Polythene Free Green Campus">{{cite web | url=http://www.bbau.ac.in/CIIPP/CIIPPDetails.aspx | title=Smoke, Tobacco and Polythene Free Green Campus | publisher=Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University | date=2016 | access-date=19 February 2016}}</ref>

Sobti's early researches were linked to cancer biology<ref name="Plenary Speakers">{{cite web | url=https://www.acu.ac.uk/events/centenary-conference/speakers/ | title=Plenary Speakers | publisher=Association of Commonwealth Universities | date=2016 | access-date=19 February 2016}}</ref> and some of his writings, which comprise 22 books and 246 articles, were based on his cancer researches.<ref name="Sobti on PubFacts">{{cite web | url=http://www.pubfacts.com/author/Ranbir+Chander+Sobti | title=Sobti on PubFacts | publisher=PubFacts | date=2016 | access-date=19 February 2016}}</ref> [[ResearchGate]], an online repository of scientific articles, has listed 156 of his articles and they are reported to have been cited over 2000 times,<ref name="Ranbir Sobti on ResearchGate" /> with an [[h-index]] of 18.<ref name="INSA Fellow" /> He has handled several projects for [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]], [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], [[Indian Council of Medical Research]], [[Department of Biotechnology]] and the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development]] and has been a member of the Editorial Boards of journals such as ''[[Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry]]'',<ref name="Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry">{{cite web | url=https://www.springer.com/life+sciences/biochemistry+%26+biophysics/journal/11010/PSE?detailsPage=editorialBoard | title=Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry | publisher=Springer | date=2016 | access-date=19 February 2016}}</ref> ''Cytology and Genetics'', and the ''[[Indian Journal of Human Genetics]]''.<ref name="INSA Fellow" /> He has participated in several seminars and conferences for delivering keynote addresses;<ref name="aa">{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=35Qq8W-1lY4 | title=From Stem Cells to Organ Building | publisher=Shoolini University | work=Guest Talk on 'Stem Cell Culture and its Applications" by Prof RC Sobti - [[YouTube]] video | date=25 November 2015 | access-date=20 February 2016}}</ref> his oration, ''Universities and the innovation cycle'', at the centenary conference of the [[Association of Commonwealth Universities]] in 2015, was one among them.<ref name="Plenary Speakers" /> The 12th Dr. J. C. Bose Memorial Lecture of [[Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers]] (2006), Sir Shri Ram Memorial Oration (2007), D. D. Jain Oration (2007) and Dr. G. S. Randhawa Oration (2009) are some of the other lectures delivered by him.<ref name="Sobti on Zaheer Science Foundation" />

== Awards and honours ==
The [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] (NASI) elected Sobdi as its Fellow in 1992 and the National Academy of Medical Sciences (NAMS)<ref name="NAMS Fellow">{{cite web | url=http://www.nams-india.in/docs_pdfs/fellow2003.pdf | title=NAMS Fellow | publisher=National Academy of Medical Sciences | date=2016 | access-date=19 February 2016}}</ref> and the [[National Academy of Agricultural Sciences]] (NAAS) followed suit by electing him as their Fellow in 2003 and 2011 respectively.<ref name="Sobti, Ranbir Chander on NAAS">{{cite web | url=http://naasindia.org/fdetail.html#S121 | title=Sobti, Ranbir Chander on NAAS | publisher=National Academy Agriculture Sciences | date=2016 | access-date=19 February 2016}}</ref> He has also been inducted into the elected Fellows list by the [[Indian National Science Academy]] (2012), Punjab Academy of Sciences,<ref name="Honorary Fellows">{{cite web | url=http://paspatiala.com/honorary.html | title=Honorary Fellows | publisher=Punjab Academy of Sciences | date=2016 | access-date=19 February 2016 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Zoological Society, [[Institution of Chemical Engineers]], International Academy of Cardiovascular Sciences,<ref name="IACS Fellow">{{cite web | url=http://www.heartacademy.org/phpwcms/index.php?iacs-elects-five-outstanding-new-fellows | title=IACS Fellow | publisher=International Academy of Cardiovascular Sciences | date=2016 | access-date=19 February 2016}}</ref> [[Union for International Cancer Control]], and the Comprehensive Cancer Centre for State of Florida.<ref name="Sobti, Ranbir Chander on NAAS" />

Sobti received the ''INSA Young Scientist Medal'' of the [[Indian National Science Academy]] and the ''Science Award'' of the Kothari Scientific and Research Commission in 1977.<ref name="BBAU profile" /> A year later, he was awarded the ''Indo-UK Young Scientist Exchange Program Award'', followed by the Indo-France Exchange Program Award in 1986, INSA-Royal Society Exchange Program Award in 1988 and INSA–Japan Society Exchange Program Award in 1994.<ref name="BBAU profile" /> He received four awards in 2008, Career Award of the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]],<ref name="BBAU profile" /> B. C. Guha Memorial Award, Amity Academic Excellence Award, Punjab Sarkar Parman Patra, and four more awards in 2009, Life Time Achievement Award of the National Open and Distance Education Board, [[Yokohama National University]] International Exchange Foundation Award, Jai Prakash Memorial Education Award, and the fourth highest Indian civilian award of the [[Padma Shri]].<ref name="Sobti on Zaheer Science Foundation" /><ref name="Sobti, Ranbir Chander on NAAS" /> Chaudhary Devi Lal Manch Educational Award and the Prof. P. N. Mehra Memorial Award reached him in 2010 and he received the General President's Gold Medal of the [[Indian Science Congress Association]] and Swami Vivekananda National Award in 2011.<ref name="Sobti, Ranbir Chander on NAAS" /> He was awarded the PMA Excellence in Education Award in 2012 and the Punjab Academy of Sciences honoured him with the Lifetime Achievement Award in 2013.<ref name="Sobti, Ranbir Chander on NAAS" /> He is also a recipient of the [[Ranbaxy]] Research Award<ref name="NAMS Fellow" /> and [[Punjab Rattan Award]].<ref name="Sobti on Zaheer Science Foundation" />

== Selected bibliography ==
* {{cite book | title=Eukaryotic Chromosomes: Structural and Functional Aspects | publisher=Springer-Verlag | author=R. C. Sobti (Author), G. Obe (Editor) | year=1991 | pages=295 | isbn=978-0387519029}}
* {{cite book | title=Some Aspects of Chromosome Structure and Function | publisher=Springer | author=R.C. Sobti, G. Obe (Editors) | year=2002 | pages=238 | isbn=978-0792370574}}
* {{cite book | title=Advanced Flow Cytometry: Applications in Biological Research | publisher=Springer | author=R.C. Sobti, Awtar Krishan (Editors) | year=2003 | pages=114 | isbn=9781402014840}}
* {{cite book | title=Essentials of Modern Biology | publisher=ANE Books | author=R. C. Sobti | year=2008 | isbn=9788180521386}}
* {{cite book | title=Essentials of Biotechnology | publisher=CRC Press |author1=R.C. Sobti |author2=Suparna S. Pachouri | year=2008 | pages=750 | isbn=9781420082845}}
* {{cite book | title=Emerging Trends in Biomedical Science and Health | publisher=I K International Publishing House |author1=D.V. Rai |author2=R.C. Sobti |author3=Raj Bahadur | year=2009 | pages=272 | isbn=9789380026220}}
* {{cite book | title=Animal Physiology | publisher= Narosa Publishing House | author=R. C. Sobti | year=2011 | pages=870 | isbn=9788173191930}}
* {{cite book | title=Pathological Zoology | publisher=Alpha Science Intl | author=R. C. Sobti | year=2012 | pages=600 | isbn=9781842654552}}

== See also ==
* [[Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University]]
* [[Indian Science Congress Association]]
* [[Panjab University, Chandigarh]]
{{portal|India|Education}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1M0B7CGDzfA | title=Dr RC Sobti Former VC Panjab University and Designated VC DAV University Interview at CDLU ICB2012 | publisher=Sirsa News | work=[[YouTube]] video | date=24 September 2012 | access-date=20 February 2016}}
* {{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=35Qq8W-1lY4 | title=From Stem Cells to Organ Building | publisher=Shoolini University | work='Stem Cell Culture and its Applications" - Guest Talk-Prof RC Sobti - [[YouTube]] video-Part 1 | date=25 November 2015 | access-date=20 February 2016}}
* {{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=af-GJ6BTvjs | title=From Stem Cells to Organ Building | publisher=Shoolini University | work='Stem Cell Culture and its Applications" - Guest Talk-Prof RC Sobti - [[YouTube]] video-Part 2 | date=25 November 2015 | access-date=20 February 2016}}
* {{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1dEIZ0xYr7Q | title=From Stem Cells to Organ Building | publisher=Shoolini University | work='Stem Cell Culture and its Applications" - Guest Talk-Prof RC Sobti - [[YouTube]] video-Part 3 | date=25 November 2015 | access-date=20 February 2016}}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.labome.org/expert/india/panjab/sobti/ranbir-c-sobti-294687.html | title=Ranbir C Sobti on Labome | publisher=Labome | date=2016 | access-date=20 February 2016}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite web | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/at-15-girl-becomes-youngest-msc-from-the-univ-where-her-father-is-sanitation-worker/ | title=At 15, girl becomes youngest MSc from the univ where her father is sanitation worker | publisher=Indian Express | work=News Report | date=21 June 2015 | access-date=19 February 2016}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sobti, Ranbir Chander}}
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:Scholars from Lucknow]]
[[Category:Indian biotechnologists]]
[[Category:University of the Punjab alumni]]
[[Category:Heads of universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine alumni]]
[[Category:University of Miami faculty]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Medical Sciences]]
[[Category:People from Tarn Taran district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian zoologists]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Panjab University]]

Yamuna Krishnan

2026-03-24T16:19:38Z

ValarieNarvaez8: Adding first pg v1

{{short description|Scientist and professor of Indian origin (born 1974)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Yamuna Krishnan
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| citizenship = India, United States
| fields = [[Organic chemistry]], [[Synthetic Biology]], [[Nanotechnology]]
| workplaces = [[Indian Institute of Science]] [[University of Cambridge]] [[National Centre for Biological Sciences]] [[University of Chicago]]
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'''Yamuna Krishnan''' (born May 25, 1974) is a professor at the Department of Chemistry, [[University of Chicago]], where she has worked since August 2014. She was earlier a [[Reader (academic rank)|Reader]] in [[National Centre for Biological Sciences]], [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]], [[Bangalore]], [[India]]. Krishnan won the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] for science and technology, the highest science award in India in the year 2013 in the [[chemical science|Chemical Science]] category.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dr. Samir K. Bramhachari Announces Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award 2013 |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=99698 |access-date=30 December 2013 |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India}}</ref> In 2024, she was named the Louis Block Professor of Chemistry and the college.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Yamuna Krishnan {{!}} Department of Chemistry {{!}} The University of Chicago |url=https://chemistry.uchicago.edu/faculty/yamuna-krishnan |access-date=2025-11-17 |website=chemistry.uchicago.edu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-02 |title=Yamuna Krishnan named Louis Block Professor of Chemistry and the College {{!}} Department of Chemistry {{!}} The University of Chicago |url=https://live-ucchem.pantheonsite.io/news/yamuna-krishnan-named-louis-block-professor-of-chemistry-and-the-college |access-date=2025-11-17 |website=live-ucchem.pantheonsite.io |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Krishnan was born to P.T. Krishnan and Mini in [[Parappanangadi]], in the [[Malappuram]] district of [[Kerala]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhatt |first=Jay |title=LibGuides: Chemistry: Notable Chemists |url=https://libguides.library.drexel.edu/c.php?g=176832&p=9937770 |access-date=2025-11-17 |website=libguides.library.drexel.edu |language=en}}</ref> She grew up in [[Chennai]], India.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Yamuna Krishnan – Encounters top@DIPC Zientziarekin solasean! |url=https://dipc.ehu.eus/en/science-society/topa/krishnan_en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251117191732/https://dipc.ehu.eus/en/science-society/topa/krishnan_en.pdf |archive-date=Nov 17, 2025 |archive-format=PDF |access-date=Nov 17, 2025 |website=Donostia International Physics Center}}</ref> As a child, she met [[S. Krishnaswamy (biologist)|S. Krishnaswamy]], Vice Chancellor of [[Madurai Kamaraj University]], who fostered her interest in science.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Lilavati's daughters: the women scientists of India |date=2010 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences |isbn=978-81-8465-005-1 |editor-last=Godbole |editor-first=Rohini |edition=2. printing |location=Bangalore |pages=166–169 |editor-last2=Ramaswamy |editor-first2=Ram}}</ref> From a young age, she conducted her own informal [[Citizen science|home expiriments]].<ref name=":1" />

Krishnan earned her Bachelor's in Chemistry from the [[University of Madras]], [[Women's Christian College, Chennai]], India in 1993.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Yamuna Krishnan – Professor {{!}} University of Chicago Department of Chemistry|url=https://chemistry.uchicago.edu/faculty/yamuna-krishnan-professor|access-date=2020-08-16|website=chemistry.uchicago.edu|language=en|archive-date=1 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801084602/https://chemistry.uchicago.edu/faculty/yamuna-krishnan-professor|url-status=dead}}</ref> She secured a Master's of Science in [[chemical science|Chemical Science]]s in 1997 and a [[PhD]] in [[organic chemistry|Organic Chemistry]] in 2002, both from the [[Indian Institute of Science]], Bangalore.<ref name="CV">{{cite web|url=http://www.ncbs.res.in/sitefiles/YK-CV-13-1_2.pdf|title=Curriculum Vitae of Yamuna Krishnan|publisher=[[National Centre for Biological Sciences|NCBS]]|access-date=2 January 2014}}</ref> Krishnan worked as a [[Postdoctoral researcher|postdoctoral research fellow]] and an [[1851 Research Fellowship|1851 Research Fellow]] from 2001 to 2004 at the Department of Chemistry at the [[University of Cambridge]], UK.

==Professional experience==
Krishnan was a [[Fellow]] 'E' at [[National Centre for Biological Sciences]] from 2005 to 2009, at the [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research|TIFR]] in Bangalore, India, and then tenured [[Reader (academic rank)|Reader]] 'F' from 2009 to 2013 at the National Centre for Biological Sciences, [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research|TIFR]], Bangalore, India. In 2013, she was promoted to Associate Professor 'G' at the National Centre for Biological Sciences, [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research|TIFR]], Bangalore, India and moved to [[University of Chicago]] as a professor of chemistry in August 2014.

== Research ==
Krishnan's current research interests are in the areas related to structure and dynamics of [[nucleic acid]]s, nucleic acid [[nanotechnology]], cellular and subcellular technologies.<ref name="CV" />
Her lab tries to understand the functions from [[DNA]] beyond that of its traditional role as genetic material. They develop versatile, chemical imaging technology using self-assembled DNA nanostructures to quantitatively image second messengers in real time, in living cells and genetic model organisms.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chemistry.uchicago.edu/faculty/yamuna-krishnan|title=Yamuna Krishnan | University of Chicago Department of Chemistry}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
* [[1851 Research Fellowship]], [[Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851]], 2002<ref name="CV" />
* RNA Society Fellowship, 2012<ref name="CV" />
* Fellow of [[Wolfson College, Cambridge|Wolfson College]], University of Cambridge, UK, 2003–2005<ref name="CV" />
* Innovative Young Biotechnologist Award, DBT<ref name="CV" />
* [[Indian National Science Academy]]'s Young Scientist Medal<ref name="CV" />
* Associate, [[Indian Academy of Sciences]]<ref name="CV" />
* Editorial Advisory Board, [[ChemBioChem|ChemBiochem]], [[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] VCH, 2010<ref name=":2" />
* [[Bimal Kumar Bachhawat|BK Bachhawat]] Award, 2010<ref name=":2" />
*YIM-Boston Young Scientist Award, 2012<ref name="CV" />
* Wellcome-Trust-DBT Alliance Senior Research Fellowship, 2010<ref name="CV" />
* [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award]], Chemical Sciences, 2013<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yamuna Krishnan wins Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award for Chemical Sciences {{!}} NCBS news |url=https://news.ncbs.res.in/archivednews/story/yamuna-krishnan-wins-shanti-swarup-bhatnagar-award-chemical-sciences |access-date=2025-11-17 |website=news.ncbs.res.in}}</ref>
*AVRA Young Scientist Award, 2014<ref>{{Cite web |last=Montgomery |first=Heather |last2=Editor |first2=Deputy |title=Chemical Science Lectureship 2015 – Yamuna Krishnan – Chemical Science Blog |url=https://blogs.rsc.org/sc/2016/03/21/chemical-science-lectureship-2015-yamuna-krishnan/ |access-date=2025-11-17 |language=en-US}}</ref>
*Cell's 40 Under 40, 2014<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-07-27 |title=Yamuna Krishnan selected by the journal Cell as one of the 40 most accomplished young scientists – "Cell 40 Under 40” {{!}} Department of Chemistry {{!}} The University of Chicago |url=https://chemistry.uchicago.edu/news/yamuna-krishnan-selected-by-the-journal-cell-as-one-of-the-40-most-accomplished-young |access-date=2025-11-17 |website=chemistry.uchicago.edu |language=en}}</ref>
*Member of Faculty, 1000 Prime, Chemical Biology, 2014<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=The Faculty {{!}} Chicago Biophysics {{!}} University of Chicago |url=https://biophysics.uchicago.edu/the-faculty/yamuna_krishnan/ |access-date=2025-11-17 |website=biophysics.uchicago.edu |language=en}}</ref>
* Chemical Sciences Emerging Investigator Award, [[Royal Society of Chemistry]], 2015<ref name=":2" />
* [[Infosys Prize]] 2017, Physical Sciences<ref>{{Cite web |title=Infosys Prize 2017 |url=https://www.infosysprize.org/laureates/2017/yamuna-krishnan.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006133242/https://www.infosysprize.org/laureates/2017/yamuna-krishnan.html |archive-date=October 6, 2022 |access-date=November 17, 2025 |website=Infosys Prize}}</ref>
* [[NIH Director's Pioneer Award]], 2022<ref>{{Cite web |title=Funded Research |url=https://commonfund.nih.gov/pioneer/fundedresearch |access-date=2025-11-17 |website=commonfund.nih.gov}}</ref>
* Louis Block Professor of Chemistry and the college, University Of Chicago, 2024<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.chemistryviews.org/details/ezine/1054035/Women_in_Chemistry__Interview_with_Yamuna_Krishnan.html Women in Chemistry — Interview with Yamuna Krishnan]
* [http://www.chemistryviews.org/details/ezine/9209581/Give_It_All_Youve_Got.html Give It All You've Got – Professor Yamuna Krishnan, University of Chicago, IL, USA]
* [http://www.nature.com/nnano/reshigh/2011/0611/full/nnano.2011.91.html Finding their way into worms – DNA Nanomachines]
* [https://chemistry.uchicago.edu/faculty/yamuna-krishnan-professor Yamuna Krishnan – The University of Chicago Department of Chemistry] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801084602/https://chemistry.uchicago.edu/faculty/yamuna-krishnan-professor |date=1 August 2020 }}
* [http://krishnanlab.uchicago.edu/ Krishnan Group – The University of Chicago]

{{SSBPST recipients in Chemical Science|state=collapsed}}
{{Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Laureates of Karnataka}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krishnan, Yamuna}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian organic chemists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Chemical Science]]
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Scientists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian women chemists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian chemists]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Science alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian chemists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:Women scientists from Kerala]]

National Olympic Committee

2026-03-24T12:27:52Z

ValarieNarvaez8: enhance intro additionally and improved wording

{{Refimprove|date= July 2022}}
{{Short description|National constituent of the worldwide Olympic movement}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Olympic Games infobox}}
A '''National Olympic Committee''' ('''NOC''') is a national constituent of the worldwide Olympic movement. Subject to the controls of the [[International Olympic Committee]], NOCs are responsible for organizing their athletes' participation in the [[Olympic Games]]. They may nominate cities within their respective areas as candidates for future Olympic Games. NOCs also promote the development of athletes and the training of coaches and officials at the national level within their national territories.

== National Olympic Committees ==
As of 2023, there are 206 National Olympic Committees.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Olympic Committees |url=https://olympics.com/ioc/national-olympic-committees |website=International Olympic Committee |access-date=12 February 2023 |archive-date=1 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801182611/https://olympics.com/ioc/national-olympic-committees |url-status=live }}</ref> These include each of the 193 [[member states of the United Nations]], one [[United Nations General Assembly observers#Non-member observers|UN General Assembly observer state]] ([[Palestine Olympic Committee|Palestine]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Palestine |url=https://olympics.com/ioc/palestine |website=International Olympic Committee |access-date=12 February 2023 |archive-date=27 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127081143/https://olympics.com/ioc/palestine |url-status=live }}</ref>), two [[list of states with limited recognition|states without UN recognition]] ([[Olympic Committee of Kosovo|Kosovo]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kosovo |url=https://olympics.com/ioc/kosovo |website=International Olympic Committee}}</ref> and [[Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee|Taiwan]]{{NoteTag|Designated as ''[[Chinese Taipei]]'' by the IOC.}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chinese Taipei |url=https://olympics.com/ioc/chinese-taipei |website=International Olympic Committee}}</ref>) and one [[associated state]] of [[New Zealand]] (the [[Cook Islands Sports and National Olympic Committee|Cook Islands]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cook Islands |url=https://olympics.com/ioc/cook-islands |website=International Olympic Committee |access-date=12 February 2023 |archive-date=18 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518213553/https://olympics.com/ioc/cook-islands |url-status=live }}</ref>).

There are also nine [[dependent territory|dependent territories]] with recognized NOCs: four [[territories of the United States]] ([[American Samoa National Olympic Committee|American Samoa]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=American Samoa |url=https://olympics.com/ioc/american-samoa |website=International Olympic Committee |access-date=12 February 2023 |archive-date=29 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240729060547/https://olympics.com/ioc/american-samoa |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Guam National Olympic Committee|Guam]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guam |url=https://olympics.com/ioc/guam |access-date=12 February 2023 |archive-date=9 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209160252/https://olympics.com/ioc/guam |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Comité Olímpico de Puerto Rico|Puerto Rico]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Puerto Rico |url=https://olympics.com/ioc/puerto-rico |website=International Olympic Committee}}</ref> and the [[Virgin Islands Olympic Committee|United States Virgin Islands]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Virgin Islands, US |url=https://olympics.com/ioc/virgin-islands-us |website=International Olympic Committee}}</ref>), three [[British Overseas Territories]] ([[Bermuda Olympic Association|Bermuda]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bermuda |url=https://olympics.com/ioc/bermuda |website=International Olympic Committee |access-date=12 February 2023 |archive-date=2 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202163300/https://olympics.com/ioc/bermuda |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[British Virgin Islands Olympic Committee|British Virgin Islands]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Virgin Islands, British |url=https://olympics.com/ioc/virgin-islands-british |website=International Olympic Committee}}</ref> and the [[Cayman Islands Olympic Committee|Cayman Islands]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cayman Islands |url=https://olympics.com/ioc/cayman-islands |website=International Olympic Committee}}</ref>), one [[Kingdom of the Netherlands#Constituent countries|constituent country]] of the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]] ([[Aruban Olympic Committee|Aruba]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aruba |url=https://olympics.com/ioc/aruba |website=International Olympic Committee}}</ref>) and one [[special administrative regions of China|special administrative region]] of [[China]] ([[Sports Federation and Olympic Committee of Hong Kong, China|Hong Kong]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hong Kong, China |url=https://olympics.com/ioc/hong-kong-china |website=International Olympic Committee}}</ref>).

Prior to 1996, rules for recognizing dependent territories or constituent countries as separate countries within the IOC were not as strict as those within the [[United Nations]], which allowed these territories to field teams separately from their sovereign state. Following an amendment to the Olympic Charter in 1996, NOC recognition can only be granted after recognition as an independent country by the international community.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201012/cmselect/cmfaff/writev/overseas/ot22.htm |title=Overseas Territories (3rd February 2012) |publisher=Publications.parliament.uk |access-date=2014-01-23 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304204637/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201012/cmselect/cmfaff/writev/overseas/ot22.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Since [[Grandfather clause|the rule does not apply retroactively]], the dependent territories and constituent countries which were recognized before the rule change are allowed to continue sending separate teams to the Olympics,<ref name=":0" /> while the [[Faroe Islands]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Faroe Islands |url=https://www.paralympic.org/faroe-islands |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=International Paralympic Committee |language=en |archive-date=31 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531082650/https://www.paralympic.org/faroe-islands |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Macau]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Macao, China |url=https://www.paralympic.org/macao-china |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=International Paralympic Committee |language=en |archive-date=27 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127150227/https://www.paralympic.org/macao-china |url-status=live }}</ref> send their own [[Paralympic Games|Paralympic]] teams.

The only state which thus qualifies to participate in the future is the [[Vatican City]], a UN General Assembly observer state. [[Niue]], an [[associated state]] of New Zealand, could also be eligible as it conducts its own foreign relations and participates independently in UN specialized agencies and treaties,<ref name="UNTC">{{cite web | title=Status of Treaties – Niue | website=United Nations Treaty Collection | date=1975-12-02 | url=https://treaties.un.org/pages/historicalinfo.aspx#Niue | access-date=2023-10-17 | archive-date=10 June 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610022419/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/HistoricalInfo.aspx#Niue | url-status=live }}</ref> though this is unclear.<ref name="Niue">{{cite web | title=Niue | website=insidethegames.biz | date=2012-10-30 | url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1125846/niue-chef-de-mission | access-date=2023-10-17 | archive-date=29 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029100046/https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1125846/niue-chef-de-mission | url-status=live }}</ref> Currently, [[list of states with limited recognition|all other remaining states]] are ineligible to join the IOC as they are not recognized by a majority of United Nations member countries.<ref name=IOC-09Dec2014a>{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/news/127th-ioc-session-comes-to-close-in-monaco/242155|title=127th IOC Session comes to close in Monaco|publisher=International Olympic Committee|date=9 December 2014|access-date=6 August 2016|quote=The NOC of Kosovo met the requirements for recognition as outlined in the Olympic Charter. These include the sport and technical requirements as well as the definition of "country" as defined in Rule 30.1 – "an independent State recognised by the international community". Kosovo is recognised as a country by 108 of the 193 UN Member States.|archive-date=4 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104235120/http://www.olympic.org/news/127th-ioc-session-comes-to-close-in-monaco/242155|url-status=live}}</ref> Constituent countries and dependent territories such as [[Curaçao]], the [[Faroe Islands]], [[Gibraltar]], [[Greenland]], [[Macau]], [[New Caledonia]] and [[French Polynesia]] can also no longer be recognized, so athletes from these territories can only participate in the Olympics as part of their parent nation's national team. This rule also applies to territories experiencing a change in status – the [[Netherlands Antilles Olympic Committee]] was dissolved at the 123rd IOC session in July 2011 as the [[dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles|Netherlands Antilles ceased to exist]] in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/media?articleid=112731&articlenewsgroup=-1|date=13 January 2011|access-date=13 January 2011|title=Executive Board concludes first meeting of the new year|publisher=olympic.org ("Official website of the Olympic movement")|archive-date=14 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414113901/https://www.olympic.org/news|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/mr-jose-perurena?articleid=133159|title=Curtain comes down on 123rd IOC Session|publisher=Olympic.org|access-date=20 July 2011|archive-date=3 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120803003913/http://www.olympic.org/mr-jose-perurena?articleid=133159|url-status=live}}</ref>

For those countries and territories that are part of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], their National Olympic Committees usually also serve as the members of the [[Commonwealth Games Association]], though not for the constituent countries of the United Kingdom (England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland), nor for Canada or Australia, who maintain separate organisations for Commonwealth and Olympic sport. For the other Commonwealth members, their NOCs are responsible for organising and overseeing their national teams at the [[Commonwealth Games]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.olympic.org/belize|title=Belize - National Olympic Committee (NOC)|date=27 July 2021|access-date=7 June 2020|archive-date=19 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019205650/https://www.olympic.org/belize|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.anocolympic.org/nocs-directory/seychelles-olympic-and-commonwealth-games-association/16623|title=Seychelles Olympic and Commonwealth Games Association: ANOC|access-date=7 June 2020|archive-date=8 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908180848/https://www.anocolympic.org/nocs-directory/seychelles-olympic-and-commonwealth-games-association/16623|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Listed NOCs===
This section lists the current:
* 206 National Olympic Committees who are recognised by the International Olympic Committee, and so are the members of the [[Association of National Olympic Committees]].{{Citation needed|date= July 2022}}
* 7 National Olympic Committees who are recognised by their continental Olympic associations, but are not recognised by the International Olympic Committee (''Italics'').{{Citation needed|date= July 2022}}

The ANOC members are eligible to enter the [[Olympic Games]]. Some National Olympic Committees who are members of a continental Olympic association but not ANOC members compete in continental-level and subregional-level tournaments. These committees, however, are not allowed to participate in the Olympic Games.

The five continental Olympic associations are:{{Citation needed|date= July 2022}}

* Africa – ''[[Association of National Olympic Committees of Africa]]'' (ANOCA)
* America – ''[[Pan American Sports Organization]]'' (PASO)
* Asia – ''[[Olympic Council of Asia]]'' (OCA)
* Europe – ''[[European Olympic Committees]]'' (EOC)
* Oceania – ''[[Oceania National Olympic Committees]]'' (ONOC)

The IOC runs the [[Summer Olympic Games]] and the [[Winter Olympic Games]] as competitions in which all IOC-recognized NOCs can participate. Each continent also runs its own championships for their members:{{Citation needed|date= July 2022}}

* ANOCA – [[African Games]]
* PASO – [[Pan American Games]] and [[Pan American Winter Games]]
* OCA – [[Asian Games]] and [[Asian Winter Games]]
* EOC – [[European Games]]
* ONOC – [[Pacific Games]]

While not continental unions in themselves, the [[Union of Arab National Olympic Committees]] (UANOC) and [[International Committee of Mediterranean Games]] (CIJM) organize multi-sport events between [[Arab League]] countries and Mediterranean countries respectively.{{Citation needed|date= July 2022}} All 22 National Olympic Committees that form the UANOC and the 26 from CIJM are also members of either the ANOCA, EOC or OCA and are eligible to send their athletes to either the African, European or Asian Games. National Olympic Committees from the UANOC and CIJM are noted in the list below.{{Citation needed|date= July 2022}}

==== Africa (ANOCA) ====
{|
|-
| style="vertical-align:top; width:5%;"|
*{{flagicon|Algeria}} [[Algerian Olympic Committee|Algeria]]1 2
*{{flagicon|Angola}} [[Angolan Olympic Committee|Angola]]
*{{flagicon|Benin}} [[Benin National Olympic and Sports Committee|Benin]]
*{{flagicon|Botswana}} [[Botswana National Olympic Committee|Botswana]] 3
*{{flagicon|Burkina Faso}} [[Burkinabé National Olympic and Sports Committee|Burkina Faso]]
*{{flagicon|Burundi}} [[Burundi National Olympic Committee|Burundi]]
*{{flagicon|Cameroon}} [[Cameroon Olympic and Sports Committee|Cameroon]] 3
*{{flagicon|Cape Verde}} [[Cape Verdean Olympic Committee|Cape Verde]]
*{{flagicon|Central African Republic}} [[Central African National Olympic and Sports Committee|Central African Republic]]
*{{flagicon|Chad}} [[Chadian Olympic and Sports Committee|Chad]]
*{{flagicon|Comoros}} [[Olympic and Sports Committee of the Comoros|Comoros]]1
*{{flagicon|Congo}} [[Congolese National Olympic and Sports Committee|Congo]]
*{{flagicon|Congo DR}} [[Congolese Olympic Committee|DR Congo]]
| style="vertical-align:top; width:5%;"|
*{{flagicon|Ivory Coast}} [[Comité National Olympique de Côte d'Ivoire|Côte d'Ivoire]]
*{{flagicon|Djibouti}} [[Djibouti National Olympic and Sports Committee|Djibouti]]1
*{{flagicon|Egypt}} [[Egyptian Olympic Committee|Egypt]]12
*{{flagicon|Equatorial Guinea}} [[Olympic Committee of Equatorial Guinea|Equatorial Guinea]]
*{{flagicon|Eritrea}} [[Eritrean National Olympic Committee|Eritrea]]
*{{flagicon|Swaziland}} [[Eswatini Olympic and Commonwealth Games Association|Eswatini]] 3
*{{flagicon|Ethiopia}} [[Ethiopian Olympic Committee|Ethiopia]]
*{{flagicon|Gabon}} [[Gabonese Olympic Committee|Gabon]] 3
*{{flagicon|Gambia}} [[Gambia National Olympic Committee|Gambia]] 3
*{{flagicon|Ghana}} [[Ghana Olympic Committee|Ghana]] 3
*{{flagicon|Guinea}} [[Guinean National Olympic and Sports Committee|Guinea]]
*{{flagicon|Guinea-Bissau}} [[Guinea-Bissau Olympic Committee|Guinea-Bissau]]
*{{flagicon|Kenya}} [[National Olympic Committee of Kenya|Kenya]] 3
*{{flagicon|Lesotho}} [[Lesotho National Olympic Committee|Lesotho]] 3
| style="vertical-align:top; width:5%;"|
*{{flagicon|Liberia}} [[Liberia National Olympic Committee|Liberia]]
*{{flagicon|Libya}} [[Libyan Olympic Committee|Libya]]12
*{{flagicon|Madagascar}} [[Malagasy Olympic Committee|Madagascar]]
*{{flagicon|Malawi}} [[Olympic and Commonwealth Games Association of Malawi|Malawi]] 3
*{{flagicon|Mali}} [[National Olympic and Sports Committee of Mali|Mali]]
*{{flagicon|Mauritania}} [[Mauritanian National Olympic and Sports Committee|Mauritania]]1
*{{flagicon|Mauritius}} [[Mauritius Olympic Committee|Mauritius]] 3
*{{flagicon|Morocco}} [[Moroccan Olympic Committee|Morocco]]12
*{{flagicon|Mozambique}} [[National Olympic Committee of Mozambique|Mozambique]] 3
*{{flagicon|Namibia}} [[Namibian National Olympic Committee|Namibia]] 3
*{{flagicon|Niger}} [[Nigerien Olympic and National Sports Committee|Niger]]
*{{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Nigeria Olympic Committee|Nigeria]] 3
*{{flagicon|Rwanda}} [[National Olympic and Sports Committee of Rwanda|Rwanda]] 3
*{{flagicon|São Tomé and Príncipe}} [[São Tomé and Príncipe Olympic Committee|São Tomé and Príncipe]]
| style="vertical-align:top; width:5%;"|
*{{flagicon|Senegal}} [[Senegalese National Olympic and Sports Committee|Senegal]]
*{{flagicon|Seychelles}} [[Seychelles Olympic and Commonwealth Games Association|Seychelles]] 3
*{{flagicon|Sierra Leone}} [[National Olympic Committee of Sierra Leone|Sierra Leone]] 3
*{{flagicon|Somalia}} [[Somali Olympic Committee|Somalia]]1
*{{flagicon|South Africa}} [[South African Sports Confederation and Olympic Committee|South Africa]] 3
*{{flagicon|South Sudan}} [[South Sudan National Olympic Committee|South Sudan]]
*{{flagicon|Sudan}} [[Sudan Olympic Committee|Sudan]]1
*{{flagicon|Tanzania}} [[Tanzania Olympic Committee|United Republic of Tanzania]] 3
*{{flagicon|Togo}} [[Togolese National Olympic Committee|Togo]] 3
*{{flagicon|Tunisia}} [[Tunisian Olympic Committee|Tunisia]]12
*{{flagicon|Uganda}} [[Uganda Olympic Committee|Uganda]] 3
*{{flagicon|Zambia}} [[National Olympic Committee of Zambia|Zambia]] 3
*{{flagicon|Zimbabwe}} [[Zimbabwe Olympic Committee|Zimbabwe]] 3
|}


1: National Olympic Committee is a member of the [[Union of Arab National Olympic Committees|UANOC]]. 
2: National Olympic Committee is a member of the [[International Committee of Mediterranean Games|CIJM]]. 
3: National Olympic Committee is also [[Commonwealth Games Association|National Commonwealth Games Association]]


==== Americas (Panam Sports) ====
{|
|-
| style="vertical-align:top; width:5%;"|
*{{flagicon|Antigua and Barbuda}} [[The Antigua and Barbuda Olympic Association|Antigua and Barbuda]]1
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Argentine Olympic Committee|Argentina]]
*{{flagicon|Aruba}} [[Aruban Olympic Committee|Aruba]]
*{{flagicon|Bahamas}} [[Bahamas Olympic Association|Bahamas]]1
*{{flagicon|Barbados}} [[Barbados Olympic Association|Barbados]]1
*{{flagicon|Belize}} [[Belize Olympic and Commonwealth Games Association|Belize]]1
*{{flagicon|Bermuda}} [[Bermuda Olympic Association|Bermuda]]1
*{{flagicon|Bolivia}} [[Bolivian Olympic Committee|Bolivia]]
*{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Brazilian Olympic Committee|Brazil]]
*{{flagicon|British Virgin Islands}} [[British Virgin Islands Olympic Committee|British Virgin Islands]]1
*{{flagicon|Canada}} [[Canadian Olympic Committee|Canada]]1
| style="vertical-align:top; width:5%;"|
*{{flagicon|Cayman Islands}} [[Cayman Islands Olympic Committee|Cayman Islands]]1
*{{flagicon|Chile}} [[Chilean Olympic Committee|Chile]]
*{{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Colombian Olympic Committee|Colombia]]
*{{flagicon|Costa Rica}} [[Costa Rican Olympic Committee|Costa Rica]]
*{{flagicon|Cuba}} [[Cuban Olympic Committee|Cuba]]
*{{flagicon|Dominica}} [[Dominica Olympic Committee|Dominica]]1
*{{flagicon|Dominican Republic}} [[Dominican Republic Olympic Committee|Dominican Republic]]
*{{flagicon|Ecuador}} [[Ecuadorian National Olympic Committee|Ecuador]]
*{{flagicon|El Salvador}} [[El Salvador Olympic Committee|El Salvador]]
*{{flagicon|Grenada}} [[Grenada Olympic Committee|Grenada]]1
*{{flagicon|Guatemala}} [[Guatemalan Olympic Committee|Guatemala]]
| style="vertical-align:top; width:5%;"|
*{{flagicon|Guyana}} [[Guyana Olympic Association|Guyana]]1
*{{flagicon|Haiti}} [[Haitian Olympic Committee|Haiti]]
*{{flagicon|Honduras}} [[Honduran Olympic Committee|Honduras]]
*{{flagicon|Jamaica}} [[Jamaica Olympic Association|Jamaica]]1
*{{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Mexican Olympic Committee|Mexico]]
*{{flagicon|Nicaragua}} [[Nicaraguan Olympic Committee|Nicaragua]]
*{{flagicon|Panama}} [[Panama Olympic Committee|Panama]]
*{{flagicon|Paraguay}} [[Comité Olímpico Paraguayo|Paraguay]]
*{{flagicon|Peru}} [[Peruvian Olympic Committee|Peru]]
*{{flagicon|Puerto Rico}} [[Puerto Rico Olympic Committee|Puerto Rico]]
*{{flagicon|Saint Kitts and Nevis}} [[Saint Kitts and Nevis Olympic Committee|Saint Kitts and Nevis]]1
| style="vertical-align:top; width:5%;"|
*{{flagicon|Saint Lucia}} [[Saint Lucia Olympic Committee|Saint Lucia]]1
*{{flagicon|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}} [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Olympic Committee|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]]1
*{{flagicon|Suriname}} [[Suriname Olympic Committee|Suriname]]
*{{flagicon|Trinidad and Tobago}} [[Trinidad and Tobago Olympic Committee|Trinidad and Tobago]]1
*{{flagicon|United States}} [[United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee|United States of America]]
*{{flagicon|Uruguay}} [[Uruguayan Olympic Committee|Uruguay]]
*{{flagicon|Venezuela}} [[Venezuelan Olympic Committee|Venezuela]]
*{{flagicon|U.S. Virgin Islands}} [[Virgin Islands Olympic Committee|Virgin Islands, US]]
|}


1: National Olympic committee also a member of the [[Commonwealth Games Federation]]


==== Asia (OCA) ====
{|
|-
| style="vertical-align:top; width:5%;"|
*{{flagicon|Islamic Republic of Afghanistan}} [[Afghanistan National Olympic Committee|Afghanistan]]
*{{flagicon|Bahrain}} [[Bahrain Olympic Committee|Bahrain]]1
*{{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Bangladesh Olympic Association|Bangladesh]]5
*{{flagicon|Bhutan}} [[Bhutan Olympic Committee|Bhutan]]
*{{flagicon|Brunei}} [[Brunei Darussalam National Olympic Council|Brunei]]5
*{{flagicon|Cambodia}} [[National Olympic Committee of Cambodia|Cambodia]]
*{{flagicon|China}} [[Chinese Olympic Committee|People's Republic of China]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://olympics.com/ioc/people-s-republic-of-china | title=Peoples Republic of China | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240729060024/https://olympics.com/ioc/people-s-republic-of-china | archive-date=29 July 2024 }}</ref>
*{{flagicon|Hong Kong}} [[Sports Federation and Olympic Committee of Hong Kong, China|Hong Kong, China]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://olympics.com/ioc/hong-kong-china | title=Hong Kong, China | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206052054/https://olympics.com/ioc/hong-kong-china | archive-date=6 December 2022 }}</ref>
*{{flagicon|India}} [[Indian Olympic Association|India]]5
*{{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Indonesian Olympic Committee|Indonesia]]
*{{flagicon|Iran}} [[National Olympic Committee of the Islamic Republic of Iran|Iran]]
*{{flagicon|Iraq}} [[National Olympic Committee of Iraq|Iraq]]1
| style="vertical-align:top; width:5%;"|
*{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Japanese Olympic Committee|Japan]]
*{{flagicon|Jordan}} [[Jordan Olympic Committee|Jordan]]1
*{{flagicon|Kazakhstan}} [[National Olympic Committee of the Republic of Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan]]
*{{flagicon|North Korea}} [[Olympic Committee of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea|DPR Korea]]
*{{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Korean Olympic Committee|Republic of Korea]]
*{{flagicon|Kuwait}} [[Kuwait Olympic Committee|Kuwait]]1
*{{flagicon|Kyrgyzstan}} [[National Olympic Committee of the Republic of Kyrgyzstan|Kyrgyzstan]]
*{{flagicon|Laos}} [[National Olympic Committee of Lao|Laos]]
*{{flagicon|Lebanon}} [[Lebanese Olympic Committee|Lebanon]]14
*{{flagicon|Macau}} [[Sports and Olympic Committee of Macau, China|''Macau, China'']]2
*{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Olympic Council of Malaysia|Malaysia]]5
*{{flagicon|Maldives}} [[Maldives Olympic Committee|Maldives]]5
| style="vertical-align:top; width:5%;"|
*{{flagicon|Mongolia}} [[Mongolian National Olympic Committee|Mongolia]]
*{{flagicon|Myanmar}} [[Myanmar Olympic Committee|Myanmar]]
*{{flagicon|Nepal}} [[Nepal Olympic Committee|Nepal]]
*{{flagicon|Oman}} [[Oman Olympic Committee|Oman]]1
*{{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Pakistan Olympic Association|Pakistan]]5
*{{flagicon|Palestine}} [[Palestine Olympic Committee|Palestine]]1
*{{flagicon|Philippines}} [[Philippine Olympic Committee|Philippines]]
*{{flagicon|Qatar}} [[Qatar Olympic Committee|Qatar]]1
*{{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Saudi Arabian Olympic Committee|Saudi Arabia]]1
*{{flagicon|Singapore}} [[Singapore National Olympic Council|Singapore]]5
*{{flagicon|Sri Lanka}} [[National Olympic Committee of Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka]]5
*{{flagicon|Syria}} [[Syrian Olympic Committee|Syria]]14
| style="vertical-align:top; width:5%;"|
*{{flagicon|Chinese Taipei}} [[Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee|Chinese Taipei]]3<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://olympics.com/ioc/chinese-taipei | title=Chinese Taipei | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207100554/https://olympics.com/ioc/chinese-taipei | archive-date=7 December 2022}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|Tajikistan}} [[National Olympic Committee of the Republic of Tajikistan|Tajikistan]]
*{{flagicon|Thailand}} [[National Olympic Committee of Thailand|Thailand]]
*{{flagicon|Timor-Leste}} [[National Olympic Committee of Timor-Leste|Timor-Leste]]
*{{flagicon|Turkmenistan}} [[National Olympic Committee of Turkmenistan|Turkmenistan]]
*{{flagicon|United Arab Emirates}} [[United Arab Emirates National Olympic Committee|United Arab Emirates]]1
*{{flagicon|Uzbekistan}} [[National Olympic Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan|Uzbekistan]]
*{{flagicon|Vietnam}} [[Vietnam Olympic Committee|Vietnam]]
*{{flagicon|Yemen}} [[Yemen Olympic Committee|Yemen]]1
|}


1: National Olympic Committee is a member of the UANOC. 
2: National Olympic Committee is a member of the OCA but not an [[Association of National Olympic Committees|ANOC]] member. 
3: Official name used by the IOC, ANOC and OCA for the {{flagicon|Taiwan}} [[Taiwan|Republic of China]] (Taiwan). 
4: National Olympic Committee is a member of the CIJM. 
5: National Olympic committee also the national Commonwealth Games Association.

==== Europe (EOC) ====
{|
|-
| style="vertical-align:top; width:5%;"|
*{{flagicon|Albania}} [[Olympic Committee of Albania|Albania]]2
*{{flagicon|Andorra}} [[Andorran Olympic Committee|Andorra]]2
*{{flagicon|Armenia}} [[Armenian Olympic Committee|Armenia]]
*{{flagicon|Austria}} [[Austrian Olympic Committee|Austria]]
*{{flagicon|Azerbaijan}} [[National Olympic Committee of the Azerbaijani Republic|Azerbaijan]]
*{{flagicon|Belarus}} [[Belarus Olympic Committee|Belarus]] 4
*{{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Belgian Olympic Committee|Belgium]]
*{{flagicon|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} [[Olympic Committee of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia and Herzegovina]]2
*{{flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Bulgarian Olympic Committee|Bulgaria]]
*{{flagicon|Croatia}} [[Croatian Olympic Committee|Croatia]]2
*{{flagicon|Cyprus}} [[Cyprus Olympic Committee|Cyprus]]23
*{{flagicon|Czech Republic}} [[Czech Olympic Committee|Czechia]]<ref>[https://olympics.com/ioc/czechia Czechia] Olympics.com</ref>
| style="vertical-align:top; width:5%;"|
*{{flagicon|Denmark}} [[National Olympic Committee and Sports Confederation of Denmark|Denmark]]
*{{flagicon|Estonia}} [[Estonian Olympic Committee|Estonia]]
*{{flagicon|Finland}} [[Finnish Olympic Committee|Finland]]
*{{flagicon|France}} [[French Olympic Committee|France]]2
*{{flagicon|Georgia}} [[Georgian National Olympic Committee|Georgia]]
*{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Deutscher Olympischer Sportbund|Germany]]
*{{flagicon|Greece}} [[Hellenic Olympic Committee|Greece]]2
*{{flagicon|Hungary}} [[Hungarian Olympic Committee|Hungary]]
*{{flagicon|Iceland}} [[National Olympic and Sports Association of Iceland|Iceland]]
*{{flagicon|Ireland}} [[Olympic Council of Ireland|Ireland]]
*{{flagicon|Israel}} [[Olympic Committee of Israel|Israel]]1
*{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Italian National Olympic Committee|Italy]]2
*{{flagicon|Kosovo}} [[Olympic Committee of Kosovo|Kosovo]]2
| style="vertical-align:top; width:5%;"|
*{{flagicon|Latvia}} [[Latvian Olympic Committee|Latvia]]
*{{flagicon|Liechtenstein}} [[Liechtenstein Olympic Committee|Liechtenstein]]
*{{flagicon|Lithuania}} [[National Olympic Committee of Lithuania|Lithuania]]
*{{flagicon|Luxembourg}} [[Luxembourgish Olympic and Sporting Committee|Luxembourg]]
*{{flagicon|Malta}} [[Malta Olympic Committee|Malta]]23
*{{flagicon|Moldova}} [[National Olympic Committee of the Republic of Moldova|Republic of Moldova]]
*{{flagicon|Monaco}} [[Comité Olympique Monégasque|Monaco]] 2
*{{flagicon|Montenegro}} [[Montenegrin Olympic Committee|Montenegro]] 2
*{{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[NOC*NSF|Netherlands]]
*{{flagicon|North Macedonia}} [[Macedonian Olympic Committee|North Macedonia]] 2
*{{flagicon|Norway}} [[Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sports|Norway]]
*{{flagicon|Poland}} [[Polish Olympic Committee|Poland]]
*{{flagicon|Portugal}} [[Olympic Committee of Portugal|Portugal]] 2
| style="vertical-align:top; width:5%;"|
*{{flagicon|Romania}} [[Romanian Olympic and Sports Committee|Romania]]
*{{flagicon|Russia}} [[Russian Olympic Committee|Russian Federation]]4
*{{flagicon|San Marino}} [[Comitato Olimpico Nazionale Sammarinese|San Marino]] 2
*{{flagicon|Serbia}} [[Olympic Committee of Serbia|Serbia]] 2
*{{flagicon|Slovakia}} [[Slovak Olympic Committee|Slovakia]]
*{{flagicon|Slovenia}} [[Slovenian Olympic Committee|Slovenia]] 2
*{{flagicon|Spain}} [[Spanish Olympic Committee|Spain]] 2
*{{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Swedish Olympic Committee|Sweden]]
*{{flagicon|Switzerland}} [[Swiss Olympic Association|Switzerland]]
*{{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Turkish Olympic Committee|Türkiye]] 2<ref>[https://olympics.com/ioc/turkiye Türkiye] Olympics.com</ref>
*{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[National Olympic Committee of Ukraine|Ukraine]]
*{{flagicon|Great Britain}} [[British Olympic Association|United Kingdom]]
|}


1: Israel was a member of the OCA, but was expelled from the organization between 1952 and 1981. Joined the EOC in 1994. 
2: National Olympic Committee is a member of the CIJM. 
3: National Olympic committee also the national Commonwealth Games Association. 
4: National Olympic Committee is suspended by the IOC.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://olympics.com/ioc/news/ioc-executive-board-suspends-russian-olympic-committee-with-immediate-effect |title=IOC Executive Board suspends Russian Olympic Committee with immediate effect |access-date=13 October 2023 |archive-date=20 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220045519/https://olympics.com/ioc/news/ioc-executive-board-suspends-russian-olympic-committee-with-immediate-effect |url-status=live }}</ref>


==== Oceania (ONOC) ====
{|
|-
| style="vertical-align:top; width:5%;"|
*{{flagicon|American Samoa}} [[American Samoa National Olympic Committee|American Samoa]]
*{{flagicon|Australia}} [[Australian Olympic Committee|Australia]]
*{{flagicon|Cook Islands}} [[Cook Islands Sports and National Olympic Committee|Cook Islands]]
*{{flagicon|Fiji}} [[Fiji Association of Sports and National Olympic Committee|Fiji]]
*{{flagicon|Guam}} [[Guam National Olympic Committee|Guam]]
*{{flagicon|Kiribati}} [[Kiribati National Olympic Committee|Kiribati]]
| style="vertical-align:top; width:5%;"|
*{{flagicon|Marshall Islands}} [[Marshall Islands National Olympic Committee|Marshall Islands]]
*{{flagicon|Micronesia}} [[Federated States of Micronesia National Olympic Committee|FS Micronesia]]
*{{flagicon|Nauru}} [[Nauru Olympic Committee|Nauru]]
*{{flagicon|New Caledonia}} [[Comité Territorial Olympique et Sportif de Nouvelle-Calédonie|''New Caledonia'']]1
*{{flagicon|New Zealand}} [[New Zealand Olympic Committee|New Zealand]]
*{{flagicon|Niue}} [[Niue Island Sports and Commonwealth Games Association|''Niue'']]1
| style="vertical-align:top; width:5%;"|
*{{flagicon|Norfolk Island}} [[Norfolk Island Amateur Sports & Commonwealth Games Association|''Norfolk Island'']]1
*{{flagicon|Northern Mariana Islands}} [[Northern Marianas Amateur Sports Association|''Northern Mariana Islands'']]1
*{{flagicon|Palau}} [[Palau National Olympic Committee|Palau]]
*{{flagicon|Papua New Guinea}} [[Papua New Guinea Olympic Committee|Papua New Guinea]]
*{{flagicon|Samoa}} [[Samoa Association of Sports and National Olympic Committee|Samoa]]
*{{flagicon|Solomon Islands}} [[National Olympic Committee of Solomon Islands|Solomon Islands]]
| style="vertical-align:top; width:5%;"|
*{{flagicon|Tahiti}} [[Comité Olympique de Polynésie Française|''French Polynesia'']]1
*{{flagicon|Tonga}} [[Tonga Sports Association and National Olympic Committee|Tonga]]
*{{flagicon|Tuvalu}} [[Tuvalu Association of Sports and National Olympic Committee|Tuvalu]]
*{{flagicon|Vanuatu}} [[Vanuatu Association of Sports and National Olympic Committee|Vanuatu]]
*{{flagicon|Wallis and Futuna|local}} [[Comité Territorial Olympique et Sportif des Iles Wallis et Futuna|''Wallis and Futuna'']]1
|}


1: National Olympic Committee is an associate member of the ONOC but not an ANOC member. 


===Notes===
{{Notelist}}

==Divisions==
The NOCs are all members of the ''Association of National Olympic Committees'' (ANOC), which is also split among five continental associations:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan=2| [[Continent]] !! Association !! NOCs !! Oldest NOC !! Newest NOC
|-
|rowspan=5|[[File:Association of National Olympic Committees.svg|180px]]
| {{legend|#000000|[[Africa]]}}
| [[Association of National Olympic Committees of Africa]]
|align=center| 54
| {{flagicon|Egypt}} [[Egyptian Olympic Committee|Egypt]] (1910)
| {{flagicon|South Sudan}} [[South Sudan National Olympic Committee|South Sudan]] (2015)
|-
| {{legend|#F0282D|[[Americas]]}}
| [[Pan American Sports Organization]]
|align=center| 41
| {{flagicon|United States}} [[United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee|United States]] (1894)
| {{flagicon|Dominica}} [[Dominica Olympic Committee|Dominica]] (1993) {{flagicon|Saint Kitts and Nevis}} [[Saint Kitts and Nevis Olympic Committee|Saint Kitts and Nevis]] (1993) {{flagicon|Saint Lucia}} [[Saint Lucia Olympic Committee|Saint Lucia]] (1993)
|-
| {{legend|#FFB114|[[Asia]]}}
| [[Olympic Council of Asia]]
|align=center| 44<ref>The OCA includes 45 NOCs; the [[Macau Sports and Olympic Committee]] is not recognized by the IOC and Macau does not compete at the Olympic Games.</ref>
| {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Japanese Olympic Committee|Japan]] (1912)
| {{flagicon|Timor-Leste}} [[National Olympic Committee of Timor Leste|Timor-Leste]] (2003)
|-
| {{legend|#00A651|[[Europe]]}}
| [[European Olympic Committees]]
|align=center| 50
| {{flagicon|France}} [[French National Olympic and Sports Committee|France]] (1894)
| {{flagicon|Kosovo}} [[Olympic Committee of Kosovo|Kosovo]] (2014)
|-
| {{legend|#0078D0|[[Oceania]]}}
| [[Oceania National Olympic Committees]]
|align=center| 17
| {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Australian Olympic Committee|Australia]] (1895)
| {{flagicon|Tuvalu}} [[Tuvalu Association of Sports and National Olympic Committee|Tuvalu]] (2007)
|}

See the article for each continental association for the complete lists of all NOCs.

==Unrecognized National Olympic Committees==
The [[Faroe Islands at the Paralympics|Faroe Islands]] and [[Macau at the Paralympics|Macau]] both have recognized [[National Paralympic Committee]]s and compete at the [[Paralympic Games]]. However, neither territory's National Olympic Committee is recognized by the IOC, so they cannot participate in the Olympics.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/sports/2021/08/25/paralympics/summer-paralympics/paralympics-olympics-faroe-islands/ |title=For the Faroe Islands, Paralympics offer rare chance to wave the flag on global stage |date=25 August 2021 |publisher=The Japan Times |access-date=27 November 2021 |archive-date=24 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224175901/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/sports/2021/08/25/paralympics/summer-paralympics/paralympics-olympics-faroe-islands/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Macau Sports and Olympic Committee|Macau]] remains recognized by the [[Olympic Council of Asia]] and takes part in the [[Asian Games]].

Other existing countries/regions with unrecognized Olympic committees: [[Catalan Olympic Committee|Catalonia]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Hargreaves|first=John|title=Freedom for Catalonia? : Catalan nationalism, Spanish identity and the Barcelona Olympic Games|year=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=9780521586153|edition=[Online-Ausg.].}}</ref> [[Gibraltar]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.andalucia.com/gibraltar/sport.htm |title=andalucia.com |publisher=andalucia.com |access-date=20 June 2012 |archive-date=18 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171218082504/http://www.andalucia.com/gibraltar/sport.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> [[French Polynesia]], [[Niue Island Sports Association|Niue]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sportingpulse.com/assoc_page.cgi?c=2-3851-0-0-0&sID=134809 |title=Full Page – Niue Island Sports Association and National Olympic Committee – FOX SPORTS PULSE |publisher=Sportingpulse.com |access-date=2014-01-23 |archive-date=2 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702194510/http://www.sportingpulse.com/assoc_page.cgi?c=2-3851-0-0-0&sID=134809 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[New Caledonia]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sportingpulse.com/assoc_page.cgi?c=2-3850-0-0-0 |title=New Caledonia National Olympic Committee |publisher=SportingPulse |access-date=16 August 2010 |archive-date=2 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702195031/http://www.sportingpulse.com/assoc_page.cgi?c=2-3850-0-0-0 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Curaçao]],<ref name=":CACSO">{{cite web |url=https://centrocaribesports.org/en/members/ |title=Centro Caribe Sports Members |publisher=[[Centro Caribe Sports]] |access-date=2023-08-21 |archive-date=21 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821172410/https://centrocaribesports.org/en/members/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":ODESUR">{{cite web |url=https://www.odesur.org/ |title=ODESUR CON's |publisher=[[ODESUR]] |access-date=2023-08-21 |archive-date=21 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621205805/https://www.odesur.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":CANOC" /> [[Guadeloupe]],<ref name=":CACSO" /><ref name=":CANOC" /> [[French Guiana]],<ref name=":CACSO" /><ref name=":CANOC" /> [[Martinique]],<ref name=":CACSO" /><ref name=":CANOC" /> [[Sint Maarten]],<ref name=":CACSO" /> the [[Northern Mariana Islands]], [[Anguilla]],<ref name=":CANOC" /> [[Montserrat]],<ref name=":CANOC" /> [[Turks and Caicos Islands]],<ref name=":CANOC">{{cite web |url=https://canoc.net/members/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805232703/http://www.canoc.net/members |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 August 2017 |title=CANOC Members |publisher=canoc.net |access-date=26 October 2023 }}</ref><ref name=":CACSO" /> [[Transnistria]], [[Kurdistan]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kurdishglobe.net/displayArticle.jsp?id=11301963491D9371927E24F3508532C6 |title=Display Article |publisher=Kurdishglobe.net |date=16 January 2010 |access-date=16 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716183114/http://www.kurdishglobe.net/displayArticle.jsp?id=11301963491D9371927E24F3508532C6 |archive-date=16 July 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sportcountries.org/fileadmin/user_upload/documents/conference_2008/INSCRITS_DEFINITIU.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=10 October 2009 |archive-date=17 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017023204/http://www.sportcountries.org/fileadmin/user_upload/documents/conference_2008/INSCRITS_DEFINITIU.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Northern Cyprus]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://cyprusscene.com/2012/08/11/743/ |title=Turkish Cypriots denied access to London Olympics 2012 |access-date=6 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402180615/http://cyprusscene.com/2012/08/11/743/ |archive-date=2 April 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Somaliland]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://somalilandolympics.org/ |title=Website ka wasaaradda Dhalinyaradda Iyo Ciyaaraha Somaliland - Homepage |publisher=Somalilandolympics.org |date=18 January 2010 |access-date=16 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618230851/http://somalilandolympics.org/ |archive-date=18 June 2013 }}</ref> [[Abkhazia]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Smoltczyk |first=Alexander |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,645068,00.html |title=The ABC Republic: Abkhazia Attempts to Invent Itself |work=Der Spiegel |date=2009-08-27 |access-date=2014-01-23 |archive-date=26 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526233434/http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,645068,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nativevoices.org/articles/native_plympic_team.htm |title=Native Americans seek recognition |publisher=Nativevoices.org |date=27 February 2006 |access-date=16 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928082652/http://www.nativevoices.org/articles/native_plympic_team.htm |archive-date=28 September 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://enewschannels.com/2009/07/10/enc7921_124722.php |title=Jim Thorpe's Sons Bolster Native American Olympic Dream : Fri, 10 Jul 2009 : eNewsChannels |publisher=Enewschannels.com |date=10 July 2009 |access-date=16 August 2010 |archive-date=7 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141207232442/http://enewschannels.com/2009/07/10/enc7921_124722.php/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

It was reported in 2014 that [[South Ossetia]] intend to establish a National Olympic Committee.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.regnum.ru/news/fd-abroad/polit/1757978.html |title=В Южной Осетии продолжат работу над созданием национального олимпийского комитета - Политика, выборы, власть - Новости - ИА REGNUM |publisher=Regnum.ru |access-date=2014-01-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219002141/http://www.regnum.ru/news/fd-abroad/polit/1757978.html |archive-date=19 February 2014 }}</ref>

===Olympic Sport===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; margin:auto;"
|-
!Name of organization
!Sport
!Non-IOC member is member in world level
!Non-IOC member is only member in continental level
!Case of United Kingdom
|-
|[[FIFA]]
|[[Association football]]
| {{Flagicon|Anguilla}}[[Anguilla]], {{Flagicon|Montserrat}}[[Montserrat]], {{Flagicon|Turks and Caicos Islands}} [[Turks and Caicos Islands]], {{Flagicon|Curacao}} [[Curaçao]], {{Flagicon|Macau}} [[Macau|Macau, China]], {{Flagicon|Faroe Islands}} [[Faroe Islands]], {{Flagicon|Gibraltar}} [[Gibraltar]], {{Flagicon|Tahiti}} [[Tahiti]], {{Flagicon|New Caledonia}} [[New Caledonia]]
|{{Flagicon|NMI}} [[Northern Mariana Islands]], {{Flagicon|Sint Maarten}} [[Sint Maarten]], {{Flagicon|Saint-Martin}} [[Saint Martin (island)|Saint-Martin]], {{Flagicon|Guadeloupe}} [[Guadeloupe]], {{fb|MTQ}}, {{Flagicon|French Guiana}} [[French Guiana]], {{Flagicon|Bonaire}} [[Bonaire]], {{Flagicon|Reunion}} Reunion (club competitions only), {{Flagicon|Zanzibar}} Zanzibar (club and [[CECAFA]] competitions only)<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/40682462 | title=Zanzibar loses membership in Caf U-turn | work=BBC Sport | access-date=10 July 2022 | archive-date=23 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023132750/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/40682462 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cecafaonline.com/senior-challenge-cup | title=Senior Challenge Cup - CECAFA FOOTBALL | date=13 July 2014 | access-date=10 July 2022 | archive-date=8 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908181228/https://cecafaonline.com/senior-challenge-cup/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cafonline.com/development/women-football/news/ethiopia-score-five-against-zanzibar-in-cecafa-senior-women-s-championship | title=Ethiopia score five against Zanzibar in CECAFA Senior Women's Championship }}</ref>)
|{{fb|ENG}} {{fb|SCO}} {{fb|WAL}} {{fb|NIR}}
|-
|[[World Aquatics]]
|[[Swimming (sport)|Swimming]]
| {{Flagicon|Anguilla}} Anguilla, {{Flagicon|Curacao}} Curaçao, {{Flagicon|Sint Maarten}} Sint Maarten, {{Flagicon|Macau}} Macau, China, {{Flagicon|Faroe Islands}} Faroe Islands, {{Flagicon|Gibraltar}} Gibraltar, {{Flagicon|NMI}} Northern Mariana Islands
|
|As Great Britain
|-
|[[World Athletics]]
|[[Sport of athletics|Athletics]]
| {{Flagicon|Tahiti}} Tahiti, {{Flagicon|Norfolk Island}} Norfolk Island, {{Flagicon|Gibraltar}} Gibraltar, {{Flagicon|Macau}} Macau, China, {{Flagicon|Anguilla}} Anguilla, {{Flagicon|Montserrat}} Montserrat, {{Flagicon|Turks and Caicos Islands}} Turks and Caicos Islands,
|{{Flagicon|New Caledonia}} New Caledonia, {{Flagicon|Wallis and Futuna}} Wallis and Futuna, {{Flagicon|Niue}} Niue, {{Flagicon|Martinique}} Martinique, {{Flagicon|Guadeloupe}} Guadeloupe, {{Flagicon|French Guiana}} French Guiana, {{Flagicon|Sint Maarten}} Sint Maarten, {{Flagicon|Curacao}} Curaçao
|As Great Britain
|-
|[[World Archery Federation]]
|[[Archery]]
| {{Flagicon|Tahiti}} Tahiti, {{Flagicon|Norfolk Island}} Norfolk Island, {{Flagicon|Falkland Islands}} Falkland Islands, {{Flagicon|Macau}} Macau, China, {{Flagicon|Faroe Islands}} Faroe Islands
|
|As Great Britain
|-
|[[Badminton World Federation]]
|[[Badminton]]
|{{Flagicon|Curacao}} Curaçao, {{Flagicon|Tahiti}} Tahiti, {{Flagicon|Gibraltar}} Gibraltar, {{Flagicon|Greenland}} Greenland, {{Flagicon|Falkland Islands}} Falkland Islands, {{Flagicon|Macau}} Macau, China, {{Flagicon|Faroe Islands}} Faroe Islands, {{Flagicon|Saint Helena}} Saint Helena, {{Flagicon|Norfolk Island}} Norfolk Island, {{Flagicon|Isle of Man}} Isle of Man, {{Flagicon|Reunion}} Reunion, {{Flagicon|French Guiana}} French Guiana, {{Flagicon|Guadeloupe}} Guadeloupe, {{Flagicon|Martinique}} Martinique, {{Flagicon|New Caledonia}} New Caledonia, {{Flagicon|Martinique}} Martinique, {{Flagicon|NMI}} Northern Mariana Islands, {{Flagicon|Wallis and Futuna}} Wallis and Futuna
|
|{{Flagicon|England}} England, {{Flagicon|Scotland}} Scotland, {{Flagicon|Wales}} Wales
|-
|[[FIBA]]
|[[Basketball]]
| {{Flagicon|Montserrat}} Montserrat, {{Flagicon|Turks and Caicos Islands}} Turks and Caicos Islands, {{Flagicon|Tahiti}} Tahiti, {{Flagicon|Norfolk Island}} Norfolk Island, {{Flagicon|Macau}} Macau, China, {{Flagicon|Gibraltar}} Gibraltar
|
|As Great Britain
|-
|[[International Boxing Association (amateur)]]
|[[Amateur boxing]]
| {{Flagicon|Anguilla}} Anguilla, {{Flagicon|Tahiti}} Tahiti, {{Flagicon|Sint Maarten}} Sint Maarten, {{Flagicon|Curacao}} Curaçao, {{Flagicon|Macau}} Macau, China, {{Flagicon|Gibraltar}} Gibraltar
|
|{{Flagicon|England}} England, {{Flagicon|Scotland}} Scotland, {{Flagicon|Wales}} Wales
|-
|[[International Canoe Federation]]
|[[Canoeing]]
|{{Flagicon|Sint Maarten}} Sint Maarten, {{Flagicon|Tahiti}} Tahiti, {{Flagicon|Macau}} Macau, China
|
|As Great Britain
|-
|[[International Cycling Union]]
|[[Cycle sport|Cycling]]
|{{Flagicon|Sint Maarten}} Sint Maarten, {{Flagicon|Curacao}} Curaçao, {{Flagicon|Macau}} Macau, China
{{Flagicon|Vatican}} Vatican
|
|As Great Britain
|-
|[[World DanceSport Federation]]
|[[DanceSport]]
|{{Flagicon|Macau}} Macau, China
|
|{{Flagicon|England}} England, {{Flagicon|Scotland}} Scotland, {{Flagicon|Wales}} Wales
|-
|[[International Federation for Equestrian Sports]]
|[[Equestrianism|Equestrian]]
|
|
|{{Flagicon|England}} England, {{Flagicon|Scotland}} Scotland, {{Flagicon|Wales}} Wales
|-
|[[International Federation of Sport Climbing]]
|[[Sport Climbing]]
|{{Flagicon|Macau}} Macau, China
|{{Flagicon|New Caledonia}} New Caledonia
|As Great Britain
|-
|[[International Fencing Federation]]
|[[Fencing]]
|{{Flagicon|Macau}} Macau, China
|
|As Great Britain
|-
|[[International Golf Federation]]
|[[Golf]]
|
|
|{{Flagicon|England}} England, {{Flagicon|Scotland}} Scotland, {{Flagicon|Wales}} Wales
|-
|[[International Gymnastics Federation]]
|[[Gymnastics]]
|
|
|{{Flagicon|England}} England, {{Flagicon|Scotland}} Scotland, {{Flagicon|Wales}} Wales
|-
|[[International Handball Federation]]
|[[Handball]]
|{{Flagicon|Faroe Islands}} Faroe Islands, {{Flagicon|Greenland}} Greenland, {{Flagicon|French Guiana}} French Guiana, {{Flagicon|Tahiti}}Tahiti, {{Flagicon|New Caledonia}} New Caledonia, {{Flagicon|NMI}} Northern Mariana Islands, {{Flagicon|Guadeloupe}} Guadeloupe, {{Flagicon|Martinique}} Martinique, {{Flagicon|Macau}} Macau, China
|
|As Great Britain, but {{Flagicon|England}} England and {{Flagicon|Scotland}} Scotland are association members
|-
|[[International Hockey Federation]]
|[[Field hockey]]
|{{Flagicon|Macau}} Macau, China, {{Flagicon|Gibraltar}} Gibraltar
|
|{{Flagicon|England}} England, {{Flagicon|Scotland}} Scotland, {{Flagicon|Wales}} Wales; but Great Britain is adherent member
|-
|[[International Judo Federation]]
|[[Judo]]
|{{Flagicon|Macau}} Macau, China, {{Flagicon|Niue}} Niue, {{Flagicon|Norfolk Island}} Norfolk Island, {{Flagicon|New Caledonia}} New Caledonia, {{Flagicon|Tahiti}} Tahiti, {{Flagicon|Martinique}} Martinique, {{Flagicon|Guadeloupe}} Guadeloupe, {{Flagicon|Reunion}} Reunion, {{Flagicon|Faroe Islands}} Faroe Islands, {{Flagicon|Curacao}} Curaçao
|
|As Great Britain
|-
|[[International Modern Pentathlon Union]]
|[[Modern pentathlon]]
|
|
|As Great Britain
|-
|[[World Rowing Federation]]
|[[Rowing (sport)|Rowing]]
|{{Flagicon|Gibraltar}} Gibraltar
|
|As Great Britain
|-
|[[World Rugby]]
|[[Rugby union]]
|{{Flagicon|Niue}} Niue
|{{Flagicon|New Caledonia}} New Caledonia, {{Flagicon|Tahiti}} Tahiti, {{Flagicon|Wallis and Futuna}} Wallis and Futuna, {{Flagicon|Macau}} Macau, China, {{Flagicon|Martinique}} Martinique, {{Flagicon|Guadeloupe}} Guadeloupe, {{Flagicon|French Guiana}} French Guiana, {{Flagicon|Curacao}} Curaçao, {{Flagicon|Reunion}} Reunion, {{Flagicon|Mayotte}} Mayotte
|{{Flagicon|England}} England, {{Flagicon|Scotland}} Scotland, {{Flagicon|Wales}} Wales
|-
|[[World Sailing]]
|[[Sailing (sport)|Sailing]]
|{{Flagicon|Tahiti}} Tahiti, {{Flagicon|Netherlands Antilles}} Netherlands Antilles
|
|As Great Britain
|-
|[[International Shooting Sport Federation]]
|[[Shooting sports]]
|{{Flagicon|Faroe Islands}} Faroe Islands, {{Flagicon|Macau}} Macau, China
|
|As Great Britain
|-
|[[International Surfing Association]]
|[[Surfing]]
|{{Flagicon|Hawaii}} Hawaii, {{Flagicon|Tahiti}} Tahiti, {{Flagicon|Jersey}} Channel Islands
|
|{{Flagicon|England}} England, {{Flagicon|Scotland}} Scotland, {{Flagicon|Wales}} Wales
|-
|-
|[[International Table Tennis Federation|ITTF]]
|[[Table tennis]]
|{{Flagicon|Jersey}} Jersey, {{Flagicon|Guernsey}} Guernsey, {{Flagicon|Gibraltar}} Gibraltar, {{Flagicon|Greenland}} Greenland,{{Flagicon|Faroe Islands}} Faroe Islands, {{Flagicon|Macau}} Macau, China, {{Flagicon|Tahiti}} Tahiti, {{Flagicon|Falkland Islands}} Falkland Islands, {{Flagicon|Sint Maarten}} Sint Maarten, {{Flagicon|NMI}} Northern Mariana Islands, {{Flagicon|New Caledonia}} New Caledonia, {{Flagicon|Niue}} Niue, {{Flagicon|Tokelau}} Tokelau, {{Flagicon|Wallis and Futuna}} Wallis and Futuna
|
|{{Flagicon|England}} England, {{Flagicon|Scotland}} Scotland, {{Flagicon|Wales}} Wales
|-
|[[World Taekwondo]]
|[[Taekwondo]]
|{{Flagicon|Isle of Man}} Isle of Man, {{Flagicon|Macau}} Macau, China, {{Flagicon|New Caledonia}} New Caledonia, {{Flagicon|Tahiti}} Tahiti, {{Flagicon|Martinique}} Martinique, {{Flagicon|Guadeloupe}} Guadeloupe,
{{Flagicon|Vatican}} Vatican
|
|As Great Britain
|-
|[[International Tennis Federation|ITF]]
|[[Tennis]]
|{{Flagicon|Tahiti}} Tahiti, {{Flagicon|Curacao}} Curaçao, {{Flagicon|Macau}} Macau, China, {{Flagicon|Anguilla}} Anguilla,{{Flagicon|Bonaire}} Bonaire, {{Flagicon|Norfolk Island}} Norfolk Islands, {{Flagicon|NMI}} Northern Mariana Islands
|{{Flagicon|Sint Maarten}} Sint Maarten, {{Flagicon|Martinique}} Martinique, {{Flagicon|Guadeloupe}} Guadeloupe, {{Flagicon|French Guiana}} French Guiana
|As Great Britain
|-
|[[World Triathlon]]
|[[Triathlon]]
|{{Flagicon|Gibraltar}} Gibraltar, {{Flagicon|Macau}} Macau, China, {{Flagicon|New Caledonia}} New Caledonia, {{Flagicon|Tahiti}} Tahiti, {{Flagicon|NMI}} Northern Mariana Islands
|
|As Great Britain
|-
|[[Fédération Internationale de Volleyball]]
|[[Volleyball]]
|{{Flagicon|Macau}} Macau, China, {{Flagicon|Gibraltar}} Gibraltar, {{Flagicon|Greenland}} Greenland, {{Flagicon|Faroe Islands}} Faroe Islands, {{Flagicon|Tahiti}} Tahiti, {{Flagicon|NMI}} Northern Mariana Islands, {{Flagicon|Martinique}} Martinique, {{Flagicon|Guadeloupe}} Guadeloupe, {{Flagicon|French Guiana}} French Guiana, {{Flagicon|Bonaire}} Bonaire, {{Flagicon|Saba}} Saba, {{Flagicon|Sint Eustatius}} Sint Eustatius, {{Flagicon|Sint Maarten}} Sint Maarten, {{Flagicon|Saint-Martin}} Saint-Martin, {{Flagicon|Curacao}} Curaçao
|
|{{Flagicon|England}} England, {{Flagicon|Scotland}} Scotland, {{Flagicon|Wales}} Wales
|-
|[[International Weightlifting Federation]]
|[[Olympic weightlifting]]
| {{Flagicon|Zanzibar}} Zanzibar, {{Flagicon|Niue}} Niue, {{Flagicon|New Caledonia}} New Caledonia, {{Flagicon|Tahiti}} Tahiti, {{Flagicon|Wallis and Futuna}} Wallis and Futuna, {{Flagicon|NMI}} Northern Mariana Islands, {{Flagicon|Turks and Caicos Islands}} Turks and Caicos Islands, {{Flagicon|Curacao}} Curaçao
|
|{{Flagicon|UK}} Great Britain, {{Flagicon|Northern Ireland}} Northern Ireland, {{Flagicon|Scotland}} Scotland, {{Flagicon|Wales}} Wales
|-
|[[United World Wrestling]]
|[[Amateur wrestling]]
| {{Flagicon|Tokelau}} Tokelau, {{Flagicon|Niue}} Niue, {{Flagicon|Tahiti}} Tahiti, {{Flagicon|NMI}} Northern Mariana Islands, {{Flagicon|Turks and Caicos Islands}} Turks and Caicos Islands, {{Flagicon|Curacao}} Curaçao
|
|As Great Britain
|-
|[[International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation]]
|[[Bobsleigh]] and [[Skeleton (sport)|Skeleton]]
|
|
|As Great Britain
|-
|[[International Biathlon Union]]
|[[Biathlon]]
|{{Flagicon|Greenland}} Greenland
|
|As Great Britain
|}

===Association of IOC Recognized International Sports Federations===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; margin:auto;"
|-
!Name of organization
!Sport
!Non-IOC member is member in world level
!Non-IOC member is only member in continental level
!Case of Great Britain
|-
|[[World Pool-Billiard Association]]
|[[Pool (cue sports)]]
|{{Flagicon|TRNC}} North Cyprus, {{Flagicon|Bonaire}} Bonaire, {{Flagicon|Curacao}} Curaçao, {{Flagicon|Tahiti}} Tahiti, {{Flagicon|Macau}} Macau, China
|
|As Great Britain
|-
|[[International Billiards and Snooker Federation]]
|[[Snooker]] and [[English billiards]] (amateur)
|{{Flagicon|Isle of Man}} Isle of Man
|
|None
|-
|[[Union Mondiale de Billard]]
|[[Carom billiards]]
|{{Flagicon|TRNC}} North Cyprus, {{Flagicon|Isle of Man}} Isle of Man, {{Flagicon|Curacao}} Curaçao
|
|None
|-
|[[Tug of War International Federation]]
|[[Tug of War]]
|{{Flagicon|Guernsey}} Channel Islands, {{Flagicon|Basque Country}} Basque Country, {{Flagicon|Macau}} Macau, China
|
|{{Flagicon|England}} England, {{Flagicon|Scotland}} Scotland, {{Flagicon|Wales}} Wales, {{Flagicon|Northern Ireland}} Northern Ireland
|-
|[[International Wushu Federation]]
|[[Wushu (sport)|Wushu]]
|{{Flagicon|New Caledonia}} New Caledonia, {{Flagicon|Macau}} Macau, China
|
|As Great Britain
|-
|[[Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques]]
|[[Underwater sport]]
|{{Flagicon|Tahiti}} Tahiti, {{Flagicon|NMI}} Northern Mariana Islands
|
|As Great Britain
|-
|[[World Squash Federation]]
|[[Squash (sport)|Squash]]
|{{flagicon|Guernsey}} [[Guernsey]], {{flagicon|Jersey}} Jersey, {{flagicon|Isle of Man}} Isle of Man, {{flagicon|Gibraltar}} Gibraltar, {{Flagicon|Macau}} Macau, China, {{Flagicon|New Caledonia}} New Caledonia, {{Flagicon|Tahiti}} Tahiti, {{Flagicon|Norfolk Island}} Norfolk Island
|
|{{Flagicon|England}} England, {{Flagicon|Scotland}} Scotland, {{Flagicon|Wales}} Wales
|-
|[[Union Internationale Motonautique]]
|[[Powerboating]]
|{{Flagicon|Macau}} Macau, China
|
|As Great Britain
|-
|[[Federation of International Polo]]
|[[Polo]]
|
|
|{{Flagicon|England}} England
|-
|[[International Orienteering Federation]]
|[[Orienteering]]
|{{Flagicon|Macau}} Macau, China
|
|As Great Britain
|-
|[[International Life Saving Federation]]
|[[Lifesaving]]
|{{Flagicon|Macau}} Macau, China, {{Flagicon|Faroe Islands}} Faroe Islands
|
|As Great Britain
|-
|[[World Skate]]
|[[Roller sports]]
|{{Flagicon|Macau}} Macau, China
|
|As Great Britain
|-
|[[International Federation of Muaythai Associations]]
|[[Muay Thai]]
|{{Flagicon|Macau}} Macau, China, {{Flagicon|Tahiti}} Tahiti
|
|As Great Britain
|-
|[[World Lacrosse]]
|[[Lacrosse]]
|{{Flagicon|Catalonia}} Catalonia, {{Flagicon|Curacao}} Curaçao, {{flagicon|Iroquois}} [[Haudenosaunee]], {{Flagicon|Macau}} Macau, China,
|
|{{Flagicon|England}} England, {{Flagicon|Scotland}} Scotland, {{Flagicon|Wales}} Wales
|-
|[[International Floorball Federation]]
|[[Floorball]]
|{{Flagicon|Macau}} Macau, China
|
|As Great Britain
|-
|[[World Flying Disc Federation]]
|[[Flying Disc]]
|{{Flagicon|Macau}} Macau, China
|
|As Great Britain
|-
|[[International Bowling Federation]]
|[[Bowling]]
|{{Flagicon|Catalonia}} Catalonia, {{Flagicon|Macau}} Macau, China, {{flagicon|Jersey}} Jersey, {{flagicon|Gibraltar}} Gibraltar, {{Flagicon|NMI}} Northern Mariana Islands, {{Flagicon|Curacao}} Curaçao
|
|{{Flagicon|Great Britain}} Great Britain, {{Flagicon|Scotland}} Scotland, {{Flagicon|Wales}} Wales, {{Flagicon|Northern Ireland}} Northern Ireland
|-
|[[World Karate Federation]]
|[[Karate]]
|{{Flagicon|Macau}} Macau, China, {{flagicon|Martinique}} Martinique, {{flagicon|New Caledonia}} New Caledonia, {{Flagicon|Tahiti}} Tahiti, {{flagicon|Wallis and Futuna}} Wallis and Futuna, {{Flagicon|Curacao}} Curaçao
|
|Great Britain is full member, but Home Nations participate separately as {{Flagicon|England}} England, {{Flagicon|Scotland}} Scotland, {{Flagicon|Wales}} Wales, {{Flagicon|Northern Ireland}} Northern Ireland
|-
|[[World Bridge Federation]]
|[[Contract bridge]]
|{{Flagicon|Faroe Islands}} Faroe Islands, {{Flagicon|Macau}} Macau, China, {{Flagicon|Reunion}} Reunion, {{flagicon|Martinique}} Martinique, {{flagicon|Guadeloupe}} Guadeloupe
|
|{{Flagicon|England}} England, {{Flagicon|Scotland}} Scotland, {{Flagicon|Wales}} Wales
|-
|[[International Federation Icestocksport]]
|[[ice stock sport]]
|
|
|As Great Britain
|-
|[[International Waterski & Wakeboard Federation]]
|(3-Event Waterskiing), Wakeboard, Barefoot, Show Skiing, Cable Wakeboard, Cableski, Ski Racing, and Disabled Skiing
|
|
|As Great Britain
|-
|[[World Association of Kickboxing Organizations]]
|[[Kickboxing]]
|{{Flagicon|Macau}} Macau, China
|
|As Great Britain
|-
|[[Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme]]
|[[Motorcycle racing]]
|{{Flagicon|Macau}} Macau, China
|
|As Great Britain
|-
|[[FIDE]]
|[[Chess]]
|{{Flagicon|Faroe Islands}} Faroe Islands, {{Flagicon|Macau}} Macau, China, {{flagicon|Curacao}} Netherlands Antilles, {{flagicon|Guernsey}} [[Guernsey]], {{flagicon|Jersey}} Jersey, {{flagicon|Isle of Man}} Isle of Man
|
|{{Flagicon|England}} England, {{Flagicon|Scotland}} Scotland, {{Flagicon|Wales}} Wales
|-
|[[International Racquetball Federation]]
|[[Racquetball]]
|{{Flagicon|Catalonia}} Catalonia, {{Flagicon|NMI}} Saipan
|
|{{Flagicon|England}} England
|-
|[[Fédération Internationale de Sambo]]
|[[Sambo (martial art)|Sambo]]
|
|
|As Great Britain
|-
|[[International Ski Mountaineering Federation]]
|[[Ski Mountaineering]]
|
|
|As Great Britain
|-
|[[International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation]]
|[[Climbing]] and [[Mountaineering]]
|
|
|As Great Britain
|-
|[[International Sumo Federation]]
|[[Sumo]]
|
|
|As Great Britain
|-
|[[International Cricket Council]]
|[[Cricket]]
|{{cr|WIN}}, {{cr|IRE}}, {{Flagicon|Isle of Man}} Isle of Man, {{Flagicon|Jersey}} Jersey, {{Flagicon|Guernsey}} Guernsey, {{Flagicon|Gibraltar}} Gibraltar, {{Flagicon|Saint Helena}} Saint Helena,{{Flagicon|Faroe Islands}} Faroe Islands, {{Flagicon|Turks and Caicos Islands}} Turks and Caicos Islands, {{Flagicon|Falkland Islands}} Falkland Islands
|{{Flagicon|Nevis}} Nevis, {{Flagicon|Anguilla}} Anguilla, {{Flagicon|Montserrat}} Montserrat, {{Flagicon|Sint Maarten}} Sint Maarten
|{{Flagicon|England}} England, {{Flagicon|Scotland}} Scotland
|}

==See also==
*[[Refugee Olympic Team at the Olympics]]
*[[Independent Olympians at the Olympic Games]]
*[[National Paralympic Committee]]
*[[List of IOC country codes]]
*[[District of Columbia Olympic Committee]]
*[[Commonwealth Games Association]]

== Notes ==
{{NoteFoot}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite web |title = National Olympic Committees |url = http://www.olympic.org/en/content/The-IOC/Governance/National-Olympic-Committees/ |publisher = [[International Olympic Committee]] |access-date = 21 January 2008 |archive-date = 14 January 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110114101609/http://www.olympic.org/en/content/the-ioc/governance/national-olympic-committees/ |url-status = live }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080915111914/http://www.acnolympic.org/en/index_en.html Association of National Olympic Committees website]
{{refend}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|National Olympic Committees}}
* {{Official website|www.acnolympic.org}}

{{Association of National Olympic Committees}}
{{International Olympic Committee}}
{{Olympic games medal table}}
{{Olympic Games}}
{{Youth Olympic Games}}

{{Portal bar|Olympics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:National Olympic Committees| ]]

Electronics Corporation of Tamil Nadu

2026-03-16T03:33:09Z

ValarieNarvaez8:

{{Short description|Indian public sector undertaking}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Electronics Corporation of Tamil Nadu Limited
| native_name = தமிழ்நாடு மின்னணுவியல் கழகம்
| logo = File:Elcot_New_logo.png
| type = [[Government-owned corporation]]
| foundation = 21 March 1977
| founder =
| location_city = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| area_served = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| key_people =Brajendra Navnit IAS (Chairman)
Dr. K.P. Karthikeyan IAS (Managing Director)
| industry = [[Electronics]]
| products =
| revenue =
| net_income =
| assets =
| equity =
| owner = [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
| parent = Department of Information Technology (Tamil Nadu)
| subsid =
| num_employees =
| homepage = {{url|http://www.elcot.tn.gov.in}}
| intl =
}}
The '''Electronics Corporation of Tamil Nadu Limited''' ''(ELCOT)'' ({{langx|ta|தமிழ்நாடு மின்னணுவியல் கழகம் (வரையறுக்கப்பட்டது)}}) is an Indian, [[public sector]] undertaking,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-12 |title=ELCOT becomes nodal agency for issues related to telecom infrastructure in Tamil Nadu |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/telecom/telecom-news/elcot-becomes-nodal-agency-for-issues-related-to-telecom-infrastructure-in-tamil-nadu/articleshow/98578292.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-01-18 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> established on 21 March 1977. ELCOT functions to promote, establish and run State Public Sector Enterprises for Electronic items; manage, supervise, finance, advise, assist, aid or collaborate with any private and public associations, firms, companies, enterprises, undertakings, institutions, and schemes for the advancement and development of [[electronics]] and [[information technology]].<ref>[http://www.expresscomputeronline.com/20081229/it%27ssouth03.shtml ELCOT: The Change Agent for an E-State - Express Computer]</ref> It is considered the back office for the Information Technology Department of the Government of Tamil Nadu, and functions to implement the Government's E-Governance initiative.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oracle.com/global/in/pressroom/mou_elcot.html |title=Elcot And Oracle India Sign Mou |website=www.oracle.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040828195333/http://www.oracle.com/global/in/pressroom/mou_elcot.html |archive-date=2004-08-28}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.elcot.tn.gov.in}}

{{State Organizations of Tamil Nadu}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Companies based in Chennai]]
[[Category:Information technology companies of India]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1977]]
[[Category:Government-owned companies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Science and technology in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Electronics industry in India]]
[[Category:Electronics companies of India]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]

{{TamilNadu-stub}}

Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin

2026-03-10T18:51:15Z

ValarieNarvaez8:

{{short description|Indian drama television series}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{for|the 1972 Indian song|Raampur Ka Lakshman}}
{{Infobox television
| image = GHKKPMRevamp.jpg
| caption =
| genre = [[Family drama]]
| creator =
| developer = [[Leena Gangopadhyay]]
| screenplay = {{ubl|Vishal Watwani|Renu Watwani|Laxmi Jaikumar}}
| story = [[Leena Gangopadhyay]]
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Ayesha Singh]]
* [[Neil Bhatt]]
* [[Aishwarya Sharma]]
* [[Bhavika Sharma]]
* [[Shakti Arora]]
* Sumit Singh
* [[Hitesh Bharadwaj]]
* Vaibhavi Hankare
* [[Param Singh (actor)|Param Singh]]
* Sanam Johar
}}
| writer = Rajesh Chawla
| director = Jaideep Sen<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=6 October 2020|title=Sanjay Narvekar makes TV debut|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/sanjay-narvekar-makes-tv-debut-151785|access-date=1 April 2021|newspaper=[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]]|location=India|archive-date=21 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921002906/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/sanjay-narvekar-makes-tv-debut-151785|url-status=live}}</ref> Ashwini Saraswat Arnav Chakravarti Jafar Shaikh Ranjeet Gupta Rohit Fulari
| producer = {{ubl|Pradeep Kumar|Rajesh Ram Singh|Pia Bajpiee|Shaika Parween}}
| company = Cockcrow Entertainment Shaika Films
| executive_producer =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| cinematography = Shailesh Manore
| editor = {{ubl|Ashish Singh|Satish Thakur}}
| runtime = 22–25 minutes
| num_seasons = 3
| num_episodes = 1625
| open_theme = ''Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin''
| end_theme =
| theme_music_composer = Dhruv Dhalla
| composer = Nishant Pandey
| language = Hindi
| country = India
| first_aired = {{Start date|2020|10|05|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2025|07|04|df=y}}
| network = [[Star Plus]]
| narrator =
| related = ''[[Kusum Dola]]'' ''[[Mohor (TV series)|Mohor]]'' ''[[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]]'' ''[[Phagun Bou]]''
}}

'''''Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin''''' ({{Translation|''Lost in Someone's Love''}}) is an Indian Hindi-language television [[family drama]] series that aired from 5 October 2020 to 4 July 2025 on [[Star Plus]] and streamed on [[Disney+ Hotstar|JioHotstar]]. The show was produced by Cockrow and Shaika Films and was a loose adaptation of Bengali series ''[[Kusum Dola]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Bigg Boss 14, Saath Nibhaana Saathiya, Brahmarakshas 2, Hero: New lineup on TV soon|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/bigg-boss-14-saath-nibhaana-saathiya-brahmarakshas-2-hero-new-fantasy-reality-comedy-drama-shows-that-are-all-set-to-start-airing-on-tv-soon/articleshow/78173673.cms|access-date=|website=Mumbai Mirror|archive-date=22 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922092234/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/bigg-boss-14-saath-nibhaana-saathiya-brahmarakshas-2-hero-new-fantasy-reality-comedy-drama-shows-that-are-all-set-to-start-airing-on-tv-soon/articleshow/78173673.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The series starred [[Ayesha Singh]], [[Neil Bhatt]], [[Aishwarya Sharma]], [[Bhavika Sharma]], [[Shakti Arora]], Sumit Singh, [[Hitesh Bharadwaj]], Amayra Khurana, Vaibhavi Hankare, [[Param Singh (actor)|Param Singh]] and Sanam Johar.<ref name="Aishwarya">{{Cite news |date=May 2023 |title=Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin's Aishwarya Sharma quits show; hubby and co-star Neil Bhatt shares emotional post |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiins-aishwarya-sharma-quits-show-hubby-and-co-star-neil-bhatt-shares-emotional-post/articleshow/99910199.cms |access-date=1 May 2023 |newspaper=The Economic Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 June 2023 |title=Exclusive! Shakti Arora to play the new male lead in Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-shakti-arora-to-play-the-new-male-lead-in-ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin/articleshow/100964262.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623092032/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-shakti-arora-to-play-the-new-male-lead-in-ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin/articleshow/100964262.cms |archive-date=23 June 2023 |access-date=23 June 2023 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2025-05-02 |title=Bhavika Sharma returns as Savi in Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin; promises an emotional new chapter : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/bhavika-sharma-returns-savi-ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-promises-emotional-new-chapter/ |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==
===Season 1===
Sai Joshi lives in Gadchiroli with her father, Inspector Kamal Joshi, and wants to pursue medicine at Nagpur Medical College. Virat Chavan, an IPS officer in Nagpur, is posted at Gadchiroli. Before he leaves for his posting, he meets Patralekha "Pakhi" at a retreat, falling in love. In a twist of fate, she gets engaged to Samrat, Virat's cousin, chosen by her parents. Reuniting with Virat, Pakhi decides to break off the engagement, but Virat convinces her otherwise by promising that he will only love her and joins his posting.

In Gadchiroli, Sai’s hatred for Virat strengthens when Kamal takes a bullet to save him. As promised to a dying Kamal, Virat proposes an unwilling compromise marriage to Sai, who reluctantly agrees to it. Back in Nagpur, most of the Chavan family refuses to accept their marriage as Sai is not from the upper class. Sai impresses Virat, and he starts falling for her. After a series of misunderstandings and clearances, Sai and Virat confess their love to each other. Soon, Sai is pregnant while Pakhi falls for Samrat, who had returned. Samrat dies while trying to rescue Sai from a kidnapping. Pakhi blames Sai, and she suffers from a miscarriage, becoming incapable of conceiving. Pakhi acts as a surrogate so she can get closer to Virat. She gives birth to the baby, Vinayak, and tries to kill herself. Sai investigates Pakhi's involvement in illegal surrogacy and has her arrested. Sai and Virat fight due to Pakhi's bail, and she leaves the house along with Vinayak. She meets with an accident and the Chavans consider them dead. However, Sai survives and searches for Vinayak but fails. She also discovers that she is pregnant with Savi.

7 years later, Sai raises Savi alone in Kankavli. Vinayak, Virat's adopted son with Pakhi, goes camping and meets them. Virat goes to Kankavli and is shocked to see Sai alive. Later, Sai and Savi reach Nagpur for Vinayak's treatment, where the entire family is shocked to see Sai alive. Virat discovers that Vinayak is his own blood, instead of adopted and Savi is also his own daughter. Sai fears that she will be the reason for breaking Pakhi's married life and decides to leave Virat forever. Sai and Satya, a colleague, marry, and Virat is left heartbroken. Pakhi realizes that Virat has never loved her and permanently leaves him. Satya is injured in an accident and his legs are paralyzed. Sai consults the doctors, and they advise her to take Satya to Germany. Sai, Satya and Savi board the plane and see the Chavan family is also on the plane but it is hijacked. Virat and Sai stop the hijackers, and the entire Chavan family and Satya exit safely. However, Sai and Virat are stuck in the plane where they confess their love in their final moments, and the bomb blast kills them.

===Season 2===
14 years later, Savi grows up and wishes to become an IAS officer while Vinayak pursues an [[MBBS]] degree in [[Pune]]. The Chavans relocate to Ramtek. Meanwhile, in Pune, the managing director of Bhosale Institute of Excellence, Dr. Ishaan Bhosale, and Reeva Marathe are childhood friends who grow closer and decide to get married. Ishaan suffers from trauma as his mother, Isha, left him while he was young to take care of her ailing parents. On their engagement day, Swati blackmails Reeva into flying to London for further studies. Reeva agrees, and Ishaan feels betrayed.

Savi wins a scholarship to Bhosale Institute, but the Chavans fix Savi's marriage with Samruddh Latkar. Before the marriage, Isha tells Savi about his bad character and alcoholism. Savi tells her that the family members, except Bhavani and Vinayak and they help her escape from the wedding. With Isha's help, Savi reaches Pune and, with a lot of difficulties, she is admitted to Bhosale Institute, where Ishaan repeatedly insults her but later apologizes and becomes her mentor. Later, Ishaan confesses his love to Reeva, who returns, after seeing her repent, and proposes to her. An injured Harini requests Ishaan to marry Savi as her last wish after the Chavans die in an explosion caused by Samruddh. A day before Ishaan and Reeva's wedding, Ishaan takes Savi to a temple and marries her. Eventually, Savi learns the truth about her family's death. She leaves the Bhosale house, and Ishaan begins to realize his feelings for Savi. Meanwhile, a corrupt police officer, Bhanwar, becomes obsessed with Savi. On Ishaan and Reeva’s wedding day, Ishaan reconciles with Isha, confesses his love for Savi, and Reeva sacrifices her love for Ishaan's happiness and she and Savi come on good terms. After Ishaan and Savi's marriage, Bhanwar attacks Ishaan and Shikha, Ishaan's pregnant cousin-in-law, but Savi takes the bullet meant for Shikha. Bhanwar dies in an altercation, while both Ishaan and Savi are hospitalized. In his dying moments, Ishaan asks Isha and Shantanu to take care of Savi and help her move on, and he passes away.

7 years later, Savi works as a teacher in Mumbai and stays with Isha and Shantanu. She learns that she can never conceive, and meets a young neighbor, Saisha "Sai" Thakkar, becoming friends, but her grandmother, Bhagyashree, and Isha often quarrel. Sai's father, Rajat, is a wealthy businessman and a divorcee who remains distant from Sai due to his resentment towards Ashika, his wife, who left him for a richer businessman, Arsh, and took their son, Kiaan, along with her. Ashika reopens Sai's custody case. Rajat and Savi marry to win custody. Rajat is manipulated into believing that he is being betrayed again. He divorces Savi, but she confronts him and has a car accident, leaving her in a critical state. Luckily, Savi survives, and Rajat tries to win her over again. They confess their love and consummate. Savi takes Kiaan to a gaming competition, where he is kidnapped by Arsh. Kiaan dies, and the Thakkar family and Ashika blame and oust Savi. Savi is miraculously pregnant, while Ashika manipulates Bhagyashree into marrying Rajat with her. In a confrontation, Ashika reveals that she had Kiaan kidnapped, but was not aware that it would lead to his death. Ashika is killed by Arsh while Savi stabs Arsh with a rod. In her final moments, Ashika asks Savi to take care of Sai and find happiness with Rajat. Two years later, Savi, now an IAS officer and mother to Kiaan II, hoists the national flag as Rajat, Sai, and their family cheer.

===Season 3===
In Amravati, Tejaswini is initially inclined towards the popular and arrogant singer Ruturaj, despite her parents, Mohit and Mukta’s objections. After a date with Ruturaj in Nagpur, Tejaswini develops feelings for him, but ends up in trouble. She is rescued by Ruturaj's cousin, Dr. Neelkant, alias Neil, who takes her back to Amravati safely and meets Mohit and Mukta, and they instantly like Neelkant. It is revealed that Neil was adopted, and his adoptive parents Leena and Vinod hide this from him. Tejaswini and Ruturaj's relationship is tested when Mohit dies, and Tejaswini, Mukta, and her brother Vedaan learn about Mohit’s first wife Laxmi and their daughter Aditi. Tejaswini calls up Ruturaj and asks him to marry her, but he refuses to do so. Coincidentally, Neil's marriage is fixed with Juhi, Tejaswini's cousin. A few days later, Ruturaj meets Tejaswini again in Nagpur and proposes to her, but she rejects him because he was not there during her tough times. After an accident, Neil confesses to Juhi that he loves Tejaswini and that Mohit's dying wish was their marriage. Juhi steps aside, and Tejaswini, under family pressure, marries Neil, only to discover Ruturaj is his cousin. Heartbroken, Ruturaj leaves the wedding. Tejaswini, feeling her life is ruined, resents Neil and enrolls in college. Leena, shocked to see Tejaswini as Neil’s wife, insults her. Juhi returns to the house and is insulted by her father, Satish, but the others accept her.

At Neil and Tejaswini’s Gondhal ceremony, Mukta learns Neil and Ruturaj are cousins and warns Ruturaj to stay away. Leena doesn’t accept Tejaswini due to her own past heartbreak from Mohit. Leena files a complaint against the Chavans and Juhi for replacing the bride. Tejaswini reveals the entire truth about Juhi and Neil's conversation in the hospital to the family, and they take back their complaint. Leena vows to remove Tejaswini from Neil’s life, while Ruturaj vows to win her back. The entire family opposes Tejaswini becoming a singer, whereas Neil assures Tejaswini of his support. Later, when Neil is falsely accused of misconduct, Tejaswini proves his innocence and begins to fall for him. Neil goes to a medical camp and is trapped in the landslide. The entire family learns about Tejaswini and Ruturaj's relationship, and they tell her to stay away from Neil. Despite the family's warnings, Tejaswini goes to Konkan to search for Neil. She finds Neil in an injured state and has him admitted to the hospital. Tejaswini confesses her feelings to Neil, but he tells her to go away from her life and breaks all ties with her. Heartbroken, Tejaswini returns to her maternal home, only to be thrown out by Satish, leaving her alone.

One month later, Neil recovers from his injuries and goes out to bring Tejaswini back. Savi, who was an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer in Mumbai, willingly becomes an [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer and returns to Nagpur, and is a reflection of Virat. Some members of the Thakkar family shift from Mumbai to Nagpur like Bhagyashree, Riddhi, Tara and her husband Aniket, along with Rajat, Kiaan II, and Sai, leaving the business and family friends. Bhagyashree opposes Savi becoming an [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer because she had to shift to Nagpur because of her. Savi handles a bus murder case and is shocked to see Rajat's corpse in the bus, and breaks down at his death. Savi also finds Tejaswini's dead body near Rajat. Neil is shattered upon seeing Tejaswini’s dead body. The Thakkars, Pradhans, and Chavans are stunned by the tragedy. When the Pradhans question Tejaswini’s character, Neil defends her and reveals that Ruturaj was responsible for their misunderstandings. Savi and Neil swear to prove that their spouses were innocent and were not involved in any affair.

Savi is investigating Tejaswini and Rajat's murder and is kidnapped along with her sister-in-law Riddhi. The kidnapper demands she find an antique necklace to save Riddhi. Meanwhile, Neil is also investigating the murder case and grows suspicious of various clues. Savi's priority shifts to saving Riddhi, and she refuses to help Neil with the investigation. The search for the necklace intensifies, putting Savi in a difficult situation.

They decide to search in Rajat's car and find some rubies. Savi and Neil learn the stones in chocolates aren't rubies. Savi pleads with Maruti, Riddhi's kidnapper, to spare her in exchange for the necklace. Meanwhile, Savi's senior [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] Nitin Manjrekar warns her to stay out of the murder case. Savi agrees to Maruti's money laundering demands and lies to Bhagyashree about Riddhi's safety, saying she's in the USA. Savi then prepares to leave for Switzerland, where she is handed a suspicious bag by a goon at the airport.

==Cast==
===Main===
*[[Ayesha Singh]] as Dr. Sai Joshi Adhikari: Alka and Kamal's daughter; Virat's ex-wife; Satya's late wife; Vinayak and Savi's mother; Kiaan II's grandmother; Kiaan I and Saisha's step-grandmother (2020–2023)
*[[Neil Bhatt]] as [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] Virat Chavan: Ashwini and Ninad's son; Sai and Patralekha's ex-husband; Vinayak and Savi's father; Kiaan II's grandfather; Kiaan I and Saisha's step-grandfather (2020–2023)
*[[Aishwarya Sharma Bhatt]] as Patralekha "Pakhi" Mohitepatil Salunkhe: Vaishali and Shailesh's daughter; Samarat's widow; Virat's ex-wife; Vinayak's surrogate and adoptive mother (2020–2023)
*[[Bhavika Sharma]] as [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] Savi Chavan Thakkar: Former [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer; Sai and Virat's daughter; Satya's stepdaughter; Vinayak's sister; Ishaan and Rajat's widow; Kiaan II's mother; Kiaan I and Saisha's stepmother; Neil's friend (2023–2025)
** Aria Sakaria as child Savi (2022–2023)
*[[Shakti Arora]] as Dr. Ishaan Bhosale: Dean and managing director of Bhosale Institute of Excellence; Isha and Shantanu's son; Reeva's ex-fiancé; Savi's first husband (2023–2024)
** Arsh Hawaldar as child Ishaan (2023)
*Sumit Singh as Reeva Marathe: Professor at Bhosale Institute of Excellence; Swati and Swanand's daughter; Ishaan's ex-fiancée (2023–2024)
*[[Hitesh Bharadwaj]] as Rajat Thakkar: A businessman; Bhagyashree and Rajendra's elder son; Tara, Lucky and Riddhi's brother; Aashka's ex-husband; Savi's second husband; Kiaan І, Saisha and Kiaan ІІ's father (2024–2025)
*Amayra Khurana as Saisha "Sai" Thakkar: Aashka and Rajat's daughter; Savi's stepdaughter; Kiaan І's sister; Kiaan ІІ's half-sister (2024–2025)
*Vaibhavi Hankare as Tejaswini "Teju" Chavan Pradhan: Mukta and Mohit's daughter; Laxmi's step-daughter; Vedant's sister; Aditi's half-sister; Ruturaj's former love interest; Neil's wife (2025)
*[[Param Singh (actor)|Param Singh]] as Dr. Neelkant "Neil" Pradhan: Leena and Vinod's adopted son; Prachi's adopted brother; Juhi's ex-fiancé; Tejaswini's widower; Savi's friend (2025)
*Sanam Johar as Ruturaj "Rutu" Rane: A singer; Leena's nephew; Prachi's cousin; Neil's adopted cousin; Tejaswini's former love Interest (2025)

===Recurring===
====Joshis====
*[[Sanjay Narvekar]] as [[Inspector]] Kamal Joshi: Usha's foster brother; Alka's widower; Sai's father; Vinayak and Savi's grandfather; Virat's mentor (2020; 2021; 2022; 2023)
*Anjana Nathan / Sanjivani Takkar as Usha: Kamal's foster sister; Sai and Savi's caretaker (2020–2022) / (2022–2023)

====Chavans====
*[[Kishori Shahane]] as Bhavani Chavan: Amba's sister; Nagesh's widow; Devyani's mother; Harini's grandmother (2020–2024)
*[[Shailesh Datar]] as Ret. [[Colonel|Col.]] Ninad Chavan: Nagesh, Mansi, Omkar and Shivani's brother; Ashwini's husband; Virat's father; Vinayak and Savi's grandfather (2020–2024)
*Bharati Patil as Ashwini Chavan: Swapna's sister; Ninad's wife; Virat's mother; Vinayak and Savi's grandmother (2020–2024)
*Mridul Kumar Sinha as Omkar "Omi" Chavan: Nagesh, Mansi, Ninad and Shivani's brother; Sonali's husband; Mohit's father (2020–2023)
*[[Sheetal Maulik]] as Sonali Chavan: Omkar's wife; Mohit's mother (2020–2023)
*Adish Vaidya / [[Vihan Verma]] as Mohit Chavan: Sonali and Omkar's son; Karishma's husband (2020–2021) / (2021–2023)
*Sneha Bhawsar as Karishma Chavan: Mohit's wife (2020–2023)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/television/sneha-bhawsar-quits-ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-i-want-to-explore-new-opportunities-7981831.html|title=Sneha Bhawsar Quits Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin: 'I Want To Explore New Opportunities'|date=2 June 2023|work=News18|archive-date=9 June 2023|access-date=2 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609053321/https://www.news18.com/entertainment/television/sneha-bhawsar-quits-ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-i-want-to-explore-new-opportunities-7981831.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*Abhishek Kumaarr as Vinayak "Vinu" Chavan: Sai and Virat's son; Satya's step-son; Savi's brother (2023–2024)
**Tanmay Rishi Shah as child Vinayak (2022–2023)
**Arham as baby Vinayak (2022)

====Deshpandes====
*[[Mitali Nag]] as Devyani "Devi" Chavan Deshpande: Bhavani and Nagesh's daughter; Pulkit's wife; Harini's mother (2020–2022)
*[[Yash Pandit]] as Dr. Pulkit Deshpande: Madhuri's foster brother; Devyani's husband; Harini's father (2021–2023)
*Tejasvi Khatal as Madhuri Patil: Pulkit's foster sister; Harini's caretaker (2021)

====Salunkhes====
*Dimple Shaw Chauhan / Roopa Divetia as Manasi Chavan Salunkhe: Nagesh, Ninad, Omkar and Shivani's sister; Ashok's widow; Samrat's mother (2020–2021) / (2021–2022)
*Yogendra Singh as Samrat "Jiva" Salunkhe: Manasi and Ashok's son; Patralekha's first husband (2020; 2021–2022)

====Luthras====
*Yamini Malhotra / [[Tanvi Thakkar]] as Shivani Chavan Luthra: Nagesh, Mansi, Ninad and Omkar's sister; Rajeev's wife (2020–2021) / (2021–2023)
*[[Sachin Shroff]] as Rajeev Luthra: Anuradha's brother; Shivani's husband (2022)
*[[Sonia Singh]] as Anuradha Luthra: Rajeev's sister (2022)

====Adhikaris====
*[[Harshad Arora]] as Dr. Satya Adhikari: Amba and Vijayendra's son; Gauri's foster brother; Sai's colleague-turned-widower; Vinayak and Savi's step-father (2023)
*Sanyogeeta Bhave as Amba Adhikari Ghatge: Bhavani's sister; Vijayendra's wife; Satya's mother; Vinayak and Savi's step-grandmother (2023)
*Priya Ahuja as Madhura "Maddy" Adhikari: Satya's foster sister (2023)
*Zubeda Verma as Jigyasa Adhikari: Satya's foster grandmother (2023)
*Deepali Kamat as Gauri Adhikari: Satya's foster aunt (2023)
*[[Ravindra Mankani]] as C.P. Vijayendra "Viju" Ghatge: Kamal's friend; Amba's husband; Satya's father; Vinayak and Savi's step-grandfather (2023)

====Bhosales====
*[[Manasi Salvi]] as Dr. Isha Bhosale: A teacher; Shantanu's wife; Ishaan's mother; Savi's mentor and mother-figure (2023–2025)
*[[Indraneel Bhattacharya]] as Shantanu Bhosale: Yashwant and Nishikant's brother; Isha's husband; Ishaan's father; Savi's father-figure (2023–2025)
*[[Nimai Bali]] as Yashwant "Rao Saheb" Bhosale: Patriarch of Bhosles; Shantanu and Nishikant's brother; Surekha's husband; Chinmay's father (2023–2024)
*[[Vaishali Thakkar]] as Surekha "Akka Saheb" Deshmukh Bhosale: Mukul's sister; Yashwant's wife; Chinmay's mother (2023–2024)
*Astha Agarwal as Shikha Shinde Bhosale: Chinmay's wife (2023–2024)
*Vijhay Badlaani as Nishikant "Nishi" Bhosale: Yashwant and Shantanu's brother; Asmita's husband; Dhurva and Anvi's father (2023–2024)
*Minal Bal as Asmita Bhosale: Nishikant's wife; Dhurva and Anvi's mother (2023–2024)
*Nandini Tiwari as Dhurva Bhosale: Nishikant and Asmita's elder daughter; Anvi's sister (2023–2024)
*Purnima Tiwari as Anvi Bhosale: Nishikant and Asmita's younger daughter; Dhurva's sister (2023–2024)
*[[Ayush Anand]] as Chinmay "Chinu" Bhosale: Yashwant and Surekha's son; Shikha's husband (2024)

====Sawants====
*Udit Shukla as Kiran Sawant: Ramesh and Susheela's son; Harini's first husband (2023–2024)
*Raman Khatri as Ramesh Sawant: Susheela's husband; Kiran's father (2023–2024)
*Unknown as Susheela Sawant: Ramesh's wife; Kiran's mother (2023–2024)

====Yadavs====
*Ankita Khare as Harini Deshpande Yadav: Devyani and Pulkit's daughter; Kiran's widow; Milind's wife; Vansh's mother (2023–2025)
**Yesha Harsora as teenage Harini (2022–2023)
**Hirva Trivedi as child Harini (2021–2022)
*Anuj Khurana as Milind Yadav: Urmila's elder son; Harini's second husband; Vansh's father (2024–2025)
*Shivansh Bhanushali as Vansh Yadav: Harini and Milind's son (2024–2025)
*Aman Maheshwari as Nikhil Yadav: Urmila's younger son; Milind's brother; Savi's former suitor (2024)

====Thakkars====
*[[Pallavi Pradhan]] as Bhagyashree "Shree" Thakkar: Rajendra's wife; Rajat, Tara, Lucky and Riddhi's mother; Kiaan І, Saisha, Shakti and Kiaan ІІ's grandmother (2024–2025)
*Sagar Saini as Rajendra "Raju" Thakkar: Bhagyashree's husband; Rajat, Tara, Lucky and Riddhi's father; Kiaan І, Saisha, Shakti and Kiaan ІІ's grandfather (2024–2025)
*Priya Mishra as Tara Thakkar: Bhagyashree and Rajendra's elder daughter; Rajat, Lucky and Riddhi's sister; Jigar's ex-wife; Aniket's wife; Shakti's mother (2024–2025)
*Mousumi Debnath / Vandana Rao as Riddhi Thakkar: Bhagyashree and Rajendra's younger daughter; Rajat, Lucky and Tara's sister (2024–2025) / (2025)
*Aasim Khan as Lucky Thakkar: Bhagyashree and Rajendra's younger son; Rajat, Tara and Riddhi's brother (2024–2025)
*Nirbhay Thakur as Kiaan І Thakkar: Aashka and Rajat's son; Savi's step-son; Saisha's brother; Kiaan ІІ's half-brother (2024–2025)
* Unknown as Kiaan ІІ Thakkar: Savi and Rajat's son; Kiaan І and Saisha's half-brother (2025)

====Solankhis====
*[[Kaveri Priyam]] as Aashka Solanki: Aman's sister; Rajat's ex-wife; Arsh's ex-lover; Kiaan І and Saisha's mother (2024–2025)
*Varun Jain as Aman Solanki: Aashka's brother; Mrunmayee's husband (2024–2025)
*Shikha Pandey as Mrunmayee "Mrunu" Solanki: Lata's daughter; Aman's wife (2024–2025)

====Chavans 2.0====
*Abhay Bhargava as Omkar Chavan: Patriarch of Chavans; Sonali's husband; Mohit and Satish's father; Aditi, Tejaswini, Juhi, Prajakta and Vedant's grandfather (2025)
*Minal Karpe as Sonali Chavan: Omkar's wife; Mohit and Satish's mother; Aditi, Tejaswini, Juhi, Prajakta and Vedant's grandmother (2025)
*[[Mahesh Thakur]] as Mohit Chavan: Omkar and Sonali's elder son; Satish's brother; Laxmi and Mukta's husband; Aditi, Tejaswini and Vedant's father (2025)
*[[Sai Deodhar]] as Mukta Chavan: Mohit's second widow; Tejaswini and Vedant's mother; Aditi's step-mother (2025)
*Hemaakshi Ujjain as Laxmi Chavan: Mohit's first widow; Aditi's mother; Tejaswini and Vedant's step-mother (2025)
*[[Sameeksha Sud]] as Aditi Chavan: Laxmi and Mohit's daughter; Mukta's step-daughter; Tejaswini and Vedant's half-sister (2025)
*Hassan Syed as Vedant "Vedu" Chavan: Mohit and Mukta's son; Laxmi's step-son; Tejaswini's brother; Aditi's half-brother (2025)
*Vinayak Bhave as Satish Chavan: Omkar and Sonali's younger son; Mohit's brother; Deepali's husband; Juhi and Prajakta's father (2025)
*Meera Sarang as Deepali Chavan: Satish's wife; Juhi and Prajakta's mother (2025)
*Mrunali Shirke as Juhi Chavan: Satish and Deepali's elder daughter; Prajakta's sister; Neil's ex-fiancée (2025)
*Tisha Kapoor as Prajakta "Praju" Chavan: Satish and Deepali's younger daughter; Juhi's sister (2025)

====Pradhans====
*[[Ashok Lokhande]] as Bhushan Pradhan: Patriarch of Pradhans; Vinod, Jitendra and Alok's brother; Amey and Manjiri's father (2025)
*[[Neetha Shetty]] as Manjiri Pradhan: Bhushan's daughter; Amey's sister (2025)
*Aditya Deshmukh as Amey Pradhan: Bhushan's son; Manjiri's brother; Nandini's husband (2025)
*Priya Sharma as Nandini Pradhan: Amey's wife (2025)
*Rajeev Kumar as Vinod Pradhan: Bhushan, Jitendra and Alok's brother; Leena's husband; Prachi's father; Neil's adoptive father (2025)
*Chaitrali Gupte as Leena Pradhan: Vinod's wife; Prachi's mother; Neil's adoptive mother (2025)
*Anchal Soni / Tanvi Nimbhorkar as Prachi Pradhan: Leena and Vinod's daughter; Neil's adopted sister (2025)
*Shivendraa Om Saainiyol as Jitendra Pradhan: Bhushan, Vinod and Alok's brother (2025)
*Sharhaan Singh as Alok Pradhan: Bhushan, Vinod and Jitendra's brother; Amrita's husband; Yash's father (2025)
*Neetu Wadhwa as Amrita Pradhan: Alok's wife; Yash's mother (2025)
*Aiman Kalia as Yash Pradhan: Amrita and Alok's son (2025)

===Others===
*Vishavpreet Kaur as Vaishali Mohitepatil: Shailesh's wife; Patralekha's mother (2020–2022)
*Atul Mahajan as Shailesh Mohitepatil: Vaishali's husband; Patralekha's father (2020–2022)
*Siddharth Bodke as Advocate Jagtap Mane: A goon-turned-advocate; Vitthal's son; Sai's former obsessed lover; Savi's uncle-figure; murdered Kamal and Samrat (2020; 2022–2023; 2024)
*Ganesh Yadav as Vitthal Damodar Mane: Jagtap's father (2020; 2022)
* Jeetendra Trehan as Ret. [[Deputy inspector general of police|DIG]] Sanjeev K. Salaskar of [[Nagpur]]: Virat's senior officer (2020–2023; 2024)
*Jitendra Bohara as Sunny: Virat and Sada's best friend (2020—2021; 2023)
*Jia Sheth as Pari: Sai's best friend (2020)
*Bhagya Bhanushali as Balakram: Sai's best friend (2020)
*Shalini Singh as Neha: Patralekha's best friend (2020)
*Pankaj Vishnu as Inspector Pawar (2020–2023)
*Rakesh Rajwant as Officer Gopal Shinde (2020–2023)
*Deepak Soni as Inspector Sachin Kadam (2020)
*Kushagre Dua as Amey Gupte: Sarita's husband; Shivani's ex-lover (2021)
*Aditya Bansal as Milind: Sai's college friend (2021)
*Riddhi Gupta as Sandhya: Sai's college friend (2021)
*[[Deepali Pansare]] as Barkha Rani Wagh: A celebrity [[Lavani]] dancer from Sai's village Gadchiroli (2021)
*Ami Joshi as Aishwarya: Sai's college friend (2021)
*Suraj Sonik as Aniket More: Sai's best friend (2021)
*Keshav Ashwani as Sai's college friend (2021)
*Yash Abbad as Sai's college friend (2021)
*[[Gajendra Chauhan]] as Dean of Nagpur City Medical College (2021)
*[[Dolly Minhas]] as Dr. Anjali: Sai's [[psychiatrist]] (2021; 2022)
*Sunila Karambelkar as Swapna: Ashwini's sister (2021)
*[[Nivaan Sen]] / [[Vineet Kumar Chaudhary]] as Sadanand "Sada" Pawle: A Naxalite; Virat's friend; Shruti's husband; Saahas's father (2021) / (2022)
*[[Shafaq Naaz]] as Shruti Pawle: A Naxalite; Sada's wife; Saahas's mother (2021–2022)
*[[Jiten Lalwani]] as Dr. Machindra Thorat: Sai's senior (2022)
*Abhineet Kaushik as Bhau: a goon (2022)
*[[Ribbhu Mehra]] as D.M. Harish Vyas (2022)
*Siraj Mustafa Khan as Tony: A robber (2022)
*Syed Zafar Ali as Dr. Survase: Sai and Satya's senior doctor (2023)
*[[Moon Banerjee]] as Geetanjali Pujari: Ramakant's wife (2023)
*[[Manish Khanna]] as Ramakant Pujari: Geetanjali's husband (2023)
*Siddharth Dhawan as Bheema Pujari (2023)
*Nirjar Patel as Terrorist (2023)
*Jiya Rao as Air Hostess (2023)
*Muni Jha as Advocate Swanand Marathe: Swati's husband; Reeva's father (2023–2024)
*Aradhana Uppal as Swati Marathe: Swanand's wife; Reeva's mother (2023–2024)
*Madhvendra Jha as Ram Narayan Shukla: Ishaan's employee; Sandhya's husband (2023–2024)
*Umesh Ghadge as Mandar Latkar: Local goon of Ramtek; Samruddh's father (2023–2024)
*[[Paaras Madaan]] as Samruddh Latkar: A drunkard and womanizer; Mandar's son; Savi and Dhurva's ex-fiancé; murdered Bhavani, Ninad, Ashwini and Vinayak (2023–2024)
*[[Rishi Saxena]] as ACP Bajirao Rane: Shantanu's former student (2023–2024)
*[[Tannaz Irani]] as Roopa Romanchak: Murder Mystery's writer (2023)
*Solanki Ghosh as Sara: Dhurva's friend (2023–2024)
*Saim Khan as Ayush Barwe: Dhurva's friend (2023–2024)
*Aman Kakani as Shashwat: Savi's friend (2023–2024)
*Prachi Singla as Prachi: Dhurva's friend (2023–2024)
*Meena Singla as Sandhya Shukla: Ram Narayan Shukla's wife (2024)
*[[Manek Bedi]] as Mukul Deshmukh: Surekha's brother; Apsara's husband (2024)
*Priyambda Singh as Apsara Deshmukh: Mukul's wife (2024)
*[[Karanvir Bohra]] as Inspector Bhanwar Patil: Savi's one sided obsessive lover; murdered Ishaan (2024)
*[[Ankit Arora]] as Arsh Gujral: Ashika's ex-lover; murdered Ashika and Kiaan (2024–2025)
*Kaveri Ghosh as Lata: Mrunmayee's mother (2024)
*Trishaan Maini as Jigar Patel: Tara's ex-husband; Shakti's father (2024–2025)
*Unknown as Shakti "Nia" Patel: Jigar and Tara's daughter (2024—2025)
*[[Sheezan Khan]] as Anubhav "Bhavi" Deshmukh: Savi's childhood friend (2024–2025)
*[[Ajay Chaudhary]] as Shrichand Goyal: Rajat's business partner and rival; Chirag's father; murdered Rajat and Tejaswini (2025)
*Abhishek Singh as [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] Nitin Manjrekar: Savi's senior (2025)
*Unknown as Maruti: Riddhi's kidnapper-turned-love-interest (2025)
**Unknown as child Maruti (2025)
*Unknown as Nagaraj: Riddhi's kidnapper (2025)
*Unknown as Chirag Goyal: Shrichand's son; Riddhi's one-sided lover (2025)

===Guest appearances===
*[[Adrija Roy]] as Imlie Rana Pratap Reddy / Imlie Rana Singh Chaudhary from ''[[Imlie]]'' as guests in [[Ram Navami]] Special (2024) / (2024)
*[[Sai Ketan Rao]] as Surya Pratap Reddy / Surya Singh Chaudhary from ''[[Imlie]]'' as guests in Ram Navami Special (2024) / (2024)
*[[Jaya Bhattacharya]] as Indira Reddy from ''[[Imlie]]'' as guests in Ram Navami Special (2024)
*[[Kanwar Dhillon]] as Sachin Deshmukh from ''Udne Ki Aasha'' (2024) (2025)
*Neha Harsora as Sailee Jadhav / Sailee Jadhav Deshmukh from ''Udne Ki Aasha'' (2024) / (2025)
*[[Rutuja Bagwe]] as Vaijyanti to promote ''Maati Se Bandhi Dor'' (2024)
*[[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]] as guest in Savi and Rajat's wedding (2024)<ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-08-11 |title=Bollywood singer Shaan shares his experience on gracing Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin for Savi-Rajat's engagement, says 'It has truly been a delight' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bollywood-singer-shaan-shares-his-experience-on-gracing-ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-for-savi-rajats-engagement-says-it-has-truly-been-a-delight/articleshow/112443915.cms |access-date=2025-04-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=18 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240818091124/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bollywood-singer-shaan-shares-his-experience-on-gracing-ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-for-savi-rajats-engagement-says-it-has-truly-been-a-delight/articleshow/112443915.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Ankit Gupta]] as Ranvijay from ''Maati Se Bandhi Dor'' (2024)

== Production ==

===Controversy===
In July 2022, a lawsuit against the series makers was filed at [[Indian Broadcasting Foundation|IBF]] by some viewers against the then-ongoing [[surrogacy]] track where viewers claimed that Pakhi was shown becoming a surrogate mother through an illegal procedure.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lawsuit filed against GHKKPM makers at IBF by some viewers against the current surrogacy track|url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/entertainment/television/article/ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-receives-massive-backlash-from-fans-issue-complaint-to-ibf-as-current-pakhi-surrogacy-pregnancy-track/421828|access-date=9 July 2022|website=Times Now Hindi|date=8 July 2022|language=hi|archive-date=9 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709101415/https://www.timesnowhindi.com/entertainment/television/article/ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-receives-massive-backlash-from-fans-issue-complaint-to-ibf-as-current-pakhi-surrogacy-pregnancy-track/421828|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Casting===
In May 2023, [[Aishwarya Sharma|Aishwarya Sharma Bhatt]], who portrayed one of the key characters Patralekha, quit the series ''"to explore new opportunities"'' after a period of 2.5 years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 May 2023 |title=Is Aishwarya Sharma Leaving Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin? Here's What We Know |url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/television/is-aishwarya-sharma-leaving-ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-heres-what-we-know-7686211.html |access-date=1 May 2023 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=1 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501072552/https://www.news18.com/entertainment/television/is-aishwarya-sharma-leaving-ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-heres-what-we-know-7686211.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1 May 2023 |title=Exclusive! Aishwarya Sharma quits Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin, says it's time to explore new opportunities |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-aishwarya-sharma-quits-ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-says-its-time-to-explore-new-opportunities/articleshow/99900190.cms |access-date=1 May 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In May 2023, it was confirmed that the show was taking a generation leap and thus all the cast would be making their exit from the show except [[Kishori Shahane]], Bharati Patil and [[Shailesh Datar]] who would remain on the show in a lesser capacity. Their roles ended in the show in January 2024 due to the track revolving around Savi and Ishaan's wedding which resulted in their characters' deaths.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 January 2024 |title='Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin: Is Ishaan responsible for Savi's family's death? Watch promo as they get married' |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-is-ishaan-responsible-for-savis-familys-death-watch-promo-as-they-get-married-1269906 |archive-date=7 January 2024 |access-date=7 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107134748/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-is-ishaan-responsible-for-savis-familys-death-watch-promo-as-they-get-married-1269906 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=20 May 2023 |title=Neil Bhatt, Ayesha Singh and Harshad Arora to exit Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin, Neil's on-screen family to be retained post the time leap |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/neil-bhatt-ayesha-singh-and-harshad-arora-to-exit-ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-neils-on-screen-family-to-be-retained-post-the-time-leap/articleshow/100381598.cms |access-date=28 June 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=10 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610211321/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/neil-bhatt-ayesha-singh-and-harshad-arora-to-exit-ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-neils-on-screen-family-to-be-retained-post-the-time-leap/articleshow/100381598.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=23 June 2023 |title=Ayesha Singh and Neil Bhatt bid adieu to Ghum Hain Kisikey Pyaar Meiin; reveal what they are taking home from the set as a souvenir |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ayesha-singh-and-neil-bhatt-bid-adieu-to-ghum-hain-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-reveal-what-they-are-taking-home-from-the-set-as-a-souvenir/articleshow/101187271.cms?_gl=1*1flziop*_ga*YW1wLS1ZMUZLWlRWN2FOMVFhWkJiVml3ZzZuUlZFWWpUdmxUQWF6dU16SkdYLTNfbTlEMkxZNDB2ZXFSR3RkUGhiaEg.*_ga_FCN624MN68*MTY4Nzk0MTc5OC4xMy4xLjE2ODc5NDE4MTguNDAuMC4w#_ga=2.239514819.1574034820.1687891283-amp--Y1FKZTV7aN1QaZBbViwg6nRVEYjTvlTAazuMzJGX-3_m9D2LY40veqRGtdPhbhH |access-date=28 June 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=28 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628084500/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ayesha-singh-and-neil-bhatt-bid-adieu-to-ghum-hain-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-reveal-what-they-are-taking-home-from-the-set-as-a-souvenir/articleshow/101187271.cms?_gl=1*1flziop*_ga*YW1wLS1ZMUZLWlRWN2FOMVFhWkJiVml3ZzZuUlZFWWpUdmxUQWF6dU16SkdYLTNfbTlEMkxZNDB2ZXFSR3RkUGhiaEg.*_ga_FCN624MN68*MTY4Nzk0MTc5OC4xMy4xLjE2ODc5NDE4MTguNDAuMC4w#_ga=2.239514819.1574034820.1687891283-amp--Y1FKZTV7aN1QaZBbViwg6nRVEYjTvlTAazuMzJGX-3_m9D2LY40veqRGtdPhbhH |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Shakti Arora]], [[Bhavika Sharma]] & Sumit Singh were finalised to play the lead roles as Ishaan, Savi & Reeva post leap.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rekha introduces new chapter of 'Ghum Hain Kisikey...' Shakti Arora, Bhavika Sharma, Yukti Kapoor to enter show |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/rekha-ghum-hain-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-promo-shakti-arora-bhavika-sharma-sumit-singh-2397451-2023-06-24 |access-date=28 June 2023 |website=India Today |date=24 June 2023 |language=en |archive-date=30 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630025449/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/rekha-ghum-hain-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-promo-shakti-arora-bhavika-sharma-sumit-singh-2397451-2023-06-24 |url-status=live }}</ref> Sumit Singh's character was initially named Sharvari in pre-production phase, later it being transformed to Reeva.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2023 |title=Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin EXCLUSIVE: Check out new poster of Shakti Arora, Bhavika Sharma, Sumit Singh |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-exclusive-check-out-new-poster-of-shakti-arora-bhavika-sharma-sumit-singh-1226980 |access-date=28 June 2023 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en |archive-date=30 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630021322/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-exclusive-check-out-new-poster-of-shakti-arora-bhavika-sharma-sumit-singh-1226980 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Bhavika Sharma, Shakti Arora and Sumit Singh at the Star Parivaar Awards 2023.jpg|thumb|upright|Sharma, Arora and Singh at Star Parivaar Awards 2023]]

Shakti Arora also revealed that he was approached initially to play the role of Virat Chavan which he declined due to budget issues.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 September 2022 |title=Shakti Arora reveals declining Pavitra Rishta and Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin: Thoda FOMO hua - Exclusive |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/shakti-arora-reveals-declining-pavitra-rishta-and-ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-thoda-fomo-hua-exclusive-101664343503554.html |access-date=28 June 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=28 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628195401/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/shakti-arora-reveals-declining-pavitra-rishta-and-ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-thoda-fomo-hua-exclusive-101664343503554.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Arora on joining the show said, "I treat every show like it is my debut show; excitement and jitters go hand in hand with every new show I venture in."<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 June 2023 |title='Ghum Hain Kisikey Pyaar Meiin' takes 20-year leap, Shakti Arora, Bhavika Sharma express their excitement on joining it |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ghum-hain-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-takes-20-year-leap-shakti-arora-bhavika-sharma-express-their-excitement-on-joining-it/articleshow/101342998.cms |access-date=1 July 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=8 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008030342/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ghum-hain-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-takes-20-year-leap-shakti-arora-bhavika-sharma-express-their-excitement-on-joining-it/articleshow/101342998.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Bhavika Sharma]], on the other hand, said, "I am very excited and grateful, but at the same time nervous because ‘''Ghum Hain Kisikey Pyaar Meiin''’ already holds a legacy with itself; The show has set a benchmark, and we really hope to reach that height. We have mixed emotions with a touch of nervousness and happiness."<ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=28 June 2023 |title='Ghum Hain Kisikey Pyaar Meiin' takes 20-year leap, Shakti Arora, Bhavika Sharma express their excitement on joining it |url=https://theprint.in/feature/ghum-hain-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-takes-20-year-leap-shakti-arora-bhavika-sharma-express-their-excitement-on-joining-it/1646034/ |access-date=1 July 2023 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US |archive-date=1 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701105431/https://theprint.in/feature/ghum-hain-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-takes-20-year-leap-shakti-arora-bhavika-sharma-express-their-excitement-on-joining-it/1646034/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In June 2024, after another leap of 7 years, [[Hitesh Bharadwaj]] replaced Shakti Arora as the lead actor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 June 2024 |title=Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin new poster: Bhavika Sharma and Hitesh Bharadwaj to play lead roles |url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-new-poster-bhavika-sharma-hitesh-bharadwaj-to-play-lead-roles-8937830.html |access-date=21 June 2024 |website=News18}}</ref> In May 2025, [[Ajay Chaudhary]] joined the show as Shrichand Goyal.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Maheshwari|first=Neha|date=6 May 2025|title=Ajay Singh Chaudhary on joining Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin midway: It's exciting to be part of a long-running show|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ajay-singh-chaudhary-on-joining-ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-midway-its-exciting-to-be-part-of-a-long-running-show/articleshow/121034815.cms|access-date=10 May 2025|work=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

===Development===
The filming of the series began in September 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=17 September 2020|title=Feel fortunate that I am doing a TV show during this pandemic: Neil Bhatt|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/feel-fortunate-that-i-am-doing-a-tv-show-during-this-pandemic-neil-bhatt/articleshow/78154508.cms|access-date=|website=The Times of India|archive-date=9 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309074236/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/feel-fortunate-that-i-am-doing-a-tv-show-during-this-pandemic-neil-bhatt/articleshow/78154508.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Mainly filmed in [[Mumbai]], some initial sequences of the series were shot at [[Nashik]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin is the first TV show to be shot outdoor post lockdown|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-is-the-first-tv-show-to-be-shot-outdoor-post-lockdown-151148|access-date=|website=[[The Tribune (India)]]|archive-date=26 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426193113/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-is-the-first-tv-show-to-be-shot-outdoor-post-lockdown-151148|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In March 2021, the filming was halted for a few days when [[Neil Bhatt]] and a crew member tested positive for COVID-19 virus, leading to a change in the track.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin Lead Actors Neil Bhatt and Aishwarya Sharma Tested Positive for Covid-19|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-lead-actors-neil-bhatt-and-aishwarya-sharma-tested-positive-for-covid-19-3537002.html|website=CNN News18|date=15 March 2021}}</ref>

On 13 April 2021, Chief Minister of Maharashtra announced a curfew from 15 April. On 16 and 17 April, the team shifted filming to [[Goa]] for a few weeks until the government issued a confirmation to resume shooting in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/tv-news-anupama-pandya-store-imlie-and-other-shows-to-be-shot-in-goa-hyderabad-bikaner-amid-janta-curfew-in-mumbai-4584837/ | title=Anupama, Pandya Store, Imlie And Other Top Shows to be Shot in Goa, Hyderabad, Bikaner Amid Janta Curfew in Mumbai | publisher=india.com | date=14 April 2021 | access-date=18 May 2021 | archive-date=16 May 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516230822/https://www.india.com/entertainment/tv-news-anupama-pandya-store-imlie-and-other-shows-to-be-shot-in-goa-hyderabad-bikaner-amid-janta-curfew-in-mumbai-4584837/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, [[Uddhav Thackeray]] announced that shooting of all shows must halt within all parts of urban and rural [[Maharashtra]]. Hence, ''Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin'' producers moved to Goa and were permitted by the government to only shoot indoors, inside their bio-bubble.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ghum-hai-kisi-ke-pyaar-mein-cast-and-crew-head-to-goa-during-the-15-days-curfew-pose-for-a-group-selfie/articleshow/82107340.cms|title=Ghum Hai Kisi Ke Pyaar Mein cast and crew head to Goa to shoot amidst the 15 days curfew|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=16 April 2021|archive-date=25 April 2025|access-date=22 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425140806/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ghum-hai-kisi-ke-pyaar-mein-cast-and-crew-head-to-goa-during-the-15-days-curfew-pose-for-a-group-selfie/articleshow/82107340.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Everything proceeded as planned, but in May 2021 the producers shot a scene at [[Goa Fort]], violating the regulations.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://news.abplive.com/videos/entertainment/the-cast-and-crew-of-ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-break-pandemic-guidelines-1458511/amp|title= Cast and Crew of Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin break pandemic guidelines in Goa; They shoot an outdoor sequence in Goa Fort|date= 15 May 2021|access-date= 15 May 2021|archive-date= 15 May 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210515162105/https://news.abplive.com/videos/entertainment/the-cast-and-crew-of-ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-break-pandemic-guidelines-1458511/amp|url-status= live}}</ref>

In May 2024 it was rumoured that show would take a 10 year leap but then it was announced that it has been cancelled.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 May 2024 |title=Reports: Bhavika retained in Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin after leap; Shakti to exit |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/reports-ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-retains-bhavika-sharma-post-10-years-leap-shakti-arora-and-others-to-exit-1307332 |access-date=3 June 2024 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en |archive-date=3 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603140621/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/reports-ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-retains-bhavika-sharma-post-10-years-leap-shakti-arora-and-others-to-exit-1307332 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=18 May 2024 |title=Exclusive! Ghum Hai Kisike Pyaar Mein headed for a 10-year leap, all actors to exit except Bhavika Sharma |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-ghum-hai-kisike-pyaar-mein-headed-for-a-10-year-leap-all-actors-to-exit-except-bhavika-sharma/articleshow/110228978.cms |access-date=3 June 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602212605/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-ghum-hai-kisike-pyaar-mein-headed-for-a-10-year-leap-all-actors-to-exit-except-bhavika-sharma/articleshow/110228978.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 May 2024 |title=Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin Producer SPEAKS OUT: 'Shakti Arora Stays, No Leap Soon' - Exclusive |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-producer-speaks-out-shakti-arora-stays-no-leap-soon-exclusive-article-110397626 |access-date=3 June 2024 |website=Times Now |language=en |archive-date=3 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603140621/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-producer-speaks-out-shakti-arora-stays-no-leap-soon-exclusive-article-110397626 |url-status=live }}</ref> In June 2024, it was confirmed that show was indeed taking a leap and that the entire Bhosale family would exit including leads [[Shakti Arora]] and Sumit Singh.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 2024 |title=Confirmed! Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin Leap To Be Announced Soon, Shakti Arora Out - Exclusive |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/confirmed-ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-leap-to-be-announced-soon-exclusive-article-110600317 |access-date=3 June 2024 |website=Times Now |language=en |archive-date=3 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603140618/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/confirmed-ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-leap-to-be-announced-soon-exclusive-article-110600317 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shakti Arora Reveals NOT Being Informed About GHKKPM Leap: 'Agar Main Producer Hota Toh...' (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/shakti-arora-reveals-not-being-informed-about-ghkkpm-leap-agar-main-producer-hota-toh-exclusive |access-date=3 June 2024 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en |archive-date=3 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603120611/https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/shakti-arora-reveals-not-being-informed-about-ghkkpm-leap-agar-main-producer-hota-toh-exclusive |url-status=live }}</ref>

In January 2025, it was announced that the show will see a shift in the storyline.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2025 |title=Rekha brings elegance to Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin promo as show takes new leap |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/television/story/rekha-brings-elegance-to-ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-promo-watch-2671377-2025-01-28 |access-date=28 January 2025 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=28 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250128110352/https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/television/story/rekha-brings-elegance-to-ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-promo-watch-2671377-2025-01-28 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Bhavika Sharma]], [[Hitesh Bharadwaj]] and other cast marked their exit due to the shift in the storyline.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 January 2025 |title=Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin EXCLUSIVE: Bhavika Sharma CONFIRMS her exit; reveals more details about the leap |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-exclusive-bhavika-sharma-confirms-her-exit-reveals-more-details-about-the-leap-1365797 |access-date=28 January 2025 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en |archive-date=28 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250128122707/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-exclusive-bhavika-sharma-confirms-her-exit-reveals-more-details-about-the-leap-1365797 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Due to declining TRPs and the third season not being well received by the audience, the production team decided in April 2025 to revamp the storyline and replace the current female lead, Vaibhavi Hankare, with the former lead, [[Bhavika Sharma]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-25 |title=Vaibhavi Hankare's role to end, Param Singh to romance Bhavika Sharma in Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/vaibhavi-hankares-role-to-end-param-singh-to-romance-bhavika-sharma-in-ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin/articleshow/120595274.cms |access-date=2025-04-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=26 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250426015611/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/vaibhavi-hankares-role-to-end-param-singh-to-romance-bhavika-sharma-in-ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin/articleshow/120595274.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-26 |title=Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin actor Vaibhavi Hankare on being replaced by Bhavika Sharma: It's incorrect to… |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-actor-vaibhavi-hankare-on-being-replaced-by-bhavika-sharma-it-s-incorrect-to-101745654574124.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250426104423/https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-actor-vaibhavi-hankare-on-being-replaced-by-bhavika-sharma-it-s-incorrect-to-101745654574124.html |archive-date=26 April 2025 |access-date=2025-04-27 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref> Hankare's character was killed off in a high-octane dramatic track as part of the revamp.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-25 |title=Exclusive! Unfortunately Tejaswini's journey has come to an end: Vaibhavi Hankare on her exit from Ghum Hai Kisike Pyaar Mein |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-unfortunately-tejaswinis-journey-has-come-to-an-end-vaibhavi-hankare-on-her-exit-from-ghum-hai-kisike-pyaar-mein/articleshow/120616357.cms |access-date=2025-04-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=25 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425164017/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-unfortunately-tejaswinis-journey-has-come-to-an-end-vaibhavi-hankare-on-her-exit-from-ghum-hai-kisike-pyaar-mein/articleshow/120616357.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Filming===
A massive fire broke out on the sets of the show located in [[Film City, Mumbai|Goregaon Film City]] on 10 March 2023<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=10 March 2023 |title=Mumbai: Fire breaks out on sets of TV serial 'Gum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin' |url=https://theprint.in/india/mumbai-fire-breaks-out-on-sets-of-tv-serial-gum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin/1433012/ |access-date=10 March 2023 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US |archive-date=10 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310125249/https://theprint.in/india/mumbai-fire-breaks-out-on-sets-of-tv-serial-gum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin/1433012/ |url-status=live }}</ref> around 4:30 pm.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=ABP News |date=10 March 2023 |title=Fire Breaks Out On The Sets Of 'Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Mein' In Mumbai |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/fire-breaks-out-on-the-sets-of-ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-mein-in-mumbai-1587522 |access-date=10 March 2023 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en |archive-date=10 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310125355/https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/fire-breaks-out-on-the-sets-of-ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-mein-in-mumbai-1587522 |url-status=live }}</ref> It was reported that nearly 2000 people were present when the accident took place. Earlier reported to be fire from a cylinder blast<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 March 2023 |title=सिलेंडर फटने से 'गुम है किसी के प्यार में' के सेट पर लगी आग, क्रू के बीच मचा हड़कंप |url=https://www.aajtak.in/entertainment/television/story/fire-at-ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-set-no-actor-was-injured-videos-photos-fire-at-ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-set-no-actor-was-injured-videos-photos-ajooni-shoaib-ibrahim-ntmovb-1651957-2023-03-10 |access-date=11 March 2023 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=गुम है किसी के प्यार में शो के सेट पर लगी भीषण आग से मचा हड़कंप, सिलेंडर फटने से हुआ बड़ा हादसा |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/tv/news/huge-fire-engulfs-ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-set-in-goregaon-aicwa-demands-fir-against-channel-show-producer/articleshow/98546666.cms |access-date=11 March 2023 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi |archive-date=10 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310212431/https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/tv/news/huge-fire-engulfs-ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-set-in-goregaon-aicwa-demands-fir-against-channel-show-producer/articleshow/98546666.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> later reports claimed that a short circuit happened due to a technical failure in a scheduled fire sequence.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cylinder blast causes fire sets of Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin in Goregaon Film City. Deets inside |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/fire-breaks-out-on-the-sets-of-ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-in-goregaon-film-city-deets-inside-2344987-2023-03-10 |access-date=10 March 2023 |website=India Today |date=10 March 2023 |language=en |archive-date=10 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310131400/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/fire-breaks-out-on-the-sets-of-ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-in-goregaon-film-city-deets-inside-2344987-2023-03-10 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Exclusive! We have been evacuated and are standing outside the set, hoping to get our belongings which are in our rooms, said a member from Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin team|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-massive-fire-breaks-out-on-set-of-ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-while-shooting-for-a-fire-sequence/articleshow/98545244.cms|access-date=10 March 2023|website=The Times of India|date=10 March 2023|language=en|archive-date=10 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310132408/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-massive-fire-breaks-out-on-set-of-ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-while-shooting-for-a-fire-sequence/articleshow/98545244.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> No casualties were reported however it was reported that whole set has been burnt down to ashes and the fire even reached the neighbouring sets of ''[[Ajooni]]'' and ''[[Teri Meri Doriyaann]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 March 2023 |title=Massive Fire On The Sets of Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin; No Injuries Reported {{!}} Exclusive Details |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-fire-on-sets-neil-bhatt-aishwarya-sharma-ayesha-singh-safe-exclusive-details-7263337.html |access-date=10 March 2023 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=10 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310125655/https://www.news18.com/movies/ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-fire-on-sets-neil-bhatt-aishwarya-sharma-ayesha-singh-safe-exclusive-details-7263337.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Exclusive: Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin's Ayesha Singh and Neil Bhatt react to their show's set gutted in fire|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiins-ayesha-singh-and-neil-bhatt-react-to-their-shows-set-gutted-in-fire/articleshow/98548264.cms|access-date=10 March 2023|website=The Times of India|date=10 March 2023|language=en|archive-date=10 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310161054/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiins-ayesha-singh-and-neil-bhatt-react-to-their-shows-set-gutted-in-fire/articleshow/98548264.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=GHKKPM: मशहूर सीरियल 'गुम है किसी के प्यार में' के सेट पर भीषण आग, मुंबई फिल्म सिटी में बड़ा हादसा|url=https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/television/ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-major-fire-broke-out-on-the-set-ayesha-singh-neil-bhatt-serial-mumbai-film-city-2023-03-10|access-date=10 March 2023|website=Amar Ujala|language=hindi}}</ref>

===Release===
The first promo of the series was released on 12 September 2020 featuring then-leads Ayesha Singh and [[Neil Bhatt]]. The promo was released on 1 October 2020 and featured veteran actress [[Rekha]] promoting the series.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=October 2020|title=Rekha promotes upcoming show Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/rekha-promotes-upcoming-show-ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-1727348-2020-10-01|access-date=|website=India Today|archive-date=9 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309074236/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/rekha-promotes-upcoming-show-ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-1727348-2020-10-01|url-status=live}}</ref> The following promo released before premiere featured [[Deepika Singh]] in her character Sandhya Rathi from ''[[Diya Aur Baati Hum]]'' to promote the series.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=5 October 2020|title=Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin: Deepika Singh becomes IPS officer, shares special message by sharing video|url=https://khabar.ndtv.com/news/bollywood/deepika-singh-share-ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-video-2305488|access-date=|website=NDTV News|archive-date=25 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225180021/https://khabar.ndtv.com/news/bollywood/deepika-singh-share-ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-video-2305488|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 4 August 2021, Rekha made an appearance in a teaser to promote the track of Sai and Virat's outdoor trip as well as Samrat's return to the series.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rekha once again features in a promo of "Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin"; Hints a twist in SaiRat's lives|url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/rekha-promo-ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-big-twist-7438145/lite/|website=The Indian Express|date=4 August 2021|access-date=4 August 2021|archive-date=4 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804120027/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/rekha-promo-ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-big-twist-7438145/lite/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rekha appears in another promo of "Ghum Hai; Hints a huge twist in 'SaiRat's lives|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/rekha-returns-with-new-promo-of-ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-introduces-new-twist-watch-1836618-2021-08-04|website=India Today|date=4 August 2021|access-date=21 February 2025|archive-date=16 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250416181031/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/rekha-returns-with-new-promo-of-ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-introduces-new-twist-watch-1836618-2021-08-04|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 23 June 2023, A promo featuring Rekha again was released promoting the second generation leap.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 June 2023 |title=Here is a glimpse of Rekha for the upcoming promo of the show Ghum Hain Kisikey Pyaar Meiin |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/here-is-a-glimpse-of-rekha-for-the-upcoming-promo-of-the-show-ghum-hain-kisikey-pyaar-meiin/articleshow/101191118.cms |access-date=23 June 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=23 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623022049/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/here-is-a-glimpse-of-rekha-for-the-upcoming-promo-of-the-show-ghum-hain-kisikey-pyaar-meiin/articleshow/101191118.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

On January 2025, Rekha made another appearance to promote the shift in the storyline.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rekha brings elegance to Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin promo as show takes new leap|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/television/story/rekha-brings-elegance-to-ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-promo-watch-2671377-2025-01-28|website=India Today|date=28 January 2025|access-date=28 January 2025|archive-date=28 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250128110352/https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/television/story/rekha-brings-elegance-to-ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-promo-watch-2671377-2025-01-28|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 1 May 2025, A promo confirming the return of [[Bhavika Sharma]] to the series was released, featuring the deaths of Tejaswini and Rajat.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-01 |title=SHOCKING twist in Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin: Not only Tejaswini but THIS person also dies; PROMO |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/shocking-twist-in-ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-not-only-tejaswini-but-this-person-also-dies-promo-1385376 |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref>

==Crossovers==
On 17 April 2024, ''Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin'' aired one-hour [[Rama Navami|Ram Navami]] special episode and had a crossover with ''[[Imlie]]'' wherein Imlie Reddy, Surya and Indira from ''[[Imlie]]'' attended the celebrations. This episode is placed under regular episodes tray in [[JioHotstar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 April 2024|title=GHKKPM Promo: Bhosale family welcomes Indira with Imlie and Surya at Ram Navmi event |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-promo-surekha-awaits-chinmays-presence-at-ram-navmi-event-imlie-surya-join-in-1297141}}</ref>

On 27 May 2024, ''Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin'' aired one-and-a-half-hour special episode and had a crossover with ''[[Udne Ki Aasha]]'' wherein Savi-Ishaan and Sayali-Sachin rush to a hill-top temple together. This episode is placed under Mahasangam tray in [[JioHotstar]].

On 9 September 2024, ''Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin'' aired one-hour [[Ganesh Chaturthi]] special episode and had a crossover with ''Maati Se Bandhi Dor'' wherein Vaiju-Ranvijay from ''Maati Se Bandhi Dor'' attended the celebrations and Vaiju saved Sai's life by donating her blood. This episode is placed under regular episodes tray in [[JioHotstar]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=12 September 2024|title=Rutuja Bagwe gives an insights about the mahasangam of Maati Se Bandhi Dor and Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/rutuja-bagwe-gives-an-insights-about-the-mahasangam-of-maati-se-bandhi-dor-and-ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-mein/articleshow/113286442.cms}}</ref>

On 14 March 2025, ''Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin'' aired one-hour [[Holi]] special episode and had a crossover with ''Iss Ishq Ka... Rabb Rakha'' with the event hosted by [[Gaurav Khanna]]. This episode is placed under Mahasangam tray in [[JioHotstar]].

On 9 June 2025, ''Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin'' aired one-hour special episode ''Manoranjan Ka Mahasangam'' and had a crossover with ''[[Udne Ki Asha]]'' and ''[[Jaadu Teri Nazar – Daayan Ka Mausam]]'' wherein Savi-Neil, Sayali-Sachin and Gauri-Vihaan rush to Lal Tekdi temple. This episode is placed under Mahasangam tray in [[JioHotstar]].

==Television special==
===''Ravivaar With Star Parivaar'' (2022)===
{{main|Ravivaar With Star Parivaar}}

The cast of ''Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin'' participated as a team in the musical game show ''[[Ravivaar With Star Parivaar]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 June 2022 |title=The lead stars of Anupamaa, Imlie, Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai, Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin and Pandya Store give their best shot! |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/serial-updates/ravivaar-star-parivaar-first-episode-review-anupamaa-imlie-akshara-show-their-real-strong-avatars-1141949 |access-date=23 September 2022 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en |archive-date=23 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923193701/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/serial-updates/ravivaar-star-parivaar-first-episode-review-anupamaa-imlie-akshara-show-their-real-strong-avatars-1141949 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It competed with the teams of [[Star Plus]]'s other shows.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ravivaar with Star Parivaar: Team 'Anupamaa' and 'Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin' gear up for fun challenges - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ravivaar-with-star-parivaar-team-anupamaa-and-ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-gear-up-for-fun-challenges/articleshow/92319037.cms |access-date=10 September 2022 |website=The Times of India |date=19 June 2022 |language=en |archive-date=10 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220910071045/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ravivaar-with-star-parivaar-team-anupamaa-and-ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-gear-up-for-fun-challenges/articleshow/92319037.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin'' emerged as the 4th runner-up of the show.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ravivaar With Star Parivaar: Team 'Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai' emerges as the winner and lifts the trophy|work=Times Of India|date=25 September 2022|access-date=25 September 2022|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ravivaar-with-star-parivaar-team-yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-lift-the-trophy/articleshow/94432567.cms|archive-date=22 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622152705/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ravivaar-with-star-parivaar-team-yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-lift-the-trophy/articleshow/94432567.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin Original SoundTrack
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Dhruv Dhalla
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|2021}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = {{Ubl
| [[Romance (music)|Romance]]
 [[Soundtrack]]
}}
| length = 30:00
| language = [[Hindi]]
| label = [[Star India]]
| producer = Pradeep Kumar Rajesh Ram Singh [[Pia Bajpiee]] Shaika Parween
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The title song "Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin" is a remake of the song "Ghum Hai Kisi ke Pyar Mein" from the 1972 film ''[[Raampur Ka Lakshman]]'', originally composed by [[R.D. Burman]], written by [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]] and sung by [[Lata Mangeshkar]] and [[Kishore Kumar]]. The song was recreated for the series, with the music composed by Dhruv Dhalla.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=3 October 2020|title=How Rekha shot for her debut fiction show amid the pandemic|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/how-rekha-shot-for-her-debut-fiction-show-amid-the-pandemic/articleshow/78465187.cms|access-date=|website=The Times of India|archive-date=22 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922225155/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/how-rekha-shot-for-her-debut-fiction-show-amid-the-pandemic/articleshow/78465187.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Recipient
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| rowspan="6" |2022
|rowspan="2"|[[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
|[[ITA Award for Best Actress in a Negative Role|Best Actress in a Negative Role]]
|[[Kishori Shahane]]
|{{won}}
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Check Out The 21st Indian Television Academy Awards Winners List |url=https://www.theita2021.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110094223/http://www.theita2021.com/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=10 November 2021 |access-date=7 March 2022|website=TheITA2021|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[ITA Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role|Best Actor in a Negative Role]]
|Siddharth Bodke
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan="4"|[[Indian Television Academy Awards|22nd Indian Television Academy Awards]]
|rowspan="2"|Popular Actress (Drama)
|Ayesha Singh
|rowspan="4" {{nom}}
|rowspan="4"|<ref>{{Cite web|title=22nd Indian Television Academy Awards Nominations - Vote Now|access-date=9 September 2022|work=Indian Television Academy Awards|url=https://ita2022.indiantelevisionacademy.com/|archive-date=9 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909025008/https://ita2022.indiantelevisionacademy.com/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Aishwarya Sharma
|-
|Popular Actor (Drama)
|[[Neil Bhatt]]
|-
|Popular Serial (Drama)
|Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin
|-
|rowspan=2|2023
|rowspan=2|[[Indian Telly Awards]]
|[[Indian Telly Award for Best Actress in a Negative Role|Best Actress in a Negative Role - Jury]]
|[[Kishori Shahane]]
|{{won}}
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Telly Awards 2023 Complete Winners List |url=https://www.indiantellyawards.com/ |access-date=26 September 2023 |website=Indian Telly Awards |archive-date=2 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902005617/https://www.indiantellyawards.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Most Promising Actress
|Ayesha Singh
|{{won}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|tt13085534}}
*[https://www.hotstar.com/1260043179 ''Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin''] on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]

{{Star Plus Shows}}

[[Category:2020 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2025 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:2020s medical drama television series]]
[[Category:2020s police procedural television series]]
[[Category:Crossover television series]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Maharashtra Police]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian family drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian musical television series]]
[[Category:Indian romance television series]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Multi-camera television sitcoms]]
[[Category:Obscenity controversies in television]]
[[Category:Occupational safety and health]]
[[Category:Remakes of Indian television series]]
[[Category:StarPlus original programming]]
[[Category:Television controversies in India]]
[[Category:Television shows filmed in India]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Pune]]
[[Category:Television productions suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]

Senegalia rugata

2026-03-09T23:40:33Z

ValarieNarvaez8: refine page based on references and corrected details to improve readability

{{Short description|Species of plant in the legume family}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = Acacia concinna Blanco2.374-cropped.png
|genus = Senegalia
|species = rugata
|authority = {{small|([[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck|Lam.]]) [[Nathaniel Lord Britton|Britton]] & [[Joseph Nelson Rose|Rose]]}}
|synonyms =
* ''Acacia abstergens'' {{small|([[William Roxburgh|Roxb.]] ex [[Curt Polycarp Joachim Sprengel|Spreng.]]) [[Ernst Gottlieb von Steudel|Steud.]]}}
* ''Acacia concinna'' {{small|([[Carl Ludwig von Willdenow|Willd.]]) [[Augustin Pyramus de Candolle|DC.]]}}
* ''Acacia gamblei'' {{small|[[Kunwar Naresh Bahadur|Bahadur]] & [[R.C. Gaur|R.C.Gaur]]}}
* ''Acacia habbasioides'' {{small|[[Wenceslas Bojer|Bojer]]}}
* ''Acacia hooperiana'' {{small|[[Alexander Zippelius|Zipp.]] ex [[Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel|Miq.]]}}
* ''Acacia philippinarum'' {{small|[[George Bentham|Benth.]]}}
* ''Acacia poilanei'' {{small|[[François Gagnepain|Gagnep.]]}}
* ''Acacia polycephala'' {{small|DC.}}
* ''Acacia quisumbingii'' {{small|[[Elmer Drew Merrill|Merr.]]}}
* ''Acacia rugata'' {{small|(Lam.) Buch.-Ham. ex [[Joachim Otto Voigt|Voigt]]}}
* ''Acacia rugata'' {{small|[[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton|Buch.-Ham.]] ex Benth.}}
* ''Acacia sinuata'' {{small|([[João de Loureiro|Lour.]]) Merr.}}
* ''Arthrosprion stipulatum'' {{small|[[Justus Carl Hasskarl|Hassk.]]}}
* ''Mimosa abstergens'' {{small|Roxb. ex Spreng.}}
* ''Mimosa concinna'' {{small|Willd.}}
* ''Mimosa rugata'' {{small|Lam.}}
* ''Mimosa saponaria'' {{small|Roxb. ex [[Robert Wight|Wight]] & [[George Arnott Walker-Arnott|Arn.]]}}
* ''Mimosa sinuata'' {{small|Lour.}}
* ''Mimosa tenuifolia'' {{small|[[Francisco Manuel Blanco|Blanco]]}}
|synonyms_ref = <ref name="powo">{{cite web |title=Senegalia rugata (Lam.) Britton & Rose |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:518300-1 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=27 February 2021}}</ref>
}}

[[File:Shikakai (Senegalia rugata) seed pods.jpg|thumb|Shikakai (''Senegalia rugata'') seed pods]]
'''''Senegalia rugata''''' is a spiny climbing shrub native to China and tropical Asia, common in the warm plains of [[central India|central and south India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb?sciname=Acacia+concinna |title=Acacia concinna – ILDIS LegumeWeb |publisher=www.ildis.org |access-date=2008-03-13}}</ref><ref name="powo"/>
It is renowned as a raw material for shampoo, and the leaves and young shoots are often eaten. Archaeobotanical evidence shows its use for hair care in the pre-Harrapan levels of [[Banawali]], some 4500{{ndash}}4300 years ago.

==Description==
A woody climber, shrub, or small tree up to {{convert|5|m}} tall, with numerous spines.<ref name="maslin3">{{cite journal |last1=Maslin |first1=Bruce R. |last2=Ho |first2=Boon Chuan |last3=Sun |first3=Hang |last4=Bai |first4=Lin |title=Revision of ''Senegalia'' in China, and notes on introduced species of ''Acacia, Acaciella, Senegalia'' and ''Vachellia'' (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) |journal=Plant Diversity |date=2019 |volume=41 |issue=6, December |pages=353–480 |doi=10.1016/j.pld.2019.09.001 |pmid=31891020 |pmc=6923495 |bibcode=2019PlDiv..41..353M |url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Senegalia rugata (Lam.) Britton & Rose |url=https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Senegalia+rugata |website=Flora of Australia |publisher=Dept. Environment & Energy, Australian Government |access-date=27 February 2021 }}{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
Leaves are bipinnate. Cream to pale-yellow flowers, though buds are red to purplish-red and when the flowers are open they appear cream. The seed pods are distinctive. When fresh, they are smooth, thick, and fleshy; however, when they dry, they become wrinkled, blackish, and very hard.<ref name="maslin2">{{cite journal |last1=Maslin |first1=B.R. |title=Synoptic overview of Acacia sensu lato (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) in East and Southeast Asia |journal=Gardens' Bulletin Singapore |date=2015 |volume=67 |issue=1 |pages=231–250 |doi=10.3850/S2382581215000186 |url=https://www.nparks.gov.sg/sbg/research/publications/gardens-bulletin-singapore/-/media/sbg/gardens-bulletin/gbs_67_01_y2015_v67_01/4-4-67-1-231-y2015-v67p1-gbs-pg231.pdf |access-date=27 February 2021}}</ref>

==Distribution==
The species is native to Asia, including [[China]].<ref name="powo"/><ref name="maslin"/><ref name="maslin2"/><ref name="maslin3"/> Countries and regions to which it is native include: [[Papua New Guinea]] ([[Eastern New Guinea]]); Indonesia ([[Western New Guinea|West Papua]], [[Kai Islands]], [[Sulawesi]], [[Lesser Sunda Islands|Nusa Tenggara]], [[Maluku Islands|Maluku]], [[Java|Jawa]], [[Sumatra|Sumatera]]); Philippines; Malaysia ([[Peninsular Malaysia]]); Thailand; Cambodia; Vietnam; Zhōngguó/China ([[Guangdong]], [[Yunnan]]); Laos; Myanmar; India ([[Andaman Islands]], [[Assam]]), Bangladesh, Nepal, East Himalaya. It has been [[introduced species|introduced]]/[[Naturalization (biology)|naturalized]] to the following countries/regions: [[New Caledonia|Nouvelle Caledonie]]; Australia (Queensland); Japan (Okinawa); [[Réunion]]; [[Madagascar]]; Seychelles; [[Brazil]] (southeast); Jamaica{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}

The species is invasive in countries around the world, including [[New Caledonia]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers12-08/010052239.pdf|title=Les Espèces Exotiques Envahissantes de Nouvelle Calédonie|last=Hequet|first=Vanessa|year=2009|pages=17|language=fr}}</ref>

==Habitat and ecology==
In the Philippines the plant occurs in low and medium elevation thickets.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pelser |first1=Pieter B. |title=Co's Digital Flora of the Philippines: Fabaceae = Leguminosae Subfamily Mimosoideae: Senegalia Raf. |url=https://www.philippineplants.org/Families/FabaceaeMimosoideae.html |website=Co's Digital Flora of the Philippines |publisher=philippineplants.org |access-date=28 February 2021 |archive-date=6 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206223350/https://www.philippineplants.org/Families/FabaceaeMimosoideae.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
The species grows both in the forest and within villages in [[Chiang Mai Province]], Thailand.<ref name="sutjaritjai">{{cite journal |last1=Sutjaritjai |first1=Natcha |last2=Wangpakapattanawong |first2=Prasit |last3=Balslev |first3=Henrik |last4=Inta |first4=Angkhana |title=Traditional Uses of Leguminosae among the Karen in Thailand |journal=Plants |date=2019 |volume=8 |issue=12 |page=600 |doi=10.3390/plants8120600 |pmid=31847100 |pmc=6963713 |url=https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/8/12/600/pdf |access-date=27 February 2021|doi-access=free |bibcode=2019Plnts...8..600S }}</ref>
''S. rugata'' grows in forest or thickets in Zhōngguó/China, most commonly near watercourses in valleys, at an altitude of between {{convert|880|and|1500|m}}.<ref name="maslin3"/>

The tree is food for the [[larva]]e of the [[butterfly]] ''[[Pantoporia hordonia]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/papilionoidea/nymphalidae/limenitidinae/pantoporia/index.html#hordonia |title=Pantoporia |publisher=www.funet.fi |access-date=2008-03-13 }}</ref>

== Archaeobotany ==
Pre-Harappan level of [[Banawali]] (2750{{ndash}}2500 BC), [[Haryana]] have revealed traces of a mixture of Shikakai with [[Sapindus|soap nuts]] and Amla ([[Phyllanthus emblica|Indian Gooseberry]]), exhibiting ancient roots of South Asian [[hygiene]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bisht|date=1993|title=Paleobotanical and pollen analytical investigations|url=http://nmma.nic.in/nmma/nmma_doc/Indian%20Archaeology%20Review/Indian%20Archaeology%201993-94%20A%20Review.pdf|journal=Indian Archaeology a Review 1993–1994|pages=143–144}}</ref>

==Vernacular names==
* {{langx|my|ကင်ပွန်း}}; {{Lang|my-Latn|kinmun}}<ref>{{cite book | last=Hardiman | first=John Percy | title=Gazetteer of Upper Burma and Shan States Part 2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UroMAAAAIAAJ | volume=2 | editor=Sir James George Scott | year=1901 | publisher=Government Press, British Burma | page=252}}</ref> or {{Lang|my-Latn|kinbun}}<ref>{{cite book | author=Burma Research Group | title=Burma and Japan: Basic Studies on Their Cultural and Social Structure | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7W5uAAAAMAAJ | page=299 | year=1987| publisher=Burma Research }}</ref>
* {{Lang-zh|c=紫荚金合欢|p=zǐ jiá jīn hé huān|l=purple-pod senegalia}}<ref name="maslin3"/>
* Australian English: ''soap pod wattle''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Csurhes |first1=Steve |title=Twentieth Australasian Weeds Conference |date=2016 |pages=255–7 |chapter=Using ‘WeedSearch' to assess the feasibility of eradicating 34 high-risk invasive plant species in Queensland|url=https://caws.org.nz/old-site/awc/2016/awc201612551.pdf}}</ref>
* [[Karen language|Karen]] ([[Pang Hin Fon]] district): {{Transliteration|kar|phu che sa}}<ref name="sutjaritjai" /> or {{Lang|kar|pa chi}} <ref name="punchay">{{cite journal|last1=Punchay|first1=Kittiyut|last2=with four others|date=2020|title=Traditional knowledge of wild food plants of Thai Karen and Lawa (Thailand)|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339510790|journal=Genet Resour Crop Evol|volume=67|issue=5|pages=1277–1299|doi=10.1007/s10722-020-00910-x|bibcode=2020GRCEv..67.1277P |access-date=28 February 2021|s2cid=211479636}}</ref> (Chiang Mai Province, Thailand)
* [[Khmer language|Khmer]]: {{Transliteration|km|ba:y dâmnaëb}} ('sticky rice', an allusion to its clingy thorns), {{Transliteration|km|bânla sâöt}} ('viscous spines'), {{Transliteration|km|sâmpöy}}, {{Transliteration|km|sândaèk kâmpöënh}} (evoking 'wild bean')<ref name="dyphon">{{cite book |last1=Pauline Dy Phon |title=Plants Utilised In Cambodia/Plantes utilisees au Cambodge |date=2000 |publisher=Imprimerie Olympic |location=Phnom Penh |page=406|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=InD2RAAACAAJ|author1-link=Pauline Dy Phon }}</ref>
* {{Langx|kn|ಸೀಗೆಕಾಯಿ}}, Seegekaayi derived from Tamil word Sigaikaai (Sigai means Hair, Kaai means unrip fruit)
* [[Lawa language]], Pang Hin Fon district, Chiang Mai, Thailand: ''kad ka ha''{{Which lang|reason=can't add language template, unsure which form of Lawa|date=August 2021}}{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}
* [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]: Chevakka kai
* {{Langx|mnw|ကပေါဝ်|kapow}}
* [[Tamil language|Tamil]]: {{Lang|ta-Latn|Sigaikaai}} ({{Lang|ta-Latn|Sigai}} means hair, {{Lang|ta-Latn|Kaai}} means unripe fruit)
* {{Langx|th|ส้มขน}} {{Transliteration|th|som khon}} or {{Lang|th|ส้มป่อย}} {{Transliteration|th|som poi}}<ref name="maslin3"/><ref name="sitthithaworn">{{cite journal |last1=Sitthithaworn |first1=Worapan |last2=Weerasathien |first2=Lalita |last3=Onsawang |first3=Chamaiporn |title=The Use of Medicinal Plants for Gynecologic Ailments by Thai Traditional Folk Healers in Nakhonnayok Province |journal=Thai Pharmaceutical and Health Science Journal |date=2019 |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=111–121 |url=https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-21537/latest.pdf |access-date=28 February 2021}}</ref>

==Uses==

===Shikakai in hair care===
''Senegalia rugata'' has been used traditionally for hair care in the [[Indian subcontinent]] since ancient times. It is one of the [[Ayurvedic]] [[medicinal plant]]s. It is traditionally used as a [[shampoo]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Shikakai.html|title=Acacia concinna – Shikakai|website=www.flowersofindia.net|access-date=8 September 2018}}</ref> and it is also added in synthetic Ayurvedic shampoos. It is widely known as ''shikakai'', from Tamil {{Lang|ta|சிகைக்காய்}} {{Lang|ta-Latn|cikaikkāy}} ({{Lang|ta-Latn|cikai}} 'hair'+{{Lang|ta-Latn|kāy}} 'fruit'). In order to prepare it, the fruit pods, leaves and bark of the plant are dried, ground into a powder, then made into a paste. While this traditional shampoo does not produce the normal amount of [[foam|lather]] that a sulfate-containing shampoo would, it is considered a good cleanser. It is mild, having a naturally low [[pH]], and does not strip hair of natural [[oil]]s. An infusion of the leaves has been used in anti-[[dandruff]] preparations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.beautystylr.com/shikakai-benefits-for-hair-and-how-to-use|title=Shikakai for Hair: 16 Benefits and 11 Ways to Use it|date=2017-04-29|website=beautystylr.com|access-date=8 September 2018|archive-date=2018-09-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908130629/https://www.beautystylr.com/shikakai-benefits-for-hair-and-how-to-use/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

''Senagalia rugata'' extracts are used in natural shampoos or hair powders and the tree is now grown commercially in India and Far East Asia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/forestry/forestry_nursery_acacia_concinna.html|title=Forestry :: Nursery Technologies|website=agritech.tnau.ac.in|access-date=8 September 2018}}</ref> The plant parts used for the dry powder or the extract are the bark, leaves or pods. The bark contains high levels of [[saponin]]s, which are foaming agents found in several other plant species used as shampoos or soaps. Saponin-containing plants have a long history of use as mild cleaning agents. Saponins from the plant's pods have been traditionally used as a [[detergent]], and in [[Bengal]] for poisoning fish; they are documented to be potent marine toxins.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

In [[Myanmar]], the fruit is mixed with the bark of the ''[[grewia|tayaw]]'' (''Grewia'') tree and sometimes [[Lime (fruit)|lime]] to make the traditional ''[[tayaw kinpun]]'' shampoo.<ref>{{cite news | author=Yadu | title=မှေးမှိန်လာနေတဲ့ တရော်ကင်ပွန်းသုံးစွဲခြင်း အလေ့အထ | url=https://myanmar.mmtimes.com/video/127851 | work=The Myanmar Times | date=31 August 2019 | language=my-MM | access-date=2 August 2022 | archive-date=20 February 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220213119/https://myanmar.mmtimes.com/video/127851 | url-status=live }}</ref> Shampooing with ''tayaw kinpun'' has been an important tradition in [[Burmese culture]] since ancient times. [[Burmese kings]] used to wash their hair with ''tayaw kinpun'' during the royal hair-washing ceremony ({{langx|my|ခေါင်းဆေး မင်္ဂလာပွဲ|label=none}}), in the belief that using the shampoo would cast away bad luck and bring good luck.<ref>{{cite news |title=Soap Nut (ကင်ပွန်းသီး) |url=https://hellosayarwon.com/herbals-alternatives/herbal-medicines/soap-nut-%E1%80%80%E1%80%84%E1%80%B9%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%94%E1%80%B9%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8-2/ |work=Hello Sayarwon |date=25 September 2017 |language=my-MM |access-date=2 August 2022 |archive-date=24 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124122100/https://hellosayarwon.com/herbals-alternatives/herbal-medicines/soap-nut-%E1%80%80%E1%80%84%E1%80%B9%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%94%E1%80%B9%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8-2/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It remains customary for many Burmese people to wash their heads with ''tayaw kinpun'', especially on the [[Burmese calendar#New Year's Day|Burmese New Year's Day]] to leave behind impurities and bad omens of the past,<ref>{{cite news |title=နှစ်ဆန်းတစ်ရက်နေ့ |url=https://news-eleven.com/article/100006 |work=Eleven Media Group |date=17 April 2019 |language=my |access-date=2 August 2022 |archive-date=8 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808055823/https://news-eleven.com/article/100006 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=မြန်မာရိုးရာ အတာနှစ်ကူး ခေါင်းဆေးမင်္ဂလာ |url=http://burmese.dvb.no/archives/144710 |work=DVB |date=14 April 2021 |language=my-MM |access-date=2 August 2022 |archive-date=8 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808055823/http://burmese.dvb.no/archives/144710 |url-status=live }}</ref> and the shampoo is commonly sold in the country's open-air markets, typically in plastic bags.<ref>{{cite news |title=Myanmar Shampoo |url=https://www.myanmars.net/culture/myanmar-shampoo.html |work=www.myanmars.net |date=13 November 2018 |access-date=2 August 2022 |archive-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817015406/https://www.myanmars.net/culture/myanmar-shampoo.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Yan Win (Taung Da Gar) – Myanmar Shampoo |url=http://www.thithtoolwin.com/2011/04/yan-win-taung-da-gar-myanmar-shampoo.html |work=THIT HTOO LWIN (Daily News) |date=16 April 2011 |language=my-MM |access-date=2 August 2022 |archive-date=8 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190908094555/http://www.thithtoolwin.com/2011/04/yan-win-taung-da-gar-myanmar-shampoo.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Food, medicine, and other uses===
This species is used in a variety of ways in Cambodia.<ref name="dyphon"/> The young leaves are included in salads. The fruit is used for washing hair and in local medicine. To treat abscesses, eczema and leprosy the fruit can also be used externally or as a laxative when they are taken internally. The pulp of the fruit, without the seeds, is used as a diuretic and emetic, while the seeds are reputed to make delivery in childbirth easier.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}

Traditional healers of [[Nakhon Nayok Province]], Thailand, use the leaves of this species to treat irregular menstruation.<ref name="sitthithaworn"/>

Amongst the Karen people of Chiang Mai Province, Thailand, the plant is one of the most widely used legumes.<ref name="sutjaritjai"/> They use the fruit in a cold infusion both as soap and shampoo, and as a medicine for food poisoning. The dried fruit is used in holy water for the rituals to pay respect to elderly people and to evict wickedness.

Investigating plant use amongst both Karen and [[Lawa people]] living in Pang Hin Fon district (Chiang Mai), ''S. rugata'' was one of the plants that provided both food and health-products.<ref name="punchay"/> The young shoots and leaves are cooked in a soup, the fruit are eaten raw or cooked, while the bark was chewed and kept as a quid in the mouth to counter-act toothache, and a decoction of the fruit was used as shampoo.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}

An infusion of the leaves of ''Senagalia rugata'' has also been used for therapy of [[jaundice]] in the traditional Indian medicine.<ref>{{cite journal|pmid=28860989 |pmc=5559545|doi=10.3389/fphar.2017.00518|doi-access=free |title=Ethnopharmacological Approaches for Therapy of Jaundice: Part I |year=2017 |last1=Tewari |first1=Devesh |last2=Mocan |first2=Andrei |last3=Parvanov |first3=Emil D. |last4=Sah |first4=Archana N. |last5=Nabavi |first5=Seyed M. |last6=Huminiecki |first6=Lukasz |last7=Ma |first7=Zheng Feei |last8=Lee |first8=Yeong Yeh |last9=Horbańczuk |first9=Jarosław O. |last10=Atanasov |first10=Atanas G. |journal=Frontiers in Pharmacology |volume=8 |article-number=518 }}</ref>

In Nepal, the plant is one of many that are processed and sold in the medicinal products industry.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Caporale |first1=Filippo |last2=Mateo-Martín |first2=Jimena |last3=Usman |first3=Muhammad Faizan |last4=Smith-Hall |first4=Carsten |title=Plant-Based Sustainable Development—The Expansion and Anatomy of the Medicinal Plant Secondary Processing Sector in Nepal |journal=Sustainability |date=2020 |volume=12 |issue=14 |page=5575 |doi=10.3390/su12145575 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2020Sust...12.5575C }}</ref> In 2004, an estimated {{convert|2459|kg}} of material was purchased nationwide by the industry at an average price of 80 [[Nepalese rupee]]s. Central wholesalers provided the raw material.

[[File:Acacia concinna.jpg|right|thumb|Flowers]]
The leaves have an acidic taste and are used in [[chutney]]s.

==Chemical constituents==
[[Alkaloids]] are found in the tree's fruit.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1080/10915810500257170|title=Final Report of the Safety Assessment of Acacia Catechu Gum, Acacia Concinna Fruit Extract, Acacia Dealbata Leaf Extract, Acacia Dealbata Leaf Wax, Acacia Decurrens Extract, Acacia Farnesiana Extract, Acacia Farnesiana Flower Wax, Acacia Farnesiana Gum, Acacia Senegal Extract, Acacia Senegal Gum, and Acacia Senegal Gum Extract1 |journal=International Journal of Toxicology |year=2005 |volume=24 |issue=3_suppl |pages=75–118 |pmid=16422266 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
In commercial extracts, when the plant is [[hydrolysis|hydrolyzed]] it yields [[lupeol]], [[spinasterol]], [[acacic acid]], [[lactone]], and the natural sugars [[glucose]], [[arabinose]] and [[rhamnose]]. It also contains [[hexacosanol]], [[spinasterone]], [[oxalic acid]], [[tartaric acid]], [[citric acid]], [[succinic acid]], [[ascorbic acid]], and the [[alkaloid]]s [[calycotomine]] and [[nicotine]].

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Acacia concinna (5595825400).jpg
Acacia concinna (5595830208).jpg
Acacia concinna (5505602571).jpg|Pods
Acacia concinna seeds, by Omar Hoftun.jpg|Seeds
</gallery>

==History==
The two American botanists, [[Nathaniel Lord Britton]] (1859{{ndash}}1934, co-founder of the [[New York Botanical Garden]]), and [[Joseph Nelson Rose]] (1862{{ndash}}1928, of the [[Smithsonian]]), first described the taxa in 1928 in the publication ''North American Flora'' (vol. 23[2]: 120, published by the New York Botanical Garden.<ref>{{cite web |title=''Senegalia rugata'' (Lam.) Britton & Rose, N. Amer. Fl. 23(2): 120 (1928). |url=https://www.ipni.org/n/518300-1 |website=International Plant Name Index (IPNI) |publisher=The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=27 February 2021}}</ref>
This taxa was subsumed into the well-known species ''Acacia concinna'', however with advances in DNA analysis and consequent revision of plant phylogeny, the species ''S. rugata'' was recognized as having precedence in 2015 by Maslin and others.<ref name="maslin">{{cite web |last1=Maslin |first1=B.R. |last2=Seigler |first2=D.S. |last3=Ebinger |first3=J. |title=New combinations in ''Senegalia'' and ''Vachellia'' (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) for Southeast Asia and China |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272139437}}</ref>
The epitaph ''rugata'' is derived from {{Lang|la|rugatus}} (Latin), meaning 'wrinkled', referring to the state of the pods when dry.<ref name="maslin3"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons-inline}}

{{Taxonbar|from1=Q50870560|from2=Q310208}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Senegalia|rugata]]
[[Category:Flora of Assam (region)]]
[[Category:Flora of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Flora of Cambodia]]
[[Category:Flora of East Himalaya]]
[[Category:Flora of Guangdong]]
[[Category:Flora of Indo-China]]
[[Category:Flora of Malesia]]
[[Category:Flora of Nepal]]
[[Category:Flora of New Guinea]]
[[Category:Flora of the Andaman Islands]]
[[Category:Flora of Yunnan]]
[[Category:Hairdressing]]
[[Category:Hygiene]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1928]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Joseph Nelson Rose]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Nathaniel Lord Britton]]

Rajee En Kanmani

2026-03-04T05:06:27Z

ValarieNarvaez8: Created new info...

{{short description|1954 film directed by K. J. Mahadevan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Rajee En Kanmani poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = K. J. Mahadevan
| producer = [[S. S. Vasan]]
| writer = Sangu Subramaniam (dialogues)
| screenplay = K. J. Mahadevan
| story = K. J. Mahadevan
| based_on = {{based on|''[[City Lights]]''|[[Charlie Chaplin]]}}
| starring = [[T. R. Ramachandran]] [[Sriranjani Jr.|Sriranjani]]
| music = [[S. Hanumantha Rao]]
| cinematography = C. A. S. Mani
| editing = M. Umanatha Rao
| studio = [[Gemini Studios]]
| released = {{film date|df=yes|1954|1|29}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Rajee En Kanmani''''' ({{langx|en|Rajee, my darling|italic=yes}}) is a 1954 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by K. J. Mahadevan and produced by [[S. S. Vasan]]. The film stars [[T. R. Ramachandran]] and [[Sriranjani Jr.]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=1954 – ராஜீ என் கண்மணி – ஜெமினி ஸ்டுடியோ-ராஜீ நா பிராணம்(தெ). |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1954-cinedetails28.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170209175156/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1954-cinedetails28.asp |archive-date=9 February 2017 |access-date=14 September 2016 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref> A remake of [[Charlie Chaplin]]'s ''[[City Lights]]'' (1931), it was remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] with the title ''Rajee Naa Pranam'' in the same year.<ref name="hindu" />

== Plot ==
Ramu is a homeless orphan. He saves a blind flower-seller girl, Rajee, from a car accident. Ramu takes pity on her and helps her sell flowers, as love develops between them. Ramu happens to know an eye specialist, whom he takes Rajee to for consultation. The doctor says her eyesight could be restored, but it will cost 1000 rupees. To earn money for the procedure, Ramu accepts a challenge from a boxing stalwart and wins the prize money. However, two crooks rob Ramu of the money soon after his win. Then, Ramu helps a drunken rich businessman, who gives the money to Ramu as a present. After Ramu pays the doctor, he is arrested by the police on a false charge of theft and sent to prison.

In the meantime, the doctor performs the surgery, and Rajee regains eyesight. She is longing to see Ramu, but she has not heard any news about him. Ramu tries to escape from the prison and gets caught, causing his sentence to be extended. Rajee's aunt, who was her only support, dies. The house owner tries to advance on the helpless Rajee, causing her distress to the point that she decides to end her life by drowning herself in the sea. At the nick of time, an unknown woman saves her. She finds out the woman is none other than the doctor's mother, who takes Rajee home and agrees to let her begin working as a nurse for the doctor.

The doctor starts falling in love with Rajee, but her mind is filled with Ramu. Another woman, Roopa, has a one-sided love with the doctor. She finds the doctor is interested in Rajee and precipitates matters. The doctor opens his heart to Rajee, causing her to feel torn between love and gratitude. She decides to leave the doctor's place, but the mother intercepts and pleads with Rajee to marry her son for the sake of his happiness. Rajee marries the doctor and bears a son, whom she names Ramu.

Eventually, Ramu is released from prison, and he comes to the doctor's place to find out whether Rajee got her eyesight back. When he comes to the doctor's house, Rajee is at the threshold, looking at Ramu. Because he now looks like a beggar, she does not recognize him. When their eyes meet, the events of the day make him realize that her love for him has not diminished over the years. Rajee presents him a flower, which he accepts and fades out of her life with joy, without identifying himself to her.<ref name="songbook" />

== Cast ==
Cast according to the opening credits of the film and song book<ref name="songbook" />
{{Col-begin|width=60%}}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
* [[T. R. Ramachandran]] as Ramu
* [[Sriranjani Jr.|Sriranjani]] as Raji
* Sriram as Doctor Ragunath
* [[S. V. Ranga Rao]] as Rich Man
* [[T. P. Muthulakshmi]] as Sundari
* [[J. P. Chandrababu|Chandra Babu]] as Boxing Fan
* P. Vasundhara as Roopa
* S. Venkat as Referee
* T. S. Velayutham as Kannaiah
* T. N. Meenakshi as Doctor's mother
* G. V. Sharma as Worker
* [[K. R. Chellam]] as Raji's aunt
* K. S. Hariharan as Municipal Chairman
{{col-break|width=60%}}
* V. K. Achari as Chandamarudha Singam
* Jagadeesan as Boxing Fan
* P. Susheela as Sheela
* Ganapathi Bhat as Policeman
* S. R. Lakshmi as Kumari Mohana
* T. S. B. Rao as Dharvan
* T. E. Krishnamachari as Magistrate
* V. P. S. Mani as Inspector
* V. T. Kalyanam as Kailasam
* P. K. Krishnan as Boxer
* T. N. Govindarajan as Policeman
* Master Krishnamoorthi as Baby Ramu
* Vimala as Housemaid
{{Col-end}}
;Dance
* Roy Chowdhury, Balaraman, Jayaraman, Kantha, Rajeswari, Chellam, Chandra, Jamuna, Chokkamma, Saroja, Sakunthala
* Gemini Boys and Girls

== Production ==
The film was produced by [[S. S. Vasan]], owner of [[Gemini Studios]], and directed by K. J. Mahadevan. He made ''Rajee En Kanmani,'' an adaptation of the 1931 [[Charlie Chaplin]] film ''[[City Lights]].'' Mahadevan stuck to the original storyline of ''City Lights'' for the most part, and included the dream ballet executed by Chaplin in his film. However, Vasan felt it was too "highbrow" and did not include it in the final cut of the film.<ref name="hindu" />

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[S. Hanumantha Rao]], and the lyrics were penned by Sangu Subramaniam. The song "Malligai Poo Jaadhi Roja" sung by R. Balasaraswathi Devi became a hit,<ref name="hindu" /> and is based on "[[La Violetera]]," a Spanish [[Copla (music)|copla]] song, composed by [[José Padilla (composer)|José Padilla]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |title=Tamil [Other Composers] |url=https://www.itwofs.com/tamil-others.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190522113005/https://www.itwofs.com/tamil-others.html |archive-date=22 May 2019 |access-date=19 June 2020 |website=[[ItwoFS]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Song !! Singer !! Length
|-
| "Malligai Poo Jaadhi Roja" || rowspan=4|[[R. Balasaraswathi Devi]] || 04:57
|-
| "Thoongaayo Dhuraiye" || 02:29
|-
| "Sundhara Malare" || 02:11
|-
| "Ammaa Vareero" ||
|-
| "Ulagam Ithuthaano" || [[V. N. Sundaram]] || 03:09
|}

; Telugu version<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://indiancine.ma/documents/ZP/1954-Rajee-Na-Pranam-1954.pdf |title=రాజీ నా ప్రాణం |publisher=[[Gemini Studios]] |language=te |access-date=6 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206043533/https://indiancine.ma/documents/ZP/1954-Rajee-Na-Pranam-1954.pdf |archive-date=6 December 2022 |url-status=live |via=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
Music was composed by [[S. Hanumantha Rao]] and the lyrics were penned by [[Devulapalli Krishnasastri]]. All the tunes for all the songs and singers for both languages are the same.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Song !! Singer !! Length
|-
| "Mallepoolu Mollapoolu" || rowspan=5| R. Balasaraswathi Devi || 04:57
|-
| "Managalana — Raavu"
|-
| "Meeraina Chusi Teluparamma"
|-
| "Amma Ivigonamma Dayatho"
|-
| "Nindu Vennela"
|-
| "Inthena Brathukantha Inthena" || [[A. M. Rajah]] || 03:09
|-
| "Rammani Cheppiraave" || ||
|-
| "Holiday Holiday Holiday" || ||
|}

== Reception ==
The film was praised for its story and the performances of Ranga Rao, Ramachandran and Sriranjani, but became a box office failure.<ref name="hindu" />

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="hindu">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=24 July 2009 |title=Rajee En Kanmani 1954 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/rajee-en-kanmani-1954/article3021732.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104050419/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/rajee-en-kanmani-1954/article3021732.ece |archive-date=4 January 2017 |access-date=4 January 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
<ref name="songbook">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/download/sok.RajiEnKanmani_K.J.Mahadevan_1954/38.%20RajiEnKanmani_K.J.Mahadevan_1954.pdf |title=ராஜி என் கண்மணி |publisher=[[Gemini Studios]] |language=Tamil |trans-title=Rajee, My Darling |type=[[song book]] |access-date=18 July 2022 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

</references>

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
{{Gemini Studios}}

[[Category:1954 Indian films]]
[[Category:1954 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1954 films]]
[[Category:1954 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films about blind people in India]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. Hanumantha Rao]]
[[Category:Gemini Studios films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic drama films]]

The Heist (2024 film)

2026-03-02T01:16:22Z

ValarieNarvaez8: Adding a data nd citations

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = The Heist
| image = The Heist (2024 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Aditya Awandhe
| writer = Nikita Chaturvedi
| producer = Farheen Vencapah Yash Modhave
| starring = {{Plain list|
* Nad Sham
* [[Suman Rao]]
* [[Siddhanth Kapoor]]
}}
| cinematography = Anirudh Nakhare
| editing = Amol Vijay Khanvilkar
| music = Yug Bhusal
| studio = LIV Worldwide YFN Worldwide Movies
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2024|7|19}}
| runtime = 130 minutes<ref>{{cite web | title=THE HEIST | website=BBFC | date=19 July 2024 | url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/the-heist-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdiyndiy | access-date=22 July 2024}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''The Heist''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Crime fiction|crime thriller]] film directed by Aditya Awandhe. It stars Nad Sham, [[Suman Rao]] and [[Siddhanth Kapoor]].<ref>{{cite web | last=Web | first=Statesman | title=Siddhanth Kapoor set to shine in 'The Heist', anticipation builds for July 19 release | website=The Statesman | date=17 July 2024 | url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/siddhanth-kapoor-set-to-shine-in-the-heist-anticipation-builds-for-july-19-release-1503321593.html | access-date=22 July 2024}}</ref> The film was theatrically released on 19 July 2024.<ref>{{cite web | last=Aaglave | first=Ganesh | title=Introducing Nad Sham, Suman Rao and Nandini Gupta in 'The Heist': A cinematic marvel set for 19 July release | website=Firstpost | date=24 June 2024 | url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/introducing-nad-sham-suman-rao-and-nandini-gupta-in-the-heist-a-cinematic-marvel-set-for-19-july-release-13785586.html | access-date=22 July 2024}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* Nad Sham<ref name="Cast" /> as Neel
* [[Siddhanth Kapoor]]<ref name="Cast" >{{cite web | last=Hungama | first=Bollywood | title=The Heist Movie Star Cast | website=Bollywood Hungama | date=19 July 2024 | url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/the-heist/cast/ | access-date=23 July 2024}}</ref> as Viren Shah
* [[Suman Rao]]<ref>{{cite web | title=Suman Rao to mark her debut with the heart-pounding thriller 'The Heist' | website=Women's Magazine - Fashion, Beauty, Relationships, Health | date=27 December 2023 | url=https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/miss-world/suman-rao-to-mark-her-debut-with-the-heart-pounding-thriller-the-heist/articleshow/106315886.cms | access-date=22 July 2024}}</ref> as Agent Ananya Bakshi
* [[Jagat Rawat]]<ref name="Cast" /> as Xavier
* Pratyaksh Rajbhatt<ref name="Cast" /> as Ryan
* Tasneem Khan<ref name="Cast" /> as Suzi
* Saurabh Saraswat<ref name="Cast" /> as Rahul
* [[Nandini Gupta]]<ref>{{cite web | last=Desk | first=Editorial | title=Nandini Gupta to mark her silver screen debut in a thrilling cameo for 'The Heist' | website=Women's Magazine - Fashion, Beauty, Relationships, Health | date=24 June 2024 | url=https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/miss-world/nandini-gupta-to-mark-her-silver-screen-debut-in-a-thrilling-cameo-for-the-heist/articleshow/111234861.cms | access-date=22 July 2024}}</ref> as Herself (special appearance)

== Production ==
The film was announced in December 2023.<ref>{{cite web | title=Aditya Awandhe's 'The Heist' set to redefine thrillers with May 24, 2024 release | website=The Times of India | date=26 December 2023 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/aditya-awandhes-the-heist-set-to-redefine-thrillers-with-may-24-2024-release/articleshow/106294449.cms | access-date=22 July 2024}}</ref> The trailer was released on 5 June 2024.<ref>{{cite web | title=The Heist Trailer: Siddhant Kapoor Starrer Promises Riveting Cinematic Experience | website=ABP Live | date=5 June 2024 | url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/movies/the-heist-trailer-siddhant-kapoor-starrer-promises-riveting-cinematic-experience-1699523 | access-date=22 July 2024}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = The Heist
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Nad Sham
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 9 June 2024<ref>{{cite web | title=The Heist (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) | website=JioSaavn | date=9 June 2024 | url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/the-heist-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/tlWN9LR41Z8_ | access-date=22 July 2024}}</ref>
| recorded = 2023–2024
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=10|s=28}}
| label = NAd - LIV Movies
| language = Hindi
| producer =
| misc =
}}
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 10:28
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Raftaar Se Nikle
| extra1 = Himanshu Kohli
| length1 = 3:15
| title2 = Meri Heere
| extra2 = Himanshu Kohli
| length2 = 3:34
| title3 = Aaja Bairi
| extra3 = [[Palak Muchhal]]
| length3 = 3:39
}}

== Reception ==
Mahpara Kabir of ''[[ABP News]]'' gave the film 3.5/5 stars.<ref>{{cite web | last=Kabir | first=Mahpara | title=The Heist Review: Nad Sham And Siddhant Kapoor's Film Has A Suspenseful And Intriguing Plot | website=ABP Live | date=17 July 2024 | url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/movies/the-heist-review-nad-sham-and-siddhant-kapoor-film-has-a-suspenseful-and-intriguing-plot-in-theatres-july-19-1703467 | access-date=22 July 2024}}</ref> Ganesh Aaglave for ''[[Firstpost]]'' rated the film 3/5 stars.<ref>{{cite web | last=Aaglave | first=Ganesh | title=The Heist Movie Review: Nad Sham, Suman Rao starrer is a high-stakes game of twists & turns | website=Firstpost | date=17 July 2024 | url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/the-heist-movie-review-nad-sham-suman-rao-starrer-is-a-high-stakes-game-of-twists-turns-13793920.html | access-date=22 July 2024}}</ref> Archika Khurana from ''[[Times Of India]]'' gave the film 2.5/5 stars.<ref>{{cite web | last=Khurana | first=Archika | title=The Heist Movie Review: An engaging heist that misses the mark to be an edge-of-the-seat thriller | website=The Times of India | date=19 July 2024 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/the-heist/movie-review/111866307.cms | access-date=22 July 2024}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Times Now]]'' rated the film 3/5 stars .<ref>{{cite web | last=Digital | first=Times Now | title=The Heist Movie Review: Nad Sham, Suman Rao's Thrilling Drama Is All About Robin Hoods Who Execute An Audacious Plan | website=Times Now | date=17 July 2024 | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/the-heist-movie-review-nad-sham-suman-raos-thrilling-drama-is-all-about-robin-hoods-who-execute-an-audacious-plan-review-111836710 | access-date=22 July 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=23752842}}

{{Portal bar|Film|India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Heist}}
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Hindi-language films]]

Krishna Ella

2026-02-25T09:51:35Z

ValarieNarvaez8:

{{Short description|Indian biotech scientist and entrepreneur}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Krishna Ella
| image = Krishna_Murthy_Ella.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| alt =
| caption = Ella in 2022
| birth_name = Krishna Murthy Ella
| birth_date = 1969
| birth_place = [[Nemali]], [[Tiruttani]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| education = [[Ph.D]] ([[University of Wisconsin–Madison]]) [[M.S.]] ([[University of Hawaii at Manoa|University of Hawaii]]) [[M.Sc.]] ([[University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore]])
| occupation = Scientist, entrepreneur
| known_for = Co-founder of [[Bharat Biotech]]
| notable_works = Development of [[Covaxin]], ROTAVAC, Typbar TCV
| title = Executive Chairman of [[Bharat Biotech]]
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]] (2022)
| term = 1996–present
| predecessor =
| successor =
| boards =
| spouse = Suchitra Ella
| children =
| father =
| website =
}}
'''Krishna Ella''' is an Indian scientist and [[Entrepreneurship|entrepreneur]]. He is the co-founder and Executive Chairman of [[Bharat Biotech]],<ref name="Moneycontrol2021">{{Cite news |title=Here Are 10 Things To Know About Bharat Biotech, Its Founder Krishna Ella |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/companies/here-are-10-things-to-know-about-bharat-biotech-its-founder-krishna-ella-6312361.html |access-date=9 May 2021 |work=Moneycontrol |date=4 January 2021}}</ref><ref name="GHI">{{Cite web |title=Ella, Krishna |url=https://ghi.wisc.edu/staff/ella-krishna/ |website=Global Health Institute |access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref> a biotechnology company known for developing [[Covaxin]], India's first indigenous [[COVID-19 vaccine]], in collaboration with the [[Indian Council of Medical Research]] (ICMR).<ref name="Hindu2024">{{Cite news |last=Perappadan |first=Bindu Shajan |date=2024-08-02 |title=ICMR got ₹172 cr. from Bharat Biotech for Covaxin: Nadda |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/bharat-biotech-credited-icmr-niv-as-co-inventors-of-covaxin-after-initially-omitting-them-centre/article68477180.ece |access-date=2025-03-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Bharat Biotech was also involved in the development of ROTAVAC, a vaccine against rotavirus, in collaboration with Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Government of India, and international partners, including the Rotavirus Vaccine Development Program (RVDP) of PATH and the National Institutes of Health (NIH), USA; and Typbar TCV, a typhoid conjugate vaccine.<ref name="Forbes2021">{{Cite web |title=Krishna Ella: How A Farmer's Son Gave India Its First Successful Indigenous Covid-19 Vaccine |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/take-one-big-story-of-the-day/krishna-ella-how-a-farmers-son-gave-india-its-first-successful-indigenous-covid19-vaccine/66799/1 |access-date=9 May 2021 |work=Forbes India |language=en |date=5 March 2021}}</ref>
Ella worked as a research faculty member at the [[Medical University of South Carolina]] in Charleston after earning his [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] from the [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]].<ref name="BharatBiotech">{{Cite web |title=Founder's Profile - Bharat Biotech - A Leading Biotech Company |url=https://www.bharatbiotech.com/founder_profile.html |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=www.bharatbiotech.com}}</ref> In 2022, Ella and his wife, [[Suchitra Ella]], received the [[Padma Bhushan]], India's third-highest civilian award, for their contributions to trade and industry.<ref name="Newsmeter2022">{{Cite web |last=Network |first=Newsmeter |date=2022-01-25 |title=Vaccine Couple: Bharat Biotech's Krishna and Suchitra Ella conferred Padma Bhushan |url=https://newsmeter.in/top-stories/vaccine-couple-bharat-biotechs-krishna-and-suchitra-ella-conferred-padma-bhushan-690310 |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=newsmeter.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Krishna Ella was born in 1969 in [[Nemali]], a village near [[Tiruttani]] in the [[Tiruvallur district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]], into a [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-speaking [[Hindu]] family.<ref name="Forbes2021"/> His father was a farmer.<ref name="Forbes2021"/>
Ella completed his [[bachelor's degree]] at [[Maharogi Seva Samiti's Anand Niketan College Of Agriculture Warora]] and earned an [[Master of Science|M.Sc.]] from the [[University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore]]. He then pursued an [[Master of Science|M.S.]] at the [[University of Hawaii at Manoa|University of Hawaii]] on a [[Rotary International|Rotary]] fellowship, followed by a [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] in plant pathology from the [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]].<ref name="Forbes2021"/><ref name="Wisc2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-11 |title=Bharat Biotech co-founder receives honorary degree |url=https://international.wisc.edu/bharat-biotech-co-founder-receives-honorary-degree/ |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=International Division |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==
After completing his education, Ella briefly worked at the agricultural division of the German company [[Bayer]].<ref name="ISB">{{Cite web |title=Krishna Ella |url=https://www.isb.edu/en/deccan-dialogue/krishna-ella.html |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=www.isb.edu}}</ref> He later returned to India and co-founded [[Bharat Biotech]] in [[Hyderabad]] in 1996 with his wife, Suchitra Ella.<ref name="GHI"/> The company launched its [[Hepatitis B vaccine]] in 1999, supplying millions of doses to over 65 countries.<ref name="Forbes2021"/> Bharat Biotech also developed a vaccine candidate for the [[Zika virus]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Man Behind India's First COVID-19 Vaccine is a Tamil Farmer's Son |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/231767/tamil-farmers-son-india-first-covid-19-vaccine-bharat-biotech-genome-valley-hyderabad-ser106/ |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=The Better India |date=2 July 2020}}</ref> Ella proposed the establishment of a biotech knowledge park to the then [[Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh]], [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]], which later became [[Genome Valley]].<ref name="ISB"/>
== Awards ==
*[[Padma Bhushan]] from the [[Government of India]] in 2022<ref name="Newsmeter2022"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Padma Awards 2022 |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/padmaawardees2022.pdf |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=Padma Awards}}</ref>

*[[University of Wisconsin–Madison]] — Distinguished Alumni Award (2011)<ref name="Wisc2022"/>

*[[University of Wisconsin–Madison]] — Honorary [[Doctor of Science]] degree (2022)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ella, Nosbusch, Grant to receive honorary degrees from University of Wisconsin–Madison |url=https://news.wisc.edu/ella-nosbusch-grant-to-receive-honorary-degrees-from-uw-madison/ |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=news.wisc.edu |language=en-US}}</ref>

*BioAsia - Genome Valley Excellence Award (2021)<ref>{{Cite news |title=Krishna Ella favours WHO's global outreach over 'vaccine nationalism' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2021/feb/23/krishna-ella-favours-whos-globaloutreach-over-vaccine-nationalism-2267526.html |access-date=2025-03-26 |work=The New Indian Express |date=23 February 2021}}</ref>

*JRD Tata Awards — Best Entrepreneur of the Year (2012)<ref>{{Cite news |title=SBI loans for entrepreneurs |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/sbi-loans-for-entrepreneurs/article3707017.ece |access-date=2025-03-26 |work=The Hindu |date=31 July 2012 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

*Marico Innovation Award<ref name="Newsmeter2022"/>

*[[University of Southern California]] — Asia-Pacific Leadership Award<ref name="Newsmeter2022"/>

*ET Now — Special Recognition for Healthcare Industry Award<ref name="Newsmeter2022"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Padma Bhushan Award Recipients 2020–2029}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ella, Krishna}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Indian scientists]]
[[Category:Medical University of South Carolina faculty]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa alumni]]
[[Category:People from Tiruvallur district]]
[[Category:Indian chief executives]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople in the pharmaceutical industry]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in trade and industry]]
[[Category:University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni]]
[[Category:Scientists from Tamil Nadu]]

Tukaram Rama Shet

2026-02-20T07:45:32Z

ValarieNarvaez8: Adding new info w/ infobox - done

{{Draft article|nomove=yes}}
{{Short description|Indian writer (born 1952)}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Tukaram Rama Shet
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1952|07|31|df=y}}
| birth_place = Volvoi, [[Goa]], India
| occupation = Writer, poet, editor
| education = B.A. (Economics), M.A. (Marathi)
| genre = Novel, poetry, essays, children's literature
| language = [[Konkani language|Konkani]]
| notable_works = ''Pakhlo'', ''Manmotayam'', ''Jaann''
| awards = [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (2013){{br}}[[Bal Sahitya Puraskar]] (2023)
| spouse = Hira Phadte
}}

'''Tukaram Rama Shet''' (born 31 July 1952) is an Indian writer, poet, and editor from [[Goa]] who primarily writes in the [[Konkani language]]. He is recognized for his contributions to Konkani literature, particularly in the fields of children's literature, essays, and fiction. Shet is a recipient of the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] and the [[Bal Sahitya Puraskar]].<ref name="SahityaAkademiIntro">{{cite report |last= |first= |date=21 March 2024 |title=Meet the Author: Tukaram Rama Shet |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/library/meettheauthor/Tukaram_Rama_Shet.pdf |website=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |location= |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |docket= |access-date=3 January 2025}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Shet was born on 31 July 1952 in the village of Volvoi in [[North Goa]]. Coming from a humble background, his family prioritized education, leading him to move to Betim, near [[Panaji]], to pursue higher studies. He completed a Bachelor of Arts in economics and subsequently obtained a Master of Arts in [[Marathi literature]].<ref name="SahityaAkademiIntro"/>

== Career ==
Shet began his professional career in 1976 with the Telecom Department in Goa, where he served until his retirement in 1998. Alongside his professional work, he was deeply involved in the Konkani language movement, particularly during the struggle for the official language status of Konkani in the mid-1980s.<ref name="SahityaAkademiIntro"/>

He held several administrative and executive roles in various cultural and literary organizations, including the [[Konkani Bhasha Mandal]] and the Goa Konkani Academy. In 2001, he served as the executive chairman of the 15th All India Konkani Literary Conference held in Porvorim.<ref name="SahityaAkademiIntro"/>

=== Literary work ===
Shet’s literary career began in the early 1970s with poems and one-act plays broadcast on [[All India Radio]], Panaji. His 1978 novel, ''Pakhlo'', is considered a milestone in modern Konkani literature, exploring psychological and social themes through the life of a protagonist born of a Portuguese soldier and an Indian woman. The novel has been translated into several Indian languages, including Hindi, Punjabi, and Maithili.<ref name="SahityaAkademiIntro"/>

As an editor, he published the literary magazine ''Shabdul'' in 1978 and founded ''Konkan Times'', a publication he edited for over three decades. His essay collection, ''Manmotayam'', and his poetry collection, ''Karunayan''—which reflects on the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]—are among his notable later works.<ref name="SahityaAkademiIntro"/>

=== Children's literature and education ===
Shet is known for his extensive work in children's literature and the revival of traditional Konkani folk songs. In 1987, he founded Balgeet Niketan, an organization dedicated to producing literary and educational resources for children, including audio cassettes and CDs. He also authored the award-winning children's novel ''Jaann'' (2017), which focuses on the relationship between children and nature.<ref name="SahityaAkademiIntro"/>

== Awards and honors ==
Shet has received numerous accolades for his literary contributions:<ref name="SahityaAkademiIntro"/>
* Kala Academy Goa State Literary Award (1981, 2008)
* [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for ''Manmotayam'' (2013)<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-12-18 |title=Tamil novelist Joe D’ Cruz, Javed Akthar among Sahitya Akademi awardees |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/tamil-novelist-joe-d-cruz-javed-akthar-among-sahitya-akademi-awardees/article5474477.ece |access-date=2026-02-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=HONOUR & PRESTIGE: Praises pour in hailing two Sahitya Akademi Awardees – 25 June 2023 {{!}} O Heraldo |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/goa/honour-prestige-praises-pour-in-hailing-two-sahitya-akademi-awardees/433747/ |access-date=20 February 2026 |date=25 June 2023}}</ref>
* G.S. Amonkar Excellence Award (2010)
* Sahitya Akademi [[Bal Sahitya Puraskar]] for ''Jaann'' (2023)<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-24 |title=Shet, Bambolkar conferred Sahitya Akademi awards |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/shet-bambolkar-conferred-sahitya-akademi-awards/articleshow/101225945.cms |access-date=2026-02-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* Goa State Cultural Award for Literature (2023–24)

== Bibliography ==
Some of his works include:<ref name="SahityaAkademiIntro"/>
* ''Pakhalo'' (Novel, 1978)
* ''Dhartarecho Sparsh'' (Short stories, 2007)
* ''Manmotyam'' (Essays, 2009)
* ''Jaann'' (Children's novel, 2017)
* ''Karunayan'' (Poetry, 2021)
* ''Chitpak Phulaam'' (Essays, 2023)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shet, Tukaram Rama}}
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Konkani-language writers]]
[[Category:Writers from North Goa district]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Konkani]]

Kagaznagar, Telangana

2026-02-12T08:50:31Z

ValarieNarvaez8: creating data

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sirpur-Kaghaznagar
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Telangana#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana State, India
| coordinates = {{coord|19.3333|79.4833|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Komaram Bheem district|Komaram Bheem]]
| government_type = Chairman-Council
| governing_body = Kagaznagar Municipal Council
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name=civicbody>{{cite web|title=Urban Local Body Information|url=http://www.dtcp.telangana.gov.in/ULBs-List-68.pdf|website=Directorate of Town and Country Planning|publisher=Government of Telangana|access-date=28 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160615135503/http://dtcp.telangana.gov.in/ULBs-List-68.pdf|archive-date=15 June 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 8.31
| elevation_m = 174
| population_total = 57,583
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=607456|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=26 July 2014}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_density_sq_mi = auto
| population_rank = [[list of cities in Telangana by population|35th (Telangana)]]
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 504296<ref name="pincode">{{cite web|url=https://pin-code.net/in-loc/sirpur-khagaznagar-pin-code/463673/|title=Sirpur Khagaznagar Pin code|publisher=pin-code.net|accessdate=9 July 2021}}</ref>
| area_code = +91-8738
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|TG-20]]
| website = {{URL|http://kagaznagarmunicipality.telangana.gov.in}}
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]], [[Gondi language|Gondi]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| official_name =
}}
[[File:Sirpur nameplate.jpg|thumb|Sirpur nameplate]]

'''Sirpur-Kaghaznagar''' is a town and a [[municipality]] in [[Komaram Bheem Asifabad district]] in the state of [[Telangana]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/district/118-adilabad-andhra-pradesh.html|title=Mandals in Adilabad district|publisher=Panchayat Informatics Division|access-date=27 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://kagaznagarmunicipality.telangana.gov.in/ |title=Home |website=kagaznagarmunicipality.telangana.gov.in}}</ref> It is located about 297 kilometres from the state capital, Hyderabad, 140 kilometres from Karimnagar, 90 km from Chandrapur and 250 kilometres from Nagpur.

==History==

Sirpur, formerly known as '''Suryapuram''', was ruled by the Gond King, Ballala. The Gond King, Bhim Ballal Sing built Sirpur Fort in 9th century AD. The town derives its name from the paper factory established during the times of Nizams rule.

The area was initially a sub-district called Sirpur-Tandur carved out in 1872 and comprised Edlabad (Adilabad), Rajura (now in Maharashtra) and Sirpur taluks. Sirpur-Tandur was originally a district in Maratwada region. Later it was merged with Adilabad district of Telangana.
* In 2016, Komaram Bheem district was carved out of Adilabad district, and consequently, Sirpur Kaghaznagar now is in Komaram Bheem district.

==Geography==
Sirpur Kagaznagar is located at {{Coord|19.3333|N|79.4833|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/02/Kothapet.html Falling Rain Genomics. Kagaznagar]</ref> It has an average elevation of 174 meters (574 feet).

== Topography ==
Sirpur Kaghaznagar is surrounded by Major rivers like Wardha/Penganga river on northern side, Pranhita in eastern side and Pedda vagu river which runs through the town and rich forest

There is scope to make this forest Wild Life Sanctuary which will can generate tourism via Safari, Waterfall Trekking and Bird watching.

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]], the town of Sirpur Kagaznagar had a population of 66,293, with 33,124 males, and 33,169 females. There were a total of 5,576 children between the ages of 0 and 6 and 15,712 inhabitants were classified as illiterate. The town has a unique blend of people settled from different parts of India. Apart from Telugu, Hindi, Urdu and Gondi, Marathi is also widely understood due to the town's proximity to Maharashtra. Bengali language is widely spoken in '''Easgaon''' village owing to settlement of Bengali refugees. The literacy rate stood at 73.07 percent.<ref name=population/>

The majority of people in the area practice Hinduism, followed by Islam and Christianity. Telugu is the most widely spoken language.

==Economy==
The local economy was almost completely dependent on manufacturing at [[Sirpur Paper Mills]] which has been acquired by [[J. K. Organisation]] and has been restarted in August 2018 with production likely to begin from April 2019. Sirsilk Textile Factory is closed, but [[Koneru Konappa]], the previous MLA of the area claimed that he will reopen it. Presently the entire economy is run by agriculture allied activities and also the Real Estate is growing very fast.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/memories-of-sirsilk-haunt-kagaznagar/article6857248.ece|title=Memories of Sirsilk haunt Kagaznagar|last=Singh|first=S. Harpal|date=5 February 2015|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The Town is surrounded by Many Rice Mills and Jinning Mills.

==Education==

This is a list of educational institutions in Kaghaznagar.
{{Cleanup list|section|date=March 2023}}
* [[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya]] (CBSE Central Govt school)
* Eklavya Model Residential School (CBSE Central Govt Tribal school)
* Fatima Convent High School (state board)
* St Claret High School (CBSE)
* JK Laxmipat Singhania DAV Public school (CBSE)
* Kendriya Vidyalaya (proposed Central Govt school)
* Bala Bharthi High school (EM and Telugu Medium)
* Sarasvathi Shishu Mandir High school (EM and Telugu Medium)
* Krishnaveni High school
* Shishu mandir High school
* Kerala Public school
*Madarsa Makhzanul uloom
*Iqbal School
*Anwar Urdu High School
*Moulana School
*SKE Degree college
*Vivekananda Degree college
*Govt Degree and Junior college
*Vasundhara Degree college
*Govt Medical College Asifabad (25 km)

==Important places==
*Trishul Pahad
*kosni Dam
*Sri Balaji Venkateshwara Swamy Devasthanam, Gangapur
*Shiva Mallana Devasthanam, Easgoan.
*Peddavagu river
*Tonkini Hanuman Mandir
*Vulture sightings near Palarapugutta cliff (Bejjur)
*Sirpur and Penchikalpet Forest
*Ada Dam
*Tiryani waterfall
*Pranhita River Pushkaralu
*Jodeghat valley, Babajhari water falls (25 km)
*Kumarambheem Tribal museum
*Sirpur Fort
*Qadeem Eid gah
*SPM Jama Masjid

Popular Places to visit from skzr

*Kawal Tiger reserve (50 km)
*Tadoba Tiger reserve (50 km)
*Lakshmi Narasimha Temple, Dharmapuri (106 km)
*Markanda Mahadev, Chamorshi (104 km)
*Mahakali Temple, Chandrapur (100 km)
*Kamlapur Hatti camp (100 km)
*Lok Biradari Prakalp Hemalkasa (135 km)
*Tippeshwar Wild Life Sanctuary (150 km)
*Hemachala Lakshmi Narsimha Swamy (249 km)
*Sita Ramachandraswamy Temple, Bhadrachalam and Papikondalu
*Jagdalpur

==Culture==

===Festivals===

====Dasra (Vijayadashami)====
Every year on vijayadashmi ravan dahan happens on Trishul Pahad.

Bathukamma it is celebrated around the period of Dasra. This is a nine-day festival. The women participate in the bathukamma, and it is decorated with the flowers of thangadi, gunuka, thamara, chamanthi, etc. The nine days of Bathukamma are

====Shivaratri Jatra (Easgoan Temple)====
Every year Shivaratri is celebrated at ancient Shiva Mallanna Temple located in Easgoan with 3 days long Jatra.

====Pranhita Pushkaralu====

Pranahita Pushkaralu is a festival of River Pranahita normally occurs once in 12 years. The Pushkaram is observed for a period of 12 days from the time of entry of Jupiter into Pisces (Meena rasi).[2]

As per Telugu culture, there are 12 sacred rivers across the country that go for a cycle what is called as “Pushakaram”. Each among those 12 rivers goes for the Pushkaram, in the order of one at a year. They are Ganga, Yamuna, Saraswati, Godavari, Sindhu, Narmada, Kaveri, Krishna, Tapti, Tungabhadra, Bheema and Pranahita.

List of Major Ghats Tummidi Hatti, Arjunigutta, Vemanpalli

====Sri Rama Navami====

As per Telugu culture Sri Rama Kalyanam is performed at all sri rama temples in the town.Railway colony is the famous for Kalyanam.

====Chhath pooja====

Chhath pooja is celebrated by the communities from UP and Bihar working in paper mills at SPM Garden every year.

====Gangapur Jatara====

The ancient Sri Balaji Venkateshwara Swamy Devasthanam of Gangapur village in Rebbana mandal is being spruced up for the three-day-long annual Jathara in every year.

====Kali Puja====

Celebration in Easgaon, Durga Nagar, and Ram Nagar

In the Bengali communities of Easgaon, Durga Nagar, and Ram Nagar, Kali Puja is celebrated as a major annual festival spanning five days. The celebrations include a combination of traditional rituals and modern cultural programs, such as music, dance, and community feasts. For the Bengali residents in these areas, it is one of the most significant and vibrant festivals of the year, fostering strong community participation and festive spirit.

==== Durga Puja====

Durga Puja in Durganagar and Ram Nagar

Durga Puja is a major festival for the Bengali communities in Durganagar (Village No. 5) and Ram Nagar (Village No. 12). The festivities span five days and include elaborate rituals, cultural performances, and public gatherings. On Dashami, the final day of the festival, a dramatic effigy of Ravana is burned in Ram Nagar, drawing large crowds from surrounding villages. It is common for thousands of people to attend, with many parking their vehicles up to 4 kilometers away and walking to the event grounds, reflecting the scale and popularity of the celebration in the region.

==Transport==
The Town is connected to many cities in Telangana by the [[Telangana State Road Transport Corporation]] bus service.
It is well connected to
*Hyderabad (290 km), Karimnagar (150 km), Warangal (150 km), Mancherial (60 km) on south
*Nagpur (250 km), Chandrapur (90 km) on the North
*Aheri (68 km), Allapalli (75 km) on the east
*Adilabad (150 km) on west.

Kaghaznagar is flanked on one side by [[National Highway 363 (India)|National Highway 363]] part of Nagpur-Vijayawada Express way and [[Raipur–Hyderabad Expressway]] which will pass near town is sanctioned.

[[National Highway 130D (India)]] which is under construction once completed this will provide Sirpur-Kaghaznagar region connectivity to Chhattisgarh (Kondagoan/Narayanpur) and further to Odisha and Araku valley (Vizag) AP.

MP Godam Nagesh and MLA Harish Palvai Proposed to extend NH 130D (Allapalli) to Gudihatnoor(NH-44) via Sirpur and Asifabad as Brownfield Highway

Town is Connected to Maharashtra Gondpipari/Gadchiroli via Venkatraopet-Polsa Interstate Bridge over Penganga river near Tonkini

Town is Connected to Maharastra Aheri/Allapalli via Gudem-Aheri Interstate Bridge over Pranhita river

Nearby National Highways
[[National Highway 353B (India)]] Ashti - Rajura - Adilabad Highway
[[National Highway 63 (India)]] Jagdalpur - Mancherial - Nizamabad

===Rail===
The town is served by [[Sirpur Kaghaznagar railway station]] which lies on [[New Delhi–Chennai main line]]. It is administered by South Central Railway zone. It is well connected to all over India. It is an NSG4 category railway station in Secunderabad division of SCR railway with Potential stoppage of trains.

Number of Halting Trains: 130
Number of Originating Trains: 3

===Air===
The nearest airport is [[Nagpur Airport]] (257 km away) and [[Hyderabad Airport]] (340 km away) and yet to be constructed Warangal Airport (200 kms)

There is Proposal to build Chadrapur Airport. Similarly, the existing airport in Adilabad district is being revived. under UDAAN Scheme.

The town Sirpur had Aerodrome to cater the business of Sirpur Paper mills and Sirpur Silk mills used by last Nizam and GD Birla.

Warangal Airport, the pre-independence era airport in India, was built at Mamnoor in Warangal district, in 1930 by British later It was commissioned by the last Nizam, Mir Osman Ali Khan, along with one at Solapur, to benefit the businesses, at '''Kagaznagar''' for the paper industry's convenience.

==Sirpur Assembly constituency==
[[Sirpur Assembly constituency]] is an assembly constituency in Telangana.

==Civic administration==
Kagaznagar Municipality was constituted in 1956 and is classified as a ''third grade municipality'' with 30 election wards.<ref>[http://kagaznagarmunicipality.telangana.gov.in/council Members of Kagaznagar Municipal Council]{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The jurisdiction of the civic body is spread over an area of {{convert|8.31|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}.<ref name=civicbody/>

{{Geographic Location
|Centre = Sirpur Kaghaznagar
|North = [[Balharshah]]
|Northeast = [[Gadchiroli]]
|East = [[Pranhita River]], [[Maharastra border]] Border
|Southeast =
|South = [[Mancherial]]
|Southwest =
|West = [[Asifabad, Telangana|Asifabad]]
|Northwest = [[Adilabad]]

}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Municipalities of Telangana}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Komaram Bheem district]]
[[Category:Mandals in Komaram Bheem district]]

Punjabipedia

2026-02-05T04:42:07Z

ValarieNarvaez8: creating the data added tags

{{short description|Punjabi language encyclopedia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox website
|name = Punjabipedia
|logo =
|screenshot = Punjabipedia home page.png
|screenshot_size = 250px
|caption = Punjabipedia website home page screenshot
|type = [[Internet encyclopedia project]]
|language = Punjabi
|registration =
|launch_date = {{Start date and age|2014|02|26|df=yes}}
|owner =
|author =
|current_status = Active
|url = {{url|punjabipedia.org}}
}}

'''Punjabipedia''' is a [[Punjabi language]] encyclopedia created by [[Punjabi University]], [[Patiala]] on suggestion of the [[Government of Punjab, India]]. It is developed in a similar fashion to Wikipedia and is meant to promote the [[Punjabi language]] and [[Punjabi literature|its literature]], [[Punjabi culture]] and to attract people active in the field of the Punjabi language.<ref>{{cite web|title=Govt to launch Punjabipedia|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080401/punjab1.htm|accessdate=15 March 2014}}</ref><ref name="Pbi University launches Punjabipedia">{{cite web|title=Pbi University launches Punjabipedia|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/patiala/pbi-university-launches-punjabipedia/article1-1188535.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315174243/http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/patiala/pbi-university-launches-punjabipedia/article1-1188535.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 March 2014|accessdate=15 March 2014}}</ref> It was announced on 18 January 2014 during the 30th three-day international Punjabi conference on 'Punjabi Society and Media' held at the University of Science Auditorium, organized by Department of Punjabi Development, Punjabi University, Patiala.<ref>{{cite web|title=Punjabi University to Launch 'Punjabipedia' Next Week|url=https://www.questia.com/read/1P3-3187167821|accessdate=15 March 2014}}</ref>

It was formally launched on 26 February 2014 by Jaspal Singh, vice-chancellor of Punjabi University, Patiala.<ref name="Punjabi varsity to launch Punjabipedia today">{{cite news|title=Punjabi varsity to launch Punjabipedia today |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Punjabi-varsity-to-launch-Punjabipedia-today/articleshow/31016374.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|date=26 February 2014|accessdate=27 July 2025}}</ref> In contrast to Wikipedia, all entries will be reviewed, controlled and curated by university staff members exclusively rather than by the public as in the case of Wikipedia.<ref name="University launches online treasure, Punjabipedia">{{cite web|title=University launches online treasure, Punjabipedia|url=http://hindustantimes.newspaperdirect.com/epaper/viewer.aspx|accessdate=15 March 2014}}</ref> It is said that Punjabipedia includes 72,614 words in comparison to the 8,200 words of the Punjabi language Wikipedia.{{dubious|date=December 2014}}<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite news|title=Wikipedia to takkar dega Pujanipedia|newspaper=Dainik Bhaskar|date=27 February 2014|page=6}}</ref> It is described as a part of "Mission Punjabi 2020" which aims to promote the Punjabi language and to place it among the top languages of the world.<ref name="Pbi University launches Punjabipedia"/>

==Overview==
Punjabipedia aims to promote the Punjabi language worldwide and make it one of the most popular languages of world as a part of "Mission Punjabi 2020".<ref name="Pbi University launches Punjabipedia"/> On 26 February 2014, Devinder Singh, director, planning and monitoring head of Punjabi University and coordinator of the Punjabipedia said that Punjabipedia will be available in [[Gurmukhi]] script and will be more reliable and authentic in comparison to Wikipedia as it will be controlled and monitored by university staff members despite being based on Wikipedia which allows anyone to access, edit and modify content available across all language variants of Wikipedia.<ref name="University launches online treasure, Punjabipedia"/> It was formally launched on 26 February 2014 by Jaspal Singh, vice-chancellor of Punjabi University.<ref name="Punjabi varsity to launch Punjabipedia today"/>

Punjabipedia includes "Encyclopaedia of Sikhism", a four-volume publication comprising nearly 3,500 entries on various aspects of Sikh history, philosophy and customs for the 6–14 years age group, social, religious movements, art, architecture, shrines, Punjabi grammar, Punjabi conceptual dictionary and linguistic encyclopedia.<ref name="University launches online treasure, Punjabipedia"/> It also includes Punjab state's history, culture, literature, traditions and other information in Punjabi. Devinder Singh, coordinator of Punjabipedia, on the launch ceremony said that, Punjabi language encyclopaedia 'Mahan Kosh' compiled by [[Kahn Singh Nabha]] will be added to the content and database will be enlarged to cover topics relating to not only Punjabi language, art and culture but other subjects as well.<ref name="Pbi University launches Punjabipedia"/><ref name="Punjabi varsity to launch Punjabipedia today"/><ref>{{cite news

|title=ਵਿਕੀਪੀਡੀਆ ਦੀ ਤਰਜ਼ 'ਤੇ ਜਾਰੀ ਹੋਵੇਗਾ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਪੀਡੀਆ|url=https://www.punjabijagran.com/news/state-punjabi-pedia-based-on-wikipedia-8373588.html|access-date=15 March 2014|newspaper=Punjab Jagran|date=21 February 2014}}</ref>

On 21 February 2014 (Mother-tongue day), a Punjabi language awareness march was organized by the Department of Punjabi language of Punjabi University and a call was by made vice-chancellor of the University, Jaspal Singh to make the Punjabi language a language of family, economy, government and of the world.<ref>{{cite web|title=Punjabi dept of Punjabi University organises awareness march|url=http://www.babushahi.com/printnews.php?id=10235&type=news|accessdate=15 March 2014}}</ref>

[[Parkash Singh Badal]], chief minister of Punjab, appreciated the Punjabi University's effort to promote the Punjab state and Punjabi language.<ref name="Pbi University launches Punjabipedia"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[category:Punjabi-language encyclopedias]]
[[category:Indian online encyclopedias]]
[[category:21st-century encyclopedias]]
[[category:21st-century Indian books]]

Baladeba Ratha

2026-01-18T07:40:24Z

ValarieNarvaez8:

{{Short description|Odia poet}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}

{{Infobox writer
| honorific_prefix = ''Kabisurjya''
| name = Baladeba Ratha
| image = File:Odissi music composer Kabisurjya Baladeba Ratha depicted in talapatra (palm leaf manuscript).jpg
| imagesize = 250
| alt =
| caption = Kabisurjya Baladeba Ratha depicted in a palm leaf manuscript by 19th-century chitrakāra master Raghunath Prusti
| birth_place = Athagadapatana,
Kabisuryanagar [[Ganjam]], [[Odisha]], India
| death_date =
| death_place = Athagada Patana Ganjam, [[Odisha]], India
| resting_place =
| occupation =
| language = [[Odia language|Odia]]
| period =
| genre = [[Odissi music]]
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks = Kishorachandrananda Champu, Ratnakara Champu, Chandrakala, Sarpa Janana
}}
''Kabisurjya'' '''Baladeba Ratha''' (alternatively spelled ''Kabisurya, Kavisurya Baladev Rath,'' Kabisūrjya Baḷadeba Ratha, {{IPA|or|kɔbisurd͡ʒjɔ bɔl̪ɔd̪ebɔ ɾɔt̪ʰɔ|lang|LL-Q33810 (ori)-Prateek Pattanaik-କବିସୂର୍ଯ୍ୟ ବଳଦେବ ରଥ.wav}}; c. 1789 – 1845) was an Indian poet who wrote in the [[Odia language]], and a composer and musician of [[Odissi music]], most known as poet-composer of the ''Champu''. Kabisurjya has composed hundreds of songs in the tradition of [[Odissi music]], employing unique traditional ragas & talas. His magnum opus ''Kisorachandrananda Champu'' is a cornerstone of the Odissi music repertoire & Kabisurjya is widely renowned for his masterful compositions. He wrote in both [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] and [[Odia language|Odia]]. His works are known for their devotional quotient and he is the credited founder of the [[dhumpa sangita|Dhumpa Sangita]] tradition.<ref>{{cite book|last=Garg|first=Ganga Ram|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w9pmo51lRnYC&q=kavi+surya+baladev+rath&pg=PA78|title=Encyclopaedia of the Hindu World: A-Aj, Volume 1|publisher=Concept Publishers|year=1992|isbn=9788170223740|location=New Delhi|page=78}}</ref>

== Early life ==
He was born at Athagadapatana, Kabisuryanagar, [[Ganjam district|Ganjam]], Odisha. Baladeva Ratha's mother died when he was ten years old. He was brought up by his maternal grand father, Tripurari Hota in Athagada (who also taught him Sanskrit and Odia literature). He married at the age of 15. After his father's death, he moved to the nearby Jalantara state. The prince of Jalantara, Rama Chandra Chhotaraya encouraged his literary creations and gave him the title '''Kabisurjya''<nowiki/>', meaning 'The Sun among Poets.'

== Literary works ==
[[File:Janana Baladeba Ratha (Odia).ogg|thumb|A person singing the "kehi sariki, prabhu pane nilādrī keśarīki" poem of Baladeba Ratha]]Ratha was an [[Odissi music]]ian and scholar. He composed poems as a [[Vaishnava]], in devotion to Lord Vishnu. He was associated with a group of poets, which included Dinakrushna Dasa and Abhimanyu Samantasinghara.<ref name="books.google">{{cite book|last=Nagendra|title=Indian Literature|year=1988|publisher=Prabhat Prabhashan|location=Delhi|page=454|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dqGojPpe8DIC&q=kavi+surya+baladev+rath&pg=PA454}}</ref> His best-known works include ''Kabisurjya Granthavali'', ''Kabisurjya Geetabali'' and ''Kisora Chandrananda Chaupadi-Chautisa'', which combines the two literary forms of ''chaupadi'' (a poem having four stanzas (though the term came to refer to any short song in latter times), and ''chautisa'' (a 34-stanza poem where every stanza begins with a new letter of the [[Oriya alphabet|Odia alphabet]]). ''Kisora Chandrananda Champu'' is noted for its emotional quotient and the role it played in enforcing the ''riti'' school of Sanskrit literature. He was also the author of several [[champu]]s including ''Ratnakara Champu'', ''Premodaya Champu'' and ''Kisora Chandrananda Champu''.<ref name="orissa">{{cite journal|year=2004 |title=EMINENT LITERARY LUMINARIES OF ORISSA |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2004/pdf/eminent_literacy_luminaries_of_orissa.pdf |journal=Orissa Reference Annual |page=292 |access-date=27 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019045142/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2004/pdf/eminent_literacy_luminaries_of_orissa.pdf |archive-date=19 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Das|first=Sisir Kumar|title=A History of Indian Literature: 1800–1910 : Western Impact, Indian Response|year=1991|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|location=New Delhi|pages=55, 374|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sHklK65TKQ0C&q=kavisurya&pg=PA374|isbn=9788172010065}}</ref> ''Kisora Chandrananda Champu'' has both Odia and Sanskrit compositions and it was the Odia part of the work that has been credited with cementing his literary reputation in the language.<ref name="books.google" />

== Dhumpa sangita ==
{{Odissi Classical Music sidebar}}
Ratha is thought to have invented the ''[[Dhumpa sangita|dhumpa]]'', a [[bamboo]] [[percussion instrument]], that accompanies the [[Culture of Odisha|Odia folk art]] form of dhumpa sangita. The dhumpa accompanies recitations of his songs called ''dhumpa sangeeta''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Call to revive folk musical instrument 'Dhumpa'|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/17/stories/2007121756630300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219203133/http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/17/stories/2007121756630300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 December 2007|access-date=27 March 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=17 December 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Gopalpur beach fest gets under way|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/article980863.ece|access-date=27 March 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=26 December 2010}}</ref> Many of his poetic pieces, especially the ''champu'' are set to dance in [[Odissi]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Camping with concepts|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/camping-with-concepts/article3502633.ece|access-date=27 March 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=8 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Their spot in the sun|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/their-spot-in-the-sun/article4196012.ece|access-date=27 March 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=13 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Odissi takes centrestage|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/08/18/stories/2006081801310200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928043427/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/08/18/stories/2006081801310200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 September 2013|access-date=27 March 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=18 August 2006}}</ref>

== Death and Commemoration ==
Ratha died in Brahmapur (Berhampur, [[Odisha]]) in the year 1845.<ref name="orissa" /> Dasarathi Das' ''Kabisurjya Baladeba Ratha'' is a biography that examines his life and contributions to [[Indian literature]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Dasarathi Das|title=Kavisurya Baladeva Rath|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WFEuAAAAMAAJ|year=1987|publisher=Sahitya Akademi}}</ref> [[Kavisuryanagar|Kabisuryanagar]], formerly Boirani, a town in the Ganjam district of [[Odisha]] has been named in his honour.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kabisuryanagar|url=http://www.indiamapped.com/orissa/ganjam/kabisuryanagar/|access-date=27 March 2013}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Wikisourcelang|or|କିଶୋରଚନ୍ଦ୍ରାନନ୍ଦ ଚମ୍ପୂ|Kisorachandrananda Champu}}
{{Reflist}}
{{Odissi music}}
{{Odia literature}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rath, Baladev}}
[[Category:Poets from Odisha]]
[[Category:People from Ganjam district]]
[[Category:1845 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Odia-language poets]]
[[Category:Writers from Odisha]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:Indian Sanskrit scholars]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Odissi music composers]]

Raj Bhavan, Jaipur

2025-11-30T05:56:48Z

ValarieNarvaez8: fixed issues

#REDIRECT [[Lok Bhavan, Jaipur]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Emblem of Madhya Pradesh

2025-11-09T08:49:03Z

ValarieNarvaez8: minor edit

{{Short description|Government seal of Indian state of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Infobox coat of arms
| name = Emblem of Madhya Pradesh
|image = Emblem of Madhya Pradesh.svg
| image_width = 200
| middle =
| middle_width =
| middle_caption =
| lesser =
| lesser_width =
| lesser_caption =
| armiger = The [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]]
| year_adopted =
| crest =
| torse =
| shield = [[Lion Capital of Ashoka]], [[Banyan tree]]
| supporters = [[Wheat]], [[Rice]]
| compartment =
| motto =
| orders =
| other_elements = [[24 Stupas ]]
| earlier_versions =
| use =
}}
The '''Emblem of Madhya Pradesh''' is the [[official seal]] of the government of the [[India]]n [[States of India|state]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mp.gov.in/|title=Government of Madhya Pradesh (M.P.)|website=mp.gov.in}}</ref>

==Design==
The emblem is a circular seal depicting the [[Lion Capital of Ashoka]] in front of a [[banyan tree]]. The Lion Capital and tree are supported by stalks of wheat and rice and the whole emblem is surrounded by 24 stupas figures.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hubert-herald.nl/BhaMadhyaP.htm |title=Madhya Pradesh |publisher=Hubert-herald.nl |date= |accessdate=2020-03-15 |archive-date=2015-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222121745/http://www.hubert-herald.nl/BhaMadhyaP.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Historical emblems==
<gallery>
File:Coat of arms of the Central Provinces and Berar.png|Emblem of [[Central Provinces and Berar]] during the [[British Raj]]
File:Emblem of Vindhya Pradesh.png|Emblem of the former state of [[Vindhya Pradesh]]
</gallery>

===Princely states===
<gallery>
File:Ajaigarhflag.png|[[Ajaigarh State]]
File:Alirajpur State CoA.png|[[Alirajpur State]]
File:Baraundha State-COA.jpg|[[Baraundha]]
File:Barwani State coat of arms.png|[[Barwani State]]
File:CoA of Bjawar State.png|[[Bijawar State]]
File:Bhopal State CoA.png|[[Bhopal State]]
File:Datia State CoA.png|[[Datia State]]
File:Gwalior Coat of arms.png|[[Gwalior State]]
File:Arms of the Indore State, 1908.jpg|[[Indore State]]
File:Jaora CoA.png|[[Jaora State]]
File:Jhabua State CoA.png|[[Jhabua State]]
File:Kurwai State CoA.png|[[Kurwai State]]
File:Muhammadgarh-4 - Copy.png|[[Mohammadgarh State]]
File:Narsinghgarh state emblem.jpg|[[Narsinghgarh State]]
File:Orchha State CoA.png|[[Orchha State]]
File:Panna State CoA.png|[[Panna State]]
File:Ratlam State.CoA.jpg|[[Ratlam State]]
File:Rewa State CoA.png|[[Rewa (princely state)|Rewa]]
File:Sitamau State CoA.png|[[Sitamau State]]
File:CoA Vekatagiri (Madras) 1893.jpeg|[[Venkatagiri estate]]
</gallery>

==Government banner==
The Government of Madhya Pradesh can be represented by a banner displaying the emblem of the state on a white field.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dreamstime.com/madhya-pradesh-state-india-flag-textile-cloth-fabric-waving-top-sunrise-mist-fog-beautiful-madhya-pradesh-state-india-image127909943|title=Madhya Pradesh State Of India Flag Textile Cloth Fabric Waving On The Top Sunrise Mist Fog Stock Illustration - Illustration of pennant, cloudy: 127909943|website=Dreamstime|access-date=2020-03-24|archive-date=2020-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324131829/https://www.dreamstime.com/madhya-pradesh-state-india-flag-textile-cloth-fabric-waving-top-sunrise-mist-fog-beautiful-madhya-pradesh-state-india-image127909943|url-status=live}}</ref>
<gallery>
File:Flag of Madhya Pradesh.svg|Banner of Madhya Pradesh
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[National Emblem of India]]
* [[List of Indian state emblems]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian state emblems}}

[[Category:Government of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian state seals|Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Symbols of Madhya Pradesh]]

{{Heraldry-stub}}
{{MadhyaPradesh-stub}}

News18 Bihar-Jharkhand

2025-10-07T07:07:23Z

ValarieNarvaez8: slightly updated section for clarity further

#REDIRECT [[Network18 Group]]

Pseudolaguvia flavida

2025-10-02T22:06:33Z

ValarieNarvaez8: creating some info w/ sources

{{Short description|Species of catfish}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =
| image_caption =
| status = DD
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref>{{cite iucn|author=Ng, H.H. |author-link=Ng Heok Hee |year= 2010 |title= ''Pseudolaguvia flavida'' |article-number= e.T174502A7080640 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-4.RLTS.T174502A7080640.en |access-date=1 October 2023}}</ref>
| taxon = Pseudolaguvia flavida
| authority = [[Ng Heok Hee|H. H. Ng]], 2009
| synonyms =
}}

'''''Pseudolaguvia flavida''''' is a [[species]] of [[sisorid catfish]] in the family [[Erethistidae]]. It is found in the [[Hooghly River]], a tributary of the Ganges River in [[West Bengal]], India.<ref>Ng, H.H., 2009. Two new species of Pseudolaguvia, sisorid catfishes (Teleostei: Siluriformes) from northeastern India. Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwat. 20(3):277-288.</ref>

== Description ==
''Pseudolaguvia flavida'' reaches a [[standard length]] of {{cvt|2.5|cm|in|0}}.<ref>{{FishBase |genus= Pseudolaguvia|species= flavida| id=65184 |month = February | year = 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q5568918}}

[[Category:Catfish of Asia]]
[[Category:Fish of India]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Heok Hee Ng]]
[[Category:Fish described in 2009]]
[[Category:Erethistidae]]

{{Catfish-stub}}

Jamboti

2025-08-10T02:33:08Z

ValarieNarvaez8: rework article and added references based on references

{{more citations needed|date=December 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jamboti
| other_name = Zambotim
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|15|41|35|N|74|21|57.4|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Belagavi
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = [[Khanapur]]
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 13.81
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2482 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/589/download/2004/DH_2011_2901_PART_B_DCHB_BELGAUM.pdf|access-date=20 April 2024|title=Census Data Handbook 2011}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 591345 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiapost.gov.in/vas/pages/LocatePostOffices.aspx?Pin=w7FcpPwL0BM=|title=Jamboti Post Office|access-date=20 April 2024}}</ref>
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#KA—Karnataka|KA-22]]
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Khanapur
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Cool Temperate climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| website = {{URL|karnataka.gov.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KA]]
| footnotes =

}}
'''Jamboti''' ([[Konkani language|Konkani]]: Zambotim) is an area located {{convert|28|km}} south-west of [[Belgaum]] and {{convert|18|km}} west of [[Khanapur]] in the [[Belgaum District]] of [[Karnataka]], India.

[[Mandovi River]], the longest river in [[Goa]], has its origin in the Jamboti hills. Most of the area is agricultural land, and agriculture is the main source of employment. Parwad and Kankumbhi are the hill stations, with hilltop forests surrounding the area.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kar.nic.in/zpbelgaum/vajrapoha.html |title=Tourist Places - Jamboti |publisher=kar.nic |access-date=2006-10-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080427145111/http://www.kar.nic.in/zpbelgaum/vajrapoha.html |archive-date=27 April 2008 }}</ref> As per census 2011, the location code number of Jamboti village is 597826.

==Transport==
[[Belgaum Airport|Belagavi Airport]] is 39 km north-east from Jamboti. Khanapur Railway Station is the nearest railhead. [[State Highway 31 (Karnataka)|State Highway 31]] passes through Jamboti.

==Rainfall==
Jamboti is the highest rainfall receiving station in the Belagavi district. In 2024, it received {{convert|3825.7|mm|in}} of annual rainfall, with 106% of excess downpour.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ksndmc.org/en/Root/DownloadFile?path=%5C%5C192.168.2.21%5Ce%24%5CKSNDMC%20REPORTS%5CAnnual%20Report%5CAnnual%20State%20Report%5CAR_2024.pdf&fileName=Annual%20State%20Reports_2024.pdf|access-date=8 May 2025|title=KSNDMC Annual Rainfall report 2024}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Notes==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://www.tageo.com/index-e-in-v-19-d-m2913156.htm Jamboti Coordinates & map]

[[Category:Cities and towns in Belagavi district]]
[[Category:Tourism in Karnataka]]

{{Khanapur-geo-stub}}

Sundaram Nainar Sundaram

2025-07-20T07:35:49Z

ValarieNarvaez8:

{{Short description|Indian Judge}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
'''Sundaram Nainar Sundaram''' (3 August 1932 – September 2001) was an Indian judge and former Chief Justice of two [[High courts of India|High Courts of India]].

==Career==
Nainar Sundaram was born in 1932 in [[Tirunelveli]]. His father Herbert Sundaram was a District and Sessions Judge. He studied at Anderson High School of [[Kanchipuram]] and [[P.S. Higher Secondary School]]. He graduated from [[Loyola College, Chennai]] and obtained his law degree from [[Dr. Ambedkar Government Law College, Chennai|Madras Law College]]. In 1955, Nainar Sundaram started practice in civil and criminal side in the [[Madras High Court]]. On 4 January 1978 he was appointed an additional judge of Madras High Court. Nainar Sundaram was elevated to the post of the Chief Justice of [[Gujarat High Court]] on 15 June 1992.<ref>{{Cite web|title=High Court of Gujarat|url=https://gujarathighcourt.nic.in/cjjfull?jid=412|access-date=2021-11-24|website=gujarathighcourt.nic.in}}</ref> Thereafter he became the Chief Justice of the [[Telangana High Court]] in December 1993.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Judges List|url=https://tshc.gov.in/former_judges_list.html|access-date=2021-11-24|website=tshc.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-15|title=Gujarat High Court Recruitment 2020 - District Judge, Civil Judge|url=https://career.aglasem.com/gujarat-high-court-recruitment/|access-date=2021-11-24|website=AglaSem Career|language=en-US}}</ref> Justice Nainar Sundaram was appointed the first Chairperson of [[State Human Rights Commission Tamil Nadu]] after retirement.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2014-11-17|title=After three years, rights panel gets chairperson|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/after-three-years-rights-panel-gets-chairperson/article6606757.ece|access-date=2021-11-24|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nainar Sundaram, Sundaram}}

[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:2001 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:Judges of the Madras High Court]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Gujarat High Court]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Telangana High Court]]
[[Category:People from Tirunelveli]]
[[Category:Loyola College, Chennai alumni]]

{{India-law-bio-stub}}

Muliyar

2025-05-31T16:21:19Z

ValarieNarvaez8:

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Muliyar
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = File:Muliyar Mulleria.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Muliyar bus stop
| pushpin_map = India Kerala
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|12.507409|N|75.095684|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluk]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kasaragod taluk|Kasaragod]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Panchayati Raj (India)]]
| governing_body = Muliyar Grama Panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 34.27
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 25,095
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], English<ref>{{cite web |title=The Kerala Official Language (Legislation) Act, 1969 |url=http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/kerala/1969/1969KERALA7.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911111246/http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/kerala/1969/1969KERALA7.pdf|url-status=usurped|archive-date=11 September 2014}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = KL-14
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Muliyar''' is a village and [[Grama Panchayat]] in the [[Kasaragod district]] of [[Kerala]], India.<ref name="censusindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |title=Census of India : Villages with population 5000 & above |publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |accessdate=2008-12-10 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208044522/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |archivedate=2008-12-08 }}</ref>

==Geography==
Muliyar is located about {{convert|12|km|mi}} east of [[Kasaragod]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/routes-locations/muliyar/id/10507|title=Cherkala routes with distances|publisher=keralatourism.org|date= |access-date=2021-01-22}}</ref> It is situated along [[State Highway 55 (Kerala)|State Highway 55]], to the north of the [[Chandragiri River]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://keralaczma.gov.in/hearing/records/kasaragod/Draft%20CZMP%20Kasaragod%207.pdf|title=Draft Map|publisher=keralaczma.gov.in|date=2012|accessdate=2021-01-22}}</ref> The village covers {{convert|34.27|km2|sqmi}} of land in [[Kasaragod taluk]].

==Demographics==
As of [[2011 Census of India|2011 Census]], Muliyar village had a population of 25,095 with 12,248 males and 12,847 females. Muliyar village has an area of {{cvt|34.27|km2}} with 4,980 families residing in it. The average female sex ratio was 1049 lower than the state average of 1084. In Muliyar, 12.4% of the population was under 6 years of age. Muliyar had an average literacy of 88.7% lower than the state average of 94%; male literacy was 92.9% and female literacy was 84.8%.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3201_PART_B_KASARAGOD.pdf|title=District Census Handbook - Kasaragod District 2011|publisher=Directorate of Census Operations-Kerala|date=2011-10-01|accessdate=2021-01-22}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Adhur]]
* [[Mulleria, Kasaragod|Mulleria]]
* [[Karadka]]
* [[Delampady]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Kasaragod district}}
[[Category:Cherkala - Jalsoor Rd]]
[[Category:Panchayats in Kasaragod district]]

Khonsa

2025-05-07T14:47:29Z

ValarieNarvaez8:

{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Khonsa
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Khonsa Town
| pushpin_map = India Arunachal Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Arunachal Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.02|N|95.57|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tirap district|Tirap]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1215
| population_total = 9229
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|AR]]
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-AR]]
| footnotes =

}}
'''Khonsa''' is the headquarters of the [[Tirap district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. It also houses Ramakrishna Sarada Mission School and Christ the King ICSE School. The [[Nocte people]], a Wancho tribe, are the indigenous inhabitants. The town is cosmopolitan in nature, with citizens from multiple Indian states being found here. It is 43km away from [[Deomali]], a census town.

==Geography==
Khonsa is located at {{coord|27.02|N|95.57|E|}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/30/Khonsa.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Khonsa, India|website=www.fallingrain.com}}</ref> It has an average elevation of 1215 metres (3986 feet).

== Education ==
[[Wangcha Rajkumar Government College, Deomali|Wangcha Rajkumar Government College]] in [[Deomali]] town is the only college in [[Tirap district]] which iss 43km away. Khonsa houses Ramakrishna Sarada Mission School and Christ the King ICSE School.

==Demographics==
As per the Indian census of 2001,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=16 June 2004|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=1 November 2008|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Khonsa had a population of 9229. Males constitute 56% of the population and females 44%. Khonsa has an average literacy rate of 74%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 80%, and female literacy is 65%. In Khonsa, 15% of the population is under 6 years of age.

As per the most recent [[2011 census of India|Indian census [2011]]], Khonsa has a population of 9928. Male inhabitants number 5768 while female inhabitants number 4160. 11.27% of the population is younger than 6 years. Khonsa's literacy rate of 85% is much higher than the state average. 45.87% of the population belong to [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes (ST)]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khonsa Notified Town City Population Census 2011-2025 {{!}} Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/801441-khonsa-arunachal-pradesh.html |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

The majority of the people are Christians, mostly Baptist, although some are Roman Catholics. There are relatively few animists. Among Nocte Catholics, syncretism between traditional religions and Christianity is evident.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.neuenhofer.de/guenter/Arunachal/arutext2.html|title=Eine Reise durch das südliche Arunachal |website=www.neuenhofer.de |language=de |access-date=2 March 2024}}</ref> Foreign proselytizers such as American-sponsored missionaries are active in Khonsa and neighboring districts. Christ King Catholic Church Khonsa has been actively spreading their version of spirituality among residents.

===Languages===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages spoken in Khonsa Town (2011)<ref name="censusindia.gov.in">{{cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10194 |title= C-16: Population by mother tongue, Arunachal Pradesh |date=2011 |website=Census of India |access-date=2 March 2024}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Nocte language|Nocte]]
|value1 = 27.24
|color1 = teal
|label2 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|value2 = 13.37
|color2 = pink
|label3 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|value3 = 10.15
|color3 = red
|label4 = [[Nepali language|Nepali]]
|value4 = 8.29
|color4 = yellow
|label5= [[Wancho language|Wancho]]
|value5 = 8.21
|color5 = silver
|label6 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
|value6 = 5.59
|color6 = green
|label7 = [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
|value7 = 4.76
|color7 = brown
|label8 = Others
|value8 = 22.39
|color8 = blue
}}
According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 Census]], Nocte is Spoken by 2,704 people, Hindi by 1,327 people, Bengali by 1,008, Nepali by 823 people, Wancho by 799, Bhojpuri by 555 people and Assamese by 473.<ref name="censusindia.gov.in"/>

==See also==

* [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian cities]]

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* [http://stephen-knapp.com/preaching_in_indias_northeast_for_cultural_preservation.htm Preaching in India's Northeast for Cultural Preservation]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070310234500/http://www.dioceseofdibrugarh.org/khonsabody.htm Khonsa Catholic Parish]

[[Category:Tirap district]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Tirap district]]

{{ArunachalPradesh-geo-stub}}

Aam Aadmi Party, Punjab

2025-04-07T05:37:43Z

ValarieNarvaez8: cleanup references additionally and cleaned formatting

#REDIRECT [[Aam Aadmi Party – Punjab]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Kavach (anti-missile system)

2024-08-25T13:02:38Z

ValarieNarvaez8: Content refined and expanded

{{distinguish|Kavach (train protection system)}}
{{Infobox weapon
| name = Kavach
| image = INS Chennai launching a Kavach Rocket from the Kavach Chaff Rocket Launcher manufactured by the Ordnance Factory Board.jpg
| image_size = 300
| alt =
| caption = [[INS Chennai (D65)|INS ''Chennai'' (D65)]] launching a Kavach rocket.
| type = [[Chaff (countermeasure)|Decoy system]]
| origin = [[India]]

| is_missile = yes
| is_UK = yes

| service = May 2012−present
| used_by = {{navy|India}}
| wars =

| designer = [[Ordnance Factory Board]]
| design_date =
| manufacturer =
* '''Rocket launcher:''' Machine Tool Prototype Factory, Ambernath under [[Armoured Vehicles Nigam]]
* '''Rockets:''' Ammunition Factory Khadki under [[Munitions India]]
| unit_cost = {{INR}}6–7 lakh<ref name="IndExpKavach20120525" />
| production_date = 2012−present
| number = 4,000+<ref name="IndExpKavach20120525" />
| variants = Long Range, Medium Range, Short Range

| spec_label =
| mass =
| length =
| part_length =
| width =
| height =
| diameter =

| armour =
| primary_armament =
| secondary_armament =
| engine =
| engine_power =
| pw_ratio =
| payload_capacity =
| drive =
| transmission =
| suspension =
| clearance =
| fuel_capacity =
| vehicle_range =
| speed =
| guidance =
| steering =

| wingspan =
| propellant =
| ceiling =
| altitude =
| boost =
| depth =
| accuracy =
| launch_platform =
| transport =

| ref =
}}
'''Kavach''' ({{lit|Armour}}) is an [[anti-missile]] naval [[Chaff (countermeasure)|decoy system]] to distract radar-guided [[missile]]s from their targets and act as a system for self-defence. It was designed and developed by the [[Ordnance Factory Board]] for the [[Indian Navy]].

== Development ==
The [[Indian Navy]] previously procured [[Chaff (countermeasure)|chaff]] rocket systems from the [[Soviet Union]]. Supplies came to a halt following the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] in the early 1990s. The [[Ordnance Factory Board]] (OFB) took up the challenge to design and develop a chaff rocket system to achieve self-reliance in this field.<ref name="IndExpKavach20120525">{{Cite web |date=2012-05-25 |title=AFK hands over indigenous RGB versions,Kavach system to Navy |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/afk-hands-over-indigenous-rgb-versions-kavach-system-to-navy/ |access-date=2022-03-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name="TOI">{{Cite web |date=25 May 2012 |title=Navy now has indigenous 'Kavach' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/navy-now-has-indigenous-kavach/articleshow/13460008.cms |access-date=2022-03-13 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> OFB Director General and Chairman, D.M. Gupta, stated in May 2011 that the company had created two [[Prototype|prototypes]], successfully conducted the first trial, and would conduct a second and final trial later that year before the system was inducted into the Navy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-05-21 |title=Kavach Rockets For Indian Navy |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/kavach-rockets-for-indian-navy-8025.html |access-date=2022-03-13 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Design ==
The Kavach decoy system releases chaff made up of [[silver]] coated [[glass fiber]]. The chaff forms a clutter which remains suspended in the air, causing the incoming radar-guided missile to mistake the chaff for the actual target, and get [[Radar lock-on|locked]] onto the chaff instead of the actual target.<ref name="TOI" /> Each Kavach rocket costs around {{INRConvert|6|l}}–{{INRConvert|7|l}}.<ref name="IndExpKavach20120525" />

The Kavach system has chaff rockets of three different versions based on the range:<ref name = "TOI"/>
* Long Range: {{convert|12|km|mi|abbr=on}}
* Medium Range: {{convert|5|km|mi|abbr=on}}
* Short Range: {{convert|1|km|mi|abbr=on}}
These versions are fired in different situations based on incoming threats.<ref name="TOI" />

The Kavach Mod II is a three-layered "[[soft-kill]]" system. The launch tube configuration is 4×4 launch tube in two variants: Long-Range and Short-Range. The LR and SR variant weighs 1680 kg and 1350 kg, has a height of 269 cm and 246 cm, and bore of barrel measurement of 106 mm and 98.4 mm, respectively. Length and width of both the systems measures 1300 mm each. According to official sources, 9 such systems are installed on [[Kolkata-class destroyer|Kolkata-class]], [[Kamorta-class corvette|Kamorta-class]] and [[Deepak-class fleet tanker|Deepak-class]] naval ships.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Kavach Launcher MOD II Chaff Decoy Launcher |url=https://avnl.co.in/products/kavach-launcher-mod-ii-chaff-decoy-launcher |access-date=2024-08-25 |website=avnl.co.in}}</ref> It has a rotation speed of 60° per second. The Fire Control System (FCS) for the Kavach Mod II includes a Main Fire Control System (MFCS), 4 Launcher Control Unit (LCU) and a Remote Fire Control System (RMFCS). It can detect, track and engage upto 5 threats.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=FCS FOR KAVACH MOD II |url=https://bel-india.in/product/fcs-for-kavach-mod-ii/ |access-date=2024-08-25 |website=BEL |language=en-US}}</ref>

There are different operational modes<ref name=":0" />

* '''Confusion Mode''': Used against enemy search radar at a distance of 30 km or more. The mode launches Long-Range Chaff Rocket (LRCR I/LRCR II) to deliver chaff at 5-12 km away and 800 meters height from launcher to prevent the enemy from locating the ship.
* '''Distraction Mode''': Used against incoming missile at 20 km or more before opening its homing head, Medium Range Chaff Rocket (MRCR) launched to deliver chaff 2-4 km away and 800-1000 meters height from launcher.
* '''Centroid Mode''': To protect against a “Locked on” missile at a distance of 10 KMS or less launch Short Range Chaff Rocket (SRCR) to deliver chaff at 50-150 meters height from launcher.

== Production ==
The first batch of Kavach rockets were formally handed over to the Navy on 25 May 2012 by the Ammunition Factory Khadki (AFK), [[Pune]] which manufactures the rockets.<ref name="TOI" /> The Kavach MOD II multi-barrel rocket launchers are manufactured by the Machine Tool Prototype Factory (MTPF), [[Mumbai]] of [[Armoured Vehicles Nigam|Armoured Vehicles Nigam Limited]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kavach Mod II |url=https://avnl.co.in/machine-tool-prototype-factory |access-date=2024-08-25 |website=avnl.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Ordnance Factories: Machine Tool Prototype Factory |url=http://ofbindia.gov.in/units/index.php?unit=mpf&page=products&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622035738/http://ofbindia.gov.in/units/index.php?unit=mpf&page=products&lang=en |archive-date=2011-06-22 |access-date=2019-07-01}}</ref> The [[Fire-control system|Fire Control System]] (FCS) is manufactured by [[Bharat Electronics|Bharat Electronics Limited]] (BEL).<ref name=":1" />

AFK was contracted to deliver around 4,000 Kavach variants to the Indian Navy by 2015.<ref name="IndExpKavach20120525" /><ref name="NavTechKavach20120525">{{cite web | title=Indian Navy receives RGBs and Kavach decoy systems | url=http://www.naval-technology.com/news/newsindian-navy-receives-rgbs-kavach-decoy-systems | publisher=Naval Technology Market and Customer Insight | date=28 May 2012 | accessdate=11 July 2014}}</ref>

==Operators==
The first ship to be equipped with Kavach was the [[Anti-submarine warfare|anti-submarine]] [[corvette]] [[INS Kamorta (P28)|INS ''Kamorta'' (P28)]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Navy to get first indigenous anti-submarine warship, INS Kamorta tomorrow |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/navy-to-get-first-indigenous-anti-submarine-warship-ins-kamorta-tomorrow/articleshow/38219174.cms |access-date=2022-03-13}}</ref> Ship classes fitted with Kavach include:

*{{navy|India}}
**[[Kamorta-class corvette|Kamorta-class corvettes]]<ref name=":0" />
**[[Kolkata-class destroyer]]s<ref name=":0" />
**[[Shivalik-class frigate]]s<ref name="swnr13">{{cite book |last1=Waters |first1=Conrad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=63muCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA159 |title=Seaforth World Naval Review 2013: pdf |date=2015 |publisher=Seaforth Publishing |isbn=9781473817999 |page=159 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303201954/https://books.google.com/books?id=63muCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA159 |archive-date=3 March 2018 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
**[[Visakhapatnam-class destroyer]]s<ref>{{Cite web |last=office_zzam |date=2023-12-28 |title=India Navy commissions 3rd Visakhapatnam-class destroyer INS Imphal |url=https://armyrecognition.com/news/navy-news/2023/india-navy-commissions-3rd-visakhapatnam-class-destroyer-ins-imphal |access-date=2024-08-25 |website=armyrecognition.com |language=en-gb}}</ref>
**[[Deepak-class fleet tanker]]<ref name=":0" />
**[[INS Vikrant (2013)|INS Vikrant]]<ref name="theprint01">{{Cite web |last=Philip |first=Snehesh Alex |date=2022-09-02 |title=Floating airfield — PM Modi commissions INS Vikrant, India's first indigenous aircraft carrier |url=https://theprint.in/defence/floating-airfield-pm-modi-commissions-ins-vikrant-indias-first-indigenous-aircraft-carrier/1112678/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204055059/https://theprint.in/defence/floating-airfield-pm-modi-commissions-ins-vikrant-indias-first-indigenous-aircraft-carrier/1112678/ |archive-date=4 February 2023 |access-date=2023-02-04 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Missile countermeasures]]
[[Category:Indian Navy]]
[[Category:Military equipment of India]]

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