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Meenakshi

2026-05-07T17:22:31Z

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{{Short description|Hindu goddess, a form of Parvati}}
{{About|the goddess||Meenakshi (disambiguation)}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| image = Minakshi.jpg
| name = Meenakshi
| caption = Meenakshi
| other_names = Aṅgayaṟkaṇṇi, Taḍādakai, Mīnāṭci, Mantriṇi, Mangayakarasi, Maduraidevi
| animals = [[Rose-ringed parakeet]]
| script_name =
| member_of =
| affiliation = [[Parvati]], [[Devi]]
| god_of = [[Tutelary deity]] of [[Madurai]]<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wJoTAAAAMAAJ&q=meenakshi+madurai | title=The Great Temple of Madurai: English Version of the Book Koilmanagar | year=1963 | publisher=Sri Meenakshisundareswarar Temple Renovation Committee }}</ref>
| consort = [[Shiva|Sundareswarar]] ([[Shiva]])
| father = [[Malayadhvaja Pandya]]
| mother = [[Kanchanamalai]]
| dynasty = [[Pandya dynasty]]
| mount =
| abode = [[Madurai]]
| siblings = Aḻagar ([[Vishnu]])
}}

'''Meenakshi''' (also [[Hunterian transliteration|spelt]] as '''Minakshi''' or '''{{transliteration|ta|ISO|Mīnāṭci|italic=no}}''', and also known as '''{{transliteration|ta|ISO|Aṅgayaṟkaṇṇi|italic=no}}''',{{sfn|Harman|1992|p=24}}<ref name="Tamil">{{cite book |title=Proceedings of the First International Conference Seminar of Tamil Studies, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, April, 1966 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cXoLAQAAIAAJ |year=1968 |publisher=International Association of Tamil Research |page=543 }}</ref> and '''{{transliteration|ta|ISO|Taḍādakai|italic=no}}'''<ref>{{Cite book|title=Cultural Heritage of Kerala: An Introduction|last=Menon|first=A. Sreedhara|date=1978|publisher=East-West Publications|page=250}}</ref>) is a [[Hindu goddess]]. She is considered as a form of the goddess [[Parvati]], and is the [[tutelary deity]] of [[Madurai]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Courts of Pre-Colonial South India: Material Culture and Kingship|last=Howes|first=Jennifer|date=2 September 2003|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-13578-996-1|page=27}}</ref> Along with [[Kamakshi Amman Temple|Kamakshi]] ([[Kanchipuram]]), and [[Vishalakshi Temple|Visalakshi]] ([[Varanasi]]), she is considered as one of the three [[avatar]]s of [[Avatar of Adi Shakti|Adi Shakti]].{{sfn|Harman|1992|p=24}}<ref name="Hindu">{{cite book|title=Hindu Pilgrimage Centres|last=Harshananda|first=Swami|ref=Harsha|edition=second|publisher=[[Ramakrishna Math]]|location=Bangalore|year=2012|isbn=978-8-17907-053-6|page=61}}</ref><ref>Bangala Bhasar Abhidhaan ( Dictioanary of the Bengali Language), Shishu Sahitya Samsad Pvt Ltd., 32A, APC Road, Kolkata – 700009, Volume 2, p.1600. (ed. 1988)</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=American Sanctuary: Understanding Sacred Spaces|last=Nelson|first=Louis P.|date=2006|publisher=[[Indiana University]] Press|isbn=978-0-25321-822-3|page=121}}</ref> She is represented as the divine consort of Sundaresvarar, a form of [[Shiva]], and the sister of Alagar, a form of [[Vishnu]].<ref name="Rajarajan">{{Cite journal|last=Rajarajan|first=R. K. K.|date=1 January 2005|title=Minaksi or Sundaresvara: Who is the first principle?|url=https://www.academia.edu/33832897|journal=South Indian History Congress Annual Proceedings
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330233050/https://www.academia.edu/33832897/Minaksi_or_Sundaresvara_Who_is_the_first_principle |archive-date=30 March 2019 |url-status=live |volume=XXV |publisher=[[Kamaraj University]] |location=Madurai |pages=551–553}}</ref>

Meenakshi finds mention in [[Tamil literature]] as the warrior queen of the ancient [[Pandya dynasty|Pandya kingdom]], and was later deified.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Where does Meenakshi take her turmeric bath?: a multiply-constructed religious history and deity in Tamilnadu|last=Fiedler|first=Amanda|date=2006|publisher=[[University of Wisconsin]]|location=Madison|page=1}}</ref> She is mainly worshipped in [[South India]], and has a [[Meenakshi Temple|major temple]] devoted to her in Madurai. She is usually portrayed with a raised right hand holding a [[Nelumbo nucifera|lotus]], on which sits a green [[Rose-ringed parakeet|parrot]], while her left hand hangs by her side.<ref name="Fuller">{{cite journal |first=Christopher |last=Fuller |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1062576 |title=South Indian Temple: Mīnākṣī and Sundareśvara at Madurai |journal=History of Religions |volume= 19 |issue= 4 |date=May 1980 |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |doi=10.1086/462855 |jstor=1062576 |pages=321–348}}</ref> [[Meenakshi Tirukalyanam]], the marriage of Meenakshi and Shiva is celebrated as a major festival.{{sfn|Harman|1992|pp=44–47}} She was also extolled as [[Shri Vidya]] by [[Adi Shankara]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Journal of Kerala Studies|date=2009|publisher=[[University of Kerala]]|volume=36|page=97}}</ref>

==Etymology==
{{transliteration|sa|ISO|Mīnākṣī}} is a [[Sanskrit]] term meaning 'fish-eyed',<ref>{{cite book |author=William P. Harman |title=The Sacred Marriage of a Hindu Goddess |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F_siW9T3ev4C&pg=PA24 |year=1992 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=978-81-208-0810-2 |page=24 |access-date=5 June 2018 |archive-date=12 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012054230/https://books.google.com/books?id=F_siW9T3ev4C&pg=PA24 |url-status=live }}</ref> derived from the words {{transliteration|sa|ISO|mīna}} 'fish' and {{transliteration|sa|ISO|akṣī}} 'eye'.<ref>{{cite book |editor=Manly Palmer Hall |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fZoUAAAAIAAJ |title=Horizon, Volume 9, Issue 3 |year=1949 |publisher=Philosophical Research Society |page=33 }}</ref> She was mentioned in early Tamil literature as {{transliteration|ta|ISO|Taḍādakai}} meaning 'fish-eyed one' in [[Tamil language|Tamil]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=An Environmental History of India: From Earliest Times to the Twenty-First Century|last=Fisher|first=Michael H.|date=18 October 2018|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-1-10711-162-2|page=74}}</ref> She is also known by the Tamil name {{transliteration|ta|ISO|Aṅgayaṟkaṇṇi}} or {{transliteration|ta|ISO|Aṅgayaṟkaṇṇammai}} ({{lit|the mother with the beautiful fish eyes}}).{{sfn|Harman|1992|p=24}}<ref name="Tamil"/> The name of might also mean "rule of the fish", derived from the Tamil words ''meen'' ('fish') and ''aatchi'' ('rule'), denoting the fish signage on the flag used by the [[Pandyas]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Journal of Indian History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pjRuAAAAMAAJ |year=2002 |publisher=Department of History, [[University of Kerala]] |page=96 }}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the Tamil Language, Vol. VII, PART - II|page=68|quote=மீனாட்சி, Mīṉāṭci, பெ. (n.) மதுரையை உறைவிடமாகக் கொண்ட தெய்வம்; Umā, the tutelary Goddess of Madurai. [மீன் + ஆட்சி. மீனைக் கொடியில் சின்னமாகக் கொண்டவள்.] Translation: [ Meen + Aatchi. Her who put the fish as symbol for the flag.] (மீன் - Mīṉ which means "fish", ஆட்சி- āṭci which means "rule")}}</ref>

Various meanings of this appellation have been suggested, including that she was originally a goddess of the fisher-folk, that her eyes are "large and brilliant" like that of a fish, or that she has "long and slender" eyes shaped like the body of a fish. Another interpretation is that the name is based on the belief that the fish never close their eyes: the goddess similarly never stops watching over her devotees.<ref name="WNB_1978">{{cite book |author=William Norman Brown |chapter=The Name of the Goddess Mīnākṣī "Fish-Eye" |title=India and Indology: Selected Articles |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BdaXdGm8h9gC&pg=PA84 |year=1978 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |pages=84–86 |oclc=871468571 |access-date=5 June 2018 |archive-date=12 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012054230/https://books.google.com/books?id=BdaXdGm8h9gC&pg=PA84 |url-status=live }}</ref> Yet another interpretation states that the name is based on the ancient belief that the fish feed their young by merely looking at them; the goddess supposedly supports her devotees by merely glancing at them.<ref>{{cite book |author=Klaus K. Klostermaier |title=A Concise Encyclopedia of Hinduism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v1UQBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT153 |year=2014 |publisher=Oneworld |isbn=978-1-78074-672-2 |page=153 |access-date=5 June 2018 |archive-date=12 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012054232/https://books.google.com/books?id=v1UQBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT153 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Texts==
''Meenakshi Pancharatnam'' (five jewels of Meenakshi) is an incantation to Meenakshi composed by [[Adi Shankara]] (8th century CE).<ref name=":0" /> Though Meenakshi does not directly appear in the [[Lalita Sahasranama]], there is a reference to her in the line ''Vaktralakṣmī parīvāha calan mīnābha ocanā'' (She who has the face of Lakshmi and has fish-like eyes in the river of her face).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rupenaguntla |first=Satya Narayana Sarma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PT0fEAAAQBAJ&dq=Vaktra+lak%E1%B9%A3m%C4%AB+par%C4%ABv%C4%81ha&pg=PT21 |title=Hidden meanings of Lalita Sahasranama |date=29 May 2018 |publisher=Panchawati Spiritual Foundation |page=21 }}</ref> Several great hymns on the goddess were composed in [[History of India#Early modern period (c. 1526–1858 CE)|the early modern period]] by many saints and scholars such as [[Neelakanta Dikshitar]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Atyar|first=N Natesa|url=http://archive.org/details/AnandaSagaraStavam|title=Preface to Ananda Sagara Stavam}}</ref> [[Tamil literature]] portrays Meenakshi as the intersection of domesticity and divinity.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Birth and birthgivers : the power behind the shame|date=2006|publisher=Shakti Books|editor-last=Chawla|editor-first=Janet|isbn=8-12410-938-9|location=New Delhi|oclc=181090767}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Extraordinary Child: Poems from a South Asian devotional genre|last=Richman|first=Paula|publisher=[[University of Hawaii Press]]|year=1997|location=Honolulu}}</ref>

==Legend==
[[File:Madurai Meenakshi Temple painting.JPG|thumb|Painting on the wall of the [[Meenakshi temple]] depicting the legend of Meenakshi]]

According to the 16th century CE Tamil text of ''[[Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam]]'', king [[Malayadhwaja Pandya]] and his wife Kanchanamalai performed a [[yajna]] seeking a son to succeed the king.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Sacred Sports of Siva - Introduction |url=https://shaivam.org/scripture/English-Translation/1488/thiruvilaiyadal-puranam-introduction/#gsc.tab=0 |access-date=2 June 2023 |work=Shaivam }}</ref> A daughter appeared out of the [[Agni|fire]], who was three years old and had three breasts. When the parents prayed to lord Shiva, a divine voice advised them to bring up the child, and that she will lose the third breast when she meets her future husband. The girl grew up in the palace, and the king crowned her as his successor. When she finally met Shiva, who took the form of Sundareswarar, she took her true form of Meenakshi, an incarnation of Parvati. [[Meenakshi Tirukalyanam]], the marriage of Meenakshi and Shiva was a grand event, with the attendance of various Hindu gods, and other celestial and living beings.{{sfn|Harman|1992|pp=44–47}}{{sfn|Brockman|2011|pp=326–327}}

According to religious scholar William P. Harman, the story may reflect the [[matrilineal]] traditions prevalent in [[South India]] during the time and the regional beliefs that "[spiritual] powers rest with the women", gods listen to their spouse, and that the fates of kingdoms rest with the women.{{sfn|Harman|1992|pp=44–47}} According to historian [[Susan Bayly]], the reverence for Meenakshi is a part of the Hindu goddess tradition that integrates with the Hindu society where the "woman is the lynchpin of the system" of social relationships.<ref>{{cite book|author=Susan Bayly|title=Saints, Goddesses and Kings: Muslims and Christians in South Indian Society, 1700-1900|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fxqtx8SflEsC|year=1989|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-89103-5|pages=29–30|access-date=25 November 2017|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225051226/https://books.google.com/books?id=Fxqtx8SflEsC|url-status=live}}</ref> According to anthropologist [[Chris Fuller (academic)|Christopher Fuller]], the wedding represents a symbolic paradigm for human marriages during the time.<ref name="Fuller"/>

==Meenakshi Temple==
[[File:India Meenakshi Temple.jpg|thumb|A [[Gopuram]] of the [[Meenakshi Temple]] at [[Madurai]]]]
The [[Meenakshi Temple]] in [[Madurai]] is dedicated to Meenakshi, who is worshipped as the primary deity in the temple. Also referred to as Meenakshi Amman or Meenakshi-Sundareswarar Temple,<ref name="Brit">{{Cite web|title=Madurai |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Madurai|access-date=1 January 2023|work=[[Britannica]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Ramaswamy|2007|pp=9–10, 103, 210, 363–364}} The shrines of Meenakshi and her consort Sundareswarar are located next to each other in the inner courtyard.<ref name="Rajarajan"/><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CGukBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA169|title=Rediscovering the Hindu Temple: The Sacred Architecture and Urbanism of India|last1=Bharne|first1=Vinayak|last2=Krusche|first2=Krupali|date=18 September 2014|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-44386-734-4|access-date=3 October 2020|archive-date=12 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012054233/https://books.google.com/books?id=CGukBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA169|url-status=live}}</ref>

Though the temple was mentioned in texts from 6th century CE, it was built extensively during the rule of the Pandyas in the 11th to 12th century CE. After most of the temple was destroyed in the early 14th century by the armies of [[Delhi Sultanate]], the temple was rebuilt after during the [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara rule]] in the late 14th to 15th centuries.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Tara Boland-Crewe|author2=David Lea|title=The Territories and States of India|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=lXCOAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT401|year=2003|publisher=Routledge|isbn=1-135-35624-6|page=401}}</ref><ref name=fuller94>{{cite book|author = Christopher Fuller | year= 2003|chapter= Madurai|editor= George Michell|title= Temple Towns of Tamil Nadu|publisher= Marg| isbn=978-81-85026-213| pages= 94–113}}</ref> Most of the present masonry was rebuilt after the 14th century CE, and the temple was furtherrenovated and expanded in the 16th and 17th centuries by the [[Madurai Nayaks]].{{sfn|King|2005|pp=72–74}}{{sfn|D. Uma|2015|pp=39–40}}

The main shrines are located in the center of the temple complex, surrounded by various monuments inside concentric [[prakaram]]s (enclosures). The enclosures are fortified with high masonry walls, with the outer walls having four towering [[gopurams]] (gateways), one each on either direction, which allow people to enter the complex from all four directions. The complex has numerous sculpted pillared [[mandapa]] including the Ayirakkal mandapam (thousand pillar hall). There are various shrines are dedicated to Hindu deities inside the temple complex. The [[Vimana (architectural feature)|vimanas]] above the [[garbhagriha]]s (sanctums) of Meenakshi and Sundareśvarar are gilded with gold.<ref name=fuller94/><ref>{{cite book|author=Brian A. Hatcher|title=Hinduism in the Modern World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IdeoCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA20 |year=2015|publisher= [[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-135-04631-6|pages=20–21}}</ref>{{sfn|D. Uma|2015|pp=34–47}}

The temple is a major pilgrimage destination within the [[Shaivism]] tradition, dedicated to Meenakshi and Shiva.{{sfn|Subramanian|2003|p=96}} As Vishnu is considered to be Meenakshi's brother, it is mentioned as [[Mathura]] of the South in the [[Vaishnava]] texts.<ref>{{cite book|author=Edwin Francis Bryant|title=Krishna: A Sourcebook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0z02cZe8PU8C&pg=PA546 |year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-803400-1|pages=546 with note 45}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=T. Padmaja|title=Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: History, Art, and Traditions in Tamilnāḍu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pzgaS1wRnl8C&pg=PA98|year=2002 |publisher =Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-8-17017-398-4|pages=97–99}}</ref> The large temple complex is the most prominent landmark in Madurai and attracts tens of thousands visitors a day.{{sfn|Gopal|1990|p=181}} The temple attracts over a million pilgrims and visitors during the annual 10-day [[Chithirai festival]] , celebrated with much festivities and a [[temple car|ratha]] (chariot) procession during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil month]] of [[Chittirai]].<ref name="Eck2013p277">{{cite book|author=Diana L. Eck|author-link=Diana L. Eck|title=India: A Sacred Geography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PyC4o7i9tnEC&pg=PA277|year=2013|publisher=Random House|isbn=978-0-385-53192-4|pages=277–279}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

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*{{Citation |title=Tamil geographies: cultural constructions of space and place in South India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B0_lLAechPcC&q=Tamil+geographies:+cultural+constructions+of+space+and+place+in+South+India |year=2008 |last1=Selby |last2=Peterson |first1=Martha Ann |first2=Indira Viswanathan |location=New York |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-7914-7245-3 |access-date=3 October 2020 |archive-date=12 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012054255/https://books.google.com/books?id=B0_lLAechPcC&q=Tamil+geographies%3A+cultural+constructions+of+space+and+place+in+South+India |url-status=live }}.
*{{Citation|last=Smith|first=David|title=The Dance of Siva: Religion, Art and Poetry in South India By David|year=1996|location=United Kingdom|publisher=Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge|isbn=0-521-48234-8|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/danceofsivarelig0000smit}}.
*{{Citation |first=V.K. |last=Subramanian |title= Art shrines of ancient India|year=2003|location=New Delhi |publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=81-7017-431-7}}.
*{{Citation|title= Festivals of Meenakshi Sundareswarar temple, Madurai a historical and cultural perspective| author= D. Uma| publisher= Madurai Kamraj University| year=2015| hdl= 10603/135484}}
* {{Citation|last=V.|first=Vriddhagirisan|title=Nayaks of Tanjore|year=1995|location=New Delhi|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=81-206-0996-4|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/nayaksoftanjore0000vrid}}.
{{Refend}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}

{{HinduMythology}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Forms of Parvati]]
[[Category:Tamil deities]]
[[Category:Tamil monarchs]]
[[Category:Pandyan kings]]

B M Menasinakai

2026-05-07T08:10:10Z

Vaidehitaman: Adding A Info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
'''B. M. Menasinakai''' (3 February 1926 – 17 January 2003) was a prominent Indian politician, agriculturist, and humanitarian from Karnataka. He is widely recognized for his service in both the state legislature and the national parliament, as well as for his extensive social work in healthcare, which earned him the popular moniker "Netradani" (Donor of Eyes).<ref>{{Cite web |title=B. M. Menasinakai |url=https://kla.kar.nic.in/council/members/exmembers/MenasinakaiBM.htm |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=kla.kar.nic.in}}</ref>

== Early Life and Education ==
Born in Hakkur (or Akkur) village in the Haveri district of Karnataka, Menasinakai was the son of Shri Mallappa. He pursued his higher education at J.G. Commerce College in Hubli, where he earned a Bachelor of Commerce (B.Com.) degree. In his early years, he was an active participant in the Indian freedom struggle.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Biographical Sketch of Member of XII Lok Sabha |url=https://www.indiapress.org/election/archives/lok12/biodata/12kn23.php |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=www.indiapress.org}}</ref>

== Political Career ==
Menasinakai's career spanned local and national levels, starting as President of the Haveri Municipality in 1979. He founded the Karnataka State Urban/Municipal Federation in 1985 and served as a Member of the Legislative Council (MLC) from 1988 to 1994. In 1998, he was elected to the 12th Lok Sabha from Dharwad South for the Lok Shakti party. During his term, he served on committees for commerce, textiles, and human resource development. {{cn|date=May 2026}}

== Professional Life and Philanthropy ==
An Income Tax Practitioner and farmer by profession, Menasinakai was widely known for his humanitarian work. He established a Free Eye Hospital in Davanagere and operated a mobile eye clinic, earning him the title "Netradani" (Donor of Eyes). He was also the President of the Rotary Club in Haveri (1971–1978). {{cn|date=May 2026}}

== Personal Life ==
He was married to Smt. Shakuntala B. Mensinkai, he was a father to several children and enjoyed light music and badminton. He authored several publications, including ''Hundred letters to the Governor'' and ''My service in Legislature''. Menasinakai passed away on 17 January 2003.{{cn|date=May 2026}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian politicians]]

Second Show (2022 film)

2026-05-05T21:51:29Z

Vaidehitaman: created new info needs work

{{Short description|2020 Indian-Sri Lankan film}}
{{use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Second Show
| native_name = {{Infobox name module|si|සෙකන්ඩ් ෂෝ}}
{{Infobox name module|ta|செக்கண்ட் ஷோ}}
| image = Second Show film poster.jpg
| caption =
| director = A.T. Gnanam
| producer = Siva Brothers Dark Room Creations
| writer = A.T. Gnanam
| screenplay = S. Mohan (Tamil) Thisara Imbulana (Sinhala)
| story = A.T. Gnanam
| starring = [[Ajmal Ameer]] [[Pallavi Subhash]] [[Hemal Ranasinghe]] [[Vidya Pradeep]]
| music = Verl Praneev
| cinematography = L.K. Vijay
| editing = Rangis
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2022|07|08|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India, Sri Lanka
| language = Tamil, Sinhala
| gross =
| budget =
}}

'''''Second Show''''' (theatrically as '''''IInd Show''''', ({{langx|si|සෙකන්ඩ් ෂෝ}}) is a 2022 Indian-Sri Lankan co-produced bilingual horror thriller film directed by A.T. Gnanam in his directorial debut. It was co-produced by Siva Brothers' Mahadevan Ganesh and Saravanan with Dark Room Creations' Kaushalya Wickramasinghe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-24 |title=Our guys who went to Kollywood |url=https://www.sarasaviya.lk/story/2021/03/25/20103/කොලිවුඩ්-ගිය-අපේ-කට්ටිය |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=සරසවිය}}</ref> The film stars [[Ajmal Ameer]], [[Pallavi Subhash]] and [[Hemal Ranasinghe]] in lead roles with [[Vidya Pradeep]], Akshata Sonawane and Pooja Mondal in supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Second Show Movie Stills |url=https://www.kollywoodzone.com/cat-second-show-10941.htm |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=www.kollywoodzone.com |date=14 May 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-26 |title=Acting in two languages at once is a challenge: Pallavi Subhash |url=https://www.sarasaviya.lk/interviews/2022/05/26/23340/එකවර-භාෂා-දෙකකින්-රඟපෑම-අභියෝගයක් |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=සරසවිය}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-21 |title=Cinema should be protected more in times of crisis: Hemal Ranasinghe |url=https://www.sarasaviya.lk/interviews/2022/07/21/23560/අර්බුද-කාලවලදී-තමයි-සිනමාව-වඩාත්-රැකගන්න-ඕනෑ |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=සරසවිය}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-21 |title=Your country stole my heart: Akshata Sonawane |url=https://www.sarasaviya.lk/interviews/2022/07/21/23557/ඔබේ-රට-මගේ-හදවත-හොරාගත්තා |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=සරසවිය}}</ref>

The film's pre-release campaign began in May 2022<ref name= show>{{Cite web |title=Indian-Sri Lankan giant launches 'Second Show' campaign |url=https://divaina.lk/ඉන්දීය-ශ්රී-ලංකා-දැවන්ත/ |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=divaina.lk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-24 |title=On the day of the release of the Second Trailer trailer and song collection |url=https://www.sarasaviya.lk/news-films-local/2022/05/26/23325/සෙකන්ඩ්-ෂෝ-පූර්ව-ප්%E2%80%8Dරචාරක-පටය-හා-ගීත-එකතුව-නිකුත්-වූ-දා |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=Sarasaviya}}</ref> and it was released on 8 July 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Second Show movie comes tomorrow |url=https://www.sarasaviya.lk/films-local/2022/07/07/23494/second-show-චිත%E2%80%8D්%E2%80%8Dරපටය-හෙට |access-date=2022-07-01 |website=Sarasaviya}}</ref> The film's co-producer Kaushalya Wickramasinghe stated that the Tamil version of the film will be screened in 50 theaters across the island from 29 July 2022 and it will be shown as a distribution of the National Film Corporation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-27 |title=Second show Tamil version on screen |url=https://www.sarasaviya.lk/news-films-local/2022/07/28/23585/සෙකන්ඞ්-ෂෝ-දෙමළ-පිටපත-තිරයට |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=සරසවිය}}</ref>

The portions featuring [[Ajmal Ameer]] and [[Vidya Pradeep]] were shot in Tamil only and dubbed for the Sinhala version.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}

==Plot==
Group of friends consisting of Shiva, Roshini, Deepika, Yogi and Dheena travel to London from Sri Lanka for their friend, Sandya's wedding. Sandya is about to marry Prasanna. At Prasanna's residence, Sandya share her love story to her friends. Prasanna throws a party at this residence. At the party, Prasanna's cousin is killed by Deepika. Jeeva, Prasanna's best friend and business partner, helps Sandya's friends to enjoy their stay in London. Deepika kills Dheena. Shiva suspects that the killings might be a work of a ghost. A priest is called to Prasanna's residence and the priest says that there is a ghost in the house confirming Shiva's suspicion. The ghost takes the form of a spider and it is revealed that the Ghost Spider bites Deepika to possess her and killed Prasanna's cousin and Dheena. Shiva and Roshini amend their strained relationship. The ghost possess deepika and kills Jeeva. Another priest visits Prasanna's residence and reveals Prasanna's ex-wife, Meera, is also from Sri Lanka, Prasanna is a drug addict, Prasanna abused his ex-wife and killed her. Prasanna agrees on what happened to Meera and reveal says that Meera was actually married ti his Twin Brother, Nanda. Prasanna also says that Nanda died by suicide and the death of Meera. The priest performs a ritual and captures the Ghost. Prasanna and Sandya are married and Shiva, Roshini, Deepika and Yogi travel from London to Sri Lanka. It is revealed that everything Prasanna said was a lie as he doesn't have a twin brother and Prasanna actually killed Meera. Meera's ghost possess Sandya and makes Prasanna to kill himself.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Ajmal Ameer]] as Shiva
* [[Pallavi Subhash]] as Sandya
* [[Hemal Ranasinghe]] as Prasanna
* [[Vidya Pradeep]] as Meera
* Akshata Sonawane as Roshini
* Puja Mondal as Deepika
* Maira Singh
* Isha Chhabra
* Black Pondy
* Inba Ravikumar as Yogi
* Sri Krish as Jeeva
* Suraj Nanda
* London Venkat
* Mukkur N. Ramajayam
}}

==Production==
This is the debut film of the main film director A.T. Gnanam and was filmed in 2019 in the locations of London and Birmingham, England.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-09 |title=Hemal Ranasinghe from an Indian film soon. |url=http://cinema.lk/හේමාල්-රණසිංහ-ඉන්දීය-සින/ |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=Cinema.lk |language=en-US}}</ref> A.T. Gnanam is an Indian filmmaker and a screenwriter working in [[Tamil cinema]]. He has worked in many movies tele-films and worked as associate director and co-director of many movies. He also worked in the story discussion department of the [[Hindi cinema|Bollywood film]], ''[[Chennai Express]]'', under the story author and director, [[K. Subash|K Subash]].

''Second Show'' was filmed simultaneously in both Tamil and Sinhala, with the Tamil dialogues written by S. Mohan and the Sinhala dialogues written by film director Thisara Imbulana.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-19 |title=The second show starring Hemal is coming soon |url=https://www.sarasaviya.lk/news-films-local/2022/05/19/23309/හේමාල්-රඟපෑ-සෙකන්ඩ්-ෂෝ-එන්න-ළඟයි |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=සරසවිය}}</ref> Bhargavi Kalidas co-directed the film, with Thangaraj S. Sathyamoorthi helping as an assistant director. Vivek Fernando directed the film in Sri Lanka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=A thriller movie in two languages |url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/220529/magazine/a-thriller-movie-in-two-languages-483717.html |access-date=2024-03-13 |website=Print Edition - The Sunday Times, Sri Lanka}}</ref> As an Indo-Lankan co-production, the film not only shares both Indian and Sri Lankan film technicians, but it also stars artists from both countries: [[Cinema of Sri Lanka|Sri Lankan]] actor Hemal Ranasinghe, [[Marathi cinema|Marathi actress]] Pallavi Subhash and [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] actor Ajmal Ameer are a notable few in the movie.{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}} Other notable characters played are by [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] actress Vidya Pradeep, [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] actress Akshatha Sonawane and [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] model Pooja Mondal.<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |title=Hemal starrer 'Second Show' is ready for release in Kollywood. |date=7 February 2021 |url=https://www.helawoodpopcorn.com/2021/02/07/කොලිවුඩයට-පෙම්වතා-දුෂ්ටය/ |access-date=2022-05-24 |language=en-US}}</ref>

The music director of the movie, [[Ambi Subramaniam]], and Praneev Verl, a Sri Lankan composer who composed two songs in the movie<ref name=":0" /> worked with lyricists [[Pa. Vijay]], A.T. Gnanam, and Ambi Prabass, and singers [[Diwakar]], [[Super Singer 3|Sathya Prakash]], Deepak, [[Super Singer 6|Shrikanth]], Saranya Gopinath, [[Bindu Subramaniam]] and [[Chinmayi Sripaada|Chinmayi]], while Sri Krish, Suraj Nanda from Mauritius [[Dance choreography|choreographed]]. The film also features songs in Sinhala sung by [[Kasun Kalhara]], [[Uresha Ravihari]], [[Kushani Sandarekha|Kushani Sandareka]], Kavindi Gunasekara and Dinendra Bandara.<ref name="show" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian actress Pallavi Subhash arrives in Sri Lanka |url=https://www.saaravita.lk/latest_news/ඉනදය-සනම-නළ-පලලව-සභෂ-ලකවට/100-714824 |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=www.saaravita.lk |language=Sinhala}}</ref>

The digital colour correction of the film is done by colourist Karthik Chandrasekar, with Vinaya Devv handling the outfits as the [[costume designer]] and Kall Premkumar as the [[art director]].



==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt12280872}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X1nOCXjSqNs Official trailer]

[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:2022 multilingual films]]
[[Category:2020 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]
[[Category:2022 Sinhala-language films]]
[[Category:2022 horror films]]
[[Category:Indian horror films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan horror films]]

Oyee

2026-05-03T15:27:26Z

Vaidehitaman: adding new stub

{{Short description|2016 Indian Tamil-language film by Francis Markus}}
{{About|the 2016 film|other uses|Oye (disambiguation){{!}}Oye|the 2009 Telugu-language film|Oy! (film)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox film
|name = Oyee
|image = Oyee film poster.jpg
|caption = Theatrical release poster
|director = Francis Markus
|producer = Francis Bastiyan
|writer = Francis Markus
|starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Geethan Britto|Geethan]]
* [[Eesha Rebba]]
}}
|music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|cinematography = Yuga H
|editing = Manikandan
|studio = Mark Studio India Private Limited
|distributor = {{Plainlist|
* Jupiter Films
}}
|released = {{Film date|2016|04|08|df=y}}
| runtime = 127 minutes
| country = India
|language = Tamil
}}

'''''Oyee''''' is a 2016 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film directed by Francis Markus. The film stars [[Geethan Britto|Geethan]] and [[Eesha Rebba]] in lead roles, while [[Papri Ghosh]], [[Nagineedu]], [[Arjunan (actor)|Arjunan]], and [[Sangili Murugan]] play supporting roles. The soundtrack album and background score were composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]]. with cinematography by Yuga H and editing by Manikandan. The film was released on 8 April 2016.

The film is based on the 2004 South Korean romantic comedy ''[[Too Beautiful to Lie]]''.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Geethan Britto|Geethan]] as Krishna
* [[Eesha Rebba]] as Swetha
* [[Papri Ghosh]] as Gayathri
* [[Nagineedu]] as Krish's father
* Tamil Selvi as Krish's mother
* [[Arjunan (actor)|Arjunan]] as Krish's uncle
* [[Sangili Murugan]] as Krish's grandfather
* Nandha Saravanan
* [[Karate Raja]] as Coach
* [[Neelima Rani]] as Swetha's sister
* Varsha Kumar as Krish's sister
}}

==Production==
The team signed up [[Ilaiyaraaja]] to compose the film's music.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 2016 |title=Francis Markus: Oyee Is A Family Entertainer |url=http://silverscreen.in/tamil/news/francis-markus-oyee-is-a-family-entertainer/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302020227/http://silverscreen.in/tamil/news/francis-markus-oyee-is-a-family-entertainer/ |archive-date=2 March 2016 |access-date=29 February 2016 |website=Silverscreen.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 April 2016 |title='Oyee' was originally written for Sivakarthikeyan: Director Francis Markus |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/oyee-was-originally-written-for-sivakarthikeyan-director-francis-markus |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405090415/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/oyee-was-originally-written-for-sivakarthikeyan-director-francis-markus/ |archive-date=5 April 2016 |access-date=6 April 2016}}</ref> [[Sivakarthikeyan]] turned down the film due to date issues and was replaced by [[Geethan Britto|Geethan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sivakarthikeyan turns down Ilayairaja film |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Sivakarthikeyan-turns-down-Ilayairaja-film/articleshow/51709836.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411032850/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Sivakarthikeyan-turns-down-Ilayairaja-film/articleshow/51709836.cms |archive-date=11 April 2016 |access-date=6 April 2016 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2016 |title=Oyee |url=http://www.saavn.com/s/album/tamil/Oyee-2016/ntp-Ru3gGsI_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304165552/http://www.saavn.com/s/album/tamil/Oyee-2016/ntp-Ru3gGsI_ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=28 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Oyee (Music review), Tamil – Ilayaraja by Milliblog! |url=http://itwofs.com/milliblog/2016/01/24/oyee-music-review-tamil-ilayaraja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302135520/http://itwofs.com/milliblog/2016/01/24/oyee-music-review-tamil-ilayaraja/ |archive-date=2 March 2016 |access-date=28 February 2016}}</ref>
{{Infobox album
| name = Oyee
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Ilayaraaja]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 22 January 2016
| recorded = [[Prasad Studios]]
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = 21:45
| label = Divo (India)
| producer = Ilaiyaraaja
| prev_title = [[Game (2016 film)|Game]]
| prev_year = 2016
| next_title = [[Kida Poosari Magudi]]
| next_year = 2016
}}

===Track listing===
{{track listing
| all_music =
| all_lyrics =
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| title1 = Eden Garden
| extra1 = [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], [[Ramya NSK]], Premjith
| lyrics1 = [[Viveka (lyricist)|Viveka]], Premjith
| length1 = 4:38
| title2 = Mudinja Oru Kai Paru
| extra2 = Prasanna, Anitha Karthikeyan
| lyrics2 = Viveka
| length2 = 5:17
| title3 = Entha Ooru Ponalum
| extra3 = [[Rita Thyagarajan|Rita]], [[Santhosh Hariharan]]
| lyrics3 = Ekadesi
| length3 = 5:08
| title4 = Mannin Magane
| extra4 = [[Rahul Nambiar]], Ranjith, Prasanna
| lyrics4 = Ilaiyaraaja
| length4 = 1:59
| title5 = Thendral Varum Vazhiyil
| extra5 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Priya Himesh]]
| lyrics5 = Viveka
| length5 = 5:13
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=5545894}}

[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:2016 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Deputy Governor of the Reserve Bank of India

2026-05-02T12:20:52Z

Vaidehitaman:

{{Short description|Deputy Governor of the Reserve Bank of India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Deputy Governor
| body = the Reserve Bank of India
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| flagsize = 110px
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]
| insignia = Seal of the Reserve Bank of India.svg
| insigniacaption = Seal of the Reserve Bank of India
| residence = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
| incumbent = T. Rabi Sankar, [[Swaminathan Janakiraman]], [[Poonam Gupta (Economist)|Poonam Gupta]], Shirish Chandra Murmu
| image =
| incumbentsince =
| termlength = 5 Years (max)
| appointer = [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]]
| member_of = Central Board of Directors [[Monetary Policy Committee (India)|Monetary Policy Committee]]
| salary = {{INR convert|225000}} (per month) {{INR convert|2700000}} (per year)
| formation = {{start date and age|df=yes|1935|04|01}}
| inaugural = Sir [[James Braid Taylor]] and [[Sikandar Hayat Khan]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/deputygovernors.aspx}}
| reports_to = *[[Governor of the Reserve Bank of India|Governor]]
*[[Finance Secretary of India|Secretary (Finance)]]
*[[Minister of Finance (India)|Finance Minister]]
| seat = 19th Floor, Central Office Building, [[Colaba Causeway|Shahid Bhagat Singh Road]], Mumbai, 400 001
| constituting_instrument = [[Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934]]
| type = Senior Executive Officer
| status = Deputy Head of RBI
| deputy = Executive Director
| department = [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]] [[Reserve Bank of India]]
| native_name = भारतीय रिजर्व बैंक के उप-गवर्नर
}}

The '''deputy governor of the Reserve Bank of India''' is the second most senior executive of the [[Reserve Bank of India]] after its governor. Since its establishment in 1934 by the [[government of India]], the RBI has had 63 deputy governors. Currently the rank of deputy governor is equivalent to the rank of [[Secretary to the Government of India|Secretary]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Move to change RBI governor ranking |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/move-to-change-rbi-governor-ranking-116082100651_1.html |website=Business Standard |date=21 August 2016 |access-date=2 May 2026}}</ref>

The term of office typically runs for three years and can, in some cases, be extended for another two years.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rohit Jain appointed RBI deputy governor for three-year term |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/rohit-jain-appointed-rbi-deputy-governor-for-three-year-term/articleshow/130713553.cms |website=The Economic Times |date=2 May 2026 |access-date=2 May 2026}}</ref>

The inaugural officeholder was [[James Braid Taylor]], while K J Udeshi holds the unique distinction of becoming the first female deputy governor of the Reserve Bank of India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Deputy Governors |url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Content/deputygovernors.html |website=Reserve Bank of India |access-date=2 May 2026}}</ref>

Currently there are four incumbent deputy governors of the Reserve Bank of India, they are: T. Rabi Sankar, [[Swaminathan Janakiraman]], [[Poonam Gupta (Economist)|Poonam Gupta]], and Shirish Chandra Murmu.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shirish Chandra Murmu appointed as Deputy Governor of the RBI |url=https://etedge-insights.com/industry/bfsi/shirish-chandra-murmu-appointed-as-deputy-governor-of-the-rbi/ |website=ET Edge Insights |access-date=2 May 2026}}</ref>

== Appointment process ==
The Deputy Governor of RBI is appointed by the Government of India under the provisions of the [[Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934]]. The appointment is made by the [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]] (ACC), headed by the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] and the [[Home Minister (India)|Home Minister]]. Typically, the Deputy Governor is appointed for a term of up to five years, which may be extended or renewed for a second term.<ref>{{cite web |title=Government appoints S C Murmu as RBI Deputy Governor |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/government-appoints-sc-murmu-as-rbi-deputy-governor/article70107997.ece |website=The Hindu |date=29 September 2025 |access-date=2 May 2026}}</ref>

== Duties and Responsibilities of the Deputy Governor ==
The Deputy Governors of the Reserve Bank of India assist the Governor in managing the central bank’s overall functions and policy implementation. Each Deputy Governor is assigned specific portfolios such as [[monetary policy]], [[Banking in India|banking regulation and supervision]], [[financial markets]], or currency management. They help formulate and execute decisions taken by the [[Monetary Policy Committee (India)|Monetary Policy Committee]] and the Central Board of Directors.<ref>{{cite web |title=RBI announces new portfolio distribution among deputy governors |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/economy/rbi-announces-new-portfolio-distribution-among-deputy-governors-19710117.htm |website=CNBC TV18 |access-date=2 May 2026}}</ref>

They also oversee key operational departments and ensure effective regulation of banks and non-banking financial institutions. In addition, Deputy Governors represent the RBI in national and international forums when required and contribute to maintaining financial stability, smooth payment systems, and implementation of regulatory frameworks.<ref>{{cite web |title=RBI announces portfolios for deputy governors: Here's who handles what |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/rbi-announces-portfolios-for-deputy-governors-heres-who-handles-what/articleshow/120816446.cms |website=The Economic Times |date=2 May 2025 |access-date=2 May 2026}}</ref>

== Emolument, accommodation and perquisites ==
The rank of the RBI Deputy Governor is equivalent to the [[Secretary to the Government of India|Secretary]] as per pay-level.<ref>{{cite web |title=Government invites applications for RBI deputy governor |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/government-invites-applications-for-rbi-deputy-governor/article68828076.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=2 May 2026}}</ref> The post is accompanied by:

* Official residence in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], a Type-VII / VIII [[bungalow]].
* Security cover as per central government rules.
* Eligibility for a diplomatic or official passport for foreign travel.
* Salary as per Pay Level 17 of the [[7th Central Pay Commission (CPC) and Defence Forces|7th Pay Commission]]. Although the Dearness allowance (DA), Travel Allowance (TA) and other allowances are determined by the RBI.<ref name="Army Pay Rules">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mod.nic.in/sites/default/files/ArmyPayRules.pdf|title=Army Pay Rules, 2017|date=May 3, 2017|work=[[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]], [[Government of India]]|access-date=September 24, 2017}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="margin: 1ex 0 1ex 1ex; "
|+'''RBI Deputy Governor monthly pay and allowances'''
!Base Salary as per [[7th Central Pay Commission (CPC) and Defence Forces|7th Pay Commission]] (Per month)
!Pay Matrix Level
!Sources
|-
|{{INRConvert|225000}}
|Pay Level 17
|<ref name="7 Pay Commission Report">{{cite web|url=http://7cpc.india.gov.in/pdf/sevencpcreport.pdf|title=Report of the 7th Central Pay Commission of India|publisher=Seventh Central [[Pay Commission]], [[Government of India]]|url-status=dead|access-date=August 13, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120092637/http://7cpc.india.gov.in/pdf/sevencpcreport.pdf|archive-date=20 November 2015}}</ref>
|}

== List of deputy governors ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center"
|+List of deputy governors of the Reserve Bank of India
! data-sort-type="number" scope="col" | {{Abbr|No.|Number}}
! scope="col" | Officeholder
! scope="col" | Portrait
! data-sort-type="date" scope="col" | Term start
! data-sort-type="date" scope="col" | Term end
! scope="col" | Term in office
! scope="col" | Background
! scope="col" | Other offices held
! scope="col" | References
|-
|1
|[[James Braid Taylor]]
|[[File:Sir James Braid Taylor.jpg|frameless|90px]]
|1 April 1935
|30 June 1937
|{{ayd|1935|4|1|1937|6|30}}{{Nbsp}}
|Civil servant
|[[Indian Civil Service]] officer
|<ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=https://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/deputygovernors.aspx |title=Deputy Governors |publisher=[[Reserve Bank of India]]}}</ref><ref name="auto2">[https://mostlyeconomics.wordpress.com/2019/06/24/list-and-professions-of-rbi-deputy-governors-1935-present/]{{self-published inline|date=October 2021}}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{cite book|title=The Story of The Reserve Bank of India|last1=Bajoria|first1=Rahul|date=20 October 2018|publisher=Rupa Publications|isbn=978-9353046446|page=1}}</ref>
|-
|2
|[[Sikandar Hayat Khan]]
|[[File:Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan.png|frameless|90px]]
|1 April 1935
|20 October 1935
|{{ayd|1935|4|1|1935|10|20}}{{Nbsp}}
|Politician
|[[Prime Minister of Punjab]] 
|<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto3"/>
|-
|3
|[[Manilal Balabhai Nanavati]]
|
|21 December 1936
|21 December 1941
|{{Ayd|1936|12|21|1941|12|21}}{{Nbsp}}
|Freedom fighter
|
|<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto3"/>
|-
|4
|[[C. D. Deshmukh]]
|[[File:CD Deshmukh crop.jpg|frameless|90px]]
|22 December 1941
|10 October 1943
|{{ayd|1941|12|22|1943|10|10}}{{Nbsp}}
|[[Indian Civil Service]] officer
|[[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister of Finance]]
|<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto3"/>
|-
|5
|Wajahat Hussain
|
|16 August 1943
|4 December 1945
|{{Ayd|1943|10|16|1945|12|04|df=y}}{{Nbsp}}
|
|
|<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto3"/>
|-
|6
|C.R. Trevor
|
|16 August 1943
|31 December 1949
|{{Ayd|1943|8|16|1949|12|31}}{{Nbsp}}
|
|
|<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto3"/>
|-
|7
|M.G. Mekhri
|
|8 July 1946
|7 July 1951
|{{Ayd|1946|7|8|1951|7|7}}{{Nbsp}}
|
|
|<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto3"/>
|-
|8
|W.T. McCallum
|
|15 April 1946
|14 July 1948
|{{ayd|1946|4|15|1948|7|14}}{{Nbsp}}
|
|
|<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto3"/>
|-
|9
|N. Sundaresan
|
|1 January 1950
|31 December 1954
|{{ayd|1950|1|1|1954|12|31}}{{Nbsp}}
|
|
|<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto3"/>
|-
|10
|Ram Nath
|
|8 June 1951
|8 July 1959
|{{ayd|1951|6|8|1959|7|8}}{{Nbsp}}
|
|
|<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto3"/>
|-
|11
|[[K. G. Ambegaonkar]]
|
|1 March 1955
|29 February 1960
|{{ayd|1955|3|1|1960|2|29}}{{Nbsp}}
|[[Indian Civil Service]] officer
|[[Governor of the Reserve Bank of India]]
|<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto3"/>
|-
|12
|[[Borra Venkatappaiah]]
|
|1 July 1955
|28 February 1962
|{{ayd|1955|7|1|1962|2|28}}{{Nbsp}}
|Career banker
|[[Chairman of the State Bank of India]]
|<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto3"/>
|-
|13
|M.V. Rangachari
|
|1 March 1960
|28 February 1965
|{{ayd|1960|3|1|1965|02|28}}{{Nbsp}}
|
|
|<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto3"/>
|-
|14
|[[Dattatreya Gopal Karve]]
|
|1 March 1962
|29 February 1964
|{{ayd|1962|03|01|1964|2|29}}{{Nbsp}}
|[[Economist]]
|Professor at [[Fergusson University]] 
|<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto3"/>
|-
|15
|C.S. Divekar
|
|12 November 1962
|11 November 1965
|{{ayd|1962|11|12|1965|11|11}}{{Nbsp}}
|
|
|<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto3"/>
|-
|16
|M.R. Bhide
|
|29 February 1964
|25 January 1967
|{{ayd|1964|02|29|1967|1|25}}{{Nbsp}}
|
|
|<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto3"/>
|-
|17
|B.K. Madan
|
|1 July 1964
|31 January 1967
|{{ayd|1964|7|1|1967|1|31}}{{Nbsp}}
|[[Economist]]
|Chairman of [[IDBI Bank]]
|<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto3"/>
|-
|18
|[[B. N. Adarkar]]
|
|16 June 1965
|3 May 1970
|{{ayd|1965|6|16|1970|5|3}}{{Nbsp}}
|[[Economist]]
|[[Governor of the Reserve Bank of India]]
|<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto3"/>
|-
|19
|A. Bakshi
|
|24 January 1967
|8 September 1969
|{{ayd|1967|01|24|1969|09|08}}{{Nbsp}}
|
|
|<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto3"/>
|-
|20
|J.J. Anjaria
|
|1 February 1967
|28 February 1970
|{{ayd|1967|2|1|1970|2|28}}{{Nbsp}}
|
|
|<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto3"/>
|-
|21
|P.N. Damry
|
|13 February 1967
|15 March 1972
|{{ayd|1967|2|13|1972|3|15}}{{Nbsp}}
|[[Economist]]
|
|<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto3"/>
|-
|22
|[[Rabindra Kishen Hazari]]
|
|27 November 1969
|26 November 1977
|{{ayd|1969|11|27|1977|11|26}}{{Nbsp}}
|
|
|<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto3"/>
|-
|23
|[[V. V. Chari]]
|
|17 November 1970
|30 November 1975
|{{ayd|1970|11|17|1975|11|30}}{{Nbsp}}
|
|
|<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto3"/>
|-
|24
|S.S. Shiralkar
|
|18 December 1970
|25 July 1976
|{{ayd|1970|12|18|1976|07|25}}{{Nbsp}}
|
|
|<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto3"/>
|-
|25
|R.K. Sheshadri
|
|26 July 1973
|25 July 1976
|{{ayd|1973|07|26|1976|07|25}}{{Nbsp}}
|
|
|<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto3"/>
|-
|26
|K.S. Krishnaswamy
|
|29 December 1975
|31 March 1981
|{{ayd|1975|12|29|1981|03|31}}{{Nbsp}}
|[[Economist]]
|
|<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto3"/>
|-
|27
|P.R. Nangia
|
|29 December 1975
|15 February 1982
|{{ayd|1975|12|29|1982|02|15}}{{Nbsp}}
|
|
|<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto3"/>
|-
|28
|J.C. Luther
|
|4 January 1977
|1 June 1977
|{{ayd|1977|01|04|1977|06|01}}{{Nbsp}}
|
|
|<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto3"/>
|-
|29
|M. Ramakrishnayya
|
|4 January 1977
|1 June 1977
|{{ayd|1977|01|04|1977|06|01}}{{Nbsp}}
|[[Indian Administrative Service]] officer
|Chairman of the [[National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development]]
|<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto3"/>
|-
|30
|[[Amitav Ghosh (banker)|Amitav Ghosh]]
|
|21 January 1982
|20 January 1992
|{{ayd|1982|01|21|1992|01|20}}{{Nbsp}}
|Career banker
|[[Governor of the Reserve Bank of India]]
|<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto3"/>
|-
|31
|[[C. Rangarajan]]
|
|12 February 1982
|20 August 1991
|{{ayd|1982|02|12|1991|08|20}}{{Nbsp}}
|Career banker
|[[Governor of the Reserve Bank of India]]
|<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto3"/>
|-
|32
|M.V. Hate
|
|12 March 1982
|11 March 1985
|{{ayd|1982|03|12|1985|03|11}}{{Nbsp}}
|
|
|<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto3"/>
|-
|33
|R.K. Kaul
|
|1 October 1983
|30 September 1986
|{{ayd|1983|10|01|1986|09|30}}{{Nbsp}}
|
|
|<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto3"/>
|-
|34
|P.D. Ojha
|
|29 April 1985
|28 April 1990
|{{ayd|1985|04|29|1990|04|28}}{{Nbsp}}
|
|
|<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto3"/>
|-
|35
|P.R. Nayak
|
|1 April 1987
|31 March 1992
|{{ayd|1987|04|01|1992|03|31}}{{Nbsp}}
|
|
|<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto3"/>
|-
|36
|R. Janakiraman
|
|1 April 1987
|31 March 1992
|{{ayd|1987|04|01|1992|03|31}}{{Nbsp}}
|Career banker
|Managing director of the [[State Bank of India]]
|<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto3"/>
|-
|37
|S.S. Tarapore
|
|30 January 1992
|30 September 1996
|{{ayd|1992|01|30|1996|09|30}}{{Nbsp}}
|Career banker
|
|<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto3"/>
|-
|38
|[[D. R. Mehta]]
|
|11 November 1992
|21 February 1995
|{{ayd|1992|11|11|1996|02|21}}{{Nbsp}}
|[[Economist]]
|Chairman of the [[Securities and Exchange Board of India]]
|<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto3"/>
|-
|39
|S.P. Talwar
|
|7 November 1994
|30 June 2001
|{{ayd|1994|11|07|2001|06|30}}{{Nbsp}}
|Career banker
|
|<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto3"/>
|-
|40
|R.V. Gupta
|
|2 May 1995
|30 November 1997
|{{ayd|1995|05|02|1997|11|30}}{{Nbsp}}
|Career banker
|
|<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto3"/>
|-
|41
|[[Y. V. Reddy]]
|
|14 September 1996
|31 July 2002
|{{ayd|1996|09|14|2002|07|31}}{{Nbsp}}
|Career banker
|[[Governor of the Reserve Bank of India]]
|<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto3"/>
|-
|42
|[[Jagdish Capoor]]
|
|1 January 1997
|30 June 2001
|{{ayd|1997|01|01|2001|06|30}}{{Nbsp}}
|Career banker
|Chairman of [[HDFC Bank]]
|<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto3"/>
|-
|43
|[[Vepa Kamesam]]
|
|1 July 2001
|23 December 2003
|{{ayd|2001|07|01|2003|12|23}}{{Nbsp}}
|Career banker
|Managing director of the [[State Bank of India]]
|<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto3"/>
|-
|44
|G P Muniappan
|
|1 July 2001
|31 May 2003
|{{ayd|2001|07|01|2003|05|31}}{{Nbsp}}
|Career banker
|Chairman of the [[Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation]]
|<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto3"/>
|-
|45
|[[Rakesh Mohan]]
|
|9 September 2002
|10 June 2009
|{{ayd|2002|09|09|2009|06|10}}{{Nbsp}}
|[[Economist]]
|Consultant at the [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]]
|<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto3"/>
|-
|46
|K J Udeshi
|
|10 June 2003
|12 December 2005
|{{ayd|2003|06|10|2005|12|12}}{{Nbsp}}
|Career banker
|Chairman of [[Bharatiya Reserve Bank Note Mudran]]
|<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto3"/>
|-
|47
|V Leeladhar
|
|21 September 2004
|8 December 2008
|{{ayd|2004|09|21|2008|12|08}}{{Nbsp}}
|Career banker
|Chairman of [[Union Bank of India]]
|<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto3"/>
|-
|48
|[[Shyamala Gopinath]]
|
|21 September 2004
|8 December 2008
|{{ayd|2004|09|21|2008|12|08}}{{Nbsp}}
|Career banker
|Chairman of [[HDFC Bank]]
|<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto3"/>
|-
|49
|[[Usha Thorat]]
|
|10 November 2005
|9 November 2010
|{{ayd|2005|11|10|2010|11|09}}{{Nbsp}}
|Career banker
|
|<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto3"/>
|-
|50
|[[Kamalesh Chandra Chakrabarty]]
|
|15 June 2009
|25 April 2014
|{{ayd|2009|06|15|2014|04|25}}{{Nbsp}}
|Career banker
|Chairman of [[Bank of Baroda]]
|<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto3"/>
|-
|51
|[[Subir Gokarn]]
|
|24 November 2009
|31 December 2012
|{{ayd|2009|11|24|2012|12|31}}{{Nbsp}}
|[[Economist]]
|Professor at [[Stanford University]]
|<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto3"/>
|-
|52
|[[Anand Sinha]]
|
|19 January 2011
|18 January 2014
|{{ayd|2011|01|19|2014|01|18}}{{Nbsp}}
|Career banker
|Chairman of the [[Export Credit Guarantee Corporation of India]]
|<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto3"/>
|-
|53
|[[Harun Rashid Khan]]
|
|4 July 2011
|4 July 2016
|{{ayd|2011|07|04|2016|07|04}}{{Nbsp}}
|Career banker
|Chairman of the [[National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development]]
|<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto3"/>
|-
|54
|[[Urjit Patel]]
|
|11 January 2013
|4 September 2016
|{{ayd|2013|01|11|2016|09|04}}{{Nbsp}}
|Career banker
|[[Governor of the Reserve Bank of India]]
|<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto3"/>
|-
|55
|[[R Gandhi]]
|
|3 April 2014
|2 April 2017
|{{ayd|2013|01|11|2016|09|04}}{{Nbsp}}
|Career banker
|
|<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto3"/>
|-
|56
|Subhash Sheoratan Mundra
|
|31 July 2014
|30 July 2017
|{{ayd|2014|07|31|2017|07|30}}{{Nbsp}}
|Career banker
|
|<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto3"/>
|-
|57
|[[Viral Acharya]]
|
|23 January 2017
|23 January 2019
|{{ayd|2017|01|23|2019|01|23}}{{Nbsp}}
|Career banker
|
|<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto3"/>
|-
|58
|[[N. S. Vishwanathan]]
|
|4 July 2016
|31 March 2020
|{{ayd|2016|07|04|2020|03|31}}{{Nbsp}}
|Career banker
|
|<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto3"/>
|-
|59
|B.P. Kanungo
|
|3 April 2017
|2 April 2021
|{{ayd|2017|04|03|2021|04|02}}{{Nbsp}}
|Career banker
|
|<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto3"/>
|-
|60
|[[Mahesh Kumar Jain]]
|
|22 June 2018
|26 June 2023
|{{ayd|2018|06|22}}{{Nbsp}}
|Career banker
|
|<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto3"/>
|-
|61
|[[Michael Patra]]
||[[File: Michael Patra RBI.jpg|frameless|90px]]
|15 January 2020
|14 January 2025
|{{ayd|2020|01|15}}{{Nbsp}}
|Career banker
|
|<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto3"/>
|-
|62
|[[M. Rajeshwar Rao]]
|
|9 October 2020
|8 October 2025
|{{ayd|2020|10|09}}{{Nbsp}}
|Career banker
|
|<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto3"/>
|-
|63
|[[T. Rabi Sankar]]
|
|3 May 2021
|''Incumbent''
|{{ayd|2021|05|03}}{{Nbsp}}
|Career banker
|
|<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto3"/>
|-
|64
|[[Swaminathan Janakiraman]]
|
|26 June 2023
|''Incumbent''
|{{ayd|2023|06|26}}{{Nbsp}}
|Career banker
|Managing Director of the [[State Bank of India]]
|<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto3"/>
|-
|65
|[[Poonam Gupta (economist)|Poonam Gupta (Economist)]]
|
| 2 April 2025
|''Incumbent''
|{{ayd|2025|04|02}}{{Nbsp}}
|[[Economist]]
|Lead Economist at [[World Bank]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Report |first=IANS and Staff |date=2025-04-02 |title=Who is Poonam Gupta? Meet the new RBI Deputy Governor |url=https://gulfnews.com/business/banking/who-is-poonam-gupta-meet-the-new-rbi-deputy-governor-1.500080613 |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=Gulf News: Latest UAE news, Dubai news, Business, travel news, Dubai Gold rate, prayer time, cinema |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Who Is Poonam Gupta? All About New RBI Deputy Governor |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/who-is-poonam-gupta-all-about-the-newly-appointed-rbi-deputy-governor-8069661?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-02 |title=Poonam Gupta appointed RBI deputy governor: A look at her education, career, and new role |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/poonam-gupta-appointed-rbi-deputy-governor-a-look-at-her-education-career-and-new-role/articleshow/119909543.cms?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-04-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|66
|Shirish Chandra Murmu
|
|9 October 2025
|''Incumbent''
|{{ayd|2025|10|09}}{{Nbsp}}
|Career banker
|
|<ref name="auto" /><ref name="auto2" /><ref name="auto3" />
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{URL|1=https://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/deputygovernors.aspx|2=Official List maintained by the Reserve Bank of India}}
* {{URL|1=https://mostlyeconomics.wordpress.com/2019/06/24/list-and-professions-of-rbi-deputy-governors-1935-present/|2=List of Deputy Governors}}
* {{URL|1=https://studychacha.com/discuss/22767-rbi-governor-list-india.html|2=List of Deputy Governors}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Reserve Bank of India}}
{{Banking in India}}
[[Category:Reserve Bank of India]]
[[Category:Lists of office-holders in India|Deputy governors of the Reserve Bank of India]]
[[Category:Chairpersons of corporations by company|Reserve Bank of India]]
[[Category:Lists of chairpersons|Reserve Bank of India]]

Raja Sálbán

2026-05-02T05:03:29Z

Vaidehitaman:

{{Short description|Legendary monarch}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{confuse|Shalivahana}}
{{Punjabi folklore}}
'''Raja Sálbán''' (also known as '''Salivahan'''){{Efn|Alternatively spelt as 'Raja Sálwan'.|group=note}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khalid |first=Haroon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ny6iEAAAQBAJ&dq=salivahan+sialkot&pg=PT181 |title=Walking With Nanak |date=2022-12-26 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5492-847-5 |pages=81 |language=en}}</ref> was a legendary monarch who is said to have lived in the first century CE,<ref>{{Cite book |last=E.Y |first=Mbogoni, Lawrence |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=szgMAwAAQBAJ&dq=sialkot+fort+salban&pg=PA172 |title=Human Sacrifice and the Supernatural in African History |date=2013-11-03 |publisher=Mkuki na Nyota Publishers |isbn=978-9987-08-242-1 |pages=172 |language=en}}</ref> to have founded the city of [[Sialkot]] and the [[Sialkot Fort]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sekhon |first=Iqbal S. |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Punjabis/bU0wAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv |title=The Punjabis: The People, Their History, Culture and Enterprise |publisher=Cosmo Publications |year=2000 |isbn=978-81-7755-053-5 |location=New Delhi |page=336 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bedī |first=Sohindara Siṅgha Waṇajārā |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Folklore_of_the_Punjab/jV8tAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv |title=Folklore of the Punjab |date= |publisher=National Book Trust, India |year=1971 |location=New Delhi |page=120 |language=en}}</ref> and to have also conquered territory in [[Multan]] and [[Sindh]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nanda |first=J. N. |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/History_of_the_Punjabees/KqWGlV6uRDkC?hl=en&gbpv |title=History of the Punjabees |date= |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |year=2010 |isbn=978-81-8069-651-0 |location=New Delhi |page=44 |language=en}}</ref> According to [[Punjabi folklore]], he was the father of [[Puran Bhagat]] and [[Raja Rasalu]].<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1883 |title=Four Legends of King Rasalu of Sialkot |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1252821 |journal=The Folk-Lore Journal |volume=1 |issue=5 |pages=129–151 |doi=10.1080/17442524.1883.10602650 |jstor=1252821 |issn=1744-2524|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last1=Savill |first1=Sheila |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P-AZTZbjjvMC |title=Pears Encyclopaedia of Myths and Legends: The Orient |last2=Parrinder |first2=Geoffrey |last3=Barker |first3=Mary |last4=Cook |first4=Chris |date=1977 |publisher=Pelham |isbn=978-0-7207-1001-4 |location=London |page=121 |language=en}}</ref>

==Story==
Raja Salban's first wife, Queen Icchira gave birth to Puran Bhagat. Upon the suggestion of local astrologers, Puran was sent away from the King for the first 12 years of his life, as it was said that King could not see the face of his son.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Miraj |first=Muhammad Hassan |date=2012-10-08 |title=Pooran Bhagat |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/755152/pooran-bhagat |access-date=2016-01-22 |website=dawn.com}}</ref> While Puran was away, the king married a young girl named Luna, who a tanner's daughter. After 12 years of isolation, Puran returned to the royal palace. There, Luna became romantically attracted toward Puran, who was of the same age.<ref name=":0" /> Being the step-son of Luna, Puran disapproved of her advances. A hurt Luna accused Puran of violating her honor.<ref name=":0" />

The infuriated monarch ordered Puran to be amputated and killed.<ref name=":0" /> The soldiers carried out his orders and cutoff the Puran's hands and legs and threw him in a well in the forest named the [[Puran's Well]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>[https://www.dawn.com/news/1064189/dawn-features-february-12-2003 Tareekh-i-Sialkot]</ref> After several years [[Gorakshanath|Guru Gorakhnath]], who was passing by with his followers, heard voice from the well. He took him out using a single thread and unbaked earthen pot. He was later adopted by Baba Gorakhnath, and himself became a [[jogi (caste)|jogi]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kaul |first=H. Kumar |title=Aspects of Yoga |publisher=BR publishing corporation |year=1994 |isbn=9788170188100 |location= |pages=}}</ref>

Eventually, he confronted his father, and it was due to the ascetic's blessings that the king had another son from queen [[Loona (Punjabi epic)|Loona]] who eventually became Raja Rasalu, another folk legend that became popular in Punjab.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Judge|first=Paramjit S.|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Reconstructing_Identities/sEgLAQAAMAAJ?hl=en|title=Reconstructing Identities: Society Through Literature|last2=Bal|first2=Gurpreet|date=2008|publisher=Rawat Publications|isbn=978-81-316-0185-3|pages=54|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Khalid |first=Haroon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ny6iEAAAQBAJ&dq=salivahan+sialkot&pg=PT181 |title=Walking With Nanak |date=2022-12-26 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5492-847-5 |pages=181 |language=en}}</ref>

== Claims of descent ==
Various historical figures have claimed descent from Salban. [[Rao Bhati]], the common ancestor of the [[Bhati]] [[Rajput|Rajputs]] claimed descent from Salban and so did Bhati's descendant, [[Jaisal Singh]], the founder and first monarch of [[Kingdom of Jaisalmer|Jaisalmer]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Kothiyal |first=Tanuja |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=be-7CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA73 |title=Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2016 |isbn=9781107080317 |page=73}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Vadivelu |first=A. |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.05831 |title=The ruling chiefs, nobles and zamindars of India |publisher=G. C. Loganadham Bros |year=1915 |location=Madras |pages=205}}</ref> Other claims of descent from Salban, via Jaisal Singh's lineage, include the [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] [[Phulkian dynasty]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Kirpal |url=https://archive.org/details/BabaAlaSingh |title=Baba Ala Singh: Founder of the Patiala Kingdom |publisher=Guru Nanak Dev University |year=2005 |edition=2nd |location=Amritsar |pages=113–120}}</ref><ref name=":23">{{Cite book |last1=Bond |first1=J. W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47sfj8DUwNgC |title=Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey |last2=Wright |first2=Arnold |publisher=Asian Educational Services |year=2006 |isbn=978-81-206-1965-4 |location=New Delhi |pages=325 |language=en |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620210317/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Indian_States/47sfj8DUwNgC?hl=en&gbpv |archive-date=20 June 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Punjabi folklore]]
* [[Puran's Well]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Punjabi folk religion}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raja Salban}}
[[Category:Punjabi culture]]
[[Category:Sialkot]]
[[Category:Legendary Indian people]]
[[Category:1st-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Punjabi folklore]]
[[Category:Indian folklore]]

Nandini Bajpai

2026-04-29T04:40:10Z

Vaidehitaman: adding some details added tags!

{{short description|Indian author|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nandini Bajpai
| image = Nandini Bajpai.jpg
| caption = Author Nandini Bajpai at BookCon 2019
| alt =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Meerut]], Uttar Pradesh, India
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| known_for = "A Match Made in Mehendi" (2019) "Sister of the Bollywood Bride" (2021) "Red Turban White Horse" (2013) "Starcursed" (2013) "Rishi and the Karmic Cat" (2015)
| occupation = Writer
}}

'''Nandini Bajpai''' is a Boston-based author of Indian origin.<ref>{{cite news|date=16 January 2019|title=A Girl Like Me: Nandini Bajpai|work=[[Verve (Indian magazine)|Verve]]|url=https://www.vervemagazine.in/arts-and-culture/a-girl-like-me-nandini-bajpai}}</ref> Her debut young adult novel "Red Turban White Horse: My sister's hurricane wedding" was published by Scholastic India in 2013.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Vishav|title=The Age of Young Adults|url=http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130703/lifestyle-booksart/article/age-young-adults|accessdate=26 August 2015|issue=Lifestyle Book/Arts|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=3 July 2013}}{{dead link|date=June 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Hurricane Wedding|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20130715-vegetarians-are-treated-as-second-class-citizens-764453-2013-07-03|access-date=24 August 2015|issue=Simply Delhi|publisher=[[India Today]]|date=15 July 2013}}</ref> Bajpai's book, Starcursed, a historical young adult novel, was published by Rupa Publications in November 2013. Her book ''Rishi and the Karmic Cat'' is middle grade (for children aged 9 and up) was published by Rupa Publications in September 2015.<ref>{{cite news|title=Saving the Book of Life|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/kids/Saving-the-Book-of-Life/article14011997.ece|accessdate=21 January 2016|issue=January 2016|work=The Hindu|date=21 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Nandini Bajpai: A Knack for Writing Young Adult Fiction|url=http://www.indianewengland.com/ME2/dirmod.asp?sid=&nm=&type=Publishing&mod=Publications%3A%3AArticle&mid=8F3A7027421841978F18BE895F87F791&tier=4&id=E9107A41708B4DCB876DFA2A57E855C1|accessdate=24 August 2015|issue=August 2014|publisher=India New England|date=13 August 2014}}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In November 2017 Nikki Garcia at Little, Brown bought Nandini Bajpai's contemporary YA novel A Match Made in Mehendi for publication in spring 2019.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rights Report: Week of November 20, 2017|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/childrens/childrens-industry-news/article/75455-rights-report-week-of-november-20-2017.html|accessdate=21 November 2017|issue=November 2017|publisher=[[Publishers Weekly]]|date=21 November 2017}}</ref> A Match Made in Mehendi was released in September 2019<ref>{{cite news|date=19 September 2019|title=In Brief: September 19, 2019|work=[[Publishers Weekly]]|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/childrens/childrens-industry-news/article/81233-in-brief-september-19-2019.html}}</ref> and received good industry reviews including a starred review from Publishers Weekly.<ref>{{cite news|title=A Match Made in Mehendi|work=[[Publishers Weekly]]|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-316-52258-8}}</ref> Her young adult novel ''Sister of the Bollywood Bride'' was acquired by Little Brown/Poppy for a summer 2021 release.<ref>{{cite news|date=10 November 2020|title=Rights Report: Week of November 9, 2020|work=[[Publishers Weekly]]|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/childrens/childrens-book-news/article/84853-rights-report-week-of-november-9-2020.html}}</ref> Quite a lot of her work has been showcased in [https://www.curriculumassociates.com/programs/i-ready-learning/ready I-Ready] lessons as well.

==Personal life==
Nandini Chauhan was born in Meerut UP in a [[Rajput]] family. Her father was a military officer and she has three sisters.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gianani|first1=Kareena|title=Author by the minute: Nandini Bajpai|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/author-by-the-minute-nandini-bajpai-author-of-red-turban-white-horse/221460|accessdate=24 August 2015|issue=Life and style news|publisher=[[Mid-Day]] Mumbai|date=7 July 2013}}</ref> The youngest of the four Chauhan sisters is the well known Indian writer, [[Anuja Chauhan]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Venkatraman|first1=Janane|title=Band, Bajaa, Books?|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Band-Bajaa-Books/2013/07/08/article1672387.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130712013545/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Band-Bajaa-Books/2013/07/08/article1672387.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 July 2013|accessdate=24 August 2015|issue=Chennai|publisher=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=8 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Limelight: Sister Act|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130616/jsp/7days/story_17012652.jsp#.VduOZnvDFpk|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304225517/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130616/jsp/7days/story_17012652.jsp#.VduOZnvDFpk|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 March 2016|accessdate=24 August 2015|issue=Calcutta|work=The Telegraph|location=India|date=16 June 2013}}</ref> Nandini immigrated to Australia with her family in 1991. In 1994, after her marriage, she moved to the US. She worked at Fidelity Investments in Boston until the birth of her first child. After that she became involved in volunteering with several community and animal rescue groups while also starting to write. She was nominated for the India New England Woman of the Year award in 2015.<ref>{{cite news|title=Author Nandini Bajpai Dabbles in Young Adult Fiction|url=http://www.indianewengland.com/ME2/dirmod.asp?sid=60CECAF0782246D3A7AA2EB6048D53C2&nm=Archive&type=Publishing&mod=Publications%3A%3AArticle&mid=8F3A7027421841978F18BE895F87F791&tier=4&id=F5A5486EB61E42B4B699B7ED164FE2B4|accessdate=24 August 2015|issue=May 2015|publisher=India New England|date=22 July 2015}}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Biography}}
*[[Children's literature]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.nandinibajpai.com/ nandinibajpai.com]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bajpai, Nandini}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian children's writers]]
[[Category:Women writers from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:English-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Delhi Public School alumni]]
[[Category:Indian women children's writers]]
[[Category:People from Meerut]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Novelists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women novelists]]

Haji Mastan

2026-04-27T05:10:21Z

Vaidehitaman: stub!

{{Short description|Indian mafia leader}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Haji Mastan Mirza
| image = Haji Mastan Mirza.jpg
| image_size =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1926|03|1|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Ramanathapuram]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj]] (now in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]])
| death_date = {{death date and age|1994|06|25|1926|03|01|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai|Mumbai, Maharashtra]], India
| party = [[Bharatiya Minorities Suraksha Mahasangh]]
| spouse = Safra Bai
| children = 3
}}
'''Haji Mastan''' (1 March 1926 – 25 June 1994) was an [[Organised crime in India|organised crime gang]] leader, originally from [[Tamil Nadu]] and based in [[Mumbai]]. He was one of the infamous trio of mafia gang leaders in Mumbai for over two decades from the 1960s to the early 1980s, along with [[Karim Lala]] leader of the [[Pashtuns|Pathan]] gang in [[Mumbai|Bombay]] and [[Chennai|Madras]], and [[Varadarajan Mudaliar]], another famous gang leader from Tamil Nadu in [[South India]].<ref name="Haji Mastan">{{cite news |last1=Maheshwari |first1=Dhairya |date=16 January 2020 |title=Haji Mastan Mirza: Revisiting the story of underworld don often portrayed as Mumbai's Robinhood |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/crime/who-was-hazi-mastan-mirza-mumbai-underworld-don-complete-story-580244 |work=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref>

At his peak, Mastan operated a powerful [[smuggling]] syndicate in Mumbai and along the [[Gujarat]] coast and later diversified into [[film finance|film financing]] and [[real estate]] business.

Mastan was known to be a shrewd businessman and a cunning deal-maker. He is known to be the only Bombay don who ruled without sustaining an injury. His illegal smuggling business was not caught by the government or police during his lifetime. He always maintained friendly relations with the police and government officials and often promoted peace between rival gangs, and was good friends with Lala, Mudaliar, Hassan Patni and [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] supremo [[Bal Thackeray]].<ref name="Haji Mastan"/><ref name="friend of balasaheb">{{cite news |last1=Bureau |first1=ABP News |title=Not Just Indira Gandhi, Sena Founder Bal Thackeray Also Met Underworld good friend of Don Haji Mastan |url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/indira-gandhi-karim-lala-controversy-sanjay-raut-claim-bal-thackeray-underworld-don-picture-1143764 |work=news.abplive.com |publisher=abplive |date=16 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

Very early in his career, Mastan realized the importance of being seen among famous personalities from politics and the film industry as a symbol of power. Therefore, he hobnobbed among the city's rich and famous and was frequently seen with Bollywood personalities at public functions.<ref name="friend of balasaheb"/>

Mastan was arguably the most influential mafia don of his time. He was also seen as a "style icon" by many due to his extravagant lifestyle including immaculate white clothes, white shoes, white Mercedes cars and expensive gold watches. Mastan flaunted an extravagant lifestyle to appear affluent and influential.<ref name="Haji Mastan"/> His life served as an inspiration for the character Sultan Mirza in the 2010 Hindi feature film ''[[Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai]]''.

== Early life ==
Haji Mastan was born in 1926 in a [[Tamil Muslim]] family in [[Panaikulam]], in the [[Madras Presidency]] of [[British Raj]] (present-day [[Chennai]], [[India]]). He lived in the coastal town of [[Cuddalore]] before migrating to [[Mumbai|Bombay]] with his father at the age of 8.<ref name=TOI1>{{cite news|title=When Tamil dons ruled Bombay|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/When-Tamil-dons-ruled-Bombay/articleshow/49623540.cms|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=2 November 2015|access-date=20 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-haji-mastan-s-daughter-serves-legal-notice-on-don-s-adopted-son-1141642 | title=Aaquib Hussain's daughter serves legal notice on Don's 'adopted son'|last=Singh|first=Naveeta|date=27 December 2007|work=dnaindia.com|location=Mumbai, India|access-date=20 May 2018}}</ref>

Mastan started doing odd jobs as a small boy in the famous [[Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Mandai|Crawford Market]] and soon joined the [[Mumbai harbour|docks]] and started working long hours there.{{Citation needed|date=March 2019}} During his early twenties, due to the high import duty on gold, people started smuggling gold from overseas. Working in the docks made it easy for him to participate in smuggling and soon Mastan started his own business. Mastan began making a decent sum of money by diverting his sectors into this business. At an early age he also went on [[Hajj]], after which he got the prefix ''Haji'' with his name.<ref name="Haji Mastan"/>

== Adult life and death ==
Mastan joined hands with Sukkur Narayan Bakhia, a smuggler from [[Daman, Daman and Diu|Daman]] to control the illegal items smuggled into Mumbai and Daman from the [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf|countries in the Persian Gulf]]. Mastan purchased properties at various locations in South Mumbai including a sea-facing bungalow at [[Peddar Road]]. He lived in a small room built on the roof of his bungalow.<ref name="mafioso">{{cite web |last1=Zaidi |first1=Hussain |title=The reluctant Mafioso |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/7GHtzStxuaK44eoofh3xxK/The-reluctant-Mafioso.html |website=Livemint|language=en |date=9 July 2010}}</ref>

Mastan ventured into film financing later in his life, providing producers in Mumbai with some much-needed funds. He eventually turned into a film producer himself. He also had business interests in real estate, electronic goods, and hotels. He owned several electronic shops in Musafir Khana near Crawford Market.<ref name="mafioso"/>

Mastan maintained good relations with the other gang leaders. When inter-gang rivalry in Mumbai began to increase, he called all the top gang leaders together and split Mumbai between the gangs so that they could operate without coming into conflict. In this the mafia queen, [[Jenabai Daruwali]] helped him.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Varma |first1=Anuradha |title=Meet these Lady Dons from the Underworld {{!}} Work & Life |url=https://www.idiva.com/career/advice/meet-these-lady-dons-from-the-underworld/4645 |website=iDiva |language=en-IN |date=29 April 2011}}</ref> Earlier Jenabai was known as Chavalvali, as she was doing business of selling ration in black market. But as she was ambitious, she developed contacts with the then liquor producer and seller, Varadarajan Mudliar alias Varda Bhai. After this, she came to be known as Jenabai Daruwali. Jenabai had good relations with Mastan, the [[Dawood Ibrahim]] family, and Karim Lala Pathan. So with the consent of Mastan she arranged a meeting of all rivals under one roof of Mastan's pedder road bungalow called Batul Suroor.<ref name="mafioso"/>

Later in life, Mastan did not take a direct role in running his gang, but instead, he depended on right-hand men like Lala and Mudaliar to carry out his smuggling operations and intimidate rivals and debtors.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Virani |first1=Pinki |title=Once Was Bombay |date=2001 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-93-5214-074-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cK_dCQAAQBAJ&q=%22Haji%20Mastan%22%20-wikipedia&pg=PT200 |access-date=26 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref> Mastan was especially close to Mudaliar as they were both from Tamil Nadu. When Mudaliar died, Mastan hired a private chartered plane to bring his body to Mumbai for the final rites.

During the [[Indian Emergency (1975 - 77)|Indian Emergency]], he was imprisoned. Whilst in prison, he was influenced by the ideals of politician [[Jaiprakash Narayan]] and also began learning [[Hindi language|Hindi]].

After his release from prison, Mastan entered politics and formed a political party in 1980-81, which was named Dalit Muslim Surakhsha Maha Sangh in 1985, and later renamed as [[Bharatiya Minorities Suraksha Mahasangh]], currently led by Sundar Shaekhar.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

Haji Mastan Mirza died of cardiac arrest in [[Mumbai]] on 25 June 1994.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name}}

{{Organised crime in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mastan, Haji}}
[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:1994 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian gangsters]]
[[Category:Indian crime bosses]]
[[Category:Indian extortionists]]
[[Category:Indian smugglers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Tamil Muslims]]
[[Category:Film producers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian filmmakers]]
[[Category:Criminals from Mumbai]]
[[Category:People from Ramanathapuram district]]
[[Category:Deaths from cancer in India]]

Ghatak (1996 film)

2026-04-25T19:34:39Z

Vaidehitaman:

{{Short description|1996 Indian film by Rajkumar Santoshi}}
{{About|the 1996 film|the 2006 film|Ghatak (2006 film)}}{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ghatak
| image = Ghatak Lethal.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Rajkumar Santoshi]]
| producer = Rajkumar Santoshi
| screenplay = Rajkumar Santoshi {{infobox|decat=yes|child=yes|label1= Dialogues by|data1= Rajkumar Santoshi Shyam Gupta}}
| story = Rajkumar Santoshi
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Sunny Deol]]
*[[Meenakshi Seshadri]]
*[[Danny Denzongpa]]
*[[Amrish Puri]]
*[[K. K. Raina]]
*[[Mukesh Rishi]]
}}
| cinematography = Ishwar Bidri
| editing = V. N. Mayekar
| music = '''Score''': [[Vanraj Bhatia]] '''Songs''': [[R. D. Burman]] [[Anu Malik]]
| studio = Santoshi Productions
| distributor = [[Bharat Shah]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1996|11|15}}
| runtime = 158 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}6.25 crore<ref>{{Cite web|access-date=21 February 2026|date=9 November 2024|title=This Sunny Deol film took 5 years to be made, lead actress left Bollywood after release, quit acting, movie earned Rs..|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-this-sunny-deol-film-ghatak-took-5-years-to-be-made-lead-actress-left-bollywood-after-release-quit-acting-movie-earned-rs-3117094|website=[[DNA India]]}}</ref>
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR}}32.7 crore <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=202&catName=MTk5Ng==| title=Ghatak Collections | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131022154/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=202&catName=MTk5Ng== | access-date=5 June 2008| archive-date=31 January 2009 }}</ref>
}}

'''''Ghatak''''' (subtitled as '''''Lethal''''') is a 1996 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[action drama film]] written and directed by [[Rajkumar Santoshi]]. The film stars [[Sunny Deol]], [[Meenakshi Seshadri]], [[Danny Denzongpa]], and [[Amrish Puri]].

The film was released on 15 November 1996, and was a blockbuster, grossing {{INR}}32.7 crore at the box-office to become the [[List of Hindi films of 1996|highest-grossing Hindi film of the year]].<ref name="GL">{{cite web|url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/this-film-of-sunny-deol-was-a-blockbuster-earned-5-times-its-budget-leaving-salman-and-aamir-khan-stunned-film-was-earned-rs-8165635/|title=This film of Sunny Deol was a blockbuster, earned 5 times its budget,.....|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251105180059/https://www.india.com/entertainment/this-film-of-sunny-deol-was-a-blockbuster-earned-5-times-its-budget-leaving-salman-and-aamir-khan-stunned-film-was-earned-rs-8165635/|access-date=4 November 2025|archive-date=5 November 2025}}</ref> It won three awards at the [[42nd Filmfare Awards]]: [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] (Puri), [[Filmfare Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]] (Santoshi), and [[Filmfare Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]] (Mayekar). It also received three nominations: [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]] (Santoshi), [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] (Deol), and [[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role|Best Villain]] (Denzongpa). The film was remade in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] as ''[[Aaptudu|Aapthudu]]'' (2004), starring [[Dr. Rajasekhar|Rajasekhar]] and [[Anjala Zaveri]].

==Plot==
Kashi Nath is a kind-hearted wrestler and the dutiful adopted son of Shambhu Nath, living in [[Varanasi|Banaras]]. Shambhu Nath, who was a freedom fighter awarded with the ''Tambra Patra'', is an honourable and respectable man in town. Kashi, along with Shambhu, comes to [[Mumbai]] for medical treatment for Shambhu and stays with his elder brother, Shiv Nath. Kashi meets Gauri in Mumbai and starts liking her. He learns that the locality is being terrorized by the tyrannical gangster, Katya, along with his six brothers. Before Kashi's arrival, a resident named Sachdev tried to initiate a revolt against Katya, but got ruthlessly killed by him, thereby making Malti, Sachdev's widow, go mad. Katya and his brothers become enemies with Kashi when he beats up their goons when they were roughing up Malti.

Shambhu is later diagnosed with [[Terminal illness|terminal]] [[throat cancer]] and only has a few days to live. When Kashi refuses to join Katya's gang, Katya becomes furious and humiliates Shambhu before the entire locality, by making him bark like a dog. After a series of dramatic events, Shiv is run over to death by Jeena, one of Katya's brothers. In retaliation, Kashi then kills Antya, another one of Katya's brothers, and gets arrested. Meanwhile, Shambhu passes away. When Kashi tries to disperse his father's ashes at the Ghat with the police, the police van gets attacked by Katya's brothers and goons. Kashi kills all of them, including Katya's three brothers, and reaches Katya's home. There he kills Jeena, thereby causing only two brothers to survive, including Katya; however, Kashi is captured in the process.

As Katya had Shambhu bark like a dog, he tries to make Kashi behave like an ox in front of the locality, to re-establish his supremacy. Gauri however stands up, arousing the audience to attack as well. Kashi frees himself from the shackles and beats Katya to death. Katya's entire gang is attacked by the residents of the locality. Katya's sixth and the last remaining brother, Bhiku, is killed by the mob. For retribution, Kashi makes Katya bark like a dog just like Shambhu. He then kills him in front of the residents, but loses control over himself as he keeps beating Katya's corpse. His nephew then brings him Shambhu's ashes from crematory rites which brings him back to senses. The ending is a bittersweet one, where Kashi loses every one he loved, but the locality has its freedom at last.

== Cast ==

* [[Sunny Deol]] as Kashi Nath
* [[Meenakshi Seshadri]] as Gauri, Kashi's girlfriend
* [[Danny Denzongpa]] as Katya
* [[Amrish Puri]] as Shambu Nath, Kashi's adoptive father
* [[Om Puri]] as Sachdev
* [[Mukesh Rishi]] as Jeena, Katya's brother
* [[Aanjjan Srivastav]] as Dhamu Kaka
* [[Tinnu Anand]] as Police Inspector
* [[K. K. Raina]] as Shiv Nath, Kashi's adoptive elder brother
* [[Viju Khote]] as Pinto
* [[Harish Patel]] as Katya's brother-in-law
* Suresh Bhagwat as Gopal
* [[Rohini Hattangadi]] as Savitri
* [[Ila Arun]] as Malti Sachdev
* [[Sheela Sharma]] as Sheela Shiv Nath
* [[Navni Parihar]] as Gauri's sister
* [[Tinu Verma]] as Bhiku, Katya's brother
* [[Deep Dhillon]] as Antya, Katya's brother
* Brij Gopal as Katya's brother
* Mukhtar Khan as Katya's brother
* Ranjeev Verma as Katya's brother
* [[Makarand Deshpande]] as Katya's goon
* [[Ponnambalam (actor)|Ponnambalam]] as Ring Fighter
* [[Shiva Rindani]] as Chandru
* [[Mamta Kulkarni]] as dancer in the song "Koi Aaye Toh Le Jaye" (special appearance)
* [[Amitabh Bachchan]] as Himself (cameo appearance)

==Production==
[[Kamal Haasan]] was originally signed to play the lead role and an advertisement was commissioned to appear in a ''[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]]'' magazine noting "Welcome back to the Hindi screen", pointing at the actor's return to Hindi films after 1985's ''[[Dekha Pyar Tumhara|Dekha Pyaar Tumhara]]''. However, due to no producer willing to back the actor in the film, [[Rajkumar Santoshi]] changed the star cast.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kamal Haasan: Lesser known facts|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/kamal-haasan-lesser-known-facts/photostory/45068468.cms|access-date=16 October 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=7 November 2014}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The background score of the film was composed by [[Vanraj Bhatia]]. The music for all but one song was composed by [[R. D. Burman]]. Only one song "Koi Jaye To Le Aaye" was composed by [[Anu Malik]]. The lyrics were penned by [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]] and [[Rahat Indori]]. The song "Koi Jaye To Le Aaye" was remade as "Dil Dil Dil" in the 2025 Hindi feature film ''[[Ek Deewane Ki Deewaniyat]]''.

{{Infobox album
| name = Ghatak: Lethal
| type = Soundtrack Album
| artist = [[R. D. Burman]], [[Anu Malik]] and [[Vanraj Bhatia]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 20 October 1996
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Venus Records & Tapes]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Title !! Singer(s) !! Music !! Lyricist!! Length
|-
| "Nigahon Ne Chheda"
| [[Suresh Wadkar]], [[Sadhana Sargam]]
| [[R.D. Burman]]
| [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]]
| 06:24
|-
| "Badan Mein Chandni"
| [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
| R.D. Burman
| Majrooh Sultanpuri
| 05:55
|-
| "Aaki Naaki"
| [[Asha Bhosle]]
| R.D. Burman
| Majrooh Sultanpuri
| 08:57
|-
| "Ek Dil Ki Diwani"
| Suresh Wadkar, Sadhana Sargam
| R.D. Burman
| Majrooh Sultanpuri
| 07:29
|-
| "Koi Jaye To Le Aaye"
| [[Alka Yagnik]], [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| [[Anu Malik]]
| [[Rahat Indori]]
| 05:18
|-
| "Theme of Ghatak"
| (Instrumental)
| [[Vanraj Bhatia]]
| style="text-align: center" | –
| 02:28
|}

==Awards and nominations ==

=== [[42nd Filmfare Awards]] ===

==== Won ====
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] – [[Amrish Puri]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]] – [[Rajkumar Santoshi]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]] – V. N. Mayekar

==== Nominated ====
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]] – Rajkumar Santoshi
*[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] – [[Sunny Deol]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role|Best Villain]] – [[Danny Denzongpa]]

=== [[Screen Awards]] ===

==== Won ====
* [[Screen Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] – [[Amrish Puri]]

==Re-release==
This film was re-released on 21 March 2025, after 28 years at the Red Lorry Film Festival.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-18 |title=Sunny Deol's 1996 film Ghatak to re-release in theatres on this date. Check details |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/sunny-deols-1996-film-ghatak-to-re-release-in-theatres-on-this-date-check-details-101742266594230.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319113506/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/sunny-deols-1996-film-ghatak-to-re-release-in-theatres-on-this-date-check-details-101742266594230.html |archive-date=2025-03-19 |access-date=2025-03-21 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-19 |title=Ghatak re-release: Can Sunny Deol's movie beat Salman Khan's blockbuster? {{!}} Mint |url=https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/ghatak-re-release-can-sunny-deols-movie-beat-salman-khans-blockbuster-11742368995351.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319084703/https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/ghatak-re-release-can-sunny-deols-movie-beat-salman-khans-blockbuster-11742368995351.html |archive-date=2025-03-19 |access-date=2025-03-21 |work=mint |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0116407|Ghatak: Lethal}}

{{Rajkumar Santoshi}}

[[Category:1996 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by R. D. Burman]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rajkumar Santoshi]]
[[Category:1996 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Hindustani-language films]]
[[Category:1996 Indian films]]
[[Category:1990s action drama films]]
[[Category:1996 action thriller films]]
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anu Malik]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Films about social issues in India]]
[[Category:Indian films about cancer]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Maharashtra Police]]
[[Category:1996 drama films]]
[[Category:1990s vigilante films]]
[[Category:Indian vigilante films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Amitabh Bachchan]]

Rakesh Kumar (kabaddi)

2026-04-24T12:07:27Z

Vaidehitaman: adding a biography

{{short description|Indian kabaddi player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name =
| image v =
| image_size =
| caption =
| headercolor =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name =
| fullname =
| nickname =King of Kabaddi,
Legend in Kabaddi
| nationality = Indian
| ethnicity =
| citizenship =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1983|04|15|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite web|title=RAKESH KUMAR|url=http://www.prokabaddi.com/players/88-rakesh-kumar-playerprofile|publisher=[[Pro Kabaddi League]]|accessdate=11 February 2016}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| monuments =
| residence =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| years_active =
| employer =
| agent =
| height = {{height|precision=0|m=1.80}}
| weight = {{convert|78|kg|lb|0}}
| spouse =
| life_partner =
| other_interests =
| website =
| country = [[India]]
| sport = [[Kabaddi]]
| position = All Rounder
| event =
| league = Pro Kabaddi League
| league_type =
| club = {{unbulleted list|Indian Railways|Northern Railways| [[Patna Pirates]] (2014-2016)| [[U Mumba]] (2016-2017)| [[Telugu Titans]] (2017)}}
| team = India
| turnedpro =
| coach =
| retired =
| worlds =
| regionals =
| nationals =
| highestranking =
| show-medals = yes
| medaltemplates = {{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|World Cup}}
{{MedalGold|[[2004 Kabaddi World Cup|2004 Mumbai]]|[[India]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2007 Kabaddi World Cup|2007 Panvel]]|[[India]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2006 Asian Games|2006 Doha]]|[[Kabaddi at the 2006 Asian Games|India]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2010 Asian Games|2010 Guangzhou]]|[[Kabaddi at the 2010 Asian Games|India]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2014 Asian Games|2014 Incheon]]|[[Kabaddi at the 2014 Asian Games|India]]}}
| updated = 22 May 2014
}}

'''Rakesh Kumar''' (born 15 April 1983) is a former Indian professional [[Kabaddi]] player and Coach. He was the vice-captain of the [[India national kabaddi team|Indian team]] that won the gold medal at the [[2007 Kabaddi World Cup|2007 World Cup]] at [[Panvel]], India. In 2011, in recognition of his achievements in the sport, he was awarded the [[Arjuna Award]] by the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite web |title= Arjuna and Dhyanchand Awardees - 2011 of Indian Railways Felicitated |url= http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=75355 |publisher= Press Information Bureau, Govt. of India |date= 30 August 2011 |accessdate= 22 May 2014}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Rakesh Kumar was born on 15 April 1983, in the Nizampur village of [[North West Delhi]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Now, parents realise kabaddi can be taken up as career option: Rakesh Kumar|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report-now-parents-realise-kabaddi-can-be-taken-up-as-career-option-rakesh-kumar-2098262|accessdate=11 February 2016|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=24 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Nizampur, India's kabaddi capital|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/nizampur-india-s-kabaddi-capital/story-ohWnODJOFXSZ6vC8vjtejI.html|accessdate=11 February 2016|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=8 November 2014}}</ref> He took up Kabaddi in 1997 during his school days. After having played for his school team, he represented [[Delhi]] at the national level, before making it to the [[India national kabaddi team|senior national team]] in 2003.<ref>{{cite news |title= At Rs 12.8 lakh, Munna is MVP at pro-kabaddi auction |url= http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/at-rs-12-8-lakh-munna-is-mvp-at-pro-kabaddi-auction/99/ |newspaper= The Indian Express |date= 21 May 2014 |accessdate= 22 May 2014}}</ref>

== Career ==
Rakesh Kumar made his debut for the [[India national Kabaddi team|national team]] in 2003. In addition to winning medals at the national level, he was a part of the national team that won gold medals at the World Cups in [[2004 Kabaddi World Cup|2004]], [[2007 Kabaddi World Cup|2007]]. With the team, he also won gold medals at the [[Asian Games]] in [[2006 Asian Games|2006]], [[2010 Asian Games|2010]] and [[2014 Asian Games|2014]], [[South Asian Games]] in [[2006 South Asian Games|2006]] and [[2010 South Asian Games|2010]], and the [[Asian Indoor Games]] in 2007, 2009 and 2013.

===Pro Kabaddi League===
At the auction of the inaugural season of the [[Pro Kabaddi League]], Kumar was the recipient of the highest bid, having been bought for {{INRConvert|12.8|l}} by the [[Patna]] franchise, the team later named [[Patna Pirates]].<ref>{{cite news |title= Rakesh Kumar gets the highest bid |url= http://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/rakesh-kumar-gets-the-highest-bid/article6030474.ece |newspaper= The Hindu |date= 21 May 2014 |accessdate= 22 May 2014}}</ref> He was made the captain of the team who led the team to a third-place finish in the [[2014 Pro Kabaddi League season|2014 season]].<ref>{{cite news |title= Pink Panthers crowned champion |url= http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/pink-panthers-crowned-champion/article6371038.ece |newspaper= The Hindu |date= 2 September 2014 |access-date= 25 September 2014}}</ref>
He was signed by [[U Mumba]] for the 2016 season. Then for the 2017 season, he was swapped to [[Telugu Titans]].

Currently, he is the head coach of the [[Haryana Steelers]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://prokabaddi.com/view_players?p=QRVMzQFWwJUYrBTP Rakesh Kumar profile at ProKabaddi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704011418/http://prokabaddi.com/view_players?p=QRVMzQFWwJUYrBTP |date=4 July 2014 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Rakesh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male kabaddi players]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Delhi]]
[[Category:People from North West Delhi district]]
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists in kabaddi]]
[[Category:Kabaddi players at the 2006 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Kabaddi players at the 2010 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Kabaddi players at the 2014 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Pro Kabaddi League players]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games kabaddi players for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2006 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2010 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2014 Asian Games]]
[[Category:South Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games medalists in kabaddi]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Contestants on Indian game shows]]
[[Category:Participants in Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

Kerala Folklore Academy

2026-04-24T03:42:20Z

Vaidehitaman: stub

{{Short description|Cultural affairs organisation in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Kerala Folklore Academy
| image =
| formation = {{Start date and years ago|df=yes|1995|06|28}}
| type = [[Cultural institution]]
| headquarters = [[Chirakkal, Kannur]], [[Kerala]], {{IND}}
| leader_title = Chairman
| leader_name = O.S
Unnikrishnan
| leader_title2 = Vice chairman
| leader_name2 =
| leader_name3 = A V Ajayakumar
| leader_title3 = Secretary
| parent_organisation = [[Department of Cultural Affairs (Kerala)]]
| website = {{url|keralafolklore.org}}
}}
'''Kerala Folklore Academy''' is an [[autonomous]] center for cultural affairs constituted by the [[Government of Kerala]] and works under the [[Department of Cultural Affairs (Kerala)|Department of Cultural Affairs]]. It was established on 28 June 1995 to promote and project the [[Folk art|traditional art forms]] of [[Kerala]]. It is located at [[Chirakkal, Kannur]].<ref name='kfa'>{{Cite web |title=About Kerala Folklore Academy |url=https://keralafolklore.org/en/about.html |access-date=12 November 2020 |website=KFA |archive-date=24 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424070701/http://keralafolklore.org/en/about.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
The academy brings out a [[magazine|quarterly]] to promote the [[Folklore studies|study and research]] in [[folklore]], and has published more than 25 books on the [[Culture_of_Kerala#Folklore|folklore of Kerala]]. It also produced a book about 100 folk art forms of Kerala and two dictionaries, one on [[Chavittu Nadakam]] and another on [[Beary language]].<ref name="kc">{{Cite web |title=Kerala Folklore Academy |url=http://www.keralaculture.org/kerala-folklore-academy/9 |access-date=12 November 2020 |website=[[Department of Cultural Affairs (Kerala)]] |archive-date=17 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117133022/http://www.keralaculture.org/kerala-folklore-academy/9 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==History==
The institution was formed under the Travancore Cochin Literary, Scientific and Charitable Societies Registration act of 1955. It began functioning on 20 January 1996,<ref name='kfa' /> to impart training in folk arts and to ensure ongoing efforts in their development, promotion and perpetuation. In 2003, the [[Government of Kerala|State Government]] handed over the waterside palace of the [[Chirakkal Raja|Chirakkal kings]], at [[Chirakkal, Kannur|Chirakkal]], to the academy to use as their headquarters.<ref name="kc" />
Former secretary of the academy, M. Pradeep Kumar says, "the academy, recently in its study and analysis, have identified various other folklore art forms which are a part of our rich cultural heritage. ''Brahmini Paattu'', ''Chaatt Paattu'', ''Chakra Paattu'', ''Kadal Vanchi Paattu'' and the tribal songs are the recent additions to the folklore art. There are different types of tribal and traditional songs. The tribal songs of each ‘Ooru’ (a [[Tribe|tribal colony]]) are different. There are nearly 1000 folk art forms existing in Kerala, which have been passed on from generation to generation."<ref>{{Cite web |last=B. S. |first=Shibu |date=22 January 2014 |title=Folk Art Forms from Far and Wide to Converge in City |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2014/jan/22/Folk-Art-Forms-from-Far-and-Wide-to-Converge-in-City-566887.html |access-date=12 November 2020 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112193711/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2014/jan/22/Folk-Art-Forms-from-Far-and-Wide-to-Converge-in-City-566887.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
==Awards==

The academy awards prizes and [[fellow]]ships to notable artistes and experts in the field of folklore.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala Folklore Academi Awards & Fellowships 1999 – 2011 |url=http://www.keralaculture.org/kerala-folklore-academi-a-f/488 |access-date=12 November 2020 |website=[[Department of Cultural Affairs (Kerala)]] |archive-date=28 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928221131/http://www.keralaculture.org/kerala-folklore-academi-a-f/488 |url-status=live }}</ref> The fellowships comprise {{INR}}15000 each and citation. The folklore awards and ''book award'' carries {{INR}}7500 and citation. The ''Gurupooja'' and ''Yuvaprathibha'' award winners will get {{INR}}5000 each and citation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=P. |first=Sudhakaran |date=29 September 2018 |title=Kerala Folklore Akademi Fellowships, Awards announced |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/kerala-folklore-akademi-fellowships-awards-announced/articleshow/66003983.cms |access-date=12 November 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112201128/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/kerala-folklore-akademi-fellowships-awards-announced/articleshow/66003983.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 July 2017 |title=Folklore akademi awards announced |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/folklore-akademi-awards-announced/article19242266.ece |access-date=12 November 2020 |website=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112205013/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/folklore-akademi-awards-announced/article19242266.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

'''P. K. Kalan Award'''

P. K. Kalan award was instituted in 2008, in the name of former academy chairman, Gaddika artist and [[activism|social activist]] P. K. Kalan. It is awarded for contributions to the field of folk art forms. It comprises a cash prize of {{INR}}100,000, a certificate and a statuette.<ref name="ajith">{{Cite web |date=9 December 2015 |title=P K Kalan Award for Ajithkumar |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2015/dec/09/p-k-kalan-award-for-ajithkumar-853530.html |access-date=12 November 2020 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112193714/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2015/dec/09/P-K-Kalan-Award-for-Ajithkumar-853530.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:30%;"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:1%;"| Year
! scope="col" style="width:25%;"| Recipient
! scope="col" style="width:25%;"| Awarded for
! scope="col" style="width:1%;"| {{abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
! scope="row"| 2009
|Kanna Peruvannan
|Outstanding contributions to [[Theyyam]] art form
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 August 2009 |title=P.K. Kalan award for Theyyam artiste Kanna Peruvannan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/P.K.-Kalan-award-for-Theyyam-artiste-Kanna-Peruvannan/article16876553.ece |access-date=12 November 2020 |website=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112184614/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/P.K.-Kalan-award-for-Theyyam-artiste-Kanna-Peruvannan/article16876553.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| 2009
|[[M. V. Vishnu Namboothiri]]
|Contributions to folklore study and research
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 December 2009 |title=P K Kalan Award for M V Vishnu Namboothiri |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2009/dec/23/p-k-kalan-award-for-m-v-vishnu-namboothiri-115409.html |access-date=12 November 2020 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| 2014
|C. K. Aandi
|Outstanding contributions to Theyyam art form
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2016 |title=The humble 'Kuruthola' with a mighty story behind it |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/offbeat/the-humble-kuruthola-with-a-mighty-story-behind-it-english-news-1.1338847 |access-date=12 November 2020 |website=[[Mathrubhumi]] |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112185122/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/offbeat/the-humble-kuruthola-with-a-mighty-story-behind-it-english-news-1.1338847 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| 2015
|N. Ajith Kumar
|Contributions to language, literature, folk arts, cinema and other art forms.
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name='ajith' /><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2015 |title=P.K. Kalan Puraskaram |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/pk-kalan-puraskaram/article7963585.ece |access-date=12 November 2020 |website=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=13 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113014016/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/pk-kalan-puraskaram/article7963585.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
*{{official website|https://keralafolklore.org}}

{{Culture of Kerala}}
{{Music of Kerala}}
[[Category:Culture of Kerala]]
[[Category:Arts of Kerala]]
[[Category:Arts organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Performing arts in India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Kerala]]
[[Category:Music organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Kerala folklore]]
[[Category:1995 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Arts organizations established in 1995]]

Christina Zodinpuii

2026-04-23T09:15:22Z

Vaidehitaman: Entry.

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}{{short description|Mizo civil servant and women's rights official}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Christina Zodinpuii
| office = Chairperson of the Mizoram State Commission for Women
| term_start = October 2024
| term_end =
| predecessor = C. Lalchhandami
| birth_place = Durtlang, [[Aizawl]], [[Mizoram]], India
| education = [[Tata Institute of Social Sciences]] (MSW)
| occupation = Civil servant
}}

'''Christina Zodinpuii'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-17 |title=Mizoram: Former Civil Servant C Zodinpuii Appointed As New Chairperson Of Women's Commission |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/mizoram-news/mizoram-former-civil-servant-c-zodinpuii-appointed-as-new-chairperson-of-womens-commission |access-date=2026-04-13 |website=The Sentinel - of this Land, for its People |language=en}}</ref> (born Durtlang, [[Aizawl]]) is a retired [[Mizoram]] civil servant.

== Career ==
She spent her career in the state Social Welfare Department, holding roles including case worker, remand home superintendent, and superintendent of the Residential Institute Training Centre, Durtlang, before retiring as joint director of the Directorate of Social Welfare and Tribal Affairs on 31 December 2023.<ref name="dipr">{{cite web |title=Mizoram State Commission for Women Chairperson atan Pi C. Zodinpuii ruat |url=https://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/post/mizoram-statte-commission-for-women-chairperson-atan-pi-c-zodinpuii-ruat |publisher=Directorate of Information and Public Relations, Government of Mizoram |date=16 October 2024 |access-date=12 April 2026}}</ref> She holds a master's degree in social work (family and child welfare) from the [[Tata Institute of Social Sciences]], Mumbai, and is a certified master trainer under the [[Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005]].<ref name="dipr" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-22 |title=Hmeichhiate hamthatna sawipui – The Aizawl Post |url=https://theaizawlpost.org/amp/hmeichhiate-hamthatna-sawipui/ |access-date=2026-04-13 |language=en-US}}</ref> In October 2024 the Mizoram government appointed her chairperson of the [[Mizoram State Commission for Women]], replacing C Lalchhandami, who had resigned following protests by the [[Mizo National Front]] and student organisations over a dispute about her eligibility for the post.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mizoram: C Zodinpuii appointed new chairperson of women's commission |url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/mizoram/mizoram-c-zodinpuii-appointed-as-women-commission-chairperson.html |publisher=NE Now News |date=17 October 2024 |access-date=12 April 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lalrochhuanga |first=C. |date=2026-03-10 |title=Serchhipah Free Public Hearing - Mahila Jan Sunwai neih a ni |url=https://zothlifim.com/chanchinthar/2026/03/serchhipah-free-public-hearing-mahila-jan-sunwai-neih-a-ni/ |access-date=2026-04-13 |website=Zothlifim |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Mizoram State Commission for Women]]
* [[Civil Services of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zodinpuii, Christina}}
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:Tata Institute of Social Sciences alumni]]
[[Category:Women's rights in India]]

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Aizawl]]

{{India-bio-stub}}

Bay leaf

2026-03-18T12:36:33Z

Vaidehitaman: formatting fix

{{Use British English|date=January 2025}}
{{short description|Aromatic leaf}}
{{Distinguish|Cherry laurel}}
[[File:Bay Leaves.JPG|thumb|right|Bay laurel leaves (''[[Laurus nobilis]]'')]]
[[File:Indian bay leaf - tejpatta - indisches Lorbeerblatt.jpg|thumb|right|Indian bay leaves (''[[Cinnamomum tamala]]'')]]
[[File:Syzy polyan 070404-3398 sbrg.jpg|thumb|right|Indonesian bay leaves (''[[Syzygium polyanthum]]'')]]

The '''bay leaf''' is an [[aroma]]tic leaf commonly used as a [[herb]] in cooking. It can be used whole, either dried or fresh, in which case it is removed from the dish before consumption, or less commonly used in ground form.

Bay leaves come from various plants and are used for their distinctive flavour and fragrance. The most common source is the bay laurel (''[[Laurus nobilis]]''). Other types include California bay laurel (''[[Umbellularia californica]]''), Indian bay leaf (''[[Cinnamomum tamala]]''), Indonesian bay leaf (''[[Syzygium polyanthum]]''), West Indian bay (''[[Pimenta racemosa]]''), and Mexican bay leaf (''[[Litsea glaucescens]]''). Bay leaves contain essential oils, such as [[eucalyptol]], [[terpene]]s, and [[Methyl eugenol|methyleugenol]], which contribute to their taste and aroma.

Bay leaves are used in [[cuisine]]s including [[Indian cuisine|Indian]], [[Filipino cuisine|Filipino]], [[European cuisine|European]], and [[Caribbean cuisine|Caribbean]]. They are typically used in soups, stews, meat, seafood, and vegetable dishes. The leaves should be removed from the cooked food before eating as they can be abrasive in the [[digestive tract]].

Bay leaves are used as an [[insect repellent]] in pantries and as an active ingredient in [[killing jar]]s for [[entomology]]. In [[Eastern Orthodoxy]] liturgy, they are used to symbolize [[Harrowing of Hell|Jesus' destruction of Hades]] and freeing of the dead.

While some visually similar plants have poisonous leaves, bay leaves are not [[Toxicity|toxic]]. However, they remain stiff even after cooking and may pose a choking hazard or cause harm to the digestive tract if swallowed whole or in large pieces. Canadian food and drug regulations set specific standards for bay leaves, including limits on ash content, moisture levels, and essential oil content.

== Sources ==
Bay leaves come from several plants, such as:
* [[Bay laurel]] (''Laurus nobilis'', [[Lauraceae]]). Fresh or dried bay leaves are used in cooking for their distinctive flavour and fragrance. The leaves should be removed from the cooked food before eating (see [[#Safety|safety]] section below). The leaves are often used to flavour soups, stews, [[braise]]s and [[pâté]]s in many countries. The fresh leaves are very mild and do not develop their full flavour until several weeks after picking and drying.<ref name="Spice Trade: Bay Leaf">{{cite web| url= http://www.spice-trade.com/bay-leaf.html| title= Spice Trade: Bay Leaf| access-date= 2009-04-11| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090412090109/http://www.spice-trade.com/bay-leaf.html| archive-date= 12 April 2009| url-status= dead}}</ref>
* California bay leaf. The leaf of the California bay tree (''[[Umbellularia californica]]'', Lauraceae), also known as California laurel, Oregon myrtle, and pepperwood, is similar to the Mediterranean bay laurel but contains the toxin [[umbellulone]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tabanca |first1=Nurhayat |last2=Avonto |first2=Cristina |last3=Wang |first3=Mei |last4=Parcher |first4=Jon F. |last5=Ali |first5=Abbas |last6=Demirci |first6=Betul |last7=Raman |first7=Vijayasankar |last8=Khan |first8=Ikhlas A. |date=2013 |title=Comparative Investigation of Umbellularia californica and Laurus nobilis Leaf Essential Oils and Identification of Constituents Active against Aedes aegypti |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jf4052682 |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry |language=en |volume=61 |issue=50 |pages=12283–12291 |doi=10.1021/jf4052682 |pmid=24266426 |bibcode=2013JAFC...6112283T |issn=0021-8561|url-access=subscription }}</ref> which can cause [[methemoglobinemia]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kelsey |first1=Rick G. |last2=McCuistion |first2=Ovid |last3=Karchesy |first3=Joe |date=2007 |title=Bark and Leaf Essential Oil of Umbellularia californica, California Bay Laurel, from Oregon |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1934578X0700200715 |journal=Natural Product Communications |language=en |volume=2 |issue=7 |pages=1934578X0700200 |doi=10.1177/1934578X0700200715 |issn=1934-578X}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |last=Mishaw |first=Victor Harold |date= |title=Production of Thymol From California Bay Tree Oil |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/7a9404a0dc89159b39051d44834120fb/ |degree= Masters|chapter= |publisher=Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn |docket= |oclc= |access-date=}}</ref>
* Indian bay leaf or malabathrum (''[[Cinnamomum tamala]]'', Lauraceae) differs from bay laurel leaves, which are shorter and light- to medium-green in colour, with one large vein down the length of the leaf. Indian bay leaves are about twice as long and wider, usually [[olive green]] in colour, and have three veins running the length of the leaf. Culinarily, Indian bay leaves are quite different, having a fragrance and taste similar to [[Cinnamomum aromaticum|cinnamon (cassia)]] bark, but milder.
* Indonesian bay leaf or Indonesian laurel (''salam'' leaf, ''[[Syzygium polyanthum]]'', Myrtaceae) is not commonly found outside [[Indonesia]]; this herb is applied to meat and, less often, to rice and to vegetables.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://gernot-katzers-spice-pages.com/engl/Euge_pol.html | title =Spice Pages: Indonesian Bay-Leaf | access-date = 2012-12-01}}</ref>
* [[West Indian]] bay leaf, the leaf of the West Indian bay tree (''[[Pimenta racemosa]]'', Myrtaceae) is used culinarily (especially in Caribbean cuisine) and to produce the [[Eau de Cologne|cologne]] called [[bay rum]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=McHale |first1=D. |last2=Laurie |first2=W.A. |last3=Woof |first3=M.A. |date=1977 |title=Composition of West Indian bay oils |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0308814677900048 |journal=Food Chemistry |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=19–25 |doi=10.1016/0308-8146(77)90004-8|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Green |first=Aliza |title=Field Guide to Herbs & Spices: How to Identify, Select, and Use Virtually Every Seasoning on the Market |date=April 21, 2015 |publisher=Quirk Books |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Mexican bay leaf (''[[Litsea glaucescens]]'', Lauraceae).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Raman |first1=Vijayasankar |last2=Bussmann |first2=Rainer |last3=Khan |first3=Ikhlas |date=2017 |title=Which Bay Leaf is in Your Spice Rack? – A Quality Control Study |url=http://www.thieme-connect.de/DOI/DOI?10.1055/s-0043-103963 |journal=Planta Medica |language=en |volume=83 |issue=12/13 |pages=1058–1067 |doi=10.1055/s-0043-103963 |pmid=28249302 |bibcode=2017PlMed..83.1058R |issn=0032-0943|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Chemical constituents==
The leaves of the European / Mediterranean plant ''[[Laurus nobilis]]'' contain about 1.3% essential oils (''ol. lauri folii''), consisting of 45% [[eucalyptol]], 12% other [[terpenes]], 8–12% terpinyl acetate, 3–4% [[sesquiterpenes]], 3% [[methyleugenol]], and other α- and β-[[pinene]]s, [[phellandrene]], [[linalool]], [[geraniol]], [[terpineol]], and also contain [[lauric acid]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Laurus nobilis L. |url=https://www.gbif.org/species/144098461 |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=www.gbif.org |language=en}}</ref>

==Taste and aroma==
If eaten whole, ''Laurus nobilis'' bay leaves are [[pungent]] and have a sharp, bitter taste. As with many spices and flavourings, the fragrance of the bay leaf is more noticeable than its taste. When the leaf is dried, the aroma is herbal, slightly floral, and somewhat similar to [[oregano]] and [[thyme]]. [[Myrcene]], a component of many essential oils used in perfumery, can be extracted from this bay leaf. They also contain [[eugenol]].<ref name="Encyclopedia of Spices: Bay Leaf">{{cite web | url=http://www.theepicentre.com/Spices/bay.html | title=Encyclopedia of Spices: Bay Leaf | access-date=11 April 2009 | archive-date=16 April 2009 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20090416234125/http://www.theepicentre.com/Spices/bay.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>

Food writer [[J. Kenji López-Alt|J. Kenji Lopez-Alt]] advises boiling bay leaves in a pot of water then tasting the water at five minutes and at an hour to be able to more accurately determine their flavour.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What's the Point of Bay Leaves? {{!}} Ask The Food Lab |url=https://www.seriouseats.com/ask-the-food-lab-whats-the-point-of-bay-leaves |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=Serious Eats |language=en}}</ref>

==Uses==
=== Culinary ===
Bay leaf is typically used in cooking to flavor [[broth]]s, [[grain]]s, [[soup]]s, [[stew]]s and [[Stock (food)|stocks]]. It is typically removed before serving.<ref>{{Cite book |last=The Culinary Institute of America |author-link=The Culinary Institute of America |title=The Professional Chef |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-470-42 135-2 |edition=9th |location=Hoboken, New Jersey |page=180}}</ref>

In Indian cuisine, bay laurel leaves are sometimes used in place of [[Cinnamomum tamala|Indian bay leaf]], although they have a different flavour. They are most often used in rice dishes like [[biryani]] and as an ingredient in [[garam masala]]. Bay leaves are called {{lang|hi-Latn|tezpattā}} ({{lang|hi|तेज़पत्ता}}, in Hindi), Tejpātā (তেজপাতা) in Bengali, তেজ পাত in Assamese and usually rendered into English as Tej Patta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Spence |first=Charles |date=2023 |title=Why cook with bay leaves? |journal=International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science |language=en |volume=33 |article-number=100766 |doi=10.1016/j.ijgfs.2023.100766|doi-access=free }}</ref>

In the Philippines, dried bay laurel leaves are used in several Filipino dishes, such as [[menudo (stew)|menudo]], [[pares (food)|beef pares]], and [[philippine adobo|adobo]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ponseca |first1=Nicole |title=I am a Filipino and this is how we cook |last2=Trinidad |first2=Miguel |date=2018 |publisher=Artisan |isbn=978-1-57965-767-3 |location=New York}}</ref> Bay leaves were used for flavouring by the ancient Greeks.<ref>[http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/botany/trees.htm "Ancient Egyptian Plants: Trees" ''www.reshafim.org.il''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031195750/http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/botany/trees.htm |date=2013-10-31 }} Retrieved October 29, 2013</ref> They are a fixture in the cooking of many European cuisines (particularly those of the [[Mediterranean cuisine|Mediterranean]]), as well as in the Americas. They are used in soups, stews, brines, meat, seafood, vegetable dishes, and sauces. The leaves also flavour many classic French and Italian dishes. The leaves are most often used whole (sometimes in a {{lang|fr|[[bouquet garni]]}}) and removed before serving (they can be abrasive in the digestive tract). [[Thai cuisine|Thai]] and [[Laotian cuisine]] employs bay leaf ({{langx|th|ใบกระวาน}}, {{lang|th-Latn|bai kra wān}}) in a few Arab-influenced dishes, notably [[massaman curry]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Tan |first=Hugh T. W.
|title=Herbs & Spices of Thailand |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |year=2005 |page=71 }}</ref>

Bay leaves can also be crushed or ground before cooking. Crushed bay leaves impart more fragrance than whole leaves, but are more difficult to remove and thus they are often used in a [[muslin]] bag or [[tea infuser]]. Ground bay laurel may be substituted for whole leaves and does not need to be removed, but it is much stronger.{{Cn|date=December 2024}}

To brew tea, bay leaves are best boiled for a brief period—typically 3 minutes—to prevent bitterness, as prolonged boiling may overpower the tea's flavour. Fresh bay leaves impart a stronger aroma, while dried leaves require longer steeping for a similar effect.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ottier-Hart |first=Rachael |date=2021-08-05 |title=How to Brew the Perfect Bay Leaf Tea (with VIDEO) {{!}} Classic Bakes |url=https://classicbakes.com/recipes/how-brew-perfect-bay-leaf-tea-video |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=ClassicBakes.com |language=en}}</ref>

Bay leaves are also used in the making of [[jerk chicken]] in the Caribbean Islands.<ref>{{Cite book |last=DeMers |first=John |title=Authentic Recipes from Jamaica |date=March 13, 2012 |publisher=Tuttle Publishing |language=en}}</ref> The bay leaves are soaked and placed on the cool side of the grill. Pimento sticks are placed on top of the leaves, and the chicken is placed on top and smoked. The leaves are also added whole to soups, stews, and other [[Caribbean]] dishes.<ref>{{cite news |title=Caribbean Currents: Bay leaf has a special place in Caribbean homes |url=https://www.phillytrib.com/caribbean-currents-bay-leaf-has-a-special-place-in-caribbean-homes/article_3c4b3cf4-78cc-5815-a605-81cabf356384.html |access-date=20 June 2024 |publisher=The Philadelphia Tribune |date=26 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Clarke |first1=Denise |title=5 Ways to Make the Best Jerk Chicken |url=https://jamaicans.com/5-ways-make-best-jerk-chicken/ |website=Jamaicans.com |date=17 June 2017 |publisher=Simbis Inc. |access-date=20 June 2024}}</ref>

Bay leaves may also be used in desserts such as cakes, cookies, ice creams, puddings and more.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Bay Leaves Are Essential in Everything From Curry to Dessert |url=https://www.marthastewart.com/what-is-a-bay-leaf-8611639 |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=Martha Stewart |language=en}}</ref> They can be baked into the surface of a dessert or tempered in a fat such as milk or butter to release their fat-soluble flavor compounds.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seneviratne |first=Samantha |date=2019-05-08 |title=We Just Started Baking with Infused Butters, and Now We're Never Going Back |url=https://www.epicurious.com/expert-advice/infused-butter-baking-how-to-give-cakes-flavor-of-herbs-spices-article |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=Epicurious |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-23 |title=What do bay leaves do? A lot, if you use them right. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/food/2023/01/23/bay-leaves-do-they-matter/ |access-date=2025-10-13 |work=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref>

=== Other ===
Bay leaves can also be used scattered in a [[pantry]] to repel [[meal moth]]s,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.care2.com/greenliving/repel-grain-moths-with-bay-leaves.html |title=How to Repel Grain Moths with Bay Leaves |access-date=2009-04-11 }}</ref> flies,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Palacios |first1=S |last2=Bertoni |first2=A |last3=Rossi |first3=Y |last4=Santander |first4=R |last5=Urzua |first5=A |year=2009 |title=Efficacy of Essential Oils from Edible Plants as Insecticides Against the House Fly, ''Musca domestica'' L. |journal=Molecules |volume=14 |issue=5 |pages=1938–1947 |doi=10.3390/molecules14051938 |pmid=19471213 |pmc=6254201 |doi-access=free }}</ref> and cockroaches.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Naturally Occurring Pest Bioregulators |volume=449 |doi=10.1021/bk-1991-0449 |series=ACS Symposium Series |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-8412-1897-0 |last1=Hedin |first1=Paul Arthur |last2=Hedin |first2=Paul A. |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/naturallyoccurri00paul }}</ref> Mediouni-Ben Jemaa and Tersim 2011 find the [[essential oil]] to be usable as an [[insect repellent]].<ref name="Moharramipour-Negahban-2014">{{cite book | editor-last=Sahayaraj | editor-first=K. | last1=Moharramipour | first1=Saeid | last2=Negahban | first2=Maryam | title=Basic and Applied Aspects of Biopesticides | chapter=Plant Essential Oils and Pest Management | publisher=[[Springer India]] | publication-place=[[New Delhi]] | year=2014 | isbn=978-81-322-1876-0 | oclc=884262582 | pages=129–153}} {{ISBN|978-81-322-1877-7}}.</ref>{{rp|131}}

Bay leaves have been used in [[entomology]] as the active ingredient in [[killing jar]]s. The crushed, fresh, young leaves are put into the jar under a layer of paper. The vapors they release kill insects slowly but effectively and keep the specimens relaxed and easy to mount. The leaves discourage the growth of molds. They are not effective for killing large beetles and similar specimens, but insects that have been killed in a cyanide killing jar can be transferred to a laurel jar to await mounting.<ref name=JohnSmart>{{cite book | last = Smart | first = John | title = British Museum (Natural History) Instructions for Collectors NO. 4A. Insects | publisher = Trustees of the British Museum | location = London | year = 1963 }}</ref> There is confusion in the literature about whether ''Laurus nobilis'' is a source of cyanide to any practical extent, but there is no evidence that cyanide is relevant to its value in killing jars. It certainly is rich in various essential oil components that could incapacitate insects in high concentrations; such compounds include [[Eucalyptol|1,8-cineole]], alpha-terpinyl acetate, and [[methyl eugenol]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Marzouki | first1 = H | last2 = Piras | first2 = A | last3 = Salah | first3 = KB | last4 = Medini | first4 = H | last5 = Pivetta | first5 = T | last6 = Bouzid | first6 = S | last7 = Marongiu | first7 = B | last8 = Falconieri | first8 = D | year = 2009 | title = Essential oil composition and variability of Laurus nobilis L. growing in Tunisia, comparison and chemometric investigation of different plant organs | journal = Nat Prod Res | volume = 23 | issue = 4| pages = 343–54 | doi = 10.1080/14786410802076200 | pmid = 19296375 | s2cid = 5971542 }}</ref> It also is unclear to what extent the alleged effect of cyanide released by the crushed leaves has been mis-attributed to ''Laurus nobilis'' in confusion with the unrelated ''[[Prunus laurocerasus]]'', the so-called cherry laurel, which certainly does contain dangerous concentrations of cyanogenic glycosides<ref name= "vWvHvO">{{cite book |last1=van Wyk |first1=Ben-Erik |last2=van Heerden |first2=Fanie |last3=van Oudtshoorn |first3=Bosch |title=Poisonous Plants of South Africa |publisher=Briza |location=Pretoria |year=2002 |isbn=978-1875093304}}</ref> together with the enzymes to generate the [[hydrogen cyanide]] from the glycosides if the leaf is physically damaged.<ref name="SchomburgSalzmann2013">{{cite book|author1=Dietmar Schomburg|author2=Margit Salzmann|title=Enzyme Handbook: Volume 1: Class 4: Lyases|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8uf7CAAAQBAJ&pg=PT270|date=11 November 2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-642-86605-0|pages=270–}}</ref>

Bay leaves are used in [[Eastern Orthodoxy]] liturgy. To mark [[Jesus]]' [[Harrowing of Hell#Orthodoxy|destruction of Hades]] and freeing of the dead, parishioners throw bay leaves and flowers into the air, letting them flutter to the ground.<ref>{{cite web |title=ORTHODOX BELIEF: JESUS WENT TO HELL |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1997-04-28-9704280142-story.html |website=Chicago Tribune |date=28 April 1997 |access-date=23 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==Safety==
Some members of the laurel family, as well as the unrelated but visually similar [[Kalmia latifolia|mountain laurel]] and [[Prunus laurocerasus|cherry laurel]], have leaves that are poisonous to humans and livestock.<ref name= "vWvHvO"/> While these plants are not sold anywhere for culinary use, their visual similarity to bay leaves has led to the oft-repeated belief that bay leaves should be removed from food after cooking because they are poisonous. This is not true; bay leaves may be eaten without toxic effect. However, they remain unpleasantly stiff even after thorough cooking, and if swallowed whole or in large pieces they may pose a risk of harming the digestive tract or causing choking.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/food/bay-leaf-should-it-stay-or-should-it-go/2014/09/30/131eb444-429e-11e4-9a15-137aa0153527_story.html|title=Bay leaf: Should it stay or should it go?|first=Bonnie S.|last=Benwick|date=30 September 2014|access-date=5 January 2018|newspaper=Washington Post}}</ref> Thus, most recipes that use bay leaves will recommend their removal after the cooking process has finished.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/2695/what-is-the-origin-of-the-song-theres-a-place-in-france-where-the-naked-ladies-dance | first = Cecil | last = Adams | work = The Straight Dope | title = What is the origin of the song "There's a place in France/Where the naked ladies dance?" Are bay leaves poisonous? | access-date = 2009-04-11| date =2007-02-23 }}</ref>

=== Canadian food and drug regulations ===
The Canadian government requires that ground bay leaves contain no more than 4.5% total [[ash]] material, with a maximum of 0.5% of which is [[insoluble]] in [[hydrochloric acid]]. To be considered dried, they must contain 7% moisture or less. The oil content cannot be less than 1 millilitre per 100 grams of the spice.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/C.R.C.,_c._870/page-37.html#h-570402|title = Consolidated federal laws of Canada, Food and Drug Regulations|access-date = 2020-09-17|date = 2019-06-03}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Laurus}}
{{Cookbook|Bay Leaf}}

{{Herbs & spices}}
{{Non-timber forest products}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bay Leaf}}
[[Category:Herbs]]
[[Category:Leaves]]
[[Category:Non-timber forest products]]
[[Category:Plant common names]]

Kavuri Samba Siva Rao

2026-03-13T19:24:31Z

Vaidehitaman:

{{Short description|Indian politician, engineer and industrialist (1943–2026)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kavuri Samba Siva Rao
| image = Kavuru Sambasiva Rao distributed improved tool kits of art metalware, woodware to handicrafts artisanscraft persons, at a function, in New Delhi. The Secretary, Ministry of Textile, Smt. Zohra Chatterji is also seen (cropped).jpg
| caption = Kavuru Sambasiva Rao in 2014
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1943|10|01|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Eluru]], Madras Province, British India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2026|03|11|1943|10|01|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Hyderabad]], India
|education = [[NIT Warangal]]
| office = [[Ministry of Textiles (India)|Union Minister of Textiles]]
|primeminister = [[Manmohan Singh]]
|term_start = 17 June 2013
|term_end = 3 April 2014
| predecessor = [[Anand Sharma]]
| successor =[[Santosh Kumar Gangwar]]
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start1 = 2004
| term_end1 = 2014
| predecessor1 = [[Bolla Bulli Ramaiah]]
| successor1 = [[Maganti Venkateswara Rao]]
| constituency1 = [[Eluru (Lok Sabha Constituency)|Eluru]]
| term_start2 = 1998
| term_end2 = 1999
| predecessor2 = [[Kaikala Satyanarayana]]
| successor2 = [[Ambati Brahmanaiah]]
| constituency2 = [[Machilipatnam (Lok Sabha constituency)| Machilipatnam]]
| term_start3 = 1984
| term_end3 = 1991
| predecessor3 = [[Maganti Ankineedu]]
| successor3 = Kolusu Pedda Reddaiah Yadav
| constituency3 = [[Machilipatnam (Lok Sabha constituency)| Machilipatnam]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (2014–20??)
| otherparty = [[Indian National Congress]] (1984–2014)
| spouse = Hemalata
| children = 1 son and 3 daughters
| website =
| footnotes =
| date = 16 September |
| year = 2006 |
| source = https://web.archive.org/web/20071017220939/http://164.100.24.209/newls/Biography.aspx?mpsno=3139
}}

''' Kavuri Sambasiva Rao''' (1 October 1943 – 11 March 2026) was an Indian politician, engineer and industrialist from the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/k-s-rao-an-engineer-industrialist-serving-fifth-term-as-mp-profile-113061700964_1.html |title=K.S. Rao, an engineer, industrialist serving fifth term as MP (Profile) |work=Business Standard|year=2013}}</ref>

Rao was the [[Minister of Textiles (India)|Minister of Textiles]] at [[Ministry of Textiles (India)|Ministry of Textiles]], with cabinet rank, for India in UPA Government from 17 June 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=Who's Who: Minister |url=http://ministryoftextiles.gov.in/aboutus/whos_who/ww_main.htm |publisher=Ministry of Textiles |access-date=16 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019203122/http://ministryoftextiles.gov.in/aboutus/whos_who/ww_main.htm |archive-date=19 October 2013 }}</ref>

He resigned as minister and from the [[Congress Working Committee]] by opposing the bifurcation of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/sambasiva-rao-resigns-protesting-division-of-andhra-pradesh/articleshow/33177509.cms?from=mdr |title=Sambasiva Rao resigns protesting division of Andhra Pradesh |work=[[The Economic Times]]|year=2014}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Rao was born in Dosapadu village, Krishna district, Andhra Pradesh on 1 October 1943. His father was Sri Raghavaiah. He was educated at [[National Institute of Technology, Warangal|NIT Warangal]].

==Career==
Rao was a member of the [[8th Lok Sabha|8th]], [[9th Lok Sabha|9th]], [[12th Lok Sabha|12th]], [[14th Lok Sabha|14th]] and [[15th Lok Sabha]] of [[India]]. He represented the [[Eluru (Lok Sabha Constituency)|Eluru]] constituency of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and was a member of the Bhartiya Janata Party,<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/HKk8vylEzdKiHTwr3Jx6XI/Congress-minister-Kavuri-Samba-Siva-Rao-joins-BJP.html|title=Congress minister Kavuri Samba Siva Rao joins BJP|last=Kalavalapalli|first=Yogendra|date=2 May 2014|publisher=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|access-date=2019-11-02}}</ref> which he joined on 1 May 2014.

Once he was permanent invitee for [[Congress Working Committee]]. Earlier he represented [[Machilipatnam Lok Sabha constituency]] in Andhra Pradesh. Kavuri was a business entrepreneur in the fields of civil construction and health care. He was elected to Indian Parliament five times and member in parliament committee. He swore in as Union Cabinet minister for Textiles on 17 June 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://164.100.24.209/newls/Biography.aspx?mpsno=3139 |title=Profile |publisher=Indian Parliament |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017220939/http://164.100.24.209/newls/Biography.aspx?mpsno=3139 |archive-date=17 October 2007 }}</ref>

On 28 April 2014, he resigned from the [[Indian National Congress]] and announced his decision to join the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP).<ref name=":0" /> A month earlier he had resigned as the minister, protesting the creation of the State of [[Telangana]]. He also announced that he would not contest the [[Lok Sabha]] polls on [[Indian National Congress]] ticket.

==Death==
Rao died on 11 March 2026, at the age of 82.<ref>[https://zeenews.india.com/telugu/vijayawada-city-news/ex-central-minister-died-kavuri-samba-siva-rao-died-due-to-ill-health-ta-292344] {{in lang|te}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Cabinet of Manmohan Singh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, Kavuri}}
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:2026 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:India MPs 1984–1989]]
[[Category:India MPs 1989–1991]]
[[Category:India MPs 1998–1999]]
[[Category:India MPs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:India MPs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:Members of the Cabinet of India]]
[[Category:Union ministers from United Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Eluru]]
[[Category:Engineers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian industrialists]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:National Institute of Technology, Warangal alumni]]

Christ Church, Mhow

2026-03-13T17:14:14Z

Vaidehitaman:

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}

{{Portal|History}}
{{Infobox church
| name = Christ Church
| fullname = Christ Church, Mhow
| image = Christ Church Mhow in 2020.jpg
| imagesize =
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| location = [[Mhow]]
| country = [[India]]
| denomination = [[Non-denominational]]
| tradition = [[Anglican]]
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| consecrated date = 1823
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| functional status = Functional
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| years built = 1818-1823
| groundbreaking = 1818
| completed date = 1823
| construction cost = £ 4,500 (INR 45000)
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| diocese = Independent
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| minister = Major Samuel Paul (Retired)
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}}

'''Christ Church''' is a non-denominational Christian church, previously [[Anglicanism|Anglican]], located on Mall Road, [[Mhow]], Madhya Pradesh, India. It was built by men of the Warwickshire and Brecknockshire regiments, the first British army units to be based in Mhow, as a garrison church, and consecrated in 1823.<ref name="vanjani">''Indore Plus, Times of India'', 24 April 2011: "Chronicle of Christ Church" by Deepa Vanjani</ref> In addition to being a functional church, the building is a major tourist attraction for the array of [[Commemorative plaque|Commemorative and Memorial plaques]] that have been installed by various units of the [[British Army]] during their tenures at [[Mhow]].
==Architecture==
[[File:Christ Church Mhow Diagram.jpg|left|thumb|138x138px|A [[Floor plan]] and scaled drawing of Christ Church, Mhow]]
The church building seems to have a modified Early English Gothic Style of construction. There is a single [[transept]] at the fore of the building, while the [[steeple]] stands approximately 10 metres high to the aft, topped by a [[spire]] and [[Belfry (architecture)|belfry]], wherein the bell is housed. In its final (present) form, there is a white marble [[altar]] at the East end of the building which was installed in 1881, in keeping with the reformed Protestant traditions of the time. There are two large intricate [[stained glass]] windows above the Altar at the East end, one representing [[Jesus]] on the Cross and the other depicting [[Jesus]] with His [[Apostles in the New Testament|apostles]].
Having been established and used as a church by members of the [[British Army]], there are several memorial plaques installed along the inner walls of the building.
==History==
===Establishment of the Cantonment and Church===
Consequent to the signing of the Treaty of Mandsaur in 1818,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Treaty of Mandsaur|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Mandsaur|url-status=live|website=Wiki Source|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018180330/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Mandsaur |archive-date=18 October 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=HOLKAR STATE, INDORE|url=http://archaeology.mp.gov.in/en-us/Archives/Holkar-State-Indore|url-status=live|website=History Website of the Government of Madhya Pradesh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722160419/http://archaeology.mp.gov.in:80/en-us/Archives/Holkar-State-Indore |archive-date=22 July 2019 }}</ref> between the [[East India Company]] and [[Malhar Rao Holkar]], the British held general political and military charge in this part of Central India. A British Cantonment was planned and founded at the Southern Corner of the Malwa Plateau by [[John Malcolm|Major General Sir John Malcolm GCB, KLS]]. While the British Resident with a strong posse of troops was housed in a building at [[Manpur, Indore|Manpur]] (in the present-day [[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya|Navodaya School at Manpur]]), overlooking the main axis leading from Pune (the seat of power of the [[Maratha Empire]]), the British Cantonment was established on a somewhat narrow ridge with an elevation of 1800 feet above [[Sea level|MSL]], at [[Mhow]]. The British Infantry Barracks were constructed at the Southern end of Mhow, the area presently being occupied by the Military College of Telecommunication Engineering (MCTE);<ref>{{cite news |title=Corps of Signals celebrates 98th Raising Day |url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/corps-of-signals-celebrates-98th-raising-day/273663/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120730152000/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/corps-of-signals-celebrates-98th-raising-day/273663/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 July 2012 |publisher=[[Indian Express]] |date=16 February 2008 }}</ref> while Christ Church was built at the Northern end. The Church was located diagonally opposite the Old Parade Ground, where the Headquarters of the Infantry School, Mhow was located up to 2014. It was referred to as the ‘Church of England’, so as to differentiate it from the ‘Church of Scotland’ & ‘Church of Ireland’ – also constructed at Mhow for the troops from those countries to worship.
[[File:Christ Church Mhow Pastor Rev Maj Samuel Paul Retd.jpg|thumb|188x188px|Maj Samuel Paul (Retd), Presbyter of the Christ Church, Mhow delivers a Sunday Sermon. ]]

===Construction and Expansion===
The construction of the Church happened at the same time as that of the Mhow Fort. However, the Church took two years longer – being completed and consecrated in 1823. The central portion of the Church was initially constructed with a temporary structure. The Northern and Southern wings of the building were added subsequently. The expansion was carried out by British Army units stationed at Mhow, as they felt the space inside was inadequate to accommodate the congregation. In its final state, the Church was capable of housing one Infantry Battalion. Windows were installed on the Northern and Southern wings in 1877. It was at this time that Rifle Holders were installed on the pews of the Church, as a result of the experience of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. The Church was shifted to the Prayer House of the [[17th Lancers]] in 1878, while the canvas roof was being replaced with a wooden structure and tiles, which remain intact to this day.
The building is supported entirely by a framework of [[Teak]], while the walls are [[Brickwork]] with [[Lime mortar]]. With the [[Steeple]], the Church was the tallest building of Mhow at the time of construction. The marble Altar was established later, in 1881 – under the supervision of Reverend RC Mills, the then chaplain of the Church.
[[File:Christ Church Mhow Pipe Organ.jpg|left|thumb|274x274px|This Organ was installed at Christ Church, Mhow by the 2nd Battalion of the [[Suffolk Regiment]] of the [[British Army]]. The Organ is not functional as on date.]]
===Installation of Pipe Organ===
The Pipe organ was installed by the 2nd Battalion The Suffolk Regiment in 1936. This entailed the construction of an additional room for the bellows, windchest and other equipment. The Organ has 14 pipes, arranged in ranks from either extremity. In its present form, the Organ is not functional as a result of vandalism of equipment over the years.

===Period between 1947 and 1971===
In 1947, the Church was rechristened Christ Church and Reverend WB Parmar, the Veterinary Doctor of the Cantonment Board, Mhow was appointed as minister. He continued till his death in 1971, which coincided with the moving out of all military personnel for the 1971 Indo Pak War. Till this time, the Church was supervised by the Right Reverend JW Sadiq, Bishop of Nagpur;<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anglican Congress - Diocesan Press Service. August 1, 1962 [I-3]|url=https://www.episcopalarchives.org/cgi-bin/ENS/ENSpress_release.pl?pr_number=I-3|url-status=live|website=The Archives of the Episcopal Church|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025503/http://www.episcopalarchives.org/cgi-bin/ENS/ENSpress_release.pl?pr_number=I-3 |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref> while the repairs and upkeep of the building was done by the [[Military Engineer Services (India)|Military Engineer Services (MES)]].
===1971 to 1992===
As the military units of Mhow moved out for the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|1971 War]], the [[Military Engineer Services (India)|MES]] was unable to undertake maintenance of the Church. The Church witnesses considerable decay during the period between 1971 and 1992 with looting of artefacts and furniture and squatting in the compounds. The [[Church of North India|Bhopal Diocese]] tried to claim the Church as part of their property during this time.
===1992 Onwards===
[[File:Christ Church Mhow Service 2021.jpg|thumb|A Sunday morning Church Service in 2021, attended mostly by servicemen and their families]]
In 1992, Major Samuel Paul (Retired), an old resident of Mhow returned upon retirement from the Indian Army (Regiment of Artillery and Army Intelligence Corps). The Officer formed a committee of all the former members of the Church and began the work of making the Church functional again. With the help of the Station Headquarters, Mhow, the squatters were evicted from the compound of the Church. Having attained his Masters in Divinity degree in 2004, Major Paul has been performing the duties of Minister and Honorary Parish Priest. He undertook efforts to re-confirm the Church as a Garrison Church and organised repairs of the building in 2004, paid for by contributions by members. Over the years, Infantry Battalions stationed at Mhow have contributed to the maintenance and upkeep of this heritage building and religious institution.<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 December 2019|title=Christ church catches people’s attention|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/christ-church-catches-people---s-attention.html|url-status=live|access-date=19 October 2021|website=The Daily Pioneer|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017232527/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/christ-church-catches-people---s-attention.html |archive-date=17 October 2021 }}</ref>
Presently, the Church has multi-denominational attendance, with a significant transient membership of service personnel and their families who visit Mhow for military duties. Sunday services usually follow the pattern enunciated in the [[Book of Common Prayer]], following the formal structure given therein.

==Gallery of Commemorative Plaques==
Christ Church Mhow has 50 [[Commemorative plaque|Commemorative and Memorial plaques]] installed on various locations along the inner walls. These have been placed by units and persons, in memory of those who died while they were stationed at [[Mhow]] Cantonment. A few newer plaques have been installed post-Independence, in memory of prominent members of the church. These plaques serve both as a memorial and as a reliable record of the history of [[Mhow]] as a Cantonment.
<gallery widths="170" heights="170">
File:Christ Church Mhow Plaque 1-1st Brecknockshire Battalion South Wales Borderers.jpg|The 1/1st Brecknockshire Battalion [[South Wales Borderers]] was stationed at Mhow between 1915-1919 and installed this plaque
File:Christ Church Mhow Plaque 68th Regiment Native Infantry David Septimus Beck.jpg|The 68th Regiment of [[Bengal Native Infantry|Native Infantry]] installed a plaque in honour of David Beck, who drowned at [[Patalpani waterfall]] near [[Mhow]]
File:Christ Church Mhow Plaque Hussars.jpg|One of the [[King's Royal Hussars|Hussars]] units installed this plaque. The details of the exact unit are faded with time.
File:Christ Church Mhow Plaque 7th Hussars.jpg|The [[7th Queen's Own Hussars|7th Hussars]] installed this in memory of 3 Officers and several men who died while they were stationed in [[Mhow]] between 1891 and 1895
File:Christ Church Mhow Plaque Carabiniers (6th Dragoon Guards).jpg|Brass plaque installed by [[Carabiniers (6th Dragoon Guards)|The Carabiniers (6th Dragoon Guards)]]
File:Christ Church Mhow Plaque 2nd Durham Light Infantry.jpg|The [[Durham Light Infantry|2nd Durham Light Infantry]] installed this during their tenure at [[Mhow]] between 1892 and 1896
File:Christ Church Mhow Plaque 1st Battalion The Gloucestershire Regiment 28th Foot.jpg|The [[Gloucestershire Regiment|1st Battalion The Gloucestershire Regiment (28th Foot)]] was stationed at the Cantonment from 1934 to 1936
File:Christ Church Mhow Plaque 10th PWO Royal Hussars.jpg|The [[10th Royal Hussars|10th (Prince of Wales' Own) Royal Hussars]] were stationed at Mhow from 1902 to 1906 when several of their Officers and Men died<ref>{{Cite book|last=Barthorp|first=Michael|title=ANATOMY OF A TROOP AND SQUADRON 10TH ROYAL HUSSARS 1859-1872|publisher=Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research|year=1984|location=Society for Army Historical Research|pages=201–16}}</ref>
File:Christ Church Mhow Plaque Engineers (Possible).jpg|A plaque, ostensibly installed by the [[Royal Engineers]] during their stay at Mhow
File:Christ Church Mhow Plaque 20th Bombay Infantry.jpg|The [[Bombay Army|20th Bombay Infantry]] installed this plaque, in memory of one of their officers, Captain JP Hill
File:Christ Church Mhow Plaque 72nd Regtiment Native Infantry Lieutenant George Henry Rose.jpg|The 72nd Regiment of the Native Infantry installed a black stone memorial to one of their officers who died of [[cholera]]
File:Christ Church Mhow Plaque 1st Battalion Royal Fusiliers.jpg|The 1st Battalion Royal Fusiliers were stationed at Mhow and Indore between 1895 and 1898
File:Christ Church Mhow Plaque 3rd Kings Own Hussars.jpg|Between 1873 and 1879, The 3rd (King's Own) Hussars were stationed here and installed this brass plaque
File:Christ Church Mhow Plaque 17th Lancers.jpg|The 17th Lancers installed this brass plaque to honour their losses during the period from 1879 to 1884
File:Christ Church Mhow Plaque 27th Field Brigade Royal Artillery.jpg|The 27th Field Brigade of the Royal Artillery was stationed at Mhow and created a memorial to their men
File:Christ Church Mhow Plaque Bombay Army Cornelia Wife of Major HW Harris.jpg|Cornelia, the wife of Major HW Harris of the Bombay Army is mentioned in this plaque
File:Christ Church Mhow Plaque 6th Bengal Cavalry.jpg|The 6th Bengal Cavalry is mentioned in this plaque
File:Christ Church Mhow Plaque 108 Infantry Lieutenant Herbert Grist Manson.jpg|Lieutenant Herbert Grist Manson is honoured in this plaque, installed by his unit, The 108th Infantry
File:Christ Church Mhow Plaque Royal Artillery David Carol Flower Lewis.jpg|Lieutenant David Carol Flower Lewis of the Royal Artillery was killed accidentally in December 1930
File:Christ Church Mhow Plaque IMS Stella Daughter of Colonel CF Willis.jpg|Stella, the only daughter of Colonel CF Wills of the [[Indian Medical Service]] finds mention in this plaque
File:Christ Church Mhow Plaque 102nd King Edwards Own Grendadiers Lieutenant Harry Fredrick Cortlandt Anderson.jpg|The 102nd (King Edward's Own) Grenadiers installed this plaque in memory of Lieutenant Harry Fredrick Cortlandt Anderson
File:Christ Church Mhow Plaque 22nd Battery Royal Field Artillery.jpg|The 22nd Battery of the Royal Field Artillery was stationed at Mhow between 1896 and 1901
File:Christ Church Mhow Plaque 1st Battalion the Bedfordshire and Herberfordshire Regiment.jpg|Plaque installed by The 1st Battalion the Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment
File:Christ Church Mhow Plaque 3rd Battalion the 6th Rajputana Rifles.jpg|The 3rd Battalion the 6th Rajputana Rifles installed this plaque in memory of Lieutenant Parker, who died in an accident
File:Christ Church Mhow Plaque James Wiliam Septimus Inglis.jpg|In memory of James William Septimus Inglis (not known if he was a serviceman)
File:Christ Church Mhow Plaque 11th Price Alberts Own PAO Hussars.jpg|The 11th (Price Albert's Own) Hussars installed this white marble memorial during their short tenure in 1866-67
File:Christ Church Mhow Plaque The Machine Gun Centre.jpg|The Machine Gun Centre (now [[Mahar Regiment]]) installed this memorial
File:Christ Church Mhow Plaque 8th Field Brigade Royal Artillery.jpg|The 8th Field Brigade of the Royal Artillery was at [[Mhow]] between 1933 and 1936
File:Christ Church Mhow Plaque Kate W Jane McGhee Wife of RH Davidson MD DIG Hospitals.jpg|A White Marble memorial to Kate W Jane McGhee, Wife of RH Davidson, MD who was the Deputy Inspector General of Hospitals
File:Christ Church Mhow Plaque Ann Wife of Dr Francis Shortt Arnott DIG Hospitals.jpg|Ann was the wife of Dr Francis Shortt Arnott, the Deputy Inspector General of Hospitals
File:Christ Church Mhow Plaque 125th Napier Rifles Captain Edward Hornby Ovans.jpg|Captain Edward Hornby Ovans of the 125th (Napier) Rifles is commemorated in this plaque
File:Christ Church Mhow Plaque 21st Empress of Indias Lancers Brevet Colonel Rowland Hill Martin.jpg|The 21st (Empress of India's) Lancers installed this in memory of Brevet-Colonel Rowland Hill Martin, who held the honorary rank
File:Christ Church Mhow Plaque 1st Home Counties Brigade Territorial Field Artillery.jpg|The 1st Home Counties Brigade of the Territorial Field Artillery (presumably a part of the [[1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers]]) installed this brass plaque
File:Christ Church Mhow Plaque Civil Surgeon Joseph William Augustus Vital.jpg|The widow of Joseph William Augustus Vital, the Civil Surgeon of Mhow installed this white marble plaque in memory of her late husband
File:Christ Church Mhow Plaque 6th Inniskilling Dragoons Captain Lawrence StPatrick Gowan.jpg|This inscription on white marble is in memory of an officer killed by a tiger at the village of Maine (now known as Men), south of [[Mhow]].
File:Christ Church Mhow Plaque 122nd Rajputana Infantry.jpg|The 122nd Rajputana Infantry erected this bronze plate in memory of their comrades who fell during [[World War I]].
File:Christ Church Mhow Plaque 26th Regiment Bombay Native Infantry Captain AF Bartlet.jpg|The 26th Regiment of the Bombay Native Infantry installed this white marble plaque in memory of men who died of [[Malaria|"Jungle Fever"]] in 1843
File:Christ Church Mhow Plaque Royal Artillery Major General Wiliam Heape Kay.jpg|This brass plaque is in memory of Major General William Heape Kay of the Royal Artillery who began his Indian service at Mhow in 1896 and subsequently died in an accident here in 1929
File:Christ Church Mhow Plaque M Battery Royal Horse Artillery RHA.jpg|M (Mike) Battery of the Royal Horse Artillery was stationed at Mhow from 1886 to 1889 and installed this brass plaque
File:Christ Church Mhow Plaque 72nd Highlanders Lieutenant RH Kildahl.jpg|The brother officers of Lieutenant JR Kildahl installed this white marble plaque in his memory in 1863
File:Christ Church Mhow Plaque M Battery Royal Horse Artillery RHA Lieutenant Statford Thomas Corsbie Dennis.jpg|M (Mike) Battery of the Royal Horse Artillery placed this marble plaque in memory of Lieutenant Stratford Thomas Crosby Dennis, who died of [[Typhoid]] at Mhow in 1889
File:Christ Church Mhow Plaque 72nd Highlanders Lieutenant Henry Francis Campbell.jpg|The Highlanders placed this marble plaque in memory of Lieutenant Henry Francis Campbell of their regiment
File:Christ Church Mhow Plaque 14th Kings Hussars.jpg|The 14th (Kings) Hussars placed this bronze plaque in memory of their comrades who died between 1911 and 1914
File:Christ Church Mhow Plaque Malwa Contingent.jpg|The Malwa Contingent placed this black marble plaque in memory of the officers and men who died during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of Mhow|url=https://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=nkuIn/uS++VQef+F2aQ73Q==&ParentID=d7U5/MTMEoYpGTobJRYEtA==|url-status=live|access-date=18 October 2021|website=Official Website of the Indian Army|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018105426/https://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=nkuIn/uS++VQef+F2aQ73Q==&ParentID=d7U5/MTMEoYpGTobJRYEtA== |archive-date=18 October 2021 }}</ref>
File:Christ Church Mhow Plaque 5th Royal Irish Lancers.jpg|The 5th Royal Irish Lancers were stationed at Mhow between 1888 and 1889 and placed this brass plaque with a small built-in cabinet
File:Christ Church Mhow Plaque Officers Training School OTS Mhow.jpg|The plaque in memory of the Instructors and Officer Cadets of Officers Training School Mhow who died between 1940 and 1946
File:Christ Church Mhow Plaque 18th Hussars.jpg|The 18th Hussars commemorated those who died while the Unit was at [[Mhow]] from 1889 to 1891 and during their March to [[Ambala|Umballa]]
File:Christ Church Mhow Plaque 7th Princess Royal Dragoon Guards.jpg|The 7th Princess Royal Dragoon Guards were at [[Mhow]] from 1884 to 1887 and placed this brass plaque in memory of their comrades who died during the tenure
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*[https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-GKU29zEijs8/TbXVb_95OII/AAAAAAAACsY/3ulkBGZpuOU/s1600/Christ_Church_Mhow.jpg: Indore Plus, ''Times of India'' 24 April 2011: "Chronicle of Christ Church" by Deepa Vanjani]
*[https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/christ-church-catches-people---s-attention.html ''Daily Pioneer'' 25 Dec 2019: "Christ church catches people’s attention" by Vikas Tyagi]
*[https://in.worldorgs.com/catalog/dr.-ambedkar-nagar/golf-course/christ-church Photos of Christ Church]

[[Category:Mhow]]
[[Category:19th-century Anglican church buildings in India]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:1818 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Churches completed in 1823]]

Nishant (film)

2026-03-12T14:42:02Z

Vaidehitaman: slightly adjusted article per standard format also and cleaned formatting for clarity

{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Nishant cover.jpg

| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[Shyam Benegal]]
| producer = Mohan J. Bijlani Freni Variava
| writer = [[Vijay Tendulkar]] [[Satyadev Dubey]] (dialogues)
| screenplay =
| narrator =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Girish Karnad]]
* [[Shabana Azmi]]
* [[Anant Nag]]
* [[Amrish Puri]]
* [[Smita Patil]]
* [[Naseeruddin Shah]]
}}
| music = [[Vanraj Bhatia]]
| cinematography = [[Govind Nihalani]]
| editing = Bhanudas Divakar
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1975|9|5|df=y|India}}
| runtime = 143 min
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
}}
'''''Nishant''''' ({{IPA|hi|nɪʃä̃ːnt}}; {{Translation|''Night's end''}}) is a [[1975 in film|1975]] [[Hindi]] drama film directed by [[Shyam Benegal]], based on an original screenplay by noted playwright [[Vijay Tendulkar]], with dialogues by [[Satyadev Dubey]].<ref name=hindu/>

The film features an ensemble of parallel cinema actors including [[Girish Karnad]], [[Amrish Puri]], [[Shabana Azmi]], [[Mohan Agashe]], [[Anant Nag]] and [[Sadhu Meher]] with [[Smita Patil]] and [[Naseeruddin Shah]]. The film focuses on the power of the rural elite and the sexual exploitation of women, during [[Feudalism in India#Telangana|feudal times in Telangana]] ([[Hyderabad State (1948–1956)|Hyderabad State]] in the 1940s and 1950s).<ref name=NishantIT>{{cite magazine |last=Amladi |first=K.M. |date=31 December 1975 |title=Film review: Shyam Benegal's Nishant, starring Naseeruddin Shah, Shabana Azmi, Girish Karnad |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/films/story/19751231-film-review-shyam-benegal-nishant-starring-naseeruddin-shah-shabana-azmi-girish-karnad-824077-2014-06-24 |magazine=[[India Today]] |location=New Delhi |publisher=[[Living Media]] |access-date=9 December 2023 |archive-date=9 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209111130/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/films/story/19751231-film-review-shyam-benegal-nishant-starring-naseeruddin-shah-shabana-azmi-girish-karnad-824077-2014-06-24 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The film won the 1977 [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gulati |first=Triya |date=2024-07-14 |title=Disturbing, unsettling, but necessary—Shyam Benegal's ‘Nishant' could easily be a 2024 story |url=https://theprint.in/feature/disturbing-unsettling-but-necessary-shyam-benegals-nishant-could-easily-be-a-2024-story/2174093/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240726192822/https://theprint.in/feature/disturbing-unsettling-but-necessary-shyam-benegals-nishant-could-easily-be-a-2024-story/2174093/ |archive-date=2024-07-26 |access-date=2026-03-12 |work=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>. It was selected to compete for the [[Palme d'Or]] at the [[1976 Cannes Film Festival]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-15 |title=Shabana Azmi recalls how she and Smita Patil urged viewers personally to watch Shyam Benegal's Nishant at 1976 Cannes |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/shabana-azmi-recalls-how-she-and-smita-patil-urged-viewers-personally-to-watch-shyam-benegal-s-nishant-at-1976-cannes-101652601675976.html |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>. It was invited to the [[London Film Festival]] of 1976, [[Melbourne International Film Festival]] of 1977, and the [[Chicago International Film Festival]] of 1977<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nishant was invited to the London Film Festival of 1976, Melbourne International Film Festival of 1977, and the Chicago International Film Festival of 1977. |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/shabana-azmi-recalls-urging-cannes-crowd-in-saree-with-smita-patil-come-watch-our-film-9308024.html}}</ref>, where it was awarded the Golden Plaque<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nishant was awarded the Golden Plaque in the Chicago International Film Festival of 1977. |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/naseeruddin-shah-remembers-shyam-benegal-what-i-would-have-become-if-he-hadnt-had-faith-in-me-7319548}}</ref>.

== Plot ==
The film is set in pre-independence feudal India in 1945. <ref name="scrol">{{cite web | last=Gulati | first=Triya | title=Disturbing, unsettling, but necessary—Shyam Benegal's 'Nishant' could easily be a 2024 story | website=ThePrint | date=2024-07-14 | url=https://theprint.in/feature/disturbing-unsettling-but-necessary-shyam-benegals-nishant-could-easily-be-a-2024-story/2174093/ | access-date=2026-03-05}}</ref> Vishwam is the youngest brother of the powerful and influential village [[jagirdar]] (feudal lord). The jagirdar will not hesitate to do anything for the welfare and protection of his family, which also includes bending the law to his own advantage. The shy and quiet Vishwam is married to Rukmani, while his brothers Anjaiya and Prasad make it a practice to demand the services of any village woman they fancy.

The village gets a new schoolmaster, who arrives in the village with a wife, Sushila, and a son. When Vishwam sees Sushila for the first time, he is unable to take his eyes off her and is unable to get her out of his mind. Sushila does not reciprocate his feelings. One night, while the schoolmaster is enjoying a quiet dinner with his family, someone knocks on the door. When Shushila goes to answer the door, Anjaiya and Prasad take her away forcibly. Several people are present, but no one dares to raise a hand or voice to stop this abduction.

At the jagirdar's house, Sushila is raped regularly and repeatedly at the will of the jagirdar and his brothers. The distraught schoolteacher, who is denied justice by everyone from the local police officer to the district collector, is helped by the old pujari of the village temple. They succeed in mobilising the villagers who slaughter their oppressors. In the end, the frenzied villagers also kill the innocent Rukmani, as well as Sushil, whom her husband was trying to rescue.

==Cast ==
*[[Girish Karnad]] as School master
*[[Shabana Azmi]] as Sushila, School master's wife
* [[Amrish Puri]] as Anna, the Jagirdar
* [[Anant Nag]] as Anjaiya, younger brother of Jagirdar
* [[Mohan Agashe]] as Prasad, younger brother of Jagirdar
* [[Naseeruddin Shah]] as Vishwam, youngest brother of Jagirdar
* [[Smita Patil]] as Rukmini, Vishwam's wife
* [[Satyadev Dubey]] as Village Priest (Pujari)
* [[Kulbhushan Kharbanda]] as Police Patel
* [[Sadhu Meher]] - Special appearance, who is accused of stealing temple jewellery
* Savita Bajaj as Jagirdar's household servant Pochamma
* Master Altaf as Sushila and School master's son

== Production ==

[[Smita Patil]] and [[Naseeruddin Shah]] made their debut with this film<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-09-06 |title=In tune with the times |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30192691.ece |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref>.

The film was shot in [[Bhoodan Pochampally|Pochampalli]] village in [[Telangana]], known as 'weavers' village' and popular for its hand-woven sarees. It is also known as the Silk City of Bharat because of the high-quality silk sarees that are woven here<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pochampalli is also known as the Silk City of Bharat because of the high-quality silk sarees that are woven here. |url=https://hindupost.in/society-culture/best-tourism-village-pochampally-telangana/#}}</ref>.

== Soundtrack ==
The movie has only one song at the end "Piya Baj Pyala" sung by [[Preeti Sagar]] with music composed by Vanraj Bhatia.

== Reception==
{{More citations needed|section|date=January 2021}}
K.M. Amladi of [[India Today]] wrote, "It is however disappointing that Benegal's approach to the exploitation of the villagers is not subtle at all. The glaring facts which are exposed merely succeed in detracting from the credibility of the story. Benegal has, no doubt, used actual locations for his film and brought a measure of realism in the portrayal of the characters, but there seems to be an invisible gap between what he wants to depict and what the viewers want to comprehend or get involved in."<ref name=NishantIT/>

In a retrospective review, Ziya Us Salam of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "Miles removed from the work of everyday filmmakers, for many of whom cinema is nothing more than a hero waiting in eager anticipation of the heroine and post-dinner desserts, Benegal's "Nishant" (Night's End) is a dawn that did not come an hour too soon. The National Award for the best film, the nomination for the Oscars were just rewards for a film that lived up to its name."<ref name=hindu>{{cite news | title = Nishant (1975) | work = The Hindu | url = http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/nishant-1975/article3965004.ece | author = Ziya Us Salam | date = 4 October 2012 | access-date = 2014-09-27 | archive-date = 18 May 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140518030926/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/nishant-1975/article3965004.ece | url-status = live }}</ref>

== Accolades ==

{{awards table}}
|-
| 1975
| rowspan="2"|Freni M. Variava, Mohan J. Bijlani
| [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi]]
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="4"|1976
| [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Indian Films Award]]<ref name=bfja/>
|{{won}}
|-
| [[Shyam Benegal]]<ref name=bfja>{{cite web|title=39th Annual BFJA Awards |url=http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/pastwin/197639.htm|publisher=[[BFJA Awards|BFJA]]|access-date=2012-01-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080119012515/http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/pastwin/197639.htm |archivedate=2008-01-19}}</ref>
| Best Director (Hindi section) - [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Vijay Tendulkar]]
| Best Screenplay (Hindi section) - [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Shyam Benegal]]
| [[Palme d'Or]]
| {{nom}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0073458|title=Nishant}}

{{Shyam Benegal}}
{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Hindi}}

[[Category:1975 films]]
[[Category:1975 drama films]]
[[Category:1975 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1975 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films about gang rape]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films about social issues in India]]
[[Category:Films about women in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Shyam Benegal]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Vijay Tendulkar]]
[[Category:Best Hindi Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian films]]
[[Category:1970s Urdu-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films about rape in India]]
[[Category:Indian feudalism]]
[[Category:Films set in 1945]]

Orata I Love You

2026-03-04T07:31:01Z

Vaidehitaman: adding new entry

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Orata I Love You
| image = Orata I Love You.jpg
| alt =
| caption = DVD cover
| native_name = 
| director = Shri
| writer = Anil Kumar (dialogues)
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = [[C. R. Manohar]]
| starring = Prashanth Sowmya
| narrator =
| cinematography = B Suresh Babu
| editing = K Girish Kumar
| music = G. R. Shankar
| studio = Golden Lion Film Division
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2007|11|20}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Orata I Love You''''' (also known as '''''Orata'''''; {{Translation|Country man}}) is a 2007 Indian Kannada-language romantic drama film directed by Shri and starring newcomers Prashanth and Sowmya. The film was a box office failure despite being profitable.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/46816/master-has-many-takers.html|title='Master' has many takers|last=Srivani|first=B. S.|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=14 January 2010|access-date=8 December 2022|archive-date=3 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703022142/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/46816/master-has-many-takers.html|url-status=live}}</ref> After this film, Prashanth was referred to as ''Orata'' Prashanth.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/seems-familiar/articleshow/22427661.cms|title=Seems familiar?|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=2 September 2008|access-date=8 December 2022|archive-date=18 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118095705/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/birthday-bounty/articleshowajax/22427648.cms?version=18&enforceseoatarticle=0&lastarticle=22428221&photocount=9&photoexclude=6|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*Prashanth as Varada
*Sowmya as Kavya
*Harish as Santhosh
*[[Sathyajith (Kannada actor)|Sathyajith]] as Gowda
*[[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]]
*[[Mandya Ramesh]]
*Dhanaraj
*[[Mumaith Khan]] as an item number in "Adu Hyanga Helalo"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/jul/31rakhi.htm|title=Rakhi's item number in Kannada|date=31 July 2007|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=8 December 2022|archive-date=18 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118095632/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/jul/31rakhi.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Production ==
Hridaya made her debut under the name of Sowmya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2016/oct/25/trataka--will-be-a-relaunch-vehicle-for-hridaya-1531773.html|title=Trataka will be a relaunch vehicle for Hridaya|date=25 October 2016|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|last=Sharadhaa|first=A.|access-date=8 December 2022|archive-date=16 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316113327/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2016/oct/25/trataka--will-be-a-relaunch-vehicle-for-hridaya-1531773.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The soundtrack was composed by newcomer G. R. Shankar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/orata-i-love-you-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/668576049|title=Orata I Love You (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)|work=[[Apple Music]]|date=2007|access-date=2022-12-08|archive-date=2023-11-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118095632/https://music.apple.com/in/album/orata-i-love-you-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/668576049|url-status=live}}</ref> The song "Yaaro Kannalli Kannanittu" from the film became popular.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/179015/a-medley-old-songs.html|title=A medley of old and new songs|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=25 June 2011|access-date=8 December 2022|archive-date=25 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925212655/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/179015/a-medley-old-songs.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{Infobox album
| name = Orata I Love You
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = G. R. Shankar
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 9 October 2007
| recorded = 2007
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 38:46
| language = Kannada
| label = Jhankar Music
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube| JL8oMvpOhqo| Full Album}}
}}
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 38:46
| title1 = Banthu Banthu
| writer1 = [[K. Kalyan]]
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length1 = 4:29
| title2 = Omme Ninna
| writer2 = Hemanth Kumar
| extra2 = Nanditha Rakesh
| length2 = 4:35
| title3 = Yene Yene
| writer3 = Shri
| extra3 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]]
| length3 = 3:53
| title4 = Adu Hyanga
| writer4 = K. Kalyan
| extra4 = S.P. Balasubrahmanyam, M.D. Pallavi
| length4 = 4:40
| title5 = Yaaro Kannalli
| writer5 = K. Kalyan
| extra5 = Rajesh Krishnan, Nanditha
| length5 = 5:34
| title6 = Manasithu Ninna
| writer6 = G. R. Shankar
| extra6 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
| length6 = 5:08
| title7 = Aa Brahmange
| writer7 = Shri
| extra7 = Hemanth Kumar
| length7 = 4:21
| title8 = Saddu Saddu
| writer8 = K. Kalyan
| extra8 = Rajesh Krishnan, [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length8 = 4:48
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "Prashanth gives his best and Sowmya is okay. G R Shankar’s music is good".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/orata-i-love-you/movie-review/2566378.cms|title=ORATA, I LOVE YOU MOVIE REVIEW|date=23 November 2007|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=8 December 2022|archive-date=18 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118095704/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/hettare-hennanne-herabeku/movie-review/2566354.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> [[R. G. Vijayasarathy]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote that "In a nutshell, though ''Orata I Love You'' may not be in the same league as ''Duniya'' or ''Mungaru Male'', it certainly is a well-made film with good dialogues, decent performances, scintillating music and good choreography".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/nov/23ora.htm|title=Orata I Love You: Well made|first=R. G.|last=Vijayasarathy|author-link=R. G. Vijayasarathy|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=23 November 2007|access-date=8 December 2022|archive-date=13 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913080729/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/nov/23ora.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Chitraloka.com]]'' said that "This story has been told in an interesting manner by Sreenivas. The music by debutant music director B.R.Shankar is the highlight of the film".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chitraloka.com/movie-reviews/707-orata-i-love-you-review.html |title=ORATA I LOVE YOU MOVIE REVIEW|date=23 November 2007|work=Chitraloka}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|14283498}}

[[Category:2007 Indian films]]
[[Category:2007 Kannada-language films]]

Kalyug (1981 film)

2026-03-03T23:52:06Z

Vaidehitaman: minor improved page additionally and added references per standard format

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kalyug
| image = Kalyug 1981 poster.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Shyam Benegal]]
| producer = [[Shashi Kapoor]]
| writer = Shyam Benegal [[Satyadev Dubey]] [[Girish Karnad]]
| based_on = [[Mahabharata]] by [[Vyasa]]
| narrator =
| starring = Shashi Kapoor [[Rekha]] [[Raj Babbar]] [[Anant Nag]]
| music = [[Vanraj Bhatia]]
| cinematography = [[Govind Nihalani]]
| editing = [[Bhanudas Divakar]]
| distributor = Film-Valas
| released = {{film date|1981|07|24|df=yes}}
| runtime = 152 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
}}
'''''Kalyug''''' (''Age of vice'') is a 1981 Indian [[Hindi-language]] [[crime drama film]], directed by [[Shyam Benegal]]. It is known as a modern-day adaptation of the Indian epic [[Mahabharat]], depicting an archetypal conflict between rival business houses. ''Kalyug'' went on to win the [[Filmfare Award for Best Film]] in 1982 and was among the only three Indian films which were submitted to the [[54th Academy Awards|Academy Awards]]. The film also went in [[Berlin International Film Festival]] for best screenplay and [[Shashi Kapoor]]’s phenomenal acting who played the central role of Karna in the epic film was also praised.

[[Shashi Kapoor]], [[Rekha]], [[Anant Nag]], [[Raj Babbar]], [[Supriya Pathak]], [[Kulbhushan Kharbanda]], [[Sushma Seth]], [[Akash Khurana]], [[Victor Bannerjee]], [[Reema Lagoo]], and [[A.K. Hangal]] played major roles and [[Urmila Matondkar]] appeared as a child artist.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2021/jul/24/30581/revisiting-kalyug-1981-an-intense-inter-generational-film-reconfigured-for-modern-times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917155928/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2021/jul/24/30581/revisiting-kalyug-1981-an-intense-inter-generational-film-reconfigured-for-modern-times|url-status=live|archive-date=17 September 2021|title=Revisiting Kalyug (1981): An intense inter-generational film reconfigured for modern times|first=Sukhpreet|last=Kahlon|website=Cinestaan}}</ref> The film had its world premiere at the [[12th Moscow International Film Festival]].<ref name="Moscow1981">{{cite web|url=http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1981 |title=12th Moscow International Film Festival (1981) |access-date=2013-01-27 |work=MIFF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130421050907/http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1981 |archive-date=21 April 2013 }}</ref> on 21 July 1981 and was released theatrically in India on 24 July 1981.

==Cast==
* [[Shashi Kapoor]] as Karan Singh/[[Karna]]
* [[Rekha]] as Supriya/[[Draupadi]]
* [[Anant Nag]] as Bharat Raj/[[Arjuna]]
* [[Raj Babbar]] as Dharam Raj/[[Yudhisthira]]
* [[Kulbhushan Kharbanda]] as Bal Raj/[[Bhima]]
* [[Reema Lagoo]] as Bal Raj's wife/[[Hidimbi]]
* [[Supriya Pathak]] as Subhadra/[[Subhadra]]
* [[Victor Bannerjee]] as Dhan Raj/[[Duryodhana]]
* [[A.K. Hangal]] as Bhisham Chand/[[Bhishma]]
* [[Sushma Seth]] as Savitri/[[Kunti]]
* [[Amrish Puri]] as Kishan Chand/[[Krishna]]
* [[Om Puri]] as Bhavani Pandey
* [[Akash Khurana]] as Sandeep Raj/[[Dussasana]]
* [[Urmila Matondkar]] as child artiste/[[Parikshit]]
* [[Vijaya Mehta]] as Devaki/[[Gandhari (Mahabharata)|Gandhari]]

==Plot==
This is a tale of intrigue, plots and the inevitable war between two families.

Ramchand and Bhishamchand were two pioneering brothers in business. Bhishamchand, a lifelong bachelor, brought up the two sons of Ramchand upon his demise. He also gave the family business a firm foundation. Khubchand, the elder son of Ramchand begets two sons, Dhanraj and Sandeepraj. Puranchand, Khubchand's younger brother, had died a few years ago. His three sons are Dharamraj, Balraj and Bharatraj. Another player in the game is Karan, an orphan brought up by Bhishamchand.

A series of events brings the long-hidden feud between the two families to light. Despite Bhishamchand's efforts to mediate between the two, the situation gets out of hand and events take a tragic turn. Dhanraj's men accidentally kill the young son of Balraj and to take revenge, Bharatraj murders Karan. Quite a few skeletons from the family cupboard are brought into the open that only add to the tensions and hatred, finally culminating in the destruction of the two families, showing the brittleness of our moral fabric.

==Reception==
[[Madhu Trehan]] of [[India Today]] wrote ″Kalyug, as most film-goers have learnt to expect from Shyam Benegal, is different. The film demands that it be seen slowly, mulled over carefully and, preferably, as in all epics, seen again. Benegal snips away at a richly labyrinthia of tapestry of his own making of two battling industrial families destroying each other, leaving nothing but shreds of torn broken thread.″<ref>{{Cite web|author=Trehan, Madhu|author-link=Madhu Trehan|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/films/story/19810515-film-review-kalyug-starring-shashi-kapoor-rekha-kulbhushan-kharbanda-raj-babbar-805938-2014-02-26|title=Film review: Kalyug, starring Shashi Kapoor, Rekha, Kulbhushan Kharbanda, Raj Babbar|website=India Today|url-access=subscription|access-date=9 February 2023|archive-date=9 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209075955/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/films/story/19810515-film-review-kalyug-starring-shashi-kapoor-rekha-kulbhushan-kharbanda-raj-babbar-805938-2014-02-26|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Anil Dharker]], writing for ''International Film Guide'', wrote a positive review, calling it "ambitious" and noting it as "the most complex of Benegal's films so far", which is "carefully paced" and "expertly put together". Dharker praised the cinematographic work and the acting: "Govind Nihalani, Benegal's regular cameraman, highlights each shifting mood with skillful lighting. The cast, most of it Benegal regulars, is excellent, with virtuoso performances from Victor Banerjee, and Shashi Kapoor..."<ref>{{cite journal|journal=International Film Guide|title=Kalyug|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BNVkAAAAMAAJ&q=International%20Film%20Guide%201981|author=Dharker, Anil|author-link=Anil Dharker|publisher=Tantivy Press|year=1981|page=178|isbn=0-498-02568-3|editor=Peter Cowie|editor-link=Peter Cowie|access-date=21 March 2023|archive-date=18 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418125225/https://books.google.com/books?id=BNVkAAAAMAAJ&q=International%20Film%20Guide%201981|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Awards ==
;[[29th Filmfare Awards]]:

'''Won'''

* [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]] – [[Shashi Kapoor]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] – [[Supriya Pathak]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/supriya-pathak-recalls-fond-memories-with-farooq-shaikh-from-sets-of-their-iconic-film-bazaar-52872.html|title=Supriya Pathak recalls fond memories with Farooq Shaikh from sets of their iconic film Bazaar|website=filmfare.com|access-date=9 February 2023|archive-date=9 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209081259/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/supriya-pathak-recalls-fond-memories-with-farooq-shaikh-from-sets-of-their-iconic-film-bazaar-52872.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Sound Design|Best Sound Design]] – Hitendra Ghosh

'''Nominated'''
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]] – [[Shyam Benegal]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Story|Best Story]] – Shyam Benegal, [[Girish Karnad]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0080982|Kalyug}}

{{FilmfareAwardBestFilm 1971–1990}}
{{Shyam Benegal}}
{{Works based on the Mahabharata}}

[[Category:1981 films]]
[[Category:1981 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Shyam Benegal]]
[[Category:Films based on the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:1980s business films]]
[[Category:Indian business films]]

Sakalakala Vallavan (1982 film)

2026-03-03T05:18:07Z

Vaidehitaman: created initial entry more to come

{{Short description|1982 film by S. P. Muthuraman}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sakalakala Vallavan
| image = Sakalakala Vallavan 1982 poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[S. P. Muthuraman]]
| producer = M. Kumaran [[M. Saravanan (producer)|M. Saravanan]] M. Balasubramaniam
| writer = [[Panchu Arunachalam]]
| starring = [[Kamal Haasan]] [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]] [[Raveendran (actor)|Raveendran]] [[Tulasi (actress)|Thulasi]]
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| cinematography = Babu
| editing = R. Vittal
| studio = [[AVM Productions]]
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|1982|8|15|df=y}}
| runtime = 137 minutes{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=76}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Sakalakala Vallavan''''' ({{translation|Master of all arts}}) is a 1982 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[masala film]] directed by [[S. P. Muthuraman]] and written by [[Panchu Arunachalam]]. The film stars [[Kamal Haasan]], [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]], [[Raveendran (actor)|Raveendran]] and [[Tulasi (actress)|Tulasi]]. Produced by [[AVM Productions]], it revolves around a villager whose sister is raped by the village head's son when the former refuses to abide by his dictatorship. The villager vows to seek revenge and get his sister married to her rapist.

''Sakalakala Vallavan'' was released on 15 August 1982. The film was a major commercial success and ran for over 175 days in theatres and was the highest-grossing film in [[Tamil cinema]] until 1989 when the record was broken by ''[[Apoorva Sagodharargal (1989 film)|Apoorva Sagodharargal]]''. It also made Haasan, then popular only with the elite, popular among the masses. The film was remade in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Abhimanyu (1989 film)|Abhimanyu]]'' (1989).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abhimanyu |url=http://myswar.co/album/abhimanyu-1989 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201124104922/http://myswar.co/album/abhimanyu-1989 |archive-date=24 November 2020 |access-date=24 November 2020 |website=MySwar}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Velu is a villager who manages the farm of his family. Ramaiah Pillai and his wife Parvathi are the landowners of the village. Parvathi cheats poor farmers and grabs their land and properties by lending money at a high rate of interest by mortgaging their properties. Their son Pazhani and daughter Geetha study in the city. Velu gets into issues with Parvathi's henchman when they try to cheat poor people. Due to this, Parvathi gets angry with Velu's family. Pazhani and Geetha complete their studies and return to the village. Geetha and Velu quarrel whenever they meet.

Velu's father Chinnaiah Pillai returns the money due to Parvathi through Pazhani. But when Velu goes to collect the [[promissory note]] from Pazhani, he lies that he has not received the money. Enraged, Velu beats him. Ramaiah comes to Velu's house, returns the promissory note and advises Velu to be calm. As revenge on Velu, Pazhani kidnaps and rapes Velu's sister Valli. Velu prevents her from committing suicide, and she decides to undo this disgrace is by marrying Pazhani. Velu pleads with Pazhani to marry Valli but he refuses, saying this is his revenge for the insult meted out to him.

Some time later, Ramaiah and Parvathi attend a [[New Year's Eve]] party and meet the former's old friend Sundaram, a US-returned businessman with his children Sam and Bobby (actually Velu and Valli in disguise). Parvathi takes her family to Sundaram's house and is impressed by his wealth and children. She proposes that they get married with her son and daughter. Both the marriages take place and later that night, Sam and Bobby reveal their true identities to their new spouses.

Parvathi and her family try to end the marriage, but Ramaiah warns them of dire consequences and tells them to live together amicably. Though Geetha initially behaves indifferently, she gradually gets attracted to Velu and starts living with him normally. However, Pazhani does not accept Valli and ill-treats her. He also develops a relationship with Lalitha, a club dancer. Learning of this, Velu goes disguised as a [[Dubai]]-based [[Sheikh]] and offers a large amount of money to Lalitha's brother to live with Lalitha.

Both Lalitha and her brother are happy and she spends more time with Velu. When Pazhani learns of this, he berates both Lalitha and her brother. Lalitha's brother decides to eliminate both Valli and Pazhani as they are impediments to his plans. He convinces Pazhani to bring Valli to an isolated bungalow and once they both enter, he sets the house on fire. By then, Lalitha, who is upset about her brother's plan, informs Velu about it, and he rushes to the place, defeats all the thugs (including Lalitha's brother) and saves both Pazhani and Valli. Pazhani realises his mistake and apologises to Valli and Velu; the family unites.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Kamal Haasan]] as Velusamy<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Sowmya |date=11 April 2017 |title=From 'Sakalakala Vallavan' to 'Kaatru Veliyidai': Tracing Kollywood's portrayal of abusive love |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sakalakala-vallavan-kaatru-veliyidai-tracing-kollywood-s-portrayal-abusive-love-60193 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612123938/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sakalakala-vallavan-kaatru-veliyidai-tracing-kollywood-s-portrayal-abusive-love-60193 |archive-date=12 June 2020 |access-date=25 May 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>
*[[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]] as Geetha{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=76}}
*[[Raveendran (actor)|Raveendran]] as Pazhani{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=76}}
*[[Tulasi (actress)|Tulasi]] as Valli {{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=76}}
*[[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]] as Ramaiah Pillai{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=76}}
*[[Thengai Srinivasan]] as Sundaram{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=76}}
*[[Y. G. Mahendran]] as Poonai<ref name="38years">{{Cite web |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=14 August 2020 |title='இளமை இதோ இதோ', 'நிலா காயுது', 'நேத்து ராத்திரி யம்மா'; 38 வருடங்களாக மனதில் நிற்கிறான் 'சகலகலா வல்லவன்'! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/569858-38-years-of-sakalakala-vallavan.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525113625/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/569858-38-years-of-sakalakala-vallavan.html |archive-date=25 May 2021 |access-date=25 May 2021 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref>
*[[Samikannu]] as Chinnaiah Pillai{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=76}}
*[[Pushpalatha]] as Parvathi{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=76}}
*[[Silk Smitha]] as Lalitha{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=76}}
*[[S. N. Parvathy]] as Sivagami{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=76}}
}}

== Production ==
AVM Productions made the film to prove that Kamal Haasan was a "Master of all arts", keeping with the title ''Sakalakala Vallavan'', which translates to the same.<ref name="tamil.thehindu">{{Cite web |last=முத்துராமன் |first=எஸ்பி. |author-link=S. P. Muthuraman |date=15 June 2016 |title=சினிமா எடுத்துப் பார் 62: கதைக்காக நடிகர்! |trans-title=Try making a film 62: Actor for the story! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/212263-62.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200815073033/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/212263-62-2.html |archive-date=15 August 2020 |access-date=15 August 2020 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref>{{sfn|Swaminathan|2003|p=28}} It was writer [[Panchu Arunachalam]] who came up with the title.{{sfn|Saravanan|2013|p=257}} The film was produced by [[M. Saravanan (producer)|M. Saravanan]], M. Balasubramanian and M. S. Guhan. Cinematography was handled by Babu, and editing by R. Vittal.{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=76}}<ref name="38years" /><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=திரைஞானி |date=1 August 1982 |title=சகல 'கமல்' வல்லவன் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1982-08-01/page/n7/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230530125020/https://archive.org/details/kalki1982-08-01/page/n7/mode/2up |archive-date=2023-05-30 |access-date=2023-04-15 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=8 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> The film was launched in March 1982 with [[Rajinikanth]] attending the launch.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=28 March 1982 |title=காமிராவை சுற்றி |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1982-03-28/page/n63/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230413175102/https://archive.org/details/kalki1982-03-28/page/n63/mode/2up |archive-date=2023-04-13 |access-date=2023-04-13 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=63 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> The song "Illamai Idho Idho" was shot in a large king's court set created for a [[Kannada]] film, after suitable modifications by art director Chalam to show it as a [[Hotel rating|five star hotel]] making it look like it has five sets.<ref name="tamil.thehindu" /> The set was decorated with night lamps and chandelier bought from Hyderabad.<ref name="tamil.thehindu" />{{sfn|Muthuraman|2017|page=246}} Shooting locations included [[Pollachi]] in [[Coimbatore]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Venkateswaran |first=N. |date=6 November 2011 |title=Big Shots, Hot Spots |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrintGifMSIE_PASTISSUES2&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOICH/2011/11/06&ChunkNum=0&ID=Ar00200 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216104159/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib%3ALowLevelEntityToPrintGifMSIE_PASTISSUES2&Type=text%2Fhtml&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOICH%2F2011%2F11%2F06&ChunkNum=0&ID=Ar00200 |archive-date=16 February 2018 |access-date=15 February 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Kodambakkam]] in Madras (now [[Chennai]]),<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 August 2009 |title=Scenes from a city: When Madras was in the movies |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrintGifMSIE_PASTISSUES2&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOICH/2009/08/22&ChunkNum=0&ID=Ar00200 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216104159/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib%3ALowLevelEntityToPrintGifMSIE_PASTISSUES2&Type=text%2Fhtml&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOICH%2F2009%2F08%2F22&ChunkNum=0&ID=Ar00200 |archive-date=16 February 2018 |access-date=15 February 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and the AVM Garden Villa in Madras.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Prabhakar |first=Bhavani |date=7 June 2018 |title=AVM Garden Villa opens its doors for public events |url=https://www.newstodaynet.com/chennai/avm-garden-villa-opens-its-doors-for-public-events-99488.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629045532/https://www.newstodaynet.com/chennai/avm-garden-villa-opens-its-doors-for-public-events-99488.html |archive-date=29 June 2018 |access-date=29 June 2018 |work=[[News Today]]}}</ref> The song "Nethu Raatri" was shot at Meiyappan's bungalow and garden.{{sfn|Muthuraman|2017|page=243}} The climax fight involving a burning building was shot in a set built at the eighth floor of AVM Studios in three days with three cameras.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=25 July 1982 |title=காமிராவை சுற்றி |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1982-07-25/page/n61/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230330043637/https://archive.org/details/kalki1982-07-25/page/n61/mode/2up |archive-date=2023-03-30 |access-date=2023-03-30 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=61 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Haasan performed all the stunts in the film by himself. The final length of the film was {{convert|3890|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name="kalki" />

== Themes ==
''Sakalakala Vallavan'' follows the "taming of the shrew" paradigm that was popular in Tamil cinema as early as the 1960s: "the city-bred girl making fun of the rustic and the latter turning the tables on her".<ref>{{Cite book |title=Beyond Bollywood: The Cinemas of South India |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |year=2017 |isbn=9789352645695 |editor-last=Raghavendra |editor-first=M. K. |editor-link=M. K. Raghavendra |pages=40}}</ref> Film producer and writer [[G. Dhananjayan]] compared the film to the [[William Shakespeare]] play ''[[The Taming of the Shrew]]'' for following the same concept.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |author-link=G. Dhananjayan |date=14 July 2017 |title=Similar storylines need to show new tricks to hook fans |url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/Opinion/2017/07/14100554/1038715/Similar-storylines-need-to-show-new-tricks-to-hook-.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181207155420/https://www.dtnext.in/News/Opinion/2017/07/14100554/1038715/Similar-storylines-need-to-show-new-tricks-to-hook-.vpf |archive-date=7 December 2018 |access-date=7 December 2018 |work=[[DT Next]]}}</ref> According to Saravanan, the film's plot was inspired from various Tamil films such as ''[[Kumari Penn]]'', ''[[Periya Idathu Penn]]'', ''[[Kalyanamam Kalyanam (film)|Kalyanamam Kalyanam]]'', ''[[Pattikada Pattanama]]'' and ''[[Savaale Samali]]''.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=21 July 1991 |title=ஏ.வி.எம்: 1–150 |trans-title=AVM: 1–150 |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki1991-07-21/kalki1991-07-21.pdf |access-date=15 April 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=8–12 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]], with lyrics by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaalee]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sakalakala Vallavan Tamil Film LP Vinyl Record by Ilayaraja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/sakalakala-vallavan-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816043724/https://mossymart.com/product/sakalakala-vallavan-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja/ |archive-date=16 August 2021 |access-date=16 August 2021 |website=Mossymart}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sakalakala Vallavan (1982) |url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/sakalakala-vallavan-songs-T0000290 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230201121741/https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/sakalakala-vallavan-songs-T0000290 |archive-date=1 February 2023 |access-date=1 February 2023 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref> The song "Nila Kayuthu" is set in the [[Carnatic raga]] known as [[Madhyamavati]].{{sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=148}} The [[disco]] song "Ilamai Idho Idho" remains one of the most popular New Year-themed songs in Tamil cinema, and is played on radio and television channels every New Year.{{sfn|Saravanan|2013|p=261}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=1 January 2018 |title=Southern Lights: Best New Year Songs |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/indepth-stories/south/southern-lights-happy-new-year |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207204050/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/indepth-stories/south/southern-lights-happy-new-year |archive-date=7 December 2022 |access-date=2 February 2018 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref> According to Saravanan, the song initially did not have the words "Happy New Year"; [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], who realised the song is about New Year, decided to utter those words in high pitch.<ref name="kalki">{{Cite magazine |last=சரவணன் |first=ஏவி.எம். |author-link=M. Saravanan (producer) |date=19 June 2005 |title=சகலகலா வல்லவனில் கமல் நடித்திருக்க கூடாது! |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki2005-06-19/kalki2005-06-19.pdf |access-date=30 May 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=52–55 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

In June 2013, A. Muthusamy of Honey Bee Music enhanced the songs from their original version on the film's soundtrack album to [[5.1 surround sound]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 June 2013 |title=Music to his ears |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/music-to-his-ears/article4812587.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115001611/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/music-to-his-ears/article4812587.ece |archive-date=15 November 2013 |access-date=2 February 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

This is the first movie's LP has "Ilamai Itho Itho" song without voice track as an additional number and used for Minus1 and Karoke for the very first in the Tamil Movie Industry.

{{Track listing
| headline = Side A
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| all_lyrics = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaalee]]
| all_music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| title1 = Ilamai Edho Edho
| note1 =
| writer1 =
| lyrics1 =
| music1 =
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], Chorus
| length1 =
| title2 = Nila Kayuthu
| note2 =
| writer2 =
| lyrics2 =
| music2 =
| extra2 = [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], [[S. Janaki]]
| length2 =
| title3 = Kattavandi
| note3 = female
| writer3 =
| lyrics3 =
| music3 =
| extra3 = [[S. P. Sailaja]]
| length3 =
| title4 = Amman Koyil
| note4 =
| writer4 =
| lyrics4 =
| music4 =
| extra4 = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| length4 =
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Side B
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Nethu Rathiri
| note1 =
| writer1 =
| lyrics1 =
| music1 =
| extra1 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
| length1 =
| title2 = Kattavandi
| note2 = male
| writer2 =
| lyrics2 =
| music2 =
| extra2 = Malaysia Vasudevan
| length2 =
| title3 = Nila Kayuthu
| note3 =
| writer3 =
| lyrics3 =
| music3 =
| extra3 = Malaysia Vasudevan, S. Janaki
| length3 =
| title4 = Disco Music
| note4 =
| writer4 =
| lyrics4 =
| music4 =
| extra4 =  –
| length4 =
}}
The movie was dubbed into Telugu as Palleturi Simham and lyrics were written by Rajashri
{{Track listing
|headline = Telugu dubbed track listing
|extra_column= Singer(s)
|title1 = Naatu Bandi Naatu Bandi
|extra1 = [[S. P. Sailaja]]
|note1 = female
|title2 = Naatu Bandi Naatu Bandi
|extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|note2 = male
|title3 = Happy Today Today
|extra3 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|title4 = Ninna Ratri Kunuku Pattala
|extra4 = [[P. Susheela]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|title5 = Ila Sagane Ragam Anuragam
|extra5 = [[P. Susheela]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Sakalakala Vallavan'' was released on 14 August 1982.{{sfn|Saravanan|2013|p=256}} The magazine ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'', in a review dated 5 September 1982, rated the film 42 out of 100, saying it would most probably collect the highest money and run for many days for the commercial masala offered to the audience and grand making.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=77}} Thiraignani of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised Haasan's fights and dance, V. K. Ramasamy's comedy, Babu's cinematography and concluded calling the film as "Kalakala Vallavan".<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=திரைஞானி |date=29 August 1982 |title=சகலகலா வல்லவன் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1982-08-29/page/n23/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230415165657/https://archive.org/details/kalki1982-08-29/page/n23/mode/2up |archive-date=2023-04-15 |access-date=2023-04-15 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=23 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Despite facing competition from another Muthuraman-directed film ''[[Enkeyo Ketta Kural]]'', released on the same day,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Anand |first=N |date=21 August 2017 |title=An August Season |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/an-august-season/article19531864.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216104200/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/an-august-season/article19531864.ece |archive-date=16 February 2018 |access-date=2 February 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> ''Sakalakala Vallavan'' emerged the bigger success,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suganth |first=M. |date=20 July 2019 |title=Movie Milestone: 30 Years Of Raja Chinna Roja |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/movie-milestone-30-years-of-raja-chinna-roja/articleshow/70306094.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724184630/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/movie-milestone-30-years-of-raja-chinna-roja/articleshow/70306094.cms |archive-date=24 July 2019 |access-date=29 July 2019 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and ran for over 175 days in theatres.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Selvaraj |first=N. |date=20 March 2017 |title=வெள்ளி விழா கண்ட தமிழ் திரைப்படங்கள் |trans-title=Tamil films that completed silver jubilees |url=http://puthu.thinnai.com/?p=34587 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170329085911/http://puthu.thinnai.com/?p=34587 |archive-date=29 March 2017 |access-date=18 February 2018 |website=Thinnai |language=Tamil}}</ref> G. Dhananjayan considered the film to have grossed over {{INRConvert|1|c|year=1982}}.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M. |date=10 August 2016 |title=Man who introduced Raaja and reinvented commercial cinema |url=http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31807&articlexml=MAN-WHO-INTRODUCED-RAAJA-AND-REINVENTED-COMMERCIAL-CINEMA-10082016101005# |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216104200/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31807&articlexml=MAN-WHO-INTRODUCED-RAAJA-AND-REINVENTED-COMMERCIAL-CINEMA-10082016101005 |archive-date=16 February 2018 |access-date=15 February 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film was the highest-grossing film in [[Tamil cinema]] until 1989 when the record was broken by ''[[Apoorva Sagodharargal (1989 film)|Apoorva Sagodharargal]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 2020 |title="ஒரு துப்பாக்கி கையில் எடுக்காதே, எந்தத் தோட்டாவும் என்ன துளைக்காதே!" – கமல் சொல்லி அடித்த 'அபூர்வ சகோதரர்கள்' |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/special-article-about-31-years-of-aboorva-sagotharargal-movie |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423042711/https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/special-article-about-31-years-of-aboorva-sagotharargal-movie#bypass-sw |archive-date=23 April 2020 |access-date=27 April 2020 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> It was dubbed into [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language as ''Palleṭuri Simham'' and released on 10 December 1982.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Palleturi Simham |url=https://indiancine.ma/BFUQ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230130052939/https://indiancine.ma/BFUQ/info |archive-date=30 January 2023 |access-date=13 February 2020 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
''Sakalakala Vallavan'' widened Kamal Haasan's audience base from the "classes" to a hero of the "masses".{{sfn|Swaminathan|2003|p=27}} G. Dhananjayan noted that while Haasan was then considered an "A-centre star", the film took him "to the B and C centres".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M. |date=26 July 2015 |title=Panchu Arunachalam is the man who invented Rajinikanth as an actor |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Panchu-Arunachalam-is-the-man-who-invented-Rajinikanth-as-an-actor/articleshow/48215004.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830064625/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Panchu-Arunachalam-is-the-man-who-invented-Rajinikanth-as-an-actor/articleshow/48215004.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=30 August 2017 |access-date=2 February 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>{{efn|In Tamil cinema terminology, audiences are categorised into three centres: A centre (audiences in urban places like Chennai or Coimbatore), B centre (audiences in semi-urban places) and C centre (rural audiences).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=3 September 2016 |title=Return of the native |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Return-of-the-native/article14621844.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212084618/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Return-of-the-native/article14621844.ece |archive-date=12 February 2018 |access-date=12 February 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>}} Despite the film's success, Haasan thought little of the film, feeling it showed him as a "paid performer" rather an actor. He added, "It cleared certain notions in my head about the mistakes I shouldn't make."<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 November 2015 |title=I make very angry social statements in my films – Kamal Haasan |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/i-make-very-angry-social-statements-in-my-films-kamal-haasan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618055722/http://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/i-make-very-angry-social-statements-in-my-films-kamal-haasan/701119 |archive-date=18 June 2018 |access-date=18 June 2018 |work=[[The Free Press Journal]]}}</ref> ''Sakalakala Vallavan'' inspired the title of a [[Sakalakala Vallavan (2015 film)|2015 film]] which was not related to this film. Sudhir Srinivasan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' noted that both films were "about a gold-hearted villager and his taming of an urban woman".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Sudhir |date=1 August 2015 |title=Sakalakala Vallavan: Old, crass and hostile |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/sakalakala-vallavan-old-crass-and-hostile/article7488820.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216220300/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/sakalakala-vallavan-old-crass-and-hostile/article7488820.ece |archive-date=16 December 2017 |access-date=2 February 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> "Illamai Idho Idho" was used as the title for one of the segments of the 2020 anthology film ''[[Putham Pudhu Kaalai]]'' directed by [[Sudha Kongara]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 September 2020 |title='Putham Pudhu Kaalai': Amazon Prime Video announces anthology of five Tamil short films |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2020/sep/30/putham-pudhu-kaalai-amazon-prime-video-announces-anthology-of-five-tamil-short-films-2203973.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103145457/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2020/sep/30/putham-pudhu-kaalai-amazon-prime-video-announces-anthology-of-five-tamil-short-films-2203973.html |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=24 November 2020 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |author-link=G. Dhananjayan |title=The Best of Tamil Cinema, 1931 to 2010: 1977–2010 |publisher=Galatta Media |year=2011 |oclc=733724281}}
* {{Cite book |last=Saravanan |first=M. |author-link=M. Saravanan (producer) |title=AVM 60 Cinema |publisher=Rajarajan Pathippagam |year=2013 |edition=3rd |language=ta |oclc=1158347612 |orig-date=2005}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sundararaman |title=Raga Chintamani: A Guide to Carnatic Ragas Through Tamil Film Music |publisher=Pichhamal Chintamani |year=2007 |edition=2nd |location=Chennai |oclc=295034757 |orig-date=2005}}
* {{Cite book |last=Swaminathan |first=Roopa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oRdlAAAAMAAJ&q=sakalakala+vallavan |title=Kamalahasan, the consummate actor |publisher=Rupa & Co. |year=2003 |isbn=9788129103031}}
*{{Cite book |last=Muthuraman |first=S. P. |author-link=S. P. Muthuraman |title=AVM Thandha SPM |publisher=Vikatan |year=2017 |edition=3rd |language=Tamil |oclc=607342391 |orig-date=2005}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

{{S. P. Muthuraman}}
{{AVM Productions}}

[[Category:1982 Indian films]]
[[Category:1980s masala films]]
[[Category:1982 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1982 films]]
[[Category:AVM Productions films]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. P. Muthuraman]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Panchu Arunachalam]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Kaagaz 2

2026-03-02T04:57:39Z

Vaidehitaman: stub!

{{Short description|2024 Indian Hindi-language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kaagaz 2
| image = Kaagaz 2 film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[V. K. Prakash]]
 Jay Dev Banerjee
| producer = Sashi Satish Kaushik Jay Dev Banerjee Ratan Jain Nishant Kaushik
| based_on = {{based_on|''[[Nirnayakam]]''|V. K. Prakash}}
| writer = Suman Ankur Khandelwal Shashank
| starring = [[Anupam Kher]] [[Darshan Kumar]] [[Satish Kaushik]] [[Smriti Kalra]] [[Anang Desai]]
| music = [[Sharib Sabri|Sharib]]-[[Toshi Sabri|Toshi]] Srijan Vinay Vaishnav
| cinematography = Anu Moothedath
| editing = [[Sanjay Verma]]
| studio = Satish Kaushik Entertainment Indigo Creation Production [[Venus Records & Tapes|Venus Worldwide Entertainment]]
| distributor = [[Pen Studios|Pen Marudhar Entertainment]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|03|01}}
| runtime = 119 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Kaagaz 2''''' is a 2024 Indian Hindi language [[courtroom drama]] film written and directed by [[V. K. Prakash]] and Jay Dev Banerjee.<ref name="Firstpost - 1 March 2024 - Kaagaz 2 movie review: Satish Kaushik delivers an impeccable performance in his last film, Anupam Kher & Darshan Kumaar shine">{{cite news |last1=Aaglave |first1=Ganesh |title=Kaagaz 2 movie review: Satish Kaushik delivers an impeccable performance in his last film, Anupam Kher & Darshan Kumaar shine |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kaagaz-2-movie-review-satish-kaushik-delivers-an-impeccable-performance-in-his-last-film-anupam-kher-darshan-kumaar-shine-13743816.html |access-date=18 March 2024 |work=[[Firstpost]] |publisher=[[Network18 Group]] |date=1 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/kaagaz-2/movie-review/108098425.cms?from=mdr|title=Kaagaz 2 Movie Review : A father's relentless pursuit for justice in the face of odds|newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref>
Produced by Satish Kaushik Entertainments and [[Venus Records & Tapes|Venus Worldwide Entertainment]], It is a spiritual successor to 2021 film ''[[Kaagaz]]'' and stars [[Anupam Kher]], [[Darshan Kumar]], [[Satish Kaushik]], [[Smriti Kalra]], [[Anang Desai]], and [[Kiran Kumar]] in pivotal roles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/kaagaz-2-trailer-satish-kaushik-final-film-anupam-kher-neena-gupta-release-on-march-1-watch-101707478684048.html|title=Kaagaz 2 trailer: Satish Kaushik's final film to release in cinemas on March 1. Watch|date=February 9, 2024|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> It's a remake of Prakash's Malayalam film ''[[Nirnayakam]]'' (2015).

''Kaagaz 2'' was released to positive reviews on March 1 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/movie-review-kaagaz-2-review-rating-starring-satish-kaushik-anupam-kher-neena-gupta-1668963|title=Kaagaz 2 Review: A Gripping Tale of Struggle, Emotion, And Battle For Justice|first=Amit|last=Bhatia|date=March 2, 2024|website=news.abplive.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.com/movie-review/|title=Kaagaz 2 Review: Tale of a Helpless Father Who Seeks Justice for His Deceased Daughter|website=india.com}}</ref> It marks the swan song film of [[Satish Kaushik]] following his death on 9 March 2023.

==Premise==
It is based on [https://mcrhrdi.gov.in/splfc2-2022/week11/Article%2021%20Protection%20of%20Life%20&%20Personal%20Liberty%20-%20ASR.pdf Article 21 of the Constitution of India] and [[Article 15 of the Constitution of India]], which permits the right to live, and prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion, race, [[Caste in India|caste]], sex or birthplace.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/kaagaz-2-trailer-satish-kaushiks-last-film-is-about-the-battle-of-a-father-who-seeks-justice-for-his-dead-daughter-9153428/|title=Kaagaz 2 trailer: Satish Kaushik's last film is about a father who seeks justice for his dead daughter|date=February 9, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/anupam-kher-keeps-one-chair-empty-during-kaagaz-2-promotions-in-memory-of-satish-kaushik/articleshow/107961533.cms|title=Anupam Kher keeps one chair empty during 'Kaagaz 2' promotions in memory of his close friend Satish Kaushik|newspaper=The Times of India |date=February 24, 2024}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{Castlist|
*[[Satish Kaushik]] as Sushil Rastogi
*[[Anupam Kher]] as Raj Narayan Singh
*[[Neena Gupta]] as Radhika Narayan Singh
*[[Darshan Kumar]] as Uday Raj Singh
*[[Smriti Kalra]] as Tanisha
*[[Anang Desai]] as Politician K.P.Deo
*[[Kiran Kumar]] as Chief Justice of High Court
*[[Aniruddh Dave]] as Satty
*Shahid Bobby Husain as PA to Politician
*Ankur Suman as Abir Gosain
*Kapil Tilhari as Advocate Sunil Kukreti
*Krishiv Agarwal
*Harry Josh
*Dara Singh Khurana
*Arpit Mishra as Kamlesh Updadhyay
*Kamlesh Upadhaya
*Aishwarya Ojha
*Karan Razdan
*Shabnam Vadhera
*Arnav Roy as News Media Anchor
}}

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Kaagaz 2
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Sharib Sabri|Sharib]]-[[Toshi Sabri|Toshi]]
| released = 16 February 2024<ref name="jiosaavn">{{Cite web |date=16 February 2024 |title=Kaagaz 2 – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/kaagaz-2/OYr4nLuhk1M_|website=[[JioSaavn]] |access-date=19 March 2024}}</ref>
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| recorded = 2022
| length = 16:49
| language = Hindi
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]
| producer =
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio|{{YouTube|ZUZZZVjybJc|Kaagaz 2 - Full Album}}
}}
}}

The music of the film is composed by [[Sharib Sabri|Sharib]]-[[Toshi Sabri|Toshi]]. Lyrics are written by [[Rashmi Virag]].<ref name="jiosaavn"/>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 16:49
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Tere Siva Na Koi Mera
| extra1 = [[Shaarib Sabri]], Hritu Zee
| length1 = 5:24
| title2 = Tera Mera Rishta
| extra2 = [[Vishal Dadlani]], Shaarib-Toshi
| length2 = 5:19
| title3 = Aaj Garda Macha
| extra3 = [[Sukhwinder Singh]], Shaarib-Toshi
| length3 = 2:58
| title4 = Aaj Garda Macha
| note4 = Rock Version
| extra4 = Sukhwinder Singh, Shaarib-Toshi
| length4 = 3:08
}}

==Reception==
Deepali Singh of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3.5 out of 5 stating "There are many heartfelt moments, especially in the latter half of the film which are bound to move you and can leave you teary-eyed. Add to that is the fact that this was actor Satish Kaushik's last film. The second one is reason enough to watch the movie."<ref>{{cite news|date=29 February 2024|title=Kaagaz 2 Movie Review: A Father's Relentless Pursuit For Justice In The Face Of Odds|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/kaagaz-2/movie-review/108098425.cms|work=Times of India}}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref>

Ganesh Aaglave of ''[[Firstpost]]'' rated 3.5 stars and wrote "On the whole, ''Kaagaz 2'' is a befitting tribute to Satish Kaushik with Anupam Kher and Darshan Kumar's superb act."<ref>{{cite news |last=Aaglave |first=Ganesh |title=Kaagaz 2 movie review: Satish Kaushik delivers an impeccable performance in his last film, Anupam Kher & Darshan Kumaar shine|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kaagaz-2-movie-review-satish-kaushik-delivers-an-impeccable-performance-in-his-last-film-anupam-kher-darshan-kumaar-shine-13743816.html |work=[[Firstpost]] |date=1 March 2024 |language=en-us}}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref>

Rishil Jogani of ''[[Pinkvilla]]'' rated the film 2.5 stars out of 5 and wrote "''Kaagaz 2'' does highlight an important concern that civilians face. However, the film's shoddy writing and execution never allows it to take the necessary flight. Those who wish to watch Satish Kaushik in his final appearance or wish to know more about the inconvenience caused by on-road rallies and protests can give the film a try."<ref>{{cite news |last=Jogani |first=Rishil |title=Kaagaz 2 Review: Satish Kaushik's last film asks right questions but is marred by poor writing and execution|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/reviews/kaagaz-2-review-satish-kaushiks-last-film-asks-right-questions-but-is-marred-by-poor-writing-and-execution-1282461|work=[[Pinkvilla]] |date=1 March 2024 |language=en}}{{rating|2.5|5}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links==
*{{IMDb title|tt28684462}}

{{V. K. Prakash}}
[[Category:2024 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian legal drama films]]
[[Category:Films about corruption in India]]
[[Category:Films about miscarriage of justice]]
[[Category:Films about social issues in India]]
[[Category:Works about articles of the Constitution of India]]
[[Category:Indian courtroom films]]
[[Category:Indian legal films]]

Gopinath Chandran

2026-03-01T00:26:34Z

Vaidehitaman:

{{Short description|Indian television anchor and writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gopinath Chandran
| image = Neeya naana promo shooting at Rameshwaram.jpg
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth-date and age|4 July 1975}}
| birth_place = [[Aranthangi]], [[Pudukkottai District]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| other names = 
| years active = 1997–present
| relatives = Prabhakaran Chandran (brother)
| spouse = Durga Gopinath
| children = 1 
| occupation = {{Hlist | Television anchor | radio jockey | journalist | reporter | news presenter | entrepreneur}} 
}}

'''Gopinath Chandran''' is an Indian television anchor, radio jockey, journalist, reporter, news presenter/moderator,<ref name="ciosa.org.in">{{cite interview |author=Gopinath Chandran |interviewer=Marie Banu |url=http://www.ciosa.org.in/interviews/celebrity-chat-Gopinath |title=Celebrity Chat - Gopinath | CIOSA |publisher=CIOSA |date= |access-date=18 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225162906/http://www.ciosa.org.in/interviews/celebrity-chat-Gopinath |archive-date=25 December 2019}}</ref> entrepreneur,<ref name="ciosa.org.in"/><ref>{{cite interview |author=Gopinath Chandra |interviewer=Marie Banu |url=http://chennaionline.com/City360/Interviews/20115711025748/The-Gifted-Gab-Interview-with-TV-Anchor-Gopinath.col |title=The Gifted Gab: Interview with TV Anchor Gopinath |website=ChennaiOnline |date=15 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710233322/http://chennaionline.com/City360/Interviews/20115711025748/The-Gifted-Gab-Interview-with-TV-Anchor-Gopinath.col |archive-date=10 July 2018}}</ref> and a writer, currently featured on the [[STAR Vijay]] debate show ''[[Neeya Naana]]''. He is popularly known as "Neeya Naana Gopinath."{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}

==Early life==
Gopinath was born in [[Aranthangi]], [[Pudukkottai district]], [[Tamil Nadu]] to Chandran and Kumudham Chandran in 1975.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.veethi.com/india-people/gopinath-profile-146-17.htm |title=Gobinath - Profile and Biography |publisher=Veethi |date= |accessdate=18 May 2013}}</ref> His elder brother Prabhakaran Chandran is also an actor.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1NeYl0lT77o|title=Gobinath Brother Prabhakaran Chandran|publisher=Tele Vikatan|date=13 May 2024|accessdate=22 December 2024}}</ref>

==Career==
Gopinath began his career in 1997 with United Television and later, he went on to join [[Raj Television Network]]. He did reporting assignments for [[Jaya TV]], [[NDTV]] and CNBC TV-18.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Hindu : Metro Plus Tiruchirapalli : From news to views |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/01/10/stories/2009011063510800.htm |date=10 January 2009 |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707160623/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/01/10/stories/2009011063510800.htm |archive-date=7 July 2010}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of publications
|-
! scope="col" | Title !! scope="col" | Year
|-
| ''Theruvellam Thevathaigal''|| 2008
|-
| ''Please Intha Putthakatha Vaangatheenga''|| 2008
|-
| ''{{Lang|ta|Neeyum Naanum}}''|| 2010
|-
| ''Ner Ner Thema''|| 2012
|-
| ''Password''|| 2014
|-
| ''Nimirnthu Nil'' || 2015
|-
| ''Ellorukkum Vanakkam'' || 2016
|-
| ''3×4=13''|| 2016
|-
| ''Manda Pattharam''|| 2018
|}

==Television ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Title !! Channel
|-
| ''Makkal Yaar Pakkam''|| rowspan="9" | [[Star Vijay]]
|-
| ''Sigaram Thotta Manithargal''
|-
| [[:ta:%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE %E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE|''Neeya Naana'']]
|-
| ''Nadanthadhu Enna?''
|-
| ''En Desam En Makkal''
|-
| [[Vijay Awards]]
|-
| [[Back to School (game show)|''Back to School'']]
|-
| [[Divided (Tamil game show)|''Divided'']]
|-
| ''[[Mr and Mrs Chinnathirai]] (1-4)''
|}

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Vaamanan]]'' || rowspan="3"|Gopinath ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Dhoni (film)|Dhoni]]'' ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Nimirndhu Nil]]'' ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Thirunaal]]'' || ASP Pugazhenthi ||
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Kayilan]]'' || ||
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gobinath, C.}}
[[Category:People from Pudukkottai district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Television personalities from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian television presenters]]
[[Category:1975 births]]

Velvex

2026-02-26T21:24:03Z

Vaidehitaman: created a details added tags

{{Infobox company
| name = Velvex
| logo = Velvex logo.jpg
| logo_class = 
| logo_size =
| logo_upright = 
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_upright = 
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| trade_name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = 
| romanized_name =
| former_name =
| type = [[Subsidiary]]
| traded_as =
| ISIN = 
| industry =
| genre = Automotive lubricants
| predecessor = 
| incorporated = 
| founded = 2015 in [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra, India<ref>{{Cite web |title=VELVEX- New Age Lubricants and AdBlue - Company Profile, Funding Rounds and Investors |url=https://bouncewatch.com/explore/startup/velvex |access-date=2026-02-20 |website=bouncewatch.com |language=en}}</ref>
| founder = 
| fate =
| successor = 
| hq_location = Mumbai
| hq_location_city =
| hq_location_country = India
| num_locations =
| num_locations_year = 
| area_served = 
| key_people =
| products = Automotive [[lubricant]]s, [[adBlue]]
| production = [[Grease (lubricant)|Greases]], Specialty oils, Genuine oil ([[Original equipment manufacturer|OEM]] solutions)
| production_year = 
| brands =
| services =
| revenue =
| revenue_year = 
| operating_income =
| income_year = 
| net_income = 
| net_income_year = 
| aum = 
| assets =
| assets_year = 
| equity =
| equity_year = 
| owner = 
| members =
| members_year = 
| num_employees =
| num_employees_year = 
| parent = Nandan Petrochem Limited (NPL)<ref name="one">{{Cite web |title=VELVEX Charts Growth Path with Renewed Focus on Solutions and Sustainability – Motorindia |url=https://www.motorindiaonline.in/velvex-charts-growth-path-with-renewed-focus-on-solutions-and-sustainability/ |access-date=2026-02-20 |website=motorindiaonline.in |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250406141518/https://www.motorindiaonline.in/velvex-charts-growth-path-with-renewed-focus-on-solutions-and-sustainability/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| divisions =
| subsid =
| module = 
| ratio = 
| rating = 
| website = {{URL|https://www.velvex.in}}
| footnotes = 
| embed =
}}
'''Velvex''' is an Indian [[automotive]] [[lubricants]] and [[adBlue]] manufacturing company, headquartered in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=This Environment Day, VELVEX Drives the Future with Sustainable Packaging in the AdBlue Industry |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/business/this-environment-day-velvex-drives-the-future-with-sustainable-packaging-in-the-adblue-industry/ |access-date=2026-02-20 |website=tribuneindia.com |publisher=[[The Tribune (India)]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Velvex Expands Lubricants & AdBlue Footprint at Excon 2025 – Motorindia |url=https://www.motorindiaonline.in/velvex-expands-lubricants-adblue-footprint-at-excon-2025/ |access-date=2026-02-20 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbai-based Nandan Petrochem eyes strong growth in lubricant, DEF demand |url=https://www.autocarpro.in/video/nandan-petrochem-eyes-strong-growth-in-lubricant-def-demand-124817 |access-date=2026-02-20 |website=autocarpro.in |publisher=[[Autocar (magazine)]] |language=en |archive-date=2025-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250715103344/https://www.autocarpro.in/video/nandan-petrochem-eyes-strong-growth-in-lubricant-def-demand-124817 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Report |first=Staff |date=March 1, 2025 |title=Nandan Petrochem champions the sustainable production of VELVEX Oils |url=https://www.oemupdate.com/oil-lubricants/nandan-petrochem-champions-the-sustainable-production-of-velvex-oils/ |access-date=2026-02-20 |website=oemupdate.com |language=en-UK}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=This Environment Day, VELVEX Drives the Future with Sustainable Packaging in the AdBlue Industry |website=theprint.in |url=https://theprint.in/ani-press-releases/this-environment-day-velvex-drives-the-future-with-sustainable-packaging-in-the-adblue-industry/2646857/ |publisher=[[ThePrint]] }}</ref>

[[File:EXCON 2025, Bangalore International Exhibition Centre (503).jpg|thumb|left|Velvex at [[EXCON]] 2025, [[Bangalore International Exhibition Centre|BIEC]] ]] {{clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{commons category}}

[[Category:Automotive companies of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2015]]
[[Category:2015 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]

Talakaveri Wildlife Sanctuary

2026-02-22T03:38:49Z

Vaidehitaman: expand layout for consistency and fixed typos after review

{{Short description|Wildlife sanctuary in India}}
{{other uses|Talakaveri}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Talakaveri Wildlife Sanctuary
| iucn_category = IV
| image = Talakaveri valley.jpg
| map = India Karnataka#India
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| location = [[Kodagu]] district, [[Karnataka]], [[South India]]
| nearest_city = [[Madikeri]] Kodagu (Karnataka)
| coordinates = {{coord|12|20|N|75|30|E|display=inline,title}}
| area_km2 = 105
| area_ref = <ref name=rufford>Kumara, HN & Sinha, A (2007) Impact of local hunting on abundance of large mammals in three protected areas of the Western Ghats, Karnataka. Technical Report. ''Submitted to Rufford Maurice Laing Foundation, UK''. [http://www.ruffordsmallgrants.org/files/1Int%20Rep%20Kumara.pdf PDF]</ref>
| designated = [[wildlife sanctuary]]
| established = 1987<ref name=rufford />
| governing_body = [[Karnataka Forest Department]]
}}

'''Talakaveri Wildlife Sanctuary''' is a wildlife sanctuary in [[Karnataka]] state of [[South India]]. It is located in [[Kodagu district]] and is spread over 105 km². It borders with Ranipuram hills and Kottencheri hills in [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]] district of [[Kerala]].

==Flora and fauna==
''[[Albizia lebbeck]]'', ''[[Artocarpus lakoocha]]'', ''[[Dysoxylum malabaricum]]'' and ''[[Mesua ferrea]]''' are some of the species of flora found here. Clawless [[otter]], [[Asian elephant]], [[Bengal tiger]], [[Stripe-necked mongoose]] and [[mouse deer]] are some of the animal species found here. [[Fairy bluebird]] and [[Malabar trogon]] are some of the avian species found.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{commons category-inline|Talakaveri Wildlife Sanctuary}}

{{Protected areas of Karnataka}}

[[Category:South Western Ghats montane rain forests]]
[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries of the Western Ghats]]
[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Kodagu district]]
[[Category:1987 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1987]]

Suresh Bhat

2026-02-12T03:05:08Z

Vaidehitaman: adjust formatting and fixed typos after review

{{Short description|Marathi poet (1932–2003)}}
{{More citations needed|article's section called "Life"|date=December 2008}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Suresh Bhat
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1932|4|15}}
| birth_place = [[Amravati]], [[Maharashtra]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2003|3|14|1932|4|15}}
| death_place = [[Nagpur]], Maharashtra, India
| occupation = Poet, lyricist
}}
'''Suresh Bhat''' (15 April 1932 – 14 March 2003) was a [[Marathi language|Marathi]] poet from the state of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]].

==Personal life==

Bhat was born in a [[Karhade Brahmin]] family in [[Amravati]], [[Maharashtra]] to Shridhar Bhat, a [[physician]]. His mother was fond of poetry and made young Bhat often read famous Marathi poems. He later acknowledged this practice to be a key influence in the development of his poetic abilities. He earned the [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] degree in 1955. Poems comforted him as he battled bitterness and depression throughout his life finally accepting Atheism.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-11-09 |title=Dalit shahirs of Maharashtra: In Suresh Bhat's ghazals, a fight against oppression |url=https://www.firstpost.com/long-reads/dalit-shahirs-of-maharashtra-in-suresh-bhats-ghazals-a-fight-against-oppression-5525901.html |access-date=2024-07-29 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref>

After completing his education he took teaching jobs in rural areas of [[Amravati district|Amravati]] and continued writing poems.

In 1964, he married Pushpa Mehendale, who hailed from Pune, but worked as teacher in Madhan, Amravati.

He converted to [[Buddhism]] in presence of [[Bhante]] [[Surai Sasai]] and Bhau Lokhande. [[B. R. Ambedkar|Dr. Ambedkar]] was an ideal to him.<ref name="firstpost.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/long-reads/dalit-shahirs-of-maharashtra-in-suresh-bhats-ghazals-a-fight-against-oppression-5525901.html|title=Dalit shahirs of Maharashtra: In Suresh Bhats ghazals, a fight against oppression|date=9 November 2018 }}</ref>

Bhat died of [[cardiac arrest]] on 14 March 2003, at the aged of 70.<ref name="TOI">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121020024114/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-03-15/news-interviews/27282240_1_suresh-bhat-poet-asha-bhosle Popular gazal writer Suresh Bhat expires - The Times of India]</ref> He is survived by his son, Chittranjan Bhat and daughter.<ref name=":0" />

==Works==
Bhat published his first collection of poems, ''Roopgandha'' in 1961. In 1974, he published his second collection, ''Ranga maazhaa wegalaa'' and in 1983 he self-published a collection named ''Elgaar''. Other collections of his poems include ''Zanjhaavaat'' and ''Saptaranga''

''Roopgandha'' and ''Ranga maazhaa wegalaa'' were the recipients of the state literary awards sponsored by the [[Government of Maharashtra]]<ref name="TOI"/> in their respective years of publication.

Poet Pradeep Niphadkar and ghazal writer [[Ilahi Jamadar]] were his students in Pune.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Niphadkar |first1=Pradeep |title=अबोल, मिश्किल इलाही |url=https://www.lokmat.com/manthan/ghazalkar-ilahi-jamadar-a296/ |access-date=27 March 2021 |work=Lokmat |date=7 February 2021 |language=mr-IN}}</ref>

His famous song on [[B. R. Ambedkar]] 'Bhimraya Ghe Tuzya Ya Lekranchi Vandana' (father Ambedkar, take these offerings from your children).<ref name="firstpost.com"/>

Bhat's poems are generally classified as Marathi ''[[ghazals]]''.

Bhat's best-known verses gained popularity after they were set to music by [[Hridaynath Mangeshkar]], and were sung by [[Lata Mangeshkar]] and [[Asha Bhosle]].<ref name="TOI"/>

Bhat's poem 'Maayboli' was composed by music director [[Kaushal Inamdar]] as the [[Marathi Abhimaangeet]] as a song featuring more than 450 singers.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

===List of poetry collections===
{{unreferenced section|date= September 2022}}
* ''Roopgandha''
* ''Ranga maazhaa vegalaa''
* ''Elgaar''
* ''Zanjhaavaat''
* ''Saptaranga''
* ''Rasvanticha Mujara''
* ''Kaflaa''

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://www.sureshbhat.in www.sureshbhat.in - a site dedicated to Suresh Bhat and Marathi ghazals (in Marathi)]
*[http://www.sureshbhat.in/node/163 An interview with Suresh Bhat (in Marathi)]
* http://www.sureshbhat.in/
*[https://www.bookganga.com/eBooks/Books?AID=4896455013899195489 Suresh Bhat: BookGanga]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhat, Suresh}}
[[Category:Marathi-language poets]]
[[Category:Writers from Nagpur]]
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Buddhists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Buddhists]]
[[Category:Converts to Buddhism from Hinduism]]
[[Category:Navayana Buddhists]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]

Barauni Refinery Township

2026-02-09T17:43:30Z

Vaidehitaman: Adding Place

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Barauni Refinery Township
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Bihar
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.419799|N|86.109755|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Begusarai district|Begusarai]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[City]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Barauni]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = 1960s
| founder = [[Shri Krishna Sinha]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 13825
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Maithili language|Maithili]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 06243
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Begusarai (Lok Sabha constituency)|Begusarai]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| seal_size = 200px
| image_seal = Indian Oil Logo.svg
}}
'''Barauni Refinery Township''' is a [[census town]] at [[Barauni]] in [[Begusarai district]] in the state of [[Bihar]], [[India]].

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|work= |publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Barauni IOC Township had a population of 13,825. Males constitute 55% of the population and females 45%. Barauni IOC Township has an average literacy rate of 82%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with 58% of the males and 42% of females literate. 13% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Munger Division}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Barauni Ioc Township}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Begusarai district]]
[[Category:Barauni]]

{{Begusarai-geo-stub}}

History TV18

2026-02-02T18:49:17Z

Vaidehitaman:

{{Short description|Indian pay TV channel}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = History TV18
| logo = History (2021).svg
| logo_caption = Logo used since 2022
| launch_date = {{Start date and age|2003|11|30|df=yes}}
| owner = [[A+E Global Media|A&E Networks]] (50%) 
[[Network18 Group|Network18]] (50%)
| parent =
| picture_format = [[576i]] ([[SDTV]]) [[1080i]] ([[HDTV]])
| headquarters = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[English language|English]] [[Telugu language|Telugu]] [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| former_names = The History Channel (2003-2011)
| website = [https://www.historyindia.com/ www.historyindia.com]
}}

'''History TV18''' (formerly known as '''The History Channel''') is a [[television channel]] in India. It broadcasts [[infotainment]]<ref name=HINDU>{{cite news|title=History re-invents itself|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/radio-and-tv/article2537397.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=26 October 2011|author=Anusha Parthasarathy|author2=Shruthi Mathews|date=14 October 2011|archive-date=16 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111016144623/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/radio-and-tv/article2537397.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> and documentary shows. It is owned by a joint venture between American media group [[A&E Networks]], and [[Network18 Group]], an Indian media group a subsidiary of [[Reliance Industries]]. The distribution and broadcasting within the Indian market.

==History==
History was first launched as The History Channel on 30 November 2003.<ref name=HINDU2>{{cite news|title=History Channel to be launched in India on Nov 30|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2003/11/27/stories/2003112700910600.htm|newspaper=[[Business Line|The Hindu Business Line]]|access-date=26 October 2011|date=26 November 2003|archive-date=10 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810160628/http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2003/11/27/stories/2003112700910600.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> It was launched by a joint venture between [[A&E Networks|AETN International]] and News Corporation's [[Disney Networks Group Asia Pacific|Star]], through its subsidiary [[National Geographic (Indian TV channel)|NGC Networks]]. It had aired series like ''[[Boy's Toys]]'', ''[[Biography (TV program)|Biography]]'', ''[[Conspiracy?]]'', ''[[The Crusades: Crescent and the Cross (TV series)|Crusades]]'', ''Secret Agents'' and ''[[Breaking Vegas]]'' and [[Television film|television movies]] like ''Marilyn and Me''. Following the expiration of the deal between AETN and Star on 21 November 2008, [[Disney Networks Group Asia Pacific|Star]] took over the channel and re-branded it as Fox History & Entertainment. That channel has since been re-branded again as Fox History & Traveller, then Fox Traveller and Fox Life and was rebranded in India as [[Star Life (Indian TV channel)|Star Life]] and finally it was discontinued on 15 March 2025.

On 9 October 2011, The History Channel was re-launched in India as History TV18, by a joint venture between [[A&E Networks]] and [[Network18 Group]].<ref name="AFAQS">{{cite web|url=http://www.afaqs.com/news/story.html?sid=31866_A+E+Networks+%7C+TV18+launches+History+channel|title=A+E Networks {{!}} TV18 launches History channel|author=Shibani Gharat|date=10 October 2011|publisher=afaqs!|access-date=26 October 2011|archive-date=10 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111010184409/http://www.afaqs.com/news/story.html?sid=31866_A+E+Networks+%7C+TV18+launches+History+channel|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Programming==
===Original programming===
{{div col}}
* ''Modern Marvels: Treasures of the [[Indus]]''
* ''Vital Stats of India''
*''OMG! Yeh Hai Mera India''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/factual-documentary/history-tv18-brings-back-omg-yeh-mera-india-by-krushna-abhishek-170621|title=History TV18 brings back OMG! Yeh Mera India by Krushna Abhishek|date=21 June 2017|access-date=17 December 2017|archive-date=10 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110081059/http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/factual-documentary/history-tv18-brings-back-omg-yeh-mera-india-by-krushna-abhishek-170621|url-status=live}}</ref>
** ''OMG! [[Chhattisgarh]]''
* ''[[Taj Mahal]] History''
* ''Saving the [[Ganga]]''
*''Ansuni Kahani – Shantanu '' (Untold Story of Shantanu and Cricket)
* ''Saving the [[Western Ghats]]''
* ''[[Republic Day of India|Republic Day]] Line Up''
* ''Lost World of [[Kamasutra]]''
* ''India's Deadliest Roads''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/factual-documentary/history-tv18-brings-indian-version-of-ice-road-truckers-starring-mandira-bedi-161019|title=History TV18 brings Indian version of 'Ice Road Truckers' starring Mandira Bedi|date=19 October 2016|access-date=17 December 2017|archive-date=1 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401012711/http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/factual-documentary/history-tv18-brings-indian-version-of-ice-road-truckers-starring-mandira-bedi-161019|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''India on Four Wheels''
* ''India Showcase''
* ''India 70 Wonders''
* ''[[Independence Day of India|Independence Day]] Special''
* ''[[History of Sex]]''
* ''Genius''
* ''[[Air India 182]]''
* ''[[2008 Mumbai attacks|26/11 Mumbai Terror Attack]]''
* ''A Brush With Life: [[Satish Gujral]]''
* ''[[Bollywood]]@100''
* ''A Passage Through India''
Source:<ref>[https://www.historyindia.com/shows History India Shows] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214014125/https://www.historyindia.com/shows |date=14 December 2017 }} Retrieved 14 December 2017</ref>
{{div col end}}

===Acquired programming===
{{div col}}
* ''Tour de Royal with [[Neel Madhav]] ''
* ''[[Dynamo: Magician Impossible]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/release/y2k12/oct/octrel16.php|title=History TV 18 kicks off 'Dynamo: Magician Imposible'|date=20 October 2012|access-date=18 December 2017|archive-date=27 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127222817/http://www.indiantelevision.com/release/y2k12/oct/octrel16.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[Four Rooms (TV series)|Four Rooms]]''<ref name=Eight/>
* ''[[In Search of Aliens]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/factual-and-documentary/history-tv18-launches-in-search-of-aliens-141128|title=History TV18 launches 'In Search of Aliens|date=28 November 2014|access-date=17 December 2017|archive-date=1 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151101134520/http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/factual-and-documentary/history-tv18-launches-in-search-of-aliens-141128|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[Metropolis (American TV program)|Metropolis]]''<ref name=Eight/>
* ''Serial Killer Earth''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/factual-documentary/meet-serial-killer-explore-mother-nature-on-history-tv18-170421|title=Meet 'Serial Killer', explore Mother Nature on History TV18|access-date=21 April 2017}}</ref>
* ''[[Tamas (film)|Tamas: India's Partition]]''
{{div col end}}

===From History Channel===
{{div col}}
* ''[[American Restoration]]''
* ''[[Ancient Aliens]]''
* ''[[Baggage Battles]]''
* ''[[Barbarians Rising]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/news-broadcasting/barbarians-rising-roman-barbarian-battle-on-history-tv18-170123|title='Barbarians Rising', Roman & Barbarian battle on History TV18|date=23 January 2017|access-date=17 December 2017|archive-date=10 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110134452/https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/news-broadcasting/barbarians-rising-roman-barbarian-battle-on-history-tv18-170123|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[Biker Battleground Phoenix]]''
* ''[[The Bible (miniseries)|The Bible]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/factual-documentary/the-bible-on-history-tv18-from-24-december-161223|title='The Bible' on History TV18 from 24 December|date=23 December 2016|access-date=18 December 2017|archive-date=12 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112135618/http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/factual-documentary/the-bible-on-history-tv18-from-24-december-161223|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[Bonnie & Clyde (miniseries)|Bonnie & Clyde]]''<ref name=Eight/>
* ''[[Cajun Pawn Stars]]''
* ''[[Counting Cars]]''
* ''[[Food Tech]]''
* ''[[Forged in Fire]]''
* ''[[Houdini (miniseries)|Houdini]]''<ref name=Eight>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/factual-and-documentary/history-tv18-preps-to-unveil-eight-new-shows-151019|title=History TV18 preps to unveil eight new shows|date=19 October 2015|access-date=17 December 2017|archive-date=23 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023031142/http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/factual-and-documentary/history-tv18-preps-to-unveil-eight-new-shows-151019|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[Hunting Hitler]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/factual-and-documentary/history-tv18-to-air-hunting-hitler-160119|title=History TV18 to air "Hunting Hitler"|date=19 January 2016|access-date=17 December 2017}}</ref>
* ''[[Leepu & Pitbull]]''<ref name=Eight/>
* ''[[Pawn Stars]]''<ref name=Paw>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/release/y2k12/may/mayrel59.php|title=HISTORY's Blockbuster Show – Pawn Stars Topped the Rating Chart as Audiences Warm-up to Factual entertainment genre|date=30 May 2012|access-date=17 December 2017|archive-date=27 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127084224/http://www.indiantelevision.com/release/y2k12/may/mayrel59.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[Pawn Stars UK]]''
* ''[[Pawnography]]''<ref name=Eight/>
* ''Spartan X''
* ''[[Stan Lee's Superhumans]]''
* ''[[Storage Wars]]''
{{div col end}}

===Upcoming programs===
* ''[[Raghav Juyal|Crassy Wheels]]''

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.historyindia.com/ History Channel official website]

{{Network 18}}
{{A+E Networks}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:History}}
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2003]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:English-language television stations in India]]
[[Category:Television stations in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2011]]
[[Category:Network18 Group]]
[[Category:A+E Global Media]]
[[Category:2003 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Novartis v. Union of India and Others

2026-01-28T11:09:46Z

Vaidehitaman: adding new page

{{Short description|2012 Indian Supreme Court case}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Infobox court case
| name = Novartis v. Union of India
| court = [[Supreme Court of India]]
| image =
| imagesize =
| imagelink =
| imagealt =
| caption =
| full name = Novartis v. Union of India & Others
| date decided = 1 April 2013
| citations = [2013] 13 S.C.R. 148
| ECLI =
| transcripts =
| judges = Aftab Alam, Ranjana Prakash Desai
| number of judges = 2
| decision by = Mr. Justice Aftab Alam <ref name=Judis>{{cite web|title=Novartis v. Union Of India & Ors on 1 April 2013|url=https://www.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/40212.pdf}}</ref>
| concurring =
| dissenting =
| concur/dissent =
| prior actions = ''Application for patent by appellant denied'' by Assistant Controller of Patents and Designs on 25 January 2006; [https://www.scribd.com/doc/133340456/IPAB-Order-Dated-26-Jun-2009-in-Novartis-v-Union-of-India Intellectual Property Appellate Board (IPAB) ''partially reversed'' the decision by the Assistant Controller ''but still denied patent'' on 26 June 2009.]
| appealed from =
| appealed to =
| subsequent actions =
| related actions =
| opinions = Upheld the rejection of the patent application (1602/MAS/1998) filed by Novartis AG for Glivec in 1998 before the [[Indian Patent Office]].
| keywords = 
| italic title =
}}

'''''Novartis v. Union of India & Others''''' is a [[landmark decision]] by a two-judge bench of the [[Indian Supreme Court]] on the issue of whether [[Novartis]] could patent [[Imatinib|Gleevec]] in India, and was the culmination of a seven-year-long litigation fought by Novartis. The Supreme Court upheld the Indian patent office's rejection of the patent application.

The patent application at the centre of the case was filed by Novartis in India in 1998, after India had agreed to enter the [[World Trade Organization]] and to abide by worldwide intellectual property standards under the [[TRIPS]] agreement. As part of this agreement, India made changes to its patent law; the biggest of which was that prior to these changes, patents on products were not allowed, while afterwards they were, albeit with restrictions. These changes came into effect in 2005, so Novartis' patent application waited in a "mailbox" with others until then, under procedures that India instituted to manage the transition. India also passed certain amendments to its patent law in 2005, just before the laws came into effect, which played a key role in the rejection of the patent application.

The patent application claimed the final form of Gleevec (the beta crystalline form of imatinib [[mesylate]]). In 1993, during the time India did not allow patents on products, Novartis had patented imatinib, with [[Salt (chemistry)|salts]] vaguely specified, in many countries but could not patent it in India. The key differences between the two patent applications were that the 1998 patent application specified the [[counterion]] (Gleevec is a specific salt - imatinib mesylate) while the 1993 patent application did not claim any specific salts, nor did it mention mesylate, and the 1998 patent application specified the solid form of Gleevec - the way the individual molecules are packed together into a solid when the [[active ingredient|drug itself]] is manufactured (this is separate from processes by which the drug itself is [[Pharmaceutical formulation|formulated]] into pills or capsules) - while the 1993 patent application did not. The solid form of imatinib mesylate in Gleevec is beta crystalline.

As provided under the TRIPS agreement, Novartis applied for Exclusive Marketing Rights (EMR) for Gleevec from the Indian Patent Office and the EMR were granted in November 2003. Novartis made use of the EMR to obtain orders against some generic manufacturers who had already launched Gleevec in India. Novartis set the price of Gleevec at USD 2666 per patient per month; generic companies were selling their versions at USD 177 to 266 per patient per month. Novartis also initiated a program to assist patients who could not afford its version of the drug, concurrent with its product launch.

When examination of Novartis' patent application began in 2005, it came under immediate attack from [[Opposition proceeding|oppositions]] initiated by generic companies that were already selling Gleevec in India and by advocacy groups. The application was rejected by the patent office and by an appeal board. The key basis for the rejection was the part of Indian patent law that was created by amendment in 2005, describing the patentability of new uses for known drugs and modifications of known drugs. Section 3(d) of the amended Act, specified that such inventions are patentable only if "they differ significantly in properties with regard to efficacy." At one point, Novartis went to court to try to invalidate section 3(d); it argued that the provision was unconstitutionally vague and that it violated TRIPS. Novartis lost that case and did not appeal. Novartis did appeal the rejection by the patent office to India's Supreme Court, which took the case.

The Supreme Court case hinged on the interpretation of section 3(d). The Supreme Court decided that the substance that Novartis sought to patent was indeed a modification of a known drug (the raw form of imatinib, which was publicly disclosed in the 1993 patent application and in scientific articles), that Novartis did not present evidence of a difference in therapeutic efficacy between the final form of Gleevec and the raw form of imatinib, and that therefore the patent application was properly rejected by the patent office and lower courts.

Although the court ruled narrowly, and took care to note that the subject application was filed during a time of transition in Indian patent law, the decision generated widespread global news coverage and reignited debates on balancing public good with monopolistic pricing and innovation with affordability. Had Novartis won and got its patent issued, it could not have prevented generics companies in India from continuing to sell generic Gleevec, but it could have obligated them to pay a reasonable royalty under a grandfather clause included in India's patent law.

==Background==

===History of Patent laws and pharma industry in India===
{{See also|Indian Patent System|Indian Patent Office}}
As part of the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]], India inherited its [[intellectual property]] laws from Great Britain. However, after gaining independence in 1947, there was a growing consensus that to boost manufacturing, restrictive product patents must be temporarily removed.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Patenting Landscape in India 2009|date=31 October 2009 |ssrn=1502421|last1=Rawat |first1=Balwant |doi=10.2139/ssrn.1502421 |s2cid=109250422 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In 1970, amendments to the Indian Patents Act abolished product patents but retained [[process patent]]s with a reduced span of protection.

During the absence of any product patent regime, the [[pharmaceutical industry in India|Indian pharmaceutical industry]] grew at a remarkable pace, ultimately becoming a net exporter, the world's third-largest by volume, and fourteenth-largest by value.<ref name="et">{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/News-By-Industry/Jobs/Pharma-engineering-to-topple-IT-as-big-paymaster/articleshow/6022202.cms?curpg=1|title= Pharma to topple IT as big paymaster|work=|publisher=[[The Economic Times]]|accessdate=8 Jun 2010|date=8 June 2010}}</ref>

However, in the 1990s, during the [[Uruguay Round]] negotiations of the [[World Trade Organization]] (WTO), India pledged to bring its patent legislation in tune with the [[TRIPS]] mandate in a phased manner.<ref>{{cite web|title=History of Patent Law in India|url=http://www.indyarocks.com/blog/803/History-of-Patent-Law-in-India}}</ref> Consequently, in 1999 India allowed for transitional filing of product patent applications, with retrospective effect from 1995. Full product and process patent protection was re-introduced beginning in 2005, when all transitional regulations ended.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Product v. Process Patent in India|date=8 February 2011 |ssrn=1758064|last1=Chaudhry |first1=Sharmendra |doi=10.2139/ssrn.1758064 |s2cid=111193911 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

India's patent law also contained a "[[grandfather clause]]" in section 11A, subsection (7),<ref>Controller General of Patents Designs and Trade Marks, Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion, Ministry of Commerce and Industry [http://www.ipindia.nic.in/ipr/patent/eVersion_ActRules/sections-index.htm The Patents Act 1970 (incorporating all amendments till 26-01-2013)]</ref> that created "a special regime for generic versions of medicines if the initial patent application was made between 1 January 1995 and 31 December 2004 and if these medicines were already on the Indian market before the 1st of January 2005.... Generics that enter into this category can stay on the Indian market even if their pharmaceutical substance is patented. However, the Indian law requires that the producers of those generics then pay a “reasonable royalty” to the patent holder."<ref>[[Erklärung von Bern]]. 8 May 2007 [http://www.evb.ch/en/p25012749.html Short questions and answers about the court case initiated by Novartis in India] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021190810/http://www.evb.ch/en/p25012749.html |date=2013-10-21 }}</ref><ref name="pharmatimes.com">Kevin Grogan for PharmaTimes. 27 February 2012 [http://www.pharmatimes.com/article/12-02-27/Novartis_explains_stance_over_India_patent_law_challenge.aspx Novartis explains stance over India patent law challenge] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216001159/http://www.pharmatimes.com/article/12-02-27/Novartis_explains_stance_over_India_patent_law_challenge.aspx |date=2014-12-16 }}</ref>

The case hinged on a section of the new Indian patent law dealing with whether incremental inventions would be patentable, namely Section 3(d).

The initial version read as follows: "The mere discovery of any new property or new use of a known substance or of the mere use of a known process, machine or apparatus unless such known process results in a new product or employs at least one new reactant."<ref name=2007Decn/>

This was amended twice, the last time in 2005. The final version reads as follows (amendments in italics):

"''The mere discovery of a new form of a known substance which does not result in the enhancement of the known efficacy of that substance or'' the mere discovery of any new property or new use for a known substance or of the mere use of a known process, machine or apparatus unless such known process results in a new product or employs at least one new reactant. ''Explanation: For the purposes of this clause, salts, esters, ethers, polymorphs, metabolites, pureform, particle size isomers, mixtures of isomers, complexes, combinations and other derivatives of known substance shall be considered to be the same substance, unless they differ significantly in properties with regard to efficacy.''"<ref name="2007Decn" />

As discussed below, Novartis filed its initial patent application on imatinib (the raw material in Gleevec) in 1993, and at that time India did not confer product patents.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/finally-the-patients-prevail/article4588890.ece?homepage=true Finally, the patients prevail, Sarah Hiddlestone, The Hindu, 7 April 2013]</ref> As mentioned above, in 1995 India joined the World Trade Organization and signed onto TRIPS; Switzerland joined the WTO later that same year.<ref>[http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/countries_e/switzerland_e.htm Switzerland page at WTO]</ref><ref>Note: Further complicating matters, India's 1993 notification to the WTO indicating that it would join, included a list of countries whose priorities dates it would recognize for patenting, and Switzerland was not on the list as it was not a member of the WTO at that time.(Sudhir Ahuja, D P Ahuja & Co, Calcutta, India. [http://www.grain.org/es/article/entries/1945-india-joins-paris-convention-ratifies-pct-so-what India Decides to Join the Paris Convention and Ratify the Patent Cooperation Treaty. So What?] Patent World Issue #106, October 1998). Additionally the EPO was not mentioned in the notification from India; it was not until 2003 that EPO became officially recognized by India, fully normalizing patent reciprocity between India and Europe. ([http://www.epo.org/law-practice/case-law-appeals/recent/g020002ex1.html G 0002/02 (Priorities from India/ASTRAZENECA) of 26.4.2004])</ref> Novartis filed its initial patent applications on Gleevec itself in 1997, after both India and Switzerland had joined the WTO but while both were still in transition.

===Initial patent filings and product launches===

In the early 1990s a number of derivatives of ''N''-phenyl-2-pyrimidineamine were synthesized by scientists at Ciba-Geigy (now part of [[Novartis]]), one compound of which was CGP 57148 in [[free base]] form (later given the [[International Nonproprietary Name]] ‘[[imatinib]]’ by the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO)). A Swiss patent application was filed on 3 April 1992, which was then filed in the EU, the US, and other countries in March and April 1993<ref>US Patent Application No. 08/042,322). This application was abandoned and another continuation-in-part application was then filed on 28 April 1994 which matured into ([https://patents.google.com/patent/US5521184 US Patent 5,521,184]).</ref><ref>See [http://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/inpadocPatentFamily?page=0&FT=D&CC=US&locale=en_EP&DB=&NR=5521184A&date=19960528&ND=&KC=A here] for worldwide filings]</ref> and in 1996 [[USPTO|United States]] and [[European Patent Office|European]] patent offices granted a patent to Novartis claiming imatinib and its derivatives, including salts thereof (but not mentioning mesylate). The patent does not specify any crystal forms of the compounds or discuss their relative advantages and disadvantages.<ref>[https://patents.google.com/patent/US5521184 US Patent 5,521,184]</ref><ref>[http://worldwide.espacenet.com/searchResults?query=EP0564409 EP0564409]</ref>

On 18 July 1997, Novartis filed a new patent application in Switzerland on the beta crystalline form of imatinib [[mesylate]] (the mesylate [[salt (chemistry)|salt]] of imatinib). The "beta crystalline form" of the molecule is a specific [[polymorphism (materials science)|polymorph]] of imatinib mesylate; a specific way that the individual molecules pack together to form a solid. This is the actual form of the drug sold as Gleevec/Glivec; a salt (imatinib mesylate) as opposed to a free base, and the beta crystalline form as opposed to the alpha or other form.<ref>Staff, European Medicines Agency, 2004. [http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Scientific_Discussion/human/000406/WC500022203.pdf EMEA Scientific Discussion of Glivec]</ref>{{rp|3}} On 16 July 1998, Novartis filed this patent application in India, which was given application number No.1602/MAS/1998, and on 16 July 1998, it filed a PCT, each of which claimed priority to the 1997 Swiss application.<ref>Note: The Indian patent application does not appear to be publicly available. However according to [https://www.scribd.com/doc/133340456/IPAB-Order-Dated-26-Jun-2009-in-Novartis-v-Union-of-India the decision of the IPAB on 26 June 2009] (page 27) discussed below, "The Appellant’s application under the PCT was substantially on the same invention as had been made in India."</ref><ref name=PCT>[http://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO1999003854 Published PCT application WO1999003854]</ref> The application showed that compared to the alpha form, the beta form had (i) more beneficial flow properties, (ii) better [[thermodynamic stability]], (iii) lower [[hygroscopicity]].<ref name=PCT/> Novartis did not however provide any data showing improved efficacy (showing that this form of the drug actually worked better in treating cancer than the [[amorphous]] form of the drug they had earlier patented) - that part of Indian patent law was created in 2005, years after Novartis' initial filing. Later, during the course of prosecution, appeals, and the litigation that ensued in India, Novartis undertook studies to compare the properties of the beta crystalline form of imatinib mesylate (described in its new patent application), with the freebase form of imatinib (described in the older patent), and submitted them in affidavits. The studies showed that the beta crystalline form of the drug had increased [[bioavailability]] in rats.<ref name=Decision168>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/40212.pdf |title=Novartis v UoI, para 168 |access-date=2 August 2018 |archive-date=2 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802132022/https://www.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/40212.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> A United States patent was granted in 2005.<ref>[https://patents.google.com/patent/US6894051/en US Patent 6,894,051]</ref>

In 2001, the United States [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) approved imatinib mesylate in its beta crystalline form, sold by Novartis as Gleevec (U.S.)<ref>Investigational New Drug Application (IND # 55,666) for Gleevec was filed on 9 April 1998 and on 27 February 2001, the original New Drug Application ([https://web.archive.org/web/20120124135110/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2002/21-335s004_Gleevec.cfm FDA Drug Approval Package for Gleevec NDA # 21-335]) was filed before the US Food and Drug Administration for imatinib mesylate for the treatment of patients with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia</ref> or Glivec (Europe/Australia/Latin America). ''[[Time (magazine)|TIME]]'' magazine hailed Gleevec in 2001 as the "magic bullet" to cure cancer.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120327153812/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,999927-2,00.html Closing In On Cancer by Alice Park, ''TIME Magazine'', 21 May 2001]</ref><ref>[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/227624.php Novartis' Gleevec Cancer "Magic Bullet" Extends Life In GIST Patients, 6 June 2011]</ref> Both Novartis patents - on the freebase form of imatinib, and on the beta crystalline form of imatinib mesylate - are listed by Novartis in the FDA's [[Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations|Orange Book]] entry for Gleevec.<ref name=OrangeBook>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130126112038/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/ob/docs/patexclnew.cfm?Appl_No=021588&Product_No=001&table1=OB_Rx FDA Orange Book; Patent and Exclusivity Search Results from query on Appl No 021588 Product 001 in the OB_Rx list.]</ref>

As provided under the TRIPS agreement, Novartis applied for Exclusive Marketing Rights (EMR) for Gleevec from the Indian Patent Office and the EMR was granted in November 2003.<ref name=Decision8-9>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/40212.pdf |title=Novartis v UoI, para 8-9 |access-date=2 August 2018 |archive-date=2 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802132022/https://www.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/40212.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Novartis made use of the EMR to obtain orders against some generic manufacturers who had already launched Gleevec in India. Novartis set the price of Gleevec at USD 2666 per patient per month; generic companies were selling their versions at USD 177 to 266 per patient per month.<ref>Staff, LawyersCollective. 6 September 2011 [http://www.lawyerscollective.org/news/archived-news-a-articles/126-novartis-case-background-and-update-supreme-court-of-india-to-recommence-hearing.html Novartis case: background and update – Supreme Court of India to recommence hearing] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021011059/http://www.lawyerscollective.org/news/archived-news-a-articles/126-novartis-case-background-and-update-supreme-court-of-india-to-recommence-hearing.html |date=2013-10-21 }}</ref> Novartis also initiated a program to assist patients who could not afford its version of the drug, concurrent with its product launch.<ref name=WSJ>R. Jai Krishna and Jeanne Whalen for the Wall Street Journal. 1 April 2013 [https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887323296504578395672582230106 Novartis Loses Glivec Patent Battle in India]</ref>

===Initial patent prosecution and litigation===

As mentioned above, Novartis' patent application on the beta crystalline form of imatinib mesylate was filed in India in 1998 and put in a "mail-box" as per the TRIPS agreement.<ref>Application No.1602/MAS/1998</ref> The application was processed in 2005 once the law in India allowed for product patents.<ref>The patent application attracted five pre-grant oppositions by M/s. Cancer Patients Aid Association, NATCO Pharma Ltd., CIPLA Ltd., Ranbaxy Laboratories Ltd. and Hetro Drugs Ltd. The Assistant Controller of Patents and Designs heard all the parties on 15 December 2005, as provided under rule 55 of the Patent Rules, 2003.</ref> The Assistant Controller of Patents and Designs rejected the application on 25 January 2006 as failing to satisfy requirements for novelty and non-obviousness. As the appellate board was not yet convened, Novartis filed several appeals before the [[Madras High Court]] in 2006. [[File:Imatinib.svg|thumb|200px|right|The [[free base]] form of anti-cancer agent [[imatinib]]. Imatinib mesylate is a [[salt (chemistry)|salt]] formed by a 1:1 reaction of imatinib and [[methanesulfonic acid]].]]Before the High Court could decide on the issue of patentability, the Intellectual Property Appellate Board (IPAB) was formed and in 2007 the case was transferred before the IPAB in line with section 117G of the Indian Patent Act. The IPAB on 26 June 2009 modified the decision of the Assistant Controller of Patents and Designs stating that ingredients for grant of patent ''novelty'' and ''non obviousness to person skilled in the art'' were present in the application but rejected the application on the ground that the drug is not a new substance but an amended version of a known compound and that Novartis was unable to show any significant increase in the efficacy of the drug and it, therefore, failed the test laid down by section 3(d) of the Indian Patents Act.<ref name=Appellate>[https://www.scribd.com/doc/133340456/IPAB-Order-Dated-26-Jun-2009-in-Novartis-v-Union-of-India Intellectual Property Appellate Board decision dated 26 June 2009, p 149]</ref><ref>Shamnad Basheer for Spicy IP 11 March 2006 [http://spicyip.com/2006/03/first-mailbox-opposition-gleevec.html First Mailbox Opposition (Gleevec) Decided in India]</ref>

Novartis mounted a separate and concurrent litigation before the Madras High Court arguing that section 3(d) of the Indian Patents Act violated Article 14 of the Indian constitution because the definition of "enhanced efficacy" was too vague and left too much power in the hands of the [[patent examiner]], and was in violation of India's obligations under the TRIPS agreement because it rendered inventions that should be patentable, unpatentable, and argued that the Court was the proper venue for hearing the claim concerning violation of TRIPS. Counsel for the Indian government argued that any violation of TRIPS belonged before the Dispute Settlement Board established by TRIPS, not before the Court, and that in any case, TRIPS allowed national laws to address the needs of its citizens; with respect to the claim that the amended law was arbitrary, counsel argued that "enhanced efficacy" is well understood in the pharmaceutical arts. In 2007, the High Court decided, agreeing with Novartis that it had the right to hear the case, and agreeing with counsel for the Indian government that the law was not vague, and that the law complied with TRIPS, and observed that section 3(d) aims to prevent [[evergreening]] and to provide easy access for Indian citizens to life saving drugs.<ref name=2007Decn>{{Cite web |url=http://judis.nic.in/HCS/list_new2.asp?FileName=11121&Table_Main_Txt=cheordtext |title=W.P. No.24759 of 2006 |access-date=2 August 2018 |archive-date=2 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802162504/http://judis.nic.in/HCS/list_new2.asp?FileName=11121&Table_Main_Txt=cheordtext |url-status=dead }}</ref> Novartis did not further challenge this order.

After IPAB rejected the patent application in 2009, Novartis appealed directly before the Supreme Court through a Special Leave Petition (SLP) under Article 136 of the [[Indian Constitution]];<ref>[http://indiankanoon.org/doc/427855/ Article 136 of the Indian Constitution]</ref> under normal circumstances, an appeal from IPAB should have been before one of the [[List of High Courts of India|High Courts]] before it could proceed to the Supreme Court. However, the patent if granted on appeal would expire by 2018 and thus any further appeal at that stage would be pointless. Considering this urgency and the need for an authoritative decision on section 3(d) (other cases on this issue were pending before various High courts), the Supreme Court granted special leave to bypass the High Court appeals process and come directly before it.

==Arguments before the Supreme Court==

===Novartis===
The legal team of Novartis was led by ex-[[Solicitor General of India]] [[Gopal Subramaniam]] and senior advocate [[T. R. Andhyarujina]].<ref name=barandbench>{{cite web |title=Supreme Court rejects Novartis patent plea for cancer drug Glivec |url=http://barandbench.com/content/supreme-court-rejects-novartis-patent-plea-cancer-drug-glivec-2#.UV2AicV49_M |access-date=4 April 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130628172852/http://barandbench.com/content/supreme-court-rejects-novartis-patent-plea-cancer-drug-glivec-2%23.UV2AicV49_M |archive-date=28 June 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Novartis had attempted to patent imatinib mesylate in beta crystalline form (rather than imatinib or imatinib mesylate); thus they sought to prevent extant literature on imatinib or imatininb mesylate from being considered as [[prior art]]. The thrust of the arguments by Novartis' legal team was two-fold: Firstly, that the Zimmerman patents and the journal articles published by Zimmerman et al. do not constitute prior art for the beta crystalline form as it is only one [[polymorphism (materials science)|polymorph]] of imatinib mesylate, thereby providing the required novelty and [[Invention#Invention as defined by patent law|inventive step]]; and secondly, that imatinib mesylate in beta crystalline form has enhanced efficacy over imatinib or imatinib mesylate to pass the test of section 3(d).

To prove novelty and inventive step it was argued that the Zimmermann patent did not teach or suggest to a person skilled in the art to select the beta crystalline form in preference to other compounds of which examples were given in the Zimmermann patent. Further, even if the beta crystalline form was selected, the Zimmermann patent did not teach a person to how to prepare that particular polymorph of the salt. Having arrived at the beta crystal form of [[methanesulfonic acid]] addition salt (mesylate salt) of imatinib, Novartis contended that the inventors had to further research to be able to ensure that particular salt form of imatinib was suitable for administration in a solid oral [[dosage form]]. Hence, the coming into being of the beta crystalline form of imatinib mesylate from the free base of imatinib was the result of an invention that involved technical advance as compared to the existing knowledge and brought into existence a new substance. Research was required to define and optimise the process parameters to selectively prepare the beta crystalline form of imatinib mesylate. As the Zimmermann patent contains no mention of polymorphism or crystalline structure, the relevant crystalline form that was synthesized needed to be invented. There was no way of predicting that the beta crystalline form of imatinib mesylate would possess the characteristics that would make it orally administrable to humans without going through the inventive steps.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/40212.pdf |title=Novartis v UoI, para 105-108 |access-date=2 August 2018 |archive-date=2 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802132022/https://www.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/40212.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

To prove that the beta crystalline form enhanced efficacy over other, it was stated that beta crystalline form has (i) more beneficial flow properties, (ii) better [[thermodynamic stability]], (iii) lower [[hygroscopicity]], and (iv) increased [[bioavailability]].<ref name="Decision168"/>

===Respondents===
There were seven named respondents who were represented before the court along with two Intervenor/Amicus. The respondents were led by Additional Solicitor-General of India [[Paras Kuhad]].<ref name="barandbench"/>

Various arguments were brought before the court but primarily focussed on proving that imatinib mesylate in beta crystalline form was neither novel nor non-obvious due to publications about imatinib mesylate in ''[[Cancer Research (journal)|Cancer Research]]'' and ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' in 1996, disclosures in Zimmerman patents, disclosures to FDA and finally that efficacy as referred to in section 3(d) should be interpreted as therapeutic efficacy and not merely a physical efficacy.<ref>[http://spicyipindia.blogspot.co.uk/2011/09/novartis-patent-intervention.html The Novartis Patent Intervention by Prof. Shamnad Basheer]</ref>

The respondents quoted extensively from [[Doha Declaration on the TRIPS agreement and public health]], excerpts from parliamentary debates, petitions from [[Non-governmental organization|NGOs]], WHO, etc. to highlight the public policy dimension of arguments in regards to easy affordability and availability of life saving drugs.

==Supreme Court decision==
Supreme Court decided the matter ''[[De novo review#De novo|de novo]]'' looking into matters of both fact and law.

The court first analysed the question of prior art by looking into Zimmerman patent and the related academic publications. It was clear from the Zimmerman patent that imatinib mesylate itself was not new and did not qualify the test of ''invention'' as laid down in section 2(1)(j) and section 2(1)(ja) of the Patents Act, 1970.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/40212.pdf |title=Novartis v UoI, Para 157 |access-date=2 August 2018 |archive-date=2 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802132022/https://www.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/40212.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The court then examined the beta crystalline form of imatinib mesylate and wrote that it, "for the sake of argument, may be accepted to be new, in the sense that it is not known from the Zimmermann patent. (Whether or not it involves an “inventive step” is another matter, and there is no need to go into that aspect of the matter now). Now, the beta crystalline form of Imatinib Mesylate being a pharmaceutical substance and moreover a polymorph of Imatinib Mesylate, it directly runs into section 3(d) of the Act with the explanation appended to the provision".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/40212.pdf |title=Novartis v UoI, Para 158 |access-date=2 August 2018 |archive-date=2 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802132022/https://www.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/40212.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In applying 3(d) of the Act, the Court decided to interpret "efficacy" as "therapeutic efficacy" because the subject matter of the patent is a compound of medicinal value. Court acknowledged that physical efficacy of imatinib mesylate in beta crystalline form was enhanced in comparison to other forms and that the beta crystalline form of imatinib mesylate had 30 per cent increased bioavailability as compared to imatinib in free base form;<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/40212.pdf |title=Novartis v UoI, Para 187, 188 |access-date=2 August 2018 |archive-date=2 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802132022/https://www.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/40212.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> however, as no material had been offered to indicate that the beta crystalline form of imatinib mesylate would produce an enhanced or superior efficacy (therapeutic) on molecular basis than what could be achieved with imatinib free base in vivo animal model, the court opined that the beta crystalline form of imatinib mesylate, did not qualify the test of Section 3(d).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/40212.pdf |title=Novartis v UoI, Para 189, 191 |access-date=2 August 2018 |archive-date=2 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802132022/https://www.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/40212.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://rdalegal.wordpress.com/2013/04/08/novartis-a-g-v-uoi-ors-honble-justice-aftab-alams-swansong/ Novartis A.G. v. UOI & Ors. – Hon’ble Justice Aftab Alam’s Swansong, Rudrajyoti Nath Ray, RDA, 8 April 2013]</ref>

Thus in effect, the Court upheld the view that under Indian Patent Act for grant of pharmaceutical patents apart from proving the traditional tests of novelty, inventive step and application, there is a new test of enhanced therapeutic efficacy for claims that cover incremental changes to existing drugs.<ref>[http://barandbench.com/content/novartis-and-health-analysis-rajeev-dhavan#.UWgOisV49_M Novartis and Health - An analysis, Rajeev Dhavan, 11 April 2013]</ref>

The Court took pains to point out that the subject patent application was filed during a time of transition in Indian patent law, especially with regard to striking Section 5, which had barred product patents and adding section 3(d), for which there was no [[case law]] yet.<ref name=Decision24>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/40212.pdf |title=Novartis v UoI, Para 24-25 |access-date=2 August 2018 |archive-date=2 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802132022/https://www.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/40212.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Court also took care to state the decision was intended to be narrow: "We have held that the subject product, the beta crystalline form of Imatinib Mesylate, does not qualify the test of Section 3(d) of the Act but that is not to say that Section 3(d) bars patent protection for all incremental inventions of chemical and pharmaceutical substances. It will be a grave mistake to read this judgment to mean that section 3(d) was amended with the intent to undo the fundamental change brought in the patent regime by deletion of section 5 from the Parent Act. That is not said in this judgment."<ref name=Decision191>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/40212.pdf |title=Novartis v UoI, Para 191 |access-date=2 August 2018 |archive-date=2 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802132022/https://www.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/40212.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Reception==
The decision received extensive coverage from Indian and international media.<ref name=WSJ/><ref>Rama Lakshmi for the Washington Post 1 April 2013 [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/india-rejects-novartis-drug-patent/2013/04/01/bf5f13de-9ab6-11e2-9219-51eb8387e8f1_story.html India rejects Novartis drug patent]</ref><ref name=NYTreact>Gardiner Harris and Katie Thomas for the New York Times. 1 April 2013
Published: 1 April 2013 [https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/02/business/global/top-court-in-india-rejects-novartis-drug-patent.html?ref=world Top court in India rejects Novartis drug patent]</ref><ref>
Sarah Boseley for The Guardian, 1 April 2013 [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/apr/01/novartis-patent-ruling-affordable-medicines?INTCMP=SRCH Novartis patent ruling a victory in battle for affordable medicines]</ref><ref>Staff, BBC. 2 April 2013 [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-21998950 Novartis case: Media hail 'key victory' for India]</ref>

It reignited debates on balancing public good with monopolistic pricing and innovation with affordability.<ref>{{cite web|title=How the Indian judgment will reverberate across the world|work=Firstpost |date=3 April 2013 |url=http://www.firstpost.com/world/how-the-indian-judgment-on-novartis-will-reverberate-across-the-world-684767.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Patented drugs must be priced smartly|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-04-03/news/38248707_1_patent-protection-glivec-indian-patent-act|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405015046/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-04-03/news/38248707_1_patent-protection-glivec-indian-patent-act|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 April 2013}}</ref><ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/patent-with-a-purpose/1096741/0 Patent with a purpose, Prof. Shamnad Basheer, Indian Express, 3 April 2013]</ref>

Several commenters, including Novartis, noted that a decision either way would not have affected the ability of generics companies in India to continue selling generic Gleevec. The new patent law India adopted in 2005 contains a grandfather clause that allows generic copies of drugs launched before 2005, which includes Gleevec, to continue to be sold, albeit with payment of a reasonable royalty to Novartis.<ref name="pharmatimes.com"/><ref name=TimesIndia>M Allirajan, TNN 4 April 2013 [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/SC-decision-on-Glivec-is-negative-credit-for-branded-drug-firms-Moodys/articleshow/19377515.cms SC decision on Glivec is negative credit for branded drug firms: Moody’s]</ref> Other commenters noted that the case was unique with respect to its timing and the importance of the drug, and that large generalizations should not be taken from it. "As a case study, Glivec is peculiar and unlikely to be representative going forward. Had it been invented a few years later (or TRIPS implemented a few years earlier), Glivec likely would be patented in India, even under 3(d) standards. Newly discovered compounds are likely to receive basic patents and to be less vulnerable to 3(d) rejections."<ref>Sampat BN et al. [http://personal.lse.ac.uk/shadlen/Science,%20July2012.pdf Challenges to India's Pharmaceutical Patent Laws] Science 27 July 2012: Vol. 337 no. 6093 pp. 414-415</ref> Prashant Reddy, author of the Spicy IP blog and postgraduate student at Stanford University Law School, was quoted in Nature Drug Discovery as saying: "It was a very limited ruling in most aspects and very fact-specific. Although the Court has interpreted efficacy to mean only therapeutic efficacy, it has left the exact scope of therapeutic efficacy to be defined in future cases....Most importantly, the Court made the nuanced distinction between the [[rent-seeking]] practice of [[evergreening]] and the beneficial practice of incremental innovation, and has clarified that Indian patent law forbids only the former."<ref>Charlotte Harrison [http://www.nature.com/nrd/journal/v12/n5/pdf/nrd4007.pdf?WT.ec_id=NRD-201305 Patent watch] Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 12, 336–337 (2013)</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Supreme Court rejects bid by Novartis to patent Glivec|date=12 June 2023 |url=http://spicyipindia.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/supreme-court-rejects-bid-by-novartis.html}}</ref>

There were however strong negative and positive reactions.

===Support===
The judgement garnered widespread support from international organisations and advocacy groups like [[Médecins Sans Frontières]],<ref>[http://www.iol.co.za/lifestyle/major-victory-on-affordable-drugs-1.1495438#.UV33lcV49_M Major victory on affordable drugs]</ref> WHO, etc. who welcomed the decision against evergreening of pharmaceutical patents.

Most news item contrasted the huge price difference between patented Gleevec of Novartis and the generic versions of Cipla and other generic companies.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130404004633/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130402/jsp/frontpage/story_16737032.jsp#.UV39dMV49_M Salve on cheaper medicine Patent blow to Big Pharma, The Telegraph]</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Drug price cut signal after court victory|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130404/jsp/nation/story_16746329.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021015729/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130404/jsp/nation/story_16746329.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 October 2013}}</ref> Some commentators have stated that this strict patent requirement would actually enhance innovation as the pharmaceutical companies would have to invest more in R&D to come up with new cures rather than repackage known compounds.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/why-novartis-case-will-help-innovation/article4617473.ece?ref=sliderNews Why Novartis case will help innovation, Achal Prabhala and Sudhir Krishnaswamy, The Hindu, 15 April 2013]</ref> Others have suggested that exclusions under section 3(d) present the hard cases that lie at the margins of the patent system due to the eternally unsettled nature of the definition of the term 'invention'.<ref>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/a-new-template-for-pharma-research/article4606742.ece?homepage=true A New Template for Pharma Research, Yogesh Pai, The Hindu Business Line, 11 April 2013]</ref> Several patent law experts have also pointed out that stringent conditions for patentability are followed in many jurisdictions around the world, and there is no reason India should not follow the same standards, given the extent of poverty and lack of availability of affordable medicines in the country.<ref>[http://www.mylaw.net/Article/Nothing_wrong_with_setting_high_standards_of_patentability/?past=Slideshow#.Uc0jWm16uh8 Nothing wrong with setting high standards of patentability, Srividhya Ragavan and Aju John, myLaw.net, 10 May 2013]</ref>

===Opposition===
Ranjit Shahani, vice-chairman and managing director of Novartis India Ltd is quoted as saying "This ruling is a setback for patients that will hinder medical progress for diseases without effective treatment options."<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130404014121/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130402/jsp/business/story_16736700.jsp#.UV3-TcV49_M Shift in Novartis Strategy, The Telegraph]</ref> He also said that companies like Novartis would invest less money in research in India as a result of the ruling.<ref name=NYTreact/> Novartis also emphasized that it continues to be committed to access to its drugs; according to Novartis, by 2013, "95% of patients in India—roughly 16,000 people—receive Glivec free of charge... and it has provided more than $1.7 billion worth of Glivec to Indian patients in its support program since it was started...."<ref name=WSJ/> The New York Times quoted [[Chip Davis]], the executive vice president of advocacy at the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America, the industry trade group: "It really is in our view another example of what I would characterize as a deteriorating innovation environment in India. The Indian government and the Indian courts have come down on the side that doesn’t recognize the value of innovation and the value of strong intellectual property, which we believe is essential."<ref name=NYTreact/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

===External links to text of judicial opinions===
* [https://www.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/40212.pdf Supreme Court judgement dated 1 April 2013] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802132022/https://www.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/40212.pdf |date=2 August 2018 }}
* [https://www.scribd.com/doc/133340456/IPAB-Order-Dated-26-Jun-2009-in-Novartis-v-Union-of-India Intellectual Property Appellate Board decision dated 26 June 2009]
* [http://judis.nic.in/HCS/list_new2.asp?FileName=11121&Table_Main_Txt=cheordtext Madras High Court decision on constitutionality of section 3(d) dated 6 August 2007] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802162504/http://judis.nic.in/HCS/list_new2.asp?FileName=11121&Table_Main_Txt=cheordtext |date=2 August 2018 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Novartis v. Union of India and Others}}
[[Category:Indian intellectual property law| ]]
[[Category:Supreme Court of India cases]]
[[Category:2013 in case law]]
[[Category:2013 in Indian law]]
[[Category:Indian patent case law]]
[[Category:Novartis]]
[[Category:Pharmaceutical industry in India]]

Susmita Datta

2026-01-25T14:26:56Z

Vaidehitaman: refine content per standard format for accuracy

{{short description|Indian biostatistician|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
'''Susmita Datta''' is an Indian [[biostatistics|biostatistician]]. She is a professor of biostatistics at the [[University of Florida]],{{r|cv}} and is the former president of the [[Caucus for Women in Statistics]]. She is also a musician who has published three CDs of [[Music of Bengal|Bengali folk songs]].{{r|cwis}}

==Education==
Datta did her undergraduate studies in physics at the [[University of Calcutta]], earning a bachelor's degree there in 1986.{{r|cv}}
She began a master's program in physics at [[Michigan State University]], and was led to statistics both by a probability course she took there and by the better job prospects for graduates in statistics.
Having to move to the [[University of Georgia]] because of family reasons,{{r|cwis}} she earned a master's degree in applied statistics there in 1990 and then a Ph.D. in 1995.{{r|cv}}
Her dissertation, supervised by Jonathan Arnold, was ''Dynamics of Cytonuclear Disequilibria and Related Statistical Tests for The Neutrality of Mitochondrial DNA markers for Hybrid Zone Data''.{{r|mgp}}

==Career==
After postdoctoral research at [[Emory University]], Datta joined the [[Georgia State University]] faculty in 1997. In 2005 she moved to the [[University of Louisville]]. There she became Graduate Program Director for Bioinformatics and Biostatistics in 2012, and Distinguished University Scholar in 2013.{{r|cv}} In 2015 she moved again, to the University of Florida, as part of a hiring initiative there for researchers in [[metabolomics]].{{r|welcome}}

She served as president of the [[Caucus for Women in Statistics]] in 2013.{{r|cwis}}

==Recognition==
Datta was elected to the [[International Statistical Institute]] in 2010.{{r|cv}}
In 2012, she became a [[Fellow of the American Statistical Association]],{{r|cv|fasa}}
and in 2014 she was elected as a fellow of the [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]] "for her distinguished contributions to methodological and collaborative research in bioinformatics, [[computational biology]], and biostatistics, and for student training and promoting women in STEM fields".{{r|cv|aaas}}

==References==
<references>

<ref name=aaas>{{citation|url=https://louisville.edu/sphis/news/dr.-susmita-datta-named-fellow-of-american-association-for-the-advancement-of-science|title=Dr. Susmita Datta named Fellow of American Association for the Advancement of Science|publisher=University of Louisville|accessdate=2017-11-16}}</ref>

<ref name=cv>{{citation|url=http://www.somnathdatta.org/susmita/CV.pdf|title=Curriculum vitae|date=26 August 2017|accessdate=2017-11-16}}</ref>

<ref name=cwis>{{citation|title="I really think nobody has any choice but to embrace numbers": Susmita Datta looks back on her Presidency of CWIS|magazine=Statistics Views|url=http://www.statisticsviews.com/details/feature/6286421/I-really-think-nobody-has-any-choice-but-to-embrace-numbers-Susmita-Datta-looks-.html|date=23 October 2014}}</ref>

<ref name=fasa>{{citation|url=http://www.amstat.org/ASA/Your-Career/Awards/ASA-Fellows-list.aspx|title=ASA Fellows list|publisher=American Statistical Association|accessdate=2017-11-16}}</ref>

<ref name=mgp>{{mathgenealogy|id=147058}}</ref>

<ref name=welcome>{{citation|url=http://biostat.ufl.edu/2015/10/22/department-of-biostatistics-welcomes-new-faculty-susmita-datta-phd/|title=Department of Biostatistics welcomes new faculty, Susmita Datta, PhD|publisher=University of Florida Department of Biostatistics|accessdate=2017-11-16}}</ref>

</references>

==External links==
*[http://www.somnathdatta.org/susmita/ Home page]
*{{Google Scholar id|ld1eAyAAAAAJ}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Datta, Susmita}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American biostatisticians]]
[[Category:Indian statisticians]]
[[Category:Women statisticians]]
[[Category:Bengali musicians]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:University of Georgia alumni]]
[[Category:Georgia State University faculty]]
[[Category:University of Florida faculty]]
[[Category:Elected Members of the International Statistical Institute]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Statistical Association]]

Cherlapally

2025-12-24T19:16:19Z

Vaidehitaman: brief improve content after review further and corrected details to improve readability

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Cherlapally
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Neighbourhood]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Telangana#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.0600|N|79.3|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Medchal district|Medchal]]
| subdivision_type3 = Zone
| subdivision_name3 = East
| subdivision_type4 = Circle
| subdivision_name4 = Kapra
| subdivision_type5 = Ward
| subdivision_name5 = 3
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 17.0700
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 500051&501302
| area_code = 0402726
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = TG 08
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
}}
'''Cherlapally''' is a [[neighbourhood]] of [[Hyderabad]] in the [[Indian state]] of [[Telangana]]. As per the delimitation of election wards by the [[GHMC]], it falls under [[Administrative divisions of Hyderabad|ward no. 3]] of [[Kapra]] circle & Kapra Mandal in the East zone. Cherlapally is home to a vast variety of industrial establishments and is well-known for its small scale and manufacturing industry.<ref name="ward">{{cite web|title=Delimitation of Election Wards|url=http://www.ghmc.gov.in/tender%20pdfs/election_wards.pdf|website=Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation|access-date=12 June 2017|format=PDF|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111110083915/http://www.ghmc.gov.in/tender%20pdfs/election_wards.pdf|archive-date=10 November 2011}}</ref>

[[Electronics Corporation of India Limited]] at Cherlapally is being built to manufacture products such as, [[Voter-verified paper audit trail|VVPAT]] units.{{Citation needed|date=May 2018}}

Cherlapally is one among big industrial areas.

==Transport==
The Area is well connected by TSRTC to the rest of the City, having Bus Depot at [[Chengicherla]]. The nearest Railway station is Charlapalli and Nearest Major Terminus is [[Secunderabad]]. There is a proposal to upgrade [[Charlapalli railway station]], as a Major Terminus to decongest traffic in [[Secunderabad Railway Station]].

== See also ==
* [[Cherlapally Central Jail]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Neighbourhoods of Hyderabad}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Municipal wards of Hyderabad, India]]

{{Hyderabad-geo-stub}}

Bharatpedia:WikiProject Bihar

2025-12-14T03:00:47Z

Vaidehitaman: created new pg from scratch

{{NOINDEX}}
{{WikiProject status|inactive|type=geo|parent=India|sc1=WP:INBR|sc2=WP:BIHAR|portal=}}
{{Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Navigation}}

{{Infobox WikiProject
|inactive =
|name = Bihar
|bodystyle =
|image = Bihar copy.jpg
|imagesize =250px
|caption =
|shortcuts = [[WP:INBR]]
|shortcuts2 = [[WP:BIHAR]]
|category = Bihar
|category2 =
|portal =
|portalimg =
|portal2 =
|portal2img =
|commons = Bihar
|parent = India
|child=Patna
|notice =
|notice-extended =
|userbox = User member of WikiProject Bihar
|userbox2 = User Bihar
|userbox3 =
|userboxnote =
|helps-organise-children =
|has-goals = yes
|assessment = WikiProject Bihar/Assessment
|footnotes =
}}

Some [[Wikipedia:Wikipedians|Wikipedian]]s have formed a [[Wikipedia:WikiProject|project]] to improve organisation and standardised look and feel of articles related to the [[India]]n state of [[Bihar]].

If you would like to help, please inquire on the [[{{NAMESPACE}} talk:{{PAGENAME}}|talk page]] and see the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Bihar/to do|to-do list]] there.

'''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Bihar/New articles|New articles]]''' page contains articles that may be Bihar related. Please add this page your watchlist and monitor the articles.

==Scope==
The scope of this article fundamentally is loosely defined as all articles and sections relating to [[Bihar]]. Almost all of these will be (eventually) categorised under [[:Category:Bihar]] and [[:Category:India]]

==Goals==
This [[Wikipedia:WikiProject|WikiProject]] aims to help organize and contribute to the growing collection of articles about Bihar.

This can be achieved by:

* '''Develop''': Improve and maintain articles that are on the [[Wikipedia:Version 1.0 Editorial Team/Bihar articles by quality|worklist]], [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Bihar/Cleanup listing|cleanup list]], or requested on the [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Bihar|project talk page]].

* '''Coordinate''':
:* Tag talk pages of all Bihar-relevant articles with <code><nowiki>{{WikiProject India|bihar=yes}}</nowiki></code>, and [[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Assessment|assess]] and prioritize articles missing [[:Category:unassessed Bihar articles|assessment]] or [[:Category:Unknown-importance Bihar articles|importance]] values.
:* [[Wikipedia:Categorization|Categorize]] Bihar related articles, including with [[WP:Stub|stub tags]] and [[WP:NAVBOX|navigation boxes]].

* '''Support''': Invite more users to join with <code>{{tls|WikiProject Bihar invitation}}</code> and assist them whenever possible.

==Progress==
{{Wikipedia:WikiProject Bihar/Progress}}

==Discussion==
*[[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Bihar]]

==Books and papers related to Bihar==

[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Bihar/Books and other references related to Bihar|Books and other references related to Bihar]]

==Members==
===Active members===
To join WikiProject Bihar, edit this section and insert the [[Help:Wikitext|Wikitext]] <code><nowiki>#{{subst:me}}</nowiki></code> with your areas of interest into the following list of members in alphabetical order. Members should also place [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Bihar#Member identification|member identification]] on their user page.
#{{User|Abhifrm.masaurhi}}
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#{{User|TryKid}} 19:21:37, 24 April 2018 (UTC) 
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#{{User|IndianPolitics-Bihar}} 22:03:09, 12 July 2018 (UTC) 
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#{{User|AyushRanjan1}} 03:09:26, 1 April 2023 (UTC) 

===Former members===
Thank you for your help! Please move your username back to the active list when you can participate again.
#{{User|Buaidh}} 15:03:27, 19 July 2019 (UTC) – WikiProject templates and categories.

===Member identification===
Members of WikiProject Bihar should place one of the following lines of [[Help:Wikitext|Wikitext]] on their [[Special:MyPage|user page]] to add it to '''{{nobreak|[[:Category:WikiProject Bihar participants]]}}'''.
{{yytop}}
{{yycat|WikiProject Bihar participants}}
{{yy|Template:User WikiProject Bihar}}
{{yy|Template:User WP Bihar}}
{{yy|Template:User WP Bihar|invite}}
{{yyend}}
For other Bihar user templates, see '''{{nobreak|[[:Category:Bihar user templates]]}}'''.

==Child project==
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Patna|WikiProject Patna]]
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Mithila|WikiProject Mithila]]

==Templates==

'''Stub templates''', for use in [[Wikipedia stub|stubs]] of [[Bihar]] and Bihar based portals.

{|border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="3"
|-
! Paste
! Display
!Introduced by
|-
| <code>{{tl|Bihar-stub}}</code>
| {{Bihar-stub}}
|[[user:Be.human|Be.human]]
|-
| <code>{{tl|Bihar-geo-stub}}</code>
|{{Bihar-geo-stub}}
|[[user:Bhadani|Bhadani]]
|-
|<code><nowiki>{{subst:WikiProject Bihar invitation|ts=~~~~}}</nowiki></code>
|{{WikiProject Bihar invitation}}
|[[user:Ivecos|Ivecos]]
|}

{{seealso|Wikipedia:WikiProject_Patna#Patna_templates}}

===Users===
'''Userbox''': Paste one or more of the following templates to your user page.
{|border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="3"
|-
! Paste
! Display
!Introduced by
|-
| <code>{{tl|User WikiProject Bihar}}</code>
| {{User WikiProject Bihar}}
|[[user:Manoj_nav|Manoj_nav]]
|-
| <code>{{tl|User WP Bihar}}</code>
| {{User WP Bihar}}
|[[User:Buaidh| Buaidh ]]
|-
| <code>{{tl|User citizen Bihar}}</code>
| {{User citizen Bihar}}
|[[User:Buaidh| Buaidh ]]
|-
| <code>{{tl|User from Bihar}}</code>
| {{User from Bihar}}
|[[User:Buaidh| Buaidh ]]
|-
| <code>{{tl|User in Bihar}}</code>
| {{User in Bihar}}
|[[User:Buaidh| Buaidh ]]
|-
| <code>{{tl|User interest Bihar}}</code>
| {{User interest Bihar}}
|[[User:Buaidh| Buaidh ]]
|-
| <code>{{tl|User Bihari}}</code>
|{{User Bihari}}
|[[user:Manoj_nav|Manoj_nav]]
|-
| <code>{{tl|User historical Bihar}}</code>
|{{User historical Bihar}}
|[[user:Manoj_nav|Manoj_nav]]
|}

{{seealso|Wikipedia:WikiProject_Patna#Userbox}}

==WikiProject Award==
{{main|Wikipedia:WikiProject_India#WikiProject_Award}}
If you notice someone making outstanding contributions to this project or any of the descendant WikiProjects, please feel free to give them any of the following [[Wikipedia:Barnstars|barnstars]].

==To-do list==
* You can contribute by improving the articles covering various topics on Bihar -
{{Bihar topics}}

==WikiProject Bihar notice==

Place this WikiProject notice <code>{{tl|WikiProject India}}</code> at the top of an article's Talk page to direct editors to the WikiProject Bihar for guidelines.

To use it, place
'''<code><nowiki>{{WikiProject India|bihar=yes|bihar-importance=}}</nowiki></code>'''
at the top of an article's Talk page.
It will produce:
{{WikiProject India|bihar=yes|category=no}}

==Parentage==
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject India]]
**[[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/States|Indian states]]

==Similar WikiProjects==
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Kerala]]

==Naming conventions==
*[[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Indic)]]

==Structure==
Refer to
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Indian_states#Sections]] for state articles
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Indian_districts#Sections]] for district articles
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Indian_cities#Sections]] for city articles

==Stubs==
For stubs about the geography of Bihar, use '''<code><nowiki>{{Bihar-geo-stub}}</nowiki></code>'''. This will go into the [[:Category:Bihar geography stubs]] category.

==Featured articles==
*[[Priyanka Chopra]]

===Featured lists===
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==[[Image:Symbol support vote.svg|25px]] Good Articles==
*[[Mahavira]]
*[[Chirand]]
*[[R. Madhavan]]
*[[Manoj Bajpayee]]
*[[2008 attacks on Uttar Pradeshi and Bihari migrants in Maharashtra]]

==Articles currently in [[Wikipedia:Featured article candidates|FAC]]==
* none at the moment

==Articles currently in [[Wikipedia:Peer review|PR]]==
* none at the moment
{{User:WolterBot/Cleanup listing subscription|wgcat=WikiProject Bihar articles}}

==Tools==
{{sisterlinks|India}}
{{Main|Wikipedia:Tools}}
{{see also|Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Guide/Tools}}
*[http://tito-dutta.my3gb.com/IndianEnglishNewspapersSearch.html Indian English newspaper search]
*[http://toolserver.org/~dispenser/view/Reflinks Reflinks] - Edits bare references — adds
*[http://toolserver.org/~dispenser/view/Checklinks Checklinks] - Edit and repair external links
*[http://toolserver.org/~dispenser/view/Dab_solver Dab solver] - Quickly resolve ambiguous links.
*[http://toolserver.org/~dispenser/view/Peer_reviewer Peer reviewer] - Provides hints and suggestion to improving articles.

{{Wikipedia policies and guidelines|state=collapsed}}
{{WikiProject Footer}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bihar}}

[[Category:WikiProject Bihar| ]]
[[Category:WikiProjects participating in Wikipedia 1.0 assessments]]

Sid Mallya

2025-12-06T19:06:58Z

Vaidehitaman: rework intro as per guidelines also and corrected details as per guidelines

#REDIRECT [[Sidhartha Vijay Mallya]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Kesari Singh

2025-11-13T21:37:27Z

Vaidehitaman: added!

{{short description|Maharao of Sirohi (1875 - 1920)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{infobox royalty
| name = Kesari Singh
| title = [[Maharajadhiraja]] [[Maharao]]
| succession = [[Maharao]] of [[Sirohi state|Sirohi]]
| reign = 16 September 1875 – 29 April 1920
| predecessor = [[Umaid Singh II]]
| successor = [[Sarup Ram Singh]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1857|07|20|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1925|01|16|1857|07|20|df=yes}}
| father = [[Umaid Singh II]]
}}
[[Sir]] '''Kesari Singh''' was the [[Maharao]] of [[Sirohi state|Sirohi]] from 1875 until his [[abdication]] in 1920.
==Birth and education==
He was born on 20 July 1857 in [[Poshina]] to [[Umaid Singh II]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Lala |first=Sitaram |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.112413 |title=History Of Sirohi Raj From The Earliest Times To The Present Day |date=1920 |pages=253,279–313,360–364}}</ref> He received his education from Guran Lakhmi Chand, and later from Srimali Pandit Daulat Ram.<ref name=":3" /> After Daulat Ram’s death, he was taught by Pandit Ganesha Datta.<ref name=":3" /> On the advice of the Political Agent, he subsequently studied English under tutors such as Janki Prasad, Hari Shankar Ojha, and Shankarji Trivedi.<ref name=":3" /> He was also trained in the use of weapons.<ref name=":3" />

== Reign ==
Upon the death of his father on 16 September 1875, he succeeded him as the [[Maharao]] of [[Sirohi state|Sirohi]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Rajputana (Agency) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mYtYhoiaiYQC |title=The Rajputana Gazetteer |date=1880 |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Print. |pages=104 |language=en}}</ref> He was vested with full administrative powers on 24 November 1875.<ref name=":5" /> On account of his old age, he abdicated on 29 April 1920 in favour of his son, [[Sarup Ram Singh]], but retained his titles and the gun salute.<ref name=":0" />

== Personal life ==

=== Marriages ===
He married four times.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Bayley |first=C. S. |url=https://archive.org/details/chiefsleadingfam00csba/ |title=Chiefs and leading families in Rajputana |date=2004 |publisher=New Delhi : Asian Educational Services |others=Public Resource |isbn=978-81-206-1066-8 |pages=600}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Not Available |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35960/ |title=Report On The Administration Sirohi State |date=1907 |pages=1}}</ref> His first marriage was in 1875 to Parmarji, a daughter of Jalam Singh, the [[Maharana]] of [[Danta State|Danta.]]<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> She died in 1899.<ref name=":3" /> His second marriage was in 1884 to Chavdiji, a daughter of Abhai Singh, the [[Thakore]] of [[Varsoda]].<ref name=":4" /> She died in 1887.<ref name=":3" /> His third marriage took place in 1888 to Man Kunwar, a daughter of [[Narandevji|Narandevji II]], the [[Raja]] of [[Dharampur State|Dharampur]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> His fourth marriage was in 1896 to a daughter of Mangal Singh, the [[Raja]] of [[Bhinai]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />

=== Children ===
By his first marriage, he had a son, [[Sarup Ram Singh]].<ref name=":3" /> By his third marriage, he had a son, Man Singh.<ref name=":3" /> By his third wife, he had a son, Lakshman Singh, and three daughters: Anand Kanwar, Hait Kanwar, and Padam Kunwar.<ref name=":3" /> By his fourth wife, he had a son, Narain Singh.<ref name=":3" />

== Death ==
He died on 16 January 1925 and was succeeded by his son [[Sarup Ram Singh]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Not Available |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.127533/ |title=Rajputana And Ajmer List Of Ruling Princes, Chiefs And Leading Personages |date=1931 |pages=154 |edition=six }}</ref>

== Titles, styles and honours ==

=== Titles and styles ===
The hereditary title of [[Maharao]] was conferred on him by the [[Queen Victoria|Victoria]] in 1899.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Vadivelu |first=A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LfoxAQAAMAAJ |title=The Ruling Chiefs, Nobles and Zamindars of India |date=1915 |publisher=G.C. Loganadham |pages=189 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Purushotam Vishram Mawjee |url=https://archive.org/details/DurbarAlbum1/ |title=(1911) Imperial durbar album of the Indian princes, chiefs and zamindars, Vol. I. |date=1911 |pages=97}}</ref> At the [[Delhi Durbar]] of 1911, [[George V]] conferred upon him the title of [[Maharajadhiraja]] as a hereditary distinction.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

=== Honours ===
He was made a [[Knight Commander]] of the [[Order of the Star of India]] in 1895 and a [[Knight Grand Commander]] of the [[Order of the Indian Empire]] in 1901.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> As the ruler of [[Sirohi state|Sirohi]], he was entitled to a salute of 15 guns.<ref name=":2" /> His salute was later raised to 17 guns as a personal distinction.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:1857 births]]
[[Category:1925 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:People from British India]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Sirohi district]]

Hostel Days

2025-08-24T02:54:43Z

Vaidehitaman: added!

{{Short description|2024 Telugu comedy drama TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Hostel Days Telugu Amazon Prime Series.jpg
| caption =
| genre = [[Adult]] [[comedy-drama]]
| director = {{Plainlist|
*Aditya Mandala
}}
| producer = [[Arunabh Kumar]]
| story =
| writer = Akshay Poolla
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*Darahas Maturu
*Akshay Lagusani
*Mouli Tanuj Prasanth
*Anannyaa Akulaa
*Aishwarya Hollakal
*Jaiyetri Makana
}}
| music = Sidhartha Sadasivuni
| cinematography = Fahad Abdul Majeed
| editor = Surya Vinay
| company = [[The Viral Fever]]
| released = {{Start date|2023|07|13|df=y}}
| runtime = 30 minute
| country = India
| budget =
| network = [[Amazon Prime Video]]
| language = Telugu
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 5
| related = ''[[Hostel Daze]]'' ''[[Engga Hostel]]''
}}'''''Hostel Days'''''<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2023-07-07 |title='Hostel Days': Trailer of Telugu edition of popular TVF franchise out |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/hostel-days-trailer-of-telugu-edition-of-popular-tvf-franchise-out/article67053188.ece |access-date=2024-01-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> is a 2023 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]] adaptation of the popular [[India]]n [[Hindi-language]] [[comedy drama]] television miniseries ''[[Hostel Daze]]''.<ref name=":0" /> The series is directed by Aditya Mandala<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-11 |title=Present-day Students Will Relate To Hostel Days: Aditya Mandala |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ott/110723/prime-video-series-hostel-days-director-aditya-mandala-interview.html |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref> and produced by [[Arunabh Kumar|Arubabh Kumar]]. It features an ensemble cast including Darahas Maturu, Akshay Lagusani, Mouli Tanuj Prasanth, Anannyaa Akulaa, Aishwarya Hollakal, and Jaiyetri Makana. The series, written by Akshay Poolla,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2023-07-07 |title=Prime Video unveils the trailer of the new Telugu series Hostel Days |url=https://telanganatoday.com/prime-video-unveils-the-trailer-of-the-new-telugu-series-hostel-days |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=Telangana Today |language=en-US}}</ref> The first trailer was released on 7 July 2023<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trailer of Telugu series Hostel Days unveiled |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/jul/07/trailer-oftelugu-series-hostel-days-unveiled-45375.html |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=7 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref> and series premiered on Amazon Prime Video on July 13, 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-12 |title=OTT Watch: What to Watch on Prime Video in July 2023 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ott/120723/weekly-recommendations-on-ott-movies-and-shows-on-prime-video.html |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-12 |title=New on Amazon Prime Video this week: 'Hostel Days,' 'The Summer I Turned Pretty' Season 2, and more |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/new-on-amazon-prime-video-this-week-hostel-days-the-summer-i-turned-pretty-season-2-and-more/article67071612.ece |access-date=2024-01-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Synopsis ==
''Hostel Days'' unfolds the lives of six students navigating the challenges of hostel life in an engineering college. The characters, each with their unique personalities, share experiences of trials, identity struggles, friendships, love, and academic endeavors. The narrative explores relatable oddities, strange obstacles, confrontations, and conflicts, providing a humorous glimpse into the world of college life.

== Cast ==

* Darahas Maturu as Sai Ram
* Akshay Lagusani as Naveen Yadav
* Mouli Tanuj Prasanth as Chitranjan Bhattachary
* Anannyaa Akulaa as Theppa
* Aishwarya Hollakal as Kavya
* Jaiyetri Makana as Rithika

=== Recurring cast ===

* [[Rajeev Kanakala]] as Xerox Shop Uncle
* [[Raghu Karumanchi]] as Sweeper Babai
* [[Jhansi]] as Canteen Aunty
* [[Thagubothu Ramesh]] Security Anna
* [[Harsha Chemudu]] Computer Lab Assistant

== Episodes ==

=== Season 1 ===
{{Series overview|color1=#005F6C|link1=#Season_1|episodes1=5|released1={{Start date|2023|01|26|df=yes}}}}{{Episode table|background=#005F6C|overall=|season=|title=|director=|airdate=|episodes={{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| Title = Room No. 209
| DirectedBy = Aditya Mandala
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|07|13|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| EpisodeNumber2 = 2
| Title = Rakshakudu
| DirectedBy = Aditya Mandala
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|07|13|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| EpisodeNumber2 = 3
| Title = First Love
| DirectedBy = Aditya Mandala
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|07|13|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 4
| EpisodeNumber2 = 4
| Title = GRP
| DirectedBy = Aditya Mandala
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|07|13|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 5
| EpisodeNumber2 = 5
| Title = M1 Exam
| DirectedBy = Aditya Mandala
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|07|13|df=y}}
}}}}

== Reception ==
''Hostel Days'' received mixed reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-07 |title=New Telugu web series 'Hostel Days' trailer released; promises a nostalgic journey into college life |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/new-telugu-web-series-hostel-days-trailer-released-promises-a-nostalgic-journey-into-college-life/articleshow/101567376.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-01-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The series has been commended for its attempts to depict hostel life, with Darahas Maturu and Anannyaa Akulaa's portrayal earning praises.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-14 |title=Hostel Days Telugu Web Series Review |url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/hostel-days-web-series-review.html |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=123telugu.com |language=en}}</ref> Some reviewers have appreciated the exploration of different perspectives, including a focus on female characters. However, opinions on the overall execution vary, with some acknowledging its relatable elements and others finding it a passable show.

== See also ==

* ''[[Hostel Daze]]''
* ''[[Engga Hostel]]''

== References ==
<references responsive="0" />

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|28306899}}

[[Category:Amazon Prime Video original programming]]
[[Category:2020s comedy-drama television series]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2020s Indian television miniseries]]
[[Category:TVF Play Shows]]

Wui village

2025-08-17T04:19:55Z

Vaidehitaman: created initial place w/ infobox

{{Short description|Village in Nagaland, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Wui village
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = kix
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Nagaland
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Nagaland, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.053032|95.0149609|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Nagaland]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Noklak district|Noklak]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 756
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Patsho Khiamniungan]], [[Wui language]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code =
| registration_plate = NL
| website = 
| footnotes =
}}
'''Wui village''' is located in [[Thuonoknyu]] circle of [[Noklak district]] in Nagaland, India. It is situated 32 km away from sub-district headquarter Thuonoknyu and 128 km away from district parent headquarter Tuensang.<ref name="nagaland">{{cite web|url=https://ipr.nagaland.gov.in/medical-camp-wui-village-noklak/|title=Medical Camp at Wui Village, Noklak {{pipe}} DIPR Nagaland-Department of Information & Public Relations, Nagaland|website=ipr.nagaland.gov.in|access-date=2024-03-19}}</ref> The language most widely spoken is [[Patsho Khiamniungan]], of the [[Patsho|Patsho people]] there.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

== Economy ==
The village is known for Potteries, blacksmithy and agriculture.<ref name="noklak">{{cite web|url=https://noklak.nic.in/tourist-place/wui-village/|title=Wui Village {{pipe}} District Noklak, Government of Nagaland {{pipe}} India|website=noklak.nic.in|access-date=2024-03-19}}</ref> The age-old practice of iron ore extraction and metallurgy using primitive tools can be witnessed in this village.<ref name="morungexpress">{{cite web|url=https://morungexpress.com/wui-struggles-preserve-traditional-art-iron-smelting/|title=Wui struggles to preserve the traditional art of iron smelting {{pipe}} MorungExpress|website=morungexpress.com|access-date=2024-03-19}}</ref>

== Population ==
Wui has a total population of 756 peoples, out of which male population is 386 while female population is 370. There are about 170 houses in wui village.<ref name="www.goog">{{cite web|url=https://www.google/com/amp/s/www.censusindia.co.in/amp/villages/wui-population-tuensang-nagaland-268028/|website=google|title=Wui Population, Caste, Working Data Tuensang, Nagaland - Census 2011|access-date=2024-03-19}}</ref>

== Literacy ==
Literacy rate of wui village is 32.80% out of which 34.20% males and 31.35% females are literate.<ref>[Indian village info - about wui]</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Noklak district]]

Rajiv Gandhi School of Intellectual Property Law

2025-08-15T03:32:24Z

Vaidehitaman: rework structure further and updated info based on references

{{Short description|Law school of IIT Kharagpur in Kharagpur, West Bengal}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{COI|date=May 2018}}
{{cleanup|reason=Excessive information;poorly sourced|date=May 2014}}
{{original research|date=May 2014}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Rajiv Gandhi School of Intellectual Property Law
| image = IMG 20180208 171318 HDR-2.jpg
| logo = Rajiv Gandhi School of Intellectual Property Law, IIT Kharagpur Logo.jpg
| motto = {{lang|sa|Yogaḥ karmasu kauśalam}} {{small|([[Sanskrit]])}}
| established = {{start date and age|2006}}
| type = [[Public university|Public]] [[law school]]
| chairperson = Dipa Dube
| faculty = 13<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| students = 179<ref name=nirf_stud>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2021 |url=http://www.iitkgp.ac.in/files/nirf21_law.pdf |publisher=IIT Kgp}}</ref>
| parent = [[IIT Kharagpur]]
| city = [[Kharagpur]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|22|19|10.97|N|87|18|35.87|E|region:IN-WB_type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| website = {{url|http://www.iitkgp.ac.in/department/IP|rgsoipl.iitkgp.ac.in}}
}}

'''Rajiv Gandhi School of Intellectual Property Law, IIT Kharagpur''' ('''RGSOIPL or IIT Kgp Law School''') is a [[law school]] located in Kharagpur, West Bengal, India. An academic unit of [[Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur]], it is the first [[law school]] to be established in an [[Indian Institute of Technology]] (IIT). It was set up in collaboration with the [[George Washington University Law School]], [[Washington DC]] and is the only law school within the IIT system.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-economy/IIT-Kharagpur-to-set-up-IP-law-school/article20197220.ece | title=IIT-Kharagpur to set up IP law school | newspaper=The Hindu | date=31 January 2006 | accessdate=29 September 2018 }}</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/IIT-Kharagpur-gets-its-own-law-course/articleshow/1715449.cms IIT Kharagpur gets its own law course, ''Times of India'']</ref> It is also the first law school in India imparting full-time [[Intellectual Property]]<ref>[http://www.slideshare.net/gregmstark/intellectual-property-101 An Introduction to Intellectual Property]</ref> education along with other regular courses prescribed by the [[Bar Council of India]]. School maintain a Legal Aid and IP Facilitation Cell to provide legal services to the needy peoples, faculty and students of the school associated with the cell provide legal aid as an enabling and outreach activity.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 Feb 2018 |title=IIT Kharagpur law school starts cell to extend legal help |work=[[The Indian Express]] February 15, 2018 01:01 IST |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/iit-kharagpur-law-school-starts-cell-to-extend-legal-help-5064375/ |url-status=live |access-date=15 Feb 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214221724/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/iit-kharagpur-law-school-starts-cell-to-extend-legal-help-5064375/ |archive-date=14 Feb 2018}}</ref>

== Introduction ==
Rajiv Gandhi School of Intellectual Property Law, IIT Kharagpur (Hindi: राजीव गांधी बौद्धिक संपदा विधि विद्यालय भारतीय प्रौद्योगिकी संस्थान खड़गपुर) is the first of its kind law school to impart legal education with IP specialization within the IIT System bringing synergy among science, technology, management, and law. The School offers a Six-Semester, Three-Year Full-Time residential programme leading to the Degree of Bachelor of Laws (Hons) in Intellectual Property Law approved by the Bar Council of India.
RGSOIPL is logistically situated contiguous to the technology and invention laboratories of [[IIT Kharagpur]] and is in close proximity with the Headquarters of the [[Indian Patent Office]] at Kolkata. The first batch graduated in May 2009. In addition to that, two batches of the erstwhile PGDIPL programme (discontinued since 2008) which was offered at Kolkata campus of IIT Kharagpur, have also graduated. The institute recently churned out its first Ph.D. in IP Law.

==History==
The school is the brainchild of Mr. [[Vinod Gupta]], CEO of [[InfoUSA]] and Life Fellow of [[IIT Kharagpur]], who proposed its setting-up on 28 March 2005 and also promised a grant of one million US dollars to that end. The Ministry of Human Resource Development, [[Government of India]] accepted the proposal and announced a matching grant to RGSOIPL. The school commenced its academic activities from 20 July 2006.<ref name= "July 20, 2006">[https://web.archive.org/web/20060828035913/http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/26/stories/2006072610790300.htm IP law must to protect India's wealth, say Experts,''The Hindu'']</ref> The school was formally inaugurated, three days after, by Honorable Mr. Justice V.S Sirpurkar (retired Judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]] and the then Chief Justice of [[Calcutta High Court]]), at the Kalidas auditorium in [[IIT Kharagpur]] on 23 July 2006.

The school started functioning from [[Vinod Gupta School of Management]] at IIT Kharagpur in 2006. However, since 2008 the school has been functioning from its state-of-the-art modern building. The structural framework of the Law School, designed by the Department of Architecture, IIT Kharagpur replicates the Grecian style to reflect the impression of the Supreme Court of India. The building covers {{convert|38000|sqft|m2}} area on a plot of land inside campus sprawling over {{convert|5|acres|m2}}<ref name= "acres">[https://web.archive.org/web/20070302091154/http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/31/stories/2006073104280600.htm Campus Area]</ref> (the IIT Kgp campus itself spread over an area more than 2100 acres, largest among all IITs).

==Academic collaboration and student exchange==
RGSOIPL has a technical collaboration with the [[George Washington University Law School]], (GWU) [[Washington DC]] which assists in formulating curriculum and knowledge exchange.<ref name="collaboration">[http://www.law.gwu.edu/Academics/research_centers/india/Pages/RajivGandhiSchool.aspx GWU Law School - RGSOIPL Project] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728080241/http://www.law.gwu.edu/Academics/research_centers/india/Pages/RajivGandhiSchool.aspx |date=2011-07-28 }}</ref> Under the student exchange programme, RGSOIPL hosted a delegation of eight students from [[George Washington University Law School]] in March 2010. Further, 10 RGSOIPL students assisted by a faculty member visited GWU Law School in July 2011 for two weeks.<ref>[http://www.iitkgp.org/news/96 George Washington University Law School hosts IIT-Kharagpur Law school delegation]{{Dead link|date=September 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Programmes and faculty==
RGSOIPL presently offers a three-year full-time residential LL.B. (Hons.) The programme leading to the Degree of Bachelor of Laws with specialization in Intellectual Property Rights. The school is recognized by Bar Council of India. The graduates acquire skills in Business laws, Intellectual property laws and other regular courses<ref name="courses">[http://www.rgsoipl.iitkgp.ernet.in/programme_sem.php?pid=T1E9PQ== Revised LL.B.(IPR) Curriculum w.e.f 2009 at RGSOIPL]</ref> prescribed by the Bar Council of India. The maximum student intake is 50. The school earlier offered a three-semester post-graduate diploma in Intellectual Property Law (PGDIPL)<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070302091154/http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/31/stories/2006073104280600.htm IPR Programme at IIT Kharagpur, ''The Hindu'']</ref> to two batches and the programme has been discontinued since 2008.

RGSOIPL also offers a doctorate programme leading to [[Ph.D.]] in law.<ref>[http://www.rgsoipl.iitkgp.ernet.in/admission.php?pid=T0E9PQ== PhD Admissions, RGSOIPL]</ref><ref>[http://www.iitkgp.ac.in/topfiles/phd_pdf_top.php PhD Admissions]</ref> The institute recently churned out its first Ph.D. in IP Law.

RGSOIPL has a full-time faculty<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110721161714/http://www.rgsoipl.iitkgp.ernet.in/faculty.php Faculty Profile, RGSOIPL]</ref> of 10 professors, including two Fulbright scholars. The present faculty-student ratio is 1:10, one of the lowest among Indian law schools. The school has an impressive list of visiting faculty which includes many eminent personalities in the law and technology field, viz. Justice [[Umesh Chandra Banerjee]] (former Judge, Supreme Court of India), Justice [[Anandamoy Bhattacharjee]] (former Chief Justice of the Calcutta High Court and the Bombay High Court), Justice A.K Ganguly (Sitting Judge, Hon'ble Supreme Court of India), Justice Pratap Ray ( Judge of the [[Calcutta High Court]]), Justice [[Chittatosh Mookerjee]] (Former Chief Justice, Bombay and Calcutta High Courts), Prof. [[Mahendra Pal Singh (legal scholar)|Mahendra Pal Singh]], Prabuddha Ganguli (IP expert), Rodney D. Ryder (technology lawyer), Prof. Madhukar Sinha (IIFT Delhi), Dr. Vidya Sagar (Partner, Remfry & Sagar), Prof. V. Vijaya Kumar (NLSIU Bangalore), Prof. Graham Green Leaf, Prof. Michael Peters (University of New South Wales, Australia) etc.

Under the guidance of Prof. N.L Mitra (Advisor to RGSOIPL, former director, NLSIU Bangalore and founder vice chancellor, National Law School Jodhpur), RGSOIPL aims to reach the realm of success by linking both technology and law.{{Citation needed|date=January 2011}}

Recently, the school has introduced a unique inter-disciplinary program - Artificial Intelligence & Law, currently offered as an elective to the students of IIT Kharagpur.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/iit-kgp-introduces-ai-in-law-and-management-education/1371464|title = IIT KGP introduces AI in law and management education}}</ref>

==Research centres and collaborations==

RGSOIPL is the founding partner of '''Legal Information Institute of India'''<ref>[http://liiofindia.org/ Legal Information Institute of India]</ref> along with three other National Law Schools.<ref>[http://liiofindia.org/liiofindia/sponsors/#partner_institutions Partner Institutions, LII of India]</ref> LII of India, inaugurated in March 2011, is an international standard, free-access and non-profit comprehensive online collection of Indian legal information including statutes and case laws.

The Law school has an '''Indian Institute of Corporate Affairs (IICA) Hub''' funded by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs, Government of India.<ref>[http://www.rgsoipl.iitkgp.ernet.in/projects.php?pid=TWc9PQ== Indian Institute of Corporate Affairs Hub at RGSOIPL, IIT Kharagpur]</ref> The hub will be involved in action research in areas including issues of corporate structure and ownership distribution, finance and security laws, risk management, insolvency and reconstruction of companies as well as contractual issues. The School is also an Eastern Zone center for '''DST-TIFAC Women Scientist Scheme''' for IPR Training of Women Scientists.<ref>[http://www.rgsoipl.iitkgp.ernet.in/projects.php?pid=TkE9PQ== DST-TIFAC Women Scientist Scheme, IIT Kharagpur]</ref> Several workshops are conducted under its aegis and it is funded by Department of Science & Technology, Government of India.

== Achievements==
Students of the school have won the ATRIP essay competition<ref>[http://www.atrip.org/Essays ATRIP Essay Results]</ref> and Virginia Journal of Law and Technology (VJOLT) essay competition.<ref name="competitions">[https://spicyipindia.blogspot.com/2010/03/results-of-1st-annual-intellectual.html?dhiti=1 VJOLT Essay Competition Results]</ref><ref>[http://www.lordsfoundation.com/essay/index.htm VJOLT Essay Competition]</ref> The School won the 6th B.Krishna Memorial National IPR Moot Competition - 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lawyersclubindia.com/news/6th-B-Krishna-Memorial-National-IPR-Moot-Court-Competition-2014-14680.asp|title = 6th B. Krishna Memorial National IPR Moot Court Competition 2014 - Students}}</ref> The students also won the Runners Up and Best Memorial award in The Oxford University India Moot Court Competition on Constitutional Law 2013-14.<ref>http://www.ousi.org/files/documents/Results.pdf{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Rankings==
{{Infobox India university ranking
| NIRF_L_2022 = 6
}}
RGSOIPL was ranked sixth among Law schools in India by the [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) in 2022.<ref name=Rankings_NIRF_L_2022 />

==Campus placements and internships==
Over the years, RGSOIPL students have earned accolades and respect in their respective organizations. Owing to the specialization of the course a majority of students have taken employment in the Intellectual Property domain and the school is now beginning to establish itself in other fields as well. Campus placements start from 1 December every year. The previous batches were recruited by global giants like [[General Electric]], [[Eaton Corporation]], [[Siemens]] India, [[Honeywell]], [[Battelle Memorial Institute|Battelle]] India, [[Robert Bosch GmbH]] and [[Novo Nordisk]] primarily for IP positions. Among Indian firms, [[Indian Oil Corporation]], [[Hero Motocorp]], [[Bajaj Auto]], [[TVS Motor]]s, [[Infosys]], [[Wipro]], [[Tata Consultancy Services]], [[Cognizant]], [[Johnson & Johnson]], Venus Remedies and [[Avesthagen]] among many more have extended their offers to the graduates of the school for legal and IP profiles. Tier-I [[law firm]]s like Amarchand & Mangaldas, Anand and Anand, Lall Lahiri & Salhotra, Lakshmi Kumaran & Sridharan, IUS Juris, Remfry and Sagar, Nishith Desai Associates have the Law school alumni working with them.<ref name="offers">[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/law-behold-iitkharagpur-whiz-kids-beat-re/419963/ IIT-Kharagpur whiz kids beat recession blues, ''Indian Express'']</ref> Additionally Evalueserve, [[Pangea3]], CPA Global, IP Horizons, Mindcrest and Lex Orbis have also recruited the Law school Alumni.

All the students have to compulsorily undergo summer internship for 8 weeks after 4th semester. In the past, several reputed organizations have offered summer internship roles to students of RGSOIPL. In addition to those stated above, these organizations include [[ABB Group|ABB]], [[Texas Instruments]] India, [[3M]] India, [[Philips]] India, [[Samsung India Software Operations]], [[Monsanto]] India, [[Lupin Ltd.|Lupin]], [[Biocon]], [[Mahindra & Mahindra Limited]], [[FICCI]], Khaitan & Co. Mumbai, Zeus IP Advocates, Desai & Dewanji, ALMT Legal, Majmudar & Co. Mumbai among many others.

==Student activities==
[[File:IMG 20180202 144659 HDR.jpg|thumb|right|Moot Court Room - Rajiv Gandhi School of Intellectual Property Law, IIT Kharagpur]]
Despite a gruelling academic schedule, the students involve themselves in numerous activities. The School currently has a Cultural club, a Wall Journal committee,<ref name="Wall Journal">[http://iitkgpwalljournal.wordpress.com/ RGSOIPL Wall Journal]</ref> a '''Moot Court Society (MCS)'''<ref>[https://mcsiitkgp.blogspot.com/ RGSOIPL Moot Court Society Homepage]</ref> and a Training & Placement Cell (TnP). All of these are managed by students with the help of faculty. The School also has a '''Legal Aid and Intellectual Property Facilitation Cell''' which offers free consultation over legal and IP matters to the general public, students and IIT community.<ref>[http://www.rgsoipl.iitkgp.ernet.in/legalaid.php Legal Aid and Intellectual Property Facilitation Clinic, RGSOIPL] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001025207/http://www.rgsoipl.iitkgp.ernet.in/legalaid.php |date=2011-10-01 }}</ref> Legal Aid Cell has organised many legal aid camps.

The Law school has the distinction of being the first among all IITs to hold a technology law moot court in 2007 which saw good participation from law schools across the country. Since 2010, RGSOIPL is organizing '''Shaastraarth''',<ref name="Shaastraarth">[http://www.saamanjasya.com/events/shaastraarth Shaastraarth 2011] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111017084502/http://www.saamanjasya.com/events/shaastraarth |date=2011-10-17 }}</ref> a 3 on 3 style Parliamentary debate competition during Saamanjasya, the social event organized every year by [[Vinod Gupta School of Management]] at IIT Kharagpur.

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official|http://www.iitkgp.ac.in/department/IP}}

{{Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur}}
{{Indian Institutes of Technology}}
{{Autonomous law schools in India}}

[[Category:Law schools in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2006]]
[[Category:IIT Kharagpur]]
[[Category:Intellectual property organizations]]
[[Category:2006 establishments in West Bengal]]

National Small Industries Corporation

2025-08-11T05:41:54Z

Vaidehitaman: adding new data first draft

{{Short description|Government of India Enterprise to promote and aid small companies (Founded 1955)}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox company
| name = National Small Industries Corporation (NSIC)
| logo = National Small Industries Corporation logo.png
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| logo_padding =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| type = [[Government of India|Government Agency]]
| industry =
| founded = {{Start date and age|1955}}
| hq_location = NSIC Bhawan, Okhla Industrial Estate
| hq_location_city = [[New Delhi]]
| hq_location_country = India<ref>{{cite web|title=Contact Us|url=http://nsic.co.in/Corporate/ContactUs.aspx|website=National Small Industries Corporation|access-date=20 March 2018|archive-date=20 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320110020/http://nsic.co.in/Corporate/ContactUs.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| num_locations =
| num_locations_year = 
| areas_served = India and Africa<ref>{{cite web|title=About Us|url=http://nsic.co.in/Corporate/AboutUs.aspx|website=National Small Industries Corporation|access-date=20 March 2018|archive-date=20 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320110206/http://nsic.co.in/Corporate/AboutUs.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| key_people = Dr. Subhransu Sekhar Acharya (Chairman & MD)<ref>{{cite web|title=Who's Who|url=https://nsic.co.in/Corporate/WhoIsWho}}</ref>
| services =
| revenue =
| revenue_year = 
| operating_income =
| income_year = 
| net_income = 
| net_income_year = 
| assets =
| assets_year = 
| equity =
| equity_year = 
| members =
| members_year = 
| num_employees =
| num_employees_year = 
| parent = [[Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises]], [[Government of India]]
| divisions =
| subsid =
| module = 
| website = {{URL|http://nsic.co.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''National Small Industries Corporation Limited (NSIC)''' is a Mini Ratna [[Government of India|government agency]] established by the [[Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises]], [[Government of India]] in 1955<ref name=a>{{cite book |title=Management And Entrepreneurship |last=Naidu |first=N. V. R. |page=210 |year=2009 |publisher=I. K. International |isbn=9788190675789 }}</ref><ref name=b>{{cite book|title=Indian Economy By TR Jain, Mukesh Trehan, Ranju Trehan, Dr. Rajinder Uppal|year=2013|pages=147|isbn=9788187344117|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CFZNtijhaB8C&q=%22National+Small+Industries+Corporation%22&pg=PA147}}</ref> It falls under Ministry of Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises of India. NSIC is the nodal office for several schemes of Ministry of MSME such as Performance & Credit Rating, Single Point Registration, MSME Databank, National SC ST Hub, etc.

==History==

It was established in 1955 to promote and develop micro and small scale industries and enterprises in the country.<ref name=a/> It was founded as a Government of India agency later made into a fully owned government corporation.

==Operation==
The National Small Industries Corporation Ltd. (NSIC), is an ISO 9001-2015 certified Government of India Enterprise under Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME).

NSIC operates through countrywide network of offices and Technical Centres in the Country. To manage operations in African countries, NSIC operates from its office in [[Johannesburg]], South Africa. However, From January 2018, Johannesburg office is now closed and is now closely looking after domestic MSME Units. In addition, NSIC has set up Training cum Incubation Centre & with a large professional manpower, NSIC provides a package of services as per the needs of MSME sector.

NSIC has recently partnered with Rubique.com, to facilitate lending for MSME segment. Rubique & NSIC will work together to create an interface which will ease credit facilitation for MSMEs by allowing quicker decision making and evaluation and to widen the product offerings will bring their respective bank/FI tie-ups under one umbrella for MSME.

==Objectives==
Government of India to promote small and budding entrepreneurs of post independent India, decided to establish a government agency which can mediate and provide help to small scale industries (SSI). As such they established ''National Small Industries Corporation'' with objectives to provide machinery on hire purchase basis and assisting and marketing in exports. Further, SSIs registered with NSIC were exempted from paying [[Earnest money]] and provided facility of free participation in government tendered purchases. Also for training persons the training facilities centres and for providing assistance in modernising the small industries several branches of NSIC were opened up by government over the years in several big and small towns, where small industries were growing.<ref name=a/><ref name=b/>

NSIC also helps in organising supply of raw materials like coal, iron, steel and other materials and even machines needed by small scale private industries by mediating with other government companies like [[Coal India Limited]], [[Steel Authority of India Limited]], [[Hindustan Copper Limited]] and many others, who produce this materials to provide same at concessional rates to SSIs. Further, it also provides assistance to small scale industries by taking orders from Government of India owned enterprises and procures these machineries from SSI units registered with them, thus providing a complete assistance right from financing, training, providing raw materials for manufacturing and marketing of finished products of small scale industries, which would otherwise not be able to survive in face of competition from large and big business conglomerates.<ref name=a/><ref name="b"/><ref>{{cite book|title=Development Problems and Policies By TR Jain, OP Khanna|pages=291|isbn=9788187140917|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TlwjCYjDT2EC&q=%22National+Small+Industries+Corporation%22&pg=PA291}}</ref> It also helps SSI by mediating with government owned banks to provide cheap finance and loans to budding small private industries of India.<ref>{{cite news|title=National Small Industries in talks with SBI for cheap loans for MSMEs|url=http://www.moneylife.in/article/national-small-industries-in-talks-with-sbi-for-cheap-loans-for-msmes/17612.html|access-date=21 January 2013|newspaper=Money Life|date=27 June 2011}}</ref>

Nowadays, it is also providing assistance by setting up incubation centres in other continents and also international technology fairs to provide aspiring entrepreneurs and emerging small enterprises a platform to develop skills, identify appropriate technology, provide hands-on experience on the working projects, manage funds through banks, and practical knowledge on how to set up an enterprise.<ref>{{cite news|title=Centre promises aid to help small industries grow|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-05/coimbatore/30592533_1_industrial-policy-msme-medium-enterprises|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216070111/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-05/coimbatore/30592533_1_industrial-policy-msme-medium-enterprises|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 February 2013|access-date=21 January 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Small industries body to organise Techmart India 2010 from Nov. 14|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-economy/small-industries-body-to-organise-techmart-india-2010-from-nov-14/article1009114.ece?ref=archive|access-date=21 January 2013|newspaper=The Hindu – Business Line|date=11 November 2010}}</ref>

==Branches==
NSIC Technical Services Centres are located at the following places

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name of the Centre !! Focus area
|-
| Chennai|| Leather & Footwear
|-
| Howrah|| General Engineering
|-
| Hyderabad|| Electronics & Computer Application
|-
| New Delhi|| Machine Tools & related activities
|-
| Rajkot|| Energy Audit & Energy Conservation activities
|-
| Rajpura (Pb)|| Domestic Electrical Appliances
|-
| Ramnagar (UK)||Electronics & computer Hardware and application
|-
| Aligarh (UP)|| Lock Cluster & Die and Tool making
|-
|}

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:NSIC Howrah Entrance.JPG|NSIC Technical Service Centre, [[Howrah]]
File:NSIC Howrah1.JPG|Main Building at NSIC, Howrah
File:NSIC Howrah3.JPG|[[Bidhan Chandra Roy|Dr. B.C. Roy]] Statue in-front of the main building at NSIC, Howrah
File:NSIC Howrah2.JPG|Front View of NSIC, Howrah
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[List of public sector undertakings in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
[http://taxclue.in/nsic-registration-charges-and-procedure/ NSIC Registration in India]

==External links==
* [http://dcmsme.gov.in/ Development Commissioner, Ministry of Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises]

{{Public Sector Undertakings in India}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1955]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Delhi]]
[[Category:Small-scale industry in India]]
[[Category:Government-owned companies of India]]

Paina

2025-07-22T09:03:01Z

Vaidehitaman: adding data

{{more citations needed|date=June 2015}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = पैना
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = Paina.jpg
| image_alt = 500 px
| image_caption = Shaheed Smarak and [[Sarayu River (Ayodhya)|Sarayu river]]
| nickname =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.251339|N|83.781200|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Divisions of Uttar Pradesh|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Gorakhpur division|Gorakhpur]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Deoria district|Deoria]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Gaura Barhaj|Barhaj]]
| subdivision_type5 = [[Community development block|Block]]
| subdivision_name5 = [[Gaura Barhaj|Barhaj]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Nyaya panchayat]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| leader_title1 = [[Bansgaon Lok Sabha constituency|Bansgaon]] [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|(Lok Sabha constituency)]]
| leader_name1 = [[Kamlesh Paswan]] ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])
| leader_title2 = [[Barhaj Assembly constituency|Barhaj]] [[List of constituencies of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|(Seat of State Legislative Assembly)]]
| leader_name2 = [[Deepak Mishra "Shaka"]] ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])
| area_blank1_title = Rural
| area_blank1_km2 = 2100
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 10,499 <ref name="Census of India">{{cite web |title= Census of India|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-UP.html|date= |publisher= Census of India|page=}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Regional
| demographics1_info2 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 274604
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91-5561
| registration_plate = UP 52
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 0.93
| blank1_name_sec2 = Avg. annual temperature
| blank1_info_sec2 = {{convert|33|°C|°F}}
| blank2_name_sec2 = Avg. summer temperature
| blank2_info_sec2 = {{convert|38|°C|°F}}
| blank3_name_sec2 = Avg. winter temperature
| blank3_info_sec2 = {{convert|25|°C|°F}}
| footnotes =
| official_name = Paina
| native_name = पैना
| native_name_lang = 'hi'
}}

'''Paina''' is a village and Nyaya Panchayat situated along the bank of [[Sarayu River (Ayodhya)|Sarayu]] ([[Ghaghra]]) river in the eastern part of the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]] in [[India]]. It comes under administration of [[Gaura Barhaj|Barhaj]] Tehsil of [[Deoria District]] and [[Gorakhpur]] Division. It is located 33 km towards South from District headquarters [[Deoria, Uttar Pradesh|Deoria]] and 340 km from State capital [[Lucknow]].

Deubari (4 km), Telia Afgan (4 km), Nadua (4 km), Akuba (5 km), Gopalapar (5 km) are the nearby Villages to Paina. Paina is surrounded by [[Bhagalpur]] Block towards South, [[Salempur, Uttar Pradesh|Salempur]] Tehsil towards East, [[Bhaluani]] Block towards North, [[Fatehpur Madaun]] Tehsil towards South. [[Gaura Barhaj|Barhaj]], [[Lar, Uttar Pradesh|Lar]], [[Rudrapur, Uttar Pradesh|Rudrapur]], [[Deoria, Uttar Pradesh|Deoria]], [[Adari]] are the nearby Cities to Paina.

Satraon and Sisai Gulabrai Railway Stations of [[North Eastern Railway Zone]] are the very nearby railway stations to Paina.<ref name="Portal of Indian Railways">{{cite web |title=N. E. Railway (NER)|url=http://www.ner.indianrailways.gov.in |date= |publisher= Portal of Indian Railways|page=}}</ref>

It is located at the border of the [[Deoria District]], [[Ballia]] District and [[Mau District]].

==History==

===Formation===
According to the history, the village was developed by Kunwar Krit Shahi and the land was provided by landlord of [[Majhauli Raj]].

===Role in Freedom Movement of 1857===
A Shaheed Smarak<ref name="Shahid Smarak, Paina">{{cite web |title=Shahid Smarak, Paina|url=http://wikimapia.org/30849532/Shahid-Smarak-Paina |date= |publisher=Wikimapia |page=}}</ref> was constructed by Government of [[Uttar Pradesh]] at south-western part of the village, in the memory of martyrs who took part in the India’s first war of freedom during 1857.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Independence Day Special: देवरिया के इस गांव ने खट्टे कर दिए थे अंग्रेजों के दांत, बेटों ने कुर्बानी दी तो बहू-बेटियों ने कर लिया जल जौहर |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/gorakhpur/story-paina-village-of-deoria-fought-directly-with-british-men-daughters-and-women-gave-scarifies-of-their-lives-3417189.html |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Hindustan |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=आजादी की लड़ाई में है पैना का अपना इतिहास |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/deoria/balidan-diwas-celebrated-in-paina-deoria-news-gkp44561396 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mahotsav |first=Amrit |title=British Attack at Salempur, 1858 |url=https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/district-reopsitory-detail.htm?17079 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav, Ministry of Culture, Government of India |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Effects of Attack on Salempur, 1858 |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/digital-district-repository/district-repository/effects-attack-salempur-1858 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |language=en}}</ref> It is situated at the bank of river [[Sarayu River (Ayodhya)|Sarayu]] ([[Ghaghra]]) and the place locally known as "Satihara". It is a place to recall the memory of those brave unknown warriors who laid down their precious lives during the freedom struggle in 1857.<ref name="कलम बोलती है">{{cite web |title=भारत की आजादी में पूर्वाचंल का योगदान|url=http://sinhaashok.blogspot.in/2013/04/normal-0-false-false-false-en-in-x-none.html |date= 4 April 2013|publisher=Google Blogger |page=}}</ref><ref name="Paina">{{cite web |title=History, Paina|url=http://rntiwari1.blogspot.in/2013/08/blog-post_16.html |date= |publisher=Bloger |page=}}</ref> It was the only village that remained independent for 2 months after 1857 war.

==Demographics==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!S. No.
!Census year<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Census tables |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/census-tables |website=Census of India}}</ref>
!Total population
!Male (%)
!Female (%)
|-
|1
|2001
|10,302
|5,224 (50.70)
|5078 (49.30)
|-
|2
|2011
|10,499
|5,059 (48.19)
|5,440 (51.81)
|}
Schedule Caste (SC) constitutes 11.40% of the total population, and Scheduled Tribes is 0.017% of the total population.<ref name=":0" />

=== Literacy ===
According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], the village has 58.56% literacy, in which male literacy stands at 54.70% and female literacy stands at 45.30%.<ref name=":0" />

==Climate==

The village has a Monsoon-influenced [[Humid subtropical climate]]. According to Köppen climate classification, it comes under [[Humid subtropical climate|Cwa]] category.

{{climate chart
| Paina
|8|23|7
|11|27|14
|16|34|7
|24|41|3
|28|43|6
|29|41|148
|27|35|355
|26|34|270
|24|33|198
|20|32|75
|15|29|2
|10|25|1
|float=left
}}

== Education ==
*Shri Raghunath Singh Inter College <ref name="RAGHUNATH SINGH I C PAINA DEORIA">{{cite web|title=Shri Raghunath Singh Inter College|url=http://upmspboard.com/About-College-RAGHUNATH-SINGH-I-C-PAINA-DEORIA.html|date=|publisher=Madhyamic Shiksha Parishad website|page=|access-date=27 June 2015|archive-date=30 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630172915/http://upmspboard.com/About-College-RAGHUNATH-SINGH-I-C-PAINA-DEORIA.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*1857 Shaheed Smarak High School
*Adharsh Uchchtar Madhymik Vidyalaya (East)
*Adharsh Uchchtar Madhymik Kanya Vidyalaya (Central)
*Adharsh Prathamik Vidyalaya (East, Central, West)
*Saraswati Shishu Mandir

==Notable people==

{{Empty section|date=June 2025}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://deoria.nic.in/ Official Website of Deoria District]

{{Deoria district}}

[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:Rebellions in India]]
[[Category:1857 in India]]
[[Category:Villages in Deoria district]]

Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana

2025-06-17T06:46:27Z

Vaidehitaman:

{{Short description|Indian employment scheme}}
{{Update|date=October 2015}}
{{use dmy dates|date=December 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=December 2016}}
{{Infobox project
| country = India
| primeminister = Atal Bihari Vajpayee
| launched = {{Start date and age|2001|09|25|df=y}}
}}
The '''Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana''' ([[English language|English]]: Universal Rural Employment Programme) was a scheme launched by the [[Government of India]] to gain the objective of providing gainful employment for the rural poor.<ref name="ruraldevelopment" />{{rp|1}} From 21 February 2003, EAS became an allocation-based scheme.<ref name="ruraldevelopment">{{cite book | chapter=Chapter 2: Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana | title=Annual Report 2001-2002 | publisher = Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India | url = http://rural.nic.in/book01-02/ch-2.pdf| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090224220524/http://rural.nic.in/book01-02/ch-2.pdf | archive-date = 2009-02-24|ref=Ministry of Rural Development}}</ref>{{rp|3}} The programme was implemented through the Panchayati Raj institutions.

The Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana was launched on 25 September 2001 by merging the provisions of Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS) and Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana (JGSY). The programme is self-targeting in nature and aims to provide employment and food to people in rural areas who lived below the [[poverty threshold|poverty line]].

== Origin ==

Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana is a combination of the provisions under the Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS) and Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana (JGSY).<ref name="india2008">{{cite book | title=India 2008| last=Research, Reference and Training Division | year=2008| publisher=Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India| location=New Delhi| pages=709–710|isbn=978-81-230-1488-3}}</ref>{{rp|709}}

The Food For Work Programme was restructured and renamed as the '''National Rural Employment Programme''' in October 1980 by the then Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] and it became a regular Programme from April 1981. The Programme was launched during the India's Sixth [[Five-Year Plans of India|Five-Year Plan]]. It aims for the implementation of additional employment to under-employed persons on a Central-state contribution ratio of 50:50. In 1989, NREP was merged with [[Jawahar Rozgar Yojana]].<ref name=FiveYearPlan/>

Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (JRY) was launched on 1 April 1989 by merging [[National Rural Employment Programme]] and [[Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme]] by Prime Minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]]. The urban version of this program was Nehru Rozgar Yojana.

This was a consolidation of the previous employment programs and it was largest National Employment Program of India at that time with a general objective of providing 90-100 Days Employment per person particularly in backward districts. People below Poverty Line were main targets. The Yojna was implemented on rural scale. Every village was to be covered through Panchayati Raj Institutions. The village got aide and support from District Rural Development Authority. Expenditures were born by central & state in 80:20 ratios.

Since 1993-94 the Yojna was made more targets oriented and expanded substantially through increased budgetary allocations. It was divided into 3 streams.

First Stream: Comprising general works under JRY and also two sub schemes [[Pradhan Mantri Gramin Awaas Yojana|Indira Awas Yojana]] and [[Million Wells Scheme]]. This stream got 75% of the total allocation. In [https://www.newdelhiawasyojna.com/ New Delhi Awas Yojna] the allocation was increased from 6% to 10% and in Million Wells Scheme from 20% to 30% during that period.

Second Stream: This was also called intensified JRY and was implemented in selected 120 backward districts. It got 20% allocation.

Third Stream: This was left with 5% allocation for Innovative programs which included Prevention of labor migration, drought proofing watershed etc. programs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gktoday.in/jawahar-rozgar-yojna_22/|title=Jawahar Rozgar Yojna - General Knowledge }}</ref>

Since 1 April 1999 this Yojna was replaced by [[Jawahar Gram samridhi Yojna]]. Later from 25 September 2001, Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojna was merged with Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana.<ref name=FiveYearPlan/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianyojana.com/rojgar-yojana/jawahar-rozgar-yojana-jry.htm|title=Details About Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (JRY)}}</ref>

===Jawahar Gram Samriddhi Yojana ===

The Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana, named after India's first Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] aimed at creating a need-based rural infrastructure.<ref name="ruraldevelopment"/>{{rp|1}} This programmes have contributed a great deal towards alleviating rural poverty.<ref name="ruraldevelopment"/>{{rp|1}} In 2001, the Food for Work Programme was initiated to meet demands for wage employment and food grain requirements.<ref name="ruraldevelopment"/>{{rp|1}}

The scheme was formerly known as [[Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (JRY)]] which was launched in 1989 by merging two wage employment programmes: Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana and [[Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme (RLEGP)]].<ref name="ruraldevelopment"/>{{rp|6}} It was the single largest wage employment programme implemented through Panchayat Raj institutions.<ref name="ruraldevelopment"/>{{rp|6}}

====Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme====
The '''Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme''' ('''RLEGP''') was launched on 15 August 1983 by Prime Minister of India [[Indira Gandhi]] during the [[Five-Year Plans of India|Sixth Five-Year Plan]]. The entire expenditure of this Programme was financed by Central Government. While most of the objectives and stipulations under this were similar to those of [[National Rural Employment Programme]] (NREP), it was to be limited only to the landless, with guaranteed employment of 100 days. Moreover, there was earmarking of funds specifically for certain activities- 25 per cent for social forestry, 10 per cent for works benefitting only the [[Scheduled Castes ]]/ [[Scheduled Tribes]] and 20 per cent for housing under [[Indira Awaas Yojana]]. In the [[Five-Year Plans of India|Seventh Plan]], Rs.2412 crores were spent and 115 crore man days were generated with an average expenditure of Rs.21.00 per man day. Only 16 per cent had been spent on social forestry but 22 per cent had been spent on housing,- with over five lakh houses created for SC/ST and freed bonded labourers. Rural roads accounted for 22 per cent while other construction, minor irrigation, soil conservation etc. Each had a small share.

In 1989 this programme was merged with Jawahar Rozgar Yojana.<ref name=FiveYearPlan>{{cite web|url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/9th/vol2/v2c2-1.htm |title=9th Five Year Plan (Vol 2) : Poverty Alleviation Programme|website=Planningcommission.nic.in |access-date=2017-01-14}}</ref>

====Employment Assurance Scheme====
EAS was first implemented on 2 October 1993 in 1,778 blocks located in the rough, rugged, sparsely populated areas of the country.<ref name="ruraldevelopment" />{{rp|3}}

=== Announcement of SGRY ===

Finally, on 15 August 2001, the then Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] announced a new wage employment programme, the Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana.<ref name="ruraldevelopment"/>{{rp|1}} The scheme was subsequently launched on 25 September 2001.<ref name="ruraldevelopment"/>{{rp|1}}<ref name="india2008"/>{{rp|709}}

== Provisions ==

The scheme has special provisions for women, scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and parents of children withdrawn from hazardous occupations.<ref name="india2008"/>{{rp|709}} While preference if given to families below the poverty line, people who live above the poverty line too are eligible under this scheme.<ref name="india2008"/>{{rp|709}}

A budget of Rs. 10,000 crore has been allocated for the scheme, which includes provision of 50 lakh tonnes of food grains.<ref name="india2008"/>{{rp|709}} Again the investment is shared between the centre and the states in the 75–25 ratio.<ref name="india2008"/>{{rp|710}} Food grains are, however, provided free of cost by the Central government, but the cost of transportation should be borne by the states.<ref name="india2008"/>{{rp|710}}

Despite the fact that EAS and JGSY were unified, funds were allocated separately for EAS and JGSY for the year 2001–02.<ref name="ruraldevelopment" />{{rp|3}} This was done for the convenience of implementation and accounting.<ref name="ruraldevelopment" />{{rp|3}} However, from the fiscal year 2002–03 onwards, unified budgets were adopted for both EAS and JGSY.<ref name="ruraldevelopment" />{{rp|3}}

== Implementation ==

The programme is implemented by the District Panchayats, Intermediate Panchayats and Gram Panchayats.<ref name="india2008"/>{{rp|710}} The resources are allocated in the 20–30–50 ratio.<ref name="india2008"/>{{rp|710}}

The Gram Panchayats commence their work based on the approval of the Gram Sabha.<ref name="india2008"/>{{rp|710}} 50 percent of the funds for the Gram Panchayats are used for the development of infrastructure in SC/ST dominated areas.<ref name="india2008"/>{{rp|710}} 22.5 percent of the funds allocated to District and Intermediate Panchayats are also used for the development of individuals belonging to SC/ST communities.<ref name="india2008"/>{{rp|710}}

The employment of contractors or middlemen are not permitted under this scheme. However,...... this scheme was subsumed in NREGP which has been initiated since 2 February 2006.<ref name="india2008"/>{{rp|710}}

[https://www.india.gov.in/ Official Website]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Government Schemes in India}}

[[Category:Rural community development]]
[[Category:Rural development in India]]
[[Category:Vajpayee administration initiatives]]
[[Category:Government schemes in India]]
[[Category:Employment in India]]
[[Category:2001 establishments in India]]

Ratna Style

2025-06-05T19:10:22Z

Vaidehitaman: adding new data

{{Short description|Style of a Hindu temple}}
{{italic title}}
[[File:Ram Chandraji temple of Guptipara in Hooghly district 01.jpg|250px|thumb|''Ek-ratna'' Ramchandraji temple at [[Guptipara]], Hooghly district.]]
'''''Ratna Style''''' ({{langx|bn|রত্ন শিল্পরীতি}}) is a style of [[Bengal temple architecture]], that originated in [[Bengal]] from the 15th to 16th centuries, under the [[Mallabhum kingdom]] (also called Malla dynasty).<ref>{{cite web | url = http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Temple_Architecture | title = Temple architecture| first= Nasreen| last= Akhter| publisher = Banglapedia |access-date = 7 June 2023}}</ref> Originating as a regional style in [[Hindu temple architecture]]. It is an extended style of the [[Chala Style|''Chala'' temple]].<ref name="Ratna-style-temples-with-an-ambulatory">{{cite book |last1=Becker-Ritterspach |first1=Raimund Otto Artur |title=Ratna style Temples with an Ambulatory: Selected temple concepts in Bengal and the Kathmandu Valley |url=https://himalbooks.com/product/ratna-style-temples-with-an-ambulatory-selected-temple-concepts-in-bengal-and-the-kathmandu-valley/ |date=2016 |publisher=Himal Books |location=Kathmandu, Nepal |isbn=9789937597296 |edition=First |access-date=7 June 2023}}</ref> The special feature of ''Ratna-style'' temples is the curved cornice of the [[Chala Style|''chala'']].

''Ratna-style'' temples were built all over [[Bengal]]. But [[List of temples in Bishnupur|most of the temples]] are found in the city of [[Bishnupur, Bankura|Bishnupur]]. In the present day, the temples are now located in two separate national territories: the Indian states of [[West Bengal]] and [[Tripura]], and [[Bangladesh]].

== Etymology ==
''Ratna-style'' temples have one or more towers or pinnacles above the curved roof. These pinnacles are known as ''Ratna'' (jewel) in [[Bengal temple architecture]]. This temple architectural style derives its name from these pinnacle (ratna).

== History ==
The ratna style came up in the 15th-16th century.<ref name="mccutchion">McCutchion, David J., ''Late Mediaeval Temples of Bengal'', first published 1972, reprinted 2017, pp. 1–14, 19–22. The Asiatic Society, Kolkata, {{ISBN| 978-93-81574-65-2}}.</ref> The first recorded Ratna style temple is the Brindabana-Chandra Temple, which was built by the Malla kings in 1638.<ref name="mccutchion"/> In the 17th century, This type of temple flourished with the encouragement of the [[Mallabhum kingdom|Malla kings]]. The temples built by the Malla kings in the 17th century are considered by researchers to be the best examples of ''Ratna'' architectural style.<ref name="mccutchion"/>

== Types ==
There are different types of temples in ''Ratna-style''. With increase in the number of storeys, the ratnas could go up to thirteen, seventeen, twenty-one, or twenty-five. 7 types of ''Ratna-style'' temples are observed as per the number of "ratnas". The three most common types are ''Eka-ratna'', ''Pancha-ratna'' and ''Naba-ratna''.<ref name="amitguha-blog">{{cite web |author1=Amit Guha |title=Terracotta Temples of Bengal |url=https://amitguha.blog/2017/11/15/terracotta-temples-of-bengal/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904091003/https://amitguha.blog/2017/11/15/terracotta-temples-of-bengal/ |access-date=7 June 2023|archive-date=2018-09-04 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Roy |first1=Pranab |title=Temple of Bengal. |date=27 January 1999 |publisher=Purvadri Publishers |location=Tamluk}}</ref>
{{multiple image|perrow=3/1|total_width=360
| align = left
| image_style = border:none;
| image1 = Damodar temple, Kendur, Dist- Burdwan 53.jpg
| caption1 =''Ek-ratna'' Damodar temple at Kendur, Purba Bardhaman district.
| image2=A marvel of architecture - Shyamrai Temple.jpg
| caption2 = ''Pancha-ratna'' Shyamrai temple at [[Bishnupur, Bankura|Bishnupur]], Bankura district.
| image3=Kaharol dinajpur.jpg
| caption3 = ''Naba-ratna'' [[Kantajew Temple]] in Dinajpur, Bangladesh.
| image4=
| caption4 =
}}
;Eka-ratna: This type of Ratna style has a "ratna" (pinnacle) in the center of the "charchala" roof. The ''Ek-Ratna'' temple was a particular favorite of the [[Mallabhum kingdom|Malla rulers]], who built many such temples in their capital city of [[Bishnupur, Bankura|Bishnupur]]. ''Ek-ratna'' temples are rare outside Bishnupur, but where they exist they were usually built in the 17th or early 18th century, such as at Daspur in [[Midnapore|Medinipur]] and, recently discovered, the Damodar temple at Kendur in [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]].<ref name="amitguha-blog"/>
;Pancha-ratna: The temple structure is single-storied in the ''Pancha-ratna'' style. In this type of temple style the superstructure consists of a large central tower (ratna) and four smaller towers (ratna) at the four corners of the chala. Similarity is observed to the ''[[Panchayatana (temple)|Panchayatana]] temple style'' of [[North India]] (such as [[Khajuraho Group of Monuments|Khajuraho]] and Deogarh) with this layout, where the main temple is surrounded by smaller temples at the four corners of the plinth. Shyamaray Temple in Bishnupur and the monumental [[Gokulchand Temple]] in [[Gokulnagar, Bankura|Gokulnagar]] are classic examples of Pancharatna temples.<ref name="amitguha-blog"/>
;Naba-ratna: Naba-ratna temple has 9 ratnas (towers) and 2 storeys. The two storeys of the temple have a total of 8 chalas, each with 4 chalas. There are 4 ratnas (towers) in the four corners of the first storey and 4 ratnas (towers) in the four corners in second storey with a large central ratna (tower). The famous [[Dakshineswar Kali Temple|Dakshineswar Kali temple]] near [[Kolkata]] is built in ''Naba-ratna'' style. The greatest naba-ratna temple is the [[Kantajew Temple|Kantajew temple]] at Kantanagar in [[Dinajpur District, Bangladesh|Dinajpur]]. This huge and richly decorated temple was built in the early 18th century.<ref name="amitguha-blog"/>
;Other:
* Trayodash-ratna: These types of temples consist of 13 ratnas.
* Pancharatna-ratna: These types of temples consist of 15 ratnas.
* Saptadasa-ratna: These types of temples consist of 17 ratnas.
* Panchavimsati-ratna: These types of temples consist of 25 ratnas.

<gallery>
File:Haneswari and Vasudev temples3.jpg|With 13 minars [[Hangseshwari temple]] has a distinct identity, at [[Bansberia]], Hooghly district
File:17 pinnacled Parbatinath Temple in Raghunathpur area at Chandrakona Town In Paschim Medinipur district 13.jpg|''Saptadasa-ratna'' [[Parvatinatha Temple]] at [[Chandrakona]], Paschim Medinipur district with 17 pinnacles
File:Gopalbari Temple Kalna.jpg|''Panchavimsati-ratna'' Gopalbari temple at [[Kalna City]], Purba Bardhaman district, with 25 pinnacles
File:25 pinnacle Rasmancha of Narajole Rajbari in Paschim Medinipur district of West Bengal 01.jpg|''Panchavimsati-ratna'' rasmancha at [[Narajole]], Paschim Medinipur district, with 25 pinnacles
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Bengal temple architecture]]
* [[Hindu temple architecture]]

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

{{Architecture of India}}

[[Category:Hindu temple architecture]]
[[Category:Bengal temple architecture]]

Ramany vs Ramany 3.0

2025-05-19T20:06:21Z

Vaidehitaman: adding post

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Ramany vs Ramany 3.0.jpg
| image_alt =
| caption = Release poster
| genre = [[Sitcom]] [[Comedy]]
| creator = [[Kavithalayaa Productions]]
| based_on =
| developer =
| writer = Gopu Babu Bharat Gopu Vigneshwari Suresh Prashanth
| director = [[Naga (director)|Naga]]
| creative_director =
| presenter =
| starring = [[Ram G]] [[Vasuki Anand]]
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| composer = Rehaan
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 3
| num_episodes = 12
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = Pushpa Kandaswamy Kandaswamy Bharathan
| editor = Ramamoorthy S T.Ravikumar
| cinematography = N. Sathish Kumar
| camera =
| runtime = 20-27 minutes
| company = [[Kavithalayaa Productions|Min Bimbangal]]
| network = [[aha (streaming service)|aha]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2022|03|4|df=y}}
| last_aired =
| related =
}}

'''''Ramany vs Ramany 3.0''''' is a 2022 Indian [[Tamil-language]] [[sitcom]] [[comedy]] [[television series]], produced as an original for [[aha (streaming service)|Aha Tamil]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 January 2022 |title=வெப் சீரிஸாக வெளிவருகிறது மக்களின் ஆல் டைம் பேவரைட் சீரியல்! |trans-title=All time favorite serial returning as web series! |url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/television-upcoming-web-series-ramani-vs-ramani-comdey-drama-series-season-3-sre-ghta-670993.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213032424/https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/television-upcoming-web-series-ramani-vs-ramani-comdey-drama-series-season-3-sre-ghta-670993.html |archive-date=13 February 2022 |access-date=13 February 2022 |website=[[News18]] |language=Tamil}}</ref> directed by [[Naga (director)|Naga]]. Produced by [[Kavithalayaa Productions]] the series stars [[Ram G]] and [[Vasuki Anand]] in the lead roles along with [[Poovilangu Mohan]], Ponni Suresh, Param Guhanesh and Vaidyanathan Padmanabhan. It is a third season of the 1998 Tamil series ''[[Ramany vs Ramany]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 January 2022|title=Small screen hit Ramany vs Ramany returns for Season 3|url=https://www.onlykollywood.com/small-screen-hit-ramany-vs-ramany-returns-for-season-3/|website=www.onlykollywood.com|language=en|access-date=27 February 2022|archive-date=31 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131070418/https://www.onlykollywood.com/small-screen-hit-ramany-vs-ramany-returns-for-season-3/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=25 February 2022|title=Hit Tamil Sitcom Ramany vs Ramany Returns With 3rd Season as Web Series on This OTT|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/hit-tamil-sitcom-ramany-vs-ramany-returns-with-3rd-season-as-web-series-on-this-ott-4808783.html|website=www.news18.com|language=en|access-date=27 February 2022|archive-date=25 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225104233/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/hit-tamil-sitcom-ramany-vs-ramany-returns-with-3rd-season-as-web-series-on-this-ott-4808783.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 2022 |title="ரமணி Vs ரமணி" திரைத்தொடர் மீண்டும் புதிய வடிவத்தில் |trans-title=Ramany and Ramany returns in new form |url=https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/movies/ramani-vs-ramani-movie-series-is-back-with-a-new-season-titled-ramani-vs-ramani-3-0-379997 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213021850/https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/movies/ramani-vs-ramani-movie-series-is-back-with-a-new-season-titled-ramani-vs-ramani-3-0-379997 |archive-date=13 February 2022 |access-date=13 February 2022 |website=[[Zee News]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=22 February 2022|title=மீண்டும் கலக்க வருகிறது 90ஸ் ரசிகர்களின் அபிமான தொடர் ரமணி Vs. ரமணி 3.0. யார் யார் இருக்காங்க தெரியுமா?|url=https://tamil.behindtalkies.com/ramany-vs-ramany-3-0-web-series/|website=tamil.behindtalkies.com|language=ta|access-date=27 February 2022|archive-date=27 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227201722/https://tamil.behindtalkies.com/ramany-vs-ramany-3-0-web-series/|url-status=live}}</ref> The series premiered on [[aha (streaming service)|Aha Tamil]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 February 2022|title=Tamil sitcom Ramany vs. Ramany's season 3 to stream on an OTT platform|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/tamil-sitcom-ramany-vs-ramanys-season-3-to-stream-on-an-ott-platform/articleshow/89772058.cms|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|language=en|access-date=27 February 2022|archive-date=23 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223160413/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/tamil-sitcom-ramany-vs-ramanys-season-3-to-stream-on-an-ott-platform/articleshow/89772058.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> on 4 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2022 |title=வெப் சீரிஸாக மாறும் 90-களின் கிளாசிக் நகைச்சுவைத் தொடர்! |trans-title=90s Classic Comedy Series That Will Become A Web Series! |url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/television-ramany-vs-ramany-serial-remade-as-web-series-and-available-on-aha-ott-ghta-scs-702471.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225094203/https://www.instagram.com/p/CZ1nCi1lHsv/embed/captioned/?cr=1&v=14&wp=466&rd=https%3A%2F%2Ftamil.news18.com&rp=%2Fnews%2Fentertainment%2Ftelevision-zee-tamil-sathya-serial-vishnu-to-pair-with-rachitha-for-idhu-solla-marandha-kadhai-in-colors-tamil-ghta-scs-703545.html |archive-date=25 February 2022 |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=[[News18]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=22 February 2022|title=Ramany Vs Ramany 3.0 OTT Release Date, Star Cast, Makers and More|url=https://en.janbharattimes.com/entertainment/ramany-vs-ramany-3-ott-release-date-star-cast-trailer-makers-more|website=en.janbharattimes.com|language=en|access-date=27 February 2022|archive-date=27 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227201726/https://en.janbharattimes.com/entertainment/ramany-vs-ramany-3-ott-release-date-star-cast-trailer-makers-more|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Ram G]] as Mr. Ramany
* [[Vasuki Anand]] as Mrs. Ramany
* Ponni Suresh as Ramanys' daughter Ragini
* Param Guhanesh as Ramanys' son Ram
* [[Poovilangu Mohan]] as Mr. ramany's father
* Vaidyanathan Padmanabhan as Mrs. Ramany's father
* K. Sathyamurthy
* Sriram Krish
* Sudha Pushpa
* Suchitra Ravi
* Elakiya
* Narmadha Veni
*[[C. Ranganathan]] as Mr. Ramany's uncle (episode 9 Unwanted guest)
}}

==Production==
===Casting===
[[Ram G]] and [[Vasuki Anand]] and were cast as Mr and Mrs Ramany, respectively. Ponni Suresh and Param Ganesh were cast as their children.<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 February 2022|title='Ramany vs Ramany' works due to its relatability, says Ram G|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tamil-hit-serial-ramany-vs-ramany-gets-a-new-avataar/article38406144.ece|website=www.thehindu.com|language=en|access-date=27 February 2022|archive-date=13 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213091115/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tamil-hit-serial-ramany-vs-ramany-gets-a-new-avataar/article38406144.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=24 February 2022|title=Ramany vs Ramany 3.0: Yesteryear Tamil serial returns as web series|url=https://www.techradar.com/in/news/ramany-vs-ramany-30-yesteryear-tamil-serial-returns-as-web-series|access-date=25 February 2022|website=www.techradar.com|language=en|archive-date=27 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227201726/https://www.techradar.com/in/news/ramany-vs-ramany-30-yesteryear-tamil-serial-returns-as-web-series|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|15080304}}

[[Category:Tamil-language web series]]
[[Category:Aha (streaming service) original programming]]
[[Category:2022 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language comedy television series]]

Geyaspur

2025-05-19T04:05:23Z

Vaidehitaman: Creating

{{Short description|Village in Bihar state, India}}
{{refimprove|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
'''Geyaspur''' is a [[Panchayati raj in India|panchayat]] and village located in [[Muzaffarpur district|Muzaffarpur]] district, [[Bihar]] state, [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2011 |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=May 18, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2022-07-11}}</ref> The panchyat has a population of around 20,000.

It is near to the [[Gandaki River|Gandak]] river which flows from the western side of the village. This Panchyat falls under the [[Paroo Assembly constituency|Paroo]] block. It is about 45 km away from Muzaffarpur town towards the west. This village comprises many [[Caste system in India|castes]], including [[Rajput]]s, [[Bhumihar|Bhumiars]], [[Yadav]], [[Dalit|Harijans]], [[Paswan|Paswans]], [[Nair]], [[Teli]] etc. However it is dominated by the Rajput caste. There is a harmonious relationship among villagers. There are 4 villages in the panchayat: Geyaspur, [[Sarmastpur]], Mithani, and Salahpurin.

The education facility is very good. The facility is easily available. There is a primary school, middle school, high school (RKSSB High School) and a college. The [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] is quite high in this village compared to other adjacent villages. There is a post office in this panchayat, the [[Postal Index Number|pincode]] of which is 843107. There are 22 [[Tola (unit)|Tola]] in this village.
There is a [[Cricket in India|cricket club]] named Diamond Cricket Club.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|26.059|84.990|type:city_region:IN|display=title}}
{{Tirhut Division}}

[[Category:Villages in Muzaffarpur district]]

Koleluttu

2025-05-02T17:01:55Z

Vaidehitaman: added

{{Short description|Abugida}}
{{Infobox Writing system
| name = Kolezhuthu
| type = [[Abugida]]
| time = c. 12th/13th century AD
| languages = * [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
| fam1 = [[Proto-Sinaitic alphabet]]
| fam2 = [[Phoenician alphabet]]
| fam3 = [[Aramaic alphabet]]
| fam4 = [[Brāhmī script|Brahmi]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rajan |first=K. |date=2001 |title=Territorial Division as Gleaned from Memorial Stones |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29757518 |journal=East and West |volume=51 |issue=3/4 |pages=359–367 |issn=0012-8376}}</ref>
| fam5 = [[Tamil Brahmi]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rajan |first=K. |date=2001 |title=Territorial Division as Gleaned from Memorial Stones |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29757518 |journal=East and West |volume=51 |issue=3/4 |pages=359–367 |issn=0012-8376}}</ref>
| fam6 = [[Vatteluttu|Vattezhuthu]]<ref name=":12" />
| sisters =
| children =
| sample =
| imagesize =
| caption =
}}
{{brahmic}}
'''Koleḻuttŭ''' ({{langx|ml|കോലെഴുത്ത്|Kōleḻuttŭ|translit-std=ISO}}) was a syllabic script historically employed in [[Kerala]], south India, for writing the [[Malayalam|Malayalam language]].<ref name=":12">{{cite book |last1=Narayanan |first1=M. G. S. |author-link1= |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Perum%C4%81%E1%B8%B7s_of_Kerala/0YDCngEACAAJ?hl=en |title=Perumals of Kerala |date=2013 |publisher=CosmoBooks |isbn=9788188765072 |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |page= |pages=379-80 and 398 |orig-year=1972}}</ref>

Kolezhuthu developed from the [[Vatteluttu script|Vattezhuthu (script)]] during the post-[[Chera/Perumal|medieval Chera]] period (c. 12th century onwards) in Kerala.<ref name=":12" /> It was used by certain Keralite communities, such as Muslims and Christians, until as late as the 18th century AD.<ref name=":12" />

The term Kolezhuthu is likely derived from the distinctive type of stylus traditionally used in its inscription.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://www.orientblackswan.com/details?id=9788125056270 |title=The Languages of Kerala and Lakshadweep |publisher=Orient BlackSwan |isbn=9788125056270 |editor-last=Devy |editor-first=G. N. |series=People's Linguistic Survey of India |volume=15 |location=New Delhi |page=66}}</ref> In present-day Malayalam, ''kōl'' refers to a stylus or an elongated stick-like object, while ''eḻuttŭ'' denotes 'written form'.<ref name=":0" />

== Unicode ==
Not yet added to Unicode, no proposals yet.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{list of writing systems}}

[[Category:Malayalam language]]
[[Category:Brahmic scripts]]

{{Brahmic-script-stub}}
{{Dr-lang-stub}}

2020 Rajasthan Royals season

2025-04-11T18:18:07Z

Vaidehitaman:

{{Short description|Indian Premier League cricket team season}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox cricket club season
| club = Rajasthan Royals
| season = [[2020 Indian Premier League|2020]]
| coach = [[Andrew McDonald (cricketer)|Andrew McDonald]]
| captain = [[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]]
| ground = [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]], [[Jaipur]]
| comp1 =
| comp1 result =
| most runs =[[Sanju Samson]] (375 Runs)
| most wickets =[[Jofra Archer]] (20 Wickets)
| prevseason = [[Rajasthan Royals in 2019|2019]]
| nextseason = [[Rajasthan Royals in 2021|2021]]
}}
The [[2020 Indian Premier League|2020 season]] was the 13th season for the [[Indian Premier League]] franchise [[Rajasthan Royals]].<ref>{{cite web|title=4 cities that might get an IPL team in 2020|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/cricket/4-cities-that-might-get-an-ipl-team-in-2020|accessdate=6 May 2018|work=Sports Keeda|date=20 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Premier League to have 10 teams in 2020 edition?|url=https://www.newsnation.in/sports-news/cricket-news/indian-premier-league-to-have-10-teams-in-2020-edition-article-230728.html|accessdate=31 July 2019|work=News Nation|date=14 July 2019}}</ref> The Rajasthan Royals are sometimes considered as the "moneyball" team of the IPL.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricketcountry.com/articles/ipl-2014-rajasthan-royals-team-ethos-and-values-have-remained-intact-since-first-season-134905 |title=Rajasthan Royals' team ethos and values have remained intact since first season |website=Cricketcountry.com|date=8 May 2014 |accessdate=8 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/cricketnext/ipl-6-moneyball-styled-rajasthan-royals-are-profiting-from-smart-bu/388660-78.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501101503/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/cricketnext/ipl-6-moneyball-styled-rajasthan-royals-are-profiting-from-smart-bu/388660-78.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 May 2013|title=News18.com: CNN-News18 Breaking News India, Latest News Headlines, Live News Updates|website=News18|accessdate=21 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.cricketcountry.com/articles/rajasthan-royals-ipl-7-player-retentions-the-moneyball-team-retains-shane-watson-and-promising-players-84428 | title=Rajasthan Royals' IPL 7 Player Retentions: The 'moneyball' team retains Shane Watson and promising players - Cricket Country}}</ref> The Royals are known to unearth obscure, high potential talent team.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/cricketnext/rahul-dravid--41-will-he-be-a-good-mentor-as-well/444695-78.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140114013203/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/cricketnext/rahul-dravid--41-will-he-be-a-good-mentor-as-well/444695-78.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 January 2014|title=News18.com: CNN-News18 Breaking News India, Latest News Headlines, Live News Updates|website=News18|accessdate=21 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/content/story/708569.html|title=Royals retain Samson, Binny, Rahane, Watson, Faulkner|date=10 January 2014|work=ESPNcricinfo|accessdate=21 April 2019}}</ref><ref name="brand royal">{{Cite web|url=http://www.rajasthanroyals.com/about-the-brand.aspx|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150327030234/http://www.rajasthanroyals.com/about-the-brand.aspx|url-status=dead|title=ABOUT THE BRAND|archivedate=27 March 2015}}</ref> [[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]] led the team. The team finished at bottom of the table with 6 wins and 8 losses. [[Sanju Samson]] scored the most runs with 375 runs and [[Jofra Archer]] took the most wickets with 2020 and earned the Player Of The Tournament.

==Background==
===Player retention and transfers ===
{{Main|List of 2020 Indian Premier League personnel changes}}

The Rajasthan Royals retained 11 players and released 11.<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|title=KKR release Chris Lynn, Robin Uthappa; RCB let go of several overseas names|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/28085381/kkr-release-chris-lynn-robin-uthappa-rcb-let-go-several-overseas-names|access-date=15 November 2019|date=15 November 2019|publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

;Retained: [[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]], [[Sanju Samson]], [[Jofra Archer]], [[Ben Stokes]], [[Jos Buttler]], [[Riyan Parag]], Shashank Singh, [[Shreyas Gopal]], Mahipal Lomror, [[Varun Aaron]], [[Manan Vohra]].

;Released: [[Ashton Turner]], [[Oshane Thomas]], [[Shubham Ranjane]], [[Prashant Chopra]], Ish Sodhi, Aryaman Birla, [[Jaydev Unadkat]], [[Rahul Tripathi]], [[Stuart Binny]], Liam Livingstone, Sudheshan Midhun, [[Ajinkya Rahane]].

===Auction===
The franchise purchased the most number of the players at the IPL 2020 Auction, signing a further 11.

;Auction: [[Robin Uthappa]], [[Jaydev Unadkat]], Yashasvi Jaiswal, Anuj Rawat, Akash Singh, Kartik Tyagi, [[David Miller (South African cricketer)|David Miller]], Oshane Thomas, Anirudha Joshi, [[Andrew Tye]], [[Tom Curran (cricketer)|Tom Curran]]

==Indian Premier League==
===Offseason===
On 13 March 2020, the BCCI postponed the tournament until 15 April, in view of the ongoing [[COVID-19 pandemic|coronavirus pandemic]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Gollapudi|first=Nagraj|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/28895902/start-ipl-2020-postponed-april-15|title=Coronavirus threat: IPL 2020 deferred until April 15|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=13 March 2020|accessdate=28 March 2020}}</ref> On 14 April 2020, [[Narendra Modi]] said that the lockdown in India would last until at least 3 May 2020,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-52277096 |title=PM Narendra Modi says India will extend coronavirus lockdown until 3 May |work=BBC News |date=14 April 2020|accessdate=15 April 2020}}</ref> with the tournament postponed further.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/52280772 |title=Indian Premier League 2020 set to be further delayed after lockdown extended |work=BBC Sport |date=14 April 2020|accessdate=15 April 2020}}</ref> The following day, the BCCI suspended the tournament indefinitely due to the pandemic.<ref>{{cite web|last=Gollapudi|first=Nagraj|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/29034887/bcci-set-defer-ipl-indefinitely-india-lockdown|title=With India in lockdown, IPL 2020 suspended indefinitely|publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=15 April 2020|accessdate=15 April 2020}}</ref>

On 17 May 2020, the Indian government relaxed nation-wide restrictions on sports events, allowing events to take place behind closed doors.<ref>{{cite web|last=Gollapudi|first=Nagraj|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/29186899/india-allow-sport-closed-doors-bcci-cautious-ipl-2020|title=India to allow sport behind closed doors; BCCI still cautious on IPL 2020|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=17 May 2020|accessdate=23 May 2020}}</ref> On 24 May, Indian sports minister [[Kiren Rijiju]] stated that the decision on whether or not to allow the tournament to be conducted in 2020 will be made by the Indian government based on "the situation of the pandemic".<ref>{{cite news|title=Indian government to decide the fate of IPL season, says Sports Minister Kiren Rijiju|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/indian-govt-to-decide-fate-of-ipl-not-the-bcci-sports-minister/articleshow/75938735.cms|accessdate=30 May 2020|website=The Times of India|agency=Reuters|date=24 May 2020}}</ref> In June 2020, the BCCI confirmed that their preference was to host the tournament in India, possibly between September and October.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/29300668/ipl-2020-bcci-looking-september-october-window,-says-brijesh-patel |title=IPL 2020: BCCI looking at September-October window, says Brijesh Patel|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|accessdate=25 June 2020|date=12 June 2020}}</ref> On 24 July 2020, it was confirmed that the tournament would start from 19 September 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/113563/ipl-2020-to-begin-on-september-19-final-on-november-8 |title=IPL 2020 set to begin on September 19|work=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=24 July 2020}}</ref>

===Group stage===
On 22 September, the Rajasthan Royals started their season campaign defeating Chennai Super Kings by 16 runs. [[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steven Smith]] lost the toss and was put to bat. Rajasthan cruised past 100, and Sanju Samson posted a 74 off 32 balls before getting out, and Smith also got 69 off 47 balls as Royals posted a daunting 216 at the end of their 20 overs. [[Jofra Archer]] 27 in 8 balls and finished strongly for the royals, scoring 30 runs in the last over. Super Kings started off rapidly in their chase, getting 56 runs in the first six overs without losing a wicket. Once again [[Faf du Plessis]] got a half-century, and at the end they got to 200/6.<ref>{{cite web |title=RR vs CSK Highlights, IPL 2020: Rajasthan Royals beat Chennai Super Kings by 16 runs| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/rr-vs-csk-live-score-streaming-updates-ipl-2020-uae/articleshow/78257222.cms|website=Times of india|author=| date=22 September 2020|language=en|access-date=22 September 2020}}</ref> On 27 September, Rajasthan Royals recorded their second win by chasing 223, this time it was Sanju Samson again who scored 85 runs, who played an instrumental role in Royals winning the match. On 30 September 2020 Rajasthan recorded their first loss against Kolkata Knight Riders. Kolkata batted first and put up a score of 174/6, Rajasthan failed to chase down 174 and lost the match by 37 runs. The team went on to lose 3 games. The Royals snapped their 3 match losing streak by beating Sunrisers Hyderabad. SRH batted first and posted a decent score of 158/4, Rajasthan lost the big wickets, but it was the unbeaten 69 run partnership of Rahul Tewatia and Riyan Parag which helped Royals to win the match by 5 wickets. The Royals continued to lose against Delhi and Bangalore. But they won against Chennai Super Kings by 7 wickets and then witnessed a loss against Sunrisers. But Royals were back in the game against Mumbai.[[Mumbai Indians|Mumbai]] posted a good score of 195/4, but it was [[Ben Stokes]] and Sanju Samson whose 152 run partnership lead Royals to a 8-wicket win. They won against [[Kings XI Punjab]], Ben Stokes being the Man of the Match again. They lost in the last group game against [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] by 60 runs. Therefore, Rajasthan were knocked out of the tournament finishing on 8th position.

==Squad==
* Players with international caps are listed in '''bold'''.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;"
|-
!No.
!Name
!Nationality
!Birth date
!Batting style
!Bowling style
!Year signed
!Salary
!Notes
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Batsmen
|-
|-
|49|| [[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]] || {{cr|AUS}} || {{Birth date and age2|2020|9|19|1989|06|02|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2019 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|12.5|c|1}} || Overseas, Captain
|-
|6|| [[Mahipal Lomror]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2020|9|19|1999|11|16|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l|-3}} ||
|-
|18|| [[Manan Vohra]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2020|9|19|1993|7|18|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2019 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l|-3}} ||
|-
|267|| [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2020|9|19|2001|12|28|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[leg break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2020 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|2.4|c}} ||
|-
|10|| '''[[David Miller (South African cricketer)|David Miller]]''' || {{cr|RSA}} || {{Birth date and age2|2020|9|19|1989|6|10|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2020 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|75|l|-3}} || Overseas
|-
|07|| '''[[Robin Uthappa]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2020|9|19|1985|11|11|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Pace bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2020 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|3|c}} ||
|-
|{{NA}}|| [[Aniruddha Joshi]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2020|9|19|1987|11|7|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2020 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l|-3}} ||
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| All-rounders
|-
|55|| '''[[Ben Stokes]]''' || {{cr|ENG}} || {{Birth date and age2|2020|9|19|1991|6|4|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|12.5|c|1}} || Overseas
|-
|4|| [[Rahul Tewatia]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2020|9|19|1993|5|20|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2020 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|3|c}} ||
|-
|5|| [[Riyan Parag]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2020|9|19|2001|11|10|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2019 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l|-3}} ||
|-
|43|| [[Shashank Singh]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2020|9|19|1991|9|21|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2019 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l|-3}} ||
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Wicket-keepers
|-
|11|| '''[[Sanju Samson]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2020|9|19|1994|11|11|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Pace bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|8|c|1}} ||
|-
|63|| '''[[Jos Buttler]]''' || {{cr|ENG}} || {{Birth date and age2|2020|9|19|1990|9|8|df=y}} || Right-handed || – || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|4.4|c|-3}} || Overseas; Vice Captain
|-
|{{NA}}|| [[Anuj Rawat]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2020|9|19|1999|10|17|df=y}} || Left-handed || – || style="text-align:center;"| 2020 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|80|l|-3}} ||
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Spin Bowlers
|-
|37|| [[Shreyas Gopal]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2020|9|19|1993|09|04|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l|-3}} ||
|-
|39|| '''[[Mayank Markande]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2020|9|19|1997|11|11|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2020 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l|-3}} ||
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Pace Bowlers
|-
|22|| '''[[Jofra Archer]]''' || {{cr|ENG}} || {{Birth date and age2|2020|9|19|1995|4|1|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|7.2|c|1}} || Overseas
|-
|77|| '''[[Varun Aaron]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2020|9|19|1989|10|29|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Pace bowling|fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2019 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|2.4|c|-3}} ||
|-
|3|| [[Ankit Rajpoot]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2020|9|19|1993|12|4|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2020 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|3|c}} ||
|-
|99|| '''[[Jaydev Unadkat]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2020|9|19|1991|10|18|df=y}} || Right-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2020 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|3|c|1}} ||
|-
|9|| [[Kartik Tyagi]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2020|9|19|2001|11|4|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2020 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|1.3|c|1}} ||
|-
|68|| '''[[Andrew Tye]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{Birth date and age2|2020|9|19|1986|12|12|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Pace bowling|fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2020 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|1|c|-3}} || Overseas
|-
|59|| '''[[Tom Curran (cricketer)|Tom Curran]]''' || {{cr|ENG}} || {{Birth date and age2|2020|9|19|1995|3|12|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Pace bowling|fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2020 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|1|c|-3}} || Overseas
|-
|{{NA}}|| '''[[Oshane Thomas]]''' || {{cr|JAM}} || {{Birth date and age2|2020|9|19|1997|2|18|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[Pace bowling|fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2020 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|50|l|1}} || Overseas
|-
|{{NA}}|| [[Akash Singh (cricketer, born 2002)|Akash Singh]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2020|9|19|2002|4|26|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2020 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l|-3}} ||
|-
|}

==Administration and support staff==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;"
|-
!Position
!Name
|-
|Owner||Amisha Hathiramani (Tresco International Ltd), [[Manoj Badale]] (Emerging Media (IPL) Ltd), [[Lachlan Murdoch]] (Blue Water Estate Ltd)
|-
|COO|| Jake Lush McCrum
|-
|Brand ambassador and mentor|| [[Shane Warne]]
|-
|Director of cricket|| [[Zubin Bharucha]]
|-
| Head coach|| [[Andrew McDonald (cricketer)|Andrew McDonald]]
|-
| Batting coach|| [[Amol Muzumdar]]
|-
| Spin bowling coach|| [[Sairaj Bahutule]]
|-
! colspan=2" style="text-align:right;"| Source:
|}

==Kit manufacturers and sponsors==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;"
|-
!Kit manufacturer
!Shirt sponsor (chest)
!Shirt sponsor (back)
!Chest Branding
|-
|Alcis Sports
|[[TV9 Bharatvarsh]]
|[[Red Bull]]
|'''KEI Wires & Cables'''
|-
! colspan="4" style="text-align:right;"| Source :
|}
{{col-2}}
{| border-"0"
|{{Cricket uniform
| pattern_la =_blueborder
| pattern_b = _bluerightsideshoulder
| pattern_ra =
| pattern_pants =
| leftarm = FF70B5
| body = FF70B5
| rightarm = 0000FF
| pants = FF70B5
| title = T20 uniform
}}
|
|}
{{col-end}}

==Teams and standings==
=== Results by match ===
{{#invoke:sports rbr table|table|legendpos=b
|header=Round
|label2= Result
| res2= W/W/L/L/L/L/W/L/L/W/L/W/W/L

|label3= Position
| pos3= 1/2/3/6/7/7/6/7/7/5/7/6/5/8

| color_W = green2|text_W=Win
| color_D = yellow2| text_D=Draw
| color_L = red2|text_L=Loss
| color_1-2=green1| color_3-4=#ffc
| source = Fixtures
}}

===League table===
{{2020 Indian Premier League Points table|team=RR}}

==League stage==
{{hatnote|All times are in [[Indian Standard Time]] ([[UTC+05:30]]).}}
{{hatnote|Subtract 1.5 hours from the [[UAE Standard Time]] ([[UTC+4]]) for these matches.}}

{{#section:2020 Indian Premier League|match4}}
----
{{#section:2020 Indian Premier League|match9}}
----
{{#section:2020 Indian Premier League|match12}}
----
{{#section:2020 Indian Premier League|match15}}
----
{{#section:2020 Indian Premier League|match20}}
----
{{#section:2020 Indian Premier League|match23}}
----
{{#section:2020 Indian Premier League|match26}}
----
{{#section:2020 Indian Premier League|match30}}
----
{{#section:2020 Indian Premier League|match33}}
----
{{#section:2020 Indian Premier League|match37}}
----
{{#section:2020 Indian Premier League|match40}}
----
{{#section:2020 Indian Premier League|match45}}
----
{{#section:2020 Indian Premier League|match50}}
----
{{#section:2020 Indian Premier League|match54}}
----

==Statistics==
===Most runs===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! No.
! Name
! Match
! Inns
! NO
! Runs
! HS
! Ave.
! BF
! SR
! 100s
! 50s
! 0
! 4s
! 6s
|-
| 1 || [[Sanju Samson]] || 14 || 14 || 1 || 375 || 85 || 28.84 || 236 || 158.89 || 0 || 3 || 2 || 21 || 23
|-
| 2 || [[Jos Buttler]]|| 13 || 12 || 2 || 328 || 70* || 32.80 || 227 || 144.49 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 27 || 16
|-
| 3 || [[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]]|| 14 || 14 || 2 || 311 || 69 || 25.91 || 237 || 131.22 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 32 || 9
|-
| 4 || [[Ben Stokes]]|| 8
| 8 || 1 || 285 ||107* || 40.71 || 200 || 142.50 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 36 || 7
|-
| 5 || [[Rahul Tewatia]]|| 14 || 11 || 5 || 255 || 53 || 42.50 || 183 || 139.34 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 13 || 17
|-
|}
* '''Source:'''Cricinfo<ref>{{cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?class=6;id=2020;team=4345;type=year|title=RR Most Runs in IPL 2020|publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

===Most wickets===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! No.
! Name
! Match
! Inns
! Overs
! Maidens
! Runs
! Wickets
! BBI
! Ave.
! Econ.
! SR
! 4W
! 5W
|-
| 1 || [[Jofra Archer]] || 14 || 14 || 55.4 || 0 || 365 || 20 || 3/19 || 18.25 || 6.55 || 16.7 || 0 || 0
|-
| 2 || [[Rahul Tewatia]]|| 14 || 14 || 46.0 || 0 || 326 || 10 || 3/25 || 32.60 || 7.08 || 27.6 || 0 || 0
|-
| 3 || [[Shreyas Gopal]]|| 14 || 14 || 50.0 || 0 || 427 || 10 || 2/28 || 42.70 || 8.54 || 30.0 || 0 || 0
|-
| 4 || [[Kartik Tyagi]] || 10 || 10 || 38.1 || 0 || 367 || 9 || 2/36 || 40.77 || 9.61 || 25.4 || 0 || 0
|-
| 5 || [[Jaydev Unadkat]] || 7 || 7 || 23.0 || 0 || 228 || 4 || 2/32 || 57.00 || 9.91 || 34.5 || 0 || 0
|-
|}
* '''Source:'''Cricinfo<ref>{{cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?class=6;id=2020;team=4345;type=year|title=RR Most Wickets in IPL 2020|publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

==Player of the match awards==
{| class="wikitable sortable" text-align: "center;"
|-
! No.
! Date
! Player
! Opponent
! Result
! Contribution
! Ref.
|-
| 1 || {{dts|1=2020|2=9|3=22|format=dmy}} ||[[Sanju Samson]] || [[Chennai Super Kings]] ||Won By 16 runs || 74 (32)||<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sanju Samson, Steven Smith, Jofra Archer help Rajasthan Royals win battle of sixes|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/report/1216496/rajasthan-royals-vs-chennai-super-kings-4th-match-indian-premier-league-2020-21|access-date=2020-10-21|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2 || {{dts|1=2020|2=9|3=27|format=dmy}} ||[[Sanju Samson]] || [[Kings XI Punjab]] ||Won By 4 wickets || 85 (42)||<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rahul Tewatia and Sanju Samson pull off record chase in stunning Rajasthan Royals win|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/report/1216527/rajasthan-royals-vs-kings-xi-punjab-9th-match-indian-premier-league-2020-21|access-date=2020-10-21|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|3
|11 October 2020
|[[Rahul Tewatia]]
|[[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
|Won by 5 wickets
|45* (28)
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rahul Tewatia and Riyan Parag star as Rajasthan Royals pull off another heist|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/report/1216507/sunrisers-hyderabad-vs-rajasthan-royals-26th-match-indian-premier-league-2020-21|access-date=2020-10-11|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|4
|19 October 2020
|[[Jos Buttler]]
|[[Chennai Super Kings]]
|Won by 7 wickets
|70* (48)
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Buttler, spinners help Royals climb up the table|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/report/1216533/chennai-super-kings-vs-rajasthan-royals-37th-match-indian-premier-league-2020-21|access-date=2020-10-21|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|5
|25 October 2020
|[[Ben Stokes]]
|[[Mumbai Indians]]
|Won by 8 wickets
|107* (60)
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ben Stokes' 107* gives Rajasthan Royals playoffs boost; CSK eliminated|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/report/1216541/rajasthan-royals-vs-mumbai-indians-45th-match-indian-premier-league-2020-21|access-date=2020-10-25|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|6
|30 October 2020
|[[Ben Stokes]]
|[[Kings XI Punjab]]
|Won by 7 wickets
|2/32 (4 overs) & 50 (26)
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kings XI Punjab's winning streak ends, Ben Stokes helps Rajasthan Royals stay alive|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/report/1216537/kings-xi-punjab-vs-rajasthan-royals-50th-match-indian-premier-league-2020-21|access-date=2020-10-31|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{2020 Indian Premier League}}

[[Category:2020 Indian Premier League]]
[[Category:Rajasthan Royals seasons]]
[[Category:2020s in Rajasthan]]

Jayam Ravi

2025-03-18T11:22:26Z

Vaidehitaman: redirect edit

#REDIRECT [[Ravi Mohan]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

1985–86 Duleep Trophy

2025-02-25T16:37:14Z

Vaidehitaman: Adding A Post

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 1985–86 Duleep Trophy
| image =
| imagesize =
| fromdate = 5 October 1985
| todate = 21 October 1985
| caption =
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
| cricket format = [[First-class cricket]]
| tournament format = [[Single-elimination tournament|Knockout]]
| host =
| champions = [[West Zone cricket team|West Zone]]
| count = 12
| participants = 5
| matches = 4
| attendance =
| most runs = [[Lalchand Rajput]] (WZ) (277)<ref>{{cite web|title=Batting and Fielding in Duleep Trophy 1985/86 (Ordered by Runs) |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Duleep_Trophy_1985-86/Batting_by_Runs.html|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=24 June 2016}}</ref>
| most wickets = [[Ravi Shastri]] (WZ) (12)<ref>{{cite web|title=Bowling in Duleep Trophy 1985/86 (Ordered by Wickets) |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Duleep_Trophy_1985-86/Bowling_by_Wickets.html|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=24 June 2016}}</ref>
| website =
| previous_year = 1984–85
| previous_tournament = 1984–85 Duleep Trophy
| next_year = 1986–87
| next_tournament = 1986–87 Duleep Trophy
}}

The '''1985–86 Duleep Trophy''' was the 25th season of the [[Duleep Trophy]], a [[first-class cricket|first-class]] cricket tournament contested by five zonal teams of India: [[Central Zone cricket team|Central Zone]], [[East Zone cricket team|East Zone]], [[North Zone cricket team|North Zone]], [[South Zone cricket team|South Zone]] and [[West Zone cricket team|West Zone]].

West Zone won the final against South Zone on first innings lead.

==Results==
{{5TeamBracket
| RD1=Quarterfinal
| RD2=Semifinals
| RD3=Final

| RD1-seed1=
| RD1-team1=[[Central Zone cricket team|Central Zone]]
| RD1-score1=
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2='''[[East Zone cricket team|East Zone]]'''
| RD1-score2=C

| RD2-seed1=
| RD2-team1='''[[South Zone cricket team|South Zone]]'''
| RD2-score1=FIL
| RD2-seed2=
| RD2-team2=[[East Zone cricket team|East Zone]]
| RD2-score2=

| RD2-seed3=
| RD2-team3=[[North Zone cricket team|North Zone]]
| RD2-score3=
| RD2-seed4=
| RD2-team4='''[[West Zone cricket team|West Zone]]'''
| RD2-score4=FIL

| RD3-seed1=
| RD3-team1=[[South Zone cricket team|South Zone]]
| RD3-score1=
| RD3-seed2=
| RD3-team2='''[[West Zone cricket team|West Zone]]'''
| RD3-score2=FIL
}}

===Final===
{{Test match | date = 17–21 October 1985
| team1 = [[South Zone cricket team|South Zone]] | team2 = [[West Zone cricket team|West Zone]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 305 (112.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Roger Binny]] 115
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Ashok Patel]] 4/86
| score-team2-inns1 = 453 (173 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Dilip Vengsarkar]] 147
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Shivlal Yadav]] 6/109
| score-team1-inns2 = 236 (86.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Kris Srikkanth]] 120
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Ashok Patel]] 4/95
| score-team2-inns2 = 89/1 (25 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Sunil Gavaskar]] 44
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Shivlal Yadav]] 1/18
| venue = [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]]
| toss = South Zone won the toss and elected to bat.
| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/46/46531.html Scorecard]
| result = Match drawn; West Zone won on first innings lead
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/duleep-trophy-1985-86-370609 Series home at Cricinfo]

{{Duleep Trophy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1985-86 Duleep Trophy}}
[[Category:Duleep Trophy seasons]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 1985–86|Duleep Trophy]]
[[Category:1985 in Indian cricket|Duleep Trophy]]

{{Indian-domestic-cricket-competition-stub}}

Sapna Book House

2024-11-30T00:41:36Z

Vaidehitaman: General improvements to article content

{{Short description|Indian book store chain and a publisher of books}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox publisher
| name = Sapna Book House Pvt. Ltd.
| image = Sapna-book-house-logo.jpg
| parent = Sapna Book House<ref name="ParentCompany"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tofler.in/sapna-book-house-private-limited/company/U22190KA2007PTC042576 |title=SAPNA BOOK HOUSE PRIVATE LIMITED |publisher=tofler.in |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507153316/https://www.tofler.in/sapna-book-house-private-limited/company/U22190KA2007PTC042576 |archivedate=2018-05-07 |df= }}</ref> 
| status = Active
| founded = {{start date and age|df=yes|1967|01|26}} in [[Bangalore]]<ref name="R2">{{cite web |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/the-incredible-story-of-52-year-old-bookstore-sapna-book-house/826966/ |title=The incredible story of 52 year old bookstore Sapna Book House |date=27 August 2017 |publisher=financialexpress.com |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507003114/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/the-incredible-story-of-52-year-old-bookstore-sapna-book-house/826966/ |archivedate=7 May 2018 |df= }}</ref>
| founder = Suresh C. Shah<ref name="R5">{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20080128-turning-dreams-into-reality-735146-2008-01-16 |title=Turning dreams into reality |date=16 January 2008 |publisher=indiatoday.in |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506173623/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20080128-turning-dreams-into-reality-735146-2008-01-16 |archivedate=6 May 2018 |df= }}</ref>
| successor =
| country = [[India]]
| headquarters = Bangalore
| distribution =
| keypeople =
*Suresh Shah, Paresh Suresh Shah, Deepak Suresh Shah and Bhanumati Suresh Shah ''(Directors)''<ref name="R7"/>
*Nitin Shah ''(Director, Managing director)''<ref name="R3">{{cite web |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/TOINEW/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOIBG%2F2010%2F06%2F13&GZ=T&ViewMode=HTML&EntityId=Ar00601&AppName=1 |title=LOVE KANNADA INTO THE HEART OF KANNADA WRITING |publisher=epaper.timesofindia.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506174047/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/TOINEW/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOIBG%2F2010%2F06%2F13&GZ=T&ViewMode=HTML&EntityId=Ar00601&AppName=1 |archive-date=2018-05-06 |df= }}</ref>
*Nijesh ''(Group President of Sapna Book House and CEO of Sapna Infoway)''<ref name="R2"/><ref name="theceoinsights.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.theceoinsights.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=191:mr-nijesh-shah-founder-a-ceo-sapna-infoway-pvt-ltd&catid=35:ceo-interviews&Itemid=77 |title=Mr. Nijesh Shah, Founder & CEO, Sapna Infoway Pvt. Ltd. Interviewed By: Sandeep Kshatriya, Facilitator, The CEO Insights |publisher=theceoinsights.com |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030132453/http://www.theceoinsights.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=191:mr-nijesh-shah-founder-a-ceo-sapna-infoway-pvt-ltd&catid=35:ceo-interviews&Itemid=77 |archivedate=2017-10-30 |df= }}</ref><ref name="R6">{{cite web |url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/internet/features/personally-tech-with-sapnaonlines-nijesh-shah-657795 |title=Personally Tech With SapnaOnline's Nijesh Shah |publisher=gadgets.ndtv.com |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506173603/https://gadgets.ndtv.com/internet/features/personally-tech-with-sapnaonlines-nijesh-shah-657795 |archivedate=2018-05-06 |df= }}</ref>
| publications =
| topics =
| genre =
| imprints =
| revenue =
| numemployees =
| nasdaq =
| url = {{url|https://www.sapnaonline.com/}}
}}
[[File:Sapna Book House (2).jpg|thumb|right|250px|View of the store]]
'''Sapna Book House''' is an Indian book store chain and a publisher of books.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=279081018 |title=Company Overview of Sapna Infoway Pvt. Ltd. |publisher=bloomberg.com |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507003336/https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=279081018 |archivedate=2018-05-07 |df= }}</ref> It is one of the biggest book shops in India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report-bangalore-s-sapna-book-house-is-largest-in-the-country-1500360 |title=Bangalore's Sapna Book House is largest in the country |date=29 January 2011 |publisher=dnaindia.com |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506180558/http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report-bangalore-s-sapna-book-house-is-largest-in-the-country-1500360 |archivedate=6 May 2018 |df= }}</ref>

The ''[[Limca Book of Records]]'' recognised Sapna as the largest book shop in India, for seven years in a row.<ref name="R3"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/books/mostly-about-books/article4765988.ece |title=Mostly about books |publisher=thehindu.com |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615141230/http://www.thehindu.com/books/mostly-about-books/article4765988.ece |archivedate=2013-06-15 |df= }}</ref> The [[Government of Karnataka]] presented the [[Rajyotsava Prashasti|Karnataka Rajyostava Award]] to Sapna Book House, describing it as the largest Kannada book publisher, in 2008.<ref name="R3"/> As of May 2016, Sapna Book House has published more than 5000 books by 500 writers, including [[Jnanpith Award|Jnanpith]] and Central Sahitya Academy awardees.<ref name="R3"/>

Around sixty percent of the store includes books and the rest of stationery, multimedia products, and sports items etc.<ref name="R4">{{cite web |url=http://bengaluru.citizenmatters.in/4356-treating-bengaluru-to-books-for-decades-sapna-book-house-4356 |title=Treating Bengaluru to books for decades |date=22 July 2012 |publisher=bengaluru.citizenmatters.in |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506173526/http://bengaluru.citizenmatters.in/4356-treating-bengaluru-to-books-for-decades-sapna-book-house-4356 |archivedate=6 May 2018 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/Fb3RZJVJKKWryTH5L5UcoJ/The-successful-book-store-you-havent-heard-of.html |title= The successful book store you haven’t heard of |date= 16 September 2015 |publisher= livemint.com |url-status=live |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20180506174030/https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/Fb3RZJVJKKWryTH5L5UcoJ/The-successful-book-store-you-havent-heard-of.html |archivedate= 6 May 2018 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/251765/sapna-book-house-opens-residency.html |title=Sapna Book House opens on Residency Road |date=23 May 2012 |publisher=deccanherald.com |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904162753/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/251765/sapna-book-house-opens-residency.html |archivedate=4 September 2012 |df= }}</ref> It has its export of over 5,000 books in [[Kannada]] language, to the [[Kannadigas]] settled in [[Brazil]].<ref name="R1"/> Its online business<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sapnaonline.com/ |title= Official website Sapna book house |publisher=sapnaonline.com}}</ref> has eight million users.<ref name="R1">{{cite web |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/sapna-infoway-plans-to-raise-rs-60-crore-115042400901_1.html |title=Sapna Infoway plans to raise Rs 60 crore |date=24 April 2015 |publisher=business-standard.com |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507085245/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/sapna-infoway-plans-to-raise-rs-60-crore-115042400901_1.html |archivedate=7 May 2018 |df= }}</ref>

== Store67 ==

A store chain was started by Sapna Book House, named Store67 which included stationery products for students.<ref name="R2"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/catalyst/the-paper-tiger-roars/article7403735.ece |title=The paper tiger roars |publisher=thehindubusinessline.com |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180609073334/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/catalyst/the-paper-tiger-roars/article7403735.ece |archivedate=2018-06-09 |df= }}</ref>

== SapnaINK ==

A platform SapnaINK,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sapnaink.com/ |title=Official website SapnaINK |publisher=sapnaink.com |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206151837/http://sapnaink.com/ |archivedate=2017-12-06 |df= }}</ref> was started by Sapna Book House in December 2014, for new authors to publish their books.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/writer-to-author-in-just-7-days/article7174872.ece |title=Writer to author in just 7 days |date=6 May 2015 |publisher=thehindu.com |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180609073334/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/writer-to-author-in-just-7-days/article7174872.ece |archivedate=9 June 2018 |df= }}</ref>

==Background==
Sapna Book House was started by Suresh Shah, on 26 January 1967 near [[Majestic, Bangalore]] on a rent-based store, and later as an independent mall in [[Gandhi Nagar, Bangalore]],<ref name="R4"/> initially selling Lilliput dictionaries.<ref name="R2"/> Born in [[Ghatkopar]], [[Mumbai]], [[Maharastra]], Suresh Shah's ancestors belonged to [[Dhoraji]], [[Gujarat]].<ref name="R5"/> Suresh Shah previously worked as head of Mumbai-based Pocket Book Distributing Company's new branch in [[Chennai]]<ref name="R2"/>

Currently his eldest son Nitin Shah, is the Managing Director<ref name="R4"/> and grandson Nijesh is the Group President of Sapna Book House and CEO of Sapna Infoway.<ref name="R2"/><ref name="R6"/><ref name="theceoinsights.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.theceoinsights.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=191:mr-nijesh-shah-founder-a-ceo-sapna-infoway-pvt-ltd&catid=35:ceo-interviews&Itemid=77 |title=Mr. Nijesh Shah, Founder & CEO, Sapna Infoway Pvt. Ltd. Interviewed By: Sandeep Kshatriya, Facilitator, The CEO Insights |publisher=theceoinsights.com |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030132453/http://www.theceoinsights.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=191:mr-nijesh-shah-founder-a-ceo-sapna-infoway-pvt-ltd&catid=35:ceo-interviews&Itemid=77 |archivedate=2017-10-30 |df= }}</ref> The company has 5 directors namely Paresh Suresh Shah, Deepak Suresh Shah, Nitin Suresh Shah, Bhanumati Suresh Shah and Suresh Shah.<ref name="R7">{{cite web |url=https://www.tofler.in/sapna-book-house-private-limited/company/U22190KA2007PTC042576/directors |title=SAPNA BOOK HOUSE PRIVATE LIMITED |publisher=tofler.in |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506174008/https://www.tofler.in/sapna-book-house-private-limited/company/U22190KA2007PTC042576/directors |archivedate=2018-05-06 |df= }}</ref>

===2014===

Sapna Infoway acquired Ishita Technologies Private Limited (including Bookadda.com, Acadzone.com and Koolskool.com) at a value of $13 million.<ref name="ParentCompany">{{cite web |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/digital-unit-of-sapna-book-house-buys-ishita-tech-3-brands/articleshow/45368140.cms |title=Digital unit of Sapna Book House buys Ishita Tech, 3 brands |date=4 December 2014 |publisher=economictimes.indiatimes.com |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506174018/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/digital-unit-of-sapna-book-house-buys-ishita-tech-3-brands/articleshow/45368140.cms |archivedate=6 May 2018 |df= }}</ref> In May, it extended its business by setting up offices in [[Accra]], [[Ghana]].<ref name="R2"/><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/Sapna-Book-House-arm-acquires-Ishita-Tech-in-all-cash-deal/article20924069.ece |title= Sapna Book House arm acquires Ishita Tech in all-cash deal |date= 3 December 2014 |publisher= thehindubusinessline.com |url-status=live |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20180609073334/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/Sapna-Book-House-arm-acquires-Ishita-Tech-in-all-cash-deal/article20924069.ece |archivedate= 9 June 2018 |df= }}</ref> As on December, the group's online revenue touched the Rs 6.5-7 crore mark.<ref name="R1"/>

{{Commons category}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Book publishing companies of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Bookstores of India]]
[[Category:Publishing companies established in 1967]]
[[Category:Retail companies established in 1967]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Mysore State]]

Chandrasekhar Patil

2024-07-14T00:38:55Z

Vaidehitaman:

#REDIRECT [[Chandrashekhar B. Patil]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
{{R from other spelling}}
}}

Bhim Karna

2024-06-29T14:08:31Z

Vaidehitaman: Adding Post

{{short description|Nagvanshi king}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty
|name = Bhim Karna
|title = [[Raja]]
|image =
|caption =
|succession =
|reign = {{circa|1098 - 1132 CE}}
|predecessor = Gandharv Rai
|successor = Jash Karna
|birth_date =
|birth_place =
|Coronation =
|death_date =
|death_place =
|spouse =
|issue =
|dynasty = [[Nagvanshi dynasty|Nagvanshi]]
|father =
|mother =
|religion = [[Hinduism]]
|regent =
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'''Bhim Karna''' ({{circa|1098 - 1132 CE}}) was [[Nagvanshis of Chotanagpur|Nagvanshi]] king in 12th century. He succeeded Gandharv Rai. The change of title of Nagvanshi kings from Rai to Karna may be due to victory over or alliance with descendant of [[Lakshmikarna]] of [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri dynasty]].

According to ''Nag Vanshavali'', Bhim Karna had to fight with [[Haihaiyavansi Kingdom|Haihaiyavansi]] [[Raksel dynasty|Raksel]] of [[Surguja]]. Raksel attacked Nagvanshi with 1200 cavalry. But Bhim Karna defeated the Raksel and captured territory up to Barwe and [[Palamu district|Palamu]]. He established his rule in Barwe and Tori which is now located in [[Latehar district]]. He took away idol of Basu Dev Rai from Raksel kings. The change of title from Rai to Karn may be due to his victory over or alliance with descendants of [[Lakshmikarna]] the king of [[Kalachuris of Tripuri]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iYXy1XXNCKoC&dq=%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80&pg=PA33|title=Jharkhand Encyclopedia Hulgulanon Ki Partidhwaniyan-1|access-date=9 December 2019}}</ref> He shifted his capital which was earlier located at Chutia to [[Khukhragarh]]. He made a pond known as Bhim Sagar.<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/800-years-come-alive-in-pithoria-s-relics-archaeological-explorations-in-two-hamlets-yield-artefacts-from-12th-century-to-colonial-times/cid/482858|title=800 years come alive in Pithoria's relics - Archaeological explorations in two hamlets yield artefacts from 12th Century to colonial times|date=8 September 2010|website=telegraphindia|access-date=9 December 2019}}</ref> In 2009, At Khukhragarh from excavation, archaeological department found the remains of the Nagvanshi dynasty's fort, an ancient Shiva temple complex, coins and pottery dating back to 12th century AD.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2009/05/11/archaeologistsuncover-remains-of-ancient-empire-injharkhan.html|title=Archaeologists uncover remains of ancient empire in Jharkhand|date=11 May 2009|website=oneindia|access-date=7 April 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Karn, Bhim}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:12th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Nagpuria people]]

Agra (2020 film)

2023-09-15T15:19:37Z

Vaidehitaman: created redirect

#REDIRECT [[Agra (2023 film)]]

Bharatpedia:WikiProject India/Peer review

2023-08-24T15:40:34Z

Vaidehitaman: created initial entry basic info

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