Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Irene Duleep Singh

2026-04-30T16:17:17Z

VYVEwan7971: starting a bio

{{Short description|Anglo-Indian princess}}
{{Infobox royalty
| image = Wedding-photograph of Princess Irene Duleep Singh, published in The Sketch (Wednesday, 30 March 1910) (cropped).png
| caption = Wedding-photograph of Princess Irene Duleep Singh, published in ''The Sketch'' (Wednesday, 30 March 1910)
| birth_date = 25 October 1889
| birth_place = Paris, France
| death_date = 8 October 1926
| death_place = Monte Carlo, Monaco
| full name = Princess Ada Irene Helen Benyl Duleep Singh
}}
'''Irene Duleep Singh''' (25 October 1889 – 8 October 1926) was an [[Anglo-Indian people|Anglo-Indian]] princess and painter who was the daughter of [[Duleep Singh|Maharaja Duleep Singh]] and his second wife, Ada Wetherill, an [[English people|Englishwoman]]. Compared to her more famous half-sisters from Duleep Singh's first marriage, comparatively little is known about Princess Irene and her sister Pauline. She suffered from mental-illness and lost her life to suicide. After her death, her estate was contested between her surviving sister Pauline and her half-sister Bamba, which permanently damaged relations between them.

== Biography ==
[[File:Birth record for Princess Irene Duleep Singh, Paris, France, 27 October 1889.jpg|thumb|Birth record for Princess Irene Duleep Singh, Paris, France, 27 October 1889.]]
She was born on 25 October 1889 in Paris, France to parents Maharaja Duleep Singh and Ada Douglas-Wetherill.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Bance |first=Peter |date=2021 |title=Princess Pauline & Princess Irene Duleep Singh |url=https://duleepsingh.com/princess-pauline-princess-irene/ |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217110903/https://duleepsingh.com/princess-pauline-princess-irene/ |archive-date=17 December 2022 |access-date=20 March 2026 |website=Duleep Singh}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Princess Pauline & Princess Irene Duleep Singh |url=https://www.maharajaranjitsingh.com/princess_pauline_princess_irene_duleep_singh.html |access-date=20 March 2026 |website=Maharaja Ranjit Singh}}</ref> She was the second daughter born to the couple.<ref name=":0" /> On 15 March 1910, she married a Frenchman named Pierre Marie Villament. She suffered from mental illness, with a Nice correspondent of the ''Petit Pariser'' reporting that she was a [[Neurasthenia|neurasthenic]].<ref name=":0" /> In 1924, she received "treatment" (at the time, treatment for her disorder involved electric-shock therapy<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Anand |first=Anita |title=Sophia: Princess, Suffragette, Revolutionary |date=Jan 15, 2015 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=9781408835463 |pages=350–353}}</ref>) for her mental illness in England at nursing-home after admitting herself but moved back to Paris after her care there.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> After coming back to Paris, she moved into an apartment on [[Avenue Hoche]] and she began painting and started socializing.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> However, she was far away from her family and the Parisian environment reminded her of her difficult childhood years, which made her mental state worsen again.<ref name=":3" />

=== Divorce and suicide ===
In August 1925, she and her husband separated, which resulted in her attempting to end her life by jumping out of a window, which injured her.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> This suicide attempt was published in the French press, drawing negative attention to her, worsened her state, becoming reclusive and estranged even from her full-sister Pauline.<ref name=":3" /> According to Anita Anand, Irene had suffered from depression, anxiety, and mood-swings her entire life (with epileptic fits being recorded in 1915) and her separation from her husband is what pushed her over the edge.<ref name=":3" /> Irene was reported to have scratched at herself to get the "black blood" out and suffered from delusions, such as believing she had two children who had been stolen from her, or that she was turning into a wild animal.<ref name=":3" /> She also starved herself, removed her fingernails, and pulled-out her hair.<ref name=":3" /> In August 1926, her half-brother Prince Frederick Duleep Singh died, which affected her and put her in a state of mourning. On 8 October 1926, her body was discovered in Monte Carlo, Monaco by a fisherman in the waters off the Riviera after she died by suicide by drowning. A suicide-note was found, where she stated that she was "tired of life".<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |url=https://essexcdp.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/DuleepSInghTrail.pdf |title=East of England Heritage Trail: The Maharajah Duleep Singh Family |publisher=Essex Cultural Diversity Project |pages=19 |chapter=The Children - Princess Irene}}</ref><ref name=":3" />
{{Blockquote|text=Nobody will ever hear of me again, as I am going to commit suicide this afternoon... I am home-less... my nerves have prevented me continuing my studies, but I have grasped my object... I have been staying a week at Monte Carlo but here I only play the fool and lose my pocket-money... Please forgive me for troubling you in such troublesome times, but it is the last time.|author=Irene Duleep Singh|title=final letter to her friend and lawyer Lancelot Smith|source=published in 'Sophia: Princess, Suffragette, Revolutionary' (Anita Anand, 2015, page 351)}}
[[File:Obituary of Princess Irene Duleep Singh, published in the Daily Mirror (Friday, 15 October 1926).jpg|thumb|Obituary of Princess Irene Duleep Singh, published in the ''Daily Mirror'' (Friday, 15 October 1926)]]
Irene was buried at [[Monaco Cemetery]].

== Legal dispute over her inheritance ==
After her death, her inheritance (estate worth over £20,000–30,000) was contested between her surviving sister Pauline and her half-sister Bamba, which permanently strained their relations there-after.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=23 January 2015 |title=The Fate of Princess Pauline Duleep Singh Finally Uncovered |url=https://www.sikhchic.com/history/the_fate_of_princess_pauline_duleep_singh_finally_uncovered |access-date=20 March 2026 |website=[[Sikhchic.com|sikhchic]]}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> Originally, Irene had bequeathed her inheritance to her sister, Pauline. However, one day prior to her suicide she had instead gotten a new will made that gave all her inheritance to a charity named Dr Barnardo's Home for Poor and Unwanted Children. Pauline contested the new will on the basis of her sister not having a sound state of mind at the time. However, for unknown reasons, Princess Bamba also contested the will and claimed to be its true beneficiary and tried to destroy the reputation of her half-sister Pauline, however Catherine and Sophia did not join her legal battle and separated themselves from the affair. Bamba hired Sir Ellis Hume-Williams as a lawyer and had private medical-records of the late Irene revealed.<ref name=":3" /> The court ruled entirely in-favour of Irene's surviving sister Pauline and Bamba was ordered to pay the £3,600 legal fees for both the plaintiff and defendant.<ref name=":3" /> However, Bamba never paid the cost. The relationship between Pauline and her half-sisters never recovered after the legal case and she moved to France.<ref name=":3" />

== Ancestry ==
{{ahnentafel|1. '''Princess Irene Duleep Singh'''|2. [[Duleep Singh]]|3. Ada Douglas-Wetherill|4. [[Ranjit Singh]]|5. [[Jind Kaur]]|||8. [[Maha Singh]]|9. [[Raj Kaur]]|10. Manna Singh|collapsed=yes|align=center|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;|16=[[Charat Singh]]|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;|32=[[Naudh Singh]]|64=[[Budha Singh]]}}

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:1889 births]]
[[Category:1926 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century painters]]
[[Category:Anglo-Indian people]]
[[Category:Suicides in Monaco]]
[[Category:Women painters]]
[[Category:French people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:People from Paris]]
[[Category:People from Monte Carlo]]
[[Category:Punjabi people]]
[[Category:Sikhs]]

Noor Zaheer

2026-04-30T05:11:10Z

VYVEwan7971: created new entry

{{Short description|Indian feminist author}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Noor Zaheer
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Feminist
| yearsactive =
| spouse =
| children =
| parents = [[Sajjad Zaheer]] (father) [[Razia Sajjad Zaheer]] (mother)
| native_name =
}}

'''Noor Zaheer''' is an Indian left-leaning feminist author.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2014-01-18 |title=Noor Zaheer takes the lead |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/660396/noor-zaheer-takes-the-lead |access-date=2022-03-18 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ali |first=Muhsen |date=April 13, 2018 |title=Youth prone to Leftism more than ever: India's communist leader {{!}} Pakistan Today |url=https://archive.pakistantoday.com.pk/2018/04/13/youth-prone-to-leftism-more-than-ever-indias-communist-leader/ |access-date=2022-03-18 |language=en-GB |archive-date=2022-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511103512/https://archive.pakistantoday.com.pk/2018/04/13/youth-prone-to-leftism-more-than-ever-indias-communist-leader/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Masood |first=Tooba |date=2018-11-28 |title=Doors are being shut between Pakistan and India: Indian writer and activist Noor Zaheer |url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1181345 |access-date=2022-03-18 |website=Images |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Salam |first=Hamza Azhar |date=Mar 22, 2020 |title=Yawar Abbas, 100, marries Noor, 60, to beat coronavirus |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/278657-yawar-abbas-100-marries-noor-60-to-beat-coronavirus |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323165226/https://www.geo.tv/latest/278657-yawar-abbas-100-marries-noor-60-to-beat-coronavirus |archive-date=2020-03-23 |access-date=2022-03-18 |website=www.geo.tv |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Mohammed Wajihuddin|date=Mar 21, 2020 |title=Love in the time of coronavirus: Centenarian weds sweetheart {{!}} Mumbai News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/love-in-the-time-of-corona-centenarian-weds-sweetheart/articleshow/74740937.cms |access-date=2022-03-18 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Zaheer is member of Delhi Urdu Academy, chaired by [[Arvind Kejriwal]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=rasia |date=2018-10-18 |title=Prof Shehpur Rasool reappointed Vice Chairman Delhi Urdu Academy |url=https://archive.siasat.com/news/prof-shehpur-rasool-reappointed-vice-chairman-delhi-urdu-academy-1421606/ |access-date=2022-03-18 |website=The Siasat Daily – Archive |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Literary career ==
Noor Zaheer, through her short stories and literature, focuses on socioeconomic issues in a legacy to that of the 20th century’s progressive Urdu authors.<ref name=":0" /> Zaheer translated [[Ismat Chughtai|Iṣmat Cug̲h̲tāʼī]]'s [[urdu language|Urdu]] memoir ''Kaghzi'' ''Hai Pairahan to 'The Paper Attire' in English''<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Shamsie |first=Muneeza |date=2016-11-27 |title=The feminist voice of Ismat Chughtai |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1298409 |access-date=2022-03-18 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref> and also directed a play '''Kahani Ki Kahani, Ismat Ki Zabaani''<nowiki/>' in a theatre fest at Lucknow in 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Playtime for Lucknowites - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/lucknow/playtime-for-lucknowites/articleshow/61688760.cms |access-date=2022-03-18 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Social work ==
Zaheer contributes to documentation of oral culture and restoration of Buddhist monasteries in [[Himachal Pradesh]], India.<ref name=":0" />

She married former [[British Indian Army]] officer and filmographer [[Yavar Abbas]] in 2020, when he was 100.<ref>{{cite news| last=Rehman | first=Atika | title=Married at 100: love in the time of COVID-19 | publisher=DAWN.COM | date=19 March 2020 | url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1542073}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==

* Z̤ahīr, Nūr. My God is a Woman. India, Vitasta Pub., 2008. ISBN 9788189766528<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tanzeel |first=Dr Shayequa |date=2021-11-03 |title=My God Is A Woman by Noor Zaheer: A Critical Analysis |url=https://ijels.com/detail/my-god-is-a-woman-by-noor-zaheer-a-critical-analysis/ |journal=International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences |language=en |volume=6 |issue=5|pages=308–311 |doi=10.22161/ijels.65.46 |s2cid=243916834 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* Z̤ahīr, Nūr. Ret Par Khoon. India, Meghā Buksa, 2010.
* Z̤ahīr, Nūr. Denied by Allah: Angst Against the Archaic Laws of Halala, Triple Talaq, Mut'ah & Khula. India, Vitasta Publishing, 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 15, 2017 |title=Laadli Media Awards honours media campaigns for excellence in gender portrayal |url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2017/05/laadli-media-awards-honours-media-campaigns-for-excellence-in-gender-portrayal/ }}</ref>
* Z̤ahīr, Nūr. Siyahi ki ek boond. India, Medhā Buksa, 2018.
* Z̤ahīr, Nūr. Surk̲h̲a kāravām̐ ke hamasafara. India, Medhā Buksa, 2008.
* सयानी दीवानी. India, Rādhākr̥shṇa Prakāśana Prā. Li., 2020.
* Zaheer, Noor, and Ẓahīr, Nūr. Āja ke nāma. India, Medhā Buksa, 2012.
* Zaheer, Noor. Apna Khuda Ek Aurat. India, HarperCollins Publishers India, 2015.
* Zaheer, Noor. The Language They Chose Vol. I: Women's Writing in Urdu Vol I: Fiction. India, 'Zubaan Books, 2017.
* Zaheer, Noor. The Language They Chose Vol. II: Women's Writing in Urdu Vol II: Non-Fiction. India, 'Zubaan Books, 2017.
* Koofi, Fawzia, and Zaheer, Noor. Lettres à mes filles - Entre survie et espoir, les combats de la première femme politique afghane. France, Michel Lafon, 2022.
* Cug̲h̲tāʼī, ʻIṣmat. (Translator:Zaheer, Noor) Paper Attire. Pakistan, Oxford University Press, 2016.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:English-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian feminist writers]]
[[Category:Indian women short story writers]]
[[Category:Translators to Urdu]]

{{india-writer-stub}}

Bholu Brothers

2026-04-30T02:37:52Z

VYVEwan7971: Starting new article w/ infobox

{{Short description|Pakistani wrestlers}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{tone|date=August 2012}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2012}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=August 2018}}

The '''Bholu Brothers''' were Pakistani [[wrestler]]s of [[Kashmiris|Kashmiri]] origin.<ref name="Dawn">{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1053798 |title=Of honour in combat and the Great Gama |author=Majid Sheikh|newspaper=Dawn (newspaper)|date=3 November 2013|accessdate=18 July 2019}}</ref> They were prominent members of [[The Great Gama]] wrestling family, a lineage with a history dating back to 1850.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/498015/kabbadi-loses-its-grip-on-pakistan |title=Kabbadi loses its grip on Pakistan |newspaper=The Express Tribune|date=23 January 2013|accessdate=18 July 2019}}</ref> Among the notable members of this family are [[Bholu Pahalwan]], Azam Pahalwan, [[Aslam Pahalwan]], [[Akram Pahalwan]], and Goga Pahalwan.<ref>https://www.oocities.org/worlddweb/bholu_brothers_information/</ref> The Bholu Brothers were the sons of [[Imam Baksh Pahalwan]], a ''Rustam-e-Hind'' (Champion Wrestler of India), and the nephews of the renowned Gama Pahalwan. The family's involvement in wrestling included the ownership and operation of several wrestling gyms.

==Early days==
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2022}}

The Great Bholu's gym, known as Dar-ul-Sehat, is located in a building in the City of [[Karachi]]. It was a muddy wrestling arena within a courtyard surrounded by wooden benches. Pakistan's first prime minister, [[Liaquat Ali Khan]], allotted this building to the Gama wrestling family to be used for training. It was once an ''[[akhara]]'', or a traditional training hall where ''[[malla-yuddha|Deshi Kushti]]'' was practiced. The wrestling matches were known as ''[[Akhara#Dangal|Dangal]]'', and were fought in a mud pit. The government of Pakistan, until [[Ayub Khan]]'s regime, regularly provided a special grant to Bholu Pahalwan's family as recognition of their services to the sport. Before 1958, every city, town, and village in the country had its ''akhara''. The sustained participation of wrestlers maintained the sport's vitality, and Bholu's legacy gained increased recognition.

During the period when wrestling was prominent in Pakistan, stadiums across the country consistently attracted large audiences. Spectators also frequently gathered in the streets to watch the competitions. During this era, the Bholu Brothers were particularly popular in the East, and were well-recognized within the Asian community as distinguished figures of the sport.

==Training==
The brothers were trained by [[Gama Pahalwan]], who was known as the Great Gama in the [[Indian subcontinent|Indian Subcontinent]], and remained a major figurehead of the wrestling scene within the region after [[Partition of India|independence]] in 1947. [[Bholu Pahalwan]] acquired the title of ''[[Rustam-e-Pakistan]]'' in 1949. His younger brother [[Aslam Pahalwan]] earned the ''Rustam-e-Punjab'' title in 1951. Azam was declared ''Rustam-e-Hind'' in 1953. Goga was better known as the Resident Champion. They were among the people who came to [[Lahore]] from [[Amritsar]] after independence. The Bholu Brothers are also mentioned in current discussions about wrestling.

==Notable wrestlers==

===Bholu Pahalwan===
{{Main|Bholu Pahalwan}}

Bholu Pahalwan, born Manzoor Hussain in 1922, was the eldest son of [[Imam Baksh Pahalwan]] - ''[[Rustam-i-Hind]]'' (Champion Wrestler of India). He was the first wrestling champion of newly independent Pakistan.<ref name="Dost">[http://www.dostpakistan.pk/bholu-pehalwan-the-mighty-wrestler-of-50s/ Bholu Pahalwan – The Mighty Wrestler of the 1950s] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221122700/http://www.dostpakistan.pk/bholu-pehalwan-the-mighty-wrestler-of-50s/ |date=21 February 2020 }} Dost Pakistan website, Published 1 January 2012, Retrieved 18 July 2019.</ref>

Starting his career in [[British Raj|British India]], Bholu fought his first wrestling match in March 1939 at Minto Park (now called [[Iqbal Park]]), Lahore, against Ahmad Bakhsh. He defeated Mangal Singh and Tarraka before 1947. Bholu also defeated wrestlers from the West, including [[Karl Pojello]], George Zbisko, Zbisko-II, Emil Koroshenko, Baron Von Heckzey, and Jeji Goldstein. He won the [[Rustam-e-Pakistan]] title in April 1949 by defeating the No. 1 Pakistani wrestler, Younus Gujranwalia of Punjab. The Governor General of Pakistan, [[Khawaja Nazimuddin|Khwaja Nazimuddin]], awarded him the Championship Mace. In 1962, the Pakistani President, [[Ayub Khan (Field Marshal)|Muhammad Ayub Khan]], gave him the [[Pride of Performance]] Award.<ref>[http://www.sports.gov.pk/Awards/awards_wrestling.htm Bholu Pahalwan's award info on Pakistan Sports Board website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718223012/http://www.sports.gov.pk/Awards/awards_wrestling.htm|date=18 July 2019}} Retrieved 18 July 2019.</ref>

In 1964, he was declared ''Rustam-e-Zaman'' (world champion) by the All Pakistan Wrestling Association, conditionally. In May 1967, he defeated the Anglo-French Champion, Henri Pierlot (Les Thornton) for the world title in [[London]], England. In September 1967, Bholu was declared ''Rustam-e-Zaman'' by the All Pakistan Wrestling Association for the second time.<ref>{{cite web|title=Revival of Bholu Brothers|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1095495|author=Suhail Yusuf and Muhammad Umar|publisher=Dawn (newspaper)|date=25 March 2014|access-date=18 July 2019}}</ref>

===Aslam Pahalwan===
{{Main|Aslam Pahalwan}}

Aslam Pahalwan (also known as "Achcha") (1927–1989) was the adopted son of [[The Great Gama]], and played a role in the Pakistani wrestling faction. Aslam was known personally as a comical figure, which contrasted his wrestling persona and attitude within the ring. He weighed more than 300 pounds, and stood 6 ft 4 inches in height. He was trained in extreme wrestling environments by the so-called "Superman of [[Pehlwani|Indian wrestling]]", [[Hamida Pahalwan]]. He participated in shoot bouts. He got a license in [[freestyle wrestling]] and Indian martial arts.

Aslam began his career before the [[Partition of India|independence]] of Pakistan. He gained fame by beating Kala Pehalwan, "the lion of Punjab". He won the ''Rustam-e-Punjab'' title in 1951 by beating a Pakistani wrestler known as Younus Pahalwan (a.k.a. Younus Gujranwalia) of Gujranwala. In 1953, he wrestled in Nairobi and defeated its champion, Mahender Singh. He also acquired the Commonwealth title in 1953. He became known throughout the world when he defeated the Empire Champion, [[Bert Assirati]], in 1954. Aslam wrestled in Asia, the Far East, [[Eastern Africa|East Africa]], Europe, [[South America]], and the [[Middle East]], and defeated some famous names, including [[George Gordienko]], [[Sheik Ali]], Roy Heffernan, and [[Emile Czaja|King Kong Czaya]]. He also defeated big names in Indian wrestling, such as Arjun Singh, [[Tiger Joginder Singh]], Tarlok Singh, and [[Paul Vachon]]. According to Paul "Butcher" Vachon, all the matches that he had with the Bholu Brothers were shoots.

===Azam Pahalawan===
''Azam Pehalwan'' Rustam-e-Hind was the Champion of [[Lahore]] and the Far East. He was a conventional wrestler, a Pahalwan who later adopted the freestyle [[professional wrestling]]. Azam (alias Raja) was born in 1925, in Amritsar, India. He was an introverted and religious person. He faced many grapplers in Pakistan, India, Kuwait, Muscat, Bahrain, Qatar, Kenya, Uganda, and South America. Azam was strong and flexible. Whenever thrown on the mat, he always landed on his feet. With a body weight of only 180 pounds, he could tackle super heavyweights such as Gora Singh and Baron Von Heckzey. In the [[United Kingdom]], he defeated the American Champion, Ron Reed. In Suriname, he defeated the wrestling champion and Karate buff, Antel Haiti (Geisingh). He also vanquished well-known wrestlers such as Jeji Goldstein, George Penchef, Big Bill Verna, Zebra Kid, Ron Harrison, Bloorma, Tiger Joginder, and Arjun Singh.

===Akram Pahalawan===
Akram Pehalwan, also known as Akki, practiced both earthen pit wrestling and boxing-style wrestling. Born around 1930 in Amritsar, [[Punjab, India]], he weighed approximately 250 pounds, and stood 6 feet tall in his prime. In 1953, he was given the name "Double Tiger" in East Africa after his victories there. He defeated Ugandan Champion Idi Amin in Kampala and won against all his opponents in Kenya, including their champion, Mahinder Singh. He also competed in tag team events with his brothers Aslam and Goga.

Akram started his wrestling career in his teens and quickly rose to prominence. He was initially a student of Gama and began competing in Lahore. During his early days, he faced Kala Pahalwan, known as "the Lion of Punjab", and lost the match. However, Kala Pahalwan did not offer a rematch and instead had his students compete against Akram. In 1954, Akram went to Bombay, where he had a series of matches without a loss. After returning to Pakistan, Akram challenged all local competitors. The champion of Multan, Zamman Khan, contested his claim, and Akram emerged victorious.

In 1958, Akram and his brothers toured Malaya, where he defeated their idol, Hari Ram, in a challenge bout. During a match in Chittagong against Big Bill Verna of Australia, Akram dislocated his left shoulder and was hospitalized. Despite this injury, the match ended in a draw. After his shoulder healed, Akram resumed wrestling and agreed to face the giant King Kong of Hungary.

In this bout, Akram defeated King Kong (Emile Czaja) in three rounds. The new threat to the Bholu Brothers in the person of Bhola Gadi, the champion of Lahore, who defeated the Bholu brothers, Azam alias Raja, in May 1962, in the historical Cities Championship Tournament. Akram then wrestled Bhola Gadi at Iqbal Park, Lahore, in a challenge match. After a furious struggle between the pair, Akram lifted Bhola Gadi high and slammed him on the mat for the initial three counts. The next opponent Akram faced was the highly reputed Haji Afzal, a very clever but lighter wrestler. Afzal was pinned in 15 minutes. In Nepal, Akram defeated the Kabul champion, Sardar Khan. Then, in a challenge fight, he trounced Pyara Singh of Indian Punjab. Some of his memorable victories were over Haji Afzal, King Kong, Aussie, Clyde Kennedy, Hardam Singh, Gurnam Singh, Hari Ram, Emile Koroshenko, [[Tony Kontellis]], Con Papalazarou, Baron Von Heczey, Bloorma, Sam Betts, and George Gordianko. He drew matches against Shaikh Wadi Ayoub, Bert Assirati, and Big Bill Verna. Akram lost some of the fights but his overall performance was good. He suffered defeat at the hands of Kala Pahalwan "the Lion of Punjab" during the 1950s, Big Bill Verna and the 3-time world Judo champion [[Anton Geesink]] in South America in 1968. Akram remained active in professional wrestling until he lost an important match against [[Antonio Inoki]] in 1976.

=== Goga Pahalwan ===
''Goga Pehalwan'' (real name Moazzam) (born in 1937) was also a Pakistani wrestler. The Amritsar-born, 1937, Pakistani champion was trained by the Great Gama of India for 15 years. He was lightly built and displayed a fighting style with quick reflexes. Some of his favourite manoeuvres were reverse flying kicks and leg breakers. Goga feuded with a number of famous wrestlers including Tiger Jogindar, Gunpat Andolkar, Eric Taylor, [[Earl Maynard]], [[Herb Gerwig|Killer Karl Kox]], Zebra Kid, Wanik Buckley, Louis Kovacs, Kid Zemboa, [[Billy Robinson]], Klondyke Bill, [[Dick Murdoch]], [[Dusty Rhodes]], Sam Betts, [[Haruka Eigen]], Tarlok Singh, and Harbans Singh. His local opponents included Haji Afzal, Boonta Singh, Siddique Nukehwala, Sohni, and Garnam Singh. However, Goga lost a few matches to wrestlers such as Sam Betts. In professional Tag team wrestling, he teamed with Akram Pehalwan and Majid Ackra.

===Hassu===
''Hassu'' (real name Hussain Bakhsh) was the second eldest son of Imam Bux, and an early teammate of the Bholu brothers. His real name was Hussain Bakhsh. He was a part of the Bholu Brothers team of wrestling, but his name was never heard publicly, since he gave up wrestling earlier. As a result, he is not well known among the wrestling fans like his brothers.

==See also==
* [[List of Pehlwani wrestlers]]
* [[Wrestling Observer Newsletter]]
* [https://wrestlingnews365.com/ Wrestlingnews]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bholu Brothers}}
[[Category:Pakistani people of Kashmiri descent]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Pride of Performance]]
[[Category:Pakistani professional wrestlers]]

Kumara Swamy Devasthana, Bengaluru

2026-04-21T16:36:12Z

VYVEwan7971: starting a bio

{{Short description|Hindu Temple}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Kumara Swamy Devasthana
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type =
| map_caption =
| coordinates =
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Bangalore]]
| location = [[Bangalore]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Lord Kumara Swamy
| year_completed =
| architecture =
| creator =
| website =
}}
'''Kumara Swamy Devasthana''' ({{Langx|ta|ಶ್ರೀ ಕುಮಾರಸ್ವಾಮಿ ದೇವಸ್ಥಾನ|translit=Śrī kumārasvāmi dēvasthāna|label=Kannada}}), also known as '''Sri Kumaraswaami Temple''', is a [[Hindu]] temple located in [[Hanumanthanagar, Bengaluru|Hanumanthanagar]], in the city of [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], southern [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |last3= |first3= |date=26 September 2022 |title=Bengaluru: Temple officer alleges his predecessor swindled Rs 32 lakh {{!}} Bengaluru News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/bengaluru-temple-officer-alleges-his-predecessor-swindled-rs-32-lakh/articleshow/94441909.cms |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thakur |first=Hema |date=June 2021 |title=Megalithic Period in North Maidan, Karnataka |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2348448921996240 |journal=Studies in People's History |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=16–27 |doi=10.1177/2348448921996240 |s2cid=235337037 |issn=2348-4489|url-access=subscription }}</ref> It is dedicated to the god [[Kartikeya]], also known as [[Subrahmanya]], Kumara Swamy, or [[Murugan]].

[[File:KumaraSwamyGopuram.jpg|thumb|The Gopuram at Kumara Swamy Temple]]
[[File:LongStandingGopuram.jpg|thumb|Long Standing Gopuram at Kumara Swamy temple, Bangalore, India]]

==The temple==
The temple is located on top of a hill, known as Mount Joy, with walkways and stairs leading to the summit. Special prayers are performed during "Subbaraya (Subramanya) Shasti". Adjoining the statue of Kumara Swamy, are the sacred Shiva [[Lingam]], [[Ganesha]] in a seated posture and [[Parvati]]. Also have been consecrated, the [[Navagraha]] are in a separate shrine adjoining this shrine within the same hall. The [[Gopuram]] at the entrance preceding a huge open hall, preceding the hall enshrining the Main Shrine that is sculpted with the image of Murugan's role as a guru to [[Shiva]]. This is identical to that of the [[Swaminatha Swamy Temple]] in [[Thanjavur]] in Tamil Nadu.

Originally the sanctum sanctorum had a [[panchaloha]] idol, and the granite idol presently displayed and worshipped is of much later origin. This original panchaloha idol is now seen enshrined separately in the Hall preceding the hall enshrining the sanctum sanctorum.

===Pancha-Mukhi Ganesha temple===

At the foot of the hill is Pancha-Mukhi Ganesha temple. This modern temple has an idol of [[Ganesha]] with five heads, hence the name Pancha-Mukhi Ganesha. His [[vahana]] there is different and away from the usual representation of Ganesha. There, his vahana is of a lion.

Special [[puja (Hinduism)|pooja]]s (prayers) are performed on [[Sankastha Chaturdasi]], and the temple is crowded on this day.

The worship of Lord Ganesha is done according to the ancient [[Ganapatya]] method. This temple is one of the few in Bangalore to follow this method of worship. On the opposite side of the temple, the sanctum for Navaraghas are located and adjoining them is a representation of [[Anjaneya|Anjaneya (Hanuman)]], blessing the devotees.

===Other features===

Midway between the foothill and the apex is the shrine dedicated to [[Shesha]], a serpent demigod who serves [[Narayana]] and [[Mahavishnu]], both incarnations of [[Vishnu]].

Next to the Kumara Swamy temple, there is another small granite hill. Atop this, there is a large water tank built by the [[Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board]]. It supplies potable water to the adjoining areas. On a clear day, wide views of Bangalore are available from the top of the hill.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Kumara Swamy Devasthana, Bengaluru}}

{{coord|12.940467|77.562578|display=title}}

{{Hindu temples in Bangalore}}

[[Category:Murugan temples in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Ganesha temples]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Bengaluru]]

Northern Theatre Command (India)

2026-04-21T10:09:22Z

VYVEwan7971: created a data

{{Short description|Proposed Indian military integrated command}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = Northern Theatre Command
| dates =
| country = {{flag|India}}
| allegiance =
| branch = {{military|India}}
| type = [[Indian Armed Forces Tri-Service Commands|Integrated tri-services command]]
| role =
| command_structure =
| garrison = [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| garrison_label = Headquarters
}}
'''Northern Theatre Command''' is a proposed [[Integrated Theatre Command]] of the [[Indian Armed Forces]]. The command will be responsible for looking after the 3,488 kilometres of the [[Line of Actual Control]] (LAC), India's [[de facto]] border with China, starting from [[Ladakh]] to [[Kibithu]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]].<ref name=":112">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-10 |title=India set for its biggest military reform as Integrated Theatre Commands await final govt nod |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/india-set-for-its-biggest-military-reform-as-integrated-theatre-commands-await-final-govt-nod-2597327-2024-09-10 |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

The Commander-in-Chief for the command will be an [[General (India)|General]] from the [[Indian Army]]<ref name=":1" /> who will report to the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee headed by the [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]] (CDS).<ref name=":112" /><ref name="Peri">{{Cite news |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |date=2024-09-02 |title=Rajnath to be presented recommendations on theatre commands at first JCC |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rajnath-to-be-presented-recommendations-on-theatre-commands-at-first-jcc/article68597674.ece |access-date=2024-09-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== History ==
The concept of Theatre Commands was first proposed by the [[Kargil Review Committee]] after the [[Kargil War]], which promoted increasing jointness and integration.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Sushant |date=2017-05-10 |title=Joint operations vs integrated command: Understanding a new way to fight wars |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/joint-operations-vs-integrated-command-understanding-a-new-way-to-fight-wars-4648574/ |access-date=2020-10-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last=Mukherjee |first=Anit |date=2019-08-21 |title=A top post, its promise and peril |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/a-top-post-its-promise-and-peril/article29184760.ece |access-date=2020-10-24 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The plan for establishment of three different commands was first revealed in June 2023. The commands will be — one for managing border with China (Northern Theatre Command), another for managing the border with Pakistan ([[Western Theatre Command (India)|Western Theatre Command]]) and the third as the [[Maritime Theatre Command]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite news |date=2023-06-18 |title=India moves ahead with creation of theatre commands for integrated war-fighting |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-moves-ahead-with-creation-of-theatre-commands-for-integrated-war-fighting/articleshow/101078591.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-01-21 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite news |date=2023-06-18 |title=Three theatre commands on anvil as tri-services ‘concur’ |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/three-theatre-commands-on-anvil-as-tri-services-concur/articleshow/101073664.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-01-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> There are currently 17 single service commands — 7 of the Army, 7 of the Air Force and 3 of the Navy. Each of these commands is located at a separate base.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Pandit |first=Rajat |date=21 October 2020 |title=Theatre Commands required to synergize combat potential of three services: Army chief |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/theatre-commands-required-to-synergize-combat-potential-of-three-services-army-chief/articleshow/78790111.cms |access-date=2020-10-22 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-10-21 |title=Setting up theatre commands next step in military reforms: Army Chief |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/theaterisation-of-armed-forces-next-logical-step-in-military-reforms-after-appointment-of-cds-army-chief-120102101564_1.html |access-date=2020-10-22 |work=Business Standard India |agency=PTI}}</ref>

In July 2024, the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Defence Ministry]] identified [[Lucknow]] as the base for the Northern Theatre Command.<ref name=":10">{{cite news |date=3 July 2024 |title=Three Theatre Command bases identified, Military Affairs Dept working to integrate forces for future wars |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/three-theatre-command-bases-identified-military-affairs-dept-working-to-integrate-forces-for-future-wars20240703214203/ |access-date=5 July 2024 |agency=ANI}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=4 July 2024 |title=Defence Ministry identifies three locations to set up Theatre Commands |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/theatre-commands-defence-ministry-chief-of-defence-staff-lucknow-jaipur-thiruvanthapuram-2562057-2024-07-04 |access-date=5 July 2024 |agency=India Today}}</ref>

On 4 and 5 September 2024, the first Joint Commander's Conference (JCC) was held at [[Lucknow]] (current headquarters Army [[Central Command (India)|Central Command]]). The [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]], [[General (India)|General]] [[Anil Chauhan]], inaugurated the first conference.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-03 |title=Joint Commanders’ Conference to be held at Central Command HQs in Lucknow |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2051346 |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=Press Information Bureau}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-04 |title=First Joint Commanders’ Conference commences in Lucknow |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2051760 |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=Press Information Bureau}}</ref> The other attendees of the meeting included [[Minister of Defence (India)|Defence Minister]] [[Rajnath Singh]], [[Defence Secretary (India)|Defence Secretary]] [[Giridhar Aramane]], the 3 Service Chiefs, the 17 Commander-in-Chiefs of current Commands of the Services, the 2 Commander-in-Chiefs of current Tri-service Commands, [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]] chairman and other senior personalities of the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]]. During the conference, Defence Minister received the "detailed modalities" for the creation of Integrated Theatre Commands prepared from the Armed Forces Services. The Armed Forces will rollout the timeline of the introduction of the Theatre Commands. Here, it was also revealed that the Commander-in-Chief of the Theatre Commands and [[Chief of Integrated Defence Staff|Vice Chief of Defence Staff]] will be a four-star rank officer like the Chiefs of the Services ([[General (India)|General]], [[Air chief marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]] and [[Admiral (India)|Admiral]]).<ref name=":112" /><ref name="Peri"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shankar |first=Dr Ravi |date=2024-08-31 |title=Lucknow Commanders’ Meet Set To Rollout Timelines For Theatre Command |url=https://bharatshakti.in/lucknow-commanders-meet-set-to-rollout-timelines-for-theatre-command/ |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=Bharat Shakti |language=en-US}}</ref>

During September 2024, it was reported that the Commander will be appointed in rotation between an Army General and an Air Chief Marshal for a period of 18 months.<ref name=":112" /><ref name="Peri" /> The formal proposal for setting up three Integrated Theatre Commands (ITC) was submitted. This is expected to be approved by the Ministry of Defence soon. The concept of ITCs were developed under the leadership of the Chief of Defence Staff, General Anil Chauhan, for 20 months. He expects the military reform will take 2 years for full implementation.<ref name=":112" />

As of September 2024, the formal proposal for setting up three Integrated Theatre Commands (ITC) was submitted. This is expected to be approved by the Ministry of Defence soon. The concept of ITCs were developed under the leadership of Chief of Defence Staff, General Anil Chauhan, for 20 months. He expects the military reform will take 2 years for full implementation.<ref name=":112" />

As reported by the [[Hindustan Times]] on 2 February 2025, the three proposed theatre commands is expected to be established before the tenure of General Anil Chauhan ends as the Chief of Defence Staff in 30 May 2026. The next step is a note to the [[Cabinet Committee on Security]], led by the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] for final approval. Meanwhile, the Defence Minister has cleared the concept in-principle, the [[National Security Advisor (India)|National Security Advisor]] has examined the proposal and the three service chiefs and the CDS have signed the documents for their approvals. The Prime Minister has already given his support and explained the necessity to establish the structure during the [[Integrated Theatre Command (India)#Implementation|Combined Commanders’ Conference in Kolkata]] in September 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-02 |title=India’s military at inflection point as stage set for theatre commands, budget the first big signal {{!}} Point Blank |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indias-military-at-inflection-point-as-stage-set-for-theatre-commands-budget-the-first-big-signal-point-blank-video-101770028991503.html |access-date=2026-02-04 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

By April 2026, the broader leadership structure of the theatre commands was finalised by the Armed Forces. This will be later reviewed by the defence ministry and apex political leadership. The Northern Theatre Command will be headed by an Army General. Unlike the earlier rotation of command proposal, the theatre commander will be fixed. The deputy commanders will be from another service. The Northern front is expected to require more ground troops as per an assessment, hence, an Army officer would lead the theatre.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Philip |first=Snehesh Alex |date=2026-04-08 |title=Western theatre against Pakistan to be headed by IAF, Northern theatre under Army to focus on China |url=https://theprint.in/defence/western-theatre-against-pakistan-to-be-headed-by-iaf-northern-theatre-under-army-to-focus-on-china/2899327/ |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==

; Integrated entities

* [[Defence Planning Committee]], tri-services command at policy level with NSA as its chief
* [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)]], professional head of the Indian Armed Forces
* [[Integrated Defence Staff]], tri-services command at strategic level composed of MoD, MEA and tri-services staff
* [[Indian Armed Forces Tri-Service Commands]]
** [[Western Theatre Command (India)]]
** [[Maritime Theatre Command]]
** [[Andaman and Nicobar Command]]
** [[Air Defence Command (India)]]
** [[Strategic Forces Command]], nuclear command of India
*** [[Nuclear Command Authority (India)|Indian Nuclear Command Authority]], Strategic Forces Command
** [[Defence Cyber Agency]]
** [[Defence Space Agency]]
** [[Armed Forces Special Operations Division|Special Operations Division]]

; Assets

* [[List of Indian Air Force stations]]
* [[List of Indian Navy bases]]
* [[List of active Indian Navy ships]]
* [[List of countries with overseas military bases#India|India's overseas military bases]]

; General concepts

* [[Joint warfare]], general concept
* [[Credible minimum deterrence]]
* [[List of cyber warfare forces]] of other nations

== References ==
<references responsive="1"></references>
{{Military of India}}

[[Category:Joint military units and formations of India]]
[[Category:Military of India]]

Ratnesh Kumar Kushwaha

2026-04-20T09:49:33Z

VYVEwan7971: created bio

{{Short description|Indian politician and lawyer}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| image =
| caption =
| office = Member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2025
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Patna Sahib Assembly constituency|Patna Sahib]]
| predecessor = [[Nand Kishore Yadav]]
| successor =
| office1 = State Secretary of [[Bharatiya Janata Party – Bihar]]
| term_start1 = 9 August 2023
| president1 = [[Samrat Choudhary]] [[Dilip Jaiswal]]
| birth_place =
| birth_date =
| spouse =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| alma_mater = [[Patna University]]
| profession = Politician, Advocate
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Ratnesh Kumar Kushwaha''' is an Indian politician and lawyer from [[Bihar]]. He is elected as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] in [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] from Patna Sahib constituency. He is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=RATNESH KUMAR PATNA SAHIB (PATNA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://www.myneta.info/Bihar2025/candidate.php?candidate_id=705|access-date=2025-11-14|website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Patna Sahib election results LIVE: BJP's Ratnesh Kumar wins with a margin of 38,900 votes|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/patna-sahib-bihar-election-results-2025-live-updates-bjp-ratnesh-kumar-vs-congress-shashant-shekhar-101763086940859.html|date=2025-11-14|access-date=2025-11-14|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bihar Election Results 2025: BJP's Ratnesh Kumar wins against Congress's Shashant Shekar in Patna Sahib in latest election|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-bihar-election-results-2025-bjp-s-ratnesh-kumar-leading-last-round-of-votes-against-congress-s-shashant-shekar-in-patna-sahib-3188664|date=2025-11-14|access-date=2025-11-14|publisher=DNA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Assembly Constituency 184 - PATNA SAHIB (Bihar)- AURAI (Bihar)|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04184.htm|access-date=2025-11-14|work=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>

==Life==
He is a resident of [[Kumhrar Assembly constituency]] region of [[Patna]] near Musallapur. He was associated with Bharatiya Janata Party's parent organisation [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] from his early life and was a close accomplice of veteran BJP leader [[Sushil Kumar Modi]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.abplive.com/states/bihar/who-is-ratnesh-kushwaha-to-whom-bjp-has-given-ticket-from-patna-sahib-seat-bihar-election-2025-ann-3028556|title=Who is Ratnesh Kushwaha whom BJP has given ticket from Patna Sahib|website=ABP|accessdate=20 November 2025}}</ref>

In 2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly elections, he defeated Shashant Shekhar of [[Indian National Congress]] by a fair margin of nearly 39,000 votes.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.timesnownews.com/india/patna-sahib-assembly-election-result-2025-live-updates-ratnesh-kushwaha-vs-shashant-shekhar-can-bjp-hold-on-to-its-stronghold-article-153149360|website=Times Now|accessdate=20 November 2025|title= Patna Sahib Election Result 2025: BJP's Ratnesh Kushwaha Makes Stunning Comeback, Defeats Congress' Shashant Shekhar by Nearly 39,000 Votes}}</ref>

Being an Advocate by profession, he represented centre in a case related to an [[Artificial Intelligence]] generated video featuring PM [[Narendra Modi]]'s mother in [[Patna High Court]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/elections/bihar-polls-patna-sahib-stays-true-to-bjp-congresss-shashant-shekhar-trails-by-18000-plus-votes/2783759/|title= Politics tough nut to crack—IIT-IIM grad Congress' candidate faces BJP drubbing in Patna Sahib|website=The Print}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Ratnesh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]
[[Category:People from Patna district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Bihar-BJP-politician-stub}}

Bhim Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:32:58Z

VYVEwan7971: Adding the pg more to come - done

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bhim
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-173-Bhim.svg
| mla = [[Harisingh Rawat]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Rajsamand district|Rajsamand]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Rajsamand Lok Sabha constituency|Rajsamand]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:231185}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 173
}}
'''Bhim Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref>

It comprises [[Bhim tehsil]] and [[Deogarh tehsil]], both in [[Rajsamand district|Rajsamand]] district.<ref name=delimitation2008/> As of 2023, its representative is [[Harisingh Rawat]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="election2023-1">{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/bhim-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470788-2023-12-03 |title=Bhim Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: BJP's Harisingh Rawat S/o Panna Singh with 93905 defeats INC's Sudarshan Singh Rawat S/o Lakshman Singh |date= |author= |access-date= 25 December 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2029|2}}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1998 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|Lakshman Singh Rawat<ref name=election1998>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3400-rajasthan-1998/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 1998 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=14 January 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2003]]<ref name=election2003>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3403-rajasthan-2003/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2003 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=14 January 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|rowspan=3| Hari Singh Rawat
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3407-rajasthan-2008/|title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3411-rajasthan-2013/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| [[Sudarshan Singh]]<ref name=election2018/>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhim<ref name="election2023"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Harisingh Rawat S/O Panna Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:93905}}
|percentage = 57.46
|change = +24.87
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sudarshan Singh Rawat S/O Lakshman Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:62137}}
|percentage = 38.02
|change = +2.78
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1548}}
|percentage = 0.95
|change = -0.41
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:31768}}
|percentage = 19.44
|change = +16.79
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:163428}}
|percentage = 70.69
|change = +3.62
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Bhim<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Sudarshan Singh
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:49355}}
|percentage = 35.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Hari Singh Chouhan (Rawat)
|votes = {{formatnum:45641}}
|percentage = 32.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ajay Soni
|votes = {{formatnum:35722}}
|percentage = 25.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Hari Singh S/O Panna Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:1414}}
|percentage = 1.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1904}}
|percentage = 1.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:3714}}
|percentage = 2.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:140064}}
|percentage = 67.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Rajsamand district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|25.74|74.08|display=title}}

[[Category:Rajsamand district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Rafiuddin Raz

2026-04-12T14:37:02Z

VYVEwan7971: created a pg

{{Short description|Pakistani poet}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Rafiuddin 'Raz'
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| pseudonym = Raz
| birth_name = Mirza Rafiuddin Baig
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1938|04|21}}
| birth_place = [[Bihar]], India
| occupation = [[Urdu poet]]
| nationality = Pakistani
| citizenship =
| education = MA, General History.
| alma_mater =
| period = 1988 – Present
| genre = [[Ghazal]]; [[Free verse]]
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks =
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| relatives =
| awards =
| signature =
| website =
| portaldisp =
}}
'''Mirza Rafiuddin 'Raz' Baig''' ({{langx|ur|مرزا رفیوددیں بیگ}}; born 21 April 1938) is a Pakistani poet. He published his first volume of poetry ''Deeda-e-Khush Khwab'' in 1988 and followed it with ''Beenai'' (Sight), ''Pairahan-e-Fikr'' (The Dress of Thought), ''Roshni Kay Khad-o-Khaal'' (Features of Light) and ''Abhi Darya Main Pani Hai'' (There is Water in the River, Yet),<ref name=ref1>{{cite journal
| last = Shair
| first = Shair Ali
| title = Rafiuddin Raz Number
| journal = Rang-e-Adab
| volume = 1
| issue = 9–10
| pages = 17
| publisher = Rang-e-Adab Publication
| location = [[Karachi]]
}}</ref>

His recent book, ''bar bisat e Ghalib'' (200 ghazals in 200 Ghalib's Misray), was published in November 2021.

==Poetry==

===Style and themes===
Raz is primarily a [[ghazal]] writer.<ref name=ref24>{{cite journal
| last = Shair
| first = Shair Ali
| title = Rafiuddin Raz: Shaksiyat aur Shaa'iri Kay Aa'inay Main
| journal = Rang-e-Adab
| volume = 1
| issue = 9–10
| pages = 196
| publisher = Rang-e-Adab Publication
| location = [[Karachi]]
}}</ref>

===Repeated usage of ''Aa'ina''===
Raz is noted for repeatedly playing with the [[Urdu]] word ''aa'ina'' [mirror in English] in his poetry, and integrating it into his work in different ways. Poet and reviewer Afsar Mahpuri notes in his article, "Rafiuddin Raaz – A dreaming poet," the "focal position and importance" that the mirror has been awarded over time, and presents the following partial list of couplets, containing the word ''aa'ina'', by Raz.<ref name=ref16>{{cite conference
| first = Mahpuri
| last = Afsar
| title = Rafiuddin Raz: Ek Khush Khwab Shaa'ir
| book-title = Rafiuddin Raz: Shaksiyat aur Shaa'iri Kay Aa'inay Main
| pages = 69
| publisher = Rang-e-Adab Publication
| location = [[Karachi]]
}}</ref>

===Critical reception===
Shafeeq Ali Khan calls him "a modern poet in every respect," and stating that "his feelings, emotions, observations and experiences are not traditional – they are, rather, a reflection of his own self and personality."<ref name=ref3>{{cite journal
| last = Shair
| first = Shair Ali
| title = Rafiuddin Raz: Shaksiyat aur Shaa'iri Kay Aa'inay Main
| journal = Rang-e-Adab
| volume = 1
| issue = 9–10
| pages = 10
| publisher = Rang-e-Adab Publication
| location = [[Karachi]]
}}</ref> Mehshar Badaiwani has called his work "a living example" of meaningful poetry, showing Raz's "poetical greatness."<ref name=ref4>{{cite journal
| last = Shair
| first = Shair Ali
| title = Rafiuddin Raz: Shaksiyat aur Shaa'iri Kay Aa'inay Main
| journal = Rang-e-Adab
| volume = 1
| issue = 9–10
| pages = 11
| publisher = Rang-e-Adab Publication
| location = [[Karachi]]
}}</ref>

Shan ul Haq Haqqi has written that, "Rafiuddin Raz's poetry contains both beauty off thought and beauty of style... [and is] successful throughout the body of [[Urdu poetry]],"<ref name=ref2>{{cite journal
| last = Shair
| first = Shair Ali
| title = Rafiuddin Raz: Shaksiyat aur Shaa'iri Kay Aa'inay Main
| journal = Rang-e-Adab
| volume = 1
| issue = 9–10
| pages = 9
| publisher = Rang-e-Adab Publication
| location = [[Karachi]]
}}</ref> while [[Aslam Farrukhi]] claims that "Poetry, itself, has picked Raz for its expression."<ref name="ref4"/> Similarly, Athar Hashmi speaks of finding "the features of life" in Raaz's work,<ref name="ref3"/> and [[Shabnam Romani]] of his "uniqueness", and his "eloquent [use of] language and civilized tones," saying that, "the ''raz'' (secret) is that Raz's poetry is new!"<ref name="ref4"/>

Raz's [[ghazal]] has received widespread applause: Professor Najmi Siddiqui calls it "a fragrant puff of air that, having touched the fertile shores of classical tradition, gives life and lesson to the reader"<ref name="ref3"/> and Mushaffiq Khwaja finds it "a custodian of the highest traditions of [[Urdu]] [[ghazal]]" which has "not only adhered to tradition, but taken it forward."<ref name="ref4"/> Similarly, Hafeez Taib has praised him for opening "new horizons" for the [[ghazal]], and saying that "his verses seem to beat with one's own pulse."<ref name="ref4"/>

===Comparison to classical poets===
Raz is often compared to different [[Urdu poetry]] greats, including [[Ghalib]], Meer and [[Yagana Changezi|Yagana]]. In his article, ''Afkaar ki Taazgi'' [The Freshness of Thoughts], modern-day poet Afsar Mahpuri draws a parallel between Raz and classical, [[ghazal]] poet, [[Yagana Changezi|Yagana]], saying that "some of Raz's verses are close to Yagana's voice" because he "has not begun his poetry with romantic exaggerations, in which countless poets waste their lives."<ref name=ref15>{{cite conference
| first = Mahpuri
| last = Afsar
| title = Afkaar Ki Taazgi (The Freshness of Thoughts)
| book-title = Rafiuddin Raz: Shaksiyat aur Shaa'iri Kay Aa'inay Main
| pages = 77
| publisher = Rang-e-Adab Publication
| location = [[Karachi]]
}}</ref>

Dr. Rasheed Nisaar, on the other hand, compares Raz to Persian-language poet Bedil and one of Urdu poetry's greatest philosophers, Ghalib, saying that Raz "possesses the same style of thought and beauty of narration as Bedil and Ghalib."<ref name=ref17>{{cite journal
| last = Shair
| first = Shair Ali
| title = Rafiuddin Raz: Shaksiyat aur Shaa'iri Kay Aa'inay Main
| journal = Rang-e-Adab
| volume = 1
| issue = 9–10
| pages = 15
| publisher = Rang-e-Adab Publication
| location = [[Karachi]]
}}</ref>

==Honours==
A book entitled ''Rafiuddin Raz: Shaksiyat aur Fan'' [Rafiuddin Raz: Personality and Art] was written by Naima Parveen, under the supervision of Sohaila Farooqi, and published as part of a study for a [[Master of Arts]] degree in [[Urdu]] in the Urdu Department of [[Karachi University]].<ref name=ref23>Pg. 42, ''Rang-e-Adab'', Rafiuddin Raaz Number.</ref>

In early 2010, the poet Zia Khan 'Zia' published a selection of Raz's poetry, titled ''Jamal-e-Hurf-e-Raz'' [The Beauty of Raz's Word]. It contained 125 of Raz's ''ghazalyat'', as well as a lengthy essay on the finer points of Raz's poetry.{{Citation needed|date= October 2012}}

In January 2013, critic Gohar Malsiani published a 624-page critical analysis of Raz poetry, titled "Sukhan Ka Chiragh" (The light of Poetry). It discusses in detail the finer points of Raz poetry.

Raz has been the subject of various poetic tributes, including ''"Abhi Darya Main Pani Hai" aur Rafiuddin Raz'' ["There is Water in the River, Yet" and Rafiuddin Raz] by Sohail Ghazipuri, ''Pairahan-e-Akfaar'' [The Dress of Thoughts] by Dr. Abdul Manaan Tarzi, ''Kharaj-e-Tehseen'' (The Gift of Praise) by Khwaja Manzar Hassan Manzar,<ref name=ref18>{{cite journal
| last = Manzar
| first = Khwaja Manzar Hassan
| title = Kharaj-e-Tesheen
| journal = Rafiuddin Raz: Shaksiyat Aur Shaa'iri Kay Aa'inay Main
| volume = 1
| issue = 9–10
| pages = 380
| publisher = Rang-e-Adab Publication
| location = [[Karachi]]
}}</ref> ''Azeez Dost, Rafiuddin Raz ki Nazar'' [For a Special Friend, Rafiuddin Raz] by Maqbool Naksh,<ref name=ref19>{{cite journal
| last = Naqsh
| first = Maqbool
| title = Azeez Dost, Rafiuddin Raz Kay Liye
| journal = Rafiuddin Raz: Shaksiyat Aur Shaa'iri Kay Aa'inay Main
| volume = 1
| issue = 9–10
| pages = 382
| publisher = Rang-e-Adab Publication
| location = [[Karachi]]
}}</ref> ''Baleegh Andaaz'' [Sophisticated Style] and ''Roshni Kay Khad-o-Khaal Ka Shaa'ir'' [The Poet of "Features of Light] by Sadeeq Fatahpuri,<ref name=refee>{{cite journal
| last = Fatahpuri
| first = Saddeeq
| title = Baleegh Andaaz
| journal = Rafiuddin Raz: Shaksiyat Aur Shaa'iri Kay Aa'inay Main
| volume = 1
| issue = 9–10
| pages = 383
| publisher = Rang-e-Adab Publication
| location = [[Karachi]]
}}</ref><ref name=ref20>{{cite journal
| last = Fatahpuri
| first = Saddeeq
| title = Roshni Kay Khad-o-Khaal Ka Shaa'ir
| journal = Rafiuddin Raz: Shaksiyat Aur Shaa'iri Kay Aa'inay Main
| volume = 1
| issue = 9–10
| pages = 386
| publisher = Rang-e-Adab Publication
| location = [[Karachi]]
}}</ref> and ''Rafiuddin Raz Kay Liye'' [For Rafiuddin Raz] by Junaid Azar.<ref name=ref26>{{cite journal
| last = Azar
| first = Junaid
| title = Rafiuddin Raaz Kay Liye
| journal = Rafiuddin Raz: Shaksiyat Aur Shaa'iri Kay Aa'inay Main
| volume = 1
| issue = 9–10
| pages = 396
| publisher = Rang-e-Adab Publication
| location = [[Karachi]]
}}</ref>

==Personal life==

===Childhood===
Raz was born in [[Begusarai District|Begusarai]], India.<ref name="ref1"/> His father Fariduddin Baig's family belonged to [[Darbhanga District|Darbhanga]], and his mother Hajra's to [[Begusarai District|Begusarai]], both districts of the state [[Bihar]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Parveen |first=Naima |title=Rafiuddin Raz: Shaksiyat Aur Fun |year=2009}}</ref>{{full citation needed|date=September 2018}}

He attended BPHE School, Begusarai before switching to the Muslim High School Lehrya Sarai but, after his parents separated in 1945, was sent to live with his father's elder brother, Hameeduddin Baig.<ref name=":0" /> Unfortunately for him, Hameeduddin was not interested in educating him, and Raz had to work as a conductor and, subsequently, driver, in Hameeduddin's transport company. He continued, however, to persist in juggling his studies alongside the job, and finally passed his Inter-Commerce Exams from Quiad-e-Azam College, Dhaka.<ref name=":0" />

===1951 onwards===
In 1951, when riots were taking place in the aftermath of the [[Partition of India]], Raz migrated to [[Dhaka]], then a part of [[East Pakistan]], and declared himself a Pakistani.<ref name=":0" />

After the proclamation of [[Bangladesh]], Raz was a prisoner of war from 1971 to 1973.<ref name=":0" /> He migrated to [[Karachi]] as soon as he was released, but found himself facing much poverty. He switched between several jobs in an attempt to earn, from tutoring kids to working as a government employee. He eventually started a business with his commanding officer, Colonel Aakil Abbas Rizvi, and established himself as a self-made and financially stable man.<ref name=":0" />

He married Noshaba Khatoon in 1964, and has six children – two daughters named Naheed Anjum and Ambreen, and four sons named Tariq, Rehan, Saqib, and Waqiuddin – with her.{{Citation needed|date= October 2012}} Currently, Raz holds a master's degree in General History, and has said that, more than anything else, it {{Vague|date=October 2012}} was an act meant to provide "moral support" to his children.<ref name=":0" />

==Books==
{| class=wikitable
|-
!Title
!Translated title
!Year published
|-
|''Deeda-e-Khush Khwab''|| ||1988
|-
|''Beenai''|| Sight ||1997
|-
|''Pairahan-e-Fikr''|| The Dress of Thought||2002
|-
|''Roshni Kay Khad-o-Khaal''||Features of Light||2005
|-
|''Abhi Darya Main Pani Hai''||There is Water in the River||2006
|-
|''Itni Tamazat Kis Liye''||For What, this Blazing Heat?||2007
|-
|''Jo ik din aaeena dekha''||azmain||2008
|-
|''Suqrat say shaikh chilli tuk''||Inshayee||2010
|-
|''Aabshare sukhan''||Rubiyat ka mujmoa||2010
|-
|''Itni Tamazat Kis Liye''||For What, this Blazing Heat?||2007
|-
|''Jo ik din aaeena dekha''||azmain||2008
|-
|''Suqrat say shaikh chilli tuk''||Inshayee||2010
|-
|''Saaz o raaz''||Rubiyat ka mujmoa||2010
|-
|''Dil Aaina Hua''||Spiritual Poetry|| 2011
|-
|''Doha Phulwari''||Collect|| 2011
|-
|''Ik Kon o Makan aur''|| || 2012
|-
|''Baat say baat''||Inshaiye|| 2015
|-
|''Qataat album''|| || 2015
|-
|''Sukhan Sarmaya''||Kulyat|| 2015
|-
|''Dar e Aaina''||Ghazaliat|| 2016
|-
|''Dil Ka Nakhlistan''||Hyko collection|| 2017
|-
|''Tajdeed e Muhabbat''|| || 2012
|-
|''sukhandan e Raaz''||poetry collection|| 2021
|-
|''Insha e Raaz''||Inshayeh|| 2020
|-
|''Wadi e Ghazal''||87 ghazals in 87 metre|| 2019
|-
|''Bar Bisat e Ghalib''||200 ghazals in 200 Ghalib's Misray|| 2021
|-
|''Abhi Kapray Badan Per Hain''||Collection of Ghazals||2022
|-
|''Gulzar-e-Sukhan''||Selected Ghazals||2024
|-
|''Kulyat-e-Hamd o Naat''||All religious poetry in one||2024
|}
* {{small|(Source:<ref name="ref1"/>)}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raz, Rafiuddin}}
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Poets from Bihar]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Pakistani poets]]
[[Category:Pakistani poets]]
[[Category:Pakistani people of Bihari descent]]

2024–25 Calcutta Women's Football League

2026-04-02T04:36:28Z

VYVEwan7971: Adding some details first draft - done

{{Infobox football league season
| competition = [[Kanyashree Cup|Calcutta Women's Football League]]
| season = [[2024–25 in Indian football|2024–25]]
| dates = 25 April – 27 May 2025
| winners = [[East Bengal FC (women)|East Bengal]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thebridge.in/football/calcutta-womens-football-league-emami-east-bengal-fc-champions-53339|title=2025 Calcutta Women's Football League: Emami East Bengal FC emerge champions|website=The Bridge|access-date=2025-05-28}}</ref> (3rd title)
| matches = 49
| total goals = 228
| best player =
| league topscorer =
| best goalkeeper =
| promoted = [[Suruchi Sangha]] {{up}} ([[Indian Women's League 2|IWL2]])<ref name="AIFF1">{{cite web |title=IWL 2 2025-26 to kickstart on March 20 |url=https://i-league.org/iwl-2-2025-26-to-kickstart-on-march-20/ |website=i-league.org |publisher=[[All India Football Federation]] |access-date=20 February 2026}}</ref>
| biggest home win = East Bengal 14–1 Sarojini Naidu OSC (9 May 2025)
| biggest away win = Chandney SC 0–12 Sribhumi (1 May 2025)
| highest scoring = East Bengal 14–1 Sarojini Naidu OSC (9 May 2025)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/sports/football/east-bengal-beats-sarojinis-osc-by-14-1-margin-in-kanyashree-cup-dgtl/cid/1601330|access-date=2025-05-09|website=anandabazar.com|language=Bengali|title=কন্যাশ্রী কাপে ১৪ গোল দিল ইস্টবেঙ্গল, হ্যাটট্রিক তিন কন্যার}}</ref>
| longest wins = Sribhumi (8 matches)
| longest unbeaten = Sribhumi (8 matches)
| longest losses = Bally Gramanchal Krira Samity (6 matches)
| prevseason = [[2023–24 Calcutta Women's Football League|2023–24]]
| nextseason = [[2025–26 Calcutta Women's Football League|2025–26]]
| updated =
}}
'''2024–25 [[Kanyashree Cup|Calcutta Women's Football League]]''' is the 29th season of the Calcutta Women's Football League, also known as the Kanyashree Cup.

The season consists of 16 teams participating in the league, with the teams in the group stage divided into two groups consisting of eight teams respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.peoplesreporter.in/sports/kanyashree-cup-2025-will-start-from-april-24|language=Bengali|title=চূড়ান্ত গ্রুপ বিন্যাস, কবে থেকে শুরু কন্যাশ্রী কাপ?|website=peoplesreporter.in|date=22 March 2025 |accessdate=2025-04-25}}</ref> The tournament began on 25 April 2025 with [[East Bengal Club (women)|East Bengal]] vs Moitri Sansad match at the [[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/sports/football/east-bengal-won-the-opening-match-of-the-kanyashree-cup-prnt/cid/1598214|language=bengali|title=কন্যাশ্রী কাপের বোধনে আট গোল ইস্টবেঙ্গলের|website=anandabazar.com|access-date=2025-04-26}}</ref>

==Teams==
{| class="wikitable"
|+CWFL participants
!Group A !! Group B
|-
| Bally Gramanchal Krira Samity || [[East Bengal Club (women)|East Bengal]]
|-
| Chandney SC || Jyotirmoy Athletic Club
|-
| Dipti Sangha || Kalighat Sports Lovers Association
|-
| [[Southern Samity|KFA Southern Samity]] || Moitree Sansad
|-
| [[Mohammedan SC Women (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]] || Sarojini Naidu OSC
|-
| [[New Alipore Suruchi Sangha]] || Sevayani S.W. Org
|-
| [[Sribhumi FC|Sribhumi]] || United Students Club
|-
| [[Sashastra Seema Bal|SSB Women]] || WB Police Club
|}
----
;{{Increase}} Promoted from 2023 to 2024 CWFL B Division
*[[Sashastra Seema Bal|SSB Women]]
*Dipti Sangha

==Venues==
* [[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]]
* Kakinara Narayanpur United Ground
* HB Block Ground
* Dr. BR Ambedkar Ground, Gayeshpur
* [[Rabindra Sarobar Stadium]]
* [[East Bengal Ground]]
* [[Naihati Stadium]]
* [[Mohammedan Sporting Ground]]
* Rishi Aurobindo Maidan, [[Konnagar]]
* SSB Ground
* Barrackpore Stadium

==Group stage==
===Group A===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group A
|update=complete
|source=[https://theawayend.co/calcutta-womens-football-league/ The Away End]


|team1=SBFC
|team2=KFSS
|team3=NASS
|team4=SSBW
|team5=DPSG
|team6=CDSC
|team7=BGKS
|team8=MDSC |status_MDSC=R


|result1=Q
|result2=Q
|result3=Q
|result4=Q
|result8=W



|win_BGKS= |draw_BGKS= |loss_BGKS=6 |gf_BGKS=3 |ga_BGKS=35 
|win_CDSC=1 |draw_CDSC= |loss_CDSC=5 |gf_CDSC=1 |ga_CDSC=25 
|win_DPSG=2 |draw_DPSG= |loss_DPSG=4 |gf_DPSG=5 |ga_DPSG=15 
|win_KFSS=4 |draw_KFSS=1 |loss_KFSS=1 |gf_KFSS=15 |ga_KFSS=3 
|win_MDSC= |draw_MDSC= |loss_MDSC= |gf_MDSC= |ga_MDSC= 
|win_NASS=4 |draw_NASS= |loss_NASS=2 |gf_NASS=25 |ga_NASS=7 
|win_SBFC=6 |draw_SBFC= |loss_SBFC= |gf_SBFC=30 |ga_SBFC=2 
|win_SSBW=3 |draw_SSBW=1 |loss_SSBW=2 |gf_SSBW=13 |ga_SSBW=5 


|name_BGKS=Bally Gramanchal Krira Samity
|name_CDSC=Chandney SC
|name_DPSG=Dipti Sangha
|name_KFSS=[[Southern Samity|KFA Southern Samity]]
|name_MDSC=[[Mohammedan SC Women (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]]
|name_NASS=[[New Alipore Suruchi Sangha]]
|name_SBFC=[[Sribhumi FC|Sribhumi]]
|name_SSBW=[[Sashastra Seema Bal|SSB Women]]


|show_limit=4


|res_col_header=Q
|col_Q=green1 |text_Q=Advanced to [[#Championship round|Championship round]]
|col_W=#999 |text_W=Withdrew
|show_matches = y

|match_DPSG_CDSC=2-0
|match_BGKS_SBFC=1-8
|match_SSBW_KFSS=1-1
|match_NASS_KFSS=0-4

|match_CDSC_SBFC=0-12
|match_SSBW_BGKS=6-1
|match_CDSC_BGKS=1-0
|match_DPSG_NASS=1-7

|match_SBFC_KFSS=2-0
|match_KFSS_CDSC=1-0
|match_BGKS_DPSG=0-2
|match_SSBW_NASS=0-1

|match_CDSC_NASS=0-6
|match_SSBW_SBFC=1-2
|match_KFSS_DPSG=2-0
|match_SBFC_DPSG=5-0

|match_CDSC_SSBW=0-4
|match_NASS_BGKS=11-1
|match_BGKS_KFSS=0-7
|match_DPSG_SSBW=0-1

|match_SBFC_NASS=1-0
}}

===Group B===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group B
|update=complete
|source=[https://theawayend.co/calcutta-womens-football-league/ The Away End]


|team1=EBFC
|team2=JMAC
|team3=WBPS
|team4=KSLA
|team5=MOSS
|team6=SSWO
|team7=SNOS
|team8=UTSC |status_UTSC=R


|result1=Q
|result2=Q
|result3=Q
|result4=Q
|result8=W



|win_EBFC=5 |draw_EBFC= |loss_EBFC=1 |gf_EBFC=39 |ga_EBFC=6 
|win_JMAC=4 |draw_JMAC=1 |loss_JMAC=1 |gf_JMAC=14 |ga_JMAC=4 
|win_KSLA=3 |draw_KSLA=1 |loss_KSLA=2 |gf_KSLA=17 |ga_KSLA=6 
|win_MOSS=3 |draw_MOSS= |loss_MOSS=3 |gf_MOSS=18 |ga_MOSS=12 
|win_SNOS= |draw_SNOS=1 |loss_SNOS=5 |gf_SNOS=6 |ga_SNOS=44 
|win_SSWO= |draw_SSWO=1 |loss_SSWO=5 |gf_SSWO=2 |ga_SSWO=33 
|win_UTSC= |draw_UTSC= |loss_UTSC= |gf_UTSC= |ga_UTSC= 
|win_WBPS=3 |draw_WBPS=2 |loss_WBPS=1 |gf_WBPS=19 |ga_WBPS=10 


|name_EBFC=[[East Bengal Club (women)|East Bengal]]
|name_JMAC=Jyotirmoy Athletic Club
|name_KSLA=Kalighat Sports Lovers Association
|name_MOSS=Moitree Sansad
|name_SNOS=Sarojini Naidu OSC
|name_SSWO=Sevayani S.W. Org
|name_UTSC=United Students Club
|name_WBPS=WB Police Club


|show_limit=7


|res_col_header=Q
|col_Q=green1 |text_Q=Advanced to [[#Championship round|Championship round]]
|col_W=#999 |text_W=Withdrew
|show_matches=y

|match_MOSS_EBFC=1–8
|match_SNOS_SSWO=2-2
|match_KSLA_WBPS=0-0
|match_UTSC_JMAC=<s>27 Apr</s>

|match_MOSS_KSLA=1–0
|match_SNOS_JMAC=0-5
|match_SSWO_WBPS=0-10
|match_SSWO_EBFC=0-9

|match_WBPS_SNOS=4-2
|match_MOSS_JMAC=1-2
|match_MOSS_SNOS=8-0
|match_JMAC_SSWO=2-0

|match_KSLA_EBFC=2-0
|match_WBPS_JMAC=1-1
|match_EBFC_SNOS=14-1
|match_SSWO_KSLA=0-4

|match_MOSS_WBPS=1-2
|match_KSLA_SNOS=11-1
|match_EBFC_JMAC=2-0
|match_JMAC_KSLA=4-0

|match_MOSS_SSWO=6-0
|match_WBPS_EBFC=2-6
}}</onlyinclude>

==Championship round==
===Bracket===
<onlyinclude>{{8TeamBracket
|nowrap=y

| RD1-seed1 = A1
| RD1-team1 = '''[[Sribhumi FC|Sribhumi]]'''
| RD1-score1 = '''5'''
| RD1-seed2 = B4
| RD1-team2 = KSLA
| RD1-score2 = 0
| RD1-seed3 = A3
| RD1-team3 = '''[[Suruchi Sangha]]'''
| RD1-score3 = '''2'''
| RD1-seed4 = B2
| RD1-team4 = Jyotirmoy AC
| RD1-score4 = 0
| RD1-seed5 = A2
| RD1-team5 = '''[[Southern Samity]]'''
| RD1-score5 = '''2'''
| RD1-seed6 = B3
| RD1-team6 = WB Police
| RD1-score6 = 0
| RD1-seed7 = A4
| RD1-team7 = [[Sashastra Seema Bal|SSB]]
| RD1-score7 = 0
| RD1-seed8 = B1
| RD1-team8 = '''[[East Bengal FC (women)|East Bengal]]'''
| RD1-score8 = '''3'''

| RD2-seed1 = A1
| RD2-team1 = '''[[Sribhumi FC|Sribhumi]]'''
| RD2-score1 = '''2'''
| RD2-seed2 = A3
| RD2-team2 = [[Suruchi Sangha]]
| RD2-score2 = 1
| RD2-seed3 = A2
| RD2-team3 = [[Southern Samity]]
| RD2-score3 = 0
| RD2-seed4 = B1
| RD2-team4 = '''[[East Bengal FC (women)|East Bengal]]'''
| RD2-score4 = '''2'''

| RD3-seed1 = A1
| RD3-team1 = [[Sribhumi FC|Sribhumi]]
| RD3-score1 = 1 (2)
| RD3-seed2 = B1
| RD3-team2 = '''[[East Bengal FC (women)|East Bengal]]''' {{pso}}
| RD3-score2 = '''1 (4)'''
}}</onlyinclude>

===Quarter Finals===
====Matches====
{{Football box collapsible
| id = QF1
| date = 19 May 2025
| time = 15:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Sribhumi FC|Sribhumi]]
| score = 5–0
| aet =
| team2 = Kalighat Sports Lovers Association
| goals1 = * Mamta {{goal|24}}
* Sujata Mahata {{goal|53||61}}
* Kabita Soren {{goal|72}}
* Sonali Soren {{goal|83}}
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Kalyani Stadium]]
| location = [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]]
| attendance =
| referee =
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=51908
}}
{{Football box collapsible
| id = QF2
| date = 19 May 2025
| time = 15:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[East Bengal Club (women)|East Bengal]]
| score = 3–0
| aet =
| team2 = [[Sashastra Seema Bal|SSB Women]]
| goals1 = * Sandhya Maity {{goal|19}}
* Pandimit Lepcha {{goal|68}}
* Sulanjana Raul {{goal|78}}
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[East Bengal Ground]]
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| attendance =
| referee =
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=51909
}}
{{Football box collapsible
| id = QF3
| date = 19 May 2025
| time = 15:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Southern Samity|KFA Southern Samity]]
| score = 2–0
| aet =
| team2 = WB Police Club
| goals1 = * Barsha Maji {{goal|22}}
* Piyali Roy {{goal|77}}
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Rabindra Sarobar Stadium]]
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| attendance =
| referee =
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=51910
}}
{{Football box collapsible
| id = QF4
| date = 19 May 2025
| time = 15:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Jyotirmoy Athletic Club
| score = 0–2
| aet =
| team2 = [[New Alipore Suruchi Sangha]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 = * Pukhrambam Mira Devi {{goal|69}}
* Singo Murmu {{goal|71}}
| stadium = [[Bankimanjali Stadium]]
| location = [[Naihati]]
| attendance =
| referee =
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=51911
}}

===Semi Finals===
====Matches====
{{Football box collapsible
| id = SF1
| date = 23 May 2025
| time = 15:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Sribhumi FC|Sribhumi]]
| score = 2–1
| aet =
| team2 = [[New Alipore Suruchi Sangha]]
| goals1 = * [[Mousumi Murmu]] {{goal|81}}
* [[Rimpa Haldar]] {{goal|90+2}}
| goals2 = * Roshni Baskey {{goal|68}}
| stadium = [[Kalyani Stadium]]
| location = [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]]
| attendance =
| referee =
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=52064
}}
{{Football box collapsible
| id = SF2
| date = 23 May 2025
| time = 15:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[East Bengal Club (women)|East Bengal]]
| score = 2–0
| aet =
| team2 = [[Southern Samity|KFA Southern Samity]]
| goals1 = * Sulanjana Raul {{goal|24}}
* Sandhya Maity {{goal|57}}
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[East Bengal Ground]]
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| attendance =
| referee =
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=52065
}}

===Final===
====Summary====
The 2024–25 Kanyashree Cup final was held at the [[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]] on 27 May 2025 between [[Sribhumi FC|Sreebhumi]] and [[East Bengal Club (women)|East Bengal]]. This was the third consecutive season where both sides met for the title decider. Sreebhumi, the holders of the trophy, reached their third final while East Bengal reached their sixth final, having already won in 2001 and 2023, and been runner-up thrice in 2002, 2020 and 2024. East Bengal took the lead in the final in the forty-ninth minute when Sulanjana Raul scored from a set-piece movement however, Sreebhumi equalised just two minutes later with [[Rimpa Haldar]] finding the back of the net as the match remained tied till the end of ninety minutes and the title was decided on penalties. East Bengal custodian Mamani Das saved two spot kicks as East Bengal became champions for the third time.<ref name=kanyashree2025>{{cite web|date=27 May 2025|url=https://thebridge.in/football/calcutta-womens-football-league-emami-east-bengal-fc-champions-53339|title=2025 Calcutta Women's Football League: Emami East Bengal FC emerge champions|work=The Bridge|accessdate=23 June 2025}}</ref>

====Match====
<section begin=Final />{{football box
| date = {{start date|2025|05|27|df=y}}
| time = 15:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Sreebhumi FC|Sreebhumi]]
| score = 1–1
| aet =
| penaltyscore = 2–4
| report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/52264 Report] [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=52264 Report]
| team2 = [[East Bengal Club (women)|East Bengal]]
| goals1 =
* [[Rimpa Haldar]] {{goal|51}}
| goals2 =
* [[Sulanjana Raul]] {{goal|49}}
| penalties1 =
* [[Apurna Narzary]] {{penmiss}}
* Anita Kumari {{pengoal}}
* [[Mousumi Murmu]] {{penmiss}}
* Rani Bhowmick {{pengoal}}
| penalties2 =
* Sushmita Bardhan {{penmiss}}
* [[Karthika Angamuthu]] {{pengoal}}
* [[Sarita Yumnam]] {{pengoal}}
* {{nowrap|Deblina Bhattacharjee {{pengoal}}}}
* [[Sulanjana Raul]] {{pengoal}}
| stadium = [[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]]
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| attendance = 3,000
| referee = Kusum Mandi
}}<section end=Final />

<section begin=Line-ups/>
{| width=92%
|-
|{{Football kit
|pattern_la = _greenborder
|pattern_b = _greenshoulders
|pattern_ra = _greenborder
|pattern_sh =
|pattern_so =
|leftarm = ffffff
|body = ffffff
|rightarm = ffffff
|shorts = ffffff
|socks = ffffff
|title = {{nowrap|Sreebhumi}}
}}
|{{Football kit
|pattern_b = _ebfc2425h
|pattern_la =
|pattern_ra =
|pattern_sh =
|leftarm = FFC90E
|rightarm = FFC90E
|body = FC2B48
|shorts = 000000
|pattern_so = _goldtop
|socks = FC2B48
|title = {{nowrap|East Bengal}}
}}
|}

{| width="100%"
|valign="top" width="40%"|
{| style="font-size:90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
|-
!width=25| !!width=25|
|-
|GK ||'''1''' || Adrija Sarkhel ([[Captain (association football)|c]]) || || {{suboff|90+3}}
|-
|DF ||'''2''' || Moushumi Das || || {{suboff|85}}
|-
|DF ||'''4''' || Mini Roy
|-
|DF ||'''5''' || Saraswati Murmu || || {{suboff|90+3}}
|-
|FW ||'''7''' || [[Rimpa Haldar]] || || {{suboff|90+3}}
|-
|FW ||'''8''' || Kabita Saren
|-
|FW ||'''10'''|| Sujata Mahata
|-
|DF ||'''14'''|| Kretina Sangma
|-
|FW ||'''18'''|| [[Mousumi Murmu]]
|-
|DF ||'''19'''|| Anita Kumari
|-
|DF ||'''28'''|| Mamta
|-
|colspan=3|'''Substitutions:'''
|-
|DF ||'''3''' || Bandana Roy
|-
|MF ||'''12'''|| Barnali Mahata || || {{subon|85}} || || {{suboff|90+3}}
|-
|FW ||'''15'''|| Gita Das || || {{subon|90+3}}
|-
|FW ||'''20'''|| Apurna Narzary || || {{subon|90+3}}
|-
|GK ||'''21'''|| Jyotsna Bara || || {{subon|90+3}}
|-
|MF ||'''22'''|| Lalita Boypai
|-
|FW ||'''24'''|| Tania Kanti
|-
|DF ||'''27'''|| Sudha Ankita Tirkey
|-
|MF ||'''32'''|| Sibani Sharma
|-
|FW ||'''36'''|| Rani Bhowmick || || {{subon|90+3}}
|-
|colspan=3|'''Head Coach:'''
|-
|colspan=3|[[Sujata Kar]]
|}
|valign="top" width="50%"|
{| style="font-size:90%; margin:auto" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
|-
!width=25| !!width=25|
|-
|DF ||'''5''' || [[Astam Oraon]]
|-
|DF ||'''6''' || [[Sarita Yumnam]] ([[Captain (association football)|c]])
|-
|MF ||'''14'''|| [[Karthika Angamuthu]] || {{yel|64}}
|-
|MF ||'''17'''|| Sathi Debnath
|-
|FW ||'''22'''|| Sulanjana Raul
|-
|MF ||'''27'''|| Cindy Remruatpuii Colney
|-
|MF ||'''30'''|| Deblina Bhattacharjee
|-
|FW ||'''32'''|| Pandimit Lepcha || || {{suboff|87}}
|-
|FW ||'''34'''|| Sandhya Maity || || {{suboff|90+1}}
|-
|GK ||'''51'''|| Mamani Das
|-
|DF ||'''62'''|| [[Sushmita Lepcha]] || || {{suboff|39}}
|-
|colspan=3|'''Substitutions:'''
|-
|MF ||'''3''' || Riya Sarkar
|-
|MF ||'''15'''|| Sushmita Bardhan || || {{subon|90+1}}
|-
|DF ||'''19'''|| Supriya Kispotta || || {{subon|39}}
|-
|DF ||'''20'''|| Trisha Mallick
|-
|DF ||'''28'''|| Asha Khariya
|-
|MF ||'''29'''|| Dipika Oraon
|-
|MF ||'''31'''|| Angela Bhutia || || {{subon|87}}
|-
|FW ||'''35'''|| Ritika Chick Baraik
|-
|GK ||'''41'''|| Buli Sarkar
|-
|
|-
|colspan=3|'''Head Coach:'''
|-
|colspan=3|[[Anthony Andrews (football manager)|Anthony Andrews]]
|}
|}

{| style="width:100%;font-size:90%"
|
'''Player of the Match:'''
 [[Rimpa Haldar]] (Sreebhumi)

'''[[Assistant referee (association football)|Assistant referees]]:'''
 Sujata Palit
 Shima Bairagi
 '''[[Assistant referee (association football)#Fourth official|Fourth official]]:'''
 Rajashri Hansda
 '''[[Assistant referee (association football)#Reserve assistant referee|Match commissioner]]:'''
 Subrata Das
<includeonly>|}</includeonly><section end=Line-ups />
|style="width:60%;vertical-align:top"|
'''Match rules'''
*90 minutes.
*No [[Overtime (sports)#Association football|extra time]].
*[[Penalty shoot-out (association football)|Penalty shoot-out]] if scores still level.
*Ten named substitutes
*Maximum of five substitutions.
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Calcutta Women's Football League}}
{{2024–25 in Indian football}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2024-25 Calcutta Women's Football League season}}
[[Category:Calcutta Women's Football League]]
[[Category:2024–25 in Indian football leagues]]
[[Category:2024–25 in Asian women's association football leagues]]

Diarchy in the Madras Presidency

2026-04-01T07:21:17Z

VYVEwan7971: adding post...

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
'''Diarchy''' was established in [[Madras Presidency]] based on the recommendations of the [[Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms|Montague-Chelmsford]] report. Five elections were held during the period diarchy was in effect and [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]] occupied power most of the time. It ended with the election in 1937 when the [[Government of India Act 1935]] came into effect.

==Government of India Act 1919==

The [[Government of India Act 1919]] enlarged the provincial legislative councils and increased the strength of elected members to be greater than that of nominated and official members. It introduced a system of [[dyarchy]] in the provinces. Although this act brought about representative government in India, the governor was empowered with overriding powers. It classified the subjects as belonging to either the centre or the provinces. The [[Governor-General of India|governor general]] could override any law passed by the provincial councils. It brought about the concept of "Partial Responsible Government" in the provinces. Provincial subjects were divided into two categories – reserved and transferred. Education, sanitation, local self-government, agriculture and industries were listed as the transferred subjects. Law, finance, revenue and home affairs were the reserved subjects. The provincial council could decide the budget in so far it related to the transferred subjects. Executive machinery dealing with those subjects was placed under the direct control of provincial legislature. However, the provincial legislature and the ministers did not have any control over the reserved subjects, which came under the governor and his executive council.<ref name="Krishnaswamy">{{Cite book| title=The role of Madras Legislature in the freedom struggle, 1861-1947| author=S. Krishnaswamy| year=1989| pages=72–83| work=People's Pub. House (New Delhi) }}</ref><ref name="tnassembly">{{Cite web|url= http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/history/history.htm|title= The State Legislature – Origin and Evolution|access-date= 17 December 2009|publisher= [[Tamil Nadu]] Government|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100413233934/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/history/history.htm|archive-date= 13 April 2010}}</ref><ref name="legislatures">{{Cite web|url=http://legislativebodiesinindia.gov.in/States/tamilnadu/tamilnadu-w.htm|title=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|access-date=17 December 2009|publisher=Government of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102222439/http://legislativebodiesinindia.gov.in/States/tamilnadu/tamilnadu-w.htm|archive-date=2 January 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="rajaraman1">{{Cite book| title=The Justice Party: a historical perspective, 1916-37| last=Rajaraman| first=P. | year=1988| pages=206| publisher=Poompozhil Publishers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GGMmAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>

==Council==
{{See also|Madras Legislative Council}}
The council had a total of 127 members in addition to the [[Ex officio member|'' ex – officio'' members]] of the Governor's Executive Council. Out of the 127, 98 were elected from 61 constituencies of the presidency. The constituencies comprised three arbitrary divisions – 1)communal constituencies such as non-Muhammadan urban, non-Muhammadan rural, non-Brahman urban, [[Islam in India|Mohamaddan]] urban, Mohamaddan rural, Indian Christian, European and Anglo-Indian 2)special constituencies such as landholders, Universities, planters and trade associations (South India Chamber of Commerce & Nattukottai Nagarathar Association) and 3) territorial constituencies. 25 of the non-Mohammadan Rural and 3 of the non-Mohammadan Urban constituencies were reserved for non-[[Brahmin|Brahmans]]. 29 members were nominated, out of whom a maximum of 19 would be government officials, 5 would represent the [[Paraiyar]], [[Pallar]], [[Valluvar]], [[Mala (caste)|Mala]], [[Madiga]], [[Sakkiliar]], Thottiyar, Cheruman and [[Pulayar|Holeya]] communities and 1 would represent the "backward tracts". Including the Executive Council members, the total strength of the legislature was 134.<ref name="Krishnaswamy"/><ref name="tnassembly"/><ref name="legislatures"/><ref name="act1919">{{Cite book| title=The Govt of India ACT 1919 Rules Thereunder and Govt Reports 1920| first=H.N.|last=Mithra| year=2009| pages=186–199| publisher=BiblioBazaar| isbn=978-1-113-74177-6|id={{ISBN|978-1-113-74177-6}}|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aw5r4QyRijMC&pg=RA2-PA186}}</ref>

==Elections==

=== 1920 election ===
{{Main|1920 Madras Presidency legislative council election}}
The first legislative council election was held in November 1920. [[Indian National Congress]] boycotted the election due to its participation in the [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–22)|Non-cooperation movement]]. The election occurred during the early stages of non-Brahmin movement (later [[Self-Respect Movement]]) and the only major issue of the election was anti-[[Brahmin]]ism. [[Justice Party (India)|Justice party]] won the election with no significant opposition and [[A. Subbarayalu Reddiar]] became the first Chief Minister of the presidency.

===1923 election===
{{Main|1923 Madras Presidency legislative council election}}
The second legislative council election was held in 1923. Voter turnout was higher than the [[1920 Madras Presidency legislative council election|previous election]]. [[Swaraj Party|Swarajists]], a breakaway group from [[Indian National Congress]] participated in the election. The ruling [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]] had suffered a split, when a splinter group calling themselves anti-Ministerialists left the party. It won the highest number of seats but fell short of a majority. Nevertheless, [[Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon|Madras Governor Willington]] invited it to form the government. Incumbent Justice chief minister [[Panagal Raja]] was nominated by party leader [[Theagaraya Chetty]] to continue as chief minister for a second term. The government survived a no-confidence motion (with the support of non-elected members), brought against it on the very first day of its tenure by the opposition headed by C. R. Reddy.

===1926 election===
{{Main|1926 Madras Presidency legislative council election}}
The third legislative council election was held in November 1926. [[Justice Party (India)|Justice party]] lost the election to [[Swaraj Party]]. However, as the Swaraja Party refused to form the Government, the [[Governor of Madras]] set up an independent government under the leadership of [[P. Subbarayan]] and with the support of nominated members.

===1930 election===
{{Main|1930 Madras Presidency legislative council election}}
The fourth legislative council election was held in September 1930. [[Justice Party (India)|Justice party]] won the election and [[P. Munuswamy Naidu]] became the first Chief Minister. The main opposition party – [[Swaraj Party]] did not contest the elections due to its participation in the [[Salt Satyagraha|Civil Disobedience Movement]].

===1934 election===
{{Main|1934 Madras Presidency legislative council election}}
The fifth legislative council election was held in 1934. The ruling [[Justice Party (India)|Justice party]] lost the election and the opposition [[Swaraj Party]] emerged as the single largest party. However it refused to form the government due to its opposition to dyarchy. The incumbent chief minister, [[Raja of Bobbili]] retained power and formed a minority government.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Diarchy in Madras Presidency}}
[[Category:Politics of the Madras Presidency]]
[[Category:Diarchies]]

Kamakhya Prasad Tripathy

2026-03-30T01:54:17Z

VYVEwan7971: starting new data

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Kamakhya Prasad Tripathy
| honorific_suffix = Ex. Finance Minister of Assam
| image =
| image_size = 200px
| office = 6th Finance Minister of Assam
| term_start = 1967
| term_end = 1972
| predecessor = [[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]]
| successor = [[Sarat Chandra Sinha]]
| office2 = Member of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 1957
| term_end2 = 1972
| predecessor2 = Constituency established
| successor2 = Kosheswar Bora
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1930|5|12}}
| birth_place = [[Tezpur]], [[Assam Province|Assam]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1978|3|19|1926|8|29}}
| death_place = [[Tezpur]], [[Assam]], [[India]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]],
[[Janata Party]]
| spouse =
| children =
| profession = Politician, professor
| alma_mater = [[Cotton University]]
| constituency2 = [[Biswanath (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Biswanath]]
| office3 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term3 = 1952-1957
| constituency3 = Darrang Lok Sabha Constituency
}}
'''Kamakhya Prasad Tripathy''' (d. 1978) was an Indian politician, educator and independence activist. He was a member of [[1st Lok Sabha]] from [[Mangaldoi Lok Sabha constituency|Darrang Lok Sabha constituency]], Finance Minister of Assam under Chief Ministers [[Bimala Prasad Chaliha]],[[Mahendra Mohan Choudhry]] and 3 times former member of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] from [[Biswanath Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-11-06 |title=A politician with Left leanings |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/a-politician-with-left-leanings/articleshow/10631936.cms |access-date=2025-01-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Members Bioprofile |url=http://164.100.60.131/loksabha1/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/1077.htm |access-date=2025-01-09 |website=164.100.60.131}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-24 |title=kamakhya prasad tripathi |url=https://kamleshsujata.blog/tag/kamakhya-prasad-tripathi/ |access-date=2025-01-09 |website=Shravan charity mission |language=en}}</ref> He was also the founding Principal of [[Darrang College]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-03-06 |title=Assam's Himanta Biswa Sarma becomes 4th finance minister to present 5 successive budgets |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/assams-himanta-biswa-sarma-becomes-4th-finance-minister-to-present-5-successive-budgets/articleshow/74514472.cms |access-date=2025-01-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Electoral history ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Constituency
!Election
!Result
!Votes
!Party
|-
|[[1951–52 Indian general election|1951–52]]
|[[Mangaldoi Lok Sabha constituency|Darrang]]
|[[Parliament of India]]
|'''Won'''
|'''81,775'''
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1957 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|[[Biswanath Assembly constituency|Biswanath]]
|[[Assam Legislative Assembly]]
|'''Won'''
|'''14,418'''
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1962 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|[[Biswanath Assembly constituency|Biswanath]]
|[[Assam Legislative Assembly]]
|'''Won'''
|'''20,490'''
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1967 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|[[Biswanath Assembly constituency|Biswanath]]
|[[Assam Legislative Assembly]]
|'''Won'''
|'''13,295'''
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1978 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
|[[Behali Assembly constituency|Behali]]
|[[Assam Legislative Assembly]]
|'''Lost'''
|'''7,026'''
|[[Janata Party]]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tripathy, Kamakhya Prasad}}
[[Category:Indian politicians assassinated in the 20th century]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Assam]]
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:1978 deaths]]
[[Category:Asian politicians assassinated in the 1970s]]
[[Category:People from Tezpur]]

{{Assam-INC-politician-stub}}

Cabinet Secretariat (India)

2026-03-28T17:37:29Z

VYVEwan7971:

{{short description|Department responsible for the administration of the Government of India}}
{{about|the Cabinet Secretariat in India|other Cabinet Secretariats|Cabinet Secretariat (disambiguation)}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox government agency
| name = Cabinet Secretariat
| native_name_r = {{lang|hi|Mantrimanḍala Sacivālaya}}
| type = Secretariat
| logo =
| logo_size = 280px
| logo_caption = Cabinet Secretariat of India
| image = File:Seva Teerth-2 building.jpg
| image_caption = The new building of the Cabinet Secretariat {{ndash}} Seva Teerth.
| formed =
| preceding1 = Secretariat of the Executive Council of the Governor-General
| jurisdiction = {{flagicon|India}} [[Republic of India]]
| headquarters = Seva Teerth [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi, India]]<ref name="Location" />
| coordinates = {{Coord|28|36|52|N|77|11|59|E|region:IN_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| employees = 921<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/central-govt-to-hire-2-8-lakh-more-staff-police-i-t-customs-to-get-lions-share/articleshow/57420276.cms|title=Central govt to hire 2.8 lakh more staff, police, I-T & customs to get lion's share|last=Thakur|first=Pradeep|date=2 March 2017|website=[[The Times of India]]|publication-place=[[New Delhi]]|access-date=14 January 2018}}</ref> (2016 est.)
| budget = {{INRConvert|1102|c|lk=on}} (2026–27)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/doc/eb/sumsbe.pdf|title=Budget Provisions, net of receipts and recoveries, for the year 2026-2027|website=www.indiabudget.gov.in|access-date=1 February 2026}}</ref>
| minister1_name = [[Narendra Modi]]
| minister1_pfo = [[Prime Minister of India]]
| chief1_name = [[T.V. Somanathan]], [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| chief1_position = [[Cabinet Secretary of India]]
| child1_agency = [[Research and Analysis Wing]] (R&AW)
| child2_agency = [[Special Protection Group]] (SPG)
| child3_agency = [[National Authority for Chemical Weapons Convention]] (NACWC)
| child4_agency = [[Special Frontier Force]] (SFF)
| website = https://cabsec.gov.in/
}}

The '''Cabinet Secretariat''' ([[IAST]]: ''Mantrimanḍala Sacivālaya'') is responsible for the administration of the [[Government of India]]. It provides secretarial assistance to the [[Cabinet of India]] and facilitates smooth transaction of business between Ministries and Departments of the Government. Since its creation, it has functioned from the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhavan]] on [[Raisina Hill]] in New Delhi.<ref name="Location">{{cite web |title=Contact Us : Cabinet Secretariat, Government of India |url=https://www.cabsec.gov.in/footercontent/contactus/ |website=www.cabsec.gov.in |access-date=15 April 2023}}</ref> In September 2025, the office was shifted to its new building named '''Seva Teerth''' in the Executive Enclave, that was developed under the [[Central Vista Redevelopment Project]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Complex housing PMO, cabinet secy, NSA named ‘Seva Teerth’ |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/complex-housing-pmo-cabinet-secy-nsa-named-seva-teerth/articleshow/124076393.cms |access-date=14 November 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=23 September 2025}}</ref>

The Cabinet Secretariat is under the charge of the [[Prime Minister of India]] and is headed by the [[Cabinet Secretary (India)|Cabinet Secretary]].

==History==
During the [[British Raj]], government business was disposed of by the [[Council of the Governor General of India]]. The council functioned as a Joint Consultative Board. The [[Governor-General of India]]'s secretary was designated Secretary to the Executive Council. With the [[Interim Government of India]] being formed in 1946, the Secretariat of the Executive Council was designated as Cabinet Secretariat and the Secretary to the Executive Council re-designated [[Cabinet Secretary (India)|Cabinet Secretary]].<ref name="Cabinet Secretariat website">{{cite web |title=Origin : About Us |url=https://www.cabsec.gov.in/aboutus/origin/ |website=www.cabsec.gov.in |access-date=15 April 2023}}</ref>

==Overview==
[[File:PM_India_org.png|thumb|260px|Agencies under the [[Prime Minister of India]].]]

The Cabinet Secretariat is responsible for the administration of the Government of India (Transaction of Business) Rules, 1961 and the Government of India (Allocation of Business) Rules 1961, facilitating a smooth transaction of business in Ministries/ Departments of the Government by ensuring adherence to these rules. The Secretariat assists in decision-making in Government by ensuring Inter-Ministerial coordination, ironing out differences amongst Ministries/ Departments and evolving consensus through the instrumentality of the standing/ad hoc Committees of [[Secretary to Government of India|Secretaries]]. Through this mechanism new policy initiatives are also promoted.

== Organisation ==
Cabinet Secretariat is organised as follows: [[Secretary to Government of India|Secretary]] (Coordination), [[Secretary (S)]] (under whom comes the [[Special Protection Group]]) and [[Secretary (R)]] (heads [[Research and Analysis Wing]];). Chairperson ([[National Authority for Chemical Weapons Convention]]), NIC Cell, The Directorate of Public Grievances, Direct Benefits Transfer (DBT) Mission, Vigilance & Complaints Cell (VCC) is also under the Cabinet Secretariat.

===Cabinet Secretary===
{{Main|Cabinet Secretary of India}}
The Cabinet Secretary is the ''[[ex-officio]]'' head of the Civil Services Board, the Cabinet Secretariat, the [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) and head of all civil services under the rules of business of the [[Government of India|Government]].

The Cabinet Secretary is generally the senior-most officer of the [[Indian Administrative Service]]. The Cabinet Secretary ranks 11th on the [[Indian order of precedence|Indian Order of Precedence]].<ref name="rajyasabha">{{cite web|url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/guidline_govt_mp/chap11.pdf|title=Order of Precedence|date=26 July 1979|work=[[Rajya Sabha]]|publisher=President's Secretariat|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100929091917/http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/guidline_govt_mp/chap11.pdf|archive-date=29 September 2010|url-status=dead|access-date=24 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/table_of_precedence.pdf|title=Table of Precedence|date=26 July 1979|website=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]], [[Government of India]]|publisher=President's Secretariat|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527155701/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/table_of_precedence.pdf|archive-date=27 May 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=24 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/hindi/top|title=Table of Precedence|website=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]], [[Government of India]]|publisher=President's Secretariat|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428030937/http://mha.nic.in/hindi/top|archive-date=28 April 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=24 September 2017}}</ref><ref name="Maheshwari 2001 666">{{cite book|title=Indian Administration|last=Maheshwari|first=S.R.|publisher=Orient Blackswan Private Ltd.|year=2000|isbn=9788125019886|location=[[New Delhi]]|edition=6th}}</ref> The Cabinet Secretary is under the direct charge of the [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]]. Though there is no fixed tenure, the office-bearer's tenure can be extended.

Before the adoption of the portfolio system in the Government of India, all governmental business was disposed of by the Governor-General-in Council (earlier name of Cabinet Secretariat), the Council functioning as a joint consultative board. As the amount and complexity of business of the Government increased, the work of the various departments was distributed amongst the members of the council: only the more important cases were dealt with by the Governor-General or the Council collectively.

This procedure was legalised by the [[Indian Councils Act 1861]], during the time of Lord Canning, leading to the introduction of the portfolio system and the inception of the Executive Council of the Governor-General. The Secretariat of the Executive Council was headed by the Cabinet Secretary.

The constitution of the Interim Government in September 1946 brought a change in the name, though little in functions, of this Office. The Executive Council's Secretariat was then designated as the Cabinet Secretariat. It seems, however, at least in retrospect, that Independence brought some change in the functions of the Cabinet Secretariat. It no longer remained concerned with only the passive work of circulating papers to Ministers and Ministries, but instead developed into an organisation for effecting coordination between the Ministries.

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; border:2px solid black; border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center;"
! colspan="5" style="background-color:#d9edf7; font-weight:bold;" | [[Cabinet Secretary of India|Cabinet Secretary]]
|-
| colspan="4" | [[T. V. Somanathan]] ([[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]])
|-
! style="background-color:#f2f2f2; width:16.66%;" | [[Research and Analysis Wing|R&AW]]
! style="background-color:#f2f2f2; width:16.66%;" | [[Special Protection Group|SPG]]
! style="background-color:#f2f2f2; width:16.66%;" | [[National Authority for Chemical Weapons Convention|NACWC]]
! style="background-color:#f2f2f2; width:16.66%;" | [[Special Frontier Force|SFF]]
|-
| '''[[Secretary (R)]]''' [[Parag Jain]] ([[Indian Police Service|IPS]])
| '''[[Secretary (S)]]''' [[Parag Jain]] (IPS), {{small|(additional charge)}} '''[[Director of the Special Protection Group|Director of SPG]]''' [[Alok Sharma (police officer)|Alok Sharma]] (IPS)
| '''Chairperson''' Roli Singh (IAS)
| '''Commander''' ''Classified''
|}

===Prime minister===
{{Main|Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister's Office (India)}}
The Cabinet Secretariat is under the direct charge of the prime minister. When any policy is made in the Cabinet Secretariat there must be signature of prime minister and Cabinet Secretary of India. The prime minister of India is the head of the Union Government, as distinct from the president of India, who is the head of state. Since India has parliamentary system of constitutional democracy, it is the prime minister who oversees the day-to-day functioning of the Union Government of India.

The prime minister is assisted in this task by his Council of Ministers, comprising Cabinet Ministers, Ministers of State with Independent Charge, Ministers of State who work with Cabinet Ministers, and deputy ministers.

===Project Monitoring Group===
In June 2013, a cell within the Cabinet Secretariat called the Project Monitoring Group was created to track stalled investment projects, both in the public and private sectors and to remove the implementation bottlenecks in these projects on a fast-track basis.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx|title=Prime Minister sets up a Project Monitoring Group to Track Large Investment Projects|date=13 June 2013|website=[[Press Information Bureau of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302224426/http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx|archive-date=2 March 2011|url-status=dead|access-date=18 January 2018}}</ref> An online portal open to the public was created where projects worth over {{INRConvert|1000|c|lk=on}} were to be tracked.<ref name=":0" />

The Project Monitoring Group was moved to the [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister's Office]] in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/monitoring-group-under-pmo-to-push-225-pending-big-ticket-projects-worth-rs-13-lakh-cr-114122700715_1.html|title=Monitoring group under PMO to push 225 pending big-ticket projects worth Rs 13 lakh cr|last=Makkar|first=Sahil|date=28 December 2014|website=[[Business Standard]]|publication-place=[[New Delhi]]|access-date=18 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-india-investment-modi/indias-modi-moves-in-to-speed-up-300-billion-stuck-projects-idUSKBN0JW0TD20141218|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118181758/https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-india-investment-modi/indias-modi-moves-in-to-speed-up-300-billion-stuck-projects-idUSKBN0JW0TD20141218|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 January 2018|title=India's Modi moves in to speed up $300 billion stuck projects|last1=Nair|first1=Rupam Jain|last2=Das|first2=Krishna N.|date=18 December 2014|editor-last=Chalmers|editor-first=John|editor2-last=Birsel|editor2-first=Robert|website=[[Reuters]]|publication-place=[[New Delhi]]|access-date=18 January 2018}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhavan]]
* [[Kartavya Bhavan]]
* [[Rajpath]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://cabsec.nic.in/ Government of India Cabinet Secretariat page]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140208205909/http://www.performance.gov.in/ Performance Management Division, Cabinet Secretariat page]

[[Category:Government buildings in Delhi]]
[[Category:Government buildings in India]]
[[Category:Indian government officials]]
[[Category:Cabinet Secretariat of India]]

Imperial Agricultural Bureaux

2026-03-25T11:39:15Z

VYVEwan7971: starting details

The '''Imperial Agricultural Bureaux''' was an initiative taken by the [[Governments]] of the [[British Commonwealth]] who agreed to jointly fund a number of [[Government agency|bureaux]] "to collect, collate and disseminate information on research in eight selected branches of agricultural science". On 1 April 1929 an [[Executive committee|Executive Council]] was created, which proceed to set up the eight Bureaux.<ref name="IAB AR 1940">{{cite journal |journal=Imperial Agricultural Bureaux Annual Report of the Executive Council |title = Preface|date=1940 |volume=11 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.34702/page/n3/mode/1up |access-date=8 March 2025}}</ref> The principal role of help research workers in the [[British Empire]] to keep abreast of their subjects. This was achieved by<ref name="Nature 1943 IAB">{{cite journal |title=The Imperial Agricultural Bureaux |journal=Nature |date=1943 |volume=152 |issue=3869 December 1943 |pages=731–733 |doi=10.1038/152731a0 |bibcode=1943Natur.152..731. }}</ref>

* circulating regular bulletins and journals containing [[Abstract (summary)|abstract]]s focussing on updates in specific areas
* providing information needed on specific points, with the corollary that the workers themselves must be aware of the existence of the
bureaux and have sufficient confidence in them to ask for this information
* by co-ordinating meet-ups of research workers whenever this attracted sufficient participants
* offering advice or accommodation to meet the needs of researchers

Following recommendations from the [[British Commonwealth Scientific Official Conference, 1946]], the Imperial Agricultural Bureaux was transformed into the [[Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux]] (CAB).<ref name="CABI history">{{cite web |title=Our history |url=https://www.cabi.org/about-cabi/our-history/ |website=CABI.org |publisher=CABI |access-date=10 March 2025}}</ref>

==Membership of Executive Council==
The initial members of the council were:<ref name="IAB AR No. 2 1931">{{cite journal |title=Executive Council |journal=Imperial Agricultural Bureaux Annual Report |date=1931 |volume=2 |issue=Second Annual Report |url=https://www.indianculture.gov.in/flipbook/187151}}</ref>

* [[Robert Blyth Greig]], (chairman)Scotland
* [[Frank Lidgett McDougall]], Australia
* [[Charles John Howell Thomas]], England and Wales
* [[G. Scott Robertson]], [[Northern Ireland]]
* [[Joseph Grisdale|J. H. Grisdale]], [[Canada]]
* [[John Gorst Hubball]], [[South Africa]]
* [[Nevill L. Wright]], [[New Zealand]]
* [[J. L. Hinchcliffe]], [[Irish Free State]]
* [[David Clouston]], [[India]]
* [[B. F. Wright]], [[Southern Rhodesia]]
* [[Roland Venables Vernon]], [[Colonies]], [[Protectorates]] and [[Mandated territories|Mandated Territories]]
The secretary was Sir [[David Chadwick (civil servant)|David Chadwick]]

==The individual bureaux and other bodies==
Initially there were eight bureaux:<ref name="ALN 1931 pubs of IAB">{{cite journal |last1=Barnett |first1=Claribel |title=The Bibliographical Publications of the Imperial Agricultural Bireaux |journal=Agricultural Library Notes |date=1931 |volume=6 |issue=7-9 July September 1931 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P7LpAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22+Imperial+Bureau+of+Plant+Genetics%22&pg=PA126}}</ref>
* [[Imperial Bureau of Soil Science]], founded in 1929, based at [[Rothamsted Experimental Station]]
* [[Imperial Bureau of Animal Nutrition]], based at [[Rowett Research Institute]], [[Aberdeen]]
* [[Imperial Bureau of Animal Health]], based at the [[Veterinary Laboratory]], [[Weybridge]]
* [[Imperial Bureau of Animal Genetics]], based at the [[Animal Breeding Research Department]], [[Edinburgh University]]
* [[Imperial Bureau of Agricultural Parasitology]], based at [[Winches Farm]], [[St Albans]]
* [[Imperial Bureau of Plant Genetics]], based at the [[School of Agriculture, Cambridge]]
* [[Imperial Bureau of Plant Breeding (Herbage Plants) ]], based at the [[Welsh Plant Breeding Station]], [[Aberystwyth]]
* [[Imperial Bureau of Fruit Production]], based at [[East Malling Research Centre]], Kent

Also the [[International Mycological Institute]] was included in their remit.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Commonwealth of Nations]]
[[Category:Imperial Agricultural Bureaux]]
[[Category:British Empire]]

The Indian Express

2026-03-18T23:36:27Z

VYVEwan7971: small fix references per sources and fixed typos for consistency

{{Short description|Daily broadsheet newspaper in India}}
{{For|the bifurcated South Indian edition|The New Indian Express}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| motto = ''Journalism of Courage''
| logo = [[File:The Indian Express logo.svg|frameless|class=skin-invert]]
| image = [[File:Indian-Expree.jpg|225px|border]]
| caption = The publication's 4 August 2009 front page
| type = [[Daily newspaper]]
| format = [[Broadsheet]]
| founded = {{Start date and age|1932}}
| owners = [[Indian Express Limited]]
| publisher = Indian Express Limited
| chief_editor = [[Raj Kamal Jha]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Express Group Editorial |url=https://expressgroup.indianexpress.com/senior-editors.html |publisher=The Indian Express |access-date=21 September 2020 |archive-date=17 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317050250/https://expressgroup.indianexpress.com/senior-editors.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| language = English
| headquarters = B1/B, Express Building, Sector 10, [[Noida]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| circulation = 1,600,000 daily 
| circulation_date = 2017
| sister_newspapers = {{Ubl|''[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]''|''[[Loksatta]]''|''[[Jansatta]]''}}
| website = {{Official URL}}
| price = {{INRConvert|6}}
| ISSN = 0715-5832 (US, Canada)
| oclc = 70274541
}}

'''''The Indian Express''''' is an English-language [[India]]n [[daily newspaper]] founded in 1932 by [[P. Varadarajulu Naidu]]. It is headquartered in [[Noida]], owned by the [[Indian Express Limited]] (formerly Indian Express Group. It was later taken over by [[Ramnath Goenka]]. In 1999, eight years after Goenka's death in 1991,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ramnath Goenka|url=https://indianexpress.com/|access-date=6 July 2020|website=The Indian Express |archive-date=22 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622094128/https://indianexpress.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> the group was split between the family members. The southern editions took the name ''[[The New Indian Express]]'', while the northern editions, based in [[Mumbai]], retained the original ''Indian Express'' name with ''The'' prefixed to the title.<ref>{{Cite magazine |author=Katiyar |first=Arun |date=31 March 1995 |title=Rs 220 crore Indian Express group of late media baron Ramnath Goenka splits |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/media/story/19950331-rs-220-crore-indian-express-group-of-late-media-baron-ramnath-goenka-splits-807073-1995-03-31 |access-date=18 December 2020 |magazine=India Today }}</ref>

==History==

In 1932, the ''Indian Express'' was started by an [[Ayurvedic]] doctor, [[P. Varadarajulu Naidu]], at [[Chennai]], being published by his Tamil Nadu press. Soon under financial difficulties, he sold the newspaper to [[Swaminathan Sadanand]], the founder of ''[[The Free Press Journal]]'', a national [[news agency]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 July 2024 |title=Who Owns Your Media? |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/media/who-owns-your-media |access-date=15 August 2025 |website=Newslaundry }}</ref> In 1933, the ''Indian Express'' opened its second office in [[Madurai]], launching the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] edition, ''[[Dinamani]]''. Sadanand introduced several innovations and reduced the price of the newspaper. Faced with financial difficulties, he sold a part of his stake to Goenka as [[convertible debenture]]s. In 1935, when ''The Free Press Journal'' finally collapsed, and after a protracted court battle with Goenka, Sadanand lost ownership of ''Indian Express''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kaminsky|first=Arnold|title=India Today- an encyclopedia of life in the republic|date=30 September 2011|page=340|publisher=Abc-Clio |isbn=9780313374623|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wWDnTWrz4O8C&pg=PA340|access-date=3 February 2016|archive-date=29 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629115021/https://books.google.com/books?id=wWDnTWrz4O8C&pg=PA340|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1939, Goenka bought ''[[Andhra Prabha]]'', another prominent [[Telugu language|Telugu]] daily newspaper. The name [[Three Musketeers]] was often used for the three dailies, namely ''Indian Express'', ''Dinamani'' and ''Andhra Prabha''.

In 1940, the whole premises was gutted by fire. ''[[The Hindu]]'', a rival newspaper, helped considerably in re-launching the paper, by lenting their old building and allowing getting it printed temporarily at one of its Swadesimithran's press and later offered its recently vacated premises at 2 Mount Road, on rent to Goenka, which later became the landmark Express Estates.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |date=6 November 2017 |title=1940 – The year of Fires |url=https://madrasminutes.com/2017/11/06/1940-the-year-of-fires/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809053346/https://madrasminutes.com/2017/11/06/1940-the-year-of-fires/ |archive-date=9 August 2020 |access-date=10 April 2020 |website=Madras Minutes}}{{unreliable source?|date=September 2020}}</ref> This relocation also helped the ''Express'' obtain better high speed printing machines. The district judge who led the inquiry into the fire concluded that a [[short circuit]] or [[cigarette butt]] could have ignited the fire and said that the growing city had inadequate fire control support.<ref name=":0" /> In 1952, the paper had a circulation of 44,469.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Mani |first=A.D. |title=The Indian Press Today |journal=Far Eastern Survey |date=2 July 1952 |volume=21 |issue=11 |pages=109–113 |doi=10.2307/3023864 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3023864 |publisher=[[Institute of Pacific Relations]] |jstor=3023864 |issn=0362-8949 |access-date=21 September 2020 |archive-date=24 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224045234/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3023864 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

After Goenka's death in 1991, two of his grandsons, Manoj Kumar Sonthalia and [[Viveck Goenka]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Express Group |url=https://expressgroup.indianexpress.com/management.html |access-date=7 June 2024 |website=expressgroup.indianexpress.com }}</ref> split the group into two. ''Indian Express Mumbai'' with all the North Indian editions went to Viveck Goenka, and all the Southern editions, which were grouped as Express Publications Madurai Limited and headquartered in Chennai, went to Sonthalia.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/61205/|title=Manoj Kumar Sonthalia vs Vivek Goenka And Ors. on 9 March, 1995|website=indiankanoon.org|access-date=10 April 2020|archive-date=24 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224044426/https://indiankanoon.org/doc/61205/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lawyerservices.in/Manoj-Kumar-Sonthalia-Versus-Vivek-Goenka-and-Others-1995-03-09 |title=Manoj Kumar Sonthalia v Vivek Goenka and Others on 09 March 1995 - Judgement - LawyerServices|website=www.lawyerservices.in|access-date=10 April 2020 |archive-date=19 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019003203/https://www.lawyerservices.in/Manoj-Kumar-Sonthalia-Versus-Vivek-Goenka-and-Others-1995-03-09|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Indian Express'' began publishing daily on the [[internet]] on 8 July 1996. Five months later, the website ''expressindia.com'' attracted "700,000 hits every day, excepting weekends when it fell to 60% of its normal levels".<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Express - Awards |url=http://www.expressindia.com/about/AWARDS.HTM |website=The Indian Express |access-date=18 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970415041105/http://www.expressindia.com/about/AWARDS.HTM |archive-date=15 April 1997}}</ref>

==Circulation==
According to the Indian Readership Survey (IRS) 2017, the Indian Express is the sixth most read English newspaper with a readership of nearly 1.6 million readers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Indian Express |url=http://india.mom-gmr.org/en/media/detail/outlet/the-indian-express/ |access-date=9 December 2025 |website=India.Mom-Gmr.org }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Circulation in major cities
|-
! City !! Approximate daily circulation<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Express Personal Ad Rates and Online Booking for Newspaper |url=https://indianexpress.releasemyad.com/rates/personal |access-date=9 December 2025 |website=IndianExpress.ReleaseMyad.com }}</ref>
|-
| [[Mumbai]] || style="text-align:right" | 160,000
|-
| [[Delhi]] || style="text-align:right" | 140,000
|-
| [[Pune]] || style="text-align:right" | 90,000
|-
| [[Chandigarh]] || style="text-align:right" | 45,000
|-
| [[Ahmedabad]] || style="text-align:right" | 42,000
|-
| [[Nagpur]] || style="text-align:right" | 40,000
|-
| [[Lucknow]] || style="text-align:right" | 40,000
|}

== Controversies ==
In May 2020, the ''Indian Express'' reported that the Crime Branch of the [[Delhi Police]] had determined that an audio clip shared on [[WhatsApp]], which was presented as a recording of [[Saad Kandhlawi]] asking [[Tablighi Jamaat]] members to disregard [[social distancing]] recommendations for [[2020 Tablighi Jamaat COVID-19 hotspot in Delhi|a religious congregation during the COVID-19 pandemic]], had been "doctored".<ref>{{cite web |last=Manral |first=Mahender Singh |date=10 May 2020 |title=Tablighi FIR: Police probe indicates Saad audio clip was doctored |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/tablighi-jamaat-saad-audio-clip-delhi-police-6400994/ |website=The Indian Express |access-date=2 October 2025 }}</ref> The [[Bureau of Police Research and Development]] subsequently listed the audio clip as an example of "fake news and disinformation vectors" in a report and retracted it one day later. In response, the Delhi Police posted on [[Twitter]] that the ''Indian Express'' article was incorrect and summoned the reporter for questioning. The ''Indian Express'' replied on Twitter that they had contacted Special Commissioner of Police [[Praveer Ranjan]] for comment and that Ranjan did not respond before the article's publication.<ref>{{cite web |last=Iyer |first=Aishwarya S. |title=Delhi Police Summons Journo Over 'Tablighi FIR Fake Audio' Report |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/tablighi-jamaat-indian-express-reporter-fake-audio-delhi-police |website=[[The Quint]] |access-date=2 October 2025 |date=11 May 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Delhi Police Summon Indian Express Journalist for Reporting on Tablighi Jamaat Head's 'Doctored' Audio Clip |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2020/05/11/delhi-police-summon-indian-express-journalist-for-reporting-on-tablighi-jamaat-heads-doctored-audio-clip |work=[[Newslaundry]] |access-date=2 October 2025 |date=11 May 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Singh |first=Navya |title=Tablighi FIR: Journalist Claims Maulana Saad Audio Clip Doctored, Police Deny Report, Summon Reporter |url=https://thelogicalindian.com/tablighi-jamaat-maulana-clip-doctored-21028/ |website=The Logical Indian |access-date=2 October 2025 |date=11 May 2020 }}</ref>

In 2022, Indian Express published a piece in its newspaper claiming that the director generals of few Indian paramilitary forces were not invited to the Republic Day parade. The concerned forces later clarified that the news was incorrect and the director generals had attended the event.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agencies |date=30 January 2022 |title=All CAPF DGs were invited, attended R-Day Parade 2022: Officials |url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2022/01/31/all-capf-dgs-were-invited-attended-r-day-parade-2022-officials/ |access-date=31 December 2023 |website=The Shillong Times |archive-date=31 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231063521/https://theshillongtimes.com/2022/01/31/all-capf-dgs-were-invited-attended-r-day-parade-2022-officials/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=All CAPF DGs were invited, attended R-Day Parade 2022: Officials |url=https://daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=921049 |access-date=9 December 2025 |website=daijiworld.com }}</ref>

In February 2025, [[Shashi Tharoor|Dr. Shashi Tharoor]] accused Indian Express of manipulation of his speech. Indian Express swiftly reported in English that Tharoor said during the podcast that he has "other options" if his party no longer needs him. He accused the newspaper of running a "fake news story claiming I had decried the absence of a leader" in the Kerala Congress.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 February 2025 |title='Scant Regard for Accuracy, Lust for Clickbait': Shashi Tharoor Slams Indian Express, State of Journalism |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2025/02/27/scant-regard-for-accuracy-lust-for-clickbait-shashi-tharoor-slams-indian-express-state-of-journalism |work=Newslaundry |access-date=18 March 2026 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Ramnath Goenka Excellence in Journalism Awards]]
* [[Star Screen Awards|Screen Awards]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website}}

{{Newspapers in India}}
{{Portal bar|Economics|Journalism|Politics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Express, The}}
[[Category:1931 establishments in India]]
[[Category:English-language newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Indian Express Limited]]
[[Category:National newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Newspapers established in 1931]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in Delhi]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in Mumbai]]

Jayem Automotives

2026-03-18T08:21:22Z

VYVEwan7971: starting a article

{{Short description|Indian automotive development company}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Jayem Automotives
| logo =
| caption =
| type = [[Private company|Private Sector]]
| founder = B. Jayachandran
| founded = {{Start date and age|1969}}
| area_served = Worldwide
| location_city = [[Coimbatore]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| subsid =
| industry = [[Automotive industry|Automotive]]
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| website = {{url|https://www.jayemauto.com|Jayem Automotives}}
}}

'''Jayem Automotives Private Limited''' is an Indian automotive R&D and manufacturing company based in Coimbatore.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/tata-motors-jayem-automotives-unveil-new-range-of-cars/article25337538.ece |title=Tata Motors, Jayem Automotives unveil new range of cars|date=26 October 2018 }}</ref> The company is involved in engine, gearbox, chassis, suspension development, and manufacturing of electric vehicles and powertrain systems.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/jayem-to-roll-out-electric-cars/article20718132.ece |title=Jayem to roll out electric cars|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=23 November 2017 }}</ref>

==History==
Jayem Automoties was founded by Indian automobile designer B. Jayachandran in 1969. In 1999, Jayem Automotives entered into a joint venture agreement with [[Mahindra & Mahindra]] to develop various new vehicles, engines and suspension systems. The company also worked with [[Hindustan Motors]] on various vehicle developments.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/former-racer-to-drive-nano-electrification-117121600973_1.html |title=Former racer to drive Nano electrification|date=16 December 2017 }}</ref>

In 2005, the company severed ties with Mahindra & Mahindra and partnered with [[Tata Motors]] to test and develop various vehicle development programmes. In 2017, [[Ratan Tata]] invested in Jayem Automotives to develop electric drive systems for the automotive industry.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/ratan-tatas-investment-in-jayem-spun-off-to-a-new-company/articleshow/62214407.cms |title=Ratan Tata's investment in Jayem spun off to a new company|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 December 2017 }}</ref> Later in the year, Tata Motors and Jayem launched JTP, a joint venture company to manufacture performance brand cars.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://qrius.com/electric-vehicle-jayem-neo/ |title=Tata aims to capitalise the electric vehicle market with the Jayem Neo|date=25 November 2017 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{automotive industry in India}}

[[Category:Car manufacturers of India]]
[[Category:Auto parts suppliers of India]]
[[Category:Automotive companies established in 1969]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]

{{Motorvehicle-company-stub}}
{{India-company-stub}}

Toni Collette

2026-03-16T17:57:34Z

VYVEwan7971: general improve page to improve readability also for clarity

{{short description|Australian actress and singer (born 1972)}}
{{good article}}
{{Use Australian English|date=May 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Toni Collette
| image = File:Toni Collette at the 2025 Toronto International Film Festival (cropped).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Collette in 2025
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1972|11|1}}
| birth_name = Toni Collett
| birth_place = [[Sydney]], [[New South Wales]], [[Australia]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names = Toni Collette-Galafassi
| alma_mater = {{Plainlist|
*[[National Institute of Dramatic Art]]
*[[Australian Theatre for Young People]]
}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|singer-songwriter}}
| years_active = 1990–present
| spouse = {{marriage|Dave Galafassi|2003|2022|reason={{abbr|sep.}}}}
| children = 2
| works = [[List of Toni Collette performances|Full list]]
| awards = [[List of awards and nominations received by Toni Collette|Full list]]
}}
'''Toni Collette''' (born '''Collett'''; 1 November 1972) is an Australian actress and singer-songwriter. She is known for [[List of Toni Collette performances|starring]] in television, [[Independent film|independent]] and [[Blockbuster (entertainment)|blockbuster films]], noted for her portrayals of troubled and multi-faceted women. [[List of awards and nominations received by Toni Collette|Her accolades]] include five [[AACTA Awards]], a [[Golden Globe Awards|Golden Globe Award]], and a [[Primetime Emmy Awards|Primetime Emmy Award]], in addition to nominations for an [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]], two [[British Academy Film Awards]] and a [[Tony Awards|Tony Award]].

Collette made her film debut in the 1992 film ''[[Spotswood (film)|Spotswood]]''. Her breakthrough came playing a socially awkward romantic lead in ''[[Muriel's Wedding]]'' (1994), which earned her a nomination for the [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy|Golden Globe for Best Actress]]. After appearing in ''[[Emma (1996 theatrical film)|Emma]]'' (1996) and ''[[Velvet Goldmine]]'' (1998), she was nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]] for playing a grieving mother in the thriller ''[[The Sixth Sense]]'' (1999). She was twice nominated for the [[BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role|BAFTA Award for Best Supporting Actress]] for her performances as troubled women in the romantic drama ''[[About a Boy (film)|About a Boy]]'' (2002) and the tragicomedy ''[[Little Miss Sunshine]]'' (2006). She has also acted in [[The Hours (film)|''The Hours'']] (2002), ''[[Japanese Story]]'' (2003), ''[[In Her Shoes (film)|In Her Shoes]]'' (2005), ''[[Mary and Max]]'' (2009), ''[[The Way, Way Back]]'' (2013), ''[[Hereditary (film)|Hereditary]]'' (2018), ''[[Knives Out]]'' (2019), ''[[I'm Thinking of Ending Things]]'' (2020), ''[[Nightmare Alley (2021 film)|Nightmare Alley]]'' (2021), ''[[Juror No. 2]]'' (2024), and ''[[Mickey 17]]'' (2025).

On television, Collette starred as a suburban mother with [[dissociative identity disorder]] in the [[Showtime (TV network)|Showtime]] comedy-drama series ''[[United States of Tara]]'' (2008–2011), earning the [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series]]. She was later Emmy-nominated for playing a police detective in the [[Netflix]] miniseries ''[[Unbelievable (miniseries)|Unbelievable]]'' (2019)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-17 |title=Toni Collette Never Had a Plan for Her Career |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/toni-collette-mafia-mamma-interview |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=Vogue |language=en-US}}</ref> and [[Michael Peterson trial|Kathleen Peterson]] in the [[Max (streaming service)|Max]] miniseries ''[[The Staircase (American miniseries)|The Staircase]]'' (2022). She starred as the founder of a reform academy for troubled teens in the Netflix limited series [[Wayward (miniseries)|''Wayward'']] (2025). On stage, she made her [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] debut playing a [[vaudeville]] [[dancer]] in the musical ''[[The Wild Party (LaChiusa musical)|The Wild Party]]'' (2000), for which she earned a [[Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical]] nomination. She returned to Broadway in the play ''[[The Realistic Joneses]]'' (2014).

As the lead singer of [[Toni Collette & the Finish]], Collette wrote all 11 tracks of their sole album, ''Beautiful Awkward Pictures'' (2006). The band toured Australia but have not performed nor released any new material since 2007. She co-founded the film production company Vocab Films in 2017.

== Early life and education ==
[[File:Nida dusk.jpg|alt=An outside, night-time shot of the building. It is well lit and has almost full-length glass panels. At the right side is the name of the drama school and also the lettering for Parade Theatres. An interior stairway is visible on the left side and a rounded wooden structure at right.|thumb|The [[National Institute of Dramatic Art]] (NIDA) in [[Kensington, New South Wales]], where Collette studied acting]]
Collette is the eldest of three children having two younger brothers.<ref name="SBS Who?"/><ref name="Hume"/> She was raised in the Sydney suburb of [[Glebe, New South Wales|Glebe]] until the age of six, then in [[Blacktown]], New South Wales.<ref name="Denton">{{cite web | url = http://www.abc.net.au/tv/enoughrope/transcripts/s951646.htm | title = Toni Collette | last = Denton | first = Andrew |author-link = Andrew Denton | work = [[Enough Rope]] | date = 22 September 2003 | via = National Library of Australia | archive-url=https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20100125102016/http://www.abc.net.au/tv/enoughrope/transcripts/s951646.htm | archive-date=25 January 2010 | access-date = 20 October 2020 }}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Her father, Bob Collett, was a truck driver, and her mother Judy (''[[Given name|née]]'' Cook) was a [[Customer service representative|customer-service representative]].<ref name="SBS Who?"/> Collette later learned on an episode of ''[[Who Do You Think You Are? (Australian TV series)|Who Do You Think You Are?]]'' that Bob was possibly born as a result of his mother Norma's (''née'' McWhinney) having an [[Affair|extramarital affair]] with a [[Chief petty officer (United States)|US Navy chief petty officer]] stationed in Australia during and after [[World War II]].<ref name="SBS Who?">{{cite web | url = https://www.sbs.com.au/ondemand/video/492916803932/who-do-you-think-you-are-toni-collette | title = Season 7 Episode 2: Toni Collette | work = [[Who Do You Think You Are? (Australian TV series)|Who Do You Think You Are?]] | publisher = [[SBS (Australian TV channel)#SBS On Demand|SBS On Demand]] | date = 11 August 2015 | access-date = 4 April 2020 | archive-date = 19 July 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190719015617/https://www.sbs.com.au/ondemand/video/492916803932/who-do-you-think-you-are-toni-collette | url-status = dead }} Note: previously available in Australia.</ref> Norma and her husband (Harold "Stanley" Collett)<ref name="Parry">{{cite news | url = http://www.artemisfilms.com/_blog/Artemis_News/post/toni-collettes-family-secrets-unravel/ | title = Toni Collette's Family Secrets Unravel | last = Parry | first = Jessica | publisher = Artemis Media | date = 21 July 2015 | access-date = 7 April 2020 | archive-date = 7 April 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200407015334/http://www.artemisfilms.com/_blog/Artemis_News/post/toni-collettes-family-secrets-unravel/ | url-status = live }}</ref> were going through a divorce, and Bob's DNA test determined that Stanley was not his biological father.<ref name="SBS Who?"/> Despite a public appeal in August 2015, her biological grandfather's name is not known.<ref name="SBS Who?"/><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.universityfox.com/stories/man-reunites-with-birth-mother-51-years-after-she-held-him-for-six-hours/ | title = Man reunites with birth mother 51 years after she held him for just six hours | last = Wiltons | first = Rebbekah | date = 4 April 2019 | website = University Fox | access-date = 5 January 2020 | archive-date = 5 September 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190905025227/http://www.universityfox.com/stories/man-reunites-with-birth-mother-51-years-after-she-held-him-for-six-hours/ | url-status = live }}</ref>

Collette has described her family as "[not] the most communicative" but has said that despite her parents' lack of money, they were supportive and made their children feel cared for.<ref name="McLean">{{cite news | url = https://www.theguardian.com/film/2002/apr/26/artsfeatures | title = Interview: Toni Collette | last = McLean | first = Gareth | date = 26 April 2002 | work = [[The Guardian]] | access-date = 5 January 2020 | issn = 0261-3077 | oclc = 60623878 | archive-date = 10 March 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170310054700/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2002/apr/26/artsfeatures | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite news | url = https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/movies/straight-to-the-top-20030927-gdhgvf.html | title = Straight to the top | date = 27 September 2003 | work = [[The Sydney Morning Herald]] | issn = 0312-6315 | oclc = 226369741 | access-date = 5 January 2020 | archive-date = 15 July 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200715224759/https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/movies/straight-to-the-top-20030927-gdhgvf.html | url-status = live }}</ref> She has fond memories of growing up in Blacktown, where she and her mother watched Saturday afternoon movie matinees presented by [[Bill Collins (television presenter)|Bill Collins]].<ref name=":1">{{cite news | url = https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/movies/dont-call-her-muriel-20120903-2593l.html | title = Don't call her Muriel | date = 7 September 2012 | work = The Sydney Morning Herald | issn = 0312-6315 | oclc = 226369741 | access-date = 5 January 2020 | archive-date = 8 June 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200608141446/https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/movies/dont-call-her-muriel-20120903-2593l.html | url-status = live }}</ref> She described her younger self as having "crazy" amounts of confidence.<ref name=":2">{{cite news | url = https://www.theguardian.com/film/2018/jun/10/toni-collette-hereditary-interview-i-dont-like-horror-films | title = Toni Collette: 'I don't like horror films – I'm too petrified' | last = Ellen | first = Barbara | date = 10 June 2018 | work = [[The Observer]] | access-date = 5 January 2020 | issn = 0029-7712 | archive-date = 24 July 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190724133236/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2018/jun/10/toni-collette-hereditary-interview-i-dont-like-horror-films | url-status = live }}</ref> When she was 11, she believed she had [[appendicitis]] and convinced her doctors: She was taken to an [[emergency department]] and had the appendix removed.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="Bhattacharya">{{cite web | url = https://www.theguardian.com/film/2006/aug/20/features.magazine | title = Sanjiv Bhattacharya meets Hollywood's leading lady Toni Collette : Film | last = Bhattacharya | first = Sanjiv | work = The Guardian | date = 20 August 2006 | access-date = 9 April 2020 | issn = 0261-3077 | oclc = 60623878 | archive-date = 22 August 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170822160656/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2006/aug/20/features.magazine | url-status = live }}</ref> As a student at [[Blacktown Girls High School]], her favourite activities included [[netball]], [[Tap dance|tap dancing]] and swimming,<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{cite news | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/10681592/Toni-Collette-interview-If-I-couldnt-work-Id-wither-and-die.html | title = Toni Collette interview: 'If I couldn't work, I'd wither and die' | last = Harrod | first = Horatia | work = [[The Daily Telegraph]] | date = 13 March 2014 | access-date = 5 January 2020 | issn = 0307-1235 | oclc = 49632006 | archive-date = 15 July 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200715170013/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/10681592/Toni-Collette-interview-If-I-couldnt-work-Id-wither-and-die.html | url-status = live }}</ref> and she took part in local singing competitions.<ref name=":1"/> Her ambition was to perform in [[Musical theatre|musicals]], as she loved to sing and dance.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.ft.com/content/15f94540-7a09-11e6-97ae-647294649b28 | title = The Inventory: Australian actor Toni Collette | work = [[Financial Times]] | url-access = subscription | access-date = 5 January 2020 | issn = 0307-1766 | archive-date = 18 September 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190918021123/https://www.ft.com/content/15f94540-7a09-11e6-97ae-647294649b28 | url-status = live }}</ref>

Collette's first acting role was a high school performance of ''[[Godspell]]'' at the age of 14; she auditioned by singing Whitney Houston's "[[Saving All My Love for You]]".<ref name=":10" /><ref>{{cite journal | url = https://www.biography.com/actor/toni-collette | title = Toni Collette | journal = [[Biography (TV program)|Biography]] | access-date = 5 January 2020 | archive-date = 14 December 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191214125903/https://www.biography.com/actor/toni-collette | url-status = live }}</ref> She decided to become an actor the following year,<ref name="McLean"/> and was influenced by [[Geoffrey Rush]]'s stage performance in ''[[Diary of a Madman (Nikolai Gogol)#Adaptions|The Diary of a Madman]]'' (July–August 1989).<ref name="Denton"/><ref name="AusStage Rush">{{cite web | url = https://ausstage.edu.au/pages/event/1875 | title = Event: ''The Diary of a Madman'' | publisher = [[AusStage]] | access-date = 9 April 2020 | archive-date = 15 July 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200715154652/https://ausstage.edu.au/pages/event/1875 | url-status = live }}</ref> In 1989, with her parents' approval, she transferred to the [[Australian Theatre for Young People]], later explaining, "I was 16. And it's not like I wasn't good at school, or I didn't enjoy it, I did. I just loved acting more. I don't regret that decision, but I can't believe I made it."<ref name=":3" /> The actor returned the extra "e" at the end of her [[Last name|surname]]<ref name="SBS Who?"/> which Stanley Collett had removed<ref name="Parry"/> as it sounded better for a [[stage name]].<ref name="Hume"/> She started at [[National Institute of Dramatic Art]] (NIDA) in early 1991, but left after 18 months to appear as Sonya in ''[[Uncle Vanya]]'' (August–September 1992), directed by [[Neil Armfield]], alongside Rush in the [[Title character|title role]].<ref name="Denton"/><ref name=":1" /><ref name="AusStage List"/>

==Career==
===1990–1999: Early work and breakthrough===
In late 1988 Collette appeared in ''[[Burger Brain - The Fast Food Musical]]'' with The Sydney Morning Herald reviewer Bob Evans noting she "sings like a dream".<ref name="Evans">{{Citation | last= Evans | first= Bob | title= Fast food frolics | url= | periodical= The Sydney Morning Herald | date= 30 September 1988}}</ref> She made her television debut in 1988 on a comedy, variety show ''[[Blah Blah Blah (TV series)|Blah Blah Blah]]'' as a singer.<ref name="Denton"/> Her first television acting role was in 1990, a guest appearance as Tracy, on the [[Seven Network]] drama series ''[[A Country Practice]]'' Season 10, Episode 31, "The Sting: Part 1".<ref name="Dishinger">{{cite journal | url = https://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/pictures/the-sixth-sense-cast-then-and-now/haley-joel-osment-cole-sear/ | title = ''The Sixth Sense'' Cast: Then and Now – Toni Collette, Lynn Sear | last = Dishinger | first = Lauren | journal = [[US Weekly|US Magazine]] | date = 6 August 2019 | access-date = 5 April 2020 | issn = 1529-7497 | archive-date = 19 August 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200819095047/https://www.usmagazine.com/entertainment/pictures/the-sixth-sense-cast-then-and-now/ | url-status = live }}</ref> Her first professional theatre role was as Debbie in ''Operation Holy Mountain'' in May of that year at [[Penrith, New South Wales#Arts|Q Theatre, Penrith]].<ref name="AusStage List">{{cite web | url = https://ausstage.edu.au/pages/contributor/226957 | title = Contributor: Toni Collette | publisher = AusStage | access-date = 4 April 2020 | archive-date = 22 March 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200322072702/https://ausstage.edu.au/pages/contributor/226957 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="Barnes">{{cite journal | author1 = Barnes, Frank | title = Theatre ''Operation Holy Mountain'' by David Holman Q Theatre Penrith, Director Helmut Bakaitis (16 May 1990) | journal = Education: Journal of the N.S.W. Public School Teachers Federation | date = 16 May 1990 | volume = 71 | issue = 6 | page = 22 | issn = 0013-1156 }}</ref> Frank Barnes of ''Journal of the N.S.W Public School Teachers Federation'' noticed, "Collette [is] simply amazing in her professional debut as the girl with cerebral palsy."<ref name="Barnes"/> She joined the [[Sydney Theatre Company]] and, from December 1990 to February 1991, appeared in ''[[A Little Night Music]]'' at the [[Sydney Opera House#Performance venues and facilities|Drama Theatre, Sydney Opera House]].<ref name="AusStage List"/> She performed [[Cordelia (King Lear)|Cordelia]] in ''[[King Lear]]'' (March 1994) and was also in stage productions at the [[Belvoir Street Theatre]], directed by Rush.<ref name="AusStage List"/>

In 1992, she made her feature film debut in the ensemble comedy drama ''[[Spotswood (film)|Spotswood]]'' (known in the US as ''The Efficiency Expert''), which starred [[Anthony Hopkins]] and included a then-newcomer [[Russell Crowe]].<ref name="Flint Marx">{{cite web | url = https://www.allmovie.com/artist/toni-collette-p14165 | title = Toni Collette {{!}} Biography, Movie Highlights and Photos | last = Flint Marx | first = Rebecca | publisher = [[AllMovie]] | access-date = 5 April 2020 | archive-date = 9 August 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200809214954/https://www.allmovie.com/artist/toni-collette-p14165 | url-status = live }} Note: this source incorrectly provides Antonia Collette as her alias. To access further information, click on a tab, e.g. Filmography or Awards.</ref> She played Wendy, a factory worker who harbours a secret attraction towards fellow worker Carey ([[Ben Mendelsohn]]).<ref name="Galvin">{{cite news | url = http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article213877443 | title = ''Spotswood'' | newspaper = [[Filmnews]] | date = 1 December 1991 | access-date = 4 April 2020 | page = 16 | via = [[Trove]] ([[National Library of Australia]]) | archive-date = 19 August 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200819095049/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/213877443 | url-status = live }}</ref> ''[[Filmnews]]''{{'}} Peter Galvin observed, "it's here that the film finds real warmth, vigour, and pain, all contained in [her] expressive face; she's terrific and so is Mendelsohn simply because we believe them."<ref name="Galvin"/> Andrew Urban of ''Urban Cinephile'' felt that, "[she] has a lovely role and does it with minimalist excellence."<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.urbancinefile.com.au/home/view.asp?a=13403&s=DVD | title = ''Spotswood'': DVD | last = Urban | first = Andrew L. | website = Urban Cinefile | access-date = 28 January 2020 | archive-date = 23 March 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200323063714/http://www.urbancinefile.com.au/home/view.asp?a=13403&s=DVD | url-status = live }}</ref> For the performance, she earned her first [[AACTA Awards|AACTA Award]] nomination, for [[AACTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role|Best Supporting Actress]].<ref name="1991 Australian Film Institute Awards">{{cite web | url = https://www.aacta.org/aacta-awards/past-awards/range/1990-1999/year/1991/ | title = The 33rd Australian Film Institute Awards (1991) Nominees and Winners | publisher = [[Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts]] (AACTA) | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181224171233/https://www.aacta.org/aacta-awards/past-awards/range/1990-1999/year/1991/ | archive-date = 24 December 2018 | url-status = live | access-date = 15 April 2020 }} Note: from 1958 to 2010 these awards were known as Australian Film Institute Awards or AFI Awards.</ref> Between auditions for roles, she worked part-time delivering pizzas and selling jeans.<ref name=":11">{{cite news | url = https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/tv-and-radio/toni-collette-some-people-stick-to-the-rules-some-question-them-20180918-p504gh.html | title = Toni Collette: 'Some people stick to the rules, some question them' | last = Kelly | first = Guy | date = 21 September 2018 | work = The Sydney Morning Herald | issn = 0312-6315 | oclc = 226369741 | access-date = 18 March 2020 | archive-date = 18 March 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200318073554/https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/tv-and-radio/toni-collette-some-people-stick-to-the-rules-some-question-them-20180918-p504gh.html | url-status = live }}</ref>

In 1992, her agent alerted her to a proposed film project with a good role; a year later ''[[Muriel's Wedding]]'' (1994) was financed and started casting in June 1993.<ref name="Denton"/><ref>{{citation | title = ''Muriel's Wedding'' 25th Anniversary Celebration Q&A with Toni Collette | date=24 September 2019 | url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eDw91-owWr8 | access-date = 28 January 2020 | archive-date = 27 May 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200527232951/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eDw91-owWr8&gl=US&hl=en | url-status = live }}</ref> Although the actor auditioned on the first day, she did not win the role until three months later.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/16/arts/up-and-coming-toni-collette-and-rachel-griffiths-muriels-wedding-brings.html | title = Up and Coming: Toni Collette and Rachel Griffiths; ''Muriel's Wedding'' Brings Bliss to Two Young Actresses | last = Dargis | first = Manohla | date = 16 April 1995 | work = [[The New York Times]] | url-access = subscription | access-date = 28 January 2020 | issn = 0362-4331 | oclc = 1645522 | archive-date = 28 January 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200128162531/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/16/arts/up-and-coming-toni-collette-and-rachel-griffiths-muriels-wedding-brings.html | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="Couch"/> In preparation for portraying Muriel, the actor gained {{convert|18|kg|lbs}} in 7 weeks.<ref name="Hume">{{cite news | last = Hume | first = Marion | url = https://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/07/20/1090089151504.html | title = Free Spirit | date = 21 July 2004 | work = [[The Sun-Herald]] | access-date = 4 April 2020 | archive-date = 24 September 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150924141719/http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/07/20/1090089151504.html | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="Couch">{{cite journal | url = https://people.com/archive/let-her-eat-cake-vol-43-no-13/ | title = Let Her Eat Cake | last = Couch | first = Shelli-Anne | journal = [[People (magazine)|People]] | access-date = 5 April 2020 | issn = 0093-7673 | oclc = 794712888 | archive-date = 28 January 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200128162532/https://people.com/archive/let-her-eat-cake-vol-43-no-13/ | url-status = live }}</ref> [[James Berardinelli]] of ''Reelviews'' called her "vibrant and energetic", while Peter Stack of the ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'' opined that Collette played the lead role with "disarming earnestness".<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.reelviews.net/reelviews/muriel-s-wedding | title = ''Muriel's Wedding'' | last = Berardinelli | first = James | author-link = James Berardinelli | website = Reelviews Movie Reviews | access-date = 30 January 2020 | archive-date = 30 January 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200130130148/http://www.reelviews.net/reelviews/muriel-s-wedding | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/Seeking-Bliss-Muriel-Finds-Herself-2990644.php | title = Seeking Bliss, 'Muriel' Finds Herself | last = Stack | first = Peter | date = 15 March 1996 | work = [[San Francisco Chronicle]] | access-date = 30 January 2020 | issn = 1932-8672 | oclc = 8812614 | archive-date = 9 August 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200809121817/https://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/Seeking-Bliss-Muriel-Finds-Herself-2990644.php | url-status = live }}</ref> She received her first [[Golden Globe Awards|Golden Globe Award]] nomination, for [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Comedy or Musical|Best Actress]] and won the [[AACTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role|AACTA Award for Best Actress]].<ref name="Flint Marx"/><ref name="1994 Australian Film Institute Awards">{{cite web | url = https://www.aacta.org/aacta-awards/past-awards/range/1990-1999/year/1994/ | title = The 36th Australian Film Institute Awards (1994) Nominees and Winners | publisher = Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181224171518/https://www.aacta.org/aacta-awards/past-awards/range/1990-1999/year/1994/ | archive-date = 24 December 2018 | url-status = live | access-date = 12 April 2020 }} Note: from 1958 to 2010 these awards were known as Australian Film Institute Awards or AFI Awards.</ref>

In 1996, she had parts in three films. In the comedy drama [[Cosi (film)|''Così'']], which reunited her with ''Muriel's Wedding'' castmate [[Rachel Griffiths]], she played an actor recovering from drug addiction. [[David Stratton]] of [[Variety (magazine)|''Variety'']] magazine said Collette "[gave] a terrific performance".<ref>{{cite journal | url = https://variety.com/1996/film/reviews/cosi-1200445232/ | title = ''Cosi'' | last = Stratton | first = David | author-link = David Stratton | date = 26 March 1996 | journal = [[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] | access-date = 30 January 2020 | issn = 0042-2738 | oclc = 810134503 | archive-date = 30 January 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200130152300/https://variety.com/1996/film/reviews/cosi-1200445232/ | url-status = live }}</ref> In the drama ''[[Lilian's Story]]'' she played an eccentric woman sent to a [[Lunatic asylum|mental asylum]] in her youth. Stratton found her to be "poignant" and took note of her range and depth.<ref>{{cite journal | url = https://variety.com/1996/film/reviews/lilian-s-story-1200445381/ | title = ''Lilian's Story'' | last = Stratton | first = David | date = 11 March 1996 | journal = Variety | access-date = 30 January 2020 | issn = 0042-2738 | oclc = 810134503 | archive-date = 30 January 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200130152313/https://variety.com/1996/film/reviews/lilian-s-story-1200445381/ | url-status = live }}</ref> She won her second AACTA Award, this time for [[AACTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role|Best Actress in a Supporting Role]].<ref name="1996 Australian Film Institute Awards">{{cite web | url = https://www.aacta.org/aacta-awards/past-awards/range/1990-1999/year/1996-2/ | title = The 38th Australian Film Institute Awards (1996) Nominees and Winners | publisher = Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181224171653/https://www.aacta.org/aacta-awards/past-awards/range/1990-1999/year/1996-2/ | archive-date = 24 December 2018 | url-status = live | access-date = 15 April 2020 }} Note: from 1958 to 2010 these awards were known as Australian Film Institute Awards or AFI Awards.</ref> In the period comedy ''[[Emma (1996 theatrical film)|Emma]]'', an adaptation of Jane Austen's [[Emma (novel)|novel of the same name]], she played Harriet Smith, a close friend of the [[Emma Woodhouse|titular character]]. Originally dismissive of Austen's works, she found ''Emma'' to be "warm and witty and clever".<ref name=":4">{{cite web | url = https://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/Aussie-actress-shines-in-the-latest-Austen-outing-3131029.php | title = Aussie actress shines in the latest Austen outing | last = Ganahl | first = Jane | date = 4 August 1996 | website = SFGate | access-date = 30 January 2020 | archive-date = 30 January 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200130152301/https://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/Aussie-actress-shines-in-the-latest-Austen-outing-3131029.php | url-status = live }}</ref> Jane Ganahl of ''San Francisco Chronicle'' wrote, "[Harriet was] played with heartbreaking empathy... desperately trying to meet Mr. Right – so awkwardly you fear she'll slip on a banana peel."<ref name=":4" />

She starred alongside [[Lisa Kudrow]], [[Parker Posey]] and [[Alanna Ubach]] in ''[[Clockwatchers]]'' (1997) which depicted the lives of four friends working in an office. Dustin Putman of ''TheFilmFile'' called it a "jewel of a film" and praised the performances of the cast, particularly Collette whom he referred to as "outstanding".<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.themovieboy.com/reviews/c/97_clockwatchers.htm | title = Dustin's Review: ''Clockwatchers'' (1997) | last = Putman | first = Dustin | work = TheFilmFile | access-date = 30 January 2020 | archive-date = 22 November 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191122103711/http://www.themovieboy.com/reviews/c/97_clockwatchers.htm | url-status = live }}</ref> For her supporting role as Michelle in ''[[The Boys (1998 film)|The Boys]]'' (1998) she won her third [[AACTA Awards|AACTA Award]].<ref name="1998 Australian Film Institute Awards">{{cite web | url = https://www.aacta.org/aacta-awards/past-awards/range/1990-1999/year/1998/ | title = The 40th Australian Film Institute Awards (1998) Nominees and Winners | publisher = Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181224172140/https://www.aacta.org/aacta-awards/past-awards/range/1990-1999/year/1998/ | archive-date = 24 December 2018 | url-status = live | access-date = 15 April 2020 }} Note: from 1958 to 2010 these awards were known as Australian Film Institute Awards or AFI Awards.</ref> Although ''[[Velvet Goldmine]]'' (1998), returned less than half its production budget at the box office,<ref name=numbers>{{cite web | url = http://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Velvet-Goldmine#tab=summary | title = ''Velvet Goldmine'' (1998) - Financial Information | work = [[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers]] | access-date = 3 December 2016 | archive-date = 20 December 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161220050248/http://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Velvet-Goldmine#tab=summary | url-status = live }}</ref> [[Metacritic]] reports a 65% score based on 25 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.metacritic.com/movie/velvet-goldmine | title = ''Velvet Goldmine'' Reviews | work = [[Metacritic]] | publisher = [[CBS Interactive]] | access-date = 3 December 2016 | archive-date = 5 August 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160805155358/http://www.metacritic.com/movie/velvet-goldmine | url-status = live }}</ref> It grew in stature after its release to become a [[cult film]].<ref>{{cite journal | url = http://encoremag.com/new-york/articles/282/glam-velvet-goldmine-mccarren | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111004213320/http://encoremag.com/new-york/articles/282/glam-velvet-goldmine-mccarren | title = Glam's ''Velvet Goldmine'' Marks End of McCarren's Film Season | last = Fuller | first= Melynda | date = 1 August 2008 | website = encoremag.com | url-status = dead | archive-date = 4 October 2011 | access-date = 5 April 2020 }}</ref> Collette credited it with revitalising her passion for acting as it had freed her from distress she had been facing.<ref name=":02">{{cite web | url = http://www.urbancinefile.com.au/home/view.asp?a=2833&s=interviews | title = Urban Cinefile: Collette, Toni: ''Sixth Sense'' | last = Urban | first = Andrew L. | website = Urban Cinefile | access-date = 31 January 2020 | archive-date = 31 January 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200131114449/http://www.urbancinefile.com.au/home/view.asp?a=2833&s=interviews | url-status = live }}</ref> Her next film, ''[[8½ Women]]'' (1999) was not as well received: Metacritic gave it a "generally unfavorable" score of 36%.<ref>{{metacritic film|title8={{citefrac|1|2}} Women|qid=Q747685}}</ref>

===1999–2004: Rise to prominence and Broadway debut===
[[File:M. Night Shyamalan by Gage Skidmore.jpg|alt=A 45-year-old man is shown in a head shot. He is broadly smiling and is in front of a microphone.|thumb|upright|Director [[M. Night Shyamalan]] cast Collette in ''[[The Sixth Sense]]'' (1999), for which she received a nomination for the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]]]]

When Collette received [[M. Night Shyamalan]]'s script for ''[[The Sixth Sense]]'' (1999), she feared it would be a "formulaic Hollywood action drama".<ref name=":02" /> However, she was moved by the story and agreed to audition, winning the role over other actors, including [[Marisa Tomei]].<ref name=":02" /> She portrayed Lynn Sear, a mother struggling to raise her son Cole ([[Haley Joel Osment]]) who communicates with ghosts.<ref name=":02"/><ref name="Cormier">{{cite journal | url = https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/66913/17-straightforward-facts-about-sixth-sense | title = 15 Twisted Facts About ''The Sixth Sense'' | last = Cormier | first = Roger | date = 6 August 2017 | journal = [[Mental Floss]] | url-status = live | access-date = 6 April 2020 | archive-date = 22 May 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200522152802/https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/66913/17-straightforward-facts-about-sixth-sense }}</ref> Gary Thompson of ''[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]]'' observed, "the scene in the car when [Cole] divulges his secret is so riveting... and it's so well-acted by Osment and Collette."<ref name="Thompson">{{cite news | url = https://www.inquirer.com/entertainment/movies/sixth-sense-20th-anniversary-m-night-shyamalan-20190727.html | title = ''The Sixth Sense'' at 20: M. Night Shyamalan's breakout still stuns | last = Thompson | first = Gary | work = [[The Philadelphia Inquirer]] | date = 27 July 2019 | access-date = 2 February 2020 | issn = 0885-6613 | archive-date = 5 December 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191205041730/https://www.inquirer.com/entertainment/movies/sixth-sense-20th-anniversary-m-night-shyamalan-20190727.html | url-status = live }}</ref> He added, "she'd become the greatest screen weeper of her generation."<ref name="Thompson"/> ''The Sixth Sense'' grossed US$670 million on a budget of US$40 million and became the [[1999 in film|second-highest-grossing film of 1999]].<ref>{{cite journal | url = https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2019/08/how-sixth-sense-conquered-hollywood-1999/595558/ | title = How ''The Sixth Sense'' Conquered Hollywood in 1999 | last = Sims | first = David | date = 6 August 2019 | journal = [[The Atlantic]] | access-date = 2 February 2020 | issn = 2151-9463 | archive-date = 2 February 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200202132134/https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2019/08/how-sixth-sense-conquered-hollywood-1999/595558/ | url-status = live }}</ref> It gathered six [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]] nominations including Collette's for [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]].<ref name="Flint Marx"/><ref name="Collis"/> She reflected, "There was some definite feeling we all had that it was going to somehow be special. [... It] did really well and has been loved by a lot of people."<ref name="Collis">{{cite magazine | url = https://ew.com/movies/2018/04/25/hereditary-sixth-sense-toni-collette/ | title = Toni Collette says making horror movie ''Hereditary'' reminded her of ''The Sixth Sense'' | last = Collis | first = Clark | magazine = [[Entertainment Weekly]] | date = 25 April 2018 | access-date = 3 February 2020 | issn = 1049-0434 | oclc = 21114137 | archive-date = 3 February 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200203064729/https://ew.com/movies/2018/04/25/hereditary-sixth-sense-toni-collette/ | url-status = live }}</ref>

In 2000 she made her [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] debut with a leading role in [[The Wild Party (LaChiusa musical)|''The Wild Party'']], playing Queenie, a masochistic [[showgirl]] who hosts a lavish party with her husband. Originally written for [[Vanessa Williams]], it went to Collette after the former was unavailable.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.talkinbroadway.com/cabaret/lachiusa.html | title = Cabaret Interview with Michael John LaChiusa | last = Frank | first = Jonathan | work = Talkin' Broadway | access-date = 6 April 2020 | archive-date = 3 February 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200203064732/https://www.talkinbroadway.com/cabaret/lachiusa.html | url-status = live }}</ref> [[Charles Isherwood]] felt under-whelmed by the musical and the actor's performance, "[Collette's] Queenie is flat and one-dimensional; she doesn't convey the warmth that invites emotional investment."<ref>{{cite journal | url = https://variety.com/2000/legit/reviews/the-wild-party-4-1200461750/ | title = ''The Wild Party'' | last = Isherwood | first = Charles | author-link = Charles Isherwood | date = 14 April 2000 | journal = Variety | access-date = 3 February 2020 | issn = 0042-2738 | oclc = 810134503 | archive-date = 3 February 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200203064730/https://variety.com/2000/legit/reviews/the-wild-party-4-1200461750/ | url-status = live }}</ref> [[Ben Brantley]] of ''[[The New York Times]]'' differed, "Ms. Collette... gives the evening's most fully realized performance," but criticised the lack of chemistry with [[Yancey Arias]].<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/14/movies/theater-review-having-fun-yet-jazz-babies.html | title = Theater Review; Having Fun Yet, Jazz Babies? | last = Brantley | first = Ben | date = 14 April 2000 | work = The New York Times | url-access = subscription | access-date = 3 February 2020 | issn = 0362-4331 | oclc = 1645522 | archive-date = 3 February 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200203064730/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/14/movies/theater-review-having-fun-yet-jazz-babies.html | url-status = live }}</ref> She was nominated for the [[Tony Award for Best Leading Actress in a Musical]].<ref name="Flint Marx"/> Collette turned down the title role in ''[[Bridget Jones's Diary (film)|Bridget Jones's Diary]]'' due to her Broadway commitments.<ref>{{cite journal | url = https://www.filmink.com.au/close-casting-calls-toni-collette-in-bridget-joness-diary-2001/ | title = Close Casting Calls: Toni Collette in ''Bridget Jones's Diary'' (2001) | last = Free | first = Erin | date = 18 September 2016 | journal = [[Filmink|FilmInk]] | url-access = subscription | access-date = 6 April 2020 | url-status = live | issn = 1447-0012 | archive-date = 3 February 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200203130401/https://www.filmink.com.au/close-casting-calls-toni-collette-in-bridget-joness-diary-2001/ }}</ref>

She followed with a supporting role in the action thriller [[Shaft (2000 film)|''Shaft'']] (2000). The film received "mixed or average reviews",<ref>{{metacritic film|title=Shaft|qid=Q917312}}</ref> and grossed US$107.2 million on a budget of US$46 million.<ref name="BoxMojo Shaft">{{cite web | url = https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt0162650/?ref_=bo_se_r_2 | title = ''Shaft'' | work = Box Office Mojo | access-date = 7 December 2020 | archive-date = 10 September 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220910181229/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt0162650/?ref_=bo_se_r_2 | url-status = live }}</ref> Kam Williams of ''African American Literature Book Club'' noticed, "Collette lends the film some convincing and welcome dramatic weight as the frightened, conflicted Diane."<ref name="Williams">{{cite web | url = https://aalbc.com/reviews/film-reviews.php?id=1743 | title = ''Shaft'' by Film Reviewed | last = Williams | first = Kam | work = [[AALBC.com|African American Literature Book Club]] | access-date = 7 April 2020 | archive-date = 9 August 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200809133354/https://aalbc.com/reviews/film-reviews.php?id=1743 | url-status = live }}</ref> However, John Patterson of ''[[The Guardian]]'' rated it as a "career low" for her.<ref name="Patterson"/> In 2001 she appeared in the [[HBO]] [[Television film|TV movie]] ''[[Dinner with Friends (2001 film)|Dinner with Friends]]'' and played Beth, a middle-aged woman who struggles with her husband leaving her for another woman. Steven Oxman of ''Variety'' said that she was "well suited" to her role, while Bruce Fetts of ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' praised her "flawless" American accent.<ref>{{cite journal | url = https://variety.com/2001/tv/reviews/dinner-with-friends-4-1200469558/ | title = ''Dinner with Friends'' | last = Oxman | first = Steven | date = 8 August 2001 | journal = Variety | access-date = 3 February 2020 | issn = 0042-2738 | oclc = 810134503 | archive-date = 9 August 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200809101320/https://variety.com/2001/tv/reviews/dinner-with-friends-4-1200469558/ | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine | url = https://ew.com/article/2001/08/06/dinner-friends/ | title = ''Dinner with Friends'' | last = Fetts | first = Bruce | magazine = Entertainment Weekly | access-date = 3 February 2020 | archive-date = 9 August 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200809103314/https://ew.com/article/2001/08/06/dinner-friends/ | url-status = live }}</ref> The show earned a nomination for the [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Television Movie]].<ref name="Flint Marx"/>

In 2002 she had a supporting role in [[The Hours (film)|''The Hours'']], based on the [[The Hours (novel)|novel of the same name]], playing Kitty, a woman who plans to undergo surgery for her [[infertility]]. John Patterson felt she gave an "utterly convincing small-scale emotional meltdown born of suburban sadness and sexual self-repression."<ref name="Patterson"/><ref name="Clifford">{{cite web | url = https://www.reelingreviews.com/thehours.htm | title = ''The Hours'' | last1 = Clifford | first1 = Laura | last2 = Clifford | first2 = Robin | work = Reeling: The Movie Review Show | access-date = 4 February 2020 | archive-date = 13 January 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200113051029/http://reelingreviews.com/thehours.htm | url-status = live }}</ref> The film received positive reviews and was nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Picture]].<ref name="Flint Marx"/> In [[About a Boy (film)|''About a Boy'']] (2002) she portrayed a woman with [[Depression (mood)|depression]] who attempts to commit [[suicide]]. Daniel Saney of ''[[Digital Spy]]'' said that she was "as impressive as ever" while Sheila Johnston of ''[[Screen International|Screen Daily]]'' praised her "powerful presence".<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.digitalspy.com/movies/a30085/about-a-boy/ | title = ''About a Boy'' | last = Saney | first = Daniel | date = 7 March 2006 | website = [[Digital Spy]] | access-date = 4 February 2020 | archive-date = 4 February 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200204132621/https://www.digitalspy.com/movies/a30085/about-a-boy/ | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.screendaily.com/about-a-boy/408661.article | title = ''About a Boy'' | last = Johnston | first = Sheila | website = [[Screen International|Screen Daily]] | access-date = 4 February 2020 | archive-date = 4 February 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200204132619/https://www.screendaily.com/about-a-boy/408661.article | url-status = live }}</ref> She was nominated for the [[BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role]] and won the [[Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actress]] for both 2002 performances.<ref name="Flint Marx"/>

Collette played the lead role in ''[[Japanese Story]]'' (2003) as Sandy an Australian [[geologist]] who develops an intense relationship with a Japanese businessman. It was screened at the [[2003 Cannes Film Festival]].<ref name="ScreenAus Japanese">{{cite web | url = https://www.screenaustralia.gov.au/festivals-and-markets/festival-profiles/cannes-film-festival/1824/ | title = Festival profiles – Cannes Film Festival | publisher = [[Screen Australia]] | access-date = 7 December 2020 | archive-date = 17 November 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201117221623/https://www.screenaustralia.gov.au/festivals-and-markets/festival-profiles/cannes-film-festival/1824 | url-status = live }}</ref> The performance led to reviewers welcoming her return to lead roles: the first since ''Muriel's Wedding''. John Patterson wrote that she gave a "shattering performance, masterfully controlled and detailed, and all the proof her fans ever needed of her special brilliance."<ref name="Patterson">{{cite news | url = https://www.theguardian.com/film/2004/jun/05/patterson.comment | title = On top down under | last = Patterson | first = John | date = 5 June 2004 | work = The Guardian | access-date = 7 April 2020 | issn = 0261-3077 | oclc = 60623878 | archive-date = 13 June 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180613084617/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2004/jun/05/patterson.comment | url-status = live }}</ref> Richard Porton of the ''[[Chicago Reader]]'' remarked, "[her] pitch-perfect performance and the stunning evocation of the forbidding and beautiful outback make this film unexpectedly rewarding."<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/japanese-story/Film?oid=1151584 | title = ''Japanese Story'' | last = Porton | first = Richard M. | work = [[Chicago Reader]] | access-date = 4 February 2020 | issn = 1096-6919 | archive-date = 9 August 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200809104341/https://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/japanese-story/Film?oid=1151584 | url-status = live }}</ref> Critics praised her emotional range, with some regarding the performance to be the best of her career.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://preview.reelviews.net/movies/j/japanese_story.html | title = Review: ''Japanese Story'' | website = Reelviews Movie Reviews | access-date = 4 February 2020 | archive-date = 30 October 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171030140839/http://preview.reelviews.net/movies/j/japanese_story.html | url-status = live }}</ref> She won her fourth AACTA Award statuette for her portrayal of Sandy Edwards in ''Japanese Story''.<ref name="2003 Australian Film Institute Awards">{{cite web | url = https://www.aacta.org/aacta-awards/past-awards/range/2000-2010/year/2003/ | title = The 45th Australian Film Institute Awards (2003) Nominees and Winners | publisher = Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181224172335/https://www.aacta.org/aacta-awards/past-awards/range/2000-2010/year/2003/ | archive-date = 24 December 2018 | url-status = live | access-date = 15 April 2020 }} Note: from 1958 to 2010 these awards were known as Australian Film Institute Awards or AFI Awards.</ref> Her two releases of 2004, ''[[The Last Shot]]'' and ''[[Connie and Carla]]'', were rated as having "mixed or average reviews" by Metacritic.<ref name="Metacritic film list">{{cite web | url = https://www.metacritic.com/person/toni-collette?filter-options=movies&sort_options=metascore&num_items=100 | title = Toni Collette Movies Profile | publisher = Metacritic | access-date = 7 April 2020 | archive-date = 19 August 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200819095053/https://www.metacritic.com/person/toni-collette?filter-options=movies&sort_options=metascore&num_items=100 | url-status = live }}</ref>

===2005–2011: Supporting roles and television work===
Collette's only film in 2005, ''[[In Her Shoes (film)|In Her Shoes]]'', was a comedy drama about the relationship between two sisters (Rose and Maggie Feller) and their estranged grandmother, co-starring [[Cameron Diaz]] and [[Shirley MacLaine]]. Based on the 2002 novel [[In Her Shoes (novel)|of the same name]] by [[Jennifer Weiner]], the film received "mixed or average" reviews from critics.<ref name="MC Shoes">{{cite web | url = https://www.metacritic.com/movie/in-her-shoes | title = ''In Her Shoes'' Reviews | publisher = Metacritic | access-date = 7 December 2020 | archive-date = 27 November 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201127191956/https://www.metacritic.com/movie/in-her-shoes | url-status = live }}</ref> She was subsequently nominated for a [[Satellite Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture|Satellite Award for Best Actress]] for her performance of Rose, a successful-but-lonely lawyer with low self-esteem, which [[Mick LaSalle]] of the ''San Francisco Chronicle'' noticed, "As usual, [her] face is a fine-tuned transmitter of her emotions, moment by moment, and she becomes the locus of audience feeling."<ref>{{cite news | last = LaSalle | first = Mick | author-link = Mick LaSalle | title = Oh, grow up. And move out of here while you're at it. | url = http://www.sfgate.com/movies/article/Oh-grow-up-And-move-out-of-here-while-you-re-at-2565906.php | access-date = 11 December 2013 | newspaper = San Francisco Chronicle | date = 7 October 2005 | issn = 1932-8672 | oclc = 8812614 | archive-date = 30 December 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141230203911/http://www.sfgate.com/movies/article/Oh-grow-up-And-move-out-of-here-while-you-re-at-2565906.php | url-status = live }}</ref>

[[File:ToniCollettOrangeBritishAcademyFilmAwards07.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Upper body shot of 24-year-old Collette. She has black hair and is shown in left profile and facing slightly to her right. The straps of her dress are encrusted with shiny, coloured beads.|Collette at the [[60th British Academy Film Awards]] in 2007, where she was nominated for the [[BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role]] for her performance in ''[[Little Miss Sunshine]]'' (2006)]]

In 2006, she starred in ''[[Little Miss Sunshine]]'', a comedy drama [[road movie]] about a family's trip to a children's beauty pageant. It premiered at the [[Sundance Film Festival]] in January of that year, and its distribution rights were bought by [[Fox Searchlight Pictures]] for one of the biggest deals in the history of the festival.<ref name="RTBiggest">{{cite web | last = Duong | first = Senh | title = Sundance: Searchlight Spends Big for ''Little Miss Sunshine'' | url = https://www.rottentomatoes.com/news/1646244/sundance-searchlight-spends-big-for-little-miss-sunshine/ | access-date = 11 December 2013 | work = [[Rotten Tomatoes]] | date = 21 January 2006 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121105163935/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/news/1646244/sundance-searchlight-spends-big-for-little-miss-sunshine/ | archive-date = 5 November 2012 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> [[Sharon Waxman]] of ''The New York Times'' called her "funny and believable", while Stella Papamichael of [[BBC]] felt that she was "underused".<ref>{{cite web|last=Papamichael|first=Stella|date=5 September 2006|title=Movies - review - ''Little Miss Sunshine''|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2006/08/02/little_miss_sunshine_2006_review.shtml|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113205430/http://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2006/08/02/little_miss_sunshine_2006_review.shtml|archive-date=13 November 2012|access-date=8 February 2020|publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{cite news | last = Waxman | first = Sharon | author-link = Sharon Waxman | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/07/movies/07waxm.html | title = Toni Collette, Lovely When Necessary but Vulnerable Always | date = 7 May 2006 | work = The New York Times | access-date = 4 March 2020 | issn = 0362-4331 | archive-date = 11 April 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200411202641/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/07/movies/07waxm.html | url-status = live }}</ref> The film had positive reception, resulting in her second BAFTA and Golden Globe nominations.<ref name="Flint Marx"/> It grossed US$100.5 million worldwide and became one of the most successful independent films of the mid-2000s.<ref>{{cite web | title = ''Little Miss Sunshine'' (2006) | url = https://www.the-numbers.com/movies/2006/LMSUN.php | work = The Numbers | access-date = 3 May 2010 | archive-date = 4 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090404073923/http://www.the-numbers.com/movies/2006/LMSUN.php | url-status = live }}</ref> Also in that year the actor took supporting roles in the [[thriller film|thriller]]s ''[[The Night Listener (film)|The Night Listener]]'' and ''[[The Dead Girl]]''. The latter was released to "generally favorable" reviews,<ref name="Metacritic film list"/><ref>{{cite web | title = ''The Dead Girl'' (2006) | url = https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/dead_girl/ | work = Rotten Tomatoes | date = 19 January 2007 | access-date = 5 May 2010 | archive-date = 9 June 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100609090056/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/dead_girl/ | url-status = live }}</ref> while ''The Night Listener'' was higher earning with a revenue of US$10.5 million.<ref>{{cite web | title = ''The Night Listener'' (2006) | url = https://www.the-numbers.com/movies/2006/NTLIS.php | work = The Numbers | access-date = 6 May 2010 | archive-date = 11 June 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110611063338/http://www.the-numbers.com/movies/2006/NTLIS.php | url-status = live }}</ref>

In her first television engagement in five years, the HBO-BBC joint miniseries ''[[Tsunami: The Aftermath]]'' (2006), she played an Australian government employee who tries to cope with the events following the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake]] and the resulting [[tsunami]] in Thailand. The film received mixed reviews from critics. Robert Bianco of ''[[USA Today]]'' said that it was, "inexcusably tasteless, tone deaf... and dull", and Brian Lowry of ''Variety'' remarked that the film, "[grasps] for higher ground that it never reaches."<ref>{{cite journal | url = https://variety.com/2006/film/awards/tsunami-the-aftermath-1200511645/ | title = ''Tsunami, the Aftermath'' | last = Lowry | first = Brian | date = 6 December 2006 | journal = Variety | access-date = 9 February 2020 | issn = 0042-2738 | oclc = 810134503 | archive-date = 9 August 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200809214954/https://variety.com/2006/film/awards/tsunami-the-aftermath-1200511645/ | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/television/reviews/2006-12-07-tsunami_x.htm | title = HBO's 'Tsunami' is itself a disaster, and just wrong | work = [[USA Today]] | access-date = 9 February 2020 | archive-date = 11 March 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160311131607/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/television/reviews/2006-12-07-tsunami_x.htm | url-status = live }}</ref> Despite this, praise was given to the performances of the cast.<ref>{{cite news | last = Heffernan | first = Virginia | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/08/arts/television/08tsun.html | title = Melodrama and, Oh Yes, a Tsunami | date = 8 December 2006 | work = The New York Times | access-date = 9 February 2020 | issn = 0362-4331 | archive-date = 5 March 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180305163111/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/08/arts/television/08tsun.html | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/27874/tsunami-the-aftermath/ | title = ''Tsunami: The Aftermath'' | website = DVD Talk | access-date = 9 February 2020 | archive-date = 9 August 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200809132503/https://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/27874/tsunami-the-aftermath/ | url-status = live }}</ref> For her role, Collette earned her first [[Primetime Emmy Award|Primetime Emmy]] nomination and third Golden Globe nomination.<ref name="Flint Marx"/><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.emmys.com/celebrities/toni-collette | title = Toni Collette | work = Television Academy | access-date = 18 September 2015 | archive-date = 4 October 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121004174515/http://www.emmys.com/celebrities/toni-collette | url-status = live }}</ref> At a ceremony in August 2006, Collette inducted [[Helen Reddy]] into the [[Australian Recording Industry Association]] (ARIA) [[ARIA Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]] and described her song, "[[I Am Woman]]" (1971) as "timeless".<ref name="Adams Aug2006">{{cite web | url = http://ntnews.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,7034,20156660%255E10388,00.html | title = ARIA Hall of Fame honours rock greats | author = Adams, Cameron | work = [[Northern Territory News]] | date = 17 August 2006 | via = National Library of Australia | archive-url = https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20060822093125/http://ntnews.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,7034,20156660%255E10388,00.html | archive-date = 22 August 2006 | access-date = 13 September 2020 }}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

After working as a juror at the [[2007 Cannes Film Festival]], she starred in two releases of 2007, ''[[Towelhead (film)|Towelhead]]'' and ''[[Evening (film)|Evening]]''. [[Clint Eastwood]] has planned to cast [[Nicholas Hoult]] & Collette in Juror No. 2.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Kit |first1=Mia Galuppo, Borys |last2=Galuppo |first2=Mia |last3=Kit |first3=Borys |date=2023-04-14 |title=Clint Eastwood Sets New Movie, 'Juror No. 2,' With Nicholas Hoult, Toni Collette |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/clint-eastwood-direct-juror-no-2-nicholas-hoult-toni-collette-1235353258/ |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref> They received "mixed or average reviews".<ref name="Metacritic film list"/> Kelly Vance of ''[[East Bay Express]]'', called ''Towelhead'' "one of the most intelligent films of the year" and praised the artist's performance.<ref name="Vance">{{cite news | url = https://www.eastbayexpress.com/eastbay/there-goes-the-neighborhood/Content?oid=1091720 | title = There Goes the Neighborhood | last = Vance | first = Kelly | work = [[East Bay Express]] | access-date = 10 February 2020 | archive-date = 19 August 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200819095048/https://www.eastbayexpress.com/oakland/there-goes-the-neighborhood/Content?oid=1091720 | url-status = live }}</ref> In her review of ''Evening'', Putman called it "flawed in more ways than one" but lauded her for "[enlivening] her scenes with pathos".<ref name="Putman 2">{{cite web | url = http://www.thefilmfile.com/reviews/e/07_evening.htm | title = Dustin's Review – ''Evening'' (2007) | last = Putman | first = Dustin | work = TheFilmFile | access-date = 10 February 2020 | archive-date = 9 August 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200809145045/http://www.thefilmfile.com/reviews/e/07_evening.htm | url-status = live }}</ref> In 2008 she played a small role in ''[[Hey, Hey, It's Esther Blueburger]],'' and also served as an [[executive producer]].<ref name="Flint Marx"/> Her scenes were shot in a week.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.heraldsun.com.au/entertainment/movies/burger-with-the-lot/news-story/6022f9b9b91a33426510f5e729597d20 | title = Danielle Catanzariti Prepares to Play Big | date = 9 January 2008 | work = [[Herald Sun]] | access-date = 10 February 2020 | archive-date = 19 August 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200819095110/https://www.heraldsun.com.au/entertainment/movies/burger-with-the-lot/news-story/6022f9b9b91a33426510f5e729597d20?nk=4b2bf93c49eb74b0f0f48325d2dd86be-1597830670 | url-status = live }}</ref> The film received tepid reviews and failed to recoup its $6 million budget. Bernadete McNulty, writing for ''The Daily Telegraph'', wrote, "[her] presence may have got this Australian debut from writer/director Cathy Randall off the ground [but] her slight role is insufficient to make it fly the distance."<ref name="McNulty">{{cite news | last = McNulty | first = Bernadette | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/dvd-reviews/5394834/DVD-review-Hey-Hey-Its-Esther-Blueburger.html | title = DVD review: ''Hey Hey It's Esther Blueburger'' | journal = Daily Telegraph | date = 28 July 2009 | access-date = 10 February 2020 | issn = 0307-1235 | archive-date = 2 February 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180202052453/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/dvd-reviews/5394834/DVD-review-Hey-Hey-Its-Esther-Blueburger.html | url-status = live }}</ref> Her other 2008 film, ''[[The Black Balloon (film)|The Black Balloon]]'', was better received, for which she was also co-executive producer.<ref name="Flint Marx"/> Frank Hatherley of ''Screen Daily'' praised the film and her acting, "[she] gives another of her warm, full-blooded portraits" and [[Roger Ebert]] venerated her performance as being the heart of the film.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-black-balloon-2009 | title = ''The Black Balloon'' Movie Review (2009) | last = Ebert | first = Roger | author-link = Roger Ebert | website = www.rogerebert.com | access-date = 10 February 2020 | archive-date = 5 December 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191205231832/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-black-balloon-2009 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.screendaily.com/the-black-balloon-2007/4036868.article | title = ''The Black Balloon'' (2007) | last = Hatherley | first = Frank | work = Screen Daily | access-date = 10 February 2020 | archive-date = 9 August 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200809121817/https://www.screendaily.com/the-black-balloon-2007/4036868.article | url-status = live }}</ref> She won her fifth AACTA Award for the role of Maggie Mollison in ''The Black Balloon''.<ref name="2008 Australian Film Institute Awards">{{cite web | url = https://www.aacta.org/aacta-awards/past-awards/range/2000-2010/year/2008/ | title = The 50th Australian Film Institute Awards (2008) Nominees and Winners | publisher = Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181224174151/https://www.aacta.org/aacta-awards/past-awards/range/2000-2010/year/2008/ | archive-date = 24 December 2018 | url-status = live | access-date = 15 April 2020 }} Note: from 1958 to 2010 these awards were known as Australian Film Institute Awards or AFI Awards.</ref>

In 2008, Collette accepted the leading role in the [[Showtime (TV network)|Showtime]] TV comedy-drama series, ''[[United States of Tara]]''.<ref name="Rothschild"/> Created by [[Steven Spielberg]] and [[Diablo Cody]], it revolves around Tara Gregson, a wife and mother of two, who has [[dissociative identity disorder]], and is coping with alternate personalities.<ref name="Rothschild"/> She was given the leading role by Spielberg without auditioning.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/toni-collette-5-things-you-835310/item/forces-auditions-toni-collette-835321 | title = Forces Auditions - Toni Collette: 5 Things You Didn't Know About the Actress | work = [[The Hollywood Reporter]] | access-date = 13 March 2020 | archive-date = 19 August 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170819004423/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/toni-collette-5-things-you-835310/item/forces-auditions-toni-collette-835321 | url-status = live }}</ref> In the role, she portrayed multiple characters and found that it required more preparation than she normally did.<ref name="Rothschild"/> However, after she understood the characters better, she found it easier to play them.<ref name="Rothschild">{{cite web | url = https://www.autostraddle.com/toni-collette-straddles-gender-roles-in-united-states-of-tara-the-autostraddle-interview-38058/ | title = Toni Collette is Queering Gender in ''United States of Tara'': The ''Autostraddle'' Interview | last = Rothschild | first = Jess | date = 22 March 2010 | work = [[Autostraddle]] | access-date = 10 April 2020 | archive-date = 8 April 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200408180112/https://www.autostraddle.com/toni-collette-straddles-gender-roles-in-united-states-of-tara-the-autostraddle-interview-38058/ | url-status = live }}</ref> The show was originally planned for a twelve-episode season, but was renewed for a second and third season after it gave the network its highest ratings since 2004.<ref>{{cite journal | url = http://www.multichannel.com/article/173970-Showtime_United_With_Tara_For_Second_Season.php | title = Showtime United with Tara for Second Season | last = Umstead | first = Thomas R. | journal = [[Multichannel News]] | date = 10 February 2009 | access-date = 10 February 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090214045815/http://www.multichannel.com/article/173970-Showtime_United_With_Tara_For_Second_Season.php | archive-date =14 February 2009 }}</ref> The series and her performance received generally favorable reviews.<ref name="Metacritic TV list">{{cite web | url = https://www.metacritic.com/person/toni-collette?filter-options=tv&sort_options=metascore&num_items=100 | title = Toni Collette TV Profile | publisher = Metacritic | access-date = 9 April 2020 | archive-date = 19 August 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200819095147/https://www.metacritic.com/person/toni-collette?filter-options=tv&sort_options=metascore&num_items=100 | url-status = live }}</ref> Tim Goodman of the ''San Francisco Chronicle'' called her a "tour de force", and Ariana Bacle of ''Entertainment Weekly'' praised the actor's "flawless" transition between personalities that felt so "insanely distinct" that they could have each been a different actor.<ref>{{cite magazine | url = https://ew.com/article/2014/02/10/im-still-not-over-united-states-of-tara-cancellation/ | title = I'm Still Not Over... ''United States of Tara'' getting canceled | magazine = Entertainment Weekly | access-date = 10 February 2020 | archive-date = 14 December 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171214025932/http://ew.com/article/2014/02/10/im-still-not-over-united-states-of-tara-cancellation/ | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.sfgate.com/tv/article/TV-review-United-States-of-Tara-3254262.php | title = TV review: ''United States of Tara'' | last = Goodman | first = Tim | date = 16 January 2009 | work = San Francisco Chronicle | access-date = 10 February 2020 | issn = 1932-8672 | oclc = 8812614 | archive-date = 2 August 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200802130054/https://www.sfgate.com/tv/article/TV-review-United-States-of-Tara-3254262.php | url-status = live }}</ref> Collette won both the [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series]] and the [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy|Golden Globe for Best Actress in a TV Comedy]] in 2009 and was nominated for both again in the following year.<ref name="Flint Marx"/> Also in 2009, she provided voice acting as Mary in the animated film ''[[Mary and Max]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pond |first=Steve |date=2009-12-09 |title=The Weird Brilliance of 'Mary and Max' |url=https://www.thewrap.com/weird-brilliance-mary-and-max-11544/ |access-date=2024-07-04 |website=TheWrap |language=en-US}}</ref>

Collette was originally set to star in 2009's ''[[Away We Go]]'', but dropped out due to scheduling conflicts. She then starred as a single mother of a precocious child in ''[[Jesus Henry Christ]]'' (2011).<ref name="Metacritic film list"/> The film received "mixed or average reviews";<ref name="Metacritic film list"/> James Plath of ''Movie Metropolis'' called her "terrific" but John DeFore of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' felt that she was severely underutilised.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://moviemet.com/review/jesus-henry-christ-dvd-review | title = ''Jesus Henry Christ'' - DVD Review | date = 3 July 2012 | website = Movie Metropolis | access-date = 11 February 2020 | archive-date = 9 August 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200809210523/https://moviemet.com/review/jesus-henry-christ-dvd-review | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/jesus-henry-christ-film-review-183323 | title = ''Jesus Henry Christ'': Tribeca Review | work = The Hollywood Reporter | access-date = 11 February 2020 | archive-date = 1 December 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171201121807/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/jesus-henry-christ-film-review-183323 | url-status = live }}</ref> She later had a supporting role in the horror-comedy [[Fright Night (2011 film)|''Fright Night'']] (2011). The film reunited her with filmmaker [[Craig Gillespie]] who had directed her in several episodes of ''United States of Tara''.<ref>{{cite journal | url = https://variety.com/2011/film/reviews/fright-night-1117945839/ | title = ''Fright Night'' | last = Koehler | first = Robert | date = 18 August 2011 | journal = Variety | access-date = 11 February 2020 | issn = 0042-2738 | oclc = 810134503 | archive-date = 13 November 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191113001808/https://variety.com/2011/film/reviews/fright-night-1117945839/ | url-status = live }}</ref> Debbie Lynn Elias of ''Behind the Lens'' called her "pitchfork perfect" while Emmet Asher-Perrin of ''[[Tor.com]]'' said that she was "charming as always".<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.tor.com/2011/08/23/one-of-lifes-guilty-pleasures-fright-night/ | title = One of Life's Guilty Pleasures: ''Fright Night'' | last = Asher-Perrin | first = Emmet | date = 23 August 2011 | website = [[Tor.com]] | access-date = 11 February 2020 | archive-date = 5 June 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200605132727/https://www.tor.com/2011/08/23/one-of-lifes-guilty-pleasures-fright-night/ | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://behindthelensonline.net/site/reviews/fright-night/ | title = ''Fright Night'' | last = Elias | first = Debbie Lynn | website = Behind the Lens | date = 18 August 2011 | access-date = 11 February 2020 | archive-date = 5 June 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200605132731/http://behindthelensonline.net/site/reviews/fright-night/ | url-status = live }}</ref> The film received "generally favorable reviews".<ref name="Metacritic film list"/>

===2012–2017: Independent films and Broadway return===
[[File:Toni Collette (6902407861).jpg|thumb|Collette at the Short Film Festival in [[Sydney, Australia]] in 2012]]
Collette's first release of 2012 was the independent comedy drama ''[[Mental (2012 film)|Mental]]''. She played Shaz, a hitchhiker who is hired as a [[nanny]] to take care of five [[mentally ill]] sisters. Despite giving the film a negative review, Gary Goldstein of the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' said that the actor "rips into her woolly role as if channeling a leftover personality from her ''United States of Tara'' days."<ref>{{Cite news | url = https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-xpm-2013-mar-28-la-et-mn-mental-capsule-review-20130329-story.html | title = Review: In a Fragile ''Mental'' State | date = 28 March 2013 | work = [[Los Angeles Times]] | access-date = 16 February 2020 | archive-date = 16 February 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200216133825/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-xpm-2013-mar-28-la-et-mn-mental-capsule-review-20130329-story.html | url-status = live }}</ref> Luke Buckmaster of ''[[Crikey]]'' called her "charismatic and all-inhabiting".<ref>{{cite web | url = https://blogs.crikey.com.au/cinetology/2012/10/08/mental-movie-review-crazy-good-aussie-filmmaking/ | title = ''Mental'' Movie Review: Crazy Good Aussie Filmmaking – Cinetology | website = [[Crikey]] | access-date = 16 February 2020 | archive-date = 16 February 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200216133825/https://blogs.crikey.com.au/cinetology/2012/10/08/mental-movie-review-crazy-good-aussie-filmmaking/ | url-status = live }}</ref> She received her third AACTA Best Actress nomination for the role. Later in the year, she played [[Peggy Robertson|Peggy]], a supporting role in the [[Biographical film|biographical]] drama, ''[[Hitchcock (film)|Hitchcock]]''. [[Deborah Ross (journalist)|Deborah Ross]], writing for ''[[The Spectator]]'', provided an unenthusiastic review and wrote, "[''Hitchcock''] wastes many of its cast members - particularly Toni Collette."<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.spectator.co.uk/2013/02/whats-it-all-about-3/ | title = What kind of film does ''Hitchcock'' think it is? | last = Ross | first = Deborah | author-link = Deborah Ross (journalist) | date = 9 February 2013 | work = [[The Spectator]] | access-date = 16 February 2020 }}</ref>

In 2013, Collette was seen in the independent film ''[[The Way, Way Back]]'', opposite [[Steve Carell]] and [[Sam Rockwell]], and in ''[[Enough Said (film)|Enough Said]]'', with [[Julia Louis-Dreyfus]] and [[James Gandolfini]]. For ''The Way, Way Back'', she received positive reviews: Andrew O'Hehir of ''[[Salon (website)|Salon]]'' magazine praised her "brilliant, understated performance;"<ref>{{cite journal | url = http://www.salon.com/2013/07/05/pick_of_the_week_the_way_way_back_is_a_wistful_summer_escape/ | url-access = subscription | title = Pick of the Week: ''The Way, Way Back'' Is a Wistful Summer Escape | first = Andrew | last = O'Hehir | date = 5 July 2013 | journal = [[Salon (website)|Salon]] | access-date = 18 September 2015 | archive-date = 25 September 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150925042958/http://www.salon.com/2013/07/05/pick_of_the_week_the_way_way_back_is_a_wistful_summer_escape/ | url-status = live }}</ref> [[Peter Travers]] of ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' noticed her star quality;<ref>{{cite magazine | url = https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/reviews/the-way-way-back-20130708 | first = Peter | last = Travers | title = ''The Way Way Back'' | date = 8 July 2013 | magazine = [[Rolling Stone]] | access-date = 18 September 2015 | archive-date = 24 September 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150924152701/http://www.rollingstone.com/movies/reviews/the-way-way-back-20130708 | url-status = live }}</ref> Berardinelli described her adaptability and said that she gives a performance far and above what the role required.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.reelviews.net/php_review_template.php?identifier=2639 | title = Reviews: ''The Way Way Back'' | first = James | last = Berardinelli | date = 16 July 2013 | work = Reelviews Movie Reviews | access-date = 18 September 2015 | archive-date = 11 February 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150211211949/http://www.reelviews.net/php_review_template.php?identifier=2639 | url-status = live }}</ref> Her performance in ''Enough Said'' was also well received; Katie Smith-Wong of ''FlickFeast'' praised her for bringing humour to the film but Joseph Walsh of ''CinVue'' said that she was underused.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.flickfeast.co.uk/reviews/film-reviews/enoughsaid-2013-2/ | title = ''Enough Said'' (2013) | date = 17 October 2013 | work = FlickFeast | access-date = 18 February 2020 | archive-date = 18 February 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200218140608/https://www.flickfeast.co.uk/reviews/film-reviews/enoughsaid-2013-2/ | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url = https://cine-vue.com/2013/10/lff-2013-enough-said-review.html | title = LFF 2013: ''Enough Said'' Review | date = 20 October 2013 | website = CineVue | access-date = 18 February 2020 | archive-date = 9 August 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200809104706/https://cine-vue.com/2013/10/lff-2013-enough-said-review.html | url-status = live }}</ref> Later that year, Collette starred in the CBS TV drama, ''[[Hostages (American TV series)|Hostages]]'', which received reviews that were generally favourable,<ref name="Metacritic TV list"/> but weak ratings. ''[[RedEye]]''{{'}}s Curt Wagner was fascinated by her performance,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.redeyechicago.com/entertainment/tv/redeye-blacklist-hostages-tv-reviews-20130922,0,3522892.story | title = Monday suspense TV: 'The Blacklist' has edge over 'Hostages' | first = Curt | last = Wagner | date = 22 September 2013 | work = [[RedEye]] | access-date = 18 September 2015 | archive-date = 27 October 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141027131400/http://www.redeyechicago.com/entertainment/tv/redeye-blacklist-hostages-tv-reviews-20130922,0,3522892.story | url-status = live }}</ref> while Verne Gay of ''[[Newsday]]'' felt she was "superb",<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.newsday.com/entertainment/tv/hostages-review-thrill-ride-1.6109696 | title = ''Hostages'' Review: Thrill Ride | first = Verne | last = Gay | date = 20 September 2013 | work = [[Newsday]] | access-date = 18 September 2015 | archive-date = 17 November 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151117033143/http://www.newsday.com/entertainment/tv/hostages-review-thrill-ride-1.6109696 | url-status = live }}</ref> and ''USA Today''{{'}}s Bianco as "nuanced" and "grounded".<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/tv/2013/09/22/bianco-blacklist-hostages-combo-review-sept-23/2831619/ | work = USA Today | first1 = Robert | last1 = Bianco | title = ''Blacklist'', ''Hostages'' Each Have Suspenseful Charms | date = 22 September 2013 | access-date = 17 September 2017 | archive-date = 28 September 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170928202226/https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/tv/2013/09/22/bianco-blacklist-hostages-combo-review-sept-23/2831619/ | url-status = live }}</ref> The series aired for fifteen episodes and, due to a combination of low ratings and a closed narrative, did not return for a second season.<ref name="Kimball">{{cite web | url = https://tvseriesfinale.com/tv-show/hostages-cbs-tv-show-officially-finally-cancelled-32513/ | title = ''Hostages'' TV show officially canceled, no season two | last = Kimball | first = Trevor | work = TV Series Finale | date = 10 May 2014 | access-date = 7 December 2020 | archive-date = 4 April 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230404200055/https://tvseriesfinale.com/tv-show/hostages-cbs-tv-show-officially-finally-cancelled-32513/ | url-status = live }}</ref>

In the comedy drama ''[[Lucky Them]]'' (2013), which debuted at the [[Toronto International Film Festival]], Collette portrayed Ellie Klug, a music critic assigned to write about a disappeared musician and childhood sweetheart, and tasked herself to track him down. She took on the role because she felt the script had a realistic and in-depth approach to topics like [[Self-sustainability|self-sufficiency]] and [[self-realization]].<ref name=":9">{{Cite news|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2014/03/28/toni-collette-on-a-new-play-and-why-she-shaved-her-head/|title=Toni Collette On 'The Realistic Joneses' and Why She Shaved Her Head|last=Cohen|first=Stefanie|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=28 March 2014 |language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-16|archive-date=9 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809114832/https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2014/03/28/toni-collette-on-a-new-play-and-why-she-shaved-her-head/|url-status=live}}</ref> She later said that, out of all the roles she had played, Ellie resembled her the most.<ref name=":9" /> The film earned "generally favorable reviews", with praise for her performance.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.villagevoice.com/2014-05-28/film/lucky-them-movie/ | title = The Nimble ''Lucky Them'' Seeks Out a Grunge Legend | first = Chris | last = Packham | date = 28 May 2014 | work = [[The Village Voice]] | access-date = 18 September 2015 | archive-date = 9 May 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150509122253/http://www.villagevoice.com/2014-05-28/film/lucky-them-movie/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> David Rooney of ''The Hollywood Reporter'' wrote that it was "centered by smart, soulful work by the wonderful Toni Collette" and that she played her character "with warmth, realness and emotional transparency that make you stay with her even when she's pushing people away."<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/lucky-toronto-review-625953 | work = The Hollywood Reporter | first = David | last = Rooney | title = ''Lucky Them'': Toronto Review | date = 11 September 2013 | access-date = 19 February 2020 | archive-date = 18 June 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200618195944/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/lucky-toronto-review-625953 | url-status = live }}</ref> The film also screened at the [[Tribeca Film Festival]], where Joe Bendel of ''[[Libertas Film Magazine]]'' ranked her performance as the fourth-best of the festival.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.indiewire.com/article/results-of-the-2014-tribeca-critics-poll | title = Critics Pick the Best Movies at the Tribeca Film Festival | first = Steve | last = Greene | date = 29 April 2014 | work = [[IndieWire]] | access-date = 18 September 2015 | archive-date = 24 September 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150924082440/http://www.indiewire.com/article/results-of-the-2014-tribeca-critics-poll | url-status = live }}</ref> Upon release, [[Mike D'Angelo]] of ''[[The Dissolve]]'' wrote that she "is capable of anything".<ref>{{cite web | url = http://thedissolve.com/reviews/832-lucky-them/ | access-date = 8 July 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150324181848/https://thedissolve.com/reviews/832-lucky-them/ | archive-date = 24 March 2015 | title = ''Lucky Them'' | last = Klimek | first = Chris | work = The Dissolve | date = 29 May 2014 }}</ref>

After a 14-year absence, Collette returned to Broadway in 2014, starring as Jennifer Jones in [[Will Eno]]'s play ''[[The Realistic Joneses]]'' alongside co-stars Marisa Tomei, [[Michael C. Hall]], and [[Tracy Letts]]. The play examines a couple who project their insecurities and fears onto their next-door neighbours with the same last name. The play opened to positive reviews, with the actor and the entire cast earning high praise.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Review-Roundup-THE-REALISTIC-JONESES-Opens-on-Broadway-Updating-Live-20140406# | title = Review Roundup: ''The Realistic Joneses'' Opens on Broadway | work = [[BroadwayWorld]] | date = 6 April 2014 | access-date = 18 September 2015 | archive-date = 24 September 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150924002412/http://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Review-Roundup-THE-REALISTIC-JONESES-Opens-on-Broadway-Updating-Live-20140406 | url-status = live }}</ref> Charles Isherwood from ''The New York Times'' wrote that "Ms. Collette exudes a touching, exasperated dignity as Jennifer."<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/07/theater/realistic-joneses-stars-toni-collette-and-michael-c-hall.html | title = ''Realistic Joneses'' Stars Toni Collette and Michael C. Hall | last = Isherwood | first = Charles | newspaper = The New York Times | date = 7 April 2014 | url-access = subscription | access-date = 28 February 2017 | archive-date = 27 February 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170227212340/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/07/theater/realistic-joneses-stars-toni-collette-and-michael-c-hall.html | url-status = live }}</ref> ''Variety''{{'}}s Marilyn Stasio called her work "terribly funny",<ref>{{cite web | url = https://variety.com/2014/legit/reviews/broadway-review-the-realistic-joneses-1201153252/ | title = Broadway Review: ''The Realistic Joneses'' | first = Marilyn | last = Stasio | work = Variety | date = 6 April 2014 | access-date = 18 September 2015 | issn = 0042-2738 | oclc = 810134503 | archive-date = 11 September 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150911205442/http://variety.com/2014/legit/reviews/broadway-review-the-realistic-joneses-1201153252/ | url-status = live }}</ref> while Rooney of ''The Hollywood Reporter'' claimed, "Collette, whose naturalness can cut through even the very deliberate theatrical artifice of Eno's dialogue and scene construction, anchors the play with her somber restraint and deadpan delivery."<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/theater-review-realistic-joneses-693966 | title = Theater Review: ''The Realistic Joneses'' | first = David | last = Rooney | work = Hollywood Reporter | date = 6 April 2014 | access-date = 18 September 2015 | archive-date = 30 September 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150930235058/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/theater-review-realistic-joneses-693966 | url-status = live }}</ref> The artist and her co-stars won a [[Drama Desk Special Award]] for Best Ensemble Performance.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://variety.com/2014/legit/news/gentlemans-guide-racks-up-a-dozen-nominations-for-the-2014-drama-desk-awards-1201163848/ | work = Variety | first = Gordon | last = Cox | title = ''Gentleman's Guide'' Racks Up 12 Nominations for Drama Desk Awards | date = 25 April 2014 | issn = 0042-2738 | oclc = 810134503 | access-date = 9 December 2017 | archive-date = 22 June 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170622045039/http://variety.com/2014/legit/news/gentlemans-guide-racks-up-a-dozen-nominations-for-the-2014-drama-desk-awards-1201163848/ | url-status = live }}</ref>

[[File:Miss You Already 05 (20764762454) (2) (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|alt=The 42-year-old is shown in a half-body shot. She wears a white top above a yellow skirt. She is smiling and facing to her left with her hair short, fair to light brown. Behind her to our left is a man wearing headphones and a microphone, while at the right is a woman holding an umbrella.|Collette attending the premiere of ''[[Miss You Already]]'' at the [[2015 Toronto International Film Festival]]|left]]

In 2014, Collette appeared in three comedy films, ''[[Tammy (film)|Tammy]]'', ''[[A Long Way Down (film)|A Long Way Down]]'' and ''[[Hector and the Search for Happiness (film)|Hector and the Search for Happiness]]''.<ref name="Metacritic film list"/> All three are rated as having "generally unfavorable reviews" by Metacritic.<ref name="Metacritic film list"/> Also in that year she provided the voice to Lady Portley-Rind in the animation ''[[The Boxtrolls]]''.<ref name="Metacritic film list"/> She starred as Milly, opposite [[Drew Barrymore]] as Jess, in the comedy drama ''[[Miss You Already]]'' (2015), about two women whose friendship is tested when Jess starts a family while Milly falls ill. It premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Punter|first=Jennie|date=2015-08-18|title=Sandra Bullock's 'Our Brand Is Crisis,' Robert Redford's 'Truth' to Premiere at Toronto|url=https://variety.com/2015/film/news/sandra-bullocks-our-brand-tom-hiddlestons-i-saw-the-light-to-premiere-at-toronto-1201572271/|access-date=2020-12-07|website=Variety|language=en-US|archive-date=19 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150819112923/https://variety.com/2015/film/news/sandra-bullocks-our-brand-tom-hiddlestons-i-saw-the-light-to-premiere-at-toronto-1201572271/|url-status=live}}</ref> and Metacritic rated it at 59% indicating "mixed or average reviews".<ref name="MC MissYou">{{cite web | url = https://www.metacritic.com/movie/miss-you-already | title = ''Miss You Already'' Reviews | work = Metacritic | access-date = 7 December 2020 | archive-date = 23 October 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201023034044/https://www.metacritic.com/movie/miss-you-already | url-status = live }}</ref> Billy Goodykoontz of ''[[The Arizona Republic]]'' asserted that "[her] work is so compulsively watchable that ''Miss You Already'' is worth a watch for that reason alone."<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.azcentral.com/story/entertainment/movies/billgoodykoontz/2015/11/05/miss-you-already-old-fashioned-weepie-movie-review/75134050/ | title = Review: ''Miss You Already'' an Old-fashioned Weepie | first = Billy | last = Goodykoontz | work = [[The Arizona Republic]] | date = 5 November 2015 | access-date = 11 February 2020 | archive-date = 19 August 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200819095118/https://www.azcentral.com/story/entertainment/movies/billgoodykoontz/2015/11/05/miss-you-already-old-fashioned-weepie-movie-review/75134050/ | url-status = live }}</ref> Collette then played the matriarch of a dysfunctional family in the horror film ''[[Krampus (film)|Krampus]]'' (also 2015). Her sole release of 2016 was the crime thriller ''[[Imperium (2016 film)|Imperium]]'', opposite [[Daniel Radcliffe]], she portrayed Angela Zamparo, an FBI analyst targeting a white supremacist group. Despite its limited release, the film garnered positive reviews, with Gary Goldstein of the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' calling it "impressively dimensional...tense, gripping and disturbing," and found her to be "excellent" as Radcliffe's character's supervisor.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-mini-imperium-review-20160816-snap-story.html | url-access = subscription | title = Daniel Radcliffe Goes Undercover with White Supremacists in Crime Thriller ''Imperium'' | first = Gary | last = Goldstein | work = [[Los Angeles Times]] | date = 17 August 2016 | access-date = 21 August 2016 | archive-date = 21 August 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160821073602/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-mini-imperium-review-20160816-snap-story.html | url-status = live }}</ref>

In 2017, Collette appeared in several films: to varying degrees of success. The action film, ''[[XXX: Return of Xander Cage]]'', starring [[Vin Diesel]], was a commercial success, grossing $346.1 million<ref name="BOM2">{{cite web | url = https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=xxx3.htm | title = ''xXx: The Return of Xander Cage'' (2017) | work = Box Office Mojo | access-date = 22 April 2017 | archive-date = 25 April 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170425214943/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=xxx3.htm | url-status = live }}</ref> and earned mixed reviews, though Mick LaSalle of the ''San Francisco Chronicle'' praised her for "embrac[ing] the cold-blooded extremes of her role" as a CIA operative.<ref name="LaSalle">{{cite web | url = https://www.sfgate.com/movies/article/XXX-Return-of-Xander-Cage-OK-if-10869299.php | title = ''XXX: Return of Xander Cage'' — OK if You're in on the joke | last = LaSalle | first = Mick | work = San Francisco Chronicle | date = 19 January 2017 | access-date = 12 April 2020 | issn = 1932-8672 | oclc = 8812614 | archive-date = 23 March 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200323135558/https://www.sfgate.com/movies/article/XXX-Return-of-Xander-Cage-OK-if-10869299.php | url-status = live }}</ref> Her next two films, the war drama ''[[The Yellow Birds (film)|The Yellow Birds]]'' and the comedy ''[[Fun Mom Dinner]],'' premiered at the [[Sundance Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.sundance.org/pdf/film-guide/SFF17_FilmGuide_Web_Dec12.pdf | title = 2017 Sundance Film Festival: Printable Film Guide | publisher = [[The Sundance Institute]] | access-date = 13 December 2016 | archive-date = 20 December 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161220174451/http://www.sundance.org/pdf/film-guide/SFF17_FilmGuide_Web_Dec12.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref> Although both of these gathered "mixed or average reviews",<ref name="Metacritic film list"/> the actor's work was appreciated, particularly in the former, with the ''Los Angeles Times'' critic taking note of how she, and co-star [[Jennifer Aniston]], "deliver uniformly naturalistic performances."<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-mini-yellow-birds-review-20180614-story.html | title = Though Well-Acted, ''The Yellow Birds'' Relies too Heavily on Previous War Dramas | first = Michael | last = Rechtshaffen | work = Los Angeles Times | date = 14 June 2018 | access-date = 12 February 2020 | archive-date = 5 December 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191205165042/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-mini-yellow-birds-review-20180614-story.html | url-status = live }}</ref> She was also in the action-thriller ''[[Unlocked (2017 film)|Unlocked]]'', and the comedies ''[[Madame (2017 film)|Madame]]'' and ''[[Please Stand By]]'', all of which received "mixed or average reviews" according to Metacritic.<ref name="Metacritic film list"/> The mystery drama ''[[Jasper Jones (film)|Jasper Jones]]'' (2017) was better received—obtaining 77% at [[Rotten Tomatoes]].<ref name="Rotten Jasper">{{cite web | url = https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/jasper_jones | title = ''Jasper Jones'' (2016) | publisher = Rotten Tomatoes | access-date = 12 April 2020 | archive-date = 9 August 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200809135240/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/jasper_jones | url-status = live }}</ref> Sandra Hall of ''[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]'' praised her emotional range and James Douglas, writing for ''The Guardian'', said that she was "impossibly vivacious as always".<ref>{{cite news | last = Douglas | first = James Robert | url = https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/aug/25/jasper-jones-first-look-review-spielberg-meets-stranger-things-in-australian-coming-of-age-tale | title = ''Jasper Jones'' First Look Review – Spielberg meets ''Stranger Things'' in Australian Coming-of-Age Tale | date = 25 August 2016 | work = The Guardian | access-date = 27 February 2020 | issn = 0261-3077 | oclc = 60623878 | archive-date = 27 February 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200227154237/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/aug/25/jasper-jones-first-look-review-spielberg-meets-stranger-things-in-australian-coming-of-age-tale | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/movies/jasper-jones-review-a-classic-tale-well-told-20170227-gum3uf.html | title = ''Jasper Jones'' Review: A Classic Tale Well Told | last = Hall | first = Sandra | date = 28 February 2017 | work = The Sydney Morning Herald | issn = 0312-6315 | oclc = 226369741 | access-date = 27 February 2020 | archive-date = 27 February 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200227154237/https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/movies/jasper-jones-review-a-classic-tale-well-told-20170227-gum3uf.html | url-status = live }}</ref> Richard Kuipers of ''Variety'' eulogized the artist's climactic monologue in which her character laments her discontent, calling her "positively electrifying".<ref>{{cite journal | url = https://variety.com/2017/film/reviews/jasper-jones-film-review-1201999791/ | title = Film Review: ''Jasper Jones'' | last = Kuipers | first = Richard | date = 2 March 2017 | journal = Variety | access-date = 27 February 2020 | issn = 0042-2738 | oclc = 810134503 | archive-date = 27 February 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200227154526/https://variety.com/2017/film/reviews/jasper-jones-film-review-1201999791/ | url-status = live }}</ref>

Also in that year, she formed the production company Vocab Films, with her US-based talent manager Jen Turner.<ref name="Busch">{{cite web | url = https://deadline.com/2017/05/toni-collette-graeme-simsion-the-best-of-adam-sharp-vocab-films-1202099473/ | title = Toni Collette Options Graeme Simsion Novel ''The Best of Adam Sharp'' for Her Vocab Films | last = Busch | first = Anita | work = [[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]] | date = 23 May 2017 | access-date = 13 April 2020 | archive-date = 9 August 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200809132357/https://deadline.com/2017/05/toni-collette-graeme-simsion-the-best-of-adam-sharp-vocab-films-1202099473/ | url-status = live }}</ref> She had previously worked as executive producer for the films she appeared in, ''Like Minds'' (2006), ''The Black Balloon'', and ''Hey, Hey, It's Esther Blueburger'' (both 2008).<ref name="BFI Filmography">{{cite web | url = https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2baa9ceae7 | title = Toni Collette | publisher = [[British Film Institute|BFI]] | access-date = 9 April 2020 | archive-date = 6 April 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200406194946/https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2baa9ceae7 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Vocab Film's first project is ''[[The Best of Adam Sharp]]'' (2016), a novel by fellow Australian, [[Graeme Simsion]].<ref name="Busch"/> Collette is set to play the female lead role, Angelina Brown, who is described by Anita Busch of ''[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]]'' as, "an intelligent and strong-willed woman... who taught [Adam] what it meant to find—and then lose—love."<ref name="Busch"/> Another project is Julia Dahl's novel, ''Invisible City'', a co-production with [[RadicalMedia]], for a TV murder mystery with the actor also serving as a script writer for the pilot episode.<ref name="Berger">{{cite web | url = https://womenandhollywood.com/toni-collette-to-ep-and-write-tv-adaptation-of-julia-dahls-invisible-city-92b3c8361306/?source=rss----eb0b08436136---4 | title = Toni Collette to EP and Write TV Adaptation of Julia Dahl's ''Invisible City'' | last = Berger | first = Laura | work = Women and Hollywood | date = 13 July 2017 | access-date = 13 April 2020 | archive-date = 9 August 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200809212007/https://womenandhollywood.com/toni-collette-to-ep-and-write-tv-adaptation-of-julia-dahls-invisible-city-92b3c8361306/?source=rss----eb0b08436136---4 | url-status = live }}</ref> She explained her motivation, "it's about fighting for personal freedom and living an authentic life. It couldn't be a more relevant time to tell this story about acceptance and integration, or lack thereof. These complex female characters are honest, flawed, and inspiring. We can always use more of those."<ref name="Berger"/>

===2018–present: Mainstream films and continued praise===
In 2018, Collette starred in the horror film ''[[Hereditary (film)|Hereditary]]'', playing Annie Graham, the matriarch of a family haunted by the supernatural following the death of her mother.<ref name=rolling>{{cite magazine | url = https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/movie-features/hereditary-inside-the-making-of-a-modern-horror-classic-629141/ | title = ''Hereditary'': Inside the Making of a Modern Horror Classic | author = Fear, David | magazine = Rolling Stone | date = 12 June 2018 | access-date = 23 December 2018 | archive-date = 24 December 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181224121920/https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/movie-features/hereditary-inside-the-making-of-a-modern-horror-classic-629141/ | url-status = live }}</ref> She was initially reluctant to take on the role, but became convinced by the script's grounded approach and its exploration of grief and loss.<ref name=":2" /> She considered it to be the most difficult of her career: in an interview with ''[[New York (magazine)|Vulture]]''{{'}}s Rachel Handler she reflected, "There was no easy moment in this movie... I was shooting 14-take scenes, talking about great loss and difficulty in relating to my family."<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.vulture.com/2018/06/toni-collette-on-hereditary-the-wildest-movie-of-her-career.html | title = Toni Collette on ''Hereditary'', the Wildest Movie of Her Career | last = Handler | first = Rachel | date = 8 June 2018 | website = [[New York (magazine)|Vulture]] | access-date = 15 February 2020 | archive-date = 5 February 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205181334/https://www.vulture.com/2018/06/toni-collette-on-hereditary-the-wildest-movie-of-her-career.html | url-status = live }}</ref> The film premiered at the Sundance Film Festival and became [[A24]]'s highest-grossing film, earning US$80.2 million<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.sundance.org/projects/hereditary | title = ''Hereditary'' | publisher = The Sundance Institute | access-date = 31 July 2018 | archive-date = 17 November 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181117050142/https://www.sundance.org/projects/hereditary | url-status = live }}</ref> Chris Nashawaty of ''Entertainment Weekly'' praised her for "real dramatic power and force", while Michael Phillips of the ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'' complimented her "fierce performance with a human pulse".<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/movies/sc-mov-hereditary-rev-0604-story.html | title = ''Hereditary'' Review: Toni Collette Reveals a Sixth Sense for Icy Terror | last = Phillips | first = Michael | work = [[Chicago Tribune]] | access-date = 21 June 2018 | archive-date = 21 June 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180621093042/http://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/movies/sc-mov-hereditary-rev-0604-story.html | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine | url = https://ew.com/movies/2018/06/08/hereditary-movie-review-toni-collette/ | title = Toni Collette Is Scary Good in the Terrifying ''Hereditary'': EW Review | magazine = Entertainment Weekly | access-date = 21 June 2018 | archive-date = 21 June 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180621093038/http://ew.com/movies/2018/06/08/hereditary-movie-review-toni-collette/ | url-status = live }}</ref> She won the [[Gotham Independent Film Award for Best Actress]] and was nominated for the [[AACTA International Award for Best Actress|AACTA]], [[Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Actress|Critics' Choice]] and [[Independent Spirit Award for Best Female Lead|Independent Spirit Awards in that category]] for her performance.<ref name="Flint Marx"/><ref name="Wagmeister">{{cite journal | last1 = Wagmeister | first1 = Elizabeth | title = Gotham Awards: A24 Sweeps with Five Wins, Including ''First Reformed'', ''Eighth Grade'' (Full Winners List) | url = https://variety.com/2018/film/news/gotham-awards-winners-list-2018-new-york-1203037073/ | access-date = 12 April 2020 | journal = Variety | date = 26 November 2018 | issn = 0042-2738 | oclc = 810134503 | archive-date = 27 November 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181127031716/https://variety.com/2018/film/news/gotham-awards-winners-list-2018-new-york-1203037073/ | url-status = live }}</ref>

She starred in ''[[Wanderlust (British TV series)|Wanderlust]]'' (2018), a [[BBC One]] drama series about the troubled relationship between Collette's character, Joy Richards, a therapist, and her husband.<ref name="Szalai">{{cite web | url = https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/toni-collette-leads-cast-bbc-netflixs-wanderlust-1055852 | title = Toni Collette Leads Cast of BBC, Netflix's ''Wanderlust'' | last = Szalai | first = Georg | work = Hollywood Reporter | date = 7 November 2017 | access-date = 19 April 2020 | archive-date = 30 March 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190330121132/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/toni-collette-leads-cast-bbc-netflixs-wanderlust-1055852 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="Metacritic TV list"/> It was her first lead role in TV series since ''Hostages''. She also served as an associate producer on the series.<ref name=":5">{{cite web | url = https://www.indiewire.com/2018/10/wanderlust-netflix-review-toni-collette-bbc-1202013432/ | title = ''Wanderlust'' Review: Toni Collette's Dominance of 2018 Continues in a Smart Netflix Series That's Honest About Sex | last = Travers | first = Ben | date = 19 October 2018 | work = IndieWire | access-date = 4 March 2020 | archive-date = 24 January 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200124172756/https://www.indiewire.com/2018/10/wanderlust-netflix-review-toni-collette-bbc-1202013432/ | url-status = live }}</ref> Ben Travers of ''[[IndieWire]]'' wrote "[she guides] the [series] through turbulent emotional seas with assurance" and Jen Chaney of ''Vulture'' remarked that the show was worth watching solely for her performance.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.vulture.com/2018/10/wanderlust-netflix-review.html | title = In ''Wanderlust'', Toni Collette Gets Serious About Sex | last = Chaney | first = Jen | date = 19 October 2018 | website = Vulture | access-date = 4 March 2020 | archive-date = 9 August 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200809143453/https://www.vulture.com/2018/10/wanderlust-netflix-review.html | url-status = live }}</ref> Also that year, she appeared in the comedy ''[[Hearts Beat Loud]]'',<ref name="Metacritic film list"/> which also premiered at Sundance. [[Peter Bradshaw]] called it "a likable heartwarmer" and praised the actor for "[giving the] film some sinew in her supporting role."<ref name="Bradshaw">{{cite web | url = https://www.theguardian.com/film/2018/aug/03/hearts-beat-loud-review-warm-indie-drama | title = ''Hearts Beat Loud'' Review – Warm Indie Drama Film | last = Bradshaw | first = Peter | work = The Guardian | date = 3 August 2018 | access-date = 12 April 2020 | issn = 0261-3077 | oclc = 60623878 | archive-date = 12 April 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200412073929/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2018/aug/03/hearts-beat-loud-review-warm-indie-drama | url-status = live }}</ref>

[[File:Toni Collette (48707296653) (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Collette attending the premiere of ''[[Knives Out]]'' at the [[2019 Toronto International Film Festival]]]]

That following year, Collette returned to the horror genre in [[Dan Gilroy]]'s ''[[Velvet Buzzsaw]]'' (2019), alongside [[Jake Gyllenhaal]] and [[Rene Russo]]. Partly a satire about the art world, it premiered at the Sundance Film Festival to polarising reactions.<ref name="Kinnard">{{cite web | url = https://www.filminquiry.com/sundance-film-festival-2019-report-4/ | title = Sundance Film Festival 2019 Report 4: ''Velvet Buzzsaw'', ''The Report'', & ''The Wolf Hour'' | last = Kinnard | first = J. R. | work = Film Inquiry | date = 31 January 2019 | access-date = 7 December 2020 | archive-date = 1 November 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201101030458/https://www.filminquiry.com/sundance-film-festival-2019-report-4/ | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="Mancini">{{cite web | url = https://uproxx.com/movies/velvet-buzzsaw-review-netflix/ | title = Netflix's ''Velvet Buzzsaw'' Is an Unrivaled Head-Scratcher of a Movie | last = Mancini | first = Vince | work = Uproxx | date = 29 January 2019 | access-date = 7 December 2020 | archive-date = 28 September 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200928200518/https://uproxx.com/movies/velvet-buzzsaw-review-netflix/ | url-status = live }}</ref> ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]''{{'}} [[Richard Roeper]] gave it a positive review, "[she is] as good as we'd expect [her] to be."<ref name="Roeper">{{cite web | url = https://chicago.suntimes.com/2019/2/1/18375659/velvet-buzzsaw-netflix-movie-funny-as-an-art-attack | title = ''Velvet Buzzsaw'': Netflix movie funny as an art attack - Chicago Sun-Times | last = Roeper | first = Richard | work = [[Chicago Sun-Times]] | date = 1 February 2019 | access-date = 12 April 2020 | archive-date = 12 April 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200412121316/https://chicago.suntimes.com/2019/2/1/18375659/velvet-buzzsaw-netflix-movie-funny-as-an-art-attack | url-status = live }}</ref> She played a supporting role as Joni Thrombey in [[Rian Johnson]]'s mystery thriller ''[[Knives Out]]'', alongside an ensemble cast including [[Daniel Craig]], [[Ana de Armas]], [[Jamie Lee Curtis]], [[Michael Shannon]], and [[Christopher Plummer]]. It premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival and was a commercial success, grossing US$311.3 million.<ref name="Numbers Knives">{{cite web | url = https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Knives-Out-(2019)#tab=summary | title = ''Knives Out'' (2019) – Financial Information | work = The Numbers | access-date = 7 December 2020 | archive-date = 11 November 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201111232709/https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Knives-Out-(2019)#tab=summary | url-status = live }}</ref> Critics highlighted the performances of the cast: [[Joe Morgenstern]] wrote that Collette "nails her character's style with elan" and David Rooney considered her to be "divine as a deeply sincere phony".<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/knives-out-tiff-2019-1237825 | title = ''Knives Out'': Film Review {{!}} TIFF 2019 | last = Rooney | first = David | date = 7 September 2019 | work = The Hollywood Reporter | url-status = live | access-date = 12 September 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190909090941/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/knives-out-tiff-2019-1237825 | archive-date = 9 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/knives-out-review-the-giddy-pleasures-of-virtuosity-11574884919|title='Knives Out' Review: The Giddy Pleasures of Virtuosity|last=Morgenstern|first=Joe|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=27 November 2019 |language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-16|archive-date=3 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403003421/https://www.wsj.com/articles/knives-out-review-the-giddy-pleasures-of-virtuosity-11574884919|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2019, Collette took on the role of a [[police detective]], Grace Rasmussen, investigating a troubling [[rape]] case, with [[Merritt Wever]] and [[Kaitlyn Dever]], in the [[Netflix]] miniseries ''[[Unbelievable (miniseries)|Unbelievable]]''. She had accepted it prior to reading the script, finding the topic "important and so meaningful".<ref>{{cite web | url = https://collider.com/toni-collette-interview-unbelievable/#nightmare-alley-knives-out | title = Toni Collette on ''Unbelievable'', ''Knives Out'' and ''Nightmare Alley'' | last = Radish | first = Christina | date = 13 September 2019 | website = [[Collider (website)|Collider]] | url-status = live | access-date = 12 April 2020 | archive-date = 2 July 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200702111948/https://collider.com/toni-collette-interview-unbelievable/#nightmare-alley-knives-out }}</ref> It had been seen by over 32 million people making it one of Netflix's highest viewed TV series.<ref name="Lee">{{cite news | url = https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/tv-radio-web/netflix-has-revealed-its-most-watched-content-you-might-be-surprised-1.4060255 | title = Netflix Has Revealed Its Most-Watched Content. You Might Be Surprised | last = Lee | first = Benjamin | date = 23 October 2019 | newspaper = [[The Irish Times]] | url-status = live | access-date = 13 April 2020 | archive-date = 15 April 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200415132750/https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/tv-radio-web/netflix-has-revealed-its-most-watched-content-you-might-be-surprised-1.4060255 }}</ref> Several critics praised her chemistry with Wever:<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hale|first=Mike|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/13/arts/television/review-netflix-unbelievable.html|title=Netflix's 'Unbelievable' Retells a Confounding Story of Injustice|date=2019-09-13|work=The New York Times|access-date=2020-04-16|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=29 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629092720/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/13/arts/television/review-netflix-unbelievable.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Jen Chaney of ''[[New York (magazine)|New York]]'' wrote, "Wever and Collette both create fully authentic women who ooze integrity but also have enough insecurities and make enough mistakes to seem like actual human beings".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vulture.com/2019/09/unbelievable-netflix-review.html|title=Unbelievable Is a Radical, Exceptional Crime Series|last=Chaney|first=Jen|date=2019-09-13|website=Vulture|language=en-us|access-date=2020-04-16|archive-date=5 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200405010940/https://www.vulture.com/2019/09/unbelievable-netflix-review.html|url-status=live}}</ref> For her performance, she received nominations for a [[Golden Globe Awards|Golden Globe Award]] and a [[Primetime Emmy Award]], and won the [[Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Movie/Miniseries]].<ref name="Golden Globes list">{{cite web | url = https://www.goldenglobes.com/person/toni-collette | title = Toni Collette | publisher = [[Golden Globe Awards|Golden Globes]]. [[Hollywood Foreign Press Association]] (HFPA) | access-date = 7 December 2020 | archive-date = 31 October 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201031163935/https://www.goldenglobes.com/person/toni-collette | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="Emmys list">{{cite web | url = https://www.emmys.com/bios/toni-collette#awards | title = Toni Collette – Emmy Awards, Nominations and Wins | publisher = [[Primetime Emmy Award]]. Television Academy | access-date = 7 December 2020 | archive-date = 29 January 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200129084858/https://www.emmys.com/bios/toni-collette#awards | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="Critics 2020">{{cite web | url = https://deadline.com/2020/01/critics-choice-awards-2020-winners-list-1202828353/ | title = Critics' Choice Awards: ''Once Upon a Time in Hollywood'' Wins Best Picture, Netflix and HBO Among Top Honorees – Full Winners List | last2 = Ramos | last1 = Boucher | first2 = Dino-Ray | first1 = Geoff | date = 12 January 2020 | work = [[Deadline Hollywood]] | access-date = 7 December 2020 | archive-date = 16 February 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200216103839/https://deadline.com/2020/01/critics-choice-awards-2020-winners-list-1202828353/ | url-status = live }}</ref>

In 2020, she took on a leading role in the drama film ''[[Dream Horse]]'', playing a middle-aged [[South Wales]] native who decides to train a racehorse. Dennis Harvey of ''Variety'' praised her for "easily [carrying] the film's emotional weight."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2020/film/reviews/dream-horse-review-1203481073/|title='Dream Horse': Film Review|last=Harvey|first=Dennis|date=2020-01-26|website=Variety|language=en-us|access-date=2020-06-24|archive-date=9 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809171107/https://variety.com/2020/film/reviews/dream-horse-review-1203481073/|url-status=live}}</ref> She appeared in [[Charlie Kaufman]]'s psychological thriller film ''[[I'm Thinking of Ending Things (film)|I'm Thinking of Ending Things]]'', which was released on Netflix in September 2020.<ref>{{cite journal | url = https://variety.com/2019/film/news/toni-collette-jessie-buckley-and-david-thewlis-join-charlie-kaufmans-netflix-movie-exclusive-1203172412/ | title = Toni Collette, Jessie Buckley and David Thewlis Join Charlie Kaufman's Netflix Movie (Exclusive) | last = Kroll | first = Justin | date = 26 March 2019 | journal = Variety | access-date = 4 March 2020 | issn = 0042-2738 | oclc = 810134503 | archive-date = 8 January 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200108195523/https://variety.com/2019/film/news/toni-collette-jessie-buckley-and-david-thewlis-join-charlie-kaufmans-netflix-movie-exclusive-1203172412/ | url-status = live }}</ref> In 2021, she had lead roles in the science fiction thriller film ''[[Stowaway (2021 film)|Stowaway]]'', and [[Guillermo del Toro]]'s neo-noir thriller film ''[[Nightmare Alley (2021 film)|Nightmare Alley]]''.<ref>{{cite journal | url = https://variety.com/2019/film/news/toni-collette-anna-kendrick-stowaway-1203107585/ | title = Toni Collette Joins Anna Kendrick in Sci-Fi Thriller ''Stowaway'' (Exclusive) | last = Kroll | first = Justin | date = 15 January 2019 | journal = Variety | access-date = 4 March 2020 | issn = 0042-2738 | oclc = 810134503 | archive-date = 11 April 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200411123727/https://variety.com/2019/film/news/toni-collette-anna-kendrick-stowaway-1203107585/ | url-status = live }}</ref> She starred in the Netflix thriller series ''[[Pieces of Her (TV series)|Pieces of Her]]'' (March 2022)<ref>{{cite web | url = https://deadline.com/2020/02/pieces-of-her-toni-collette-star-netflix-thriller-series-minkie-spiro-direct-1202848386/ | title = Toni Collette to Star in ''Pieces of Her'' Netflix Drama Series | last1 = Andreeva | first1 = Nellie | last2 = Petski | first2 = Denise | date = 3 February 2020 | work = Deadline Hollywood | access-date = 3 February 2020 | archive-date = 3 February 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200203195923/https://deadline.com/2020/02/pieces-of-her-toni-collette-star-netflix-thriller-series-minkie-spiro-direct-1202848386/ | url-status = live }}</ref> and played [[Kathleen Peterson (murder victim)|Kathleen Peterson]] in the [[HBO Max]] limited series ''[[The Staircase (American miniseries)|The Staircase]]'', the later of which earned her a nomination for the [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited or Anthology Series or Movie]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2021/04/toni-collette-kathleen-peterson-the-staircase-limited-series-hbo-max-colin-firth-1234746971/|title=Toni Collette To Play Kathleen Peterson In 'The Staircase' Limited Series For HBO Max|work=Deadline Hollywood|last=Petski|first=Denise|date=29 April 2021|access-date=19 December 2021|archive-date=29 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429210954/https://deadline.com/2021/04/toni-collette-kathleen-peterson-the-staircase-limited-series-hbo-max-colin-firth-1234746971/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Oddo |first=Marco Vito |date=2022-04-21 |title='The Staircase': Toni Collette and Colin Firth Bring a True-Crime Story to Life in New Trailer |url=https://collider.com/the-staircase-trailer-toni-collette-colin-firth-true-crime/ |access-date=2022-08-24 |website=Collider |language=en-US |archive-date=24 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824181032/https://collider.com/the-staircase-trailer-toni-collette-colin-firth-true-crime/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2023, she produced and acted in the [[action comedy]] ''[[Mafia Mamma]]''.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Rubin |first=Rebecca |date=2021-10-13 |title=Toni Collette to Star as Reluctant Mob Boss in 'Mafia Mamma' |url=https://variety.com/2021/film/news/toni-collette-mafia-mamma-movie-catherine-hardwicke-1235088077/ |access-date=2023-02-28 |magazine=Variety |archive-date=August 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220822145859/https://variety.com/2021/film/news/toni-collette-mafia-mamma-movie-catherine-hardwicke-1235088077/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The following year she played an aggressive prosecutor during a murder trial in [[Clint Eastwood]]'s legal thriller ''[[Juror No. 2]]'' (2024).<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.indiewire.com/criticism/movies/juror-2-review-clint-eastwood-1235060535/|title= 'Juror #2' Review: Clint Eastwood's Throwback Legal Thriller Is One of the Best Studio Films of 2024|website= [[IndieWire]]|date= 28 October 2024|accessdate= March 8, 2025}}</ref> In 2024 she played a devious wife to an egotistical politician played by [[Mark Ruffalo]] in [[Bong Joon-ho]]'s dystopian science-fiction comedy ''[[Mickey 17]]'' (2025).<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.slashfilm.com/1800665/mickey-17-bong-joon-ho-naomie-ackie-toni-collette-interview/|title= Bong Joon Ho Knows Mickey 17 Reflects Our World, Toni Collette And Naomi Ackie Know How To Survive It [Exclusive Interview]|website= [[SlashFilm]]|date= 7 March 2025|accessdate= March 8, 2025}}</ref> She is set to star opposite [[Andy Garcia]] in the romantic comedy ''Under the Stars'' directed by [[Michelle Danner]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/cannes-image-under-the-stars-toni-collette-andy-garcia-1235903201/|title= Cannes First Look: 'Under the Stars' Starring Toni Collette and Andy Garcia|website= [[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date= 18 May 2024|accessdate= March 8, 2025}}</ref>

in 2025, Collette starred in the Netflix limited series [[Wayward (miniseries)|''Wayward'']] (2025), portraying Evelyn Wade, the founder and leader of a reform academy for troubled teens.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mangan |first=Lucy |date=2025-09-25 |title=Wayward review – Toni Collette is utterly magnificent in this eerie thriller about teen runaways |url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2025/sep/25/wayward-review-toni-collette-is-utterly-magnificent-mae-martin-netflix |access-date=2025-10-05 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

==Other ventures==

=== Music ===
Despite cherishing music and singing at a young age, Collette had stopped in the mid-1990s and explained, "[Singing] comes from a very personal place. It's your voice... and it's only in the last couple of years I felt comfortable in myself singing." In 1996 she sang three cover versions for the soundtrack of the film, ''Cosi'': "[[Don't Dream It's Over]]" (originally by [[Crowded House]]), "[[Stand by Me (Ben E. King song)|Stand By Me]]" ([[Ben E. King]]) and "[[Throw Your Arms Around Me]]" ([[Hunters & Collectors]]).<ref>{{cite web | url = http://ringostrack.com:443/en/movie/cosi/81853 | title = ''Cosi'' (1996) Soundtrack | website = RingosTrack | access-date = 13 February 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In 2000 she recorded nine tracks for the cast album, ''The Wild Party'', for the eponymous Broadway [[The Wild Party (Lippa musical)|musical]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.amazon.com/Wild-Party-Various-artists/dp/B000V889OK | title = ''The Wild Party'' | website = [[Amazon.com]] | access-date = 13 March 2020 | archive-date = 19 August 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200819095121/https://www.amazon.com/Wild-Party-Various-artists/dp/B000V889OK | url-status = live }}</ref> Elyse Sommer of ''CurtainUp,'' in a review of the musical, wrote that she was a "topnotch singer" and particularly praised her rendition of "People Like Us".<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.curtainup.com/wildparty2.html | title = ''The Wild Party'', a ''CurtainUp'' review | website = CurtainUp | access-date = 13 March 2020 | archive-date = 26 June 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160626064324/http://www.curtainup.com/wildparty2.html | url-status = live }}</ref> For the soundtrack of ''[[Connie and Carla]]'' (2004), Collette, and her co-star [[Nia Vardalos]], recorded duets of several show tunes including, "[[I'm Gonna Wash That Man Right Outa My Hair]]", "[[Maybe This Time (Kaye Ballard song)|Maybe This Time]]" and "[[Cabaret (Cabaret song)|Cabaret]]".<ref name="ConnieCarla"/><ref name="Stein"/> David Haviland of ''Eye for Film'' praised the renditions, "The musical numbers are a [[Camp (style)|camp]] triumph."<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.eyeforfilm.co.uk/review/connie-and-carla-do-la-film-review-by-david-haviland | title = ''Connie and Carla'' Do LA (2004) Movie Review from ''Eye for Film'' | website = Eye for Film | access-date = 13 March 2020 | archive-date = 9 August 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200809134242/https://www.eyeforfilm.co.uk/review/connie-and-carla-do-la-film-review-by-david-haviland | url-status = live }}</ref> She sang the track, "Sunday Morning", for the album ''[[Summertown (album)|Summertown]]'' by [[Deborah Conway]] and Willy Zygier. She has also performed songs for soundtracks of ''[[About a Boy (film)|About a Boy]]'', ''[[A Long Way Down (film)|A Long Way Down]]'', ''[[Miss You Already]]'' and ''[[Hearts Beat Loud]]''.

Collette has been writing her own songs since her early teens.<ref name=":8">{{cite news | last = Dubecki | first = Larissa | url = https://www.smh.com.au/news/music/tonis-hidden-talent/2006/11/01/1162339920182.html?page=fullpage | title = Toni's Hidden Talent | date = 3 November 2006 | newspaper = The Sydney Morning Herald | issn = 0312-6315 | oclc = 226369741 | access-date = 11 December 2013 | archive-date = 11 April 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140411023711/http://www.smh.com.au/news/music/tonis-hidden-talent/2006/11/01/1162339920182.html?page=fullpage | url-status = live }}</ref> In 2006 with encouragement of her husband Dave Galafassi on drums (ex-[[Gelbison]]), she formed [[Toni Collette & the Finish]] in Sydney.<ref name=":8"/><ref name="Collar">{{cite web | url = https://www.allmusic.com/artist/toni-collette-mn0002060163/biography | title = Toni Collette | Biography & History | last = Collar | first = Matt | publisher = [[AllMusic]] | access-date = 13 April 2020 | archive-date = 9 August 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200809153628/https://www.allmusic.com/artist/toni-collette-mn0002060163/biography | url-status = live }} Note: to access further information select a tab, e.g. Songs.</ref> Also joining the band were [[Amanda Brown (musician)|Amanda Brown]] on keyboards, [[Glenn Richards]] on guitar, [[David Lane (musician)|David Lane]] on piano and keyboards and Pete Farley on bass guitar.<ref name=":8"/><ref name="Moran"/> Their first gig was at The Basement, Sydney, "I was completely petrified and I think once I got that out of the way, I have just been enjoying it... In the acting, the film world, they try to hide things from actors, keep them cushioned. So I am really enjoying getting my hands dirty."<ref name="Moran">{{cite news | url = https://www.news.com.au/national/toni-collette-getting-used-to-live-gigs/news-story/738f61776b7a64e3a8dc5678decccc23 | title = Toni Collette 'Getting Used to Live Gigs' | last = Moran | first = Jonothan | work = www.news.com | date = 17 March 2009 | access-date = 15 April 2020 | agency = [[Australian Associated Press]] (AAP) | archive-date = 19 August 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200819095131/https://www.news.com.au/national/toni-collette-getting-used-to-live-gigs/news-story/738f61776b7a64e3a8dc5678decccc23 | url-status = live }}</ref>

On 9 October 2006 the band released their debut album, ''Beautiful Awkward Pictures'', on Hoola Hoop Records. Using her personal life as an inspiration, she wrote all eleven tracks under her married name, Toni Collette-Galafassi.<ref name=":10">{{cite news | title = The Little Drummer Girl | last = Mordue | first = Mark | date = 30 November 2006 | work = The Sydney Morning Herald | issn = 0312-6315 | oclc = 226369741 }}</ref><ref name="APRA Beautiful">{{cite web | url = http://apraamcos.com.au/search?searchtype=works&keywords=beautiful+awkward+pictures | title = Works Search: Title 'Beautiful Awkward Pictures' | publisher = [[APRA AMCOS]] | access-date = 4 April 2020 | archive-date = 19 August 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200819095127/https://apraamcos.com.au/search?searchtype=works&keywords=beautiful+awkward+pictures | url-status = live }}</ref> It was recorded in two weeks: Collette co-produced with [[Deborah Conway#Conway and Zygier|Zygier]].<ref name=":8" /><ref name="NLA TC&tF">{{citation | author1 = Collette, Toni | author2 = Finish | title = Beautiful Awkward Pictures | date = 2006 | publisher = Hoola Hoop Records | url = https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/34266154 | access-date = 14 April 2020 | quote = Recorded at The Shed on 10–24 January 2006 | archive-date = 9 August 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200809103136/https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/34266154 | url-status = live }}</ref> Eclectic of ''[[Sputnikmusic]]'' gave it a positive review, "Collette's subdued vocals aren't perfect, but they're close enough to love all the same." He did, however, rebuke the lyrics of some tracks remarking that they had "some stunningly bad lines".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sputnikmusic.com/review/41593/Toni-Collette-and-The-Finish-Beautiful-Awkward-Pictures/|title=Toni Collette and The Finish - ''Beautiful Awkward Pictures'' (album review ) {{!}} Sputnikmusic|website=www.sputnikmusic.com|access-date=2020-03-13|archive-date=9 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809104706/https://www.sputnikmusic.com/review/41593/Toni-Collette-and-The-Finish-Beautiful-Awkward-Pictures/|url-status=live}}</ref> The album produced two singles, "Beautiful Awkward Pictures" (September 2006) and "Look Up" (March 2007). The latter reached the [[ARIA Charts|ARIA Singles Chart]] top 100.<ref name="ARIA Report 888">{{cite web | date = 12 March 2007 | archive-url = https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20070319130000/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20070320-0000/issue888.pdf | title = Week Commencing ~ 12th March 2007 ~ Issue #888 | last = Wallace | first = Ian | work = The ARIA Report | publisher = [[Australian Recording Industry Association]] (ARIA) | issue = 888 | pages = 2, 4, 8, 10, 14, 19 | url = http://www.aria.com.au/pages/documents/issue888.pdf | archive-date = 19 March 2007 | access-date = 13 April 2020 }} {{cbignore|bot=medic}}Note: Source incorrectly spells her name as "Colette" on page 2 but correctly thereafter.</ref> In July 2007 Toni Collette & the Finish headlined the Sydney show of [[Live Earth]], singing a cover of T. Rex's "[[Children of the Revolution (song)|Children of the Revolution]]".<ref>{{cite news|last=Sams|first=Christine|title=Sydney's giant, jolly green gig|url=https://www.smh.com.au/news/music/sydneys-giant-jolly-green-gig/2007/07/07/1183351525552.html|access-date=11 December 2013|newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald|issn=0312-6315|oclc=226369741|date=8 July 2007|archive-date=22 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022200911/http://www.smh.com.au/news/music/sydneys-giant-jolly-green-gig/2007/07/07/1183351525552.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NLA Live Earth">{{cite web | archive-url = https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20090511140400/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/58813/20090512-0004/www.boudist.com/gallery/v/gigs/live-earth-sydney/toni-collette-finish-03.JPG.html | url = http://www.boudist.com/gallery/v/gigs/live-earth-sydney/toni-collette-finish-03.JPG.html | title = 12 May 2009 - Toni Collette and the Finish: Live Earth Sydney @ Aussie Stadium 070707 : Boudist Photos | publisher = Trove | archive-date = 11 May 2009 | date = 7 July 2007 | access-date = 14 April 2020 | url-status = live }}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> They toured Australia,<ref name="Lantern">{{cite web | url = http://thedwarf.com.au/nd/layout/set/print/news/national/toni_collette_and_the_finish_announce_tour | title = Toni Collette and The Finish Announce Tour | author = Lantern, Pearl | website = theDwarf | date = 6 February 2007 | via = National Library of Australia | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080803001515/http://thedwarf.com.au/nd/layout/set/print/news/national/toni_collette_and_the_finish_announce_tour | archive-date = 3 August 2008 | access-date = 14 April 2020 | url-status = live }}</ref> but have not performed nor released any new material after 2007. She expressed her desire to make another album in 2012, but said she found it difficult to find enough time to commit to that project.<ref name=":7">{{cite journal | url = https://www.slantmagazine.com/film/interview-toni-collette/ | title = Interview: Toni Collette on ''Hitchcock'', ''The Sixth Sense'', and More | last = Osenlund | first = R. Kurt | journal = [[Slant Magazine]] | date = 24 November 2012 | access-date = 15 February 2020 | archive-date = 15 February 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200215154933/https://www.slantmagazine.com/film/interview-toni-collette/ | url-status = live }}</ref>

=== Philanthropy ===
Collette supports various charities including [[Médecins Sans Frontières|Doctors Without Borders]], [[Amnesty International]] and [[Feeding America]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.looktothestars.org/celebrity/toni-collette | title = Toni Collette: Charity Work & Causes | website = Look to the Stars | access-date = 14 March 2020 | archive-date = 6 July 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200706170205/https://www.looktothestars.org/celebrity/toni-collette | url-status = live }}</ref> She expressed her support for [[People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals|PETA]] and, in July 2005, wrote a letter to then [[Prime Minister of Australia|Australian Prime Minister]] [[John Howard]], asking him to ban the practice of [[mulesing]] and the [[Australian live export industry|live export of sheep]].<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/movies/toni-not-sheepish-20050701-ge0fzc.html | title = Toni not Sheepish | date = 1 July 2005 | work = The Age | access-date = 14 March 2020 | archive-date = 9 August 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200809101320/https://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/movies/toni-not-sheepish-20050701-ge0fzc.html | url-status = live }}</ref> Later that month, after speaking to sheep farmers, she reneged on supporting PETA's campaign against mulesing: "The issue is not as black and white as was previously presented to me. I was given to understand that there were 'effective and humane alternatives to prevent fly strike' and they are 'currently available'. I am now aware that there are no simple alternatives available to farmers at this time."<ref name="Hall">{{cite news | url = https://www.eonline.com/news/54011/pink-not-sheepish-on-wool-issue | title = Pink not Sheepish on Wool Issue | last = Hall | first = Sarah |author-link=Sandra Hall (writer)| work = [[E! News]] | date = 20 December 2006 | access-date = 15 April 2020 | archive-date = 9 August 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200809103314/https://www.eonline.com/news/54011/pink-not-sheepish-on-wool-issue | url-status = live }}</ref>

In 2009, the actor auctioned off T-shirts of her own design to raise money for various charities.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.looktothestars.org/news/2677-celebrities-do-whatever-it-takes-for-charity | title = Celebrities Do Whatever It Takes for Charity | date = 15 June 2009 | website = Look to the Stars | access-date = 14 March 2020 | archive-date = 9 August 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200809125049/https://www.looktothestars.org/news/2677-celebrities-do-whatever-it-takes-for-charity | url-status = live }}</ref> Collette along with Drew Barrymore and [[Catherine Hardwicke]], who all worked together on ''Miss You Already'', wore [[Breast cancer awareness|pink ribbons]] to support [[Breast Cancer Awareness Month]] in October 2014.<ref name="Friedman">{{cite journal | url = https://www.redbookmag.com/beauty-fashion/blogs/trends/toni-collette-shaved-head | title = Toni Collette Has a Bold New Look | last = Friedman | first = Megan | date = 10 October 2014 | journal = Redbook | access-date = 15 March 2020 | archive-date = 24 October 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141024114602/http://www.redbookmag.com/beauty-fashion/blogs/trends/toni-collette-shaved-head | url-status = live }}</ref> She has raised money for OzHarvest, an organisation which collects excess food from Australian restaurants and redistributes it to the homeless.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.heraldsun.com.au/entertainment/celebrity/toni-collette-helps-aussie-food-charity/news-story/feb277c255798bca3ee0c186576b603e | title = Collette Helps Aussie Food Charity | date = 19 October 2009 | work = The Herald Sun | access-date = 15 March 2020 | archive-date = 19 August 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200819095128/https://www.heraldsun.com.au/entertainment/celebrity/toni-collette-helps-aussie-food-charity/news-story/feb277c255798bca3ee0c186576b603e?nk=f0bd23d9bd62017575cfe156b1d62242-1597830688 | url-status = live }}</ref> She sold some of her personal items for an auction to raise money for the charity Cure Our Kids, which is dedicated to raising money for the [[oncology]] unit at [[Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children|The Children's Hospital at Westmead]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.looktothestars.org/news/1469-lleyton-hewitt-launches-charity-auction | title = Lleyton Hewitt Launches Charity Auction | date = 28 October 2008 | website = Look to the Stars | access-date = 15 March 2020 | archive-date = 9 August 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200809104341/https://www.looktothestars.org/news/1469-lleyton-hewitt-launches-charity-auction | url-status = live }}</ref>

In 2010, she was part of the host committee to hold the third annual Go Go Gala which will benefit the [[GO Campaign]] which seeks to help orphans and vulnerable children throughout the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.looktothestars.org/news/5375-ewan-mcgregor-to-host-celebrity-charity-go-go-gala|title=Ewan McGregor To Host Celebrity Charity Go Go Gala|date=2010-11-17|website=Look to the Stars|language=en|access-date=2020-03-15|archive-date=9 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809100601/https://www.looktothestars.org/news/5375-ewan-mcgregor-to-host-celebrity-charity-go-go-gala|url-status=live}}</ref> She took part in the promotion of the documentary ''[[The Lazarus Effect (2010 film)|The Lazarus Effect]]'' (2010), being featured in a small clip which sought to raise awareness of the positive impact of free [[antiretroviral drug]] therapy for those living with [[HIV]] in [[Africa]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.looktothestars.org/news/4323-bono-leads-celebrity-psa-for-red-charity|title=Bono Leads Celebrity PSA For (RED) Charity|date=2010-05-02|website=Look to the Stars|language=en|access-date=2020-03-15|archive-date=9 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809100556/https://www.looktothestars.org/news/4323-bono-leads-celebrity-psa-for-red-charity|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2012, Collette has contributed an exclusive blog on the fight against hunger and a call to action for [[Giving Tuesday]] and the holiday season to the ''[[Huffington Post]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.looktothestars.org/news/9347-stars-support-giving-tuesday|title=Stars Support Giving Tuesday|date=2012-11-27|website=Look to the Stars|language=en|access-date=2020-03-15|archive-date=9 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809130713/https://www.looktothestars.org/news/9347-stars-support-giving-tuesday|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2014, she was appointed as a global ambassador for [[Concern Worldwide]]. She made her first field visit with Concern to [[Haiti]] where she met families who, together with Concern, are working to break the cycle of extreme poverty. She had previously raised money for Concern's global campaign to fight hunger and malnutrition.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.concernusa.org/story/toni-collette-is-concerns-new-global-ambassador/|title=Toni Collette is Concern's new global ambassador|website=Concern Worldwide|date=28 May 2014 |access-date=2020-03-14|archive-date=9 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809132401/https://www.concernusa.org/story/toni-collette-is-concerns-new-global-ambassador/|url-status=live}}</ref> She has taken part in multiple [[Public service announcement|Public Service Announcements]] by Concern requesting the viewers to donate to Concern's various campaigns.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vimeo.com/49709122|title=Toni Collette and Concern Worldwide|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809131949/https://vimeo.com/49709122|archive-date=9 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vimeo.com/52887032|title=Toni Collette presents the perfect gift|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809212007/https://vimeo.com/52887032|archive-date=9 August 2020}}</ref> In 2017, she attended the 25th Annual [[Elton John AIDS Foundation Academy Award Party]] which seeks to raise money to support innovative HIV prevention, education programs and direct care and support services to people living with HIV.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.looktothestars.org/news/16377-25th-annual-elton-john-aids-foundation-academy-awards-viewing-party-raises-record-breaking-7-million|title=25th Annual Elton John AIDS Foundation Academy Awards Viewing Party Raises Record-Breaking $7 Million|date=2017-02-28|website=Look to the Stars|language=en|access-date=2020-03-15|archive-date=9 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809132152/https://www.looktothestars.org/news/16377-25th-annual-elton-john-aids-foundation-academy-awards-viewing-party-raises-record-breaking-7-million|url-status=live}}</ref> She has expressed her support for the [[Me Too movement]].<ref name=":11" />

== Artistry and public image ==
[[File:Toni Collette by Gage Skidmore.jpg|alt=A photograph of Toni Collete. She has strawberry-blonde, over-shoulder length hair. She has a black jacket over a white dress, which has black polka dots.|thumb|Collette at the 2015 [[San Diego Comic-Con]]]]
Collette is described by [[Toby Creswell]] and Samantha Trenoweth in their book, ''1001 Australians You Should Know'' (2006): "she proved her abilities as a serious actress in Rowan Woods' 1998 film ''The Boys'' and again in the big budget international hits ''The Sixth Sense'' and ''About a Boy''."<ref name="Creswell">{{cite book | title = 1001 Australians You Should Know | last = Creswell | first = Toby | author-link = Toby Creswell | author2 = Samantha Trenoweth | publisher = Pluto Press Australia | year = 2006 | chapter = Arts and Popular Culture: Tony Collette | location = [[North Melbourne, Victoria]] | page = 63 | isbn = 978-1-86403-361-8 }}</ref> Sharon Waxman of ''The New York Times'' wrote that the artist often embraces characters who are pathetic, insecure or otherwise unattractive.<ref name=":6" /> However, the actor said she detests playing such characters, "If I keep perpetuating that image of myself — that of a downtrodden person — that's the only roles I'll get. And I'm getting tired of playing those roles."<ref name=":6" /> Despite achieving stardom early in her career with ''The Sixth Sense'', she rarely acted in commerce-driven pictures. She prefers working in [[independent film]]s over [[blockbuster (entertainment)|blockbusters]] where the latter prioritize box-office success over telling a story.<ref name=":7" /> Several journalists noted her gravitation towards playing dissatisfied and slightly neurotic mothers. When asked about being [[Typecasting|typecast]] in such roles, Collette replied, "All people are different. All women are different. A lot of women haven't had children but it doesn't change the fact that they're individuals and have some kind of individuality and spark about them."<ref>{{cite news | last = Wise | first = Damon | url = https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/apr/16/toni-collette-every-scene-was-like-being-punched-glassland | title = Toni Collette: 'Every scene was like being punched' | date = 16 April 2015 | work = The Guardian | access-date = 4 March 2020 | issn = 0261-3077 | oclc = 60623878 | archive-date = 31 January 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180131205926/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/apr/16/toni-collette-every-scene-was-like-being-punched-glassland | url-status = live }}</ref>

Collette listed [[Geoffrey Rush]] as one of her influences and remembered seeing him in ''The Diary of a Madman'' (1989): "When I watched him in that, it was like being in church, I had a full-on spiritual awakening. I even wrote him this letter – I don't remember what it said, but it was very complimentary."<ref name=":3" /> She does not find it difficult to detach herself from her roles, but reflected that after doing several heavy thematic films she, "[started] to find things were accumulating. I had to figure out a way to kind of shake it off. So I am figuring that out."<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.slashfilm.com/toni-collette-hereditary-interview/ | title = Toni Collette Tells Us the Scariest Thing About ''Hereditary'' [Interview] | last = Pearson | first = Ben | date = 8 June 2018 | website = [[/Film]] | access-date = 16 April 2020 | archive-date = 9 August 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200809130030/https://www.slashfilm.com/toni-collette-hereditary-interview/ | url-status = live }}</ref> When asked how she decides to play her characters, she replied, "When I look at a character, I never look at the size of the role. I always look at the whole person, no matter how much they're featured in the movie."<ref>{{cite news | url = https://nowtoronto.com/movies/features/q-and-a-toni-collette/ | title = Q&A: Toni Collette Actor, ''Hostages'' and ''Enough Said'' | last = Cole | first = Susan G. | date = 23 September 2013 | work = [[Now (newspaper)|Now]] | location = [[Toronto]] | access-date = 16 April 2020 | archive-date = 19 August 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200819095131/https://nowtoronto.com/q-and-a-toni-collette | url-status = live }}</ref> She dislikes working with [[dialect coach]]es when preparing for an accent, as they usually make her feel self-conscious.<ref name="Lindsay">{{cite web | url = https://www.backstage.com/magazine/article/toni-collette-netflix-im-thinking-of-ending-things-71610/ | title = Exactly What Makes Toni Collette Such a Brilliant Actress | last = Lindsay | first = Benjamin | work = Backstage | date = 2 September 2020 | access-date = 8 December 2020 | archive-date = 23 December 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201223222909/https://www.backstage.com/magazine/article/toni-collette-netflix-im-thinking-of-ending-things-71610/ | url-status = live }}</ref> Although she has gained weight to play characters in previous films, she dislikes doing so, and after filming ''In Her Shoes'', said that she would never do so again.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/toni-collette-worth-the-weight-326193.html | title = Toni Collette: Worth the Weight | date = 11 November 2005 | work = [[The Independent]] | access-date = 4 March 2020 | archive-date = 19 February 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180219214639/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/toni-collette-worth-the-weight-326193.html | url-status = live }}</ref> [[Brie Larson]], who starred with Collette in ''United States of Tara'', has cited her as an inspiration and praised her for being able to "disappear" into her roles.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cBTvu66vc7g | title = THR Roundtable {{!}} Play the video at 7:58 for the quote | website = [[YouTube]] | date = 11 January 2016 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200313214652/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cBTvu66vc7g&app=desktop | archive-date = 13 March 2020 }}</ref> [[Greg Kinnear]], her co-star in ''Dinner with Friends'' and ''Little Miss Sunshine,'' called her "gifted" and commended her for being able to communicate without dialogue.<ref name=":6" />

{{Quote box
| quote = "I try to put myself in the position of the character and feel things as holistically as I can. It's an exhausting way to do it. I'm not [going to] recommend it to anybody, but that's the only way I know how to do it."
| source = {{snd}} Collette on her acting style<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.vulture.com/2018/06/toni-collette-on-hereditary-the-wildest-movie-of-her-career.html | title = Toni Collette on ''Hereditary'', the Wildest Movie of Her Career | last = Handler | first = Rachel | date = 8 June 2018 | website = Vulture | access-date = 15 February 2020 | archive-date = 5 February 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205181334/https://www.vulture.com/2018/06/toni-collette-on-hereditary-the-wildest-movie-of-her-career.html | url-status = live }}</ref>
| align = right
| width = 20%
| bgcolor = #E0E6F8
}}

In an analysis of Collette's acting style, Rilla Kingston compared her to character actress [[Thelma Ritter]] who was widely praised for her supporting roles, and repeatedly typecast as the female comic second. Kingston took note of her use of physicality to convey her characters' emotions as in ''Emma'' and ''United States of Tara''. She remarked that Collette's acting method references the components of [[Stanislavski's system|Stanislavski's System of Acting]]. In studying her typecasting as mothers, Kingston wrote, "[Collette] selectively chooses roles of women and mothers which she can portray in ways that are multidimensional and different from another." She also wrote that the actor makes conscious efforts to break from the typecasting, with leading roles in films like ''Miss You Already'' and ''Lucky Them''. At the end of her analysis, Kingston concluded, "Collette truly is a chameleon in both the versatility of her acting style and in the kind of roles she is willing to approach with a physicality-based method."<ref name="Kingston">{{Cite web|url=http://mcgillchannelundergraduatereview.com/2018/04/toni-collette-character-as-craft/|title=Toni Collette: Character as Craft – The Channel|last=Kingston|first=Rilla|publisher=[[McGill University]] English Department|editor=Julien Gagnon, Michelle Hahn-Baker|access-date=8 December 2020|archive-date=9 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809145045/http://mcgillchannelundergraduatereview.com/2018/04/toni-collette-character-as-craft/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Personal life==
=== Relationships ===
Collette dated her ''Velvet Goldmine'' co-star [[Jonathan Rhys Meyers]] for about a year circa 1997 before ending their relationship, and has called it "hedonistic, drunken and probably dangerous".<ref name=":6" /> She met musician Dave Galafassi at a 2002 album launch for his then-band [[Gelbison]].<ref name=":10" /><ref name="Hume"/><ref name="Benns"/> The couple married in a traditional Buddhist ceremony on 11 January 2003.<ref name="Hume"/><ref name="Benns">{{cite news | last1 = Benns | first1 = Matthew | last2 = Sams | first2 = Christine | title = Toni's Wedding | url = https://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/01/12/1041990146127.html | access-date = 12 September 2020 | newspaper = The Sydney Morning Herald | issn = 0312-6315 | oclc = 226369741 | date = 12 January 2003 | archive-date = 11 April 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140411023719/http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/01/12/1041990146127.html | url-status = live }}</ref> They have two children.<ref>{{cite news|last=Tan|first=Michelle|title=Toni Collette Has a Girl|url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20170375,00.html|access-date=11 December 2013|newspaper=[[People (magazine)|People]]|date=10 January 2008|archive-date=14 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214011101/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20170375,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Chi|first1=Paul|last2=Jordan|first2=Julie|title=Toni Collette Is a Mom – Again!|url=https://people.com/parents/toni-collette-baby-born-in-australia/|access-date=11 December 2013|newspaper=People|date=25 April 2011|archive-date=14 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214011103/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20484453,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Collette has said that she is an avid camper and enjoys meditating.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indexmagazine.com/interviews/toni_collette.shtml|title=Toni Collette with Ariana Speyer|website=www.indexmagazine.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809171105/http://www.indexmagazine.com/interviews/toni_collette.shtml|archive-date=9 August 2020|access-date=2020-03-13}}</ref> They lived in Sydney in the 2000s before moving to [[Los Angeles]].<ref name=":11" /> They returned to Sydney in 2019.<ref name=":11" /><ref name="Graham">{{cite web | url = https://www.news.com.au/entertainment/toni-collettes-husband-injured-in-devastating-accident/news-story/8ccff92c6fee5121b73641b9d67f87f9 | title = Toni Collette's husband injured in 'devastating accident' | last = Graham | first = Ben | work = news.com.au | date = 28 December 2019 | access-date = 8 April 2020 | archive-date = 8 April 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200408005829/https://www.news.com.au/entertainment/toni-collettes-husband-injured-in-devastating-accident/news-story/8ccff92c6fee5121b73641b9d67f87f9 | url-status = live }}</ref> On 7 December 2022, Collette announced that she and Galafassi were divorcing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Toni Collette Announces Divorce from Her Husband as Photos of Him Kissing Another Woman Surface |url=https://people.com/movies/toni-collette-announces-divorce-from-her-husband-after-photos-of-him-kissing-another-woman-surface/ |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=Peoplemag |language=en |archive-date=8 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208012627/https://people.com/movies/toni-collette-announces-divorce-from-her-husband-after-photos-of-him-kissing-another-woman-surface/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Health ===
In her 20s, Collette found it difficult to adapt to fame and as a result struggled with [[Bulimia nervosa|bulimia]] and [[panic attack]]s.<ref name=":1" /> The panic attacks lasted eight months, during which she described having pains in her chest, blurred vision and profuse sweating.<ref name="Denton"/> During this period she travelled extensively, shaved her head five times (once for a film role)<ref name="Denton"/> and bought a flat in [[Brixton]], London. Her aim was to "explore different ideas and just look at life and try to understand it."<ref name=":3" /> She left the Brixton flat after a few months because she saw a man "getting his head bashed in with a pole 30 metres away".<ref name=":11" />

==Discography==
'''With Toni Collette & the Finish'''
{{Main|Toni Collette & the Finish#Discography}}

* [[Toni Collette & the Finish]]: ''Beautiful Awkward Pictures'' (2006) – Hoola Hoop Records/[[MGM Distribution|MGM]] (HOOLAHOOP002)

''' Other appearances'''
* "Best Friend", "Finale: The Wild Party", "People Like Us" (by Toni Collette and [[Yancey Arias]]), "Queenie Was a Blonde", "This Is What It Is", "Welcome to My Party", "Wild Party" from ''The Wild Party: A Decca Original Broadway Cast Album'' (soundtrack album, 2000) – [[Decca Broadway]]/[[Universal Music Group]] (012 159 003–2)<ref name="Collar"/>
* "Airport Medley: Oklahoma / Superstar / Papa Can You Hear Me? / Memory", "Let Me Entertain You", "[[Maybe This Time (Kaye Ballard song)|Maybe This Time]]", "Don't Rain on My Parade", "Medley: Everything's Alright / Don't Cry for Me", "[[I'm Gonna Wash That Man Right Outa My Hair]]", "There Is Nothing Like a Dame", "[[Cabaret (Cabaret song)|Cabaret]]" (all by [[Nia Vardalos]] and Toni Collette) from ''Connie and Carla: Music from the Motion Picture'' (2004) Epic Records (5178262000, EK 92430)<ref name="ConnieCarla">{{cite web | url = https://musicbrainz.org/release/400c2a84-be89-4569-9442-34cbda882934 | title = Release ''Connie and Carla'' by Randy Edelman | work = [[MusicBrainz]] | access-date = 14 April 2020 | archive-date = 9 August 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200809111336/https://musicbrainz.org/release/400c2a84-be89-4569-9442-34cbda882934 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="Stein">{{cite web | url = https://www.sfgate.com/movies/article/Bad-lounge-singers-find-niche-in-drag-but-2792935.php | title = Bad Lounge Singers Find Niche in Drag, but ''Connie and Carla'' Is Same Old Song | last = Stein | first = Ruthe | work = San Francisco Chronicle | date = 16 April 2004 | access-date = 14 April 2020 | issn = 1932-8672 | oclc = 8812614 | archive-date = 9 August 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200809155904/https://www.sfgate.com/movies/article/Bad-lounge-singers-find-niche-in-drag-but-2792935.php | url-status = live }}</ref>
* "Hello Halo (Cooper Todd Remix)" (by David Galafassi, Toni Collette, Nathan Cooper, Benjamin Todd) from ''Miss You Already (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)'' (2015) – Sony Classical<ref name="Kineto">{{cite web | url = http://kinetophone.com/news/miss-you-already-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/ | title = ''Miss You Already – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack'' | publisher = Kinetophone | date = 28 September 2015 | access-date = 13 April 2020 | archive-date = 9 August 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200809134243/http://kinetophone.com/news/miss-you-already-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/ | url-status = live }}</ref>

== Credits and accolades ==
{{Main|List of Toni Collette performances|List of awards and nominations received by Toni Collette}}

Among her numerous accolades, Collette received five [[AACTA Awards]] from eight nominations,<ref name="AACTA List">Toni Collette at the AFI or AACTA Awards:
*1991 nominees and winners: {{cite web
| url = https://www.aacta.org/aacta-awards/past-awards/range/1990-1999/year/1991/
| title = The 33rd Australian Film Institute Awards (1991) Nominees and Winners
| publisher = Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181224171233/https://www.aacta.org/aacta-awards/past-awards/range/1990-1999/year/1991/
| archive-date = 24 December 2018
| url-status = live
| access-date = 7 December 2020
}}
*1994 nominees and winners: {{cite web
| url = https://www.aacta.org/aacta-awards/past-awards/range/1990-1999/year/1994/
| title = The 36th Australian Film Institute Awards (1994) Nominees and Winners
| publisher = Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181224171518/https://www.aacta.org/aacta-awards/past-awards/range/1990-1999/year/1994/
| archive-date = 24 December 2018
| url-status = live
| access-date = 7 December 2020
}}
*1996 nominees and winners: {{cite web
| url = https://www.aacta.org/aacta-awards/past-awards/range/1990-1999/year/1996-2/
| title = The 38th Australian Film Institute Awards (1996) Nominees and Winners
| publisher = Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181224171653/https://www.aacta.org/aacta-awards/past-awards/range/1990-1999/year/1996-2/
| archive-date = 24 December 2018
| url-status = live
| access-date = 7 December 2020
}}
*1998 nominees and winners: {{cite web
| url = https://www.aacta.org/aacta-awards/past-awards/range/1990-1999/year/1998/
| title = The 40th Australian Film Institute Awards (1998) Nominees and Winners
| publisher = Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181224172140/https://www.aacta.org/aacta-awards/past-awards/range/1990-1999/year/1998/
| archive-date = 24 December 2018
| url-status = live
| access-date = 7 December 2020
}}
*2003 nominees and winners: {{cite web
| url = https://www.aacta.org/aacta-awards/past-awards/range/2000-2010/year/2003/
| title = The 45th Australian Film Institute Awards (2003) Nominees and Winners
| publisher = Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181224172335/https://www.aacta.org/aacta-awards/past-awards/range/2000-2010/year/2003/
| archive-date = 24 December 2018
| url-status = live
| access-date = 7 December 2020
}}
*2008 nominees and winners: {{cite web
| url = https://www.aacta.org/aacta-awards/past-awards/range/2000-2010/year/2008/
| title = The 50th Australian Film Institute Awards (2008) Nominees and Winners
| publisher = Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181224174151/https://www.aacta.org/aacta-awards/past-awards/range/2000-2010/year/2008/
| archive-date = 24 December 2018
| url-status = live
| access-date = 7 December 2020
}}
*2013 nominees and winners: {{cite web
| url = https://www.aacta.org/aacta-awards/past-awards/2nd-aacta-awards/
| title = The 2nd AACTA Awards (2013) Nominees and Winners
| publisher = Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181224175119/https://www.aacta.org/aacta-awards/past-awards/2nd-aacta-awards/
| archive-date = 24 December 2018
| url-status = live
| access-date = 7 December 2020
}}
*2017 nominees and winners: {{cite web
| url = https://www.aacta.org/aacta-awards/past-awards/7th-aacta-awards/
| title = The 7th AACTA Awards (2017) Nominees and Winners
| publisher = Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181224181934/https://www.aacta.org/aacta-awards/past-awards/7th-aacta-awards/
| archive-date = 24 December 2018
| url-status = live
| access-date = 7 December 2020
}}
</ref> a [[Golden Globe Awards|Golden Globe Award]] from six nominations,<ref name="Golden Globes list" /> a [[Primetime Emmy Award]] from four nominations,<ref name="Emmys list" /> and a [[Screen Actors Guild Awards|Screen Actors Guild Award]] from four nominations.<ref name="SAGA List">Toni Collette at the Screen Actors Guild Awards:

* 9th Annual SAGAs: {{cite web |title=The 9th Screen Actors Guild Awards (2003) Nominees and Winners |url=https://www.sagawards.org/awards/nominees-and-recipients/9th-annual-screen-actors-guild-awards |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223164857/https://www.sagawards.org/awards/nominees-and-recipients/9th-annual-screen-actors-guild-awards |archive-date=23 December 2018 |access-date=8 December 2020 |publisher=SAG-AFTRA}} Note: member of ensemble cast for ''The Hours''
* 13th Annual SAGAs: {{cite web |title=The 13th Screen Actors Guild Awards (2007) Nominees and Winners |url=https://www.sagawards.org/awards/nominees-and-recipients/13th-annual-screen-actors-guild-awards |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223164526/https://www.sagawards.org/awards/nominees-and-recipients/13th-annual-screen-actors-guild-awards |archive-date=23 December 2018 |access-date=8 December 2020 |publisher=SAG-AFTRA}} Note: member of ensemble cast for ''Little Miss Sunshine''
* 16th Annual SAGAs: {{cite magazine |last=Finke |first=Nikki |date=17 December 2009 |title=16th Annual SAG Awards Nominations |url=https://deadline.com/2009/12/sag-awards-20384/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223163405/https://deadline.com/2009/12/sag-awards-20384/ |archive-date=23 December 2018 |access-date=8 December 2020 |magazine=Deadline Hollywood}}
* 26th Annual SAGAs: {{cite web |last=Hipes |first=Patrick |date=11 December 2019 |title=SAG Awards Nominations: 'Bombshell', 'The Irishman', 'Once Upon A Time In Hollywood' Top Film List, 'Maisel,' 'Fleabag' Score In TV – Complete List Of Noms |url=https://deadline.com/2019/12/sag-awards-nominations-list-film-tv-nominees-screen-actors-guild-1202806390/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211153707/https://deadline.com/2019/12/sag-awards-nominations-list-film-tv-nominees-screen-actors-guild-1202806390/ |archive-date=11 December 2019 |access-date=8 December 2020 |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> She also received nominations for two [[British Academy Film Awards|BAFTA Awards]] and the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]].<ref name="56th British Academy Film Awards">{{cite web |title=The 56th British Academy Film Awards (2003) Nominees and Winners |url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/2003/film |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225084816/http://awards.bafta.org/award/2003/film |archive-date=25 December 2018 |access-date=8 December 2020 |publisher=British Academy of Film and Television Arts}}</ref><ref name="60th British Academy Film Awards">{{cite web |title=The 60th British Academy Film Awards (2007) Nominees and Winners |url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/2007/film |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225084935/http://awards.bafta.org/award/2007/film |archive-date=25 December 2018 |access-date=8 December 2020 |publisher=British Academy of Film and Television Arts}}</ref><ref name="72nd Academy Awards">{{cite web |date=22 April 2015 |title=The 72nd Academy Awards (2000) Nominees and Winners |url=https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2000 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225084311/https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2000 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |access-date=8 December 2020 |publisher=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences}}</ref>

For her performance in ''[[Muriel's Wedding]]'' (1994), Collette received her first [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Comedy or Musical|Golden Globe Award]] nomination.<ref name="Golden Globes list" /> For her role in ''[[The Sixth Sense]]'' (1999), she was nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]].<ref name="72nd Academy Awards" /> She went on to earn [[BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role|BAFTA Award]] nominations for ''[[About a Boy (film)|About a Boy]]'' (2002) and ''[[Little Miss Sunshine]]'' (2006).<ref name="56th British Academy Film Awards" /><ref name="60th British Academy Film Awards" /> For the comedy-drama series ''[[United States of Tara]]'' (2008–2011), Collette earned a [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series|Primetime Emmy Award]] and a [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy|Golden Globe Award]].<ref name="Golden Globes list" /><ref name="Emmys list" /> Her work in the miniseries ''[[Unbelievable (miniseries)|Unbelievable]]'' (2019) led her to a [[Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Movie/Miniseries|Critics' Choice Television Award]] win, and garnered further [[Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film|Golden Globe Award]] and [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or Movie|Primetime Emmy Award]] nominations.<ref name="Golden Globes list" /><ref name="Emmys list" /><ref name="Critics 2020" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{sister project links|commons=Category:Toni Collette|d=Q229291|b=no|s=no|v=no|voy=no|species=no|m=no|mw=no|n=no|q=no|wikt=no}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{TCMDb name}}
* {{IBDB name}}
* {{Emmys person}}

{{navboxes
|title = [[List of awards and nominations received by Toni Collette|Awards for Toni Collette]]
|list =
{{AACTA Award Best Actress in a Leading Role 2000–2019}}
{{AACTAAward BestSupportingActress 2001–2020}}
{{Astra Film Award for Best Actress}}
{{Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actress}}
{{Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress}}
{{Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Movie/Miniseries Supporting Actress}}
{{Detroit Film Critics Society Award for Best Actress}}
{{EmmyAward ComedyLeadActress 2001–2025}}
{{GoldenGlobeBestActressTVComedy 1990–2009}}
{{Gotham Independent Film Award for Best Actress}}
{{Houston Film Critics Society Award for Best Actress}}
{{Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Actress}}
{{Seattle Film Critics Society Award for Best Actress}}
{{St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress}}
{{Vancouver Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actress}}
}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Collette, Toni}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
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[[Category:Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Screen Actors Guild Award winners]]
[[Category:Outstanding Performance by a Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Primetime Emmy Award winners]]
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Ahalya

2026-03-15T04:35:01Z

VYVEwan7971: Adding new article from scratch - done

{{short description|Wife of the sage Gautama Maharishi in Hinduism}}
{{About||Holkar Queen|Ahilyabai Holkar|other uses|Ahalya (disambiguation)}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| image = Ahalya.jpg
| caption = ''Ahalya'' by [[Raja Ravi Varma]] (1848–1906)
| alt = A painting of a young fair woman clad in a white sari with a red border stands, leaning on a tree, as she moves her left hand through her long black hair and holds a flower basket in her outstretched right hand.
| Devanagari = अहल्या
| Sanskrit_transliteration = Ahalyā
| member_of = [[Panchakanya]]
| affiliation =
| consort = [[Gautama Maharishi]]
| children = [[Shatananda]] (according to Ramayana)
| parents= [[Brahma]] (creator)
}}

In [[Hindu mythology]], '''Ahalya''' ({{langx|sa|अहल्या}}, [[IAST]]: Ahalyā) also spelt as ''' Ahilya''', is the wife of the sage [[Gautama Maharishi]]. Many [[Hindu scriptures]] describe her legend of seduction by the king of the [[Deva (Hinduism)|gods]] [[Indra]], her husband's curse for her infidelity, and her liberation from the curse by the god [[Rama]].

Created by the god [[Brahma]] as the most beautiful woman, Ahalya was married to the much older Gautama. In the earliest full narrative, when [[Indra]] comes disguised as her husband, Ahalya sees through his disguise but nevertheless accepts his advances. Later sources often absolve her of all guilt, describing how she falls prey to Indra's trickery. In all narratives, Ahalya and Indra are cursed by Gautama. The curse varies from text to text, but almost all versions describe Rama as the eventual agent of her liberation and redemption. Although early texts describe how Ahalya must atone by undergoing severe [[Prāyaścitta|penance]] while remaining invisible to the world and how she is purified by offering Rama hospitality, in the popular retelling developed over time, Ahalya is cursed to become a stone and regains her human form after she is brushed by Rama's foot.

Ahalya's seduction by Indra and its repercussions form the central narrative of her story in all scriptural sources for her legend.{{sfn|Söhnen-Thieme|1996|pp=40–41}} Although the ''[[Brahmana]]s'' (9th to 6th centuries BCE) are the earliest scriptures to hint at her relationship with Indra, the 5th- to 4th-century BCE [[Hindu epic]] ''[[Ramayana]]'' – whose protagonist is Rama – is the first to explicitly mention her extra-marital affair in detail. Medieval story-tellers often focus on Ahalya's deliverance by Rama, which is seen as proof of the saving grace of God. Her story has been retold numerous times in the scriptures and lives on in modern-age poetry and short stories, as well as in dance and drama. While ancient narratives are Rama-centric, contemporary ones focus on Ahalya, telling the story from her perspective. Other traditions focus on her children.

In traditional Hinduism, Ahalya is extolled as the first of the ''[[panchakanya]]'' ("five maidens"), archetypes of female chastity whose names are believed to dispel sin when recited. While some praise her loyalty to her husband and her undaunted acceptance of the curse and gender norms, others condemn her adultery.

== Etymology ==
The word ''Ahalya'' can be divided into two parts: ''a'' (a prefix indicating negation) and ''halya'',{{r|Wilson p100}} which [[Sanskrit]] dictionaries define as being related to the plough, ploughing, or deformity.{{r|Apte p637|Monier-Williams p1293}} In the ''Uttar Kanda'' book of the ''Ramayana'', the god [[Brahma]] explains the meaning of the Sanskrit word ''Ahalya'' as "one without the reprehension of ugliness", or "one with an impeccable beauty" while telling Indra how he created Ahalya by taking the special beauty of all creation and expressing it in every part of her body.{{sfn|Gita Press|1998| pp=681–682 (Verses 7.30.22–23)}} Because some Sanskrit dictionaries translate Ahalya as "unploughed,"{{r|Wilson p100|Apte p73}} some recent authors view this as an implicit reference to sexual intercourse and argue that the name refers to a virgin or a motherly figure. This fits the context of the character Ahalya, who is viewed as being in one way or another beyond Indra's reach.{{sfn|Bhattacharya|March–April 2004|pp=4–7}}{{sfn|Doniger|1999|pp=89, 129}}{{sfn|Feller|2004|p=146}} However, [[List of Nobel laureates|Nobel laureate]] [[Rabindranath Tagore]] (1861–1941), focusing on the literal meaning of "unploughed," interpreted Ahalya as a symbol of stone-like, infertile land that was made cultivable by Rama.{{sfn|Datta|2001|p=56}} [[Delhi University]] professor Bharati Jhaveri concurs with Tagore, interpreting Ahalya as unploughed land, on the basis of the tribal [[Bhil]] ''Ramayana'' of [[Gujarat]], an undated oral tradition.{{sfn|Jhaveri|2001|pp=149–52}}

== Creation and marriage ==
Ahalya is often described as an ''[[Ayoni#Mythology|ayonijasambhava]]'', one not born of a woman.{{sfn|Bhattacharya|March–April 2004|pp=4–7}} The ''[[Balakanda|Bala Kanda]]'' of the ''Ramayana'' (5th to 4th century BCE) mentions that Brahma moulds her "with great effort out of pure creative energy".{{sfn|Goldman|1990|p=218}} The ''[[Brahma Purana]]'' (401–1300 CE) and the ''[[Vishnudharmottara Purana]]'' (401–500 CE) also record her creation by Brahma.{{sfn|Söhnen-Thieme|1996|pp=50–51}} According to the [[Odissi dance#Mahari Tradition|Mahari]] dance tradition, Brahma created Ahalya out of water as the most beautiful woman in order to break the pride of [[Urvashi]], the foremost ''[[apsara]]''.{{sfn|Ritha Devi|Spring-Summer 1977|pp=25–29}} The tribal Bhil ''Ramayana'' begins with the tale of Ahalya, Gautama and Indra. In the tale, Ahalya is created from the ashes of the [[yajna|sacrificial fire]] by the [[Saptarishi]] (seven seers) and gifted to Gautama.{{sfn|Jhaveri|2001|pp=149–52}} In contrast, the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'' (501–1000 CE) and the ''[[Harivamsa]]'' (1–300 CE) regard Ahalya as a princess of the [[Lunar Dynasty|Puru Dynasty]], the daughter of King Mudgala and sister of King Divodasa.{{sfn|Mani|1975|p=17}}{{sfn|Garg|1992|pp=235–236}}

In the ''[[Ramayana#Uttara Kanda|Uttara Kanda]]'' book of the ''Ramayana'' (regarded by most scholars as a later addition to the epic), Brahma crafts Ahalya as the most beautiful woman and places her in the care of Gautama until she reaches puberty. When that time arrives, the sage returns Ahalya to Brahma, who, impressed by Gautama's sexual restraint and asceticism, bestows her upon him. Indra, who believes that the best women are meant for him, resents Ahalya's marriage to the forest-dwelling [[Tapas (Sanskrit)|ascetic]].{{sfn|Bhattacharya|2000|pp=14–15}}{{sfn|Doniger|1999|pp=89–90, 321–322}}

The ''[[Brahma Purana]]'' gives a similar account of Ahalya's birth and initial custody, recording that her marriage was determined through an open contest. Brahma declares that the first being to go around the three worlds ([[Svarga|heaven]], [[Prithvi|earth]] and the [[Patala|underworld]]) will win Ahalya. Indra uses his magical powers to complete the challenge, finally reaching Brahma and demanding the hand of Ahalya. However, the divine sage [[Narada]] tells Brahma that Gautama went around the three worlds before Indra. Narada explains that Gautama [[Parikrama|circumambulated]] the wish-bearing cow [[Kamadhenu|Surabhi]] while she gave birth, as part of his daily ''[[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]'' (ritual offering), making the cow equal to three worlds according to the ''[[Vedas]]''. Brahma agrees and Ahalya marries Gautama, leaving Indra envious and infuriated.{{sfn|Söhnen-Thieme|1996|pp=51–53}} A similar, but shorter, version of Ahalya's early life appears in the ''[[Padma Purana]]'' (701–1200 CE).{{sfn|Söhnen-Thieme|1996|pp=54–55}}

In all versions of the tale, after marrying Gautama, Ahalya settles into his [[ashram]] (hermitage), which generally becomes the site of her epic curse. The ''Ramayana'' records that [[Gautam Ashram|Gautama's ashram]] is in a forest (''Mithila-upavana'') near [[Mithila (India)|Mithila]], where the couple practices asceticism together for several years.{{sfn|Söhnen-Thieme|1996|pp=40–41}}{{sfn|Goldman|1990|pp=215–216}} In other scriptures, the ashram is usually near the river bank. The ''Brahma Purana'' says that it is near the river [[Godavari River|Godavari]] and the ''[[Skanda Purana]]'' (701–1200 CE) places it near the river [[Narmada River|Narmada]]. The ''Padma Purana'' and the ''[[Brahma Vaivarta Purana]]'' (801–1100 CE) describe the ashram as near the holy city of [[Pushkar]].{{sfn|Söhnen-Thieme|1996|pp=40–41}}

== Hints of a relationship with Indra ==
The ''Brahmana''s (9th to 6th centuries BCE) are the oldest scriptures to mention a relationship between Ahalya and Indra in the "''subrahmanya'' formula", a chant used by [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic]] priests "at the beginning of a [[Yajna#Yajnas in the Vedas|sacrifice]] to invite the main participants: Indra, the gods and the [[Brahmin]]s" (priests).{{sfn|Feller|2004|p=131}}{{sfn|Söhnen-Thieme|1996|pp=46–48}} The ''[[Jaiminiya Brahmana]]'' and the ''[[Sadvimsha Brahmana]]'' from the [[Samaveda]] tradition, the ''[[Shatapatha Brahmana]]'' and the ''[[Taittiriya Brahmana]]'' from the [[Yajurveda]] tradition and two ''[[Shrautasutra]]''s (''Latyayana'' and ''Drahyayana''){{sfn|Söhnen-Thieme|1996|pp=46–48}} invoke Indra, the "lover of Ahalya ... O Kaushika [Brahmin], who calls himself Gautama".{{sfn|Feller|2004|p=132}} The Samaveda tradition identifies her as Maitreyi, who the commentator [[Sayana]] (died 1387) explains is "the daughter of [the god] [[Mitra (Vedic)|Mitra]]".{{sfn|Söhnen-Thieme|1996|pp=46–48}}

In the ''subrahmanya'' formula, Ahalya does not have a husband. The ''Sadvimsha Brahmana'' does not explicitly state that Ahalya has a husband, although Kaushika (interpreted by most scholars as Ahalya's husband){{sfn|Söhnen-Thieme|1996|pp=46–48}}{{sfn|Keith|1998|p=132}}{{sfn|Feller|2004|pp=132–135}} is present in the story and his relationship to her can be inferred through Indra's adoption of the Brahmin's form to "visit" Ahalya. Renate Söhnen-Thieme, research associate at the [[School of Oriental and African Studies]], feels that the Kaushika of the ''Sadvimsha Brahmana'' is the same individual described as cursing Indra in the 5th- to 4th-century BCE epic ''[[Mahabharata]]'' (discussed below in "[[#Curse and redemption|Curse and redemption]]").{{sfn|Söhnen-Thieme|1996|pp=46–48}}{{sfn|Feller|2004|pp=132–135}}

The ''Shatapatha Brahmana'''s commentator, [[Kumārila Bhaṭṭa|Kumarila Bhatta]] (c. 700), reasons that the Ahalya–Indra narrative is an allegory for the Sun or the light (Indra) taking away the shade of night (Ahalya).{{sfn|Garg|1992|pp=235–236}} [[Edward Washburn Hopkins]], an American [[Indology|indologist]], interpreted the Ahalya of the ''subrahmanya'' formula not as a woman, but literally as "yet unploughed land", which Indra makes fertile.{{sfn|Söhnen|1991|p=73}}

== Seduction by Indra ==
[[File:Ahalya Indravalokan.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Ahalya clad in a yellow sari stands, plucking flowers from a tree. In the background (right top), Indra astride his flying horse.|Raja Ravi Varma's ''Ahalya Indravalokan'': Ahalya plucks flowers as Indra (top right corner), astride his flying horse, comes to visit her.]]
The ''Bala Kanda'' of the ''Ramayana'' is the earliest text to describe Ahalya's seduction in detail.{{sfn|Söhnen-Thieme|1996|p=39}}{{sfn|Ray|2007|pp=24–25}} It states that Indra becomes enamoured by Ahalya's beauty, learns of her husband's absence and comes to the ashram disguised as Gautama to request sexual intercourse with her, praising her as a shapely and slim-waisted woman. She sees through his disguise, but consents owing to her "curiosity". According to another interpretation, Ahalya's pride in her beauty compels her.{{sfn|''The Hindu''|25 June 2010}} Having satiated his lust, Ahalya requests that Indra, her "lover" and the "best of gods", flee and protect them from Gautama's wrath.{{sfn|Bhattacharya|March–April 2004|pp=4–7}}{{sfn|Goldman|1990|pp=215–216}} The ''[[Kathasaritsagara]]'' (11th century CE) is one of the few texts that mirror the ''Bala Kanda'''s Ahalya, who makes a conscious decision to accept Indra's advances. However, in this text Indra arrives undisguised.{{sfn|Söhnen-Thieme|1996|pp=58–59}}

Although the ''Bala Kanda'' mentions that Ahalya consciously commits adultery, the ''Uttara Kanda'' of the ''Ramayana'' and the ''[[Puranas]]'' (compiled between the 4th and 16th centuries CE) absolve her of all guilt.{{sfn|Bhattacharya|March–April 2004|pp=4–7}}{{sfn|Ray|2007|pp=25–26}} The ''Uttara Kanda'' recasts the tale as Ahalya's rape by Indra.{{sfn|Doniger|1999|pp=89–90, 321–322}}{{sfn|Söhnen-Thieme|1996|p=45}} In one allusion in the ''Mahabharata'', King [[Nahusha]] reminds [[Brihaspati]], Indra's guru, how Indra "violated" the "renowned" ''rishi-patni'' (wife of a sage) Ahalya. According to Söhnen-Thieme, the usage of the words "violated" and "renowned" indicates that Ahalya is not considered an adulteress.{{sfn|Söhnen-Thieme|1996|p=45}}

[[File:SAHASRAKHSYA AHALYA.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Indra with Ahalya, contemporary [[Pattachitra]] painting.]]
The ''Puranas'' introduce themes that are echoed in later works, including the deception of the unsuspecting Ahalya by Indra's devious disguise as Gautama in his absence.{{sfn|Söhnen-Thieme|1996|pp=40–41}} The ''Padma Purana'' states that after Gautama leaves for his ritual bath, Indra masquerades as Gautama and asks Ahalya to satisfy him. Ahalya, engrossed in worship, rejects him, considering it inappropriate to have sex at the cost of neglecting the gods. Indra reminds her that her first duty is to serve him. Finally Ahalya gives in, but Gautama learns of Indra's deception through his supernatural powers and returns to the ashram.{{sfn|Söhnen-Thieme|1996|pp=54–55}}{{sfn|Doniger|1999|pp=92–93, 321–322}} A similar account is found in the ''Brahma Purana''.{{sfn|Söhnen-Thieme|1996|pp=51–53}}{{sfn|Doniger|1999|pp=95–96, 321–322}} At times, Indra takes the form of a cock that crows to dispatch Gautama for his morning ablutions, as in the 18th-century [[Telugu language|Telugu]] rendition of the tale by the warrior-poet Venkata Krishnappa Nayaka of the [[Madurai Nayak Dynasty]].{{sfn|Doniger|1999|pp=100–103, 321–322}} In other versions, he uses an accomplice, such as the moon-god [[Chandra]], to distract Gautama.{{sfn|Jhaveri|2001|pp=149–52}} In the ''Brahma Vaivarta Purana'', Ahalya comes to bathe in the ''Svarnadi'' (heavenly river) and Indra becomes infatuated with her when he sees her. Assuming Gautama's form, Indra has sex with her until they sink to the river bed in exhaustion. However, Gautama catches them in the act. Another version in the same ''Purana'' focuses on the question of how the chaste Ahalya was seduced by Indra. In this version, Indra approaches Ahalya on the banks of the [[Mandakini River|Mandakini river]] in his own form to ask for a sexual favour, which is flatly refused by Ahalya. Indra subsequently poses as Gautama and fulfils his objective.{{sfn|Söhnen-Thieme|1996|pp=56–58}}{{sfn|Doniger|1999|pp=94, 321–322}}

In some versions, though initially deluded by Indra's disguise, Ahalya eventually recognises the impersonator. In the ''Skanda Purana'', Ahalya smells Indra's celestial fragrance and realises her folly as he embraces and kisses her and "so forth" (probably indicating a sexual act). Threatening Indra with a curse, she compels him to reveal his true form.{{sfn|Söhnen-Thieme|1996|pp=58–59}}{{sfn|Doniger|1999|pp=96–97, 321–322}} However, [[Kambar, Tamil|Kamban]]'s 12th-century [[Tamil language|Tamil]] adaptation of the ''Ramayana'', the ''[[Ramavataram]]'', narrates that Ahalya realises that her lover is an imposter but continues to enjoy the dalliance. Here, Ahalya agrees to have sex with the disguised Indra because she has long been craving affection from her ascetic husband.{{sfn|Ramanujan|1991|pp=28–32}}

In Venkata Krishnappa Nayaka's Telugu rendition, Ahalya is depicted as a romantic adulteress. When Brahma creates Ahalya as the most beautiful being, she falls in love with Indra and longs for him, but Brahma grants her to Gautama. After Ahalya's marriage, Indra too craves for her. He frequently visits her and flirts with her in Gautama's absence. At one point, Ahalya receives a visit from Indra's female messenger, who proceeds to mock husbands who avoid sex by saying that it is not the right day for pleasure. Ahalya protests, maintaining that she imagines Gautama to be Indra as they have sex and that a woman should be a stone, forgoing all thought of sexual gratification. That night, when Ahalya longs for conjugal bliss, Gautama refuses her, saying that she is not in her [[Menstrual cycle|fertile period]]. Agitated, she wishes that Indra was there to satisfy her. Indra perceives her wish and comes in Gautama's disguise, but is revealed by his seductive speech. Ignoring the deception, Ahalya joyously makes love to him.{{sfn|Doniger|1999|pp=101–102, 321–322}}

== Curse and redemption ==
While most versions agree that Gautama curses Ahalya after discovering the affair, the curse varies from text to text. However, almost all versions describe Rama as the agent of her liberation and redemption.

=== Punishments of Ahalya and Indra ===
[[File:Gautama cursed his wife Ahalya for allowing Indra into her hermitage.jpg|thumb|upright|Gautama (left) discovers Indra disguised as Gautama fleeing, as Ahalya watches.]]
The ''Bala Kanda'' mentions that Gautama spots Indra, who is still in disguise, and curses him to lose his [[testicles]]. Gautama then curses Ahalya to remain invisible to all beings for thousands of years, fast by subsisting only on air, suffer and sleep in ashes and be tormented by guilt. Nevertheless, he assures her that her sin will be expiated once she extends her hospitality to Rama, who will visit the ashram. Thereafter, Gautama abandons the ashram and goes to the [[Himalayas]] to practise asceticism. The [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]] prince Rama, his brother [[Lakshmana]] and their [[guru]], the sage [[Vishvamitra]] pass Gautama's desolate ashram while travelling to King [[Janaka]]'s court in Mithila. As they near the ashram, Vishvamitra recounts the tale of Ahalya's curse and instructs Rama to save Ahalya. Although Ahalya is cursed, Vishvamitra nevertheless describes her as goddess-like and illustrious,{{sfn|Goldman|1990|pp=217–218}} repeatedly calling her ''mahabhaga'', a [[Sanskrit compounds|Sanskrit compound]] (''maha'' and ''bhaga'') translated as "most illustrious and highly distinguished";{{sfn|Bhattacharya|March–April 2004|pp=4–7}}{{r|Wilson p650}}{{r|Monier-Williams p798}}{{sfn|Macdonell|2008|p=221}} this interpretation contrasts with that of [[Rambhadracharya]], who believes that the word ''mahabhaga'', in the context of Ahalya's story, means "extremely unfortunate" (''maha'' and ''abhaga'').{{efn|name=maha and abhaga}} Following Vishvamitra, the princes enter the ashram to see Ahalya, who, up till then, had been hidden from the universe. Ahalya is described as glowing from the intensity of her ascetic devotion, but hidden from the world like the Sun obscured by dark clouds, the light of a full moon hidden by mist or a blazing flame masked by smoke. Under the direction of his guru, Rama considers Ahalya pure and unblemished and, accompanied by Lakshamana, gives her [[Pranāma|obeisance by touching her by his feet]], an act that restores her social status. She greets them, recalling Gautama's words that Rama would be her redeemer. Ahalya extends her warmest reception, making a "welcome offering" of forest fruits and washing their feet, an act of respect according to the rites of that era. The gods and other celestial beings shower Rama and Ahalya with flowers and bow to Ahalya, who has been purified through her penance. Gautama then returns to his ashram and accepts her.{{sfn|Bhattacharya|March–April 2004|pp=4–7}}{{sfn|Goldman|1990|pp=215–218}}

[[File:Stone sculpt 2 NMND-10.JPG|thumb|upright|alt=A brown stone sculpture. Rama sits on a stone under a tree (right, largest figure) with a bow in left hand and the other hand on the head of Ahaya(centre bottom), who is seated on the ground with flowers in her hand. Behind her stands Lakshamana. The leftmost figure is of Vishvamitra sitting on a stone.|Ahalya offering fruits and flowers to Rama, her saviour, in a 5th-century CE stone sculpture from [[Deogarh, Uttar Pradesh|Deogah]], currently in the [[National Museum, New Delhi]]|left]]

In one instance in the ''Mahabharata'', Indra is said to have been cursed by having his beard turned to gold as he seduces Ahalya, while a curse by Kaushika (sometimes interpreted as synonymous to Gautama) is cited as the reason for his castration.{{sfn|Bhattacharya|March–April 2004|pp=4–7}}{{sfn|Ganguli Shanti Parva|1883–1896|loc=[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m12/m12c042.htm chap. CCCXLIII]}} In the ''Uttara Kanda'', Indra is cursed to lose his throne and endure captivity and bear half the sin of every rape ever committed,{{efn|name=uttarakanda}} while the innocent Ahalya is cursed to lose her status as the most beautiful woman, as it had prompted Indra's seduction. Ahalya claims her innocence (this part is not found in all manuscripts), but Gautama agrees to accept her only when she is sanctified by offering Rama hospitality.{{sfn|Bhattacharya|March–April 2004|pp=4–7}}{{sfn|Söhnen-Thieme|1996|p=45}}{{sfn|Doniger|1999|pp=89–90, 92, 321–322}}

Ahalya's defence plea is also found in some of the ''Purana''s. In the ''Brahma Purana'', Ahalya is cursed to become a dried up stream, but pleads her innocence and produces servants, who were also deceived by Indra's disguise, as witnesses. Gautama reduces the curse on his "faithful wife" and she is redeemed when she joins the Gautami (Godavari) river as a stream. Indra is cursed to carry his shame in the form of a thousand [[vulva]]e on his body, but the vulvae turn into eyes as he bathes in the Gautami. The ''Brahma Purana'' is a rare exception where Rama is dropped from the narrative. Instead, the greatness of the Gautami river is illustrated.{{sfn|Söhnen-Thieme|1996|pp=51–53}}{{sfn|Doniger|1999|pp=95–96, 321–322}} The ''Padma Purana'' tells that as Indra attempts to flee in the form of a cat, Gautama curses him to lose his genitals and to bear a thousand vulvae on his body. The beguiled Ahalya declares herself blameless, but Gautama considers her impure and curses her to be reduced to a mere skeleton of skin and bones. He decrees that she will regain her beautiful form when Rama laughs at seeing her so afflicted, dried out (a reminder of the dried stream motif), without a body (the ''Ramayana'' curse) and lying on the path (an attribute often used to describe a stone). When Rama comes, he proclaims her innocence and Indra's guilt, whereupon Ahalya returns to her heavenly abode and dwells with Gautama.{{sfn|Söhnen-Thieme|1996|pp=54–55}}{{sfn|Doniger|1999|pp=92–93, 321–322}}

{{clear}}

=== Stone motifs ===

In the popular retelling of the legend in later works, as well as in theatre and electronic media, Ahalya is turned to stone by Gautama's curse and returns to her human form only after being brushed by Rama's foot.{{sfn|Bhattacharya|March–April 2004|pp=4–7}}{{sfn|Devika|29 October 2006|p=52}} Pradip Bhattacharya, author of ''Panch-Kanya: The Five Virgins of Indian Epics'', argues that this version of the tale is the result of a "male backlash" and patriarchal myth-making that condemns her as a non-entity devoid of emotions, self-respect and social status.{{sfn|Bhattacharya|March–April 2004|pp=4–7}}{{sfn|Bhattacharya|November–December 2004|pp=32–33}}

[[File:Ahalya rama.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Ahalya (right bottom, seated in a red sari and rising from a stone, bows with folded hands to Rama (left) who is seated with Vishvamitra (centre) on a stone under a tree, in front of her. Lakshamana stands on the right.|Ahalya emerges from her stone form, after being touched by Rama's foot. The motif of Ahalya being turned into stone first gets scriptural authority in the ''Purana''s. (Early-20th-century print by Ravi Varma Press)]]

According to the ''Brahma Vaivarta Purana'', Gautama curses Indra to bear a thousand vulvae, which will turn to eyes when he worships the sun-god [[Surya]]. Ahalya is turned to stone for sixty thousand years and destined to be redeemed only by Rama's touch. Ahalya accepts the verdict without debate. In another version in the same ''Purana'', Gautama catches Indra fleeing as a cat and curses him with castration. Ahalya's plea of innocence is acknowledged by Gautama, who declares that her mind is pure and she has kept the "vow of chastity and fidelity", but another man's seed has defiled her body. Gautama orders her to go to the forest and become a stone until rescued by the touch of Rama's feet.{{sfn|Söhnen-Thieme|1996|pp=56–58}}{{sfn|Doniger|1999|pp=94, 321–322}} In Venkata Krishnappa Nayaka's Telugu rendition, when Indra reluctantly leaves, Gautama arrives and curses Ahalya to become a stone, to be later purified by Rama's feet. After she is freed from the curse, Gautama and Ahalya are reconciled and they spend their days in bed, exploring sexual techniques.{{sfn|Doniger|1999|pp=101–103, 321–322}}

The ''Skanda Purana'' tells that when Gautama arrives, Ahalya explains the whole tale truthfully, but is cursed by Gautama to become a stone, because he believes that she acted as a rolling stone, unable to recognise the difference between Indra's and Gautama's gestures and movements. The touch of Rama's feet is prophesied to be her saviour. The terrified Indra escapes as a cat and is cursed with castration.{{sfn|Doniger|1999|pp=96–97, 321–322}} Ahalya's truthfulness is also observed in the ''Kathasaritsagara''. When Gautama arrives after the act, Indra tries to flee as a cat but is cursed to bear the marks of a thousand vulvae. When asked by Gautama about her visitor, Ahalya wittily answers that it was a ''majjara'', a word meaning either "cat" or, when split as ''ma-jara'', "my lover". Gautama laughs and curses her to be turned into stone, but decrees that she will be released by Rama since she at least spoke the truth.{{sfn|Mani|1975|p=17}}{{sfn|Söhnen-Thieme|1996|pp=58–59}}

[[File:Rama realesaing Ahalya.jpg|thumb|upright|left|alt=Rama and Lakshmana with bows in their hands stand on the left. Underneath is a Bengali text. In the lower right is a large stone, though which Ahalya's torso rises with her hands folded. Vishwamitra stands behind her.|Rama liberates Ahalya from her stone form in this 19th-century [[Kalighat painting]].]]
The petrification motif also appears in non-scriptural works. The ''[[Raghuvamsa]]'' of [[Kalidasa]] (generally dated 4th century CE) notes that the wife of Gautama (unnamed here) momentarily becomes the wife of Indra. Without explicitly mentioning the curse, it relates further that she regains her beautiful form and casts away her stony appearance, owing to the grace provided by the dust of Rama's feet, which redeems her.{{sfn|Kālidāsa|Devadhar|1997|pp=203–204, 606}} Gautam Patel, author of many works about Kalidasa, credits him as the first person to introduce the petrification motif.{{sfn|Patel|1994|pp=105–106}} In the ''Ramavataram'' too, Rama does not have to touch Ahalya with his foot; the dust from his feet is enough to bring her back to life. As in other versions of the tale, the repentant Ahalya is turned to stone, only to be liberated by Rama, and Indra runs away disguised as a cat but is cursed to bear the marks of a thousand vulvae. The ''Ramavataram'' is an example of the [[Bhakti movement|Bhakti-era]] poets who exalt Rama as a saviour.{{sfn|Ramanujan|1991|pp=28–32}}{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|p=213}}

Although opinions differ on whether the ''Bala Kanda'' narrative of Ahalya refers to the divinity of Rama, later sources assert Rama's divine status, portraying Ahalya as a condemned woman rescued by God.{{sfn|Ray|2007|pp=25–26}}{{efn|name=Bala Kanda episode}}{{efn|name=taaraya}} The Bhakti-era poets use the episode as an archetypal example to demonstrate God's saving grace. The main theme of such narratives is her deliverance by Rama, which is seen as proof of his compassion.{{sfn|Goldman|1990|p=45}}

Most of the fifth chapter of the ''Bala Kanda'' Book of the ''[[Adhyatma Ramayana]]'' (embedded in the ''[[Brahmanda Purana]]'', c. 14th century) is dedicated to the Ahalya episode. Like most other versions of the story, Ahalya is turned into stone and advised to engross herself in meditation of Rama, "the Supreme Lord". When Rama touches the stone with his foot on Vishvamitra's advice, Ahalya rises as a beautiful maiden and sings a long [[panegyric]] dedicated to Rama. She describes his [[Hindu iconography|iconographic]] form and exalts him as an avatar of Vishnu and source of the universe to whom many divinities pay their respects. After worshipping him, she returns to Gautama. At the end of the narrative, Ahalya's hymn is prescribed as an ideal benediction for a devotee to gain Rama's favour.{{sfn|Dhody|1995|pp=17–20}} The [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]] ''[[Ramacharitamanasa]]'' (16th century) drops the narrative of Indra's visit to Ahalya. In this epic, Vishvamitra tells Rama that the cursed Ahalya has assumed the form of a rock and is patiently awaiting the dust from Rama's feet.{{sfn|Gita Press|2004|pp=147–148}} Ahalya tells Rama that Gautama was right to pronounce the curse, and she deems it as the greatest favour, for as a result, she feasted her eyes on Rama, who liberated her from her worldly existence.{{sfn|Gita Press|2004|pp=147–148}} As in the ''Adhyatma Ramayana'', Ahalya lauds Rama as the great Lord served by other divinities, asks for the boon of eternal engrossment in his devotion and afterwards leaves for her husband's abode. The narrative ends with praise for Rama's compassion.{{sfn|Prasad|1990|pp=145–146}} Tulsidas alludes to this episode numerous times in the ''Ramacharitamanasa'' while highlighting the significance of Rama's benevolence.{{sfn|Prasad|1990|pp=22, 158, 180, 243, 312, 692}} Commenting on this narrative in the ''Ramacharitamanasa'', Rambhadracharya says that Rama destroyed three things: the sin of Ahalya by his sight, the curse by the dust of his feet and the affliction by the touch of his feet, evidenced by the use of the ''Tribhangi'' (meaning "destroyer of the three") [[Meter (poetry)|metre]] in the verses which form Ahalya's panegyric.{{sfn|Rambhadracharya|2006|pp=101, 269}}

=== Other variants ===

In some rare exceptions, the curse is dropped. In an instance in the ''Mahabharata'', where details of the seduction are absent, an agitated Gautama orders his son Chirakari to behead his "polluted" mother and leaves the ashram. However, Chirakari is hesitant to follow the order and later concludes that Ahalya is innocent. Gautama returns and repents his hasty decision, realising that Indra is the guilty party.{{sfn|Söhnen-Thieme|1996|p=45}}{{sfn|Ganguli Shanti Parva|1883–1896|loc=[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m12/m12b093.htm chap. CCLXVI]}} In the Bhil ''Ramayana'', Gautama attacks and imprisons Indra, who is freed when he promises to shower rain on the crops as the rain god. He must also ensure that one quarter of the crops is dedicated to Gautama. Here, Ahalya is interpreted as dry and burnt land, eager for the rains sent by Indra, who is tamed by the wild [[cyclone|cyclonic]] Gautama.{{sfn|Jhaveri|2001|pp=149–52}}

== Modern renditions ==

[[File:Ahalyoddhara.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=A white sari clad, young Ahalya sits with folded arms in left bottom corner. A blue-hued Rama (central figure) in a yellow dhoti touches his right foot to her, as he blesses her with her right hand and holds a bow in his left. A bearded, saffron-robed Vishvamitra stands to his left. Lakshamana stands to his right.|The redemption of Ahalya, as depicted on the cover of ''Ahalyoddhara'' (2006), a book by [[Rambhadracharya]].]]

Ahalya has been examined in a new light by several modern writers, most commonly through short stories or through poetry in various Indian languages.{{sfn|Das|2006|pp=133–135}}{{sfn|Richman|2008|p=24}} Although Ahalya is a minor character in all ancient sources, "stigmatised and despised by those around her" for violating gender norms, modern Indian writers have elevated her to the status of an [[Epic (genre)|epic heroine]], rather than an insignificant figure in the saga of Rama.{{sfn|Das|2006|pp=133–135}}{{sfn|Richman|2008|pp=27, 111, 113–114}} However, in modern devotional ''Ramayana'' adaptations where Rama is the hero, the redemption of Ahalya continues to be a supernatural incident in his life.{{efn|name=redemption of Ahalya}}

Ahalya's tale lives on in modern-day poetry, including works by [[Rabindranath Tagore]] in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and English;{{sfn|Bhattacharya|March–April 2004|pp=4–7}} [[P. T. Narasimhachar]]'s 1940 [[Kannada]] poetic drama, ''Ahalya'', which weighs ''[[kama]]'' against ''[[dharma]]'' (pleasure against duty);{{sfn|Garg|1992|pp=235–236}}{{sfn|Das|2006|pp=133–135}} and the works of the Sanskrit scholar and poet Chandra Rajan.{{sfn|Bhattacharya|March–April 2004|pp=4–7}} It is retold numerous times in stage enactments as well as in film and television productions.{{sfn|Bhattacharya|March–April 2004|pp=4–7}}{{sfn|Gudipoodi|30 May 2008}} Ahalya is a popular motif in the Mahari temple-dancer tradition of [[Odisha]].{{sfn|Ritha Devi|Spring-Summer 1977|pp=25–29}} Other works and genres of performance art that have been used to tell her story include the ''[[mohiniyattam]]'' dance of [[Kerala]];{{sfn|Ram Kumar|18 July 2011}}{{sfn|Santhosh|4 December 2011}} ''Ahalyamoksham'', a play by [[Kunchan Nambiar]] staged in the ''[[ottamthullal]]'' tradition;{{sfn|Sharma|2000|p=40}} and ''Sati Ahalya'', a ''[[Telugu drama|padya-natakam]]'' drama from [[Andhra Pradesh]].{{sfn|Ram Mohan|25 January 2007}}

Early in the 20th century, the old norms were reasserted. [[Pa. Subramania Mudaliar]] in his Tamil poem (1938) describes Ahalya lecturing Indra on chastity, but Indra's lust compels him to rape her. Gautama turns Ahalya to stone to free her from the trauma. The Tamil writer Yogiyar portrays an innocent Ahalya, who sleeps with the disguised Indra, overcome with guilt and asking for punishment.{{sfn|Das|2006|pp=133–135}} [[Sripada Krishnamurty Sastry]]'s Telugu version of ''Ramayana'' (1947), one of the most censored versions of the tale, reduces Ahalya's contact with Indra to a handshake.{{sfn|Rao|2001|pp=168–169}}

Other authors reinterpreted the Ahalya legend from a very different perspective, often depicting Ahalya as a rebel and telling the story from her angle.{{sfn|Das|2006|pp=133–135}} [[R. K. Narayan]] (1906–2001) focuses on the psychological details of the story, reusing the old tale of Indra's disguise as Gautama, his flight as a cat and Ahalya's petrifaction.{{sfn|Doniger|1999|p=100}} The theme of adulterous love is explored in [[Vishram Bedekar]]'s musical [[Marathi language|Marathi]] play ''Brahma Kumari'' (1933) and the [[Malayalam]] works of P. V. Ramavarier (1941) and M. Parvati Amma (1948).{{sfn|Das|2006|pp=133–135}} The Ahalya of the Tamil short story writer [[K. P. Rajagopalan|Ku Pa Rajagopalan]] (1902–44) also secretly longs for Indra and enjoys dalliance with him.{{sfn|Das|2006|pp=133–135}} [[Pratibha Ray]]'s [[Odia language|Odia]] novel ''Mahamoha'' (1997, "Great Lust") portrays an independent and nonconformist Ahalya as a [[tragic hero]]ine, who offers herself to Indra so that he can fulfil his lust and she her womanhood. When Gautama persuades her to lie to society by claiming to have been raped, she debates chastity and freedom of mind with him.{{sfn|Ray|2007|pp=27–29}}

Some writers try to imagine Ahalya's life after the curse and redemption, a denouement which remains undisclosed in the ancient scriptures.{{sfn|Richman|2008|p=24}} [[Pudhumaipithan]]'s Tamil story ''Sapavimocanam'' (1943, "Deliverance from the Curse") and [[K. B. Sreedevi]]'s Malayalam language work (1990) translated as "Woman of Stone" focus on Rama's "double standard" from a feminist perspective. They ask why Rama frees Ahalya from being cursed for adultery, but punishes his wife [[Sita]] over false accusations of adultery with her kidnapper, [[Ravana]].{{sfn|Prema Nandakumar|28 March 2006}}{{efn|name=translations in Richman}} In Pudhumaipithan's tale, Ahalya turns back into stone after hearing that Sita had to undergo a trial by fire to prove her chastity. Sreedevi portrays her turning into stone upon learning that Sita was banished from the kingdom on charges of adultery even after proving her chastity through the trial. Pudhumaipithan also narrates how, after the redemption, Ahalya suffers from "[[Psychological trauma|post-trauma repetition syndrome]]", repeatedly re-experiencing Indra's seduction and Gautama's fury, as well as suffering the ire of a conservative society that rejects her.{{sfn|Das|2006|pp=133–135}}{{efn|name=translations in Richman}} Gautama also suffers from self-recrimination at his hasty decision to curse Ahalya.{{efn|name=translations in Richman}} In another story, ''Ahalya'' by Pudhumaipithan, Gautama forgives both Ahalya and Indra.{{sfn|Das|2006|pp=133–135}}

S. Sivasekaram's 1980 Tamil poem ''Ahalikai'' examines the stone motif in Ahalya's tale: she marries a husband who is no more interested in her than a stone and briefly encounters joy with Indra, only to end up cursed to become a lifeless stone. The poet asks if it was better for Ahalya to remain physically a stone and retain her dignity rather than return to a stony marriage.{{efn|name=translations in Richman}} ''Uyir Maga'' ("Life-woman") by the Tamil poet Na. Pichamurthy (1900–76) presents Ahalya as an allegorical representation of life, with Gautama as the mind and Indra pleasure. The [[Marxist literary criticism|Marxist critic]] [[Kovai Gnani]], in his poem ''Kallihai'', represents Ahalya as the oppressed class and Rama as an ideal future without exploitation. Gautama and Indra represent [[feudalism]] and capitalism.{{sfn|Das|2006|pp=133–135}} The character of Ahalya played by Kamala Kotnis in the 1949 movie ''Sati Ahalya'' ("chaste Ahalya") was described as still relevant by contemporary film critics due to its portrayal of the predicament of a stained woman.{{sfn|Dwyer|2006|p=60}}

[[File:Brooklyn Museum - Leaf from a Razm-nama Manuscript - Mohan (Son of Banwari).jpg|thumb|upright|alt=In the top, central figure of a young Chirakari touching the feet of a middle-aged Gautma, both dressed in royal Mughal clothes. Numerous royal ladies surround them. In the bottom of the painting, outside the door are royal men with horses.|Gautama is relieved to find that his son Chirakari has not carried out his impulsive order to execute Ahalya. (Leaf from the ''Razm-Nama'', a Persian translation of the ''Mahabharata '' initiated by the emperor [[Akbar]] in 1598–99. Currently in the [[Brooklyn Museum]])]]

Love, sex and desire become important elements of the plot in [[Sant Singh Sekhon]]'s [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] play ''Kalakar'' (1945), which places the epic drama in the modern age. It depicts Ahalya as a free-spirited woman, who dares to be painted nude by Inder (Indra), a pupil of the art professor, Gautama, and defends her decision against her husband's criticisms.{{sfn|Das|2006|pp=133–135}}{{efn|name=see Gill}} [[N. S. Madhavan]]'s Malayalam story (April 2006) also retells Ahalya's tale in a modern setting, wherein Ahalya, accused of adultery, is beaten by her husband, leaving her in a coma from which the [[neurologist]], Rama, revives her.{{efn|name=translations in Richman}} However, the practice of retelling the classical Ahalya–Indra tale in a contemporary setting is not new. The ''[[Yoga Vasistha]]'' (1001–1400) narrates a tale of two adulterous lovers, Queen Ahalya and the [[Brahmin]] Indra. Here, Ahalya and Indra fall in love and continue their affair, despite being punished by Ahalya's jealous husband. After death, they reunite in their [[reincarnation|next birth]].{{sfn|Varadpande|2005|p=101}}{{sfn|Doniger|1999|pp=104, 321–322}} The 2015 short film [[Ahalya (2015 film)|''Ahalya'']] gives a feminist twist to the tale where the policeman Indra turns into a stone doll, after visiting Ahalya.{{sfn|''DNA''|22 July 2015}}{{sfn|Roy|21 July 2015}}

== Children ==
The ''Ramayana'' mentions Ahalya's son, [[Shatananda]] (Satananda), the family priest and preceptor of King [[Janaka]] of [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]]. In this version, Shatananda asks [[Vishvamitra]] anxiously about the well-being of his "renowned" mother.{{sfn|Mani|1975|p=285}}{{sfn|Goldman|1990|pp=220–221}} By contrast, the ''Mahabharata'' mentions two sons: Sharadvan, born with arrows in his hand, and Chirakari, whose extensive brooding over his actions leads to procrastination. Besides these, an unnamed daughter is also alluded to in the narrative. The ''Vamana Purana'' mentions three daughters: Jaya, Jayanti and Aparaji.{{sfn|Mani|1975|p=285}}

Another legend, generally told in Indian folk tales, states that [[Aruṇa|Aruna]], the charioteer of the sun-god Surya, once became a woman named Aruni and entered an assembly of celestial nymphs, where no man except Indra was allowed. Indra fell in love with Aruni and fathered a son named [[Vali (Ramayana)|Vali]]. The next day, at Surya's request, Aruna again assumed female form, and Surya fathered a son, [[Sugriva]]. Both children were given to Ahalya for rearing, but Gautama cursed them, causing them to turn into [[vanara|monkeys]], as he did not like them.{{sfn|Mani|1975|p=17}}{{sfn|Pattanaik|2001|p=49}}{{sfn|Freeman|2001|pp=201–204}} In the [[Thai language|Thai]] version of the Ramayana, the ''[[Ramakien]]'', Vali and Sugriva are described as Ahalya's children from her liaisons with Indra and Surya. Although Ahalya initially passes them off as sons of Gautama, her daughter by Gautama – [[Añjanā|Anjani]] – reveals her mother's secret to her father. He consequently drives the brothers away and curses them to become monkeys. Enraged, Ahalya curses Anjani to give birth to a monkey too. Anjani bears [[Hanuman]], the monkey-god and friend of Rama.{{sfn|Pattanaik|2001|p=50}}{{sfn|Pattanaik|2000|p=109}} Similar tales are also found in the [[Malay language|Malay]] adaptation, ''[[Hikayat Seri Rama]]'', and Punjabi and [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] folk tales. However, Anjani is cursed by Gautama in these versions, generally for aiding Indra and Ahalya in concealing the secret.{{sfn|Bulcke|2010|pp=129–131}}

Some [[Tamil people|Tamil]] castes trace their ancestry to Ahalya and Indra's liaison; the castes are named after Ahalya's children. Gautama finds the three boys and names them according to their behaviour: [[Agamudayar]] (derived from "brave"), who confronts Gautama, [[Maravar]] (derived from "tree"), who climbs a tree and [[Kallar (caste)|Kallar]] (derived from "thief" or "rock"), who hides like a thief behind a large rock. A fourth child, [[Vellalar|Vellala]], is added in some versions. In another variant, the liaison is replaced by penance and worship offered by Ahalya to Indra, who gifts her the children as a reward.{{sfn|Headley|2011|pp=104–105}}

== Assessment and remembrance ==

A well-known verse about Ahalya runs:{{r|Apte p73}}{{sfn|Chattopadhyaya|1982|pp=13–14}}
<div style="text-align: center;">
<poem>
'''Sanskrit transliteration'''
{{IAST|ahalyā draupadī Kunti tārā mandodarī tathā ।}}
{{IAST|pañcakanyāḥ smarennityaṃ mahāpātakanāśinīḥ ॥}}
</poem>
<poem>
'''English translation'''
Ahalya, [[Draupadi]], [[Kunti]], [[Tara (Ramayana)|Tara]] and [[Mandodari]]
One should forever remember the five virgins who are the destroyers of great sins
</poem>
Note: A variant of this prayer replaces Sita with [[Kunti]].{{sfn|Bhattacharya|March–April 2004|pp=4–7}}{{sfn|Devika|29 October 2006|p=52}}{{sfn|Mukherjee|1999|p=36}}
</div>

[[File:Panchakanya.jpg|thumb|upright|''Panchakanya'', a pre-1945 lithograph from Ravi Varma Press.]]
Orthodox Hindus, especially Hindu wives, remember the ''[[Panchakanya (Hinduism)|panchakanya]]'', the five virgins or maidens, in this daily morning prayer.{{sfn|Chattopadhyaya|1982|pp=13–14}}{{sfn|Mukherjee|1999|p=36}}{{sfn|Dallapiccola|2002}} One view considers them "exemplary chaste women"{{sfn|Dallapiccola|2002}} or ''mahasati''s ("great chaste women") as per the Mahari dance tradition,{{sfn|Ritha Devi|Spring-Summer 1977|pp=25–29}} and worthy as an ideal for "displaying some outstanding quality".{{sfn|Chattopadhyaya|1982|pp=13–14}} According to this view, Ahalya is the "epitome of the chaste wife, unjustly accused of adultery", while her "proverbial loyalty to her husband" makes her venerable.{{sfn|Dallapiccola|2002}} Ahalya is often regarded as the leader of the ''panchkanya'' due to the "nobility of her character, her extraordinary beauty and the fact of her being  chronologically the first ''kanya''".{{sfn|Bhattacharya|March–April 2004|pp=4–7}} In the ''[[Devi-Bhagavata Purana]]'', Ahalya is included in a list of secondary goddesses, who are "auspicious, glorious and much praiseworthy", alongside Tara and Mandodari as well as some of the ''pancha-sati''s ("five ''sati''s or chaste wives") [[Arundhati (Hinduism)|Arundhati]] and [[Damayanti]].{{r|Vijnanananda p876}}

Another view does not regard the ''panchakanya'' as ideal women who should be emulated.{{sfn|Mukherjee|1999|pp=48–49}} Bhattacharya, author of ''Panch-Kanya: The Five Virgins of Indian Epics'' contrasts the ''panchakanya'' with the five ''sati''s enlisted in another traditional prayer: [[Sati (goddess)|Sati]], Sita, [[Savitri and Satyavan|Savitri]], Damayanti and Arundhati. He rhetorically asks, "Are then Ahalya, Draupadi, Kunti, Tara, and Mandodari ''not'' chaste wives because each has 'known' a man, or more than ''one'', other than her husband?"{{sfn|Bhattacharya|2000|p=13}} Because they exhibited sexual behaviours that were non-ideal and even unethical according to traditional norms, Indian social reformer [[Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay]] was perplexed by the inclusion of Ahalya and Tara in the ''panchakanya''.{{sfn|Chattopadhyaya|1982|pp=13–14}} Although Ahalya's transgression blemished her and denied her the high status and reverence accorded to women like Sita and Savitri, this action made her immortal in legend.{{sfn|Mukherjee|1999|pp=48–49}}

The place where Ahalya is held to have practised her penance and was redeemed has been celebrated in scriptures as a sacred place called the ''Ahalya-tirtha''. A ''[[Tirtha and Kshetra|tirtha]]'' is a sacred place with a body of water, where [[pilgrim]]s generally bathe to purify themselves. The location of the ''Ahalya-tirtha'' is disputed: according to some scriptures, it is on the river Godavari, others place it on the river Narmada. Two sites are widely held to be the ''Ahalya-tirtha''. One is located near Ahalyeshvara Temple in [[Zaghadia|Bhalod]], on the banks of the Narmada; another is located in [[Darbhanga district]], Bihar.{{sfn|Kapoor|2002|p=16}}{{sfn|Ganguli Vana Parva|1883–1896|loc=[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m03/m03084.htm chap. LXXXIV]}} The ''[[Ahalya Sthan|Ahilya Asthan]]'' temple in ''Ahalya-gram'' ("Ahalya's village") in the same district is dedicated to Ahalya.{{sfn|Official Site of Darbhanga District|2006}} For those seeking to attract women and be handsome like the love-god [[Kamadeva]], the ''Matsya Purana'' and the ''[[Kurma Purana]]'' prescribe the worship of Ahalya at the ''Ahalya-tirtha''. This is to be done on the day of Kamadeva, in the Hindu month of [[Chaitra]]. According to the texts, he who bathes in the ''tirtha'' will enjoy pleasure with the celestial nymphs.{{sfn|Benton|2006|p=79}}

For Bhattacharya, Ahalya is the eternal woman who responds to her inner urges and the advances of the divine ruler, a direct contrast to her ascetic husband, who did not satisfy her carnal desire. The author regards Ahalya as an independent woman who makes her own decisions, takes risks and is driven by curiosity to experiment with the extraordinary and then accept the curse imposed on her by patriarchal society.{{sfn|Bhattacharya|March–April 2004|pp=4–7}} It is this undaunted acceptance of the curse that makes the ''Ramayana'' praise and venerate her.{{sfn|Bhattacharya|November–December 2004|p=31}} V. R. Devika, author of ''Ahalya: Scarlet Letter'', asks, "So is it right to condemn adultery and physical encounters as modern afflictions and against our [Indian/Hindu] culture? Or do we learn from Ahalya who made a conscious choice to fulfil her need and yet has been extolled?"{{sfn|Devika|29 October 2006|p=52}}

Like Bhattacharya, Meena Kelkar, author of ''Subordination of Woman: a New Perspective'', feels that Ahalya was made venerable due to her acceptance of gender norms; she ungrudgingly accepted the curse while acknowledging her need for punishment. However, Kelkar adds that another reason for making Ahalya immortal in scripture could be that her punishment acts as a warning and deterrent to women.{{sfn|Kelkar|1995|pp=59–60}} Patriarchal society always condemns Ahalya as a [[fallen woman]].{{sfn|Bhattacharya|November–December 2004|pp=32–33}} In [[Bhavabhuti]]'s 8th-century play ''[[Mahaviracharita]]'', which alludes to Ahalya's redemption in a verbal spat with [[Parashurama]], Satananda is mocked as the son of Ahalya, the adulteress.{{sfn|Mirashi|1996|pp=113, 150}} Jaya Srinivasan, in her discourses on tales from the Hindu epics, says that though Ahalya's action was "unpardonable", she was redeemed by the divine touch of dust from Rama's feet. Jaya adds that Ahalya's actions and the resultant curse are a warning that such immoral behaviour leads to doom, although sincere penitence and complete surrender to God can erase the gravest sins.{{sfn|''The Hindu''|30 September 2002}} In Hindu Tamil weddings in India and Sri Lanka, Ahalya appears as a symbolic black grinding stone, which the bride touches with her foot while promising not to be like Ahalya. The bride is also shown the star associated with the chaste Arundhati, who is cast as her ideal.{{sfn|Doniger|1999|pp=94–95}}{{sfn|Jensen|2002|p=398}} The well-known treatise on sexual behaviour, the ''[[Kama Sutra]]'' (301–600), also mentions Ahalya and Indra while discussing how lust destroys men.{{sfn|Doniger|1999|p=90}} However, it also urges men to seduce women by telling the romantic tales of Ahalya.{{sfn|Varadpande|2005|p=100}} The sixth-century Tamil epic ''[[Manimekalai]]'' alludes to her tale warning how the gods also do not remain untouched by illicit love.{{sfn|Aiyangar|1927|pp=28, 156}}

The right-wing Hindu women's organisation [[Rashtra Sevika Samiti]] considers Ahalya the symbol of "Hindu woman's (and Hindu society's) rape by the outsider", especially [[British Raj|British colonisers]] and [[Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent|Muslim invaders]], but also Hindu men.{{sfn|Bacchetta|2002|pp=50–51}} The feminist writer [[Tarabai Shinde]] (1850–1910) writes that the scriptures, by depicting gods such as Indra who exploit chaste wives such as Ahalya, are responsible for promoting immoral ways; she asks why so much importance is then given to ''pativrata dharma'', the devotion and fidelity to the husband which is said to be the ultimate duty of a wife.{{sfn|Feldhaus|1998|p=207}}

A similar tale of divine seduction appears in [[Greek mythology]], where [[Zeus]], a [[King of the Gods|king-of-the-gods]] figure akin to Indra, seduces [[Alcmene]] by assuming the form of her husband, resulting in the birth of the legendary hero [[Heracles]]. Like Ahalya, Alcmene falls victim to Zeus's trickery in some versions or, recognising his true identity, proceeds with the affair in others. The main difference between the tales is that the ''raison-d'être'' of Alcmene's seduction is the justification of Heracles's divine parentage, so she is never condemned as an adulteress or punished; in contrast, Ahalya faces the ire of the scriptures as her encounter is regarded as purely erotic (not resulting in procreation).{{sfn|Söhnen|1991|pp=73–74}}{{sfn|Doniger|1999|pp=124–125}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Hinduism|Mythology
}}

* [[List of characters in Ramayana]]
* [[Rishi]]

== Footnotes ==

'''Explanatory notes'''

{{notelist
| colwidth = 30em
| notes =

{{efn
| name = uttarakanda
| The curse of the ''Uttara Kanda'' is fulfilled when [[Indrajit]] defeats Indra and conquers heaven.
}}

{{efn
| name = maha and abhaga
| {{harvnb|Rambhadracharya|2006|p=36}}: "... महाभागां माने इसका सीधा सा उत्तर है, यदि आप कहें कि महाभागां माने महाभाग्यशालिनी, तो उसको तारने की क्या आवश्यकता है, तब क्यों तारा जाए। तो कहा महाभागां, अरे, वहाँ खण्ड करो – महा अभागां, ये बहुत दुर्भाग्यशालिनी महिला है – महत् अभागं यस्याः सा, जिसका बहुत बड़ा अभाग्य है ..." ("... mahābhāgāṃ means – it's a straightforward answer, if one says that mahābhāgāṃ means highly fortunate, then what is the need to liberate her, why should she be liberated? Then, it was said, mahābhāgāṃ – decompose it as mahā abhāgām, she is an extremely unfortunate lady – mahat abhāgaṃ yasyāḥ sā, whose misfortune is very extreme ...")
}}

{{efn
| name = Bala Kanda episode
| {{harvnb|Goldman|1990|p=45}}: "The Bala Kanda episode in which Rama releases Ahalya ... in hands of Tulsi Das ... and other poets of the bhakti movement becomes the archetypal demonstration of the lord's saving grace – is in Valmiki handled with no reference to the divinity of the hero"
}}

{{efn
| name = taaraya
| {{harvnb|Rambhadracharya|2006|pp=35–36}}: The author states that the use of the word ''taaraya'' (IAST tāraya, "liberate") by Valmiki in verse 1.49.12 (spoken by Vishvamitra to Rama) of the Ahalya narrative implies the divinity of Rama, since it is only God that can liberate and not a common man.
}}

{{efn
| name = translations in Richman
| {{harvnb|Richman|2008|pp=113–114}}: The translations of all these works are present in {{harvnb|Richman|2008|pp=141–173}}.
}}

{{efn
| name = redemption of Ahalya
| See examples:
* {{harvnb|Rambhadracharya|2006}}.
* {{harvnb|Shastri|2005}}.
* {{harvnb|Ramanand Sagar|1987–1988}}.
* {{harvnb|NDTV Imagine|2008}}.
}}

{{efn
| name = see Gill
| See English translation in {{harvnb|Gill|2005|pp=251–304}}.
}}

}}

'''Citations'''

{{reflist
| colwidth = 24em
| refs =

<ref name="Apte p73">
{{harvnb|Apte|2004
| p = [https://books.google.com/books?id=4ArxvCxV1l4C&pg=PA73 73]
}}.
</ref>

<ref name="Apte p637">
{{harvnb|Apte|2004
| p = [https://books.google.com/books?id=4ArxvCxV1l4C&pg=PA637 637]
}}.
</ref>

<ref name="Monier-Williams p798">
{{harvnb|Monier-Williams|2008
| p = [http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/cgi-bin/monier/serveimg.pl?file=/scans/MWScan/MWScanjpg/mw0798-mahApheTkArIya.jpg 798]
}}.
</ref>

<ref name="Monier-Williams p1293">
{{harvnb|Monier-Williams|2008
| p = [http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/cgi-bin/monier/serveimg.pl?file=/scans/MWScan/MWScanjpg/mw1293-harSula.jpg 1293]
}}.
</ref>

<ref name="Vijnanananda p876">
{{harvnb|Vijnanananda|1921–1922
| p = [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/db/bk09ch18.htm 876]
}}.
</ref>

<ref name="Wilson p100">
{{harvnb|Wilson|2008
| p = [http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/WILScan/disp3/serveimg.php?page=100 100]
}}.
</ref>

<ref name="Wilson p650">
{{harvnb|Wilson|2008
| p = [http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/WILScan/disp3/serveimg.php?page=650 650]
}}.
</ref>

}}

== References ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DO5kab63zNg |title=Ahilya's redemption (Ramayana) |date=1987–1988 |work=[[Ramanand Sagar]]'s [[Ramayan (1987 TV series)|Ramayan]] TV series |publisher=YouTube |access-date=24 December 2011 |ref={{sfnRef|Ramanand Sagar|1987–1988}}}}
* {{cite book | year = 1998 | title = Śrīmadvālmīkīya Rāmāyaṇa | trans-title = The Ramayana of Valmiki | publisher = [[Gita Press]] | volume = 2 | language = hi | trans-chapter = Canto 30 | chapter = Triṃśaḥ Sargaḥ | ref = {{sfnRef|Gita Press|1998}} }}
* {{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2002/09/30/stories/2002093003240900.htm |title=Lessons from the Ahalya Episode |date=30 September 2002 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=22 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331172350/http://hindu.com/2002/09/30/stories/2002093003240900.htm |archive-date=31 March 2012 |ref={{sfnRef|''The Hindu''|30 September 2002}} |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book | year = 2004 | title = Śrīrāmacaritamānasa or the Mānasa Lake Brimming over with the Exploits of Śrī Rāma (With Hindi Text and English Translation) | publisher = Gita Press| chapter = Descent One (Bālakāṇḍa) | isbn = 978-81-293-0146-8 | ref = {{sfnRef|Gita Press|2004}} }}
* {{cite web | url = https://darbhanga.nic.in/places-of-interest/ | title = Tourist Spots in Darbhanga: Ahilya Asthan | year = 2006 | work = Official Site of Darbhanga District | publisher = [[National Informatics Centre]], District Unit Darbhanga | access-date = 22 May 2022 | archive-date = 15 July 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060715155728/http://darbhanga.bih.nic.in/dar_tourist.htm | ref = {{sfnRef|Official Site of Darbhanga District|2006}} }}
* {{cite web | url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gJLIpuySS2c&feature=fvst | title = Ahalya episode | year = 2008 | work = [[Ramayan (2008 TV series)]] on [[Imagine TV|NDTV Imagine]] | publisher = YouTube | access-date = 24 December 2011 | ref = {{sfnRef|NDTV Imagine|2008}} }}
* {{cite news |title=Expiation of Sin |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=25 June 2010 |url= http://www.hindu.com/2010/06/25/stories/2010062556171600.htm |access-date=22 April 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120401175928/http://www.hindu.com/2010/06/25/stories/2010062556171600.htm |archive-date=1 April 2012 |ref={{sfnRef|''The Hindu''|25 June 2010}} |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-watch-radhikta-apte-and-soumitra-chatterjee-s-haunting-performances-in-sujoy-ghosh-s-ahalya-2106632|title=Watch: Radhika Apte and Soumitra Chatterjee's haunting performances in Sujoy Ghosh's 'Ahalya'|website=DNA|date=22 July 2015 |access-date=22 July 2015|ref={{sfnRef|''DNA''|22 July 2015}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Aiyangar |first=Rao Bahadur Krishnaswami |title=Manimekhalai in its Historical Setting |date=1927 |publisher=Luzac & Co. |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/manimekhalaiinit031176mbp |access-date=30 July 2019}}
* {{cite book | last = Apte | first = Vaman S. | year = 2004| orig-year = 1970| title = The Student's Sanskrit-English Dictionary | publisher = [[Motilal Banarsidass|Motilal Banarsidass Publishers]] | isbn = 978-81-208-0045-8 | edition = 2nd }}
* {{cite book | last = Bacchetta | first = Paola | title = Right-wing Women: from Conservatives to Extremists Around the World | editor = Bacchetta, Paola |editor2=Power, Margaret | publisher = [[Routledge]] | year = 2002 | chapter = Hindu Nationalist Women Imagine Spatialites/Imagine Themselves | isbn = 978-0-415-92778-9}}
* {{cite book | last = Benton | first = Catherine | title = God of Desire: Tales of Kāmadeva in Sanskrit Story Literature | publisher = [[State University of New York]] | year = 2006 | isbn = 978-0-7914-6565-3}}
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* {{cite journal | last = Bhattacharya | first = Pradip | date = November–December 2004 | title = Five Holy Virgins, Five Sacred Myths: A Quest for Meaning (Part V) | journal = Manushi | issue = 145 | pages = 30–37 | url = http://www.manushi-india.org/pdfs_issues/PDF%20145/Panchkayana%2030-37.pdf | ref = {{sfnRef|Bhattacharya|November–December 2004}}}}
* {{cite book | last = Bulcke | first = Father Dr. Camille | title = Rāmakathā and Other Essays | publisher = Vani Prakashan | year = 2010 | isbn = 978-93-5000-107-3}}
* {{cite book | last = Chattopadhyaya | first = Kamaladevi | title = Indian Women's Battle for Freedom | publisher = Abhinav Publications | year = 1982 | author-link = Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay}}
* {{cite book | last = Dallapiccola | first = Anna L. | title = Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend | publisher = [[Thames & Hudson]] | location = London | year = 2002 | chapter = Ahalya | isbn = 978-0-500-51088-9 | url = https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofhind0000dall | access-date = 16 May 2011| url-access = registration }}
* {{cite book | last = Das | first = Sisir Kumar | title = A History of Indian Literature: 1911–1956:Struggle for Freedom : Triumph and Tragedy | publisher = [[Sahitya Akademi]] | year = 2006 | chapter = Epic Heroines – Ahalya | isbn = 978-81-7201-798-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Datta |first=Nilanjana Sikdar |title=Critical Perspectives on the Rāmāyaṇa |editor=Dodiya, Jaydipsinh |publisher=Sarup & Sons |year=2001 |chapter=Valmiki-Ramayana – an Approach by Rabindranath Tagore |isbn=978-81-7625-244-7}}
* {{cite magazine |last=Devika |first=V. R. |title=Women of Substance: Ahalya: Scarlet Letter |magazine=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |date=29 October 2006 |volume=24 |issue=48 |ref={{sfnRef|Devika|29 October 2006}}}}
* {{cite book | last = Dhody | first = Chandan Lal | title = The Adhyātma Rāmāyaṇa: concise English version | publisher = M.D. Publications | year = 1995 | isbn = 978-81-85880-77-8}}
* {{cite book | last = Doniger | first = Wendy | title = Splitting the Difference: Gender and Myth in Ancient Greece and India | publisher = [[University of Chicago Press]] | year = 1999 | isbn = 978-0-226-15641-5 | chapter = Indra and Ahalya, Zeus and Alcmena | author-link = Wendy Doniger}}
* {{cite book | last = Dwyer | first = Rachel | title = Filming the Gods: Religion and Indian Cinema | publisher = Routledge | year = 2006 | isbn = 978-0-415-31425-1}}
* {{cite book | last = Feldhaus | first = Anne | title = Images of Women in Maharashtrian Society | year = 1998 | publisher = [[SUNY Press]] | isbn = 978-0-7914-3659-2}}
* {{cite book | last = Feller | first = Danielle | title = The Sanskrit Epics' Representation of Vedic Myths | publisher = Motilal Banarsidass Publishers | year = 2004 | chapter = Indra, the Lover of Ahalya | isbn = 978-81-208-2008-1}}
* {{cite book | last = Freeman | first = Rich | title = Questioning Rāmāyaṇas: a South Asian Tradition | editor = Richman, Paula | publisher = [[University of California Press]] | year = 2001 | chapter = Thereupon Hangs a Tail: the Deification of Vali in the Teyyam Worship of Malabar | isbn = 978-0-520-22074-4}}
* {{cite book | last = Ganguli | first = Kisari Mohan | title = The Mahabharata Book 3: [[Vana Parva]] | year = 1883–1896 | ref = {{sfnRef|Ganguli Vana Parva|1883–1896}} | author-link = Kisari Mohan Ganguli}}
* {{cite book | last = Ganguli | first = Kisari Mohan | title = The Mahabharata Book 12: [[Shanti Parva]] | year = 1883–1896 | ref = {{sfnRef|Ganguli Shanti Parva|1883–1896}} }}
* {{cite book | title = Encyclopaedia of the Hindu World: A-Aj | volume = 1 | first = Ganga Ram | last = Garg | publisher = South Asia Books | year = 1992 | isbn = 978-81-7022-374-0}}
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* {{cite book | last = Goldman | first = Robert P. | title = The Ramayana of Valmiki: Balakanda | series = The Ramayana of Valmiki: an Epic of Ancient India | volume = 1 | year = 1990 | publisher = [[Princeton University Press]] | isbn = 978-0-691-01485-2| url = https://archive.org/details/ramayanaofva01valm }}
* {{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/05/30/stories/2008053050130300.htm |title=Story of Five Archetypes |author=Gudipoodi Srihari |date=30 May 2008 |access-date=4 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406103354/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/05/30/stories/2008053050130300.htm |archive-date=6 April 2012 |ref={{sfnRef|Gudipoodi|30 May 2008}} |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book | last = Headley | first = Zoé E. | title = A Companion to the Anthropology of India | editor = Isabelle Clark-Decès | publisher = [[Wiley-Blackwell]] | year = 2011 | series = Blackwell Companions of Anthropology | chapter = Caste and Collective Memory in South India | isbn = 978-1-4051-9892-9}}
* {{cite book | last = Jensen | first = Herman | title = A Classified Collection of Tamil Proverbs | publisher = [[Asian Educational Services]] | year = 2002 | isbn = 978-81-206-0026-3}}
* {{cite book | last = Jhaveri | first = Bharati | title = Critical Perspectives on the Rāmāyaṇa | editor = Dodiya, Jaydipsinh | publisher = Sarup & Sons | year = 2001 | chapter = Nature and Environment in Ramayana of Bhils of North Gujarat | isbn = 978-81-7625-244-7}}
* {{cite book | last1 = Kālidāsa | last2 = Devadhar | first2 = C.R. | title = Raghuvamśa of Kālidāsa | publisher = Motilal Banarsidass Publishers | year = 1997 | chapter = Verse 33–34, Canto 11}}
* {{cite book | last = Kapoor | first = Subodh | title = Encyclopaedia of Ancient Indian Geography | publisher = Cosmo Publications | year = 2002 | volume = 1 | isbn = 978-81-7755-298-0}}
* {{cite book | title=The religion and philosophy of the Veda and Upanishads | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers | last=Keith| first = Arthur Berriedale | isbn=81-208-0645-X | volume = 1| chapter = Indra| year = 1998| orig-year = 1925| author-link = Arthur Berriedale Keith}}
* {{cite book | last = Kelkar | first = Meena K. | title = Subordination of Woman: A New Perspective | publisher = Discovery Publishing House | year = 1995 | isbn = 978-81-7141-294-5| url = https://archive.org/details/subordinationofw0000kelk }}
* {{cite book | last = Macdonell | first = Arthur Anthony | title = A Practical Sanskrit Dictionary with Transliteration, Accentuation, and Etymological Analysis Throughout | url = http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MDScan/index.php?sfx=jpg | author-link =  | year = 2008 | orig-year = 1929 | publisher = [[University of Cologne|Universität zu Köln]]}}
* {{cite book | last = Mani | first = Vettam | title = Puranic Encyclopaedia: a Comprehensive Dictionary with Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature | url = https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft | publisher = Motilal Banarsidass Publishers | year = 1975  | isbn = 978-0-8426-0822-0 | author-link = Vettam Mani}}
* {{cite book | last = Mirashi | first = V. V. | title = Bhavabhūti | publisher = Motilal Banarsidass Publishers | year = 1996 | isbn = 978-81-208-1180-5}}
* {{cite book | last = Mukherjee | first = Prabhati | title = Hindu Women: Normative Models | year = 1999 | publisher = [[Orient Blackswan]]  | isbn = 978-81-250-1699-1 | orig-year = 1978}}
* {{cite book | last = Monier-Williams | first = Monier | title = Monier Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary | author-link = Monier Monier-Williams  | year = 2008 | orig-year = 1899 | publisher = Universität zu Köln}}
* {{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/25/stories/2007012500340200.htm |title=Week-long drama festivities end |last=P. Ram Mohan |access-date=4 December 2011 |archive-date=31 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331163625/http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/25/stories/2007012500340200.htm |date=25 January 2007 |ref={{sfnRef|Ram Mohan|25 January 2007}} |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book | last = Patel | first = Gautam | title = Pandit N.R. Bhatt, Felicitation Volume | editor = Pierre-Sylvain Filliozat |editor2=Satya Pal Narang |editor3=C. Panduranga Bhatta | publisher = Motilal Banarsidass Publishers | year = 1994 | chapter = Sītātyāga, Whether Kālidāsa Wrote it First | isbn = 978-81-208-1183-6}}
* {{cite book | last = Pattanaik | first = Devdutt | title = The Goddess in India: the Five Faces of the Eternal Feminine | year = 2000 | publisher = [[Inner Traditions – Bear & Company]] | author-link = Devdutt Pattanaik}}
* {{Cite book | title = The Man Who Was a Woman and Other Queer Tales of Hindu Lore | last = Pattanaik | first = Devdutt | year = 2001 | publisher = Routledge | isbn = 978-1-56023-181-3}}
* {{cite book | last = Prasad | first = Rama Chandra | title = Tulsidasa's Shri Ramacharitamanasa: the Holy Lake of the Acts of Rama | publisher = Motilal Banarsidass Publishers | year = 1990 | isbn = 978-81-208-0443-2}}
* {{cite news | url = http://www.hindu.com/br/2006/03/28/stories/2006032800161400.htm | title = Myth as Metaphor in Feminist Fiction | author = Prema Nandakumar | date = 28 March 2006 |work=The Hindu| access-date = 4 December 2011 | archive-date = 20 July 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080720131909/http://www.hindu.com/br/2006/03/28/stories/2006032800161400.htm |ref={{sfnRef|Prema Nandakumar|28 March 2006}}}}
* {{cite news |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/all-rounders/i-want-spread-joy-through-dance-gopika-varma-420 |title=I want to spread joy through dance: Gopika Varma |author=Ram Kumar Ramaswamy |date=18 July 2011 |work=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=4 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120410044226/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/all-rounders/i-want-spread-joy-through-dance-gopika-varma-420 |archive-date=10 April 2012 |ref={{sfnRef|Ram Kumar|18 July 2011}} |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book | last = Ramanujan | first = A. K. | title = Many Rāmāyaṇas: The Diversity of a Narrative Tradition in South Asia | editor = Richman, Paula | publisher = University of California Press | year = 1991 | chapter = Three Hundred Rāmāyaṇas | isbn = 978-0-520-07589-4 | url = http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft3j49n8h7&chunk.id=d0e1254}}
* {{cite book | language = hi | author = Rambhadracharya (Swami) | author-link = Jagadguru Rambhadracharya | date = 30 March 2006| title = Ahalyoddhāra | trans-title = The Liberation of Ahalya | publisher = [[Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Handicapped University]]  | ref = {{sfnRef|Rambhadracharya|2006}} }}
* {{cite book | last = Rao | first = Velcheru Narayana | title = Questioning Rāmāyaṇas: a South Asian Tradition | editor = Richman, Paula | publisher = University of California Press | year = 2001 | chapter = The Politics of Telugu Ramayanas | isbn = 978-0-520-22074-4}}
* {{cite book | last = Ray | first = Pratibha | title = Revisiting the Pancha Kanyas : Proceedings of the National Seminar, [[Kolkata]], 2003 | editor = Bhattacharya, Pratip | publisher = Eastern Zonal Cultural Centre in association with Bookworks | year = 2007 | chapter = Ahalya's Voyage: From Transgression to Transcendence | author-link = Pratibha Ray | pages = 22–30}}
* {{cite book | title = Ramayana Stories in Modern South India: an Anthology | editor = Richman, Paula | publisher = [[Indiana University Press]] | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-0-253-34988-0 | ref = {{sfnRef|Richman|2008}} }}
* {{cite journal | author = Ritha Devi | date = Spring–Summer 1977 | title = Five Tragic Heroines of Odissi Dance-drama: The Pancha-kanya Theme in Mahari "Nritya" | journal = Journal of South Asian Literature: Feminine Sensibility and Characterization in South Asian Literature | publisher = Asian Studies Center, Michigan State University | volume = 12 | issue = 3/4 | pages = 25–29 | jstor = 40872150 | ref = {{sfnRef|Ritha Devi|Spring-Summer 1977}} }}
* {{cite news |last=Roy |first=Gitanjali |date=21 July 2015 |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/regional/radhika-apte-stars-as-a-modern-ahalya-in-sujoy-ghoshs-new-short-783633|title=Radhika Apte as a Modern Ahalya Will Give You the Chills |website=NDTV |access-date=22 July 2015 |ref={{sfnRef|Roy|21 July 2015}}}}
* {{cite news |last=Santhosh |first=K. |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/07/stories/2004020706440300.htm |title=Ahalya's Tale Retold |date=6 February 2004 |access-date=4 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090626012855/http://hindu.com/2004/02/07/stories/2004020706440300.htm |archive-date=26 June 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |ref={{sfnRef|Santhosh|4 December 2011}}}}
* {{cite book | last = Sharma | first = V. S. | title = Kunchan Nampyar | publisher = Sahitya Akademi | year = 2000 | series = Makers of Indian Literature | isbn = 978-81-260-0935-0}}
* {{cite book | last = Shastri | first = Nityananda | title = Śrīrāmacaritābdhiratna | publisher = Sahitya Akademi | year = 2005 | isbn = 978-81-260-2058-4 | language = sa}} with English translation by Shastri, Satya Vrat
* {{cite journal |last=Söhnen |first=Renate |year=1991 |title=Indra and Women |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] on behalf of [[School of Oriental and African Studies]], [[University of London]] |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=68–74 |jstor=617314 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X00009617| s2cid=162225024}}
* {{cite book |last=Söhnen-Thieme |first=Renate |title=Myth and Mythmaking: Continuous Evolution in Indian Tradition |editor=Leslie, Julia |publisher=Curzon Press |year=1996 |chapter=The Ahalya Story Through the Ages |isbn = 978-0-7007-0303-6}}
* {{cite book | last = Varadpande | first = Manohar Laxman | title = History of Indian Theatre | publisher = Abhinav Publications | year = 2005 | isbn = 978-81-7017-430-1}}
* {{cite book | author = Vijnanananda (Swami) | author-link = Swami Vijnanananda | title = The S'rîmad Devî Bhâgawatam | year = 1921–1922 | chapter = The Ninth Book: Chapter XVIII | ref = {{sfnRef|Vijnanananda|1921–1922}} }}
* {{cite book | last = Wilson | first = H. H. | title = Wilson Sanskrit-English Dictionary  | year = 2008 | orig-year = 1832 | publisher = Universität zu Köln | edition = 2nd}}
* {{cite book | last = Zvelebil | first = Kamil | title = The Smile of Murugan on Tamil Literature of South India | publisher = [[Brill Publishers|BRILL]] | year = 1973 | isbn = 978-90-04-03591-1}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.stutimandal.com/gif_tulsi/ahilyaa_katha.htm Ahalya's Stuti of Rama in the Ramcharitmanas of Tulsidas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526050350/http://www.stutimandal.com/gif_tulsi/ahilyaa_katha.htm |date=26 May 2019 }}

{{Ramayana}}
{{Featured article}}

[[Category:Rishis]]
[[Category:Sages in the Ramayana]]
[[Category:Hindu given names]]
[[Category:Women in Hindu mythology]]
[[Category:Characters in the Ramayana]]

Ooty

2026-03-14T13:43:50Z

VYVEwan7971: brief cleanup formatting as per guidelines also and improved wording

{{Short description|Hill station city in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{About|the place in Tamil Nadu|the place in Kerala|Mini Ooty|the Indian film|Ooty (film)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ooty
| official_name = Ootacamund
| other_name = Udagamandalam
| settlement_type = Town
| nickname = Queen of hill stations<ref name="HT">{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/travel/queen-of-hill-stations-ooty/story-8hzUEFwYQSNKw1CQUUUmBJ.html|title=Queen of hill stations-Ooty|date=9 October 2012|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=27 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227165251/https://www.hindustantimes.com/travel/queen-of-hill-stations-ooty/story-8hzUEFwYQSNKw1CQUUUmBJ.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| translit_lang2 =
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Ooty lake.jpg
| photo2a = Pykara Falls (16473434961).jpg
| photo3a = Government Botanical Garden Ooty India.jpg
| spacing = 1
| size = 250
| position = center
| border = 0
| color = #000000
| foot_montage = '''From top''': [[Ooty Lake]]; [[Pykara|Pykara falls]] and [[Government Botanical Garden]]
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|11.41|N|76.70|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_type2 = Region
| subdivision_type3 = District
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kongu Nadu]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[The Nilgiris District|Nilgiris District]]
| established_title =
| established_date = 1821
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Special Grade Municipality
| governing_body = Udagamandalam Municipality
| leader_party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
| leader_title = Chairperson
| leader_name = M. Vanieshwari<ref name="Muncip">{{cite web|url=https://www.tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/uthagamandalam/municipal-councillor/|title=Municipal details, Uthagamandalam|work=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>
| leader_title1 = Vice Chairman
| leader_name1 = J. Ravikumar<ref name="Muncip"/> ([[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]])
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="MT">{{cite web|url=https://www.tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/uthagamandalam/|title=Udagamandalam|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208041652/https://www.tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/uthagamandalam/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 30.36
| area_rank =
| elevation_m = 2240
| elevation_footnotes = <ref name="MT"/>
| population_total = 88,430
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name="census2011"/>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym = Ootian, Ootacamandian, Udaghaikaran
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 643001
| area_code = 91423
| area_code_type = Tele
| registration_plate = TN-43
| website = [https://www.tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/uthagamandalam/ tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/]
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Subtropical Highland]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| blank2_name_sec2 = [[Precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]]
| blank2_info_sec2 = {{convert|1100|mm|in|0|abbr=on}}
| population_density_sq_mi = auto
}}

'''Ooty''' ({{IPA|ta|uːʈ(ː)i|lang|Ooty.ogg}}; officially '''Udagamandalam''' ({{IPA|ta|uðɐhɐmɐɳɖɐlɐm|lang}}), [[Anglicisation|anglicized]]: '''Ootacamund''' {{audio|Ootacamund.ogg|listen}}, abbreviated as '''Udagai''', {{IPA|ta|uðɐhɐi|lang}}) is a town and [[municipality]] in the [[Nilgiris district]] of the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is located {{convert|86|km|abbr=on}} northwest of [[Coimbatore]], and is the headquarters of Nilgiris district. Situated in the [[Nilgiri Mountains|Nilgiri hills]], it is known by the epithet "King of all the [[Hill Station]]s", and is a popular tourist destination.

Originally occupied by the [[Toda people]], the area came under the rule of the [[East India Company]] in the 18th century. It later served as the [[summer capital]] of [[Madras Presidency]]. The economy is based on the [[hospitality industry]] serving tourism and agriculture. The town is connected to the plains by the [[Nilgiri Ghat Roads|Nilgiri ghat roads]] and [[Nilgiri Mountain Railway]].

==Etymology==
The region was earlier known as ''orrai-kal manru'', with ''orrai-kal'' meaning 'single stone' in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], a reference to a sacred stone revered by the local [[Toda people]] and '' manru'', a word for Toda village.<ref>{{cite book|title=Tribal Communities and Social Change|last=Mathew Chacko|first=Pariyaram|publisher=SAGE|year=2005|isbn=978-0-7619-3330-4|pages=180, 188}}</ref> It later became Udagamandalam in Tamil, which was anglicised to ''Ootacamund'' during the [[British Raj]], with ''Ootaca'' being a corruption of the local name for the region and ''mand'' was a shortened form of the local word ''mandu''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Ootacamund, A History|publisher=Madras Government Press|last=Price|first=Frederick|year=1908|pages=14–15}}</ref><ref name="names">{{cite book |last=Guides |first=Rough |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eV7bEAAAQBAJ&dq=Udagamandalam+(ooty)&pg=PT813 |title=The Rough Guide to South India & Kerala |date=October 2023 |publisher=Apa Publications |page=813 |isbn=978-1-83905-950-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Hariharan |first=Githa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t4y_CwAAQBAJ&dq=udagai+ooty&pg=PA79 |title=Almost Home: Finding a Place in the World from Kashmir to New York |date=22 March 2016 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-63206-061-7 |access-date=14 August 2024 |archive-date=14 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814113513/https://books.google.com/books?id=t4y_CwAAQBAJ&dq=udagai+ooty&pg=PA79 |url-status=live |page=79 }}</ref> In a letter written to the ''[[Madras Gazette]]'' in March 1821, the name of the place is mentioned as ''Wotokymund''.<ref name="TT">{{cite web|url=https://www.tn.gov.in/district_details/582|title=Nilgiris district|access-date=15 February 2023|work=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|archive-date=27 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727153304/https://www.tn.gov.in/district_details/582|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Ootacamund'' was later shortened to ''Ooty''. It is the major town in the ''[[Nilgiris|Nilgiri hills]]'', which means "blue mountains", so named due to the [[Kurunji]] flower, which used to give the slopes a bluish tinge.<ref name="DT">{{cite web|url=https://nilgiris.nic.in/about-district/history/|title=Nilgiris history|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=2 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202131703/https://nilgiris.nic.in/about-district/history/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== History ==
The earliest reference to Nilgiri hills is found in the Tamil [[Sangam literature|Sangam]] epic [[Cilappatikaram|Silappathikaram]] from the 5th or 6th century CE.<ref name="DT"/> The region was a land occupied by various tribes such as [[Badaga people|Badagas]], [[Toda people|Todas]], [[Kota people (India)|Kotas]], [[Irula people|Irulas]] and [[Kurumba (tribe)|Kurumbas]].<ref name="MT"/> The region was ruled by the [[Three Crowned Kings|three Tamil kingdoms]] of [[Chera dynasty|Cheras]], [[Chola dynasty|Cholas]] and [[Pandya dynasty|Pandyas]] during various times.<ref>{{cite book|title=Gazetteers of India: Nilgiris District|last2=Sahu|first2=N. K.|publisher=Government Press|year=1955|pages=3, 199–201, 866|quote=The location of the Nilgiris is unique that it was in the tri-junction of ancient Tamil kingdoms of Cholas, Cheras and the Pandyas. Hence, it was under Cheras, Cholas or local chieftains at various...|first1=Nilamani|last1=Senapati}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Maritime Heritage of India|quote=At their peak, the Cholas ruled over not just the whole of south India, but also conquered island nations..|author=Indian Navy|publisher=[[Notion Press]]|year=1989|pages=244|isbn=978-9-3520-6917-0}}</ref> The Todas are referenced in a record belonging to [[Hoysalas|Hoysala]] king [[Vishnuvardhana]] and his general Punisa, dated 1117 CE.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Francis|first1=Walter|title=Madras District Gazetteers: The Nilgiris|volume=1|year=1908|publisher=Asian Educational Services|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-8-1206-0546-6|pages=90–94,102–105}}</ref> It was also ruled by various dynasties like [[Pallavas]], [[Satavahana dynasty|Satavahanas]], [[Western Ganga dynasty|Gangas]], [[Kadamba dynasty|Kadambas]], [[Rashtrakuta]]s, [[Hoysala]]s and the [[Vijayanagara empire]].<ref>{{cite book|title=South Asia and Multilateral Trade Regime: Disorders for Development|page=81|first1=C.S.|last1=Sundaresan|publisher=Regal Publications|date=1 January 2007|isbn=978-8189-915-31-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.ibef.org/download/decoding-the-nilgiris.pdf|title=Decoding the Nilgiris|first=Ravi|last=Sagar|page=53|journal=India Brand Equity Foundation|quote='''Not''' even the dynastic rulers—the Cheras, the Cholas, the Pandiyas, the Rashtrakutas, the Gangas, the Pallavas, the Kadambas and the Hoysalas—can be credited with discovering this jewel (Nilgiris) in their crown.|access-date=26 March 2016|archive-date=22 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222082333/http://www.ibef.org/download/decoding-the-nilgiris.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Tipu Sultan]] captured Nilgiris in the eighteenth century and the region came into possession of [[East India Company|British]] in 1799.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kohn|first=George Childs|year=2013|title=Dictionary of Wars|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qTDfAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA322|publisher=[[Routledge]]|pages=322–323|isbn=978-1-1359-5494-9|access-date=27 December 2023|archive-date=8 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108204211/https://books.google.com/books?id=qTDfAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA322#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> It became part of [[Coimbatore district]] of the [[Madras Presidency]].<ref name="TT"/>

[[File:Ootacamund_map_1903.jpg|thumb|left|Map of Udagamandalam in 1903]]

In 1818, J. C. Whish and N. W. Kindersley, assistants to [[John Sullivan (colonial administrator)|John Sullivan]], then collector of Coimbatore district, visited [[Kotagiri]] nearby and reported on the region's potential to serve as a summer retreat.<ref name="DT"/> Sullivan established his residence there and reported to the Board of Revenue on 31 July 1819. He also started work on a road from [[Sirumugai]] which was completed in May 1823 and extended up to [[Coonoor]] between 1830 and 1832.<ref name="DT"/> By 1827, it was established as a [[Sanatorium (resort)|sanatorium]] of the Madras Presidency and developed further at the behest of then Governor of Madras [[Stephen Rumbold Lushington|Stephen Lushington]]. The [[Government Botanical Garden]], covering {{cvt|51|acre}}, was established in 1842 and a library was established in 1859.<ref name="Gazetteer">{{cite book|last1=Hunter|first1=William Wilson|title=The Imperial Gazetteer Of India - Volume 19|date=1908|publisher=[[Clarendon Press]]|location=[[Oxford, England|Oxford]]|pages=238–240|edition=2|url=https://archive.org/details/TheImperialGazetteerOfIndia-Volume19/page/n247/mode/2up}}</ref>

Ooty was made a municipality in 1866, and civic improvements including roads, drainage, and water supply from the Marlimund and Tiger Hill reservoirs were added through Government loans.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> In August 1868, the Nilgiris was separated from the [[Coimbatore district]], and [[James Wilkinson Breeks]] was appointed its first commissioner.<ref name="DT"/> On 1 February 1882, Nilgiris was made a district, and Richard Wellesley Barlow, the then commissioner, became its first collector.<ref name="TT"/> By the early 20th century, Ooty was a well-developed hill station, with an artificial lake, various parks, religious structures, and sporting facilities for [[polo]], [[golf]], and [[cricket]].<ref name="Gazetteer"/> It served as the summer capital of the [[Madras Presidency]] and as a retreat for the British officials.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Illustrated Weekly of India|date=1975|publisher=[[Bennett, Coleman & Company]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sWY6AQAAIAAJ&q=Ooty+capital+Madras+Presidency|page=39}}</ref>

Post-independence, the town developed into a popular recreational resort and the nearby Wellington became the home of the [[Defence Services Staff College]] of the [[Indian Army]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dssc.gov.in/dssc-history.html|title=Defence Services Staff College|publisher=[[Indian Army]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="OT">{{cite web|url=https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/ooty|title=Ooty|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=22 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222143745/https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/ooty|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Geography ==
[[File:Ooty hills 2.jpg|thumb|left|Ooty is located in the [[Nilgiri Mountains|Nilgiri hills]]]]

Ooty is located in the Nilgiri hills, which are part of the [[Western Ghats]] in the [[Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve]]. It is separated from the neighboring state of [[Karnataka]] by the [[Moyar River|Moyar river]] in the north and from the [[Anaimalai]] and [[Palani hills]] in the south by the [[Palghat Gap]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Nilgiri-Hills|title=Nilgiri Hills|publisher=[[Britannica]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=8 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008080254/https://www.britannica.com/place/Nilgiri-Hills|url-status=live}}</ref> It is situated at an altitude of {{convert|2240|m|ft|abbr=off}} above sea level.<ref name="MT"/> The total area of the town is {{convert|30.36|km2|abbr=on}}.<ref name="MT"/> [[Doddabetta]] is the highest peak ({{convert|2623|m|abbr=on|disp=or}}) in the Nilgiris, about {{convert|10|km|abbr=on}} from Ooty.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Udagamandalam|title=Udagamandalam|publisher=[[Britannica]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

[[Ooty Lake]] is an artificial lake covering {{convert|65|acre|abbr=on}} created in 1824.<ref name="OL">{{cite web|url=https://nilgiris.nic.in/tourist-place/ooty-lake/|title=Ooty Lake|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]}}</ref> The [[Pykara]], a river located {{convert|19|km|abbr=on}} from Ooty, rises at [[Mukurthi]] peak and flows through a series of cascades with the last two falls of {{convert|55|m}} and {{convert|61|m}} known as Pykara falls.<ref name="PL">{{cite web|url=https://nilgiris.nic.in/tourist-place/pykara-ooty/|title=Pykara|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|archive-date=4 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004232243/https://nilgiris.nic.in/tourist-place/pykara-ooty/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Kamaraj Sagar Dam]] is located {{convert|10|km|abbr=on}} from the Ooty.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Kamraj_Sagar(Sandy_Nalla)_Dam_D06323|title=Kamraj Sagar Dam|publisher=WRIS, [[Government of India]]|access-date=23 August 2016}}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Emerald Lake, Ooty|Emerald Lake]], [[Avalanche Lake, Ooty|Avalanche Lake]] and Porthimund Lake are other lakes in the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nilgiris.nic.in/tourist-place/avalanche-ooty/|title=Avalanche|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=23 August 2016|archive-date=8 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808150032/https://nilgiris.nic.in/tourist-place/avalanche-ooty/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Climate ==
Ooty features a [[subtropical highland climate]] (''Cwb'') under [[Köppen climate classification]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Climate: Ooty – Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table|url=http://en.climate-data.org/location/24046/|publisher=Climate-Data|access-date=30 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227100008/http://en.climate-data.org/location/24046/|archive-date=27 February 2014}}</ref> Because of its high altitude, the temperatures are generally lower than the surrounding plains with the average between {{convert|10|-|25|C|F|0}} during summer and {{convert|0|-|21|C|F|0}} during winter.<ref name="MT"/> The highest temperature ever recorded was {{convert|29.4|C|F}} on 30 April 2024,<ref>{{cite news |date=12 May 2024 |title=Why is peninsular India reeling under heat wave and water crisis? |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/explainers/2024/May/12/explained-why-is-peninsular-india-reeling-under-heat-wave-and-water-crisis |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> and the lowest temperature recorded was {{convert|-2.1|C|F}}.<ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf|archive-date=5 February 2020|url=https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
|title=Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)|publisher=India Meteorological Department|date=December 2016
|page=M207|access-date=1 March 2020}}</ref> The town gets heavy rainfall during both south-west and north-east [[monsoon]]s and the average rainfall is about {{cvt|1100|mm|in}} of precipitation annually.<ref name="MT"/>

{{Weather box
| location = Ooty (Udagamandalam) 1991-2020
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| Jan record high C = 27.5
| Feb record high C = 27.3
| Mar record high C = 27.5
| Apr record high C = 28.5
| May record high C = 28.0
| Jun record high C = 26.1
| Jul record high C = 24.4
| Aug record high C = 23.0
| Sep record high C = 23.3
| Oct record high C = 26.8
| Nov record high C = 25.2
| Dec record high C = 27.4
| year record high C =
| Jan high C = 21.4
| Feb high C = 21.9
| Mar high C = 23.3
| Apr high C = 22.7
| May high C = 22.8
| Jun high C = 18.8
| Jul high C = 17.2
| Aug high C = 17.5
| Sep high C = 19.1
| Oct high C = 19.0
| Nov high C = 19.1
| Dec high C = 20.9
| year high C = 20.4
| Jan low C = 6.5
| Feb low C = 7.3
| Mar low C = 9.5
| Apr low C = 11.1
| May low C = 11.8
| Jun low C = 11.7
| Jul low C = 11.2
| Aug low C = 11.0
| Sep low C = 10.8
| Oct low C = 10.6
| Nov low C = 9.6
| Dec low C = 6.9
| Jan record low C = -2.1
| Feb record low C = 0.0
| Mar record low C = 1.1
| Apr record low C = 4.0
| May record low C = 4.4
| Jun record low C = 2.2
| Jul record low C = 2.5
| Aug record low C = 4.6
| Sep record low C = 4.4
| Oct record low C = 0.0
| Nov record low C = -1.1
| Dec record low C = -1.1
| year record low C =
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 4.9
| Feb rain mm = 5.1
| Mar rain mm = 22.4
| Apr rain mm = 84.0
| May rain mm = 123.9
| Jun rain mm = 147.6
| Jul rain mm = 152.3
| Aug rain mm = 116.5
| Sep rain mm = 117.1
| Oct rain mm = 189.2
| Nov rain mm = 144.5
| Dec rain mm = 49.9
| Jan rain days = 0.7
| Feb rain days = 0.5
| Mar rain days = 1.3
| Apr rain days = 5.6
| May rain days = 8.6
| Jun rain days = 11.1
| Jul rain days = 12.4
| Aug rain days = 9.4
| Sep rain days = 8.9
| Oct rain days = 11.4
| Nov rain days = 7.8
| Dec rain days = 3.2
|time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 69
| Feb humidity = 67
| Mar humidity = 61
| Apr humidity = 70
| May humidity = 75
| Jun humidity = 85
| Jul humidity = 88
| Aug humidity = 88
| Sep humidity = 86
| Oct humidity = 86
| Nov humidity = 85
| Dec humidity = 73
|year humidity = 77
| Jand sun = 8
| Febd sun = 8
| Mard sun = 8
| Aprd sun = 8
| Mayd sun = 7
| Jund sun = 4
| Juld sun = 4
| Augd sun = 4
| Sepd sun = 5
| Octd sun = 5
| Novd sun = 6
| Decd sun = 7
| source 1 =[[Indian Meteorological Department]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| title = Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1991-2020
| publisher = [[India Meteorological Department]]
| access-date = April 8, 2024
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imd.gov.in/doc/climateimp.pdf |title=Monthly mean maximum & minimum temperature and total rainfall based upon 1901-2000 data |publisher=imd.gov.in |access-date=30 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413020426/http://www.imd.gov.in/doc/climateimp.pdf |archivedate=13 April 2015 }}</ref>
| source 2 = ''Weather2Travel'' for sunshine <ref>{{cite web|title=Ooty Climate and Weather Averages, India.htm|url=http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/india/ooty.php|publisher=Weather2Travel|access-date=30 September 2015|archive-date=1 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001015038/http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/india/ooty.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
| source =
}}

==Biodiversity and wildlife==
[[File:Tiger Drinking Pond Mudumalai Mar21 DSC01310.jpg|thumb|A [[Bengal tiger]] in [[Mudumalai National Park]]]]
Ooty forms part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, the largest protected forest area in India.<ref>{{cite news|date=27 January 2021|title=Conservationist joins SC panel on elephant corridor case|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/conservationist-joins-sc-panel-on-elephant-corridor-case/article33678554.ece|access-date=28 January 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=28 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128055024/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/conservationist-joins-sc-panel-on-elephant-corridor-case/article33678554.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> It was declared as a protected reserve in 1986 and is part of [[UNESCO|UNESCO's]] [[Man and the Biosphere Programme]].<ref name="RD">{{cite report|author1=Ranjit Daniels, R.J.|name-list-style=amp|author2=Vijayan, V.S.|year=1996|title=The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve: A Review of Conservation Status with Recommendations for a Wholistic Approach to Management|series=Working Paper No. 16|publisher=UNESCO South-South Co-operation Programme for Environmentally Sound Socio-Economic Development in the Humid Tropics|place=Paris|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001137/113753eo.pdf|access-date=27 December 2023|archive-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226111643/https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000113753_eng|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Mudumalai National Park]] and [[tiger reserve]] lies on the north-western side, about {{convert|31|km|abbr=on}} from Ooty and was established in 1940 as the first wildlife sanctuary in India.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Hegde, R.|name-list-style=amp|author2=Enters, T.|title=Forest products and household economy: a case study from Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary, Southern India|date=2000|journal=Environmental Conservation|volume=27|issue=3|pages=250–259|doi=10.1017/S037689290000028X|bibcode=2000EnvCo..27..250H |s2cid=86160884|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231857621}}</ref>
[[File:Nilgiri_langur_(1)_by_N._A._Naseer.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.7|[[Nilgiri langur]] is an [[Endangered species|endangered]] primate, found only in the region]]
The region is part of the [[South Western Ghats montane rain forests]] ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wikramanayake|first=Eric D.|title=Terrestrial ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: a Conservation Assessment|date=2002|publisher=Island Press|isbn=978-1-5596-3923-1|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=284–285|oclc=48435361}}</ref> Nilgiris harbours thousands of plant species including [[medicinal plants]] and [[list of endemic plants in the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve|endemic]] [[flowering plant]]s.<ref name="RD"/> Stunted [[evergreen]] trees grow in [[shola]] forest patches above {{cvt|1800|m}} and are festooned with [[epiphyte]]s.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Chandrashekara, U.M.|name-list-style=amp|author2=Muraleedharan, P.K.|author3=Sibichan, V.|year=2006|title=Anthropogenic pressure on structure and composition of a shola forest in Kerala, India|journal=Journal of Mountain Science|volume=3|issue=1|pages=58–70|doi=10.1007/s11629-006-0058-0|bibcode=2006JMouS...3...58C |s2cid=55780505|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226385585}}</ref> The native vegetation consisted of [[Meadow]]s and [[grassland]]s on the hillsides with [[shola]] forests in the valleys. When the British populated the town, invasive species of [[pine]], [[Acacia sensu lato|wattle]] and [[eucalyptus]] were planted along with [[tea|tea plantations]] and they became the dominant species replacing the native vegetation.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/environment/invasive-species-may-soon-wipe-out-shola-vegetation-from-nilgiris-report-66813|title=Invasive species may soon wipe out Shola vegetation from Nilgiris: Report|date=19 September 2019|access-date=1 December 2023|work=Down to Earth|archive-date=27 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227190805/https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/environment/invasive-species-may-soon-wipe-out-shola-vegetation-from-nilgiris-report-66813|url-status=live}}</ref>

The region has one of the largest [[bengal tiger]] populations.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Kalle, R.|name-list-style=amp|author2=Ramesh, T.|author3=Qureshi, Q.|author4=Sankar, K.|year=2011|title=Density of tiger and leopard in a tropical deciduous forest of Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, southern India, as estimated using photographic capture–recapture sampling|journal=Acta Theriologica|volume=56|issue=4|pages=335–342|doi=10.1007/s13364-011-0038-9|s2cid=196598615|url=}}</ref> The [[Indian elephant]] is the largest [[mammal]] in the region.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Baskaran, N.|name-list-style=amp|author2=Udhayan, A.|author3=Desai, A.A.|year=2010|title=Status of the Asian Elephant population in Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary, southern India|journal=Gajah|issue=32|pages=6–13|citeseerx=10.1.1.1070.6845}}</ref> The [[gaur]] is the largest [[ungulate]] in the region that frequent grasslands in the vicinity of water sources.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Ramesh, T.|author2=Sankar, K.|author3=Qureshi, Q.|name-list-style=amp|author4=Kalle, R.|year=2012|title=Group size and population structure of megaherbivores (gaur ''Bos gaurus'' and Asian elephant ''Elephas maximus'') in a deciduous habitat of Western Ghats, India|journal=Mammal Study|volume=37|issue=1|pages=47–54|doi=10.3106/041.037.0106|s2cid=86098742|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235703350|doi-access=free}}</ref> Other mega-fauna include [[Indian leopard]] and [[sloth bear]].<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Ramesh, T.|name-list-style=amp|author2=Sankar, K.|author3=Qureshi, Q.|year=2009|title=Additional notes on the diet of Sloth Bear ''Melursus ursinus'' in Mudumalai Tiger Reserve as shown by scat analysis|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|volume=106|issue=2|pages=204–206|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235704076}}</ref> Smaller fauna include [[Jungle cat]], [[rusty-spotted cat]], [[leopard cat]], [[dhole]], [[Golden jackal]], [[Nilgiri marten]], [[Small Indian civet]], [[Asian palm civet]], [[brown palm civet]], [[ruddy mongoose]], [[wild boar]], [[Indian pangolin]], [[Indian crested porcupine]] and [[Indian giant squirrel]].<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Baskaran, N.|author2=Venkatesan, S.|author3=Mani, J.|author4=Srivastava, S.K.|author5=Desai, A.A.|year=2011|title=Some aspects of the ecology of the Indian Giant Squirrel ''Ratufa indica'' (Erxleben, 1777) in the tropical forests of Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary, southern India and their conservation implications|name-list-style=amp|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=3|issue=7|pages=1899–1908|doi=10.11609/JoTT.o2593.1899-908|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Indian giant flying squirrel]],<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Babu, S.|name-list-style=amp|author2=Kumara, H.N.|author3=Jayson, E.A.|year=2015|title=Distribution, abundance, and habitat signature of the Indian Giant Flying Squirrel ''Petaurista philippensis'' (Elliot 1839) in the Western Ghats, India|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|volume=112|issue=2|pages=65–71|doi=10.17087/jbnhs/2015/v112i2/104925|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Kalle, R.|name-list-style=amp|author2=Ramesh, T.|author3=Qureshi, Q.|author4=Sankar, K.|year=2013|title=The occurrence of small felids in Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, Tamil Nadu, India|journal=Cat News|issue=58|pages=32–35|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257823313}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Venkataraman, A.B.|name-list-style=amp|author2=Arumugam, R.|author3=Sukumar, R.|year=1995|title=The foraging ecology of dhole (''Cuon alpinus'') in Mudumalai Sanctuary, southern India|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=237|issue=4|pages=543–561|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1995.tb05014.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Kalle, R.|name-list-style=amp|author2=Ramesh, T.|author4=Qureshi, Q.|author3=Sankar, K.|year=2013|title=Observations of sympatric small carnivores in Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, Western Ghats, India|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=49|issue=4|pages=53–59|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261028357}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Kalle, R.|name-list-style=amp|author2=Ramesh, T.|author3=Sankar, K.|author4=Qureshi, Q.|year=2012|title=Diet of mongoose in Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, southern India|journal=Journal of Scientific Transactions in Environment and Technovation|volume=6|issue=1|pages=44–51|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235997878}}</ref> [[Smooth-coated otter]] groups are observed along the Moyar River.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Narasimmarajan, K.|name-list-style=amp|author2=Hayward, M.W.|author3=Mathai, M.T.|year=2021|title=Assessing the occurrence and resource use pattern of Smooth-coated Otters ''Lutrogale perspicillata'' Geoffroy (Carnivora, Mustelidae) in the Moyar River of the Western Ghats Biodiversity Hotspot|journal=IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin|volume=38|issue=1|pages=45–58|url=https://iucnosgbull.org/Volume38/Narasimmarajan_et_al_2021.pdf|access-date=24 April 2023|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030214728/https://iucnosgbull.org/Volume38/Narasimmarajan_et_al_2021.pdf|url-status=live }}</ref> Deer include [[sambar deer]], [[chital]], [[Indian spotted chevrotain]], [[Indian muntjac]], [[four-horned antelope]] and [[blackbuck]].<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Ramesh, T.|name-list-style=amp|author2=Sankar, K.|author3=Qureshi, Q.|author4=Kalle, R.|year=2012|title=Group size, sex and age composition of chital (''Axis axis'') and sambar (''Rusa unicolor'') in a deciduous habitat of Western Ghats|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=77|issue=1|pages=53–59|doi=10.1016/j.mambio.2011.09.003|url=}}</ref> [[Monkeys]], including the endangered [[Nilgiri langur]], [[bonnet macaque]] and [[gray langur]] are also found in the region.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Ramakrishnan, U.|name-list-style=amp|author2=Coss, R.G.|year=2000|title=Recognition of heterospecific alarm vocalization by Bonnet Macaques (''Macaca radiata'')|journal=Journal of Comparative Psychology|volume=114|issue=1|pages=3–12|doi=10.1037/0735-7036.114.1.3|pmid=10739307|citeseerx=10.1.1.558.6257}}</ref> [[Nilgiri tahr]] is an [[Endangered species|endangered]] [[ungulate]] that is [[Endemism|endemic]] to the Nilgiris and is the state animal of Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite book|author=Prater, S. H.|orig-date=1948|year=1971|title=The book of Indian Animals|publisher=Bombay Natural History Society|place=Bombay}}</ref> [[painted bat|Bats]] are found in darker caves in the hills.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Nachiketha, S.R.|name-list-style=amp|author2=Sreepada K.S.|year=2013|title=Occurrence of Indian Painted Bat (''Kerivuola picta'') in dry deciduous forests of Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, Southern India|journal=Small Mammal Mail|volume=5|issue=1|pages=16–17|url=https://www.zoosprint.zooreach.org/ZoosPrintNewsLetter/SMM_June2013.pdf#page=16|access-date=24 April 2023|archive-date=11 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811212108/https://www.zoosprint.zooreach.org/ZoosPrintNewsLetter/SMM_June2013.pdf#page=16|url-status=live }}</ref> More than 200 species of birds are found in the region.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Gokula, V.|author2=Vijayan, L.|name-list-style=amp|year=1996|title=Birds of Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary, India|journal=Forktail|volume=12|pages=143–152|url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5c1a9e03f407b482a158da87/t/5c1fb9b4562fa7219b07167c/1545583030708/Gokula-Mudumalai.pdf|access-date=24 April 2023|archive-date=12 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412100613/https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5c1a9e03f407b482a158da87/t/5c1fb9b4562fa7219b07167c/1545583030708/Gokula-Mudumalai.pdf|url-status=live }}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{bar box|title=Religious census|titlebar=#ddd|left1=Religion|right1=Percent(%)|float=right|bars={{bar percent|[[Hinduism|Hindu]]|Orange|64.36}}{{bar percent|[[Christianity|Christian]]|Purple|21.25}}{{bar percent|[[Islam|Muslim]]|Green|13.37}}{{bar percent|Other|Grey|1.03}}}}

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Udagamandalam had a population of 88,430 with a sex-ratio of 1,053 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929.<ref name="census2011">{{cite report|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/803564-udagamandalam-tamil-nadu.html|title=Udagamandalam City Population Census 2011 – Tamil Nadu|publisher=Registrar General and Census Commissioner, [[Government of India]]|access-date=14 August 2024|archive-date=14 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814113553/https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/803564-udagamandalam-tamil-nadu.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="dashboard">{{cite report|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/index.html|publisher=Registrar General and Census Commissioner, [[Government of India]]|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014|archive-date=13 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113144743/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A total of 7,781 were under the age of six, constituting 3,915 males and 3,866 females.[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] accounted for 28.98% and 0.30% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the city in 2011 was 90.2%,<ref>{{cite report|title=Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|access-date=27 February 2016|publisher=Registrar General and Census Commissioner, [[Government of India]]|archive-date=10 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200310224309/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> compared to the national average of 72.99%.<ref name="dashboard"/> The city had a total of 23,235 households. There were a total of 35,981 workers, comprising 636 cultivators, 5,194 agricultural labourers, 292 in household industries, 26,411 other workers, 3,448 marginal workers, 65 marginal cultivators, 828 marginal agricultural labourers, 56 marginal workers in household industries and 2,499 other marginal workers.<ref name=2011census>{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals – Uthagamandalam|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=688772|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924144929/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=688772|url-status=live}}</ref> As per the religious census of 2011, Udagamandalam had 64.36% [[Hindu]]s, 21.25% [[Christians]], 13.37% [[Muslims]], 0.03% [[Sikhs]], 0.3% [[Buddhists]], 0.4% [[Jainism|Jains]], 0.28% following other religions and 0.02% following no religion or did not indicate any religious preference.<ref name=religion2011>{{cite report|title=Population By Religious Community – Tamil Nadu|year=2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|format=XLS|publisher=Registrar General and Census Commissioner, [[Government of India]]|access-date=13 September 2015|archive-date=13 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913045700/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Tamil is the [[lingua franca|official language]] of Udagamandalam. Languages native to the Nilgiris including Badaga, [[Paniya language|Paniya]], [[Irula language|Irula]] and [[Kurumba language|Kurumba]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The encyclopaedia of Dravidian tribes|volume=2|year=1996|publisher=International School of Dravidian Linguistics|author=International School of Dravidian Linguistics|page=170}}</ref> Due to its proximity to the neighboring states of [[Kerala]] and Karnataka and being a tourist destination, [[Malayalam]], [[Kannada]] and [[English language|English]] are also spoken and understood to an extent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/ooty/languages.html|title=Languages in Ooty|access-date=16 February 2008|publisher=mapsofindia|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302205044/http://www.mapsofindia.com/ooty/languages.html|archive-date= 2 March 2008}}</ref> According to the 2011 census, the most widely spoken languages in Udagamandalam taluk were Tamil, spoken by 88,896, followed by [[Badaga language|Badaga]] with 41,213 and [[Kannada language|Kannada]] with 27,070 speakers.<ref name="Language">{{cite web|title=Census of India – Language|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html|publisher=Registrar General and Census Commissioner, [[Government of India]]|access-date=17 April 2020|archive-date=1 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101020704/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Administration and politics==
Ooty is the headquarters of the Nilgiris district.<ref name="TT"/> The town is part of the [[Udagamandalam Assembly constituency]] which forms part of the [[Nilgiris (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nilgiris Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite report|url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf|title=List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies|access-date=10 October 2008|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206012938/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf|archive-date=6 February 2009}}</ref> The town is administered by Udagamanadalam municipality which was established in 1866 and the town is divided into 36 wards.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/uthagamandalam/wp-content/uploads/sites/89/2019/12/WARD-MAP-.pdf|title=Ward map, Udagamanadalam|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=23 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823051630/https://www.tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/uthagamandalam/wp-content/uploads/sites/89/2019/12/WARD-MAP-.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The municipality is responsible for water services, sewage disposal and maintenance of public infrastructure.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/uthagamandalam/water-supply|title=Water supply, Udagamanadalam|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=25 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525121305/https://www.tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/uthagamandalam/water-supply/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Economy==
[[File:Tea Rows Monarch Ooty Nilgiris Mar21 A7C 00291.jpg|thumb|Tea plantations in Ooty]]
Ooty is a market town for the surrounding area, which is still largely dependent on [[agriculture]]. Vegetables cultivated include [[potato]], [[carrot]], [[cabbage]] and [[cauliflower]] and fruits include [[peach]], [[plum]], [[pear]] and [[strawberry]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/watch-organic-farming-is-catching-on-in-the-nilgiris/article67554204.ece|title=Organic farming is catching on in Tamil Nadu's Nilgiris|date=20 November 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=23 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823051809/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/watch-organic-farming-is-catching-on-in-the-nilgiris/article67554204.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> There is a daily wholesale auction of these products at the [[Ooty Municipal Market]].{{citation needed|date=August 2025}} [[Dairy farming]] has long been present in the area, and there is a cooperative dairy manufacturing [[cheese]] and skimmed [[milk powder]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2008/nov/02/oldest-dairy-farm-in-ooty-faces-closure-3816.html|title=Oldest dairy farm in Ooty faces closure|newspaper=[[New Indian Express]]|date=2 November 2008|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=27 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227190806/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2008/nov/02/oldest-dairy-farm-in-ooty-faces-closure-3816.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Floriculture]] and [[sericulture]] are also practised, as is the cultivation of [[mushroom]]s. The local area is known for [[tea]] cultivation. [[Nilgiri tea]] is a [[black tea]] variety unique to the region.<ref name="van Driem 2019">{{cite book|title=The Tale of Tea A Comprehensive History of Tea from Prehistoric Times to the Present Day|first=George|last=van Driem|year=2019|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-9-0043-8625-9}}</ref>

The [[Indian Immunologicals Limited|Human Biologicals Institute]], established in 1999, is involved in [[vaccine]] manufacturing.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/pharma/drug-approvals-launches/indian-immunologicals-ltd-commemorates-25-yrs-of-human-biologicals-institute-announces-new-vaccines/105508549|title=commemorates 25 yrs of Human Biologicals Institute, announces new vaccines|date=26 November 2023|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=27 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227190805/https://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/pharma/drug-approvals-launches/indian-immunologicals-ltd-commemorates-25-yrs-of-human-biologicals-institute-announces-new-vaccines/105508549|url-status=live}}</ref> Other manufacturing industries located on the outskirts include [[Ketti]] (manufacture of needles) and [[Aruvankadu]] (manufacture of [[cordite]]).

== Transport ==
=== Road ===
{{Main|Ooty bus stand}}

Ooty is connected by roads known as the [[Nilgiri Ghat Roads]]. It is situated on [[National Highway 181 (India)|NH 181]]. The municipality maintains roads in the town.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/uthagamandalam/roads-2/|title=Roads in Uthagamandalam|access-date=1 December 2023|work=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203195229/https://www.tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/uthagamandalam/roads-2/|url-status=live}}</ref> Public bus services are operated by the Coimbatore division of [[Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation|TNSTC]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/new-buses-to-replace-tnstcs-aging-fleet-in-the-nilgiris/article66419763.ece|date=22 June 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|title=New buses to replace TNSTC's aging fleet in the Nilgiris|archive-date=27 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227190805/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/new-buses-to-replace-tnstcs-aging-fleet-in-the-nilgiris/article66419763.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> [[State Express Transport Corporation|SETC]], [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC (Karnataka)]] and [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC (Kerala)]] connect to distant towns in Tamil Nadu and neighboring states.

=== Rail ===
[[File:NMR Train on viaduct 05-02-26 33.jpeg|thumb|[[Nilgiri Mountain Railway]], a [[UNESCO World Cultural Heritage|UNESCO World Heritage Site]]]]

[[Nilgiri Mountain Railway]] is a {{Track gauge|1000mm|allk=on}} railway in [[Nilgiris district]], connecting [[Udhagamandalam railway station|Udagamandalam]] and [[Mettupalayam railway station|Mettupalayam]]. The Nilgiri Railway Company was formed in 1885, and the Mettupalayam-Coonoor section of the track was opened for traffic on 15 June 1899. The railway was operated by the [[Madras Railway]] until 31 December 1907, when it was handed over to the [[South Indian Railway]]. The line from Coonoor to Ooty was completed in 1908.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nilgiri Mountain railway|url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,1,304,374,492,552|work=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=21 August 2019|archive-date=6 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206122930/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,1,304,374,492,552|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="UNESCO"/> Operated currently by the [[Southern Railway zone]] of [[Indian Railways]], it is the only [[rack railway]] in India and operates on its own fleet of [[steam locomotive]]s between [[Coonoor railway station|Coonoor]] and Udagamandalam.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/in-pictures-nilgiri-mountain-railway-as-old-as-the-hills/article28732489.ece|title=he Nilgiri Mountain Railway as old as the hills|date=27 July 2019|access-date=1 March 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=30 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330055908/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/in-pictures-nilgiri-mountain-railway-as-old-as-the-hills/article28732489.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2005, [[UNESCO]] added the Nilgiri Mountain Railway as an extension to the [[World Heritage Site]] of [[Mountain Railways of India]].<ref name="UNESCO">{{cite web|work=[[UNESCO World Heritage Centre]]|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/944|title=Mountain Railways of India|access-date=30 April 2006|archive-date=3 May 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060503143242/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/944/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Air ===
The nearest airport is [[Coimbatore International Airport]], located {{cvt|96|km}} from the town. The airport has regular flights from and to major domestic destinations and international destinations like [[Sharjah (emirate)|Sharjah]], [[Colombo]] and [[Singapore]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aai.aero/en/airports/coimbatore|title=Coimbatore Airport|access-date=26 July 2015|work=[[Airports Authority of India]]|archive-date=23 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823051632/https://www.aai.aero/en/airports/coimbatore|url-status=live}}</ref> Ooty has three helipads, one at Theettukal and two at Kodanad with the Theettukal helipad, approved by the [[Airports Authority of India]] for defence and VIP services. [[Pawan Hans]] planned to start commercial services with [[Bell 407]], but the plan has been shelved.<ref>{{cite news|last=Anubhuti|first=Vishnoi|title=Ooty, Uttarakhand chopper plans hit roadblock|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/ooty-uttarakhandchopperplanshitroadblock/286247/1|access-date=24 January 2014|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=19 March 2008|archive-date=4 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904075440/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/ooty-uttarakhandchopperplanshitroadblock/286247/1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Jayalalithaa leaves Kodanad|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/jayalalithaa-leaves-kodanad/article5017698.ece|access-date=24 January 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=13 August 2013|archive-date=2 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202232744/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/jayalalithaa-leaves-kodanad/article5017698.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Education==
[[Government Arts College, Ooty|Government Arts College]], established in 1955, is one of the oldest institutions in Ooty and is affiliated with [[Bharathiar University]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nilgiris.nic.in/public-utility/government-arts-college/|title=Government Arts College|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=17 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517014513/https://nilgiris.nic.in/public-utility/government-arts-college/|url-status=live}}</ref> There are a few other colleges in the town. Boarding schools have been a feature of Ooty since the [[British Raj]] and continue to operate currently, including some of the most expensive schools in India.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/ampstories/education/these-are-top-10-expensive-schools-in-india|title=Top 10 expensive schools in India|work=Free press journal|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=23 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823051629/https://www.freepressjournal.in/ampstories/education/these-are-top-10-expensive-schools-in-india|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Tourism==
[[File:Botanical garden ooty.JPG|thumb|Botanical Garden in Ooty]]

A [[boat house]] located alongside the Ooty Lake offers boating facilities to tourists and is a major tourist attraction in Ooty.<ref name="OL"/> Similar boating facilities are also available at the Pykara falls and dam.<ref name="PL"/> The Government Botanical Garden, laid out in 1842, has several [[species]] of [[native plant|indigenous]] and [[Introduced species|exotic]] [[plant]]s, and hosts an annual flower show in May.<ref name="Gazetteer"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://nilgiris.nic.in/tourist-place/botanical-garden/|title=Botanical Garden|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|archive-date=1 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201153904/https://nilgiris.nic.in/tourist-place/botanical-garden/|url-status=live}}</ref> The garden also hosts a 20-million-year-old fossilized tree.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030510/windows/main1.htm|title=Hills beckon again|work=[[Tribune India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|date=22 January 2011|archive-date=13 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813090947/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030510/windows/main1.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Government Rose Garden, Ooty|Government Rose Garden]], situated on the slopes of Elk Hill at an altitude of {{cvt|2200|m}}, has more than 20,000 varieties of roses from 2,800 [[cultivar]]s and is the largest rose garden in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nilgiris.nic.in/tourist-place/rose-garden-ooty/|title=Rose Garden|access-date=1 December 2023|work=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|archive-date=21 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240421165854/https://nilgiris.nic.in/tourist-place/rose-garden-ooty/|url-status=live}}</ref> A deer park was established along the edges of the lake in 1986 and is the second-highest altitude zoo in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/deer-park-ooty|title=Deer Park|access-date=1 December 2023|work=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|archive-date=23 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823051820/https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/deer-park-ooty|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Toda Hut.JPG|thumb|left|Traditional Toda dogle]]
[[File:The Fernhills Palace, Ooty.jpg|thumb|[[The Fernhills Palace, Ooty|Fernhils Palace]]]]

There are a few traditional Toda dogles (huts) on the hills above the Botanical Garden.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Chhabra|first=Tarun|title=How Traditional Ecological Knowledge addresses Global Climate change: the perspective of the Todas – the indigenous people of the Nilgiri hills of South India|journal=Proceedings of the Earth in Transition: First World Conference|year=2005|url=http://www.ser.org/iprn/pdf/Tarun_Chhabra.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904232848/http://www.ser.org/iprn/pdf/Tarun_Chhabra.pdf|archive-date=4 September 2012}}</ref> A Tribal Museum was opened in 1995 as a part of the Tribal Research Center, located about ({{cvt|10|km}} from the town and hosts rare artifacts and photographs of tribal groups of Tamil Nadu and [[Andaman and Nicobar]], and other anthropological and archaeological finds on early human culture and heritage.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nilgiris.nic.in/tourist-place/tribal-museum/|title=Tribal Museum|access-date=1 December 2023|work=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|archive-date=21 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240421164721/https://nilgiris.nic.in/tourist-place/tribal-museum/|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Stone House, Ooty|Stone House]] was the first [[bungalow]] constructed in the town.<ref>{{cite book|title=Tourist Guide to South India|year=2006|page=96|publisher=South India|isbn=978-8-1747-8175-8}}</ref> [[St. Stephen's Church, Ooty|St Stephen's Church]], built in 1829, is one of the oldest churches in the Nilgiris district.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tamilnadu-tourism.com/tamil-nadu-temples/st-stephens-church.html|title=St. Stephen's Church|access-date=2 February 2011|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|archive-date=16 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716191851/http://www.tamilnadu-tourism.com/tamil-nadu-temples/st-stephens-church.html|url-status=usurped}}</ref> St. Thomas Church, opened in 1871, hosts many famous graves in the churchyard including those of [[J. J. Goodwin|Josiah John Goodwin]], [[William Patrick Adam]], whose grave is topped by a pillar monument dedicated to [[Thomas the Apostle|St. Thomas]], the tallest structure in Ooty.<ref>{{cite news|title=Goodwin – Unsung Stenographer of Swami Vivekananda|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/goodwin-unsung-stenographer-of-swami-vivekananda/article5247201.ece|access-date=16 March 2019|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=18 October 2013|archive-date=29 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729113103/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/goodwin-unsung-stenographer-of-swami-vivekananda/article5247201.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Thiagarajan|first1=Shantha|title=St.Thomas Church Celebrates 150th Anniversary|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/st-thomas-church-celebrates-150th-anniv/articleshow/60998258.cms|access-date=16 March 2019|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=9 October 2017|archive-date=5 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200105185248/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/st-thomas-church-celebrates-150th-anniv/articleshow/60998258.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Spread over an area of nearly {{cvt|1|acre}}, a tea factory and museum displays the process of tea processing and the machines used.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/tea-museum--tea-factory-ooty|title=Tea museum|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|archive-date=5 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205194843/https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/tea-museum--tea-factory-ooty|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Ooty Radio Telescope]] was completed in 1970 and is part of the [[National Centre for Radio Astrophysics]] (NCRA) of the [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] (TIFR), funded by the Government of India through the [[Department of Atomic Energy (India)|Department of Atomic Energy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianspacestation.com/space-institutes/120-national-centre-for-radio-astrophysics.html|title=National Centre for Radio Astrophysics|work=Indian Space Statio|access-date=4 February 2011|archive-date=13 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713025014/http://indianspacestation.com/space-institutes/120-national-centre-for-radio-astrophysics.html|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

==Sports and recreation==
The game of [[snooker]] was perfected by [[Neville Francis Fitzgerald Chamberlain|Neville Chamberlain]] on the billiard tables of the Ootacamund Club.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/asia/india/articles/Ooty-India-back-in-time-to-the-birthplace-of-snooker/ |title=Ooty, India: back in time to the birthplace of snooker |date=16 June 2014 |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |first=Martin |last=Hughes-Games |access-date=8 February 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170321074803/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/asia/india/articles/Ooty-India-back-in-time-to-the-birthplace-of-snooker/ |archive-date=21 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.azbilliards.com/snooker/history.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030306050113/http://www.azbilliards.com/snooker/history.html|title=The History and Development of snooker |work=AZ Billiards|archive-date=6 March 2003|url-status=dead}}</ref> There was also a cricket ground with regular matches played between teams from the Army and [[Indian Civil Service]]. There were riding stables and [[kennel]]s at Ooty and the hounds hunted across the surrounding countryside and the open grasslands of the [[Beilby Lawley, 3rd Baron Wenlock|Wenlock downs]]. [[Horse racing]] is held at the [[Ooty Racecourse]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/article1989919.ece?css=print|title=Lucky draw to mark Ooty racing milestone|author=D. Radhakrishnan|date=4 May 2011|access-date=1 May 2021|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=3 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103024856/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/article1989919.ece?css=print|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/tamil-nadu/ooty-udagamandalam/activities/racing/racecourse|title=Ooty (Udagamandalam): Racecourse|publisher=[[Lonely Planet]]|access-date=1 May 2011}}</ref> [[Ooty Golf Course]] is at an altitude of {{convert|7600|ft}} and extends over {{convert|193.56|acre|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|last=Duttagupta|first=Ishani|title=Young & wealthy executives transforming the face of golfing|work=[[The Economic Times]]|date=19 September 2010|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/features/sunday-et/life--style/Young--wealthy-executives-transforming-the-face-of-golfing/articleshow/6582117.cms?curpg=2|access-date=19 August 2011|archive-date=15 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015132453/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/features/sunday-et/life--style/Young--wealthy-executives-transforming-the-face-of-golfing/articleshow/6582117.cms?curpg=2|url-status=live}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
[[Ooty varkey]] is a crispy and crusty cookie snack popular in Ooty.<ref>{{cite news|last=Nainar|first=Nahla|date=17 August 2018|title=The journey of the famous Ooty 'varkey'|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/the-journey-of-the-famous-ooty-varkey/article24717476.ece|access-date=15 December 2023|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=26 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226161709/https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/the-journey-of-the-famous-ooty-varkey/article24717476.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> A number of films have been shot in Ooty. The town was used as a setting in [[David Lean]]'s 1984 movie, [[A Passage to India (film)|''A Passage to India'']], which was based on [[E. M. Forster]]'s [[A Passage to India|novel of the same name]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20230313-the-slowest-train-journey-in-india|title=The slowest train journey in India|date=13 March 2023|work=BBC|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=14 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214135945/https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20230313-the-slowest-train-journey-in-india|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Commons category|Udhagamandalam}}

* [[List of hill stations in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|title=Decaying splendours: two palaces: reflections in an Indian mirror|last=Weeks|first=Stephen|year=1979|publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation|location=University of California|isbn=978-0-563-17516-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gTo2AAAAIAAJ&q=Decaying+Splendours;+two+palaces:+reflections+in+an+Indian+mirror|access-date=19 August 2011}}

==External links==
* {{Wikivoyage inline}}

{{Nilgiris district}}
{{Municipalities of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Tourism in Tamil Nadu}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ooty]]
[[Category:Tourism in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Hill stations in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Mountains of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Nilgiris district]]
[[Category:South Western Ghats montane rain forests]]

Banki State

2026-03-05T20:40:47Z

VYVEwan7971: update formatting for consistency

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
|native_name =
|conventional_long_name =Banki State
|common_name =Banki
|nation = [[British India]]
|subdivision = [[Princely State]]
|era =
|year_start = 1807
|date_start =
|event_start= Established as a [[British protectorate]]
|year_end = 1840
|date_end =
|event_end= Annexed by the [[British Raj]]
|event1 =
|date_event1 =
|p1 =
|s1 = Presidencies and provinces of British India
|flag_p1 =
|flag_s1 =British Raj Red Ensign.svg
|image_flag =
|image_coat =
|image_map = Daspalla-Nayagarh-Imperial Gazetteer.jpg
|image_map_caption =Banki in the [[Imperial Gazetteer of India]]
|stat_area1 = 300
|stat_year1 = 1881
|stat_pop1 =56900
|today = [[Odisha]], [[India]]
|footnotes =
}}

'''Banki''' or '''Bānki State''' was a [[princely state]] in [[Odisha]] during the [[British Raj]]. Its capital was [[Banki, Odisha|Banki]], in the western part of present day [[Cuttack district]].<ref>[https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/21/Banki.html Banki, India Page]</ref>

The last Raja was arrested for murder and Banki State was subsequently [[annexed]] by the [[British Raj]]. Until 1840, it paid an annual tribute of £443.

==History==
Banki was a ''[[zamindari]]'' state of [[Orissa, India|Orissa]] located in the hilly area to the west of Cuttack district. The predecessor state had been ruled by a powerful Raja who in the 17th century had established the zamindari of [[Dompada]] as a gift to his second son.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/d/dompada.html |title=Dompada (Zamindari) |access-date=14 January 2016 |archive-date=24 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124012721/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/d/dompada.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The river [[Mahanadi]] flowed to the north of the state, separating it from [[Baramba State|Baramba]] and [[Tigiria State|Tigiria]]. It was bound in the south by [[Puri district]] and in the west by [[Khandpara State]]; a little part of the state was located north of the Mahanadi. The state included 177 villages, the most important of which were Charchika, Baideswar, Kalapathar and Subarnapur.

Banki became a [[British protectorate]] in 1807 following the defeat of the [[Maratha Empire]] in the area. In 1821 it was made part of the [[Feudatory States of Orissa]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Rbye1SEL1KAC&pg=PA24 L. E. B. Cobden-Ramsay, ''Feudatory States of Orissa: Bengal District Gazetteers'', Logos Press, 2011]</ref>
The population grew from 49,426 inhabitants in 1872 to 56,900 in 1881, with a density of 377 per square mile in 1901.<ref>[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V11_095.gif Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 11, p. 89.]</ref> 99.5% of the population were Hindu and the main ethnic group in the hills were the [[Juang people]].<ref>Great Britain India Office. ''[[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]]''. Trübner & co. London, 1885.</ref>

===Rulers===
The rulers of Banki State bore the title '[[Raja]]'. In 1840 the last Raja was deposed and the state was confiscated after he was condemned by a British tribunal to life in prison for murder. After annexation Banki was put under direct control of the [[Bengal Presidency]], being administered by the [[Cuttack]] Commissioner.

==See also==
*[[Doctrine of Lapse]]
*[[Orissa Tributary States]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://odisharoyals.com/puri/Puri_Rulers.php Odisha Royals - Puri Estate]

{{Princely states annexed by British India}}
{{Princely states of the Eastern States Agency}}
{{coord|20|23|N|85|32|E|region:IN_type:landmark_source:kolossus-cawiki|display=title}}

[[Category:Cuttack district]]
[[Category:Princely states of Odisha]]
[[Category:1807 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1840 disestablishments in India]]

[[ca:Banki]]

Aami

2026-03-03T20:31:21Z

VYVEwan7971: correct lead per sources and cleaned formatting for consistency

{{short description|2018 film directed by Kamal}}
{{for|the acronym|AAMI (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aami
| image = Aami film poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Kamal (director)|Kamal]]
| producer = Raphael Thomas Pozholiparambil
| writer = Kamal
| story =
| starring = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Manju Warrier]]|[[Murali Gopy]]|[[Tovino Thomas]]|[[Anoop Menon]]|Anand Bal}}
| music = [[M. Jayachandran]]
| cinematography = [[Madhu Neelakandan]]
| editing = [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]
| studio = Reel & Real Cinema
| distributor = Central Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2018|02|09}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
}}

'''''Aami''''' is a 2018 Indian [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]-language [[biographical film]] based on the life of poet-author [[Kamala Surayya|Kamala Das]]. It is written and directed by [[Kamal (director)|Kamal]] and stars [[Manju Warrier]] as Kamala Surayya, along with [[Murali Gopy]], [[Tovino Thomas]], [[Anoop Menon]], and Anand Bal.<ref name="filmibeat">{{cite news|title=Aami Movie|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/movies/aami-manju-warrier-2017.html|access-date=6 October 2017|work=filmibeat}}</ref><ref name="nowrunning">{{cite news|title=Aami|url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/20471/malayalam/aami/cast-and-crew/|access-date=17 October 2017|work=nowrunning|archive-date=17 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017151116/http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/20471/malayalam/aami/cast-and-crew/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The film was released on 9 February 2018. It won two [[Kerala State Film Awards]].

== Plot ==
''Aami'' portrays the life of writer [[Kamala Surayya|Madhavikutty]], mainly focused on her childhood, family life, marital life, devotion to [[Krishna|Lord Krishna]], and conversion to [[Islam]] in the later periods of her life.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Manju Warrier]] as [[Kamala Surayya]] (Kamala)
** Neelanjana as Teenage Aami
*** Aangelina Abraham as Childhood Aami
* [[Tovino Thomas]] as [[Lord Krishna]]
* [[Murali Gopy]] as Madhava Das, Madhavikutty's husband
* [[Anoop Menon]] as Akbar Ali<ref name="indiatimes">{{cite news|title=Anoop Menon as Zaheer Ali in Aami|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/anoop-menons-first-look-in-aami-is-out/articleshow/59775066.cms|access-date=17 October 2017|work=indiatimes}}</ref>
* Vijayalakshmi as [[Balamani Amma]]
** Rasna Pavithran as Young [[Balamani Amma]]
* [[Anil Nedumangad]] as V. M. Nair
* [[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]] as Januvamma
* [[Vinaya Prasad]] as Sulochana Nalappat, writer and Kamala's sister
** Jitha as Youngest Sulochana
*** Swasthika as Younger Sulochana Nalapat
* [[Rahul Madhav]] as Kamala's imaginary friend
* [[Indrans]] as Narayanan, Goldsmith
* [[Jyothi Krishna (actress)|Jyothikrishna]] as Malathi
* [[Anjali Nair (actress, born 1988)|Anjali Nair]] as Khamar
* [[Balachandran Chullikadu]] a Himself
* [[Renji Panicker]] as S. K. Nair, ''[[Malayalanadu]]'' Editor
* [[Lakshmi Priya]] as Madhavikutty fan
* [[Sreedevi Unni]] as Ammamma
* [[Valsala Menon]] as Muttashi
* Lal Kumar as Monu (MD Nalappatt)
* Uttara as Young Januvamma
* Krishnan Balakrishnan as a reporter
* [[Dinesh Prabhakar]] as angry husband of Madhavikutty fan
* [[Jayaraj Warrier]] as Sukumaran
* [[Sethu Lakshmi]] as Kuttiamma
* Kritika Pradeep
* Anand Bal as Chinnan Das
}}

==Production==
In 2016, [[Bollywood]] actress [[Vidya Balan]] was signed for the role of [[Kamala Surayya]], but in January 2017, she backed out from the film citing creative differences with Kamal.<ref>{{cite news|author=Express Web Desk|title=Unprofessional and unethical: Kamal on Vidya quitting Kamala Das biopic|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/unprofessional-and-unethical-kamal-on-vidya-quitting-kamala-das-biopic-4472858/|access-date=16 January 2018|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=13 January 2017}}</ref> In 2016, [[Murali Gopy]] was confirmed in the role of Madhava Das, Kamala's husband,<ref>{{cite news|last=Nagarajan|first=Saraswathy|title=Censor Board cannot decide how a creative work should be: Murali Gopy|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Censor-Board-cannot-decide-how-a-creative-work-should-be-Murali-Gopy/article14490918.ece|access-date=16 January 2018|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=14 July 2016}}</ref> and [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] in a fictional character.<ref>{{cite news|title=Prithviraj, Vidya Balan in Kamala Das biopic|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/interview/kamal-on-kamala-surayya-madhavikutty-biopic-with-vidya-balan-and-prithviraj.html|access-date=16 January 2018|work=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=13 March 2016}}</ref> Later in the year, Prithviraj also opted out from the film due to his tight filming schedules and recommended [[Tovino Thomas]] instead.<ref>{{cite news|title=Prithviraj backs out of Kamala Das biopic Aami, recommends Tovino Thomas instead?|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/prithviraj-backs-out-of-kamala-das-biopic-aami-recommends-tovino-thomas-instead/story-x5Ybh3trq1pLJPyPhSpRjL.html|access-date=16 January 2018|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=25 October 2017}}</ref> Later, [[Anoop Menon]] was added to the cast. Media outlets reported several names as a replacement for Balan. But in February 2017, Kamal denied all the reports and said that he was not in a hurry and was still looking for a person whose features matched that of Surayya's, which was the reason he chose Balan in the first place. Although he revealed he is also considering suggestions from others.<ref>{{cite news|last=George|first=Anjana|title=I am still on the lookout for someone who resembles Madhavikutty: Kamal|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/i-am-still-on-the-lookout-for-someone-who-resembles-madhavikutty-kamal/articleshow/56954061.cms|access-date=16 January 2018|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 February 2017}}</ref> In February 2017, [[Manju Warrier]] signed to play Kamala Surayya.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ramasubramanian|first=Uma|title=Manju Warrier a better performer than Vidya Balan: Kamal|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/180217/manju-warrier-a-better-performer-than-vidya-balan-kamal.html|access-date=16 January 2018|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=18 February 2017|language=en}}</ref>

Principal photography commenced on 24 March 2017 at Kamala Surayya Memorial in [[Punnayurkulam]], [[Thrissur]]. [[Ottapalam]] was the main location in the first schedule that lasted till April. The other locations were [[Mumbai]], [[Kolkata]], and [[Ernakulam]].<ref name=Manoramaonline>{{cite news|title=Aami Shooting Begins|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2017/03/24/aami-manju-warrier-kamal-movie-shooting-first-look-poster.html|access-date=6 October 2017|work=Manoramaonline|date=24 March 2017}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Aami
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[M. Jayachandran]] & [[Taufiq Qureshi]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2018
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Malayalam]] [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| label = [[Manorama Music]]
| producer =
| chronology = [[M. Jayachandran]]
| prev_title = Pullikaaran Staraa'
| prev_year = 2017
| next_title = [[Odiyan]]
| next_year = 2018
}}
The [[film score]] is composed by [[Bijibal]]. The film features original songs composed by two composers, [[M. Jayachandran]] and [[Taufiq Qureshi]]. Qureshi's compositions are ghazals with lyrics written by Academy Award winner [[Gulzar]].<ref name=TimesofIndia>{{cite news|title=Gulzar and Taufiq Qureshi to compose in Aami|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kamal-ropes-in-gulzar-and-taufiq-qureshi-for-two-hindi-songs-in-aami/articleshow/58081272.cms|access-date=17 October 2017|work=The Times of India|date=9 April 2017}}</ref> The lyrics for the Malayalam songs are written by [[Rafeeq Ahamed]].

{{Tracklist
| headline= Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Neer Maathalam
| lyrics1 = [[Rafeeq Ahamed]]
| music1 = [[M. Jayachandran]]
| extra1 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]], Arnab Dutta
| length1 = 5:12
| title2 = Pranayamayi Radha
| length2 = 4:59
| music2 = [[M. Jayachandran]]
| extra2 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Vijay Yesudas]]
| lyrics2 = [[Rafeeq Ahamed]]
| title3 = Chand Hoga
| extra3 = [[Javed Ali]]
| music3 = [[Taufiq Qureshi]]
| length3 = 3:27
| lyrics3 = [[Gulzar]]
| title4 = Aadhi raath
| length4 = 3:44
| extra4 = Roop
| music4 = [[Taufiq Qureshi]]
| lyrics4 = [[Gulzar]]
| title5 = Umar Salon Sein
| extra5 = [[Javed Ali]]
| length5 = 3:00
| music5 = [[Taufiq Qureshi]]
| lyrics5 = [[Gulzar]]
| total_length=20:22}}

==Reception==
{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=60|count=5|average=6|ref=yes}}

Sujit Chandrakumar of The Times of India gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote, "Though the director goes back and forth in time while depicting this exhilarating tale of a contemporary and complex character, the narrative of 'Aami' is largely simple and straight forward."<ref>{{cite web|first=Sujit|last=Chandrakumar|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/aami/movie-review/62850049.cms/?utm_source=Bharatpedia&utm_medium=Feb9&utm_campaign=AamiMovieReview|title=Aami Movie Review {3.5/5}: Critic Review of Aami by Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=February 9, 2018 |accessdate=June 22, 2025}}</ref> Manoj Kumar R of Indian Express gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote, "It is, indeed, impressive to watch Manju Warrier play the role of a conflicted woman. Her conviction in the performance is what keeps our attention even when narration loses steam."<ref>{{cite web|first=Manoj|last=Kumar R|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/aami-movie-review-manju-warrier-star-rating-5057458/?utm_source=Bharatpedia&utm_medium=February9&utm_campaign=AamiMovieReview|title=Aami movie review: Manju Warrier delivers a knockout performance in Kamala Das biopic|date=February 9, 2018 |accessdate=June 22, 2025}}</ref>

== Awards and nominations ==
;[[Kerala State Film Awards]]
*Best Female Playback Singer- [[Shreya Ghoshal]] for the song "Neer Maathalam"
*Best Background Score- [[Bijibal]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt6689734}}
{{Kamal (director)}}

[[Category:2018 films]]
[[Category:2018 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2018 biographical drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kamal (director)]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. Jayachandran]]
[[Category:Indian biographical drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thrissur]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ottapalam]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Films shot in Palakkad]]
[[Category:Biographical films about writers]]
[[Category:Biographical films about poets]]
[[Category:2018 drama films]]

Pazhaya Vannarapettai (film)

2026-03-03T03:06:52Z

VYVEwan7971: created new info

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Pazhaya Vannarapettai.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Mohan G. Kshatriyan]]
| writer = [[Mohan G. Kshatriyan]]
| starring = [[Prajin]] [[Asmitha Neelamegam|Asmitha]]
| music = Jubin
| cinematography = Farook J. Basha
| editing = Devaraj S.
| studio = Sri Krishna Talkies
| distributor = Anamika Pictures
| released = {{Film date|2016|12|2|df=y}}
| runtime = 137 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Pazhaya Vannarapettai''''' ({{translation|Old [[Vannarapettai|Washermanpet]]}}) is a 2016 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action drama]] film written and directed by [[Mohan G. Kshatriyan]] in his directorial debut. The film stars [[Prajin]] and [[Asmitha Neelamegam|Asmitha]], while [[Richard Rishi]], Nishanth, [[Karunas]], and [[Robo Shankar]] play supporting roles. The music has been composed by Jubin with cinematography by Farook J. Basha and editing by Devaraj S. The film was released on 2 December 2016.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Prajin]] as Karthik
*[[Asmitha Neelamegam|Asmitha]]
*[[Richard Rishi]] as ACP Moorthy
*Nishanth as Dheena
*[[Karunas]]
*[[Robo Shankar]]
*'Salim' Ashmitha
*[[Kaajal Pasupathi]] as Silk
*[[Tashu Kaushik]]
*Manimaran
*Theni Murugan
*[[Cool Suresh]]
*[[Gana Bala]] (special appearance in "Vaa Machan Vaa")
}}

==Production==
The film is based on real-life incidents that took place in director Mohan's life.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newstodaynet.com/entertainment/movie-revolves-around-north-chennai|title=A movie that revolves around north Chennai|access-date=30 November 2016|archive-date=30 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130190857/http://newstodaynet.com/entertainment/movie-revolves-around-north-chennai|url-status=dead}}</ref> The film features Prajin in the lead role, [[Asmitha Neelamegam|Asmitha]] as the heroine, Richard Rishi as a police officer, and Karunas in a crucial role.

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Pazhaya Vannarapettai
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Jubin
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt =
| released = 2015
| recorded = 2015
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 24:46
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = Lerar Music
| producer = Jubin
| prev_title = [[Pollangu]]
| prev_year = 2012
| next_title = [[Mayuran]]
| next_year = 2019
}}

The film's soundtrack was composed by Jubin.

{{track listing
|headline=Tracklist
|extra_column=Singer(s)
|total_length=24:46
|all_lyrics=Mohan G
|title1=Vada Chenna
|extra1=Hariharasudhan, [[Padmalatha]]
|length1=4:14
|title2=Unnaithan Nenaikaile
|extra2=[[Velmurugan]]
|length2=4:02
|title3=Vaa Machan Vaa
|extra3=[[Gana Bala]], Jubin
|length3=5:37
|title4=Life of PVP
|extra4=Jubin
|length4=1:23
|title5=Kaathirundha Ponnu
|extra5=Santhosh Hariharan
|length5=4:25
|title6=Friendship|
extra6=[[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], Jackstyles
|length6=5:05
}}

== Release ==
The film was released on 2 December 2016. Satellite rights were sold to [[Kalaignar TV|Kalaingar TV]] which premiered on 14 January 2017 on [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]].

== Reception ==

=== Critical reception ===
The film received mixed reviews from both critics and audience.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A film on Chennai’s 2013 fake marriage cartel|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/a-film-on-chennais-2013-fake-marriage-cartel/articleshow/71984465.cms|access-date=2021-10-01|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

''Sify'' gave 3 out of 5 stars and said "Pazhaya Vannarapettai has its moments but the amateurish performances spoil the show."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pazhaya Vannarapettai review-Amateurish performances spoil the show|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/pazhaya-vannarapettai-review-amateurish-performances-spoil-the-show-review-tamil-qmdjP7ahfbhdc.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203170649/http://www.sify.com/movies/pazhaya-vannarapettai-review-amateurish-performances-spoil-the-show-review-tamil-qmdjP7ahfbhdc.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 December 2016|access-date=2021-09-24|website=Sify|language=en}}</ref>

Anupama Subramaniam from [[Deccan Chronicle]] wrote "Cinematographer Farooq does a great job with his lighting and composition and brings alive the milieu of the movie. Music is functional. An honest attempt from a debutant — definitely worth a watch!<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/031216/pazhaya-vannarapettai-movie-review-anhonest-attempt-for-a-debutante.html|title=Pazhaya Vannarapettai movie review: Anhonest attempt for a debutante|date=2016-12-03|newspaper=deccanchronicle|access-date=2016-12-05}}</ref>

M Suganth of [[The Times of India]] rated the film with 3/5 stars stating that the director shows confidence in film making with good support from cinematographer Farooq who captured the 'nocturnal sights' of [[Old Washermanpet|north Madras]] so real that makes the viewer difficult to believe that the film is actually a low budget fare.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Suganth|first1=M|title=Pazhaya Vannarapettai Movie Review|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Pazhaya-Vannarapettai/movie-review/55744097.cms|access-date=4 December 2016|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=2 December 2016}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|6389080}}

[[Category:2016 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2016 Indian films]]
[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian political drama films]]
[[Category:2016 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Mohan G.]]

Shyam Ramcharan Khode

2026-03-03T01:22:30Z

VYVEwan7971: started new data

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| predecessor = [[Lakhan Sahadeo Malik]]
| constituency = [[Washim (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]]
| term_start = 2024-Present
}}
'''Shyam Ramcharan Khode''' (born 1966)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Shyam Ramcharan Khode(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- WASHIM (SC)(WASHIM) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Maharashtra2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=820 |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Maharashtra]]. He is an MLA from [[Washim Assembly constituency]], which is a reserved constituency for Scheduled Caste community, in [[Washim district]]. He won the [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-23 |title=Washim, Maharashtra Election Results 2024 Highlights: Washim में BJP ने SHS (UBT) को हराया |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/assembly-chunav/story/washim-maharashtra-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-maelb-2103697-2024-11-23 |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Khode is from [[Washim]], Maharashtra. He is the son of Ramcharan Narayan Khode. He studied Class 10 at Z.P. (M.S.) Secondary School and Junior College, [[Mangrulpir]], Washim and passed the examinations conducted by the Nagpur Board in 1984.<ref name=":0" />

==Political career==

Shyam khode is a member of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS), a far-right Hindu nationalist paramilitary volunteer organisation.

Shyam Khode won from Washim Assembly constituency representing the Bharatiya Janata Party in the [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 122,914 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Siddharth Akaramji Deole of the [[Shiv Sena (UBT)]], by a margin of 19,873 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shyam Ramcharan Khode, BJP Candidate from Washim Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/assembly/maharashtra/shyam-ramcharan-khode-s13aed2008a034e2024c002/ |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-23 |title=Washim (Maharashtra) Assembly Election Results 2024 Live: Winner, Runner-up, Candidates List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/washim-maharashtra-assembly-election-results-2024-live-winner-runner-up-candidates-9684549/ |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=LIVE Updates {{!}} Washim Assembly Election Result 2024: Shyam Ramcharan Khode of BJP Wons |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/washim-vidhan-sabha-chunav-result-2024-live-winner-and-loser-candidate-shyam-ramcharan-khode-vs-siddharth-akaramji-deole-total-votes-margin-bjp-congress-shiv-sena-ubt-ncp-sharad-pawar-eci-maharashtra-assembly-election-result-2823309.html |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khode, Shyam Ramcharan}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:People from Washim]]

Bharat Oman Refinery Limited

2026-02-27T11:54:52Z

VYVEwan7971: minor adjusted structure for consistency also

{{Use Indian English|date=December 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Bharat petroleum corporation Limited
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| trade_name =
| native_name = 
| type = [[government of India]]
| traded_as =
| ISIN =
| industry = [[Oil and gas]]
| founded = {{Start date and age|1994}}
| founders = [[Bharat Petroleum]] [[OQ (company)|OQ]]
| hq_location =
| hq_location_city = [[Bina Etawa|Bina]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| hq_location_country = India
| num_locations =
| num_locations_year = 
| area_served =
| key_people = K. Padmakar (Chairman) Mahendra Pimpale (Managing Director)<ref>{{cite web |title=Board of Directors |url=https://borl.in/about-us/board-of-directors.aspx |website=borl.in |access-date=5 April 2021}}</ref>
| products = [[Liquefied petroleum gas|LPG]], Gasoline, [[Diesel fuel|Diesel]], [[Aviation turbine fuel]], Sulfur, Petcoke, [[Naphtha|Light aromatic naphtha]]
| production =
| production_year = 
| services =
| revenue =
| revenue_year = 
| operating_income =
| income_year = 
| net_income = 
| net_income_year = 
| assets =
| assets_year = 
| equity =
| equity_year = 
| owner = [[Bharat Petroleum]], [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas]], [[Government of India]]
| num_employees =
| num_employees_year = 
| parent =
| divisions =
| website = {{URL|https://www.borl.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Bharat Oman Refineries Limited''' ('''BORL''') which is under the [[ownership]] of [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas]] of the [[government of India]]. It owns and operates [[Bina Refinery]], located at [[Bina Etawa|Bina]] in the [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|Sagar]] of the state of [[Madhya Pradesh]] in India. The company was incorporated as a joint venture between [[Bharat Petroleum Corporation]] (BPCL) and Oman Oil Company Ltd (now [[OQ (company)|OQ]]). Since 2021, it is a wholly owned subsidiary of BPCL. The Bina Refinery was commissioned in 11 May 2011 with an annual capacity of 6 million [[tonne]]s. The capacity of the refinery was further enhanced to 7.8 million tonnes per year in 2018.

== History ==
Bharat Oman Refineries Limited (BORL) was incorporated in 1994 as a public limited company with equal equity participation of [[Bharat Petroleum]] and Oman Oil Company Ltd (now [[OQ (company)|OQ]]).<ref name="BS1">{{cite web|agency=Press Trust of India|date=31 March 2021|title=Privatisation-bound BPCL acquires OQ's stake in Bina refinery|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/privatisation-bound-bpcl-acquires-oq-s-stake-in-bina-refinery-121033101018_1.html|access-date=5 April 2021|website=Business Standard India}}</ref><ref name="thehindubusinessline">{{cite news|title=How BPCL drafted the Bina refinery script|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/article2035294.ece|accessdate=20 December 2012|newspaper=The Hindu Businessline}}</ref> Work on the refinery at Bina however began only in 2006.<ref>{{cite news|title=Work begins at Bina refinery|url=http://www.businessstandard.com/india/news/work-begins-at-bina-refinery/241752/|accessdate=20 December 2012|newspaper=Business Standard|date=10 May 2006}}</ref> The project faced significant delays on account of environmental clearances and poor infrastructure and suffered from severe cost overruns that saw its cost of establishment increasing from a budgeted {{INR}}6,300 crore to {{INR}}91 billion.<ref>{{cite news|title=BPCL revises Bina refinery project cost to Rs 9,100 cr – Bharat Oman Refineries to go in for IPO|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/bline/2005/09/25/stories/2005092502210200.htm|accessdate=20 December 2012|newspaper=The Hindu Businessline|date=25 September 2005}}</ref> Following these delays and cost overruns, the Omani company initially dropped out of the project but subsequently decided to be a minority stake holder in the project holding 26% equity. The refinery which was to have been commissioned in 2009 was finally inaugurated in May 2011 by Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]].<ref name="thehindubusinessline" /> One percent of the plant's equity is held by the [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]]. The refinery is expected to create 5,000 jobs for Local peoples of district who comes to its criteria after then state so that they boost tax revenues for the state government.<ref>{{cite news|title=Manmohan dedicates Bina refinery to the nation|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-business/article2036745.ece?css=print|accessdate=20 December 2012|newspaper=The Hindu|date=21 May 2011}}</ref>

== Capacity ==
The BORL refinery has a current installed capacity of processing 7.8 million tonnes of [[crude oil]] per annum (MTPA) or 156,000 barrels per day. The refinery also consists of a [[naphtha]] hydrotreater, a catalytic reformer to produce gasoline, a [[hydrocracker]], a diesel [[hydrotreater]] and a [[delayed coker]].<ref>{{cite news|title=BPCL commissions 120,000 bpd Bina refinery|url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/qqMUJwjsHwiLbnjfKyN3yN/BPCL-commissions-120000-bpd-Bina-refinery.html|accessdate=20 December 2012|newspaper=HT Mint|date=31 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Bharat Oman shut crude unit at Bina londrefinery|url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/3a0YyXPtO0JhN21nsfhSAL/Bharat-Oman-shut-crude-unit-at-Bina-refinery.html|accessdate=20 December 2012|newspaper=HT Mint|date=7 July 2010}}</ref> The capacity at the refinery is to be augmented to 7.8 MTPA and is to reach a final capacity of 15 MTPA by 2022–23.<ref name="thehindubusinessline" /><ref>{{cite news|title=BPCL to raise Bina refinery capacity to 9 mt|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/article1990595.ece|accessdate=20 December 2012|newspaper=The Hindu Businessline}}</ref> Exports of naphtha from the refinery began in 2012.<ref>{{cite news|title=BPCL offers 1st naphtha export from Bina plant|url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/pj4uWpHGTTEeWNitEBIZlN/BPCL-offers-1st-naphtha-export-from-Bina-plant.html|accessdate=20 December 2012|newspaper=HT Mint|date=5 March 2012}}</ref> The plant is equipped to produce [[Euro III]] and [[Euro IV]] petroleum products and is capable of producing [[Euro V]] petroleum products with minimal additional investment.<ref name="projectsmonitor">{{cite web|title=Bina Refinery makes Bharat proud|url=http://www.projectsmonitor.com/OILGAS/bina-refinery-makes-bharat-proud|accessdate=20 December 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110827011005/http://projectsmonitor.com/OILGAS/bina-refinery-makes-bharat-proud|archivedate=27 August 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== Pipelines ==
The Bina refinery uses a [[single point mooring]] system at [[Vadinar]] in Gujarat to facilitate the unloading of imported crude oil from large crude carriers. The crude is transported through a 935-km long pipeline from Vadinar to Bina. The products of the refinery are then transported through the 257- km Bina-[[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]] pipeline where it joins the Mumbai-[[Manmad]]-[[Bijwasan]] pipeline to reach the markets of [[North India]].<ref name="projectsmonitor" />

== Consolidation ==
The government decided to consolidate the businesses of BPCL before privatization. On 31 March 2021, BPCL announced that it had signed an agreement to acquire a 36.6% stake held by [[OQ (company)|OQ (formerly known as Oman Oil Company)]] for {{INRConvert|2400|c}} giving it complete control over Bharat Oman Refinery Limited.<ref name="BS1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Companies based in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Sagar district]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1994]]
[[Category:Energy in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Energy companies established in 1994]]
[[Category:1994 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Bharat Petroleum]]

State Highway 56 (Kerala)

2026-02-27T01:36:00Z

VYVEwan7971:

{{short description|Highway in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{One source|date=March 2012}}

{{Infobox road
| country = IND
| type = SH
| state = Kerala
| route = 56
| alternate_name = Kanhangad – Panathoor Road
| map = {{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=290|type=line|from=State Highway 56 (Kerala).map}}
| map_custom = yes
| map_notes = SH 56 highlighted in red
| spur_type =
| spur_of =
| maint = [[Kerala Public Works Department]]
| length_km = 44.1
| length_notes = 
| established =
| allocation =
| direction_a = West
| terminus_a = {{jct|state=Kerala|SH|57|country=IND}} in [[Kanhangad]] 
| junction = 
{{plainlist|
*{{jct|state=Kerala|NH|66|country=IND}} in [[Mavungal]]
*{{jct|state=Kerala|SH|59|country=IND}} in Pathinettam Mile
}}
| direction_b = East
| terminus_b = [[Karnataka]] border in Chemperi 
| districts = [[Kasaragod]]
| previous_type = SH
| previous_route = 55 
| next_type = SH
| next_route = 57 
}}

'''State Highway 56 (SH 56)''' is a state highway in [[Kerala]], [[India]] that starts in [[Kanhangad]] and ends in [[Chemberi]]. The highway is 44.1 km long.<ref name="keralapwd">{{cite web|url=http://www.keralapwd.gov.in/getPage.php?page=maps&pageId=248|title=Kerala PWD - State Highways|publisher=Kerala State Public Works Department|accessdate=26 February 2010}}</ref>

== Route map ==
Kanhangad – Eriya – Poodamkallu – Rajapuram – Kolichal - Panathoor - Chemberi

== See also ==
*[[Roads in Kerala]]
*[[List of state highways in Kerala]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Kerala State Highways Network}}

[[Category:State highways in Kerala]]
[[Category:Roads in Kasaragod district]]

{{India-road-stub}}
{{Kerala-stub}}

David Petrie

2026-02-17T03:29:35Z

VYVEwan7971: adding new info...

{{Short description|Director of MI5 (1879–1961)}}
{{distinguish|Dave Petrie}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox spy
|honorific_prefix = [[Sir]]
|honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KCMG|CIE|CVO|CBE|KPM}}
| name = David Petrie
| nickname =
| image = File:David Petrie.jpg
| caption =
| allegiance = [[United Kingdom]]
| service = [[MI5]]
| serviceyears =
| rank = [[Director General of MI5]]
| birth_date = 9 September 1879
| birth_place = Inveravon, Banffshire
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1961|8|7|1879|9|9}}
| death_place = Sidmouth, Devon
| occupation = [[Police officer]]
| alma_mater = [[Aberdeen University]]
}}
'''Sir David Petrie''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KCMG|CIE|CVO|CBE|KPM}} (9 September 1879 – 7 August 1961) was [[Director General of MI5|Director General (DG)]] of [[MI5]], the [[United Kingdom]]'s internal security service, from 1941 to 1946.<ref name="ReferenceA">The Times, ''Obituary'', 8 August 1961</ref>

==Biography==
Petrie worked in the [[Indian Imperial Police]] from 1900 serving in a variety of police intelligence roles. He headed the Delhi Intelligence Bureau of the Indian Police and served as the Chairman of the Indian Public Service Commission until 1936. After the outbreak for the [[World War II]] he joined the [[Intelligence Corps (United Kingdom)|Army Intelligence Corps]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sir David Petrie {{!}} MI5 - The Security Service |url=https://www.mi5.gov.uk/about-us/director-general/former-directors-general/sir-david-petrie |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523010759/https://www.mi5.gov.uk/about-us/director-general/former-directors-general/sir-david-petrie |archive-date=May 23, 2024 |access-date= |website=The Security Services}}</ref>

His highest level in [[British Raj|British India]] was to chair the [[Union Public Service Commission]]. In April 1941, he was appointed Director General of [[MI5]]. His task was to reorganise the service so that it could improve its efficiency. In the spring of 1946, Petrie retired.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mi5.gov.uk/home/about-us/who-we-are/staff-and-management/sir-david-petrie.html|title=Sir David Petrie (1879–1961)|publisher=[[MI5]]|access-date=25 March 2013}}</ref>

He was awarded [[Order of the Yugoslav Crown]] and other decorations.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Acović|first=Dragomir|title=Slava i čast: Odlikovanja među Srbima, Srbi među odlikovanjima|year=2012|location=Belgrade|publisher=Službeni Glasnik|pages=592}}</ref>

== References ==

===Notes===
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
* R. Popplewell, ''Intelligence and imperial defence: British intelligence and the defence of the Indian empire, 1904–1924'', 1995, {{ISBN|0-7146-4580-X}}
* F. H. Hinsley and C. A. G. Simkins, ''British intelligence in the Second World War, 4: Security and counter-intelligence'', 1990
* D. Petrie, ''Communism in India, 1924–27'', 1972
* T. Bower, ''The perfect English spy: Sir Dick White and the secret war, 1935–90'', 1995

{{s-start}}
{{S-gov}}
{{succession box |
before=[[Oswald Allen Harker|Jasper Harker]]|
title=[[Director General of MI5]] |
years=1941–1946|
after=[[Percy Sillitoe|Sir Percy Sillitoe]]|
}}
{{s-end}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Petrie, David}}
[[Category:1879 births]]
[[Category:1961 deaths]]
[[Category:Directors general of MI5]]
[[Category:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Commanders of the Royal Victorian Order]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George]]
[[Category:Indian Police Service officers in British India]]
[[Category:Intelligence Corps officers]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine]]
[[Category:People from Banffshire]]
[[Category:Officers of the Order of Orange-Nassau]]
[[Category:Knights of Grace of the Order of St John]]
[[Category:Colonial recipients of the Queen's Police Medal]]
[[Category:Scottish recipients of the Queen's Police Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Yugoslav Crown]]

Sustainable Development Goal 13

2026-02-06T21:50:36Z

VYVEwan7971: new!

{{Short description|UN goal to combat climate change}}

{{Infobox project
| name = Sustainable Development Goal 13
| logo = [[File:Sustainable Development Goal 13Climate.svg|300x300px]]
| mission_statement = "Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts by regulating emissions and promoting developments in renewable energy"
| commercial = No
| type =[[Nonprofit organization|Non-Profit]]
| location = Global
| founder = [[United Nations]]
| established = 2015
| website = {{URL|https://sdgs.un.org/ }}
}}
{{United Nations series}}
'''Sustainable Development Goal 13''' ('''SDG 13''' or '''Global Goal 13''') is the [[United Nations]] Global Goal to [[Climate change mitigation|limit]] and [[Climate change adaptation|adapt to]] [[climate change]]. It is one of 17 [[Sustainable Development Goals]] established by the [[United Nations General Assembly]] in 2015. The official mission statement of this goal is to "[[Climate action|Take urgent action]] to combat climate change and its [[Effects of climate change|impacts]]".<ref name=":172">United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, [[:File:A RES 71 313 E.pdf|Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development]] ([https://undocs.org/A/RES/71/313 A/RES/71/313])</ref> SDG 13 and [[Sustainable Development Goal 7|SDG 7]] on [[Sustainable energy|clean energy]] are closely related and complementary.<ref name="Energyreport2019" />{{rp|101}}

SDG 13 has five targets which are to be achieved by 2030. They cover a wide range of issues surrounding climate action. The first three targets are ''outcome targets''. The first target is to strengthen resilience and [[adaptive capacity]] towards climate change-related [[disaster]]s. The second target is to integrate climate change measures into policies and planning. The third target is to [[Capacity building|build knowledge and capacity]]. The remaining two targets are ''means of implementation targets''.<ref name=":222">{{cite journal |last1=Bartram |first1=Jamie |last2=Brocklehurst |first2=Clarissa |last3=Bradley |first3=David |last4=Muller |first4=Mike |last5=Evans |first5=Barbara |date=December 2018 |title=Policy review of the means of implementation targets and indicators for the sustainable development goal for water and sanitation |journal=npj Clean Water |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=3 |doi=10.1038/s41545-018-0003-0 |s2cid=169226066 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2018npjCW...1....3B }} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> These include implementing the [[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change|UN Framework Convention on Climate Change]] (UNFCCC), and to promote mechanisms to raise capacity for effective climate change-related planning and management. Along with each target, there are indicators that provide a method to review the overall progress of each target. The UNFCCC is the main intergovernmental forum for negotiating the global response to climate change.

Under the 2015 [[Paris Agreement]], nations collectively agreed to keep warming "well under 2°C". However, with pledges made under the Agreement, global warming would still reach about {{convert|2.7|C-change}} by the end of the century.<ref name="UNEP2021" />

As of 2020, many countries are now implementing their national [[climate change adaptation]] plans which is to be achieved by 2030.<ref name="UNESC2020" />{{rp|15}}

== Context ==
{{Main|Climate change}}
[[File:Change in Average Temperature With Fahrenheit.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|alt=The global map shows sea temperature rises of 0.5 to 1 degree Celsius; land temperature rises of 1 to 2 degree Celsius; and Arctic temperature rises of up to 4 degrees Celsius.| Surface air temperature change over the past 50 years<ref>{{Cite web |title=GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (v4) |url=https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/maps/index_v4.html |access-date=12 January 2024 |website=NASA}}</ref>]]
[[File:Global Temperature And Forces With Fahrenheit.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|alt=The graph from 1880 to 2020 shows natural drivers exhibiting fluctuations of about 0.3 degrees Celsius. Human drivers steadily increase by 0.3 degrees over 100 years to 1980, then steeply by 0.8 degrees more over the past 40 years. |Change in average surface air temperature since the [[Industrial Revolution]], plus drivers for that change. Human activity has caused increased temperatures, with natural forces adding some variability.<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG1|2021|loc=SPM-7}}</ref>]]
{{multiple image
| perrow = 1 / 2
| total_width = 310
| image1 = Bobcat Fire, Los Angeles, San Gabriel Mountains.jpg
| alt1 = Bobcat Fire in Monrovia, CA, September 10, 2020
| image2 = Bleached colony of Acropora coral.jpg
| alt2 = Bleached colony of Acropora coral
| image4 = California Drought Dry Lakebed 2009.jpg
| alt4 = A dry lakebed in California, which is experiencing its worst megadrought in 1,200 years.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/water-cutbacks-california-6-million-people-drought/ |title=California is rationing water amid its worst drought in 1,200 years |first=Irina |last=Ivanova |publisher=[[CBS News]] |date=June 2, 2022}}</ref>
| footer = Some effects of climate change, clockwise from top left: [[Wildfire]] intensified by heat and drought, worsening [[drought]]s compromising water supplies, and [[Coral bleaching|bleaching of coral]] caused by [[marine heatwave]]s
}}
SDG 13 intends to take urgent action in order to combat climate change and its [[Effects of climate change|impacts]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Goal 13: Climate Action - SDG Tracker|url=https://sdg-tracker.org/climate-change|access-date=2021-10-15|website=Our World in Data|language=en}}</ref> Many climate change impacts are already felt at the current {{convert|1.2|C-change}} level of warming. Additional warming will increase these impacts and can trigger [[Tipping points in the climate system|tipping points]], such as the melting of the [[Greenland ice sheet]].<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG1 Technical Summary|2021|p=71}}</ref> Under the 2015 [[Paris Agreement]], nations collectively agreed to keep warming "well under 2 °C". However, with pledges made under the Agreement, global warming would still reach about {{convert|2.7|C-change}} by the end of the century.<ref name="UNEP2021">{{harvnb|United Nations Environment Programme|2021|p=36|ps=: "A continuation of the effort implied by the latest unconditional NDCs and announced pledges is at present estimated to result in warming of about 2.7 °C (range: 2.2–3.2 °C) with a 66 per cent chance."}}</ref>

Reducing emissions requires generating electricity from low-carbon sources rather than burning fossil fuels. This change includes [[Fossil fuel phase-out|phasing out coal and natural gas fired power plants]], vastly increasing use of [[Wind power|wind]], [[Solar power|solar]], and other types of renewable energy, and [[Energy conservation|reducing energy use]].<ref>M. Pathak, R. Slade, P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Pichs-Madruga, D. Ürge-Vorsatz,2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_TechnicalSummary.pdf Technical Summary]. In: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van Diemen, D. McCollum, M. Pathak, S. Some, P. Vyas, R. Fradera, M. Belkacemi, A. Hasija, G. Lisboa, S. Luz, J. Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.002.</ref>

==Targets, indicators and progress==
{{Further|List of SDG targets and indicators}}
SDG 13 has five targets. The targets include to strengthening resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related disasters (Target 13.1), integrate climate change measures into policies and planning (Target 13.2), build knowledge and capacity to meet climate change (Target 13.3), implement the [[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change|UN Framework Convention on Climate Change]] (Target 13.a), and promote mechanisms to raise capacity for planning and management (Target 13.b).<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Goal 13 Climate Action|url=https://www.globalgoals.org/13-climate-action|access-date=14 September 2020|website=The Global Goals for Sustainable Development}}</ref>

Each target includes one or more indicators that help to measure and monitor the progress. Some of the indicators are number of deaths, missing people and directly affected people attributed to disasters per 100,000 population (13.1.1) or total [[greenhouse emissions]] generated by year (13.2.2).<ref name=":2" />

[[File:Internally displaced persons from natural disasters, OWID.svg|thumb|World map related to Indicator 13.1.1 in 2017: Internally displaced persons from natural disasters<ref name=":3">[[Hannah Ritchie]], [[Max Roser]], Jaiden Mispy, Esteban Ortiz-Ospina (2018) [https://sdg-tracker.org/climate-change "Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals." (SDG 13)] ''SDG-Tracker.org, website'' [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]</ref>|300x300px]]
[[File:Countries-with-legislative-regulatory-provisions-for-managing-disaster-risk.png|thumb|World map related to Indicator 13.1.2 in 2018. The map shows the number of countries that adopt and implement national disaster risk reduction strategies in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030.<ref name=":3" />|300x300px]]

=== Target 13.1: Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related disasters ===
The full text of Target 13.1 is: "Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards and natural disasters in all countries".<ref name=":172" />

This target has 3 indicators.<ref name=":3" />

* Indicator 13.1.1: "Number of deaths, missing people and directly affected people attributed to disasters per 100,000 population"
* Indicator 13.1.2: "Number of countries that adopt and implement national disaster risk reduction strategies in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030"
* Indicator 13.1.3: "Proportion of local governments that adopt and implement local disaster risk reduction strategies in line with national disaster risk reduction strategies"<ref name=":15">{{Cite web |title=Goal 13 {{!}} Department of Economic and Social Affairs |url=https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal13 |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=sdgs.un.org}}</ref>

Indicator 13.1.2 serves as a bridge between the Sustainable Development Goals and the [[Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction]].<ref name=":8">{{cite web |last1=United Nations |title=United Nations Stats |url=https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/files/Metadata-13-01-02.pdf |website=Unite Nations Metadata 13.1.2 |access-date=10 September 2020}}</ref>

In April 2020, the number of countries and territories that adopted national disaster risk reduction strategies increased to 118 compared to 48 from the first year of the Sendai Framework.<ref name="sdgs.un.org">{{Cite web |title=Goal 13 {{!}} Department of Economic and Social Affairs |url=https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal13 |access-date=2022-04-25 |website=sdgs.un.org}}</ref>
[[File:CO₂ emissions per capita, OWID.svg|thumb|344x344px|Average carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions per capita measured in tonnes per year<ref>{{Cite web|title=Per capita CO2 emissions|url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/co-emissions-per-capita|access-date=2022-05-09|website=Our World in Data}}</ref>]]

=== Target 13.2: Integrate climate change measures into policy and planning ===
The full text of Target 13.2 is: "Integrate climate change measures into national policies, strategies and planning".<ref name=":172" />

This target has two indicators:

* Indicator 13.2.1: "Number of countries with [[nationally determined contribution]]s, long-term strategies, national [[Climate change adaptation|adaptation]] plans, strategies as reported in adaptation communications and national communications".<ref name=":3" />
* Indicator 13.2.2: "Total [[greenhouse gas emissions]] per year"<ref name=":15" />

In order to stay under 1.5{{Nbsp}}°C of global warming, [[carbon dioxide]] (CO2) emissions from G20 countries need to decline by about 45% by 2030 and attain net zero in 2050.<ref name=":12">{{cite web|title=Report of the Secretary General on the 2019 Climate Action Summit and the way Forward in 2020|url=https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/assets/pdf/cas_report_11_dec.pdf|access-date=11 September 2020|website=United Nations|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200904223848/https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/assets/pdf/cas_report_11_dec.pdf|archive-date=4 September 2020}}</ref> To be able to meet the 1.5 °C or even 2 °C, which is the maximum set by the [[Paris Agreement]], greenhouse gas emissions must start to fall by 7.6% per year starting on 2020.<ref name=":13">{{cite web|title=SDG Report 2020|url=https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2020/goal-13/|access-date=11 September 2020|website=UN Stats}}</ref> However, there is a large gap between these overall temperature targets and the nationally determined contributions set by individual countries.<ref name=":13" /> Between 2000 and 2018, greenhouse gas emissions of [[Transition economy|transition economies]] and developed countries have declined by 6.5%. In contrast, developing countries saw their emissions go up by 43% between 2000 and 2013.<ref name=":13" />

As of 2015, 170 countries are a part of at least one multilateral environmental agreement,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Goal 13: Climate Action - SDG Tracker |url=https://sdg-tracker.org/climate-change |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=Our World in Data |language=en}}</ref> with each year having an increase in the number of countries signing onto environmental agreements.
[[File:Carbon dioxide emissions by sector, OWID.svg|thumb|304x304px|Carbon dioxide emissions by sector]]

=== Target 13.3: Build knowledge and capacity to meet climate change ===
The full text of Target 13.3 is: "Improve education, awareness-raising and human and institutional capacity on climate change mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early warning".<ref name=":172" />

This target has two indicators:<ref name=":3" />

* Indicator 13.3.1: "The extent to which (i) [[global citizenship education]] and (ii) education for [[sustainable development]] are mainstreamed in (a) national education policies; (b) curricula; (c) teacher education; and (d) student assessment"
* Indicator 13.3.2: "Number of countries that have communicated the strengthening of institutional, systemic and individual capacity-building to implement adaptation, mitigation and technology transfer, and development actions"<ref name=":15" />

The indicator 13.3.1 measures the extent to which countries mainstream Global Citizenship Education (GCED) and [[Education for sustainable development|Education for Sustainable Development]] (ESD) in their education systems and educational policies.<ref>{{cite web|last1=United Nations|title=United Nations Stats, SDG 13, Target 3|url=https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/files/Metadata-13-03-01.pdf|access-date=11 September 2020|website=United Nations Stats}}</ref>

The indicator 13.3.2 identifies countries who have and have not adopted and implemented disaster risk management strategies in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. The goal by 2030 is to strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards and natural disasters in all countries.<ref name=":3" />

To explain the concept of "Education for Sustainable Development and [[Global citizenship|Global Citizenship]] seeks to equip learners with the knowledge of how their choices impact others and their immediate environment.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Goal 13|first=Indicator 13.31|title=sustainable development goals|url=https://sdgdata.gov.uk/13-3-1/}}</ref>

There is currently no data available for this indicator as of September 2020.<ref name=":3" />

=== Target 13.a: Implement the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change ===
[[File:Green-climate-gcf-fund-pledges.png|thumb|World map for Indicator 13.A.1: Green Climate Fund mobilization of $100 billion, 2018<ref name=":3" />|300x300px]]
The full text of Target 13.a is: "Implement the commitment undertaken by developed-country parties to the [[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change]] to a goal of mobilizing jointly $100 billion annually by 2020 from all sources to address the needs of developing countries in the context of meaningful mitigation actions and transparency on implementation and fully operationalize the Green Climate Fund through its capitalization as soon as possible."<ref name=":172" />

This target only has one indicator: Indicator 13.a is the "Amounts provided and mobilized in United States dollars per year in relation to the continued existing collective mobilization goal of the $100 billion commitment through to 2025".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=17 April 2020|title=SDG Indicator changes (15 October 2018 and onward) - current to 17 April 2020|url=https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/files/List_of_changes_since_15_Oct_2018.pdf|access-date=10 September 2020|website=United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistics Division}}</ref>

Previously, the indicator was worded as "Mobilized amount of United States dollars per year between 2020 and 2025 accountable towards the $100 billion commitment".<ref name=":0" />

This indicator measures the current pledged commitments from countries to the [[Green Climate Fund]] (GCF), the amounts provided and mobilized in United States dollars (USD) per year in relation to the continued existing collective mobilization goal of the US$100 billion commitment to 2025.<ref name=":3" />

A report by the UN stated in 2020 that the financial flows for global climate finance as well as for renewable energy are "relatively small in relation to the scale of annual investment needed for a [[Low-carbon economy|low-carbon]], [[Climate resilience|climate-resilient]] transition".<ref name="UNESC2020" />{{rp|15}}

=== Target 13.b: Promote mechanisms to raise capacity for planning and management ===
{{Further|Climate communication}}
[[File:Score of adoption and implementation of national strategies in line with Sendai framework, OWID.svg|thumb|This indicator identifies countries who have and have not adopted and implemented disaster risk management strategies in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Score of adoption and implementation of national strategies in line with Sendai framework|url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/countries-with-legislative-regulatory-provisions-for-managing-disaster-risk|access-date=2020-10-12|website=Our World in Data}}</ref>]]
The full text of Target 13.b is: "Promote mechanisms for raising capacity for effective climate change-related planning and management in least developed countries and small island developing States, including focusing on women, youth and local and marginalized communities acknowledging that the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is the primary international, intergovernmental forum for negotiating the global response to climate change."<ref name=":172" />

This target has one indicator: Indicator 13.b.1 is the "Number of [[least developed countries]] and [[Small Island Developing States|small island developing states]] with nationally determined contributions, long-term strategies, national adaptation plans, strategies as reported in adaptation communications and national communications".

A previous version of this indicator was: "Indicator 13.b.1: Number of least developed countries and small island developing states that are receiving specialized support, and amount of support, including finance, technology and capacity building, for mechanisms for raising capacities for effective climate change-related planning and management, including focusing on women, youth and local and marginalized communities."<ref name=":0" /> This indicator's previous focus on women, youth and local and marginalized communities is not included anymore in the latest version of the indicator.

Annual UN reports are monitoring how many countries are implementing national adaptation plans.<ref name="UNESC2020" />{{rp|15}}

=== Custodian agencies ===
Custodian agencies are in charge of reporting on the following indicators:<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=United Nations (2018) Economic and Social Council, Conference of European Statisticians, Geneva," (PDF). United Nations (SDG 13) Custodian Agencies"|url=https://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/stats/documents/ece/ces/2018/CES_39.pdf|access-date=September 25, 2020|website=UNECE}}</ref>

* Indicators 13.1.1, 13.1.2 and 13.1.3: UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction ([[United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction|UNISDR]]).
* Indicator 13.2.1: [[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change]] (UNFCCC), UN Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization-Institute for Statistics (UNESCO-UIS).
* Indicators 13.3.1, 13.a.1 and 13.b.1: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and [[OECD|Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)]].

==Monitoring==
{{Further|Nationally Determined Contribution|Greenhouse gas emissions|Instrumental temperature record}}
High-level progress reports for all the [[Sustainable Development Goals|SDGs]] are published in the form of reports by the [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|United Nations Secretary General]].<ref name="UNESC2020">United Nations Economic and Social Council (2020) [https://undocs.org/en/E/2020/57 Progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals Report of the Secretary-General], High-level political forum on sustainable development, convened under the auspices of the Economic and Social Council (E/2020/57), 28 April 2020</ref> Updates and progress can also be found on the SDG website that is managed by the United Nations<ref name=":52">{{Cite web |title=Goal 6 {{!}} Department of Economic and Social Affairs |url=https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal6 |access-date=2020-09-02 |website=sdgs.un.org}}</ref> and at [[Our World in Data]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ritchie |first1=Hannah |last2=Roser |first2=Max |last3=Rosado |first3=Pablo |date=2020-05-11 |title=CO2 and Greenhouse Gas Emissions |url=https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-other-greenhouse-gas-emissions |journal=Our World in Data}}</ref>

== Challenges ==
{{Main|Sustainable Development Goals#Challenges}}

=== Climate migration ===
{{Further|Climate migration}}
SDG 13 does not directly address the link between nations most [[Climate change vulnerability|vulnerable to climate change]] and increased migration flows ([[climate migration]]). It therefore misses the chance to recognize migration as an adaptive response of mobile populations.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Adger |first1=W Neil |last2=Boyd |first2=Emily |last3=Fábos |first3=Anita |last4=Fransen |first4=Sonja |last5=Jolivet |first5=Dominique |last6=Neville |first6=George |last7=de Campos |first7=Ricardo Safra |last8=Vijge |first8=Marjanneke J |date=2019 |title=Migration transforms the conditions for the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals |journal=The Lancet Planetary Health |language=en |volume=3 |issue=11 |pages=e440–e442 |doi=10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30213-X |pmid=31777332 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free |hdl=10871/40121}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> [[Natural disaster#Disasters caused by extreme weather hazards|Weather-related disasters]] displace millions of people, but the goal's focus on national policies overlooks the role of migration. SDG 13 could instead track government policies on [[Population transfer|relocating communities]], a practice likely to grow in the future.<ref name=":1" />

=== Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic ===
{{Further|Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the environment#Climate change}}
During the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], there was a reduction in economic activity.<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":19">{{cite news|title=Fall in COVID-linked carbon emissions won't halt climate change - UN weather agency chief|publisher=United Nations|agency=United Nations News|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/04/1062332|access-date=11 September 2020}}</ref> This resulted in a 6% drop in greenhouse gas emissions from what was initially projected for 2020, however these improvements were only temporary.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book|author=United Nations Department for Economic and Social Affairs |title=The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2020 |date=2020 |publisher=United Nations |isbn=978-92-1-101425-9 |oclc=1191239852}}</ref> Greenhouse gas emissions rebounded later in the pandemic as many countries began lifting restrictions, with the direct impact of pandemic policies having a negligible long-term impact on [[climate change]].<ref name=":21">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tollefson J |date=January 2021 |title=COVID curbed carbon emissions in 2020 - but not by much |journal=Nature |volume=589 |issue=7842 |page=343 |bibcode=2021Natur.589..343T |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-00090-3 |pmid=33452515 |s2cid=231622354}}</ref> A rebound in transport pollution has occurred since restrictions of government lockdown policies have been lifted.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Helm |first=Dieter |date=May 2020 |title=The Environmental Impacts of the Coronavirus |url= |journal=Environmental and Resource Economics |language=en |volume=76 |issue=1 |pages=21–38 |doi=10.1007/s10640-020-00426-z |issn=0924-6460 |pmc=7204192 |pmid=32382212|bibcode=2020EnREc..76...21H }}</ref> Transport pollution accounts for roughly 21% of global carbon emissions due to it being still 95% dependent on oil.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brand |first=Christian |title=Seven reasons global transport is so hard to decarbonise |url=http://theconversation.com/seven-reasons-global-transport-is-so-hard-to-decarbonise-170908 |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=The Conversation |date=10 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

Post pandemic, there is a rush for governments globally to stimulate local economies by putting money towards fossil fuel production and in turn economic stimulation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-20 |title=Carbon emissions to soar in 2021 by second highest rate in history |url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/apr/20/carbon-emissions-to-soar-in-2021-by-second-highest-rate-in-history |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> Funding for economic policies will likely divert the emergency funds usually afforded to climate funding like The Green Climate Fund and other sustainable policies, unless an emphasis is put on green deals in the redirection of monetary funds.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Naidoo|first1=Robin|last2=Fisher|first2=Brendan|date=July 2020|title=Reset Sustainable Development Goals for a pandemic world|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=583|issue=7815|pages=198–201|bibcode=2020Natur.583..198N|doi=10.1038/d41586-020-01999-x|issn=0028-0836|pmid=32632244|s2cid=220376783|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Yoshino|first1=Naoyuki|last2=Taghizadeh-Hesary|first2=Farhad|last3=Otsuka|first3=Miyu|date=July 2020|title=Covid-19 and Optimal Portfolio Selection for Investment in Sustainable Development Goals|url= |journal=Finance Research Letters|volume=38|language=en|article-number=101695|doi=10.1016/j.frl.2020.101695|pmc=7354763|pmid=32837379}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Markard|first1=Jochen|last2=Rosenbloom|first2=Daniel|date=2020-12-10|title=A tale of two crises: COVID-19 and climate|journal=Sustainability: Science, Practice and Policy|language=en|volume=16|issue=1|pages=53–60|doi=10.1080/15487733.2020.1765679|issn=1548-7733|s2cid=225015869|doi-access=free|bibcode=2020SSPP...16...53M |hdl=20.500.11850/429176|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

A 2022 publication reported that the COVID-19 pandemic negatively impacted progress on SDG 13 and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ([[UNFCCC]]) processes. Travel restrictions and reduced in-person meetings disrupted climate-related work, delaying actions and some planned deliverables. Scientists in developing countries faced greater challenges than their colleagues in higher-income countries due to weaker [[Communications infrastructure|communication infrastructure]] and higher work demands in developing countries.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Filho |first1=Walter Leal |last2=Hickmann |first2=Thomas |last3=Nagy |first3=Gustavo J. |last4=Pinho |first4=Patricia |last5=Sharifi |first5=Ayyoob |last6=Minhas |first6=Aprajita |last7=Islam |first7=M Rezaul |last8=Djalanti |first8=Riyanti |last9=García Vinuesa |first9=Antonio |last10=Abubakar |first10=Ismaila Rimi |date=2022 |title=The Influence of the Corona Virus Pandemic on Sustainable Development Goal 13 and United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Processes |journal=Frontiers in Environmental Science |volume=10 |doi=10.3389/fenvs.2022.784466 |issn=2296-665X |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022FrEnS..1084466F |hdl-access=free |hdl=20.500.12008/41669}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref>

===Russian invasion of Ukraine===
The [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]] and the resulting trade sanctions had a further adverse effect on SDG 13, as some countries responded to the crisis by increasing domestic oil production.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2023 {{!}} Department of Economic and Social Affairs |url=https://sdgs.un.org/documents/sustainable-development-goals-report-2023-53220 |website=sdgs.un.org |access-date=16 September 2023}}</ref>

==Links with other SDGs ==
Sustainable Development Goal 13 connects with the other 16 [[Sustainable Development Goals|SDGs]]. For example, increasing access to [[sustainable energy]] ([[Sustainable Development Goal 7|SDG 7]]) will reduce [[greenhouse gas emissions]].<ref name="Energyreport2019">IEA, IRENA, UNSD, WB, WHO (2019), [https://trackingsdg7.esmap.org/data/files/download-documents/2019-Tracking%20SDG7-Full%20Report.pdf Tracking SDG 7: The Energy Progress Report 2019], Washington DC (on [https://trackingsdg7.esmap.org/ Tracking SDG 7 website])</ref>{{rp|101}} Combating climate change can improve agricultural yield which will lead to zero hunger ([[Sustainable Development Goal 2|SDG 2]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Goal 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture — SDG Indicators |url=https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2016/goal-02/ |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=unstats.un.org}}</ref>

==Organizations==

=== United Nations organizations ===
* [[Climate target]]
* [[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change]] (UNFCCC)<ref>{{cite web |title=About the Secretariat - What is the purpose of the Secretariat? |url=https://unfccc.int/about-us/about-the-secretariat |website=United Nations Climate Change |access-date=14 September 2020}}</ref>
* [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] (IPCC)<ref>{{cite web |title=About the IPCC |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/about/ |website=Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |access-date=13 September 2020}}</ref>
* [[United Nations Climate Change conference|Conferences of the Parties]] (COP)<ref name=":16">{{cite web |title=Conferences of the Parties (COP) |url=https://unfccc.int/process/bodies/supreme-bodies/conference-of-the-parties-cop |website=UNFCCC |access-date=11 September 2020}}</ref>
* [[World Meteorological Organization]] (WMO)<ref>{{cite web |title=About us |url=https://public-old.wmo.int/en/about-us |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215221753/https://public-old.wmo.int/en/about-us |archive-date=December 15, 2023 |website=World Meteorological Organisation WMO |date=27 November 2015 |access-date=12 September 2020}}</ref>
* [[United Nations Human Settlements Programme|UN-Habitat]]<ref>{{cite web |title=UN Habitat, About us - Sustainable Development Goals |url=https://unhabitat.org/about-us/sustainable-development-goals |website=UN - Habitat |access-date=12 September 2020}}</ref>
* [[United Nations Environment Programme|United Nations Environment Program]] (UNEP)<ref>{{cite web |title=United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) established |url=http://www.environmentandsociety.org/tools/keywords/united-nations-environmental-programme-unep-established |website=Environmental and Society Portal |access-date=12 September 2020}}</ref>
* [[Green Climate Fund]] (GCF)<ref>{{cite web |title=About GCF |url=https://www.greenclimate.fund/about |website=Green Climate Fund|date=18 February 2021 }}</ref>
* United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Liveable Planet for Every Child {{!}} UNICEF |url=https://www.unicef.org/documents/liveable-planet-every-child |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}</ref>
* United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)

== References ==
{{reflist}}

===Sources===

* {{cite book
|author=United Nations Environment Programme
|year=2021
|title=Emissions Gap Report 2021
|url=https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/36991/EGR21_ESEN.pdf
|location=Nairobi
|isbn=978-92-807-3890-2
}}
* {{Cite book |ref={{harvid|IPCC AR6 WG1 Technical Summary|2021}}
|chapter=Technical Summary
|last1=Arias |first1=Paola A.
|last2=Bellouin |first2=Nicolas
|last3=Coppola |first3=Erika
|last4=Jones |first4=Richard G.
|last5=Krinner |first5=Gerhard
|display-authors=4
|chapter-url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_TS.pdf
|year=2021
|title={{Harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG1|2021}}
|pages=
}}
* {{Cite book |ref= {{harvid|IPCC AR6 WG1|2021}}
|author= IPCC |author-link= IPCC
|year= 2021
|title= Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis
|series= Contribution of Working Group I to the [[IPCC Sixth Assessment Report|Sixth Assessment Report]] of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
|display-editors= 4
|editor1-first=V. |editor1-last=Masson-Delmotte
|editor2-first=P. |editor2-last=Zhai
|editor3-first=A. |editor3-last=Pirani
|editor4-first=S. L. |editor4-last=Connors
|editor5-first=C. |editor5-last=Péan
|editor6-first=S. |editor6-last=Berger
|editor7-first=N. |editor7-last=Caud
|editor8-first=Y. |editor8-last=Chen
|editor9-first=L. |editor9-last=Goldfarb
|editor10-first=M. I. |editor10-last=Gomis
|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] (In Press)
|place=Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA
|isbn=
|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf
}}

== External links ==

* [https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal13 UN Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform – SDG 13]
* [https://www.globalgoals.org/13-climate-action "Global Goals" Campaign - SDG 13]
* [https://sdg-tracker.org/climate-change SDG-Track.org - SDG 13]
* [https://x4i.org/climate-action-climate-change-us-report UN SDG 13 in the US]
{{Sustainable Development Goals}}{{Climate change}}
[[Category:Sustainable Development Goals]]
[[Category:2015 establishments in New York City]]
[[Category:Projects established in 2015]]
[[Category:Climate change mitigation]]
[[Category:Climate change adaptation]]
[[Category:Climate change policy]]

Charan Singh ministry

2026-02-06T03:04:00Z

VYVEwan7971: small edit

{{Short description|Council of Ministers headed by Chaudhary Charan Singh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}

{{Infobox government cabinet
|cabinet_name = Chaudhary Charan Singh ministry
|cabinet_type=ministry
|cabinet_number = 10th
|jurisdiction = the [[Republic of India]]
|incumbent =
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| flag_border = true
|image = Charan Singh, Prime Minister.jpg
|image_size =
|caption = Prime Minister, [[Charan Singh]]
|date_formed = {{Start date|df=yes|1979|7|28}}
|date_dissolved = {{Start date|df=yes|1980|01|14}}
|government_head = [[Charan Singh]]
|government_head_history =
|deputy_government_head = [[Yashwantrao Chavan]]
|state_head = [[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]]
|members_number =
|former_members_number =
|total_number =
|political_party = [[Janata Party (Secular)]] [[1980 Indian general election#Results by alliance|(Janata (Secular) alliance)]] (Supported by [[Indian National Congress (Urs)|INC(U)]] 75/543 and [[Indian National Congress (Indira)|(INC(I)]] 79/543 MPs).
|legislature_status = [[Coalition government|Coalition]]
|election =
|last_election = [[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|legislature_term = {{Age in years, months and days|1979|7|28|1980|01|14}}
|budget =
|opposition_cabinet =
|opposition_party = [[Indian National Congress]] [[1980 Indian general election#Results by alliance|(Congress alliance)]]
|opposition_leader = [[Yashwantrao Chavan]] (In [[Lok Sabha]]) [[Kamalapati Tripathi]] (In [[Rajya Sabha]])
|incoming_formation =
|outgoing_formation =
|previous = [[Desai ministry]]
|successor = [[Fourth Indira Gandhi ministry]]
}}

The '''Charan Singh ministry''' was a [[Union Council of Ministers|union council of ministers]] of [[India]], headed by the prime minister of India, [[Charan Singh|Chaudhary Charan Singh]], that was formed after Singh was sworn in as prime minister of India on 28 July 1979, with outside support by the [[Indian National Congress]] and [[Yashwantrao Chavan]] of [[Indian Congress (Socialist)|Congress (Socialist)]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/forty-years-ago-august-21-1979-charan-govt-resigns-5921778/|title = Forty Years Ago, August 21, 1979: Charan Govt Resigns|date = 21 August 2019}}</ref><ref name=pm>{{cite news|title=Dour farm leader of 76 named as India's fifth PM|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=nRQyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=dqQFAAAAIBAJ&dq=charan%20singh%20becomes%20prime%20minister&pg=3913%2C3452059|accessdate=29 May 2014|newspaper=[[The Montreal Gazette]]|date=27 July 1979|agency=AP|location=New Delhi|page=8}}</ref>

== History ==
[[Morarji Desai]] resigned as prime minister of India on 28 July 1979 due to internal conflicts within the [[Janata Party]], the party that was a coalition of various factions, united primarily to oppose [[Indira Gandhi]], and faced several ideological and personal differences after coming to power in 1977.

One of the key issues was the growing tension between [[Morarji Desai|Desai]] and [[Charan Singh]], who was the deputy prime minister and home minister of India at that time. Singh and his faction largely represented farmers and rural interests, accusing Desai of favoring industrialists and failing to address agrarian concerns. This crisis escalated when the [[Janata Party|Janata party]] split, with [[Charan Singh]] breaking away with his [[Lokdal|Lok Dal]] faction. Losing majority support in parliament, Desai was forced to resign on 28 July 1979.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-15 |title=From HT Archives: Morarji Desai stepsdown as PM amid Janata Party crisis |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/fall-of-the-janata-party-desai-steps-down-amidst-resignations-and-no-confidence-motion-threat-101689361478131.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250110125630/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/fall-of-the-janata-party-desai-steps-down-amidst-resignations-and-no-confidence-motion-threat-101689361478131.html |archive-date=2025-01-10 |access-date=2025-02-11 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-16 |title=Forty years ago, July 16, 1979: Desai resigns |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/forty-years-ago-july-16-1979-desai-resigns-5831110/ |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-07-16 |title=From the Archives (July 17, 1969): Morarji Desai resigns |url=https://www.thehindu.com/archives/from-the-archives-july-17-1969-morarji-desai-resigns/article28491110.ece |access-date=2025-02-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

[[File:President Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy swearing in Ch. Charan Singh as PM.jpg|thumb|150px|upright|President [[Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy]] swearing in Singh as PM]]

After Desai’s resignation, president [[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy|Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy]] invited [[Charan Singh]] to form a new government, which he did with external support from [[Indian National Congress|Indira Gandhi Congress (I)]], and the Charan Singh ministry was formed on 28 July 1979.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aron |first=Sunita |date=2019-07-20 |title=Charan Singh — the only Indian PM who did not face Parliament even once |url=https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/charan-singh-the-only-indian-pm-who-did-not-face-parliament-even-once/265331/ |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

However, before [[Charan Singh]] could prove majority in parliament, [[Indira Gandhi]] withdrew her support after Singh said that his government would not drop cases against her, which had been initiated after the [[The Emergency (India)|emergency]] (1975-1977), leading to his resignation after just 23 days in office, becoming the only prime minister of India who didn't faced the parliament and Singh continued as caretaker prime minister until 14 January 1980.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Times |first=Michael T. Kaufman; Special to The New York |date=1979-08-21 |title=Singh's Resignation After 24 Days Leaves Indian Politics in Turmoil |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/08/21/archives/singhs-resignation-after-24-days-leaves-indian-politics-in-turmoil.html |access-date=2025-02-11 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-21 |title=Forty Years Ago, August 21, 1979: Charan Govt Resigns |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/forty-years-ago-august-21-1979-charan-govt-resigns-5921778/ |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==List of Ministers==
===Cabinet Ministers===
{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}
!Remarks
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] And also in-charge of all other important portfolios and policy issues not allocated to any Minister.
| minister1 = [[Charan Singh]]<ref name = pm /><ref name="ministers79">{{cite web|title=Press Communique|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/CABINATE%20SECRETARIATE/1979%20CABINET%20SECTT%20JAN%20%20DEC/CAB-1979-07-31_062.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=31 July 1979|accessdate=24 April 2020}}</ref>
| minister1_termstart = 28 July 1979
| minister1_termend = 14 January 1980
| minister1_ref=
| minister1_party = Janata Party (Secular)
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Deputy Prime Minister of India|Deputy Prime Minister]] [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[Yashwantrao Chavan]]<ref name = pm />
| minister1_termstart = 28 July 1979
| minister1_termend = 14 January 1980
| minister1_ref=
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Urs)
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Minister of External Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[Shyam Nandan Prasad Mishra]]<ref name="ministers79"/>
| minister1_termstart = 28 July 1979
| minister1_termend = 14 January 1980
| minister1_ref=
| minister1_party = Janata Party (Secular)
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister of Finance]]
| minister1 = [[Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna]]<ref name="ministers79"/>
| minister1_termstart = 28 July 1979
| minister1_termend = 19 October 1979
| minister1_ref=
| minister1_party = Janata Party (Secular)
| minister2 = [[Charan Singh]]
| minister2_termstart = 19 October 1979
| minister2_termend = 14 January 1980
| minister2_ref=
| minister2_party = Janata Party (Secular)
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]]
| minister1 = [[Chidambaram Subramaniam]]<ref name="ministers79"/>
| minister1_termstart = 30 July 1979
| minister1_termend = 14 January 1980
| minister1_ref=
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Urs)
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Agriculture (India)|Minister of Agriculture and Irrigation]]
| minister1 = [[Brahm Prakash (politician)|Brahm Prakash]]<ref name="ministers79"/>
| minister1_termstart = 30 July 1979
| minister1_termend = 14 January 1980
| minister1_ref=
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Urs)
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Minister of Information and Broadcasting]]
| minister1 = [[Purushottam Kaushik]]<ref name="ministers79"/>
| minister1_termstart = 30 July 1979
| minister1_termend = 14 January 1980
| minister1_party = Janata Party (Secular)
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (India)|Minister of Health and Family Welfare]]
| minister1 = [[Rabi Ray]]<ref name="ministers79"/>
| minister1_termstart = 28 July 1979
| minister1_termend = 14 January 1980
| minister1_ref=
| minister1_party = Janata Party (Secular)
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (India)|Minister of Works, Housing, Supply and Rehabilitation]]
| minister1 = [[Ram Kinkar]]<ref name="ministers79"/>
| minister1_termstart = 28 July 1979
| minister1_termend = 14 January 1980
| minister1_party = Janata Party (Secular)
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Law and Justice (India)|Minister of Law, Justice and Company Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[H. R. Khanna]]<ref name="ministers79"/>
| minister1_termstart = 30 July 1979
| minister1_termend = 3 August 1979
| minister1_ref=
| minister1_party = Janata Party (Secular)
| minister2 = [[Shyam Nath Kacker]]<ref name="ministers79"/>
| minister2_termstart = 3 August 1979
| minister2_termend = 14 January 1980
| minister2_party = Janata Party (Secular)
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Minister of Commerce and Civil Supplies]]
| minister1 = [[Hitendra Desai]]<ref name="ministers79"/>
| minister1_termstart = 30 July 1979
| minister1_termend = 14 January 1980
| minister1_ref=
| minister1_party = Janata Party (Secular)
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Steel (India)|Minister of Steel]], [[Ministry of Mines (India)|Mines and]] [[Ministry of Coal (India)|Coal]]
| minister1 = [[Biju Patnaik]]<ref name="ministers79"/>
| minister1_termstart = 30 July 1979
| minister1_termend = 14 January 1980
| minister1_ref=
| minister1_party = Janata Party (Secular)
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Minister of Tourism and]] [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Civil Aviation]]
| minister1 = [[Mohammad Shafi Qureshi]]<ref name="ministers79"/>
| minister1_termstart = 30 July 1979
| minister1_termend = 14 January 1980
| minister1_ref=
| minister1_party = Janata Party (Secular)
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Minister of Labour]]
| minister1 = Fazlur Rahman<ref name="ministers79"/>
| minister1_termstart = 30 July 1979
| minister1_termend = 14 January 1980
| minister1_party = Janata Party (Secular)
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Education (India)|Minister of Education and Culture]]
| minister1 = [[Karan Singh]]<ref name="ministers79"/>
| minister1_termstart = 30 July 1979
| minister1_termend = 14 January 1980
| minister1_ref=
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Urs)
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Education (India)|Minister of Education, Social Welfare and Culture]]
| minister1 = [[Karan Singh]]<ref name="ministers79"/>
| minister1_termstart = 30 July 1979
| minister1_termend = 19 August 1979
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Urs)
| minister1_ref = {{small|Bifurcated into Ministry of Education and Culture; and Ministry of Social Welfare.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Education (India)|Minister of Education and Culture]]
| minister1 = [[Karan Singh]]<ref name="ministers79"/>
| minister1_termstart = 19 August 1979
| minister1_termend = 14 January 1980
| minister1_ref=
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Urs)
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Railways (India)|Minister of Railways]]
| minister1 = [[T. A. Pai]]<ref name="ministers79"/>
| minister1_termstart = 30 July 1979
| minister1_termend = 14 January 1980
| minister1_ref=
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Urs)
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Power (India)|Minister of Power]]
| minister1 = [[K. C. Pant]]<ref name="ministers79"/>
| minister1_termstart = 30 July 1979
| minister1_termend = 14 January 1980
| minister1_ref=
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Urs)
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Minister of Industry]]
| minister1 = [[Kasu Brahmananda Reddy]]<ref name="ministers79"/>
| minister1_termstart = 30 July 1979
| minister1_termend = 27 November 1979
| minister1_ref=
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Urs)
| minister2 = [[T. A. Pai]]
| minister2_termstart = 27 November 1979
| minister2_termend = 14 January 1980
| minister2_ref=
| minister2_party = Janata Party (Secular)
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment|Minister of Social Welfare]]
| minister1 = [[Sathiavani Muthu]]<ref name="ministers79"/>
| minister1_termstart = 19 August 1979
| minister1_termend = 23 December 1979
| minister1_party = AIADMK
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers|Minister of Petroleum, Chemicals and Fertilizers]]
| minister1 = [[Aravinda Bala Pajanor]]<ref name="ministers79"/>
| minister1_termstart = 19 August 1979
| minister1_termend = 23 December 1979
| minister1_party = AIADMK
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Communications (India)|Minister of Communications]]
| minister1 = [[Zulfiquarulla]]<ref name="ministers79"/>
| minister1_termstart = 30 July 1979
| minister1_termend = 4 December 1979
| minister1_party = Janata Party (Secular)
| minister1_ref = {{small|Minister of State was responsible.}}
| minister2 = [[Shyam Nandan Prasad Mishra]]<ref name="ministers79"/>
| minister2_termstart = 7 December 1979
| minister2_termend = 14 January 1980
| minister2_ref=
| minister2_party = Janata Party (Secular)
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Minority Affairs|Minister of Muslim Waqfs]]
| minister1 = [[Zulfiquarulla]]<ref name="ministers79"/>
| minister1_termstart = 30 July 1979
| minister1_termend = 4 December 1979
| minister1_party = Janata Party (Secular)
| minister1_ref = {{small|Minister of State was responsible.}}
| minister2 = Fazlur Rahman<ref name="ministers79"/>
| minister2_termstart = 7 December 1979
| minister2_termend = 14 January 1980
| minister2_party = Janata Party (Secular)
}}
{{Cabinet table end}}

===Ministers of State (with Independent Charge)===
{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Road Transport and Highways|Minister of State in the Ministry of Shipping and Transport]]
| minister1 = [[Janeshwar Mishra]]
| minister1_termstart = 30 July 1979
| minister1_termend = 14 January 1980
| minister1_party = Janata Party (Secular)
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Rural Development (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Rural Reconstruction]]
| minister1 = [[Bhanu Pratap Singh]]
| minister1_termstart = 30 July 1979
| minister1_termend = 14 January 1980
| minister1_party = Janata Party (Secular)
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Parliamentary Affairs (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs]]
| minister1 = K. Gopal
| minister1_termstart = 4 August 1979
| minister1_termend = 14 January 1980
| minister1_party = Janata Party (Secular)
}}
{{Cabinet table end}}

===Ministers of State===
{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Home Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[Dhanik Lal Mandal]]
| minister1_termstart = 30 July 1979
| minister1_termend = 14 January 1980
| minister1_party = Janata Party (Secular)
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Defence]]
| minister1 = Jagbir Singh
| minister1_termstart = 30 July 1979
| minister1_termend = 14 January 1980
| minister1_party = Janata Party (Secular)
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Commerce and Civil Supplies]]
| minister1 = [[Henry Austin (Indian politician)|Henry Austin]]
| minister1_termstart = 30 July 1979
| minister1_termend = 14 January 1980
| minister1_party = Janata Party (Secular)
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Education (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Education, Culture and Social Welfare]]
| minister1 = [[Rashida Haque Choudhury]]
| minister1_termstart = 30 July 1979
| minister1_termend = 24 August 1979
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Urs)
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Education (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Education and Culture]]
| minister1 = [[Rashida Haque Choudhury]]
| minister1_termstart = 24 August 1979
| minister1_termend = 14 January 1980
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Urs)
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Communications (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Communications]]
| minister1 = [[Narsingh Yadav]]
| minister1_termstart = 30 July 1979
| minister1_termend = 14 January 1980
| minister1_party = Janata Party (Secular)
| minister2 = [[Tukaram Shrangare]]
| minister2_termstart = 31 July 1979
| minister2_termend = 14 January 1980
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress (Urs)
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Steel (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Steel]], [[Ministry of Mines (India)|Mines]] and [[Ministry of Coal (India)|Coal]]
| minister1 = [[V. Kishore Chandra Deo]]
| minister1_termstart = 4 August 1979
| minister1_termend = 14 January 1980
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Urs)
| minister2 = [[P. M. Sayeed]]
| minister2_termstart = 4 August 1979
| minister2_termend = 14 January 1980
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress (Urs)
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Agriculture (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation]]
| minister1 = [[Nathuram Mirdha]]
| minister1_termstart = 4 August 1979
| minister1_termend = 25 October 1979
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Urs)
| minister2 = [[M. V. Krishnappa]]
| minister2_termstart = 25 October 1979
| minister2_termend = 14 January 1980
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress (Urs)
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of External Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[Bedabrata Barua]]
| minister1_termstart = 4 August 1979
| minister1_termend = 14 January 1980
| minister1_party = Janata Party (Secular)
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Industry]]
| minister1 = [[B. Rachaiah]]
| minister1_termstart = 4 August 1979
| minister1_termend = 14 January 1980
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Urs)
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Tourism and]] [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Civil Aviation]]
| minister1 = [[P. Ankineedu Prasada Rao]]
| minister1_termstart = 4 August 1979
| minister1_termend = 14 January 1980
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Urs)
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers|Minister of State in the Ministry of Petroleum, Chemicals and Fertilizers]]
| minister1 = [[Saugata Roy]]
| minister1_termstart = 4 August 1979
| minister1_termend = 14 January 1980
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Urs)
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Finance]]
| minister1 = [[Nathuram Mirdha]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 October 1979
| minister1_termend = 14 January 1980
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Urs)
}}
{{Cabinet table end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian federal ministries}}

[[Category:Indian union ministries]]
[[Category:Charan Singh administration]]
[[Category:1979 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1980 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Cabinets established in 1979]]
[[Category:Cabinets disestablished in 1980]]
[[Category:Janata Party (Secular)]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress (U)]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
[[Category:Indian ministries established in 1979]]
[[Category:Indian ministries disestablished in 1980]]

Rakesh Shukla (politician)

2026-02-05T04:43:32Z

VYVEwan7971: content fix

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}} {{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| office = Minister of Renewable Energy [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]]
| term_start = 25 December 2023
| term_end =
| 1blankname = [[Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata = [[Mohan Yadav]]
| predecessor = [[Hardeep Singh Dang]]
| office1 = Member of [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 2023
| predecessor1 = [[O. P. S. Bhadoria]]
| constituency1 = [[Mehgaon Assembly constituency|Mehgaon]]
| term_start2 = 2008
| term_end2 = 2013
| predecessor2 = Munna Singh Narwaria
| successor2 = [[Chaudhary Mukesh Singh Chaturvedi|Mukesh Chaturvedi]]
| constituency2 = [[Mehgaon Assembly constituency|Mehgaon]]
| term_start3 = 1998
| term_end3 = 2003
| predecessor3 = Naresh Gurjar
| successor3 = Munna Singh Narwaria
| constituency3 = [[Mehgaon Assembly constituency|Mehgaon]]
| nationality = Indian
| profession = Politician
| party = [[Bhartiya Janata Party|B.J.P.]]
}}
'''Rakesh Shukla''' is an Indian politician of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) and currently serving as a Cabinet Minister of New and Renewable Energy in the Madhya Pradesh Government and member of the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Mehgaon (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mehgaon constituency]].

== References ==
* [http://myneta.info/2008mp/candidate.php?candidate_id=53 RAKESH SHUKLA(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- Mehgaon (Bhind) - Affidavit Information of Candidate:]
* [https://www.naidunia.com/madhya-pradesh/bhopal-former-bjp-mla-rakesh-shukla-and-baghel-now-in-bjp-68723 पूर्व विधायक राकेश शुक्ला और बघेल भाजपा में शरीक]
* [http://archive.news18.com/videos/madhya-pradesh/mp-polls-bjp-mla-rakesh-shukla-confident-of-getting-party-ticket-again-153127.html MP polls: BJP MLA Rakesh Shukla confident of getting party ticket again]
* [http://www.pressreader.com/india/hindustan-times-bhopal/20131116/282376922352884 PressReader.com - Your favorite newspapers and magazines.]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shukla, Rakesh}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2023–2028]]

{{MadhyaPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Tinkle

2026-01-29T17:14:34Z

VYVEwan7971: adjusted page additionally and fixed typos for consistency

{{Short description|Indian magazine and comic}}
{{About|the magazine|people with the surname Tinkle|Tinkle (surname)|the definition of the word "tinkle"|Wiktionary:tinkle}}
{{confuse|Twinkle}}
{{POV|date=March 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2010}}
{{Infobox magazine
| title = Tinkle
| image_file = Tinkle1980.png
| caption = The first issue of Tinkle in 1980
| logo = Tinkle logo.gif
| editor = [[Anant Pai]] (1980 - 2010) Rajani Thindiath (2010 - 2020) Kuriakose Saju Vaisian (2020 - 2023) Gayathri Chandrasekaran (2023 - present)
| frequency = Printed Weekly
| circulation =
| category = [[Comic book]]
| company = Tinkle
| firstdate = November 1980
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[English language|English]], [[Hindi]], [[Malayalam]], [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| website = {{URL|tinkle.in}}
| issn = 
}}
'''''Tinkle''''' is an Indian weekly magazine for children in English, published from [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sengupta |first=Hindol |date=2008-01-27 |title=Amar Chitra Katha, Tinkle to entertain kids on Net |publisher=CNN-IBN |url=https://www.news18.com/videos/india/cartoon-on-net-281447.html |accessdate=2008-01-28 |via=News18}}</ref> Originally owned by the [[India Book House]], the Tinkle brand was acquired by [[ACK Media|ACK (Amar Chitra Katha) Media]] in 2007.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2007-11-22 |title=ACK Media buys Amar Chitra Katha, Tinkle brands |publisher=[[The Hindu Business Line]] |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2007/11/22/stories/2007112250170500.htm |url-status=dead |accessdate=2008-01-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090421044151/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2007/11/22/stories/2007112250170500.htm |archive-date=21 April 2009}}</ref> The magazine contains [[comics]], [[Narrative|stories]], [[puzzles]], [[quiz]]zes, contests and other features targeted at school children, although its readership includes many adults as well. It is published in [[English language|English]] and syndicated in many Indian languages like [[Hindi]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], and [[Malayalam]].

The magazine was published at a monthly frequency until July 2016 when Tinkle announced its first fortnightly issue. Currently, from June 2020 it has been published weekly.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tinkle Magazine Goes Fortnightly, Introduces New Character 'Wai Knot' |url=http://gadgets.ndtv.com/tv/news/tinkle-magazine-goes-fortnightly-introduces-new-character-wai-not-858752 |access-date=2016-08-03 |website=Gadgets360 |date=8 July 2016 |publisher=NDTV}}</ref>

The first issue of ''Tinkle'' was released in November 1980. The magazine carries comics, stories, and regular columns of interest to school children. ''Tinkle'' enjoys great popularity in India — {{As of|2019||df=|lc=y}}, Tinkle had a circulation of 3 [[lakh]] copies per issue.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/happy-birth-month-uncle-pai-whats-new-in-the-tinkle-universe/article29487827.ece|title=Happy birth month Uncle Pai! What's new in the Tinkle world?|last=Muthalaly|first=Shonali|date=2019-09-23|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-01-12|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It has been an integral part of growing up in India in the last two decades and characters like [[Suppandi]] and [[Shikari Shambu]] that were created in the early years of the magazine have nationwide recognition among all age groups. Readers send more than 200 letters with stories and other features to be considered for printing in the magazine. The wholesome combination of education and entertainment that defines ''Tinkle'' has many celebrity fans in India, including the former [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]. {{Citation needed|date=January 2020}} The official website of ''Tinkle'' contains puzzles and games.

==Background==
[[Anant Pai]], the founding editor of the magazine, is known to his readers as Uncle Pai. The idea behind starting a comic book series devoted to Indian culture and history came to Pai from a quiz contest aired on [[Doordarshan]] in February 1967, in which participants could easily answer questions pertaining to Greek mythology, but were unable to reply to the question "In the [[Ramayana]], who was Rama's mother?"

Pai left his job at Times of India, and started ACK ([[Amar Chitra Katha]]) the same year, with the help of late '''G.L. Mirchandani''' of IBH, (who also took charge as the command of Tinkle late when it was formed), when most other publishers had rejected the concept. Later, he took on the role of writer, editor, and publisher. The series went on to become a publishing milestone for the Indian comic book scene, selling over 90 million copies of about 440 titles (as per the last count until the end of 2008).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.comicology.in/2009/01/tinkle-kalia-suppandi-shikari-shambu.html|title=Tinkle – Kalia {{!}} Suppandi {{!}} Shikari Shambu {{!}} 2007 - Comicology|website=www.comicology.in|access-date=2016-08-03}}</ref> He has also launched the popular series.

In June 2018, Tinkle Comics reprinted the Original Series in three volumes, with Tinkle stories and features from issues #1 to #18, originally published between December 1980 and April 1982.

Rajani Thindiath took over as editor-in-chief in 2010 and ran the magazine for a decade before moving on from the role in January 2021. During her tenure as editor, she created two brand-new series for Tinkle. The first was SuperWeirdos, a series about a set of teenagers with super-weird powers, The series encouraged readers to embrace their uniqueness. The second series she created was YogYodhas, centered on two siblings, Bir and Bala, who are the latest in a long line of yogic warriors who can manifest spirit creatures called ''praanis''. These ''praanis'' come to their aid in the YogYodhas' fight against evil. Rajani was also responsible for opening up different genres within Tinkle; she launched Tinkle superheroes like WingStar and the aforementioned SuperWeirdos, introduced horror comedy for the first time in the form of Billy the Vampire (and later, Buchki and the Booligans), and created space for a boarding school series as well called NOIS!

==Recurring features==
Apart from one-off stories, ''Tinkle'' also has recurring characters whose stories have been compiled into trade paperbacks.

*'''[[Kalia the Crow]]''': A crow defends his friends from predators and occasional outside threats.
*'''Big Baan''': A forest was moved by an earthquake into another forest and Chamataka and Doob Doob (from Kalia the Crow) are having a tough time adjusting to their new neighbours. There is Pu'rani, a self-declared queen of the forest and Nagaraj, the current king and Krodh, the former king. ''(Creator: Luis Fernandes; Artists: Archana Amberkar [current], C.D. Rane, Prasad Iyer, Pradeep Sathe, Ram Waeerkar, Ashok Dongre, Ramanand Bhagat)''
*'''Defective Detectives:''' Consists of two friends, Rahul and Ravi, who are notorious for being wannabe detectives but unable to get even the simplest cases right, with the former's sister Samhita always proving to be better than the duo. ''(Artist: Abhijeet Kini)''
*'''SuperWeirdos''': A girl named Aisha is always trying to find her superpowers. While she searches for her powers, she stumbles on other kids of her age who have amazing but weird powers. Aisha jingles when there is a person with superpower nearby and is immune to many superpowers. Superweirdos was stopped in 2019, but due to popular demand has been brought back. ''(Original Creator: Rajani Thindiath; Artist: Abhijeet Kini)''
*'''[[Mapui Kawlim]]''' a.k.a. '''Wingstar''': A 13-year-old superhero girl from [[Aizawl]], [[Mizoram]]. Her father, an inventor, made her rocket thrusters, iron fists, and reinforced robotic arms, with which she acquires super flight and super strength.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Pandey|first1=Vikas|title=Wingstar: The Indian superheroine fighting discrimination|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-34729893|accessdate=7 November 2015|work=BBC|date=5 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Express Web Desk|title=Tinkle comics' new superhero is a reluctant 13-year-old North-Eastern girl|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-in-india/tinkle-comics-new-superhero-is-a-reluctant-13-year-old-north-eastern-girl/|accessdate=7 November 2015|work=The Indian Express|date=3 November 2015}}</ref> ''(Creator: Sean D′mello; Co-creator Artist: Vineet Nair)''
*'''YogYodhas''': Two Twins named Bir and Bala find birthmarks on their bodies that turn into animals (carcals, sharks, scorpions, unicorns, fireflies, and a giant eagle). These animals are called Praanis and can be invoked using Yoga poses
*'''NOIS''': An [[Enid Blyton]]-inspired saga of boarding school adventures set at the Nilgiri Orchid International School, centered around fifth-graders Nadia (an overachiever who wants to get out of her sister's shadow) and Aadi (an over-imaginative young boy who dreams of being an actor).
* '''[[Suppandi]]: ''' A young village simpleton whose stupidity, which leads to him frequently changing jobs, is a source of humor. ''(Artists: Archana Amberkar [current], Sanjiv Waeerkar, [[Ram Waeerkar]])''. Initially created in 1983.<ref>{{cite news|title= TheHinducom |year=2020 |url= https://www.thehindu.com/society/suppandi-gets-a-lockdown-birthday-party/article31374743.ece}}</ref>
* '''[[Shikari Shambu]]: '''A cowardly but well-renowned hunter whose fame stems from heroic deeds that he accomplished by accident, often involving wild animals. ''(Creator: Subba Rao; Artists: Savio Mascarenhas [current], Vasant Halbe)''
* '''Tantri the Mantri: ''' A jealous minister, Tantri, tries to dethrone a king, Hooja, with various clever plans. The kind and naive king never suspects his minister of any murderous intentions and even trusts him to the point of considering him a friend, as said schemes often backfire on Tantri and sometimes unintentionally save Hooja from outside threats. Every episode sees Tantri hatching an elaborate and seemingly foolproof plan to eliminate Hooja, but the tables get turned by either bad luck or outside sabotage. In issue 712, a bomb was thrown at Hooja's palanquin and he was presumed to have been killed. Tantri was crowned king in issue 714, but his kingship ended in issue 730 when Hooja was revealed to be alive. Tantri is then relegated to being a minister, and he resumes trying to usurp the throne. ''(Artists: Prachi Killekar, Savio Mascarenhas, Anand Mande, Asit, Seema Mande, Ramanand Bhagat, Ajit Vasaikar, Ashok Dongre, Vineet Nair [current])''
* ''' Ina, Mina, Mynah, Mo:''' Four sisters who enjoy adventures and asking for new items. Their father, Jagganath, is a miser and is hence frustrated by their requests, while their mother, Bina, tries to be the voice of reason. ''(Creator:; Artists: Vasant Halbe)''
*'''Dental Diaries:''' The de-fanged vampire Billy Drain goes on multiple quests to obtain a new pair of fangs, constantly supported and smothered by his overbearing mother Grilda, though they are thwarted at every step by the ambitious Myra Vamptop, who is both Billy's nemesis and object of desire.
*'''Buchki and the Booligans:''' An 8-year-old girl named Buchki, along with her brother named Cyrus, encounters ghosts while staying with their grandmother, Didu, while their parents are in Japan. They befriend their great-great-grandfather's ghost.
*''' Wai Knot:''' A kid from Bengaluru whose motto in life is "don't ask why, ask why not?". Brash, unapologetic, and most of all incredibly strong-minded, Wai Knot always challenges those around him, be it his dad or his best friend Kia, and often gets into trouble with his 'experiments'.
*'''Pyarelal:''' A kind villager who lives in Hastipur with his wife Lajwanti. He's ready to help or find solutions to any problem. He is a big fan of the Circus and Gajjo Bajjo Sandow, the powerful wrestler. ''(Creator: Indira Ananthakrishnan; Artists: Archana Amberkar, Ram Waeerkar, Sanjiv Waeerkar)''
*'''[[Nasreddin Hodja|Nasruddin Hodja]]:''' Hodja is a witty man from Turkey. His rivals always try to humiliate him, but Hodja turns the tables on them through his intelligence. (''Artists: Ram Waeerkar, Sanjiv Waeerkar'').
*'''Mopes and Purr: ''' A detective cat-and-dog duo who is always on the run, solving cases. ''(Creator: Reena I Puri; Artist: Savio Mascarenhas)''
*'''Butterfingers'''<ref>{{Cite web|title = Khyrunnisa {{!}} Biography|url = http://khyrunnisa.com/bio|website = Khyrunnisa|accessdate = 2015-12-21|language = en-US}}</ref>''': '''A clumsy boy named Amar who is chidingly called "Butterfingers" by his parents, friends and teachers. He is chided for his sloppiness and laziness but is a happy-go-lucky character who also has a presence of mind and manages to save the day despite messing up trivial stuff. The comic, however, was stopped in 2014. ''(Creator: [[Khyrunnisa A|Khyrunissa A]]''<ref>{{Cite news|title = Butterfingers again!|url =http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/khyrunnisa-a-on-the-third-butterfingers-novel/article7057405.ece|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 2015-04-01|access-date = 2015-12-21|issn = 0971-751X|language = en-IN}}</ref>''.; Artists: Abhijeet Kini)''
* ''' Anwar:''' A small boy of five who uses his wit and intelligence to get the better of every situation. (Illustrations: Savio Mascarenhas, formerly VB Halbe)
*''' Raghu:''' An 8-year-old happy-go-lucky boy, who renders people speechless with his wit. (Illustrations: Savio Mascarenhas, Sanjiv Waeerkar and Ram Waeerkar)
*'''Ramu and Shamu''': They are very similar to ''[[Dennis the Menace and Gnasher|Dennis the Menace]]'' in nature. These identical twins are about eight years of age and live in a middle-class home with their parents. They always embarrass or confuse their parents with their juvenile and innocent questions or acts. Their episodes are typically only one page long.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.omnipundit.com/2015/06/here-are-the-7-tinkle-comic-characters-who-are-simply-unforgettable/|title=Here Are The 7 Tinkle Comic Characters Who Are Simply Unforgettable - Omni Pundit|last=Bhimani|first=Bhavesh|date=2015-06-01|language=en-US|access-date=2016-08-03}}</ref> ''(Creator: Anant Pai; Artists: Mohandas, Ajit Vasaikar)''
* '''Kapish''': This series is similar to ''Kalia the Crow''. Kapish is a monkey who lives in the jungle of Kadu along with his friends Bundila the elephant, Baboocha the bear, Pintu the fawn, Motu the rabbit, Kashapu the tortoise and Panja the eagle. His arch-enemies include Peelu the tiger, Sigal the jackal, Kesha the lion, and Dopaya the hunter. Kapish uses his magic tail, which can be extended, shrunk, and narrowed at will, in order to save his friends from the main antagonists. ''(Creator: Anant Pai; Artists: Mohandas, Ajit Vasaikar)''
* '''Little Raji''': Raji is a young girl who lives in a middle-class home with her parents and elder brother Raju. She is a quick-witted girl who uses her presence of mind to resolve various problems. ''(Creator: Anant Pai; Artists: Sunita Kalewar)''
* '''Anu Club''': Anurag Sharma [[Pseudonym|aka]] Uncle Anu, is a nuclear physicist who runs the weekly ''Anu Club'', whose members include the neighbourhood kids such as Anand, Amar, Deepa, Vijay as well as the brother-sister duo of Bharat and Chitra. During the club meetings, Uncle Anu explains to the kid's scientific concepts in a practical and fun manner. ''(Creator: Margie Sastry; Artists: Ramanand Bhagat, Souren Roy, Goutam Sen, Shyam Desai)''
* '''Choru and Joru''': Choru, a thief, always has his plans foiled due to the efforts of the police inspector Joru. ''(Creator: Prasad Iyer; Artists: Anand Mande, Ram Waeerkar)''
* ''' The Dumbbells''': Nattoo, Dattoo, and Motu are three friends whose antics cause chaos among everyone around them. ''(Creator: Prasad Iyer; Artists: Anand Mande)''
* '''Mooshik''': A three-paneled silent comic of a cat chasing a mouse, reminiscent of [[Tom and Jerry]]. ''(Creator: Subba Rao)''

===Adaptations===

*'''Suppandi, Suppandi!''': a cartoon series featuring the popular Tinkle toon, Suppandi, features his acts of folly. This show currently airs on Cartoon Network and Pogo.
*'''Suppandi on YouTube''': A series started in 2015, animated videos featuring Suppandi, Shikari Shambu, and the Defective Detectives were released through 2016. Some of them included Coco as part of an advertising campaign with [[Kellogg's]].
*'''Shambu and the Man Eater''': In November 2011, a short animated film featuring the popular Tinkle toon, Shikari Shambu, was released just before the premiere of the animated film of the popular Amar Chitra Katha series, The [[Sons of Ram]]. This movie features Shambu's adventures with a man-eating tiger.

===Trade paperbacks===
*'''The Butterfingers Series''':<ref>{{Cite web|title = Khyrunnisa.A {{!}} Penguin Books India|url = http://www.penguinbooksindia.com/en/node/2140.html|website = www.penguinbooksindia.com|accessdate = 2015-12-21}}</ref> A series of three books (as of 21 December 2015) features the clumsy acts of the popular Tinkle character, Amar Kishen aka Butterfingers, written by Khyrunnisa A. The series of three books (Howzaat Butterfingers!, Clean Bowled, Butterfingers!, Goal, Butterfingers!) revolves around Butterfingers and his friends, Eric, Kiran, and Minu, and their funny, comical high school life.
*''' The Suppandi series''': a series of 8 books that have a selection of all the Suppandi tales found in Tinkle.

==See also==
*[[Balarama (magazine)|Balarama]]
*[[Champak]]
*[[Diamond Comics]]
*[[Indian comics]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}

* {{official website}}
* {{Gcdb series|id=59558|title=Tinkle}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050302045847/http://www.hindu.com/yw/2004/05/22/stories/2004052200010100.htm Tinkle celebrates - Kids cheered as the 500th issue of Tinkle comics was released in a special edition]—''[[The Hindu]]''

{{Amar Chitra Katha}}

[[Category:1980 comics debuts]]
[[Category:1980 establishments in India]]
[[Category:English-language magazines published in India]]
[[Category:Children's magazines published in India]]
[[Category:Comics magazines published in India]]
[[Category:Monthly magazines published in India]]
[[Category:Magazines established in 1980]]
[[Category:Multilingual magazines]]

Mere Bharat Ke Kanth Haar

2026-01-26T21:27:19Z

VYVEwan7971: cleaned up structure as per guidelines and updated info as per guidelines

#REDIRECT [[Mere Bhārat ke Kanṭhahār]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Gyasuddin Shaikh

2026-01-05T19:50:14Z

VYVEwan7971: starting stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
'''Shaikh Gyasuddin Habibuddin''' is an Indian politician. He was Member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] from [[Shahpur, Gujarat Assembly constituency|Shahpur Assembly constituency]] since 2007 to 2012<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shahpur Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/shahpur-gujarat-assembly-constituency |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref> and the [[Dariapur Assembly constituency]] since 2012 to 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dariapur Gyasuddin Shaikh Election 2017 Live Results {{!}} ummid.com |url=https://www.ummid.com/news/2017/December/18.12.2017/gyasuddin-shaikh-of-congress-leading-in-daripaur.html |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=www.ummid.com/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=गुजरात चुनाव: दरियापुर सीट पर कांग्रेस के गयासुद्दीन शेख ने मारी 'हैट्रिक', लगातार तीसरी बार बने विधायक |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/gujarat-elections-2017-dariapur-seat-gyasuddin-habibuddeen-shaikh-vs-bharat-barot/358031 |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=Zee News |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat Assembly Election 2017: Congress' Shaikh Gyasuddin wins from Dariapur Vidhan Sabha constituency |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/amp/gujarat-assembly-election/article/gujarat-assembly-elections-2017-dariapur-constituency-congress-bjp/132282 |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=www.timesnownews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat Elections 2017, know your candidate: Gyasuddin Shaikh |url=https://ahmedabadmirror.com/gujarat-elections-2017-know-your-candidate-gyasuddin-shaikh/62042923.html |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=Ahmedabad Mirror |language=en}}</ref> He is associated with the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shaikh Gyasuddin Habibuddeen(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- DARIAPUR(AHMEDABAD) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/gujarat2017/candidate.php?candidate_id=5475 |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== [https://www.oneindia.com/politicians/shaikh-gyasuddin-habibuddeen-71950.html References] ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shaikh, Gyasuddin}}
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2007–2012]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2012–2017]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Gujarat]]

{{Gujarat-INC-politician-stub}}

Krishna and Radha in a Pavilion

2025-11-27T20:55:38Z

VYVEwan7971:

{{Short description|Anonymous Indian 18th-century painting}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox artwork
| image_file=Krishna et Radha dans un pavillon.jpg
| image_size=230px
| title=Krishna and Radha in a Pavilion
| other_language_1=
| artist=Unknown artist
| year=circa 1760
| type=Opaque watercolor on paper
| height_metric=28
| width_metric=20
| metric_unit=cm
| imperial_unit=in
| city=
| museum=[[National Museum, New Delhi]]<ref name="India; Art and Culture, 1300-1900">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MEvZaVmBQtgC&pg=PA403 |page=403 |title=India; Art and Culture, 1300-1900 |author=[[Stuart Cary Welch]] |year=1985 |isbn=9780030061141 |publisher=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref>
}}

'''''Krishna and Radha in a Pavilion''''', alternatively titled '''''The Pavilion of Love''''', is an 18th-century [[Miniature (illuminated manuscript)|miniature]] painting of the [[Pahari painting|Pahari]] school. It depicts the two Hindu deities [[Krishna]] and [[Radha]] engaged in sexual intimacy. It is located in the [[National Museum of India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The Spirit of Indian Painting: Close Encounters with 101 Great Works, 1100-1900|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Spirit_of_Indian_Painting/1-rfrQEACAAJ?hl=en|publisher=Penguin Books|date=2014|isbn=978-0-670-08657-3|language=en|first=B. N.|last=Goswamy|author-link=B. N. Goswamy|chapter=87. The Pavilion of Love|pages=472−475}}</ref>

== Background ==
The Hindu god [[Krishna]] is worshipped as a human ''[[avatar]]'' of [[Vishnu]]. [[Radha]], his chief consort, is worshipped as the goddess of love. The 12th-century poem ''[[Gita Govinda]],'' that describes the relationship of this couple, served as the inspiration for several paintings depicting Krishna and Radha, including this one. The painting is dated to the last quarter of the 18th century. It was likely painted in the court of [[Raja]] Govardhan Chand (r. 1741-1773) of the [[Guler chieftaincy]].<ref name="India; Art and Culture, 1300-1900" /><ref name=":1" />

== Description ==
Upon a bed, Krishna and Radha are seated together, in a light embrace. They are completely in the nude, except for their jewelry, which consists of gold wristlets, pearl necklaces, and earrings composed of gold and pearls. They raise their knees, which prevents the viewer from seeing any more of their nakedness. A veil clings to Krishna's back, which was perhaps taken off from Radha's body. Krishna looks at Radha, while she averts her gaze. His right hand caresses her hair, while his left hand touches her breast. Radha extends her right hand to the pillow behind her, as if steadying herself.<ref name=":0" />

The sides of the golden bed are adorned with floral designs. It is within a golden pavilion, the pillars of which are studded with jewels. The pavilion, open on all sides, has a small flight of steps leading up to it. The sloping roof of the pavilion is covered by the branches and foliage of surrounding trees. These include a mango tree on the right, laden with mangoes of various colors, and a plantain tree on the left. Above the pavilion is a [[Jacobin cuckoo]], associated with the [[Wet season|monsoon]] season in Indian poetry, as well as a [[Peafowl|peacock]]. Both birds raise their necks upwards, towards the dark sky, which forms the background. A bolt of lightning lights up this dark sky. This, again, is indicative of the monsoon season. Lightning is also used in [[Rajput painting|Rajput]] and Pahari paintings to represent sexual excitement.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== Reception ==
The painting is the example of [[Pahari painting]] used in ''[[Gardner's Art Through the Ages]]''.<ref name=":1">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q4bCBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT1073|page=1040|title=Gardner's Art Through the Ages: A Global History|author=Fred S. Kleiner|year=2015|isbn=9781305544840|publisher=[[Cengage Learning]]}}</ref> Art scholar [[Stuart Cary Welch]] calls it a prime example of "Mughal naturalism combined with the tender lyricism of local traditions and [[Vaishnavite]] poetry".<ref name="India; Art and Culture, 1300-1900" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1760s paintings]]
[[Category:Indian paintings]]
[[Category:Erotic art]]
[[Category:Religious paintings]]
[[Category:Krishna in art]]
[[Category:Hindu goddesses in art]]
[[Category:Works of unknown authorship]]
[[Category:Paintings in India]]

{{1760s-painting-stub}}

Kali River (Anas)

2025-10-04T03:48:32Z

VYVEwan7971:

{{other uses|Kali River (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Kali
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| name_other =
| name_etymology =

| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| map =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_size =
| pushpin_map_caption=

| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]]
| subdivision_type2 = State
| subdivision_name2 = [[Gujarat]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_name4 =
| subdivision_type5 =
| subdivision_name5 =

| length_km = 40
| width_min =
| width_avg =
| width_max =
| depth_min =
| depth_avg =
| depth_max =
| discharge1_location=
| discharge1_min =
| discharge1_avg =
| discharge1_max =
| discharge2_location= [[Arabian Sea]]
| discharge2_min =
| discharge2_avg =
| discharge2_max =

| source1 =
| source1_location = [[India]]
| source1_coordinates=
| source1_elevation =
| mouth =
| mouth_location = [[Arabian Sea]], [[India]]
| mouth_coordinates =
| mouth_elevation =
| progression =
| river_system =
| basin_size =
| tributaries_left =
| tributaries_right =
| custom_label =
| custom_data =
| extra =
}}
'''Kali River''' is a river in western [[India]] in [[Gujarat]] whose origin is Near Ravleshvar village. Its [[drainage basin|basin]] has a maximum length of 40 km. The total catchment area of the basin is {{convert|147| km2}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kali(sandhro) River|url=http://guj-nwrws.gujarat.gov.in/showpage.aspx?contentid=1627&lang=English|publisher=guj-nwrws.gujarat.gov.in, [[Government of Gujarat]]|accessdate=13 March 2012}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Gujarat}}

[[Category:Rivers of Gujarat]]

{{Gujarat-river-stub}}

Chahal (village)

2025-09-13T08:15:53Z

VYVEwan7971: adding a location...

{{short description|Village in Punjab, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chahal
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Punjab
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{Coord|30.676|74.789|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Faridkot district|Faridkot]]
| government_type = Sarpanch
| governing_body = Gram panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| population_total = 4375
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code = 151203
| registration_plate = PB
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Faridkot
| website =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| blank2_name_sec1 =
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Gram panchayat]]
}}
'''Chahal''' is a village located in [[Faridkot district]] of [[Punjab]], India.

== Demographics ==
The Village has a population of 4376 of which 2334 are males while 2041 are females as per the census of 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chahal Village Population - Faridkot - Faridkot, Punjab |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/35566-chahal-punjab.html |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> Total geographical area of the village is about 1237 hectares according to census of 2011.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3ca9c267dad0305d1a6308d2a0cf1c39c/uploads/2016/09/2018052293.pdf |title=Census of India 2011 |publisher=DIRECTORATE OF CENSUS OPERATIONS PUNJAB |year=2011 |pages=67 |language=English}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Villages in Faridkot district]]

{{PunjabIN-geo-stub}}

Dugauli Khurd

2025-08-17T03:46:20Z

VYVEwan7971:

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2014}}
'''Dugauli Khurd''' is a village in Khutahan, [[Jaunpur district]], [[Varanasi division]], Uttar Pradesh, India.<ref>http://eci.nic.in/archive/se2002/pollupd/ac/states/s24/acnstcand241.htm Election Commission data, retrieved on 11 August 2010</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://villageinfo.in/uttar-pradesh/jaunpur/badlapur/dugauli-khurd.html|title=Dugauli Khurd Village in Badlapur (Jaunpur) Uttar Pradesh {{!}} villageinfo.in|website=villageinfo.in|access-date=2018-05-02}}</ref> '''[[Khurd and Kalan]]''' are Persian words which mean small and big respectively. When two villages have the same name, they are distinguished by adding '''Kalan''' to the name of the bigger village and '''Khurd''' to the name of the smaller one.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Jaunpur district}}

{{coord|25|56|N|82|28|E|display=title|region:IN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}

[[Category:Villages in Jaunpur district]]

{{Jaunpur-geo-stub}}

Ram Probesh Mondal

2025-07-31T17:07:30Z

VYVEwan7971: revise

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ram Probesh Mondal
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| residence =
| death_date = 23 June 2018
| death_place =
| office1 = [[Manikchak (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|MLA of Manikchak]]
| term_start1 = 1996
| term_end1 = 2001
| predecessor1 = Subodh Choudhary
| successor1 = Asima Chowdhuri
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| religion =
| spouse =
| children =
| alma_mater =
| faculty =
| website =
| source =
}}

'''Ram Probesh Mondal''' was an Indian teacher and politician belonging to [[All India Trinamool Congress]]. He was elected as a member of [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from [[Manikchak (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Manikchak]] in 1996.<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | accessdate = 8 September 2014}}</ref> He died on 23 June 2018.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://damstv.com/district_news/3841
|title=পৃথিবীকে চির বিদায় জানালেন প্রাক্তন কংগ্রেস বিধায়ক তথা বর্তমান তৃণমূল নেতা রাম প্রবেশ মন্ডল
|date=23 June 2018
|accessdate=23 October 2019
|language=bn
|website=www.damstv.com
|archive-date=23 October 2019
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023125603/https://damstv.com/district_news/3841
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mondal, Ram Prabesh}}
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1996–2001]]
[[Category:People from Malda district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Indian schoolteachers]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from West Bengal]]

Niranjan Mukundan

2025-06-27T11:40:52Z

VYVEwan7971: created a entry

{{Short description|Indian para-swimmer (born 1994)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Niranjan Mukundan
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Niranjan Mukundan
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1994|09|04}}
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]]
| alma_mater = [[Jain University]], Bangalore
| height =
| weight =
| residence =
| event = [[Butterfly stroke|Butterfly]], [[Freestyle swimming|Freestyle]]
| highest_ranking =
| date_of_highest_ranking =
| current_ranking =
| date_of_current_ranking =
| country = India
| coach = John Christopher, Miguel Lopez Alvarado
| handedness =
| best_result =
| medaltemplates =

{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalSport|Men's [[Para-swimming classification|Para-Swimming]]}}
}}
'''Niranjan Mukundan''' (born 4 September 1994) is an Indian para-swimmer. He was crowned the champion of the [[World Abilitysport|IWAS]] [[World Abilitysport Games|Junior World Games]] in 2015.<ref>{{cite web |title=Profile - Niranjan Mukundan |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/niranjan-mukundan/ |website=[[Forbes 30 Under 30]] |publisher=[[Forbes]]}}</ref>

==Early years==
Niranjan was born in [[Bangalore, India]] with [[spina bifida]]; he has an incomplete development of the spinal cord and clubbed feet. With the support of his parents, he started learning swimming and progressed very quickly.

Later, Niranjan attended the [[Jain University]] in Bangalore.

==Career==
===Early career===
Niranjan claimed the silver medal twice in 50m butterfly at the Paralympic nationals in [[Mumbai]], 2004–2005 and [[Kolkata]], 2005–2006.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/Disablity-is-no-bar/articleshow/40285072.cms |title=Disability is no bar |work=Bangalore Mirror|date=14 August 2014|author=Tapasya Mitra Mazumder}}</ref> At the state aquatic championships in [[Bangalore]] he won silver medal in 2007 and bronze in 2009 in [[water polo]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others//articleshow/21836618.cms |title=32 rods in legs, swims like a champ |work=Bangalore Mirror |date=11 July 2010}}</ref>

===Later career===
2012 was a fruitful year for Niranjan, at the national swimming championship in Chennai, he won three gold medals, one silver in swimming and one bronze in [[water polo]].<ref name=sportskeeda>{{cite web|url=http://www.sportskeeda.com/swimming/interview-with-national-swimming-champion-niranjan-mukundan-i-personally-believe-that-i-am-not-less-than-anyone-in-this-world |title=Interview with national swimming champion Niranjan Mukundan: "I personally believe that I am not less than anyone in this world" |website=sportskeeda.com |date=24 June 2013}}</ref> Niranjan won his first international medal, a bronze in 200m freestyle at the IDM German Swimming Championship in Berlin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idm-schwimmen.de/fileadmin/files/Download/Protokolle/IDM2012.pdf |title=26th IDM German Swimming Championship |language=German |year=2012}}</ref>

In 2013 he won more international medals at the [[IWAS World Games|IWAS World Junior Games]] in [[Puerto Rico]], clinching two silver in 100m freestyle and butterfly along with two bronze medals in 100m backstroke and 50m freestyle.<ref>{{cite news|title=Conquering disability to emerge as international swimmer|url=http://www.enarada.com/conquering-disability-to-emerge-as-international-swimmer/|publisher=Enrada|date=22 August 2013}}</ref> He soon became world number 17.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/swimming/the-story-of-niranjan-mukundan-indian-para-swimmer |title=The story of Niranjan Mukundan - Indian para-swimmer |website=sportskeeda.com |date=18 July 2015}}</ref> At the 13th para national swimming championship in [[Bangalore]], he won one gold, a silver and two bronze medals.

At the 2014 IWAS World Junior Games in [[Stoke Mandeville]], [[United Kingdom|U.K.]] Niranjan won a whopping eight medals, three gold, two silver and three bronze.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://games.iwasf.com/games/assets/File/full%20results.pdf |title=World Championships Results |publisher=IWAS |date=7 August 2014}}</ref>

On 1 November 2015, he won the state's prestigious Kannada [[Rajyotsava Prashasti]]. He also received the National Award (best sportsman with disability) for his exceptional achievement in the field of sports, at [[Vigyan Bhavan]], [[Delhi]]. He won 10 medals (7 gold and 3 silver) in the World Junior Games held at [[Stadskanaal]], [[Netherlands]] and was also crowned as the Junior World Champion.

At the 2016 IWAS Junior World Games in [[Prague]], [[Czech Republic]], Niranjan won eight more medals, also three gold, two silver and three bronze. He was honoured to have delivered the athletes' oath in front of his fellow competitors.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/iwas-world-games-bengaluru-para-swimmer-niranjan-mukundan-wins-eight-medals-2873548.html|title=IWAS World Games: Bengaluru para swimmer Niranjan Mukundan wins eight medals|publisher=FirstPost|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|date=5 July 2016}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Niranjan hails from a middle-class family from Bangalore. His father used to work as independent consultant and mother works in the corporate industry. Due to his birth condition, he underwent as many as sixteen surgeries, and was advised by his doctors to undergo swimming to strengthen his leg muscles. His mother first took him to the swimming club in [[Jayanagar, Bangalore]], where he met his coach, John Christopher.<ref name="sportskeeda" />

== Awards and recognition ==
* 2016 – [[Ekalavya Award]]<ref>{{cite web|author=Agencies |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/15-sportspersons-presented-ekalavya-awards/article8583305.ece |title=15 sportspersons presented Ekalavya awards |work=The Hindu|date=11 May 2016 |accessdate=12 May 2016}}</ref>
* 2015 – National Award for Best Sports-person of the Year by [[Government of India]]<ref>{{cite web|author=Agencies |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/Para-Swimmer-Eyes-Golden-Quadrilateral/2016/01/13/article3224658.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603171655/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/Para-Swimmer-Eyes-Golden-Quadrilateral/2016/01/13/article3224658.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 June 2016|title=Para Swimmer Eyes Golden Quadrilateral|publisher=The New Indian Express|date=13 January 2016 |accessdate=12 May 2016}}</ref>
* 2015 – Achiever's Award from [[Dr. Chenraj Roychand]], founding chairman, [[The JGI Group]]<ref>{{cite web|author=Blog |url=https://www.jainuniversity.ac.in/blog/niranjan-mukundan-fighting-against-the-odds.php|title=Niranjan Mukundan, fighting against the odds|publisher=Admin|date=29 January 2016 |accessdate=12 May 2016}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

==External links==
*[https://www.jainuniversity.ac.in/blog/niranjan-mukundan-fighting-against-the-odds.php Blog], Jain University
*[http://vimeo.com/95858617 Finding Tadpoles]
*[https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/Disablity-is-no-bar/articleshow/40285072.cms "Disability is no bar"], Bangalore Mirror

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukundan, Niranjan}}
[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:Paralympic swimmers for India]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sportspeople with club feet]]
[[Category:Swimmers from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:People with spina bifida]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Rajyotsava Award 2015]]
[[Category:Swimmers at the 2020 Summer Paralympics]]
[[Category:Swimmers at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games swimmers for India]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]

Gurdev Singh Gill (footballer)

2025-06-23T08:07:57Z

VYVEwan7971: adding biography...

{{short description|Indian footballer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Gurdev Singh Gill
| image = The Minister of State for Youth Affairs and Sports (IC) and Information & Broadcasting, Col. Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore felicitating the former Captain of Indian Football Team Gurdev Singh Gill, in New Delhi.jpg
| caption = Singh Gill being felicitated in New Delhi.by the Minister of State for Youth Affairs and Sports and Information & Broadcasting, Col. Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1950|04|20|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kharar Acharwal]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]]<ref name="IndianFootball.com Profile"/>
| height = {{height|m=1.73}}<ref name="IndianFootball.com Profile">{{cite web|url=http://www.indianfootball.com/en/statistic/player/detail/playerId/1|title=IndianFootball.com Profile|publisher=IndianFootball.com|access-date=2009-06-24|archive-date=18 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091018220747/http://www.indianfootball.com/en/statistic/player/detail/playerId/1|url-status=live}}</ref>
| position = [[Defender (association football)|Defender]]
| currentclub =
| clubnumber =
| years1 = 1970–1973
| years2 = 1974–1990
| years3 = 1978
| years4 = 1979–1990
| clubs1 = [[Leaders Club, Jalandhar]]
| clubs2 = [[FC Punjab Police]]
| clubs3 = [[East Bengal Club]]
| clubs4 = [[FC Punjab Police]]
| caps1 =
| caps2 =
| caps3 =
| caps4 =
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| goals3 =
| goals4 =
| nationalyears1 = 1970–1979
| nationalteam1 = [[India national football team|India]]
| nationalcaps1 =
| nationalgoals1 =

}}

'''Gurdev Singh Gill''' is a former [[India]]n [[Association football|football]] player. He hails from [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]. He was honoured with [[Arjuna Award]], the highest sports award in India in the year 1978 for his achievements as a football player.

He is one of the three Punjabi football players to have received this prestigious award. He retired as a Commandant from Punjab Police in 2008. Settled now in Jalandhar and occasionally in Canada.

==Club career==
*Leaders Football Club, Jalandhar : 1970 to 1973
*Punjab Police Football Club, Jalandhar : 1974 to 1990
*East Bengal Football Club Calcutta : 1978

==Early career==
*Played for Rajput High School, Village Binjon, District. Hoshiarpur.
*Graduated from Guru Gobind Singh Khalsa College, Mahilpur.
*Represented Indian Football team while studying at SGGS Khalsa College, Mahilpur.

==Professional career==
*Played for Leaders Football Club, Jalandhar : 1970 to 1973
*Joined Punjab Police : 1974
*Played for Punjab Police Football team : 1974 to 1990
*Played for East Bengal Football Club, Calcutta : 1978
*Coach Punjab Police Football team : 1990 to 2000
*Coach Indian Police Football team at World police games, Nepal : 2001 (bronze medal)
*Santosh Trophy : 1970 Punjab won it
*Santosh Trophy held at Jalandhar : 1974 Punjab beat Bengal 6-0 in the finals (record still holds till today)
*Retired as Superintendent of Police, Punjab Police : 2008

==International career==
*Asia Cup : 1970
*Asian Games Tehran, Iran : 1974
*Asian Games Bangkok, Thailand : 1978 (Captain)
*Agha Khan Gold Cup, Indonesia : 1977 (hattrick against Bangladesh)
*Kings Cup, Seoul, South Korea (goal against South Korea, 45 yards)
*Meddreka Soccer, D'jakarta : 1976
*World Police Games, Nepal : 2001 (Coach) : bronze medal
*Afghan Jashan Celebration tournament, Kabul : 1975
*Pre-olympics in Rangoon, Burma : 1972
*President Gold Cup, Singapore : 1976

==Life outside football==
*He retired as a Commandant of Police from Punjab Police in 2008.
*Served as Sports Secretary of Punjab Police from 2000–2004.
*Coached Punjab Police Football team that won All India Police Games between 2000-2006.
*Member Punjab Football Association Selection Committee.
*Organises a big Football tournament at his village Kharar Achharwal, every year.

===Honours===
* [[Arjuna Award|Recipient of Arjuna Award]] : 1978<ref>{{cite web|url=http://yas.nic.in/yasroot/awards/arjuna.htm#Football|title=LIST OF ARJUNA AWARD WINNERS - Football {{!}} Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071225221945/http://yas.nic.in/yasroot/awards/arjuna.htm#Football|archive-date=25 December 2007|access-date=25 December 2007|website=yas.nic.in|publisher=Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=List of Arjuna Awardees (1961–2018)|url=https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/LIST%20OF%20ARJUNA%20AWARDEES.docx%2061%20-%2017_0_0.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports (India)|access-date=12 September 2020|df=dmy-all|archive-date=18 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718084523/https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/LIST%20OF%20ARJUNA%20AWARDEES.docx%2061%20-%2017_0_0.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=National Award winning Footballers|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/nationalawards.html|website=indianfootball.de|publisher=IndianFootball|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|date=2000|access-date=25 January 2019|archive-date=1 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001123849/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/nationalawards.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Recipient of Maharaja Ranjit Singh Award]] : 1984
* [[Recipient of President Police Medal for Meritorious Service]] : 2000
* Footballer of the Millennium by Delhi Sports Journalists' Association : 2000

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.punjabpoliceindia.org/Sports/Awardees.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210155102/http://www.punjabpoliceindia.org/Sports/Awardees.pdf |date=10 December 2019 }} - Recipients Of Arjuna Award
* [http://www.chabbewal-mahilpur.com/?page_id=375] Profile at Chabbewal-Mahilpur.com
* [http://www.punjabfootball.com/org_committees.php] - Official site of Punjab Football Association (PFA)
* {{YouTube|QQ3CB_NTSr8|Interview at Surrey Soccer Tournament}}
* [http://www.punjabpoliceindia.org/Sports/Football.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210155058/http://www.punjabpoliceindia.org/Sports/Football.pdf |date=10 December 2019 }} - Achievements of Punjab Police football
* [http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030712/spr-trib.htm#1] - Article about Punjabi Football Players in East Bengal & Mohan Bagan
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110827141550/http://solgens.us/india/punjabfootball.com/org_int_data.php] - Old data about Punjabi Football Players in various International tournaments
* [http://www.indianfootball.de/data/halloffame/singh_gurdev.html] - Indian Football Hall Of Fame

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gill, Gurdev Singh}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Footballers from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:India men's international footballers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Men's association football defenders]]
[[Category:East Bengal Club players]]
[[Category:Footballers at the 1974 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Footballers at the 1978 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games footballers for India]]

Haravijaya

2025-05-12T22:49:12Z

VYVEwan7971: starting new data

{{short description|9th-century epic poem by Ratnākara}}
{{italicize title}}
'''''Haravijaya''''' ({{langx|sa|हरविजयम्|translit=Haravijayam|translit-std=IAST|translation=Śiva's Victory}}){{sfn|Smith|1985|p=1}} is a Sanskrit ''[[mahākāvya]]'' written by [[Ratnākara]]. The poem narrates [[Śiva]]'s victory over [[Andhaka]]. It also describes Śiva's iconographic features and gives an exposition of Śaiva philosophy. ''Haravijaya'' is the longest extant Sanskrit ''mahākāvya'', containing a total of 4351 verses in fifty ''sarga''s (cantos).

== Authorship ==
{{main|Ratnākara}}
In the ''[[Prashasti|praśasti]]'' of ''Haravijaya'', Ratnākara, its author, speaks of himself as the son of Amṛtabhānu, a descendant of Durgadatta from Gangāhrada. According to Kalhaṇa's ''[[Rajatarangini|Rājataraṅgiṇī]]'', he gained fame during the reign of [[Avantivarman of Kashmir|Avantivarman]] ({{reign|855|883|era=CE}}), but the colophons of ''Haravijaya'' suggest it was composed during the reign of [[Karkota dynasty#Cippatajayapida|Cippaṭa Jayāpīḍa]], between 826 and 838 CE. From the theme of his poem, it can be assumed that he was a practitioner of [[Kashmir Shaivism|Kashmiri Śaivism]]; [[Alexis Sanderson]] states that the poem's hymns to Śiva and [[Pārvatī]] in canto 6 and 47 respectively are the earliest dateable evidence of the presence of [[Mantra marga|Mantramārgic Śaivism]] in Kashmir.{{sfn|Pasedach|2011|p=2}} He also authored the ''Vakroktipañcāśikā'', containing fifty verses of dialogue between Śiva and Pārvatī, employing the device of ''vakrokti'' ("punning conversation");{{sfn|Smith|1985|p=22}} this is possibly his only other preserved work.<ref>{{harvnb|Pasedach|2011|p=2–3}}: "Another work called Dhvanigāthāpañjikā, according to [Warder(1988), pp. 157-158], appears to be by some later Ratnākara, also [Smith(1985), p.22] doubts the identy of its author with the one of the Haravijaya."</ref>

== Summary ==
''Haravijaya'' is the longest extant Sanskrit ''mahākāvya'', containing a total of 4351 verses in fifty ''sarga''s (cantos).{{Sfnm|Smith|1985|1p=3|Pasedach|2017|2p=4}} The poem narrates Śiva's victory over Andhaka. In accordance with ''mahākāvya'' convention, the poem explores many aspects of life, including nature, seasons, love, and a battle. It also describes Śiva's iconographic features and gives an exposition of Śaiva philosophy in canto six. The poem belongs to a later phase of ''kāvya'' development, emphasising display of knowledge and command of poetical devices. The poet liberally uses concepts and technical terms from various [[śāstra]]s on the fields described in the poem.{{sfn|Pasedach|2011|p=3–4}}

== Reception ==
''Haravijaya'' has been praised in many Sanskrit anthologies and works on rhetorics<ref>{{harvnb|Pasedach|2017|p=5}}: "Ratnākara and his work found mention and praise in Sanskrit anthologies and
works of alaṃkāraśāstra. [...] See S. K. {{harvnb|Sharma|1990}}, Appendix II for a comprehensive list."</ref> and is also held in high esteem by modern Indian Sanskrit scholars. [[Rajashekhara (Sanskrit poet)|Rājaśekhara]] complemented Ratnākara with the following verse:{{sfn|Pasedach|2011|p=6–7}}
{{blockquote
|text=<poem>
''mā sma santi hi catvāraḥ prāyo ratnākarā ime''
''itīva sa kṛto dhātrā kavī ratnākaro ’paraḥ''
</poem>

<poem>Thinking the four oceans were not enough,
the creator
made another ocean,
the poet Ratnākara.</poem>
|multiline=yes
|title=''[[Sūktimuktāvalī]]'' 4.77
|source=translated by David Smith}}

Durgaprasad and Parab cite a contemporary opinion in their 1890 edition of the ''Haravijaya'':{{sfn|Smith|1985|p=4}}
{{blockquote
|text=<poem>''dugdhābdhīnāṃ sahasraṃ na kusumalasitaṃ sadvasantāyutaṃ vā''
:''koṭir vā pārvaṇānāṃ suṣamaśāśabhṛtāṃ neṣadoṣātanānām''
''sampūrṇaṃ vā sudhābhiḥ puraṭaghaṭaśataṃ hanta dhvanvantareno''
:''pāṇiṣṭhaṃ cāru ratnākarasukavigirāṃ merulakṣaṃ na mūlyam''</poem>

<poem>Not a thousand milk oceans,
nor ten thousand springtimes
shining with flowers,
nor ten million splendid moons of autumn,
not a hundred lovely golden pots full of nectar
in Dhanvantari’s hand,
no, not a hundred thousand Merus,
are worth the poem of the excellent poet Ratnākara.</poem>
|multiline=yes
|author=Sadāśivaśaṅkaraśāstrin
|source=translated by David Smith}}

== Commentaries ==
Peter Pasedach lists three commentaries on the poem: ''Viṣamapadoddyotā'' by Alaka, ''Laghupañcikā'' by Ratnakaṇṭha, and ''Haravijayasāravivaraṇa'' by Utpala.{{sfn|Pasedach|2011|p=4–6}}

== Editions ==
An edition of the work was published in 1890, prepared by Pandit Durgaprasad and Kasinath Pandurang Parab for the Kāvyamālā series. It contains Alaka's commentary up to canto 46. Another edition of the text, from 1982, was prepared by Dr. Goparaju Rama for the Ganganatha Jha Kendriya Sanskrit Vidyapitha Text Series and published in two volumes. It is a [[critical edition]] based on six manuscripts without any serious variation, and only contains Ratnākara's verses, without any commentary.{{sfn|Pasedach|2011|p=7–9}}
* {{cite book |editor1=Pandit Durgaprasad |editor2=Kasinath Pandurang Parab| title=The Haravijaya of Rājānaka Ratnākara with the Commentary of Rājānaka Alaka |orig-date=1st pub. 1890 from Nirnaya Sagar Press|year=1982 |ref=none|publisher=Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthan}}
* {{cite book |editor=Goparaju Rama |ref=none|title=Haravijayam by Rājānaka Ratnākara | publisher=Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan |year=1982}}

== References ==
=== Notes ===
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Sharma |first=Santosh Kumari |title=The Haravijaya of Ratnākara (A Criticism)|publisher=Bankey Bihari Prakashan |year=1990}}
* {{cite book |last=Smith |first=David |title=Ratnākara's ''Haravijaya'': An Introduction to the Sanskrit Court Epic |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1985 |isbn=0195617274}}
* {{cite thesis |last=Pasedach |first=Peter |date=2011 |title=The Haravijaya of Ratnākara and the Commentaries thereon by Utpala and Ratnakaṇṭha: Sargas 1 and 2 |url=https://muk.li/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/magisterarbeit.pdf |degree=MA |publisher=[[Universität Hamburg]] |docket= |access-date=1 September 2024}}
* {{cite thesis |last=Pasedach |first=Peter |date=2017 |title=''Bhagavatstutivarṇana'' or the Description of the Praise of the Divine: A Critical Edition of Text and Commentaries, and Annotated Translation of the Sixth Canto of Ratnākara's ''Haravijaya'' |url=https://ediss.sub.uni-hamburg.de/bitstream/ediss/8140/1/Dissertation.pdf |degree=PhD |publisher=Universität Hamburg |docket= |access-date=1 September 2024}}
{{refend}}

[[Category:9th-century poems]]
[[Category:Epic poems in Sanskrit]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian poems]]
[[Category:Hindu poetry]]
[[Category:9th-century Sanskrit literature]]

Tirumayanam Brahmapureeswarar Temple

2025-05-04T12:29:43Z

VYVEwan7971:

{{Short description|Temple in Tirumayanam, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
[[File:Tirukkadayurmayanambrahmapurisvarartemple.jpg|200x200px|right|Gopura of the temple|thumb]]
'''Tirumayanam Brahmapureeswarar Temple'''<ref name="dinamalar">{{Cite web
|url= https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=777
|title= Brahmmapureeswarar Temple
|work=Dinamalar temples
|access-date=6 August 2015
}}</ref>( திருமயானம் பிரம்மபுரீஸ்வரர் கோயில்<ref name="ta.wikipedia.org">[[:ta:திருமயானம் பிரம்மபுரீஸ்வரர் கோயில்]]</ref>])is a [[Hindu temple]] located at Tirumayanam in [[Mayiladuthurai district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].<ref>[http://www.shivatemples.com/sofc/sc048.php Brahmapureeswarar Temple, Tirukkadavur Mayanam]</ref> The presiding deity is [[Shiva]]. He is called as Brahmmapureeswarar. His consort is known as Malarkuzhal Minnammai.
<ref name="dm">[https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=777 Sri Brahmmapureeswarar Temple]</ref>

Another Padal Petra Shiva sthalam, [[Amritaghateswarar-Abirami Temple, Thirukkadaiyur|Amritaghateswarar Abirami Temple, Thirukkadaiyur]] is located about a kilometer far, westerly.

== Location ==
This temple is right behind the Amirthaghateswarar temple in the easterly direction, about 3 km away.

== Significance ==
It is one of the shrines of the 275 [[Paadal Petra Sthalams]] - [[Shiva Temples of Tamil Nadu#Sthalams|Shiva Sthalams]] glorified in the early medieval ''[[Tevaram]]'' poems by Tamil Saivite [[Nayanars]] [[Tirugnanasambandar]], [[Tirunavukkarasar]] and [[Sundarar]].<ref name="dm"/>

Mayana Kshetras are the places where Lord Brahma was reduced to ashes by Lord Shiva. Five such places are - Kasi (Varanasi) Mayanam, Kacchi (Kanchipuram) Mayanam; Kazhi (Sirkazhi) Mayanam, Nallur (Thirunallur) Mayanam and Kadavur (Thirukadaiyur) Mayanam.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=777|title=Sri Brahmmapureeswarar Temple Temple : Sri Brahmmapureeswarar Temple Temple Details | Sri Brahmmapureeswarar Temple - Tirumayanam | Tamilnadu Temple | பிரம்மபுரீஸ்வரர்}}</ref>

== Mythology ==
At the end of every eon Lord Shiva burns the god Brahma (Who is the god of Creation) to ashes. This event happened in Thirukadayur Thirumayanam too. The devas (Celestial beings) rushed to god Shiva and pleaded with Him to give life to Brahma again lest the act of creation will stop. Shiva relented and gave Brahma his life back.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vikatan.com|title=Gangai Perugum Thirukadayur|last=|first=|date=13 April 2019|website=|access-date=}}</ref>

== Temple inscriptions ==
The temple inscriptions refer to the presiding deity as "Jayamkonda Cholavalanattu Akkurnaatu Brahmadeyam Thirukadavoorudayar Thirumayanamudaya Perumal" a long name typical of that era. Only the later Vijayanagar period inscriptions mention Him as Brahmapureeswarar. His consort is referred to as Malarkuzhal Minnammai. There are several inscriptions about the various grants given to the temple for the daily maintenance and practice of daily rituals. There is a mention of a temple grant to support daily rendition of Vedas using the instrument Veena, daily redition of Srirudarm and daily practice of Vedas. Lands have been granted in two villages called "Thiruthonda Thogai Mangalam" and "Sivapada Sekara Mangalam" for the above purposes.

There is a bronze idol of Singaravelar with Valli and Devasena in the main sanctum. The temple outer niches contain Chola era idols of Thirumal, Bhikshadanar, Durga, Lingodhbhava, Gangadhara, and Ganapathy. These idols are great works of art of a bygone era.

Near the Dhakshinamurthy idol there is a statue of a Chola king with folded hand worshipping the deity. The king is clad is simple clothes, with long beard and mustache. This could be the statue of Kulothunga-III, based on the inscriptions and similar statues of the same king in other temples.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kungumam.co.in|title=Veenayil Vedam Isaika kaeta Veenadara by Dr. Kudavayil Balasubramanian|last=|first=|date=16 November 2017|website=Anmegam|access-date=3 January 2020}}</ref>

== Trivia ==
There is well at the southern end of the temple called Aswathi Kinaru. Its water is taken to the Amirthaghateswarar temple for ablution of the main deity.

The belief is that those who cannot afford to travel to Kasi to bathe in holy Ganges can bathe in this water and still get the same benefits. This can be done on Panguni month (March–April), Ashwini nakshathiram day<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vikatan.com|title=Gaigai Perugum Thirukadayur Mayanam|last=|first=|date=13 April 2019|website=Vikatan|access-date=}}</ref>

== Literary mention ==
Tirugnanasambandar describes the feature of the deity as:<ref>Tirugnanasambandar Tevaram, II: 80:10</ref>
{{cquote|தூயவிடைமேல் வருவார துன்னாருடைய மதில்கள் 
காயவேவச் செற்றார் கடவூர்மயான மமர்ந்தார் 
தீயகருமஞ் சொல்லுஞ் சிறு புன்றேர ரமணர் 
பேய்பேயென்ன வருவார் அவரெம்பெருமா னடிகளே.}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web|title= Brahmmapureeswarar Temple |url= https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=777 |publisher =[[Dinamalar]]}}
* {{cite web|title= Brahmapureeswarar Temple, Tirukkadavur Mayanam
|url= http://www.shivatemples.com/sofc/sc048.php |publisher=Shiva Temples of Tamilnadu, Paadal Petra Sivasthalangal}}

{{coord|11.0200|N|78.4600|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}
[[Category:Shiva temples in Mayiladuthurai district]]
[[Category:Padal Petra Stalam]]

Inter-caste marriages in India

2025-04-17T10:32:10Z

VYVEwan7971: general added structure based on references and fixed typos to improve readability

#REDIRECT [[Inter-caste marriage in India]]

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{{R from move}}
}}

Hulchul

2024-04-25T17:55:44Z

VYVEwan7971:

{{wikt|हलचल}}
'''Hulchul''' ({{Lit|commotion}}) may refer to these Indian films:
*[[Hulchul (1951 film)|''Hulchul'' (1951 film)]], a Hindi film
*[[Hulchul (1971 film)|''Hulchul'' (1971 film)]], a Bollywood thriller film
*[[Hulchul (1995 film)|''Hulchul'' (1995 film)]], a Hindi action film
*[[Hulchul (2004 film)|''Hulchul'' (2004 film)]], a Hindi-language romantic comedy-drama film
*[[Hulchul (2019 film)|''Hulchul'' (2019 film)]], a Telugu-language film
{{disambiguation}}

Bahirgachhi

2024-02-09T19:32:17Z

VYVEwan7971: Made redirect

#REDIRECT [[Bahirgachi]]

Bhutia Boarding School, Darjeeling

2024-02-02T10:06:11Z

VYVEwan7971: Adding initial details basic info - done

[[File:Staff and students of the Bhutia Boarding School, Darjeeling, 1888.png|thumb|Staff and students of the Bhutia Boarding School, Darjeeling, 1888 with Sarat Chandra Das standing in back, third from the left, and Ugyen Gyatso seated in the back row, fifth from the right.]]
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
The '''Bhutia Boarding School''' in [[Darjeeling]] is a school founded in 1874. Its first director was [[Sarat Chandra Das]] and Professor of Tibetan Ugyen Gyatso, a monk of Tibeto- Sikkimese origin. It was opened by order of the Lieutenant Governor of British Bengal, Sir George Campbell. Its purpose was to provide education to young Tibetans and Sikkimese boys resident in Sikkim or the Darjeeling area.
However, according to Derek Wallers, it aimed to train interpreters, geographers and explorers may be useful in the event of an opening of Tibet to the English.<ref>Derek Wallers, ''The Pundits'', Lexington University of Kentucky Press, 1990, p. 193</ref> Students learnt English, Tibetan and topography. In 1879, Sarat Chandra Das, sometimes disguised as a Tibetan lama, sometimes as a merchant from Nepal and Ugyen Gyatso made several trips to Tibet as secret agents of British India services in order to establish and collect cards.<ref>Donald S. Lopez ''Fascination tibétaine: du bouddhisme, de l'Occident et de quelques mythes'', p. 256</ref>

The opening coincided with the school 's educational initiatives William Macfarlane, a Scottish missionary in the region. If there was no link between these two initiatives, there was also no tension between them, sharing the same goals and methods with mutual benefit.<ref>Alex McKay, [http://www.oapen.org/download?type=document&docid=340111 Their Footprints Remain Biomedical Beginnings Across the Indo-Tibetan Frontier], p. 71</ref>

In 1891, the boarding school merged with the Darjeeling Zilla School to form the Darjeeling High School.<ref>H. Louis Fader, ''Called from obscurity: the life and times of a true son of Tibet'', 2004, "It may be of further interest to note that this British High School at Darjeeling (belter known as Darjeeling High School) had as its antecedent two schools which in 1891 merged to become the DHS. These were the Bhotia Boarding School (that from its very inception in 1874 had as its Headmaster the renowned Babu and Pundit mentioned earlier, Sarat Chandra Das) and the Darjeeling School"</ref>

== Bhutia Boarding School ==
* [[Kazi Dawa Samdup]]
* David Macdonald, (1870-1962)<ref name="Tibet and the British Raj: The Frontier Cadre, 1904-1947 - Google Livres">Alex McKay, [https://books.google.com/books?id=mMP7HTbD-BEC&pg=PA226 Tibet and the British Raj: the frontier cadre, 1904-1947], p. 226</ref>

== Darjeeling High School ==
* [[Norbu Dhondup]], (1884-1944)<ref name="Tibet and the British Raj: The Frontier Cadre, 1904-1947 - Google Livres" />
* [[Pemba Tsering]], (1905-1954)<ref name="Tibet and the British Raj: The Frontier Cadre, 1904-1947 - Google Livres" />
* [[Ekai Kawaguchi]]
* [[Karma Sumdhon Paul]] (alias Karma Babu). He later became director of the school.

==References==
<references/>

{{Portal|China|Asia}}

[[Category:Education in Darjeeling]]
[[Category:Education in Tibet]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1874]]
[[Category:1874 establishments in China]]