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<div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Ahmedpur<br />
| map_image = 236-Ahmedpur.svg<br />
| mla = [[Babasaheb Mohanrao Patil| Babasaheb Mohanrao Jadhav Patil]]<br />
| party = {{Party index link|Nationalist Congress Party}}<br />
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}<br />
| state = [[Maharashtra]]<br />
| district = [[Latur district|Latur]]<br />
| division = [[Aurangabad]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Latur Lok Sabha constituency]]<br />
| established = 1951<br />
| constituency_no = 236<br />
| electors = 349,572<br />
| latest_election_year = 2024<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| reservation = None<br />
}}<br />
'''Ahmedpur Assembly constituency''' is a constituency of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]], in [[Maharashtra]], India. It is in [[Latur district]] and is a part of [[Latur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Election<br />
! Member<br />
! colspan=2|Party<br />
|-<br />
| bgcolor="#BB8ED0" | [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Nivarthireddy Namdeo Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}<br />
|-<br />
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" rowspan="2" | [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Pawar Vasant Gangaram<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tulsiram Kamble|Tulsiram Dashrath Kamble]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || rowspan="2" | Mahalingappa Alias Appasaheb Baslingappa<br />
|-<br />
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || rowspan="3" | Kishanrao Nanasaheb Deshmukh || {{Full party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India|rowspan=3}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || Ramchandrarao Shankarrao Patil|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || Balasaheb Kishanrao Jadhav<br />
|-<br />
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || Bhagwanrao Kerbaji Nagargoje || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || [[Vinayakrao Kishanrao Jadhav Patil]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || Babruwan Ramkrishna Khandade || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || [[Babasaheb Mohanrao Patil]] || {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Samaj Paksha}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || [[Vinayakrao Kishanrao Jadhav Patil]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || rowspan="2" | [[Babasaheb Mohanrao Patil]] || {{Full party name with color| Nationalist Congress Party |rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]] <br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
=== Assembly Election 2024 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ahmedpur }}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Babasaheb Mohanrao Patil]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 96,905 |percentage = 40.23% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vinayakrao Kishanrao Jadhav Patil]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar |votes = 65,236 |percentage = 27.08% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ganesh Namdevrao Hake |party = Jan Surajya Shakti |votes = 62,447 |percentage = 25.92% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jadhav Vinayak Sonba |party = Rashtriya Maratha Party |votes = 3,917 |percentage = 1.63% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Balaji Ramchandra Patil Chakurkar |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,019 |percentage = 1.25% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Madhav Rangnath Jadhav |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,597 |percentage = 1.08% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 834 |percentage = 0.35% |change = {{decrease}}0.48 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 31,669 |percentage = 13.15% |change = {{decrease}}0.54 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 241,740 |percentage = 69.15% |change = {{increase}}2.19 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 240,906}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 349,572 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.79 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Nationalist Congress Party (post–2023) |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing = {{increase}}0.54 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 2019 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ahmedpur <ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Babasaheb Mohanrao Patil]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 84,636 |percentage = 39.69% |change = {{increase}}11.21 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vinayakrao Kishanrao Jadhav Patil]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 55,445 |percentage = 26.00% |change = {{decrease}}0.50 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dilip Rajesaheb Deshmukh |party = Independent politician |votes = 45,846 |percentage = 21.50% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ayodhya Ashok Kendre |party = Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 22,141 |percentage = 10.38% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Taher Husen Mainoddin Sayyed |party = All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen |votes = 1,996 |percentage = 0.94% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,762 |percentage = 0.83% |change = {{increase}}0.50 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 29,191 |percentage = 13.69% |change = {{increase}}11.72 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 215,166 |percentage = 66.96% |change = {{decrease}}3.38 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 213,219}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 321,329 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.67 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}9.24 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 2014 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ahmedpur <ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vinayakrao Kishanrao Jadhav Patil]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 61,957 |percentage = 30.45% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Babasaheb Mohanrao Patil]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 57,951 |percentage = 28.48% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ganesh Namdevrao Hake |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 53,919 |percentage = 26.50% |change = {{increase}}8.98 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vitthal Namdev Makne |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 11,404 |percentage = 5.60% |change = {{decrease}}30.51 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sayyad Sajid Kabir |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 9,409 |percentage = 4.62% |change = {{increase}}3.81 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Adv. Kolgave Madhav Nivrutti |party = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 2,672 |percentage = 1.31% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Jyotiram Alias Gunvant Janakraj |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,515 |percentage = 0.74% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 681 |percentage = 0.33% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,006 |percentage = 1.97% |change = {{increase}}0.76 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 204,227 |percentage = 70.34% |change = {{increase}}0.33 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 203,466}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 290,360 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.16 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Rashtriya Samaj Paksha |swing = {{decrease}}6.87 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 2009 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ahmedpur <ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Babasaheb Mohanrao Patil]] |party = Rashtriya Samaj Paksha |votes = 69,460 |percentage = 37.32% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vinayakrao Kishanrao Jadhav Patil]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 67,208 |percentage = 36.11% |change = {{increase}}6.17 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Babruwan Ramkrishna Khandade |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 32,617 |percentage = 17.52% |change = {{decrease}}15.63 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shaikh Ayyaj Ejaz |party = Jan Surajya Shakti |votes = 6,764 |percentage = 3.63% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Utge Mahesh Baburao |party = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 3,324 |percentage = 1.79% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhaskarrao Narayanrao Lahane |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,501 |percentage = 0.81% |change = {{decrease}}0.89 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,252 |percentage = 1.21% |change = {{decrease}}2.00 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 186,218 |percentage = 70.01% |change = {{decrease}}4.62 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 186,119}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 265,997 |ref = |change = {{increase}}35.90 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Rashtriya Samaj Paksha |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}4.17 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 2004 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ahmedpur }}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Babruwan Ramkrishna Khandade|party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 48,406 |percentage = 33.15% |change = {{increase}}1.03 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vinayakrao Kishanrao Jadhav Patil]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 43,720 |percentage = 29.94% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Balasaheb Kishanrao Jadhav |party = Independent politician |votes = 35,812 |percentage = 24.52% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nagargoje Sudhakr Bhagwanrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,462 |percentage = 5.11% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhaskarrao Narayanrao Lahane |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,489 |percentage = 1.70% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Surnar Navanath Govindrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,468 |percentage = 1.69% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Balaji Ramchandra Patil |party = Kranti Kari Jai Hind Sena |votes = 1,961 |percentage = 1.34% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ashok Pandharinath Mundhe |party = Independent politician |votes = 929 |percentage = 0.64% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,686 |percentage = 3.21% |change = {{decrease}}2.60 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 146,064 |percentage = 74.63% |change = {{increase}}1.49 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 146,024}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 195,729 |ref = |change = {{increase}}23.55 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}4.78 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1999 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ahmedpur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vinayakrao Kishanrao Jadhav Patil]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 40,576 |percentage = 37.93% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhagwanrao Kerbaji Nagargoje |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 34,361 |percentage = 32.12% |change = {{decrease}}18.77 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Babruwan Ramkrishna Khandade |party = Independent politician |votes = 22,968 |percentage = 21.47% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kishanrao Nanasaheb Deshmukh |party = Samajwadi Party |votes = 3,616 |percentage = 3.38% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nagargoje Aambaji Ranba |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,697 |percentage = 2.52% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mundhe Dnyanoba Sitaram |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 1,973 |percentage = 1.84% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,215 |percentage = 5.81% |change = {{decrease}}10.49 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 115,869 |percentage = 73.14% |change = {{decrease}}11.76 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 106,976}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 158,415 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.66 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}12.96 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1995 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ahmedpur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Bhagwanrao Kerbaji Nagargoje |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 60,622 |percentage = 50.89% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Balasaheb Kishanrao Jadhav |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 41,200 |percentage = 34.58% |change = {{decrease}}5.58 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhandari Ramkishan Pandurang |party = Janata Dal |votes = 6,187 |percentage = 5.19% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Karle Venkatrao Malaba |party = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 3,883 |percentage = 3.26% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Wange Laxman Madhavrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,937 |percentage = 1.63% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mugaonkar Gulamrasul Maheboobsab |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,458 |percentage = 1.22% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shrungare Vijaykumar Shripatrao |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 1,037 |percentage = 0.87% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Indrale Rajendra Ramchandra |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 983 |percentage = 0.83% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,422 |percentage = 16.30% |change = {{decrease}}0.33 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 121,531 |percentage = 84.90% |change = {{increase}}21.63 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 119,128}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 143,154 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}4.75 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}10.73 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1990 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ahmedpur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Balasaheb Kishanrao Jadhav |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 37,492 |percentage = 40.16% |change = {{decrease}}6.59 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhagwanrao Kerbaji Nagargoje |party = Independent politician |votes = 21,970 |percentage = 23.53% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Madhukarrao Gangaram Mundhe |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 20,879 |percentage = 22.36% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Krishnarao Sahebrao Deshmukh |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 11,680 |percentage = 12.51% |change = {{decrease}}31.15 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,522 |percentage = 16.63% |change = {{increase}}13.55 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 95,096 |percentage = 63.27% |change = {{increase}}4.72 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 93,362}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 150,297 |ref = |change = {{increase}}20.13 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}6.59 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1985 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ahmedpur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Ramchandrarao Shankarrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 33,690 |percentage = 46.75% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kishanrao Nanasaheb Deshmukh |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 31,469 |percentage = 43.66% |change = {{decrease}}6.52 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kendre Hari Rajaram |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,162 |percentage = 5.77% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kamble Dattu Namdeo |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,767 |percentage = 2.45% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Lohare Nagnath Sangram |party = Independent politician |votes = 517 |percentage = 0.72% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,221 |percentage = 3.08% |change = {{decrease}}0.73 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 73,254 |percentage = 58.55% |change = {{decrease}}4.31 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 72,071}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 125,113 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.02 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing = {{decrease}}3.43 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1980 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ahmedpur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kishanrao Nanasaheb Deshmukh |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 34,183 |percentage = 50.18% |change = {{increase}}4.03 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dudile Vithalrao Tukaram |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 31,589 |percentage = 46.37% |change = {{increase}}45.19 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Deshmukh Shivajirao Kashirao |party = Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 2,347 |percentage = 3.45% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,594 |percentage = 3.81% |change = {{decrease}}0.46 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 69,590 |percentage = 62.86% |change = {{decrease}}2.35 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 68,119}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 110,701 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.73 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing = {{increase}}4.03 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1978 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ahmedpur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kishanrao Nanasaheb Deshmukh |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 29,325 |percentage = 46.15% |change = {{decrease}}4.25 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nagargoje Bhagwanrao Kerbaji |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 26,612 |percentage = 41.88% |change = {{decrease}}5.80 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Page Kishan Manik |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 3,216 |percentage = 5.06% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gulve Ambadas Hariba |party = Republican Party of India (Khobragade) |votes = 2,775 |percentage = 4.37% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Aradwad Govindrao Sadashiva |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 748 |percentage = 1.18% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shaikh Gulam Rasool Mahboob Sab |party = Independent politician |votes = 705 |percentage = 1.11% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,713 |percentage = 4.27% |change = {{increase}}1.55 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 65,193 |percentage = 65.21% |change = {{increase}}7.76 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 63,537}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 99,972 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}1.99 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing = {{decrease}}4.25 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1972 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ahmedpur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kishanrao Nanasaheb Deshmukh |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 28,742 |percentage = 50.40% |change = {{increase}}7.54 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Raddy Sushilabhai Madhav |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 27,192 |percentage = 47.68% |change = {{increase}}3.62 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vithathal Sonkambale |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 1,091 |percentage = 1.91% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,550 |percentage = 2.72% |change = {{increase}}1.52 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 58,598 |percentage = 57.45% |change = {{increase}}3.14 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 57,025}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 101,999 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.47 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}6.34 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1967 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ahmedpur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Mahalingappa Alias Appasaheb Baslingappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 19,605 |percentage = 44.06% |change = {{decrease}}14.65 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. N. Deshmukh |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 19,073 |percentage = 42.86% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. S. Sasone |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,174 |percentage = 7.13% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. R. Shikane |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,411 |percentage = 3.17% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. B. Putdhesni |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,234 |percentage = 2.77% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 532 |percentage = 1.20% |change = {{decrease}}16.22 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 48,396 |percentage = 54.31% |change = {{decrease}}0.74 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 44,497}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 89,109 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.34 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}14.65 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1962 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ahmedpur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Mahalingappa Alias Appasaheb Baslingappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 25,068 |percentage = 58.71% |change = {{decrease}}2.19 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vithalrao Balkrishnarao |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 17,631 |percentage = 41.29% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,437 |percentage = 17.42% |change = {{increase}}7.32 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 45,281 |percentage = 55.05% |change = {{decrease}}29.22 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 42,699}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 82,250 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}34.22 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}27.62 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1957 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Ahmedpur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Pawar Vasant Gangaram |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 32,753 |percentage = 31.09% |change = {{decrease}}26.46 }}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Tulsiram Kamble|Tulsiram Dashrath Kamble]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 31,415 |percentage = 29.82% |change = {{decrease}}27.73 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kabra Vijendra Hiralal |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 22,106 |percentage = 20.98% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kamble Kishan Sakharam |party = Independent politician |votes = 19,090 |percentage = 18.12% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,647 |percentage = 10.10% |change = {{decrease}}11.46 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 105,364 |percentage = 84.27% |change = {{increase}}32.68 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 105,364}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 125,030 |ref = |change = {{increase}}188.47 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}26.46 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1952 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election]] : Ahmedpur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Hyderabad |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606161433/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2016|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Nivarthireddy Namdeo Reddy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 12,868 |percentage = 57.55% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Manikrao Kishanrao |party = People's Democratic Front (Hyderabad) |votes = 8,047 |percentage = 35.99% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhagwandas Kanhyalal |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 1,445 |percentage = 6.46% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,821 |percentage = 21.56% |change = }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 22,360 |percentage = 51.59% |change = }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 22,360}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 43,342 |ref = |change = }}<br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}<br />
{{Latur district}}<br />
{{coord|18|42|18.12|N|76|55|53.55|E|region:IN|display=title}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ahmedpur (Maharashtra Assembly Constituency)}}<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Latur district]]<br />
[[Category:Latur]]<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Latur district]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br />
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bombay State]]</div>VLSLester417456https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indemnity_Act_1919&diff=503830Indemnity Act 19192026-05-06T12:46:39Z<p>VLSLester417456: created basic stub w/ refs</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Under construction}}<br />
{{Short description|Act of British Parliament}}<br />
{{Infobox UK legislation<br />
|short_title = Indemnity Act 1919<br />
|parliament = Parliament of the United Kingdom <br />
|long_title = <br />
|year = 1919<br />
|statute_book_chapter = <br />
|territorial_extent = [[British India]]<br />
|royal_assent = <br />
|commencement = <br />
|repeal_date = <br />
|amends = <br />
|amendments = <br />
|related_legislation = <br />
|repealing_legislation= <br />
|status = <br />
|original_text = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Indemnity Act 1919''' was an [[Act of Indemnity]], passed by the British Indian government to protect officials from legal proceedings for actions taken during the imposition of martial law in Punjab and elsewhere in [[British India|India]] after the [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre]]. Specifically, it granted legal immunity to civil and military officers for acts done while enforcing [[martial law]] from 30 March 1919 to 26 August 1919.<ref name=Dhillon>{{cite journal |last1=Dhillon |first1=Hardeep |title=Imperial Violence, Law, and Compensation in the Age of Empire, 1919–1922 |journal=The Historical Journal |date=June 2024 |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=512–537 |doi=10.1017/S0018246X23000560 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/historical-journal/article/imperial-violence-law-and-compensation-in-the-age-of-empire-19191922/87CA76CCDC42510B5D5497BE6469141D#fn17 |language=en |issn=0018-246X|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=Mohan>{{cite book |last1=Mohan |first1=Pearay|author-link=Pearay Mohan |editor1-last=Bakaya |editor1-first=Ravi M. |title=The Punjab "rebellion" of 1919 and how it was Suppressed: An Account of the Punjab Disorders and the Working of Martial Law |date=1999 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-212-0687-1 |volume=1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HSFuAAAAMAAJ |pages=525-543|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Indemnity Bill (Hansard, 3 May 1920) |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1920/may/03/indemnity-bill-1 |website=api.parliament.uk |access-date=1 May 2026}}</ref> A complete copy of the Act was published in [[Pearay Mohan]]'s book ''[[An Imaginary Rebellion and How It was Suppressed]]'' (1920).<ref name=Dhillon/><br />
[[File:A Collection of the Acts passed by the Governor General of India in Council, 1919.pdf|thumb|Act No. XXVII of 1919 (25 September 1919) pp. 86-88]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{India-stub}}<br />
{{UK-stub}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1919]]<br />
[[Category:1919 in India]]</div>VLSLester417456https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hindustani_phonology&diff=502841Hindustani phonology2026-05-05T13:01:05Z<p>VLSLester417456: created new info w/ refs.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Phonology of Hindi and Urdu}}<br />
{{self-reference|For assistance with IPA transcriptions of Hindi and Urdu for Wikipedia articles, see [[Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu]].}}<br />
{{IPA notice}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}}[[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] is the ''[[lingua franca]]'' of northern [[India]] and [[Pakistan]], and through its two standardized [[Register (sociolinguistics)|register]]s, [[Hindi]] and [[Urdu]], a co-official language of India and co-official and national language of Pakistan respectively. Phonological differences between the two standards are minimal.<br />
<br />
==Vowels==<br />
[[File:Hindi vowel chart.svg|thumb|upright=1.27|The oral vowel phonemes of Hindi according to {{Harvcoltxt|Ohala|1999|p=102}}|class=skin-invert-image]]<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"; style="text-align:center"<br />
|+<br />
Hindustani vowel phonemes<br />
! rowspan="2" |<br />
! colspan="2" | [[Front vowel|Front]]<br />
! rowspan="2" | [[Central vowel|Central]]<br />
! colspan="2" | [[Back vowel|Back]]<br />
|-<br />
!<small>[[Short vowel|short]]</small><br />
! <small>[[Long vowel|long]]</small><br />
! <small>short</small><br />
! <small>long</small><br />
|-<br />
! [[Close vowel|Close]]<br />
|{{IPA link|ɪ}}<br />
| {{IPA link|iː}}<br />
|<br />
| {{IPA link|ʊ}}<br />
| {{IPA link|uː}}<br />
|-<br />
! [[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]<br />
|<br />
|{{IPA link|eː}}<br />
| <br />
|<br />
| {{IPA link|oː}}<br />
|-<br />
! [[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]<br />
|<br />
| {{IPA link|ɛː}}<br />
| {{IPA link|ə}}<br />
| <br />
| {{IPA link|ɔː}}<br />
|-<br />
! [[Open vowel|Open]]<br />
|<br />
|({{IPA link|æː}})<br />
|{{IPA link|äː|aː}}<br />
|<br />
| <br />
|}<br />
Hindustani natively possesses a symmetrical ten-vowel system.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Masica|1991|p=110}}</ref> The vowels {{IPA|[ə], [ɪ], [ʊ]}} are always short in length, while the vowels {{IPA|[aː]}}, {{IPA|[iː]}}, {{IPA|[uː]}}, {{IPA|[eː]}}, {{IPA|[oː]}}, {{IPA|[ɛː]}}, {{IPA|[ɔː]}} are usually considered long, in addition to an eleventh vowel {{IPA|/æː/}} which is found in [[English language|English]] [[loanword]]s. The distinction between short and long vowels is often described as [[tenseness]], with short vowels being lax, and long vowels being tense.{{sfn|Kachru|2006|p=15}} Vowels are somewhat longer before voiced stops than before voiceless stops.<ref name="ohala102"/> Additionally, {{IPA|[ɛ]}} and {{IPA|[ɔ]}} occur as conditional allophones of {{IPA|/ə/}}.<br />
<br />
=== Vowel {{IPA|[ə]}} ===<br />
<br />
{{IPA|/ə/}} is often realized more open than mid {{IPAblink|ə}}, i.e. as near-open {{IPAblink|ɐ}}.<ref name="ohala102">{{Harvcoltxt|Ohala|1999|p=102}}</ref> It is subject to [[schwa deletion]] word-medially in certain contexts.<br />
<br />
=== Vowel {{IPA|[aː]}} ===<br />
<br />
The open central vowel is transcribed in IPA by either {{IPA|[aː]}} or {{IPA|[ɑː]}}.<br />
<br />
In Urdu, there is further short {{IPA|[a]}} (spelled {{lang|ur|ہ}}, as in {{lang|ur|کمرہ}} ''kamra'' {{IPA|ur|kəmra|}}) in word-final position, which contrasts with {{IPA|[aː]}} (spelled {{lang|ur|ا}}, as in {{nq|لڑکا}} ''laṛkā'' {{IPA|ur|ləɽkaː|}}). This contrast is often not realized by Urdu speakers, and always neutralized in Hindi (where both sounds uniformly correspond to {{IPA|[aː]}}).{{sfnp|Kelkar|1968|p=47}}{{sfnp|Schmidt|2003|pp=293; 310}}<br />
<br />
=== Vowels {{IPA|[ɪ], [ʊ]}}, {{IPA|[iː]}}, {{IPA|[uː]}} ===<br />
<br />
Among the [[close vowel]]s, what in [[Sanskrit]] are thought to have been primarily distinctions of [[vowel length]] (that is {{IPA|/i, iː/}} and {{IPA|/u, uː/}}), have become in Hindustani distinctions of [[Vowel quality|quality]], or length accompanied by quality (that is, {{IPA|/ɪ, iː/}} and {{IPA|/ʊ, uː/}}).<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Masica|1991|p=111}}</ref> The opposition of length in the close vowels has been neutralized in word-final position, only allowing long close vowels in final position. As a result, Sanskrit loans which originally have a short close vowel are realized with a long close vowel, e.g. {{Transliteration|hi|śakti}} ({{lang|hi|शक्ति}} – {{lang|ur|{{nastaliq|شکتی}}}} 'energy') and {{Transliteration|hi|vastu}} ({{lang|hi|वस्तु}} – {{lang|ur|{{nastaliq|وستو}}}} 'item') are {{IPA|[ʃəktiː]}} and {{IPA|[ʋəstuː]}}, not *{{IPA|[ʃəktɪ]}} and *{{IPA|[ʋəstʊ]}}.<ref name="Harvcoltxt|Shapiro|2003|p=258">{{Harvcoltxt|Shapiro|2003|p=258}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Vowels {{IPA|[ɛ]}}, {{IPA|[ɛː]}} ===<br />
<br />
The vowel represented graphically as {{lang|hi|ऐ}} – {{lang|ur|{{nastaliq|اَے}}}} (romanized as {{Transliteration|hi|ai}}) has been variously transcribed as {{IPA|[ɛː]}} or {{IPA|[æː]}}.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Masica|1991|p=114}}</ref> Among sources for this article, {{Harvcoltxt|Ohala|1999}}, pictured to the right, uses {{IPA|[ɛː]}}, while {{Harvcoltxt|Shapiro|2003|p=258}} and {{Harvcoltxt|Masica|1991|p=110}} use {{IPA|[æː]}}. Furthermore, an eleventh vowel {{IPA|/æː/}} is found in English [[loanword]]s, such as {{IPA|/bæːʈ/}} ('[[Cricket bat|bat]]').<ref name="Harvcoltxt|Ohala|1999|p=101">{{Harvcoltxt|Ohala|1999|p=101}}</ref> Hereafter, {{lang|hi|ऐ}} – {{lang|ur|{{nastaliq|اَے}}}} (romanized as {{Transliteration|hi|ai}}) will be represented as {{IPA|[ɛː]}} to distinguish it from {{IPA|/æː/}}, the latter.<br />
<br />
In addition, {{IPA|[ɛ]}} occurs as a conditioned [[allophone]] of {{IPA|/ə/}} ([[schwa]]) within the sequence {{IPA|/əɦə/}} ({{IPA|/əɦ/}} before the next syllable or word-finally due to [[schwa deletion]]).<ref name="Harvcoltxt|Shapiro|2003|p=258"/> This change is part of the prestige dialect of Delhi, but may not occur for every speaker. Here are some examples of this process:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Hindi/Urdu !! Transliteration !! Phonemic !! Phonetic<br />
|-<br />
| कहना / {{nq|کہنا}} "to say" || kahnā || {{IPA|/kəɦ.nɑː/}} || {{IPA|[kɛɦ.nɑː]}}<br />
|-<br />
| शहर / {{nq|شہر}} "city" || śahar || {{IPA|/ʃə.ɦəɾ/}} || {{IPA|[ʃɛ.ɦɛɾ]}}<br />
|-<br />
| ठहरना / {{nq|ٹھہرنا}} "to wait" || ṭhaharnā || {{IPA|/ʈʰə.ɦəɾ.nɑː/}} || {{IPA|[ʈʰɛ.ɦɛɾ.nɑː]}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
However, the fronting of schwa does not occur in words with a schwa only on one side of the {{IPA|/ɦ/}} such as {{Transliteration|hi|kahānī}} {{IPA|/kəɦaːniː/}} ({{lang|hi|कहानी}} – {{lang|ur|{{nastaliq|کہانی}}}} 'a story') or {{Transliteration|hi|bāhar}} {{IPA|/baːɦər/}} ({{lang|hi|बाहर}} – {{lang|ur|{{nastaliq|باہر}}}} 'outside').<br />
<br />
=== Vowels {{IPA|[ɔ]}}, {{IPA|[ɔː]}} ===<br />
<br />
The vowel {{IPA|[ɔ]}} occurs in proximity to {{IPA|/ɦ/}} if the {{IPA|/ɦ/}} is surrounded on one of the sides by a schwa and on other side by a round vowel (due to Hindustani phonotactics, this generally only occurs in the sequences {{IPA|/əɦʊ/}} or {{IPA|/ʊɦə/}}). It differs from the vowel {{IPA|[ɔː]}} in that it is a short vowel. For example, in {{Transliteration|hi|bahut}} {{IPA|/bəɦʊt/}} the {{IPA|/ɦ/}} is surrounded on one side by a schwa and a round vowel on the other side. One or both of the schwas will become {{IPA|[ɔ]}} giving the pronunciation {{IPA|[bɔɦɔt]}}.<br />
<br />
Some Eastern dialects keep {{IPA|/ɛː, ɔː/}} as diphthongs, pronouncing them as {{IPA|[aɪ~əɪ, aʊ~əʊ]}}.{{sfnp|Cardona|Jain|2003|p=283}}<br />
<br />
=== Nasalization of vowels ===<br />
<br />
As in [[French language|French]] and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], there are nasalized vowels in Hindustani. There is disagreement over the issue of the nature of [[nasal vowel|nasalization]] (barring English-loaned {{IPA|/æ/}} which is never nasalized<ref name="Harvcoltxt|Ohala|1999|p=101" />). {{Harvcoltxt|Masica|1991|p=117}} presents four differing viewpoints:<br />
<br />
# there are no {{IPA|*[ẽː]}} and {{IPA|*[õː]}}, possibly because of the effect of nasalization on vowel quality;<br />
# there is phonemic nasalization of all vowels;<br />
# all vowel nasalization is predictable (i.e. allophonic);<br />
# Nasalized long vowel phonemes ({{IPA|/ɑ̃ː ĩː ũː ẽː ɛ̃ː õː ɔ̃ː/}}) occur word-finally and before voiceless stops; instances of nasalized short vowels ({{IPA|[ə̃ ɪ̃ ʊ̃]}}) and of nasalized long vowels before voiced stops (the latter, presumably because of a deleted [[nasal stop|nasal consonant]]) are allophonic.<br />
<br />
Masica<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Masica|1991|pp=117–118}}</ref> supports this last view.<br />
<br />
===Vowel orthography with diacritics and English approximations===<br />
<br />
The principal vowel phonemes may be organised as follows to demonstrate the orthographic conventions for vowels.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
! colspan="8" | [[Vowel]]s<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |IPA<br />
! colspan="2" |Hindi<br />
! rowspan="2" |<small>[[ISO 15919]]</small><br />
! colspan="3" |Urdu<ref>Diacritics in Urdu are normally not written and usually implied and interpreted based on the context of the sentence</ref><br />
! rowspan="2" |<small>Approximate English<br />equivalent</small><br />
|-<br />
!Initial<br />
!Combining<br />
!Final<br />
!Medial<br />
!Initial<br />
|-<br />
| <big>{{IPA link|ə}}</big><br />
| अ<br />
| bgcolor="CCCCCC" | <ref>Hindi does not have a diacritic to represent {{IPA|/ə/}} as it is the inherent vowel of the [[Devanagari script]]. However, there does exist a diacritic, ्, for suppressing {{IPA|/ə/}}, though it is not often used or needed in modern Hindi orthography.</ref><br />
| a<br />
|{{nq|ـہ}}<br />
|{{nq|ـ◌َـ}}<br />
|{{nq|اَ}}|| style="text-align: left;" | '''a'''bout<br />
|-<br />
| <big>{{IPA link|äː|aː}}</big><br />
| आ||ा|| ā<br />
| colspan="2" |{{nq|ـا}}<br />
|{{nq|آ}}<br />
| style="text-align: left;" | f'''a'''r<br />
|-<br />
| <big>{{IPA link|ɪ}}</big><br />
| इ<br />
|ि|| i<br />
| rowspan="2" |{{nq|◌ِی}}<br />
|{{nq|ـ◌ِـ}}||{{nq|اِ}}|| style="text-align: left;" | st'''i'''ll<br />
|-<br />
| <big>{{IPA link|iː}}</big><br />
| ई<br />
|ी|| ī<br />
|{{nq|◌ِـیـ}}||{{nq|اِیـ}}|| style="text-align: left;" | f'''ee'''<br />
|-<br />
| <big>{{IPA link|ʊ}}</big><br />
| उ<br />
|ु|| u<br />
|{{nq|◌ُو}}<br />
|{{nq|ـ◌ُـ}}||{{nq|اُ}}|| style="text-align: left;" | b'''oo'''k<br />
|-<br />
| <big>{{IPA link|uː}}</big><br />
| ऊ<br />
|ू<br />
| ū<br />
| colspan="2" |{{nq|◌ُو}}<br />
| {{nq|اُو}}<br />
| style="text-align: left;" | m'''oo'''n<br />
|-<br />
| <big>{{IPA link|eː}}</big><br />
| ए<br />
|े|| ē<br />
|{{nq|ے}}<br />
|{{nq|ـیـ}}||{{nq|ایـ}}|| style="text-align: left;" | m'''a'''te<br />
|-<br />
| <big>{{IPA link|ɛː}}</big><br />
| ऐ<br />
|ै|| ai<br />
|{{nq|◌َـے}}<br />
|{{nq|◌َـیـ}}||{{nq|اَیـ}}|| style="text-align: left;" | f'''ai'''ry<br />
|-<br />
| <big>{{IPA link|oː}}</big><br />
| ओ<br />
|ो|| ō<br />
| colspan="2" |{{nq|◌و}}||{{nq|او}}|| style="text-align: left;" | f'''o'''rce<br />
|-<br />
| <big>{{IPA link|ɔː}}</big><br />
| औ<br />
|ौ|| au<br />
| colspan="2" |{{nq|◌َـو}}||{{nq|اَو}}|| style="text-align: left;" | l'''o'''t (Received Pronunciation)<br />
|-<br />
|<big>{{IPA link|ʰ}}</big><br />
| colspan="2" bgcolor="CCCCCC" | <ref name="aspiration orthography">Hindi has individual letters for each of the aspirated consonants, whereas Urdu has a specific letter to represent aspiration after any consonant</ref><br />
|h<br />
| colspan="2" |{{nq|ھ}}<ref name="aspiration orthography" /><br />
| rowspan="1" bgcolor="CCCCCC" style="text-align:left;" |<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| aspiration of the preceding consonant, as in '''c'''ake<br />
|-<br />
| <big>{{IPA link|◌̃}}</big><br />
| rowspan="1" bgcolor="CCCCCC" | <ref>As this is a diacritic affecting the preceding vowel, it cannot be the initial character of a word.</ref><br />
|ँ<br />
| m̐<br />
| rowspan="2" |{{nq|ں}}<br />
| rowspan="2" |{{nq|ـن٘ـ}}<br />
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="CCCCCC" | <ref>In Urdu the initial form (letter) for representing a nasalised word{{clarify|what is meant by a nasalised word? does the character come before or after the vowel it effects? if it comes after, how can it be used in it's initial form? what is the usage/meaning of this character in practice? is it used for both homorganic nasals (e.g. अंगूर aṅgūr and पंख paṅkh) as well as vowel nasalisation (e.g.पाँच pā̃c and साँप sā̃p)?|date=November 2023}} is: ن٘ (nūn + small nūn ghunna diacritic)</ref><br />
| style="text-align: left;" | heavy nasalisation of the preceding vowel, like c'''an'''<nowiki />'t in rapid [[General American|GA]]<br />
|-<br />
| <ref>As this symbol can represent any nasal consonant phoneme depending on which consonant it is followed by, the particular IPA character used to represent this sound depends on the context.</ref><br />
| rowspan="1" bgcolor="CCCCCC" | <ref>This character does not have an initial form and is not used for initial nasals in Hindi</ref><br />
|ं<br />
| ṁ<br />
| style="text-align: left;" | homorganic nasal before the succeeding consonant, like ju'''n'''gle or bra'''n'''ch, and light vowel nasalisation<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Consonants==<br />
{{Listen<br />
| type = speech<br />
| header = Hindustani stops<ref>Derived: [http://www.phonetics.ucla.edu/course/chapter6/hindi/hindi.html Phonetics from UCLA.edu] but re-recorded.</ref><br />
| filename = Hi-पाल फाल बाल भाल.ogg<br />
| title = Bilabial stops<br />
| description = {{lang|hi|पाल/{{nq|پال}}, फाल/{{nq|پھال}}, बाल/{{nq|بال}}, भाल/{{nq|بھال}}}}<br>{{Transliteration|hns|pāl phāl bāl bhāl}}<br>{{IPA|hns|paːl pʰaːl baːl bʱaːl|}}<br>'take care of, knife blade, hair, forehead'<br />
| filename2 = Hi-ताल थाल दाल धार.ogg<br />
| title2 = Dental stops<br />
| description2 = {{lang|hi|ताल/{{nq|تال}}, थाल/{{nq|تھال}}, दाल}}/{{nq|دال}}, धार/{{nq|دھار}}<br>{{Transliteration|hns|tāl thāl dāl dhār}}<br>{{IPA|hns|t̪aːl t̪ʰaːl d̪aːl d̪ʱaːɾ|}}<br>'rhythm, plate, lentil, knife'<br />
| filename3 = Hi-टाल ठाल डाल ढाल.ogg<br />
| title3 = Retroflex stops<br />
| description3 = {{lang|hi|टाल/{{nq|ٹال}}, ठाल/{{nq|ٹھال}}, डाल/{{nq|ڈال}}, ढाल/{{nq|ڈھال}}}}<br>{{Transliteration|hns|ṭāl ṭhāl ḍāl ḍhāl}}<br>{{IPA|hns|ʈaːl ʈʰaːl ɖaːl ɖʱaːl|}}<br>'postpone, wood shop, branch, shield'<br />
| filename4 = Hi-चल छल जल झल.ogg <br />
| title4 = Palatal stops<br />
| description4 = {{lang|hi|चल/{{nq|چل}}, छल/{{nq|چھل}}, जल/{{Lang|ur|جل}}, झल/{{nq|جھل}}}}<br>{{Transliteration|hns|cal chal jal jhal}}<br>{{IPA|hns|tʃəl tʃʰəl dʒəl dʒʱəl|}}<br>'walk, deceit, water, glimmer'<br />
| filename5 = Hi-कान खान गान घान.ogg <br />
| title5 = Velar stops<br />
| description5 = {{lang|hi|कान/{{nq|کان}}, खान/{{nq|کھان}}, गान/{{nq|گان}}, घान/{{nq|گھان}}}}<br>{{Transliteration|hns|kān khān gān ghān}}<br>{{IPA|hns|kaːn kʰaːn ɡaːn ɡʱaːn|}}<br>'ear, mine, song, bundle'<br />
}}<br />
Hindustani has a core set of 28 [[consonant]]s inherited from earlier [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]. Supplementing these are two consonants that are internal developments in specific word-medial contexts,<ref name="Harvcoltxt|Shapiro|2003|p=260">{{Harvcoltxt|Shapiro|2003|p=260}}</ref> and seven consonants originally found in loan words, whose expression is dependent on factors such as status (class, education, etc.) and cultural register (Modern Standard Hindi vs Urdu).<br />
<br />
Most native consonants may occur [[gemination|geminate]] (doubled in length; exceptions are {{IPA|/bʱ, ɽ, ɽʱ, ɦ/}}). Geminate consonants are always medial and preceded by one of the interior vowels (that is, {{IPA|/ə/}}, {{IPA|/ɪ/}}, or {{IPA|/ʊ/}}). They all occur monomorphemically except {{IPA|[ʃː]}}, which occurs only in a few Sanskrit loans where a [[morpheme]] boundary could be posited in between, e.g. {{IPA|/nɪʃ + ʃiːl/}} for {{Transliteration|hi|niśśīl}} {{IPA|[nɪˈʃːiːl]}} ('without shame').<ref name="Harvcoltxt|Ohala|1999|p=101"/><!---what about antar-rashtriya... which is incorrect Sandhi according to Masica anyway?---><br />
<br />
For the English speaker, a notable feature of the Hindustani consonants is that there is a four-way distinction of [[phonation]] among [[plosive]]s, rather than the two-way distinction found in English. The phonations are:<br />
<br />
# [[tenuis consonant|tenuis]], as {{IPA|/p/}}, which is like {{angbr|p}} in English ''spin''<br />
# [[voice (phonetics)|voiced]], as {{IPA|/b/}}, which is like {{angbr|b}} in English ''bin''<br />
# [[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]], as {{IPA|/pʰ/}}, which is like {{angbr|p}} in English ''pin'', and<br />
# [[breathy voice|murmured]], as {{IPA|/bʱ/}}.<br />
<br />
The last is commonly called "voiced aspirate", though {{Harvcoltxt|Shapiro|2003|p=260}} notes that,<br />
<blockquote>"Evidence from experimental [[phonetics]], however, has demonstrated that the two types of sounds involve two distinct types of voicing and release mechanisms. The series of so-called voice aspirates should now properly be considered to involve the voicing mechanism of murmur, in which the air flow passes through an aperture between the [[arytenoid cartilage]]s, as opposed to passing between the ligamental vocal bands."</blockquote><br />
The murmured consonants are believed to be a [[Linguistic reconstruction#Reflex|reflex]] of murmured consonants in Proto-Indo-European, a phonation that is absent in all branches of the Indo-European family except Indo-Aryan and Armenian.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|+ Hindustani consonant phonemes<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |<br />
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]<br />
! [[Dental consonant|Dental]]/<br>[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]<br />
! [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]<br />
! [[Postalveolar consonant|Post-alv.]]/<br>[[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]<br />
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]<br />
! [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]<br />
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]<br />
| {{IPA link|m}}<br />
| {{IPA link|n}}<br />
| ({{IPA link|ɳ}})¹<br />
|({{IPA link|ɲ}})⁴<br />
| {{IPA link|ŋ}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="4" | [[Stop consonant|Stop]]/<br/>[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]<br />
! <small>[[voicelessness|voiceless]]</small><br />
| {{IPA link|p}}<br />
| {{IPA link|t̪}}<br />
| {{IPA link|ʈ}}<br />
| {{IPA link|t͡ʃ}}<br />
| {{IPA link|k}}<br />
| ({{IPA link|q}})²<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! <small>[[voicelessness|voiceless]] [[aspirated consonant|aspirated]]</small><br />
| {{IPA link|pʰ}}<br />
| {{IPA link|t̪ʰ}}<br />
| {{IPA link|ʈʰ}}<br />
| {{IPA link|t͡ʃʰ}}<br />
| {{IPA link|kʰ}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! <small>[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small><br />
| {{IPA link|b}}<br />
| {{IPA link|d̪}}<br />
| {{IPA link|ɖ}}<br />
| {{IPA link|d͡ʒ}}<br />
| {{IPA link|ɡ}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! <small>[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]] [[aspirated consonant|aspirated]]</small><br />
| {{IPA link|bʱ}}<br />
| {{IPA link|d̪ʱ}}<br />
| {{IPA link|ɖʱ}}<br />
| {{IPA link|d͡ʒʱ}}<br />
| {{IPA link|ɡʱ}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]<br />
! <small>[[voicelessness|voiceless]]</small><br />
| {{IPA link|f}}<br />
| {{IPA link|s}}<br />
| ({{IPA link|ʂ}})¹<br />
| ({{IPA link|ʃ}})³<br />
| colspan="2" | ({{IPA link|x}})²<br />
| rowspan=3|{{IPA link|ɦ}}<br />
|-<br />
! <small>[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small><br />
| rowspan=2| {{IPA link|ʋ}}<br />
| ({{IPA link|z}})²<br />
| <br />
| ({{IPA link|ʒ}})²<br />
| colspan="2" | ({{IPA link|ɣ}})²<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]<br />
| {{IPA link|l}}<br />
|<br />
| {{IPA link|j}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | [[Tap consonant|Tap]]/[[Trill consonant|Trill]]<br />
! <small>[[aspiration (phonetics)|unaspirated]]</small><br />
|<br />
| {{IPA link|ɾ}}<br />
| {{IPA link|ɽ}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! <small>[[aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]]</small><br />
|<br />
| <br />
| {{IPA link|ɽʱ}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
; Notes<br />
* ¹Only present in Sanskrit loanwords, predominant in Hindi.<br />
* ²Only present in Arabic and Persian loanwords, predominant in Urdu.<br />
* ³ Post-alveolar {{IPA|/ʃ/}} is regarded as a substitution to retroflex {{IPA|/ʂ/}} in colliquial pronunciation of Hindi. In Urdu, on the other hand, {{IPA|/ʃ/}} is a phoneme coming from Arabic and Persian loanwords. <br />
* ⁴A non-standard phoneme only found in a few words, or in a few dialects. Otherwise an allophone of {{IPA|/n/}} before palatals.<br />
* Marginal and non-universal phonemes are in parentheses.<br />
* {{IPA|/ɽ/}} is lateral {{IPAblink|𝼈}} for some speakers.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Masica|1991|p=98}}</ref>⟨The {{IPA|/ɽ/}} sound is lateral in Dravidian languages, see the [[Voiced retroflex lateral flap]]⟩<br />
* {{IPA|/x/}}, {{IPA|/ɣ/}}, and {{IPA|/q/}} are [[post-velar]].<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Kachru|2006|p=20}}</ref><br />
* {{IPA|/x/}}, {{IPA|/ɣ/}}, {{IPA|/z/}}, and {{IPA|/q/}} are mostly replaced by {{IPA|/kʰ/}}, {{IPA|/ɡ/}}, {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}}, and {{IPA|/k/}} respectively in Hindi, except in the careful speech of educated speakers.<ref name="KulshreshthaMathur2012"/><ref name="Dover1981">{{cite book |title=Say It in Hindi |date=1981 |publisher=Dover Publications |isbn=9780486137919 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4VK8AQAAQBAJ&dq=q+pronounced+as+k+in+hindi&pg=PT15|quote=These letters—q, ''kh'', ''gh'', ''z'', ''f''—occur in words of Arabic or Persian origin. Many speakers maintain these sounds in their speech, but others often pronounce them as k, kh, g, j and ph, respectively.}}</ref>{{sfn|Kachru|2006|p=20}} {{IPA|/ʒ/}} is found in Urdu and is rarer in Hindi, often being replaced with {{IPA|/z/}} (or further by {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}}) in the latter; an example of a word containing this sound is {{Transliteration|hi|aždahā}} {{IPA|[əʒ.d̪ə.ɦɑː]}} ({{lang|hi|अझ़दहा}} – {{lang|ur|{{nastaliq|اژدہا}}}} 'dragon').<ref name="Morelli2019">{{cite book |last1=Morelli |first1=Sarah |title=A Guru's Journey: Pandit Chitresh Das and Indian Classical Dance in Diaspora |date=20 December 2019 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |isbn=978-0-252-05172-2 |language=en|quote=Hindi has a nasal sound roughly equivalent to the ''n'' in the English sa''n''g, transliterated here as ''ṅ'' or ''ṁ'', and has two slightly differing ''sh'' sounds, transliterated as ''ś'' and ''ṣ''. ... A few words contain consonants…from Arabic, Persian, Portuguese, and English: क़ (ق) is transliterated as q, ख़ (خ) as <u>kh</u>, ग़ (غ) as g, ज़ (ظ ,ز, or ض) as z, झ़ (ژ) as zh, and फ़ (ف) as f.}}</ref><ref name="PandeyMondalAgrawalBangalore2013">{{Cite book |last1=Pandey |first1=Dipti |last2=Mondal |first2=Tapabrata |last3=Agrawal |first3=S. S. |last4=Bangalore |first4=Srinivas |title=2013 International Conference Oriental COCOSDA held jointly with 2013 Conference on Asian Spoken Language Research and Evaluation (O-COCOSDA/CASLRE) |chapter=Development and suitability of Indian languages speech database for building watson based ASR system |date=2013 |page=3 |doi=10.1109/ICSDA.2013.6709861 |isbn=978-1-4799-2378-6 |s2cid=26461938 |quote=Only in Hindi 10 Phonemes व /v/ क़ /q/ ञ /ɲ/ य /j/ ष /ʂ/ ख़ /x/ ग़ /ɣ/ ज़ /z/ झ़ /ʒ/ फ़ /f/}}</ref><ref name="Rekhta2023">{{cite web |title=Meaning of azhdaha in English |url=https://www.rekhtadictionary.com/meaning-of-azhdahaa?lang=en |publisher=[[Rekhta Dictionary]] |access-date=12 December 2023 |language=en |date=2023}}</ref><br />
* /ŋ/ mostly only occurs in clusters before velars as in ''aṅkit'' but there are also words like ''tinkā, ākramaṇkārī, mumkin'' making it phonemic. Sanskritic loans with ṅ occurring elsewhere is made ṅg as in Sanskrit ''vāṅmaya'' being pronounced /ʋaːŋ(ɡ)mɛː/.<br />
<br />
Stops in final position are [[No audible release|not released]], although they continue to maintain the four-way phonation distinction in final position. {{IPA|/ʋ/}} varies freely with {{IPA|[v]}}, and can also be pronounced {{IPA|[w]}}. {{IPA|/r/}} is usually flapped or trilled.<ref>Nazir Hassan (1980) ''Urdu phonetic reader'', Omkar Nath Koul (1994) ''Hindi Phonetic Reader'', Indian Institute of Language Studies; Foreign Service Institute (1957) ''Hindi: Basic Course''</ref> In intervocalic position, it may have a single contact and be described as a flap {{IPAblink|ɾ}},<ref>"r is a tip dental trill, and often has but one flap", Thomas Cummings (1915) ''An Urdu Manual of the Phonetic, Inductive Or Direct Method''</ref> but it may also be a clear trill, especially in word-initial and syllable-final positions, and geminate {{IPA|/rː/}} is always a trill in Arabic and Persian loanwords, e.g. {{Transliteration|hi|zarā}} {{IPA|[zəɾaː]}} ({{lang|hi|ज़रा}} – {{lang|ur|{{nastaliq|ذرا}}}} 'little') versus well-trilled {{Transliteration|hi|zarrā}} {{IPA|[zəraː]}} ({{lang|hi|ज़र्रा}} – {{lang|ur|{{nastaliq|ذرّہ}}}} 'particle').<ref name="ohala102"/> The [[Palatal nasal|palatal]] and [[velar nasal]]s {{IPA|[ɲ, ŋ]}} occur only in consonant clusters, where each nasal is followed by a [[homorganic]] stop, as an allophone of a [[nasal vowel]] followed by a stop, and in Sanskrit loanwords.<ref name="Harvcoltxt|Shapiro|2003|p=260"/><ref name="ohala102"/> However /n/ + velar clusters also occur, eg. /ʊn.kaː/ making /ŋ/ phonemic. There are native murmured [[sonorant]]s, {{IPA|[lʱ, rʱ, mʱ, nʱ]}}, eg. nanhā, lhesnā, kulhāṛī, tumhārā (< ślakṣṇa, śleṣayati, kuṭhāra, yuṣme-) there are cases where mbh becomes mh as in sam(b)hālna, also from tatsamas e.g. arhat, but these are considered to be consonant clusters with {{IPA|/ɦ/}} in the analysis adopted by {{Harvcoltxt|Ohala|1999}}.<br />
<br />
The fricative {{IPA|/ɦ/}} in Hindustani is typically voiced (as {{IPA|[ɦ]}}), especially when surrounded by vowels, but there is no phonemic difference between this voiced fricative and its voiceless counterpart {{IPA|[h]}}.<br />
<br />
Hindustani also has a phonemic difference between the dental plosives and the so-called retroflex plosives. The dental plosives in Hindustani are laminal denti-alveolar as in [[Spanish language|Spanish]], and the tongue-tip must be well in contact with the back of the upper front teeth. The retroflex series is not purely retroflex; it actually has an apico-postalveolar (also described as apico-pre-palatal) articulation, and sometimes in words such as {{Transliteration|hi|ṭūṭā}} {{IPA|/ʈuːʈaː/}} ({{lang|hi|टूटा}} – {{lang|ur|{{nastaliq|ٹوٹا}}}} 'broken') it even becomes alveolar.<ref>Tiwari, Bholanath ([1966] 2004) {{lang|hi|हिन्दी भाषा}} ({{Transliteration|hi|Hindī Bhāshā}}), Kitāb Mahal, Allahabad, {{ISBN|81-225-0017-X}}.</ref><br />
<br />
In some [[Indo-Aryan languages]], the plosives {{IPA|[ɖ, ɖʱ]}} and the [[Flap consonant|flaps]] {{IPA|[ɽ, ɽʱ]}} are [[allophone]]s in [[complementary distribution]], with the former occurring in initial, geminate and postnasal positions and the latter occurring in intervocalic and final positions. However, in Standard Hindi they contrast in similar positions, as in {{Transliteration|hi|nīṛaj}} ({{lang|hi|नीड़ज}} – {{lang|ur|{{nastaliq|نیڑج}}}} 'bird') vs {{Transliteration|hi|niḍar}} ({{lang|hi|निडर}} – {{lang|ur|{{nastaliq|نڈر}}}} 'fearless').<ref name="masicapage97">{{Harvcoltxt|Masica|1991|p=97|quote=''.. The retroflex flap {{IPA|[ṛ]}} is often taken as an allophone of {{IPA|/ḍ/}}, with which it often stands in complementary distribution: initial, geminate, and postnasal for {{IPA|[ḍ]}}; intervocalic, final, and before or after other consonants for {{IPA|[ṛ]}}. It has, however, come to contrast with {{IPA|[ḍ]}} in at least some environments in Punjabi (sāṛī/sāḍī 'burnt'/'our,fsg.'), "Lahnda" (naṛī/vaḍī 'reed'/'big,f'), Sindhi (jhāṛū/pāḍū 'tree'/'ruin'), in Modern Standard Hindi (as noted earlier) (nīṛaj/niḍar 'bird'/'fearless', toṛ/roḍ 'break!'/'road' < Eng.), and in Bengali (primarily though English loans, cf Ferguson and Chowdhury 1960). It may be or is reported as phonemic also in Shina and some other Dardic languages, Dogri, Rajasthani (except Southern Mewari, Lamani, and Gujuri), various Western Hindi dialects (Haryanvi, Braj, Bundeli), and in several West Pahari dialects, notably the westernmost. ..''}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Allophony of {{IPA|[v]}} and {{IPA|[w]}}===<br />
Hindustani does not distinguish between {{IPA|[v]}} and {{IPA|[w]}}, specifically Hindi. These are distinct phonemes in English, but [[complementary distribution|conditional]] [[allophone]]s of the phoneme {{IPA|/ʋ/}} in Hindustani (written {{angbr|{{lang|hi|व}}}} in Hindi or {{angbr|{{lang|ur|{{nastaliq|و}}}}}} in Urdu), meaning that contextual rules determine when it is pronounced as {{IPA|[v]}} and when it is pronounced as {{IPA|[w]}}. {{IPA|/ʋ/}} is pronounced {{IPA|[w]}} in onglide position, i.e. between an onset consonant and a following vowel, as in {{Transliteration|hi|dvīp}} ({{lang|hi|द्वीप}} {{lang|ur|{{nastaliq|دویپ}}}}, 'island'), and {{IPA|[v]}} elsewhere, as in {{Transliteration|hi|vrat}} ({{lang|hi|व्रत}} {{lang|ur|{{nastaliq|ورت}}}}, 'vow'). Native Hindi speakers are usually unaware of the allophonic distinctions, though these are apparent to native English speakers.<ref name="ref25lojir">{{Cite book |author1=Janet Pierrehumbert |author2= Rami Nair |year=1996 |chapter=Implications of Hindi Prosodic Structure |editor1=Jacques Durand |editor2=Bernard Laks |title=Current Trends in Phonology: Models and Methods | publisher=European Studies Research Institute, University of Salford Press | isbn=978-1-901471-02-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_jqjQwAACAAJ | quote=''... showed extremely regular patterns. As is not uncommon in a study of subphonemic detail, the objective data patterned much more cleanly than intuitive judgments ... {{IPA|[w]}} occurs when /{{lang|hi|व}} {{lang|ur|{{nastaliq|و}}}}/ is in onglide position ... {{IPA|[v]}} occurs otherwise ...''}}</ref><br />
<br />
When {{IPA|/ʋ/}} is preceded by a consonant which itself is preceded by a vowel (i.e. in the environment ''VC_''), the allophony is [[free variation|non-conditional]], i.e. the speaker can choose {{IPA|[v]}}, {{IPA|[w]}}, or an intermediate sound based on personal habit and preference, and still be perfectly intelligible. This is due to ambiguity in the [[syllabification]] of such words. For example, ''advait'' ({{lang|hi|अद्वैत}} {{lang|ur|{{nastaliq|ادویت}}}}) which is underlyingly {{IPA|/əd̪ʋɛːt̪/}}, may be syllabified as {{IPA|/ə.d̪ʋɛːt̪/}}, {{IPA|/əd̪.ʋɛːt̪/}}, or {{IPA|/əd̪.d̪ʋɛːt̪/}}. Accordingly, the word can be pronounced equally correctly as {{IPA|[əˈd̪wɛːt̪]}}, {{IPA|[əd̪ˈvɛːt̪]}}, or {{IPA|[əd̪ˈd̪wɛːt̪]}}.<ref name="ref25lojir"/><br />
<br />
In final clusters, {{IPA|/ʋ/}} is {{IPA|[w]}} when preceded by a more [[sonorous]] consonant and {{IPA|[v]}} otherwise. For example, {{Transliteration|hi|dvandv}} ({{lang|hi|द्वन्द्व}} {{lang|ur|{{nastaliq|دوندو}}}}, 'pair') is pronounced {{IPA|[d̪wən̪d̪w]}}, but {{Transliteration|hi|garv}} ({{lang|hi|गर्व}} {{lang|ur|{{nastaliq|گرو}}}}, 'pride') is pronounced {{IPA|[gəɾv]}}.<ref name="ref25lojir"/><br />
<br />
===External borrowing===<br />
[[Sanskrit]] borrowing has reintroduced {{IPA|/ɳ/}} and {{IPA|/ʂ/}} into formal Modern Standard Hindi. They occur primarily in Sanskrit loanwords and proper nouns. In casual speech, they are usually replaced with {{IPA|/n/}} and {{IPA|/ʃ/}}.<ref name="Harvcoltxt|Ohala|1999|p=101"/> {{IPA|/ɳ/}} does not occur word-initially and has a nasalized flap {{IPA|[ɽ̃]}} as a common [[allophone]].<ref name="Harvcoltxt|Shapiro|2003|p=260"/><br />
<br />
Loanwords from [[Persian language|Persian]] (including some words which Persian itself borrowed from Arabic or Turkic) introduced six consonants, {{IPA|/f, z, ʒ, q, x, ɣ/}}. Being Persian in origin, these are seen as a defining feature of Urdu, although these sounds officially exist in Hindi and modified [[Devanagari]] characters are available to represent them.<ref name="A Primer for Modern Standard Hindi">{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vvuP8sD1wloC&q=A+Primer+of+modern+standard+Hindi++By+Michael+C.+Shapiro&pg=PR5| title = A Primer of Modern Standard Hindi| year = 1989|publisher = Motilal Banarsidass| isbn = 9788120805088|access-date = 2009-08-25}}</ref><ref name="Association for Computational Linguistics">{{cite web|url = http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C/C08/C08-1068.pdf| title = Hindi Urdu Machine Transliteration using Finite-state Transducers|publisher = Association for Computational Linguistics|access-date = 2009-08-25}}</ref> Among these, {{IPA|/f, z/}}, also found in English and Portuguese loanwords, are now considered well-established in Hindi; indeed, {{IPA|/f/}} appears to be encroaching upon and replacing {{IPA|/pʰ/}} even in native (non-Persian, non-English, non-Portuguese) Hindi words as well as many other Indian languages such as [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]], as happened in Greek with [[phi]].<ref name="Harvcoltxt|Shapiro|2003|p=260"/> This {{IPA|/pʰ/}} to {{IPA|/f/}} shift also occasionally occurs in Urdu.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OtCPAgAAQBAJ&q=editions:oREZJn85rOIC|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages|first1=Danesh|last1=Jain|first2=George|last2=Cardona|date=26 July 2007|publisher=Routledge|page=338|isbn=9781135797119|via=Google Books}}</ref> While [z] is a foreign sound, it is also natively found as an allophone of /s/ beside voiced consonants, eg, rasgullā, nasbandī. Similarly v can get devoiced before voiceless consonants, eg. bevkūf.<br />
<br />
The other three Persian loans, {{IPA|/q, x, ɣ/}}, are still considered to fall under the domain of Urdu, and are also used by some Hindi speakers; however, other Hindi speakers may assimilate these sounds to {{IPA|/k, kʰ, g/}} respectively.<ref name="Dover1981"/><ref name="A Primer for Modern Standard Hindi"/><ref name="Harvcoltxt|Masica|1991|p=92">{{Harvcoltxt|Masica|1991|p=92}}</ref> The sibilant {{IPA|/ʃ/}} is found in loanwords from all sources (Arabic, English, Portuguese, Persian, Sanskrit) and is well-established.<ref name="Harvcoltxt|Ohala|1999|p=101"/> Some Hindi speakers (especially those from rural areas) pronounce the {{IPA|/f, z, ʃ/}} sounds as {{IPA|/pʰ, dʒ, s/}}, though these same speakers, having a Sanskritic education, may hyperformally uphold {{IPA|/ɳ/}} and {{IPA|/ʂ/|cat=no}}.<ref name="Shapiro1989">{{cite book |last1=Shapiro |first1=Michael C. |title=A Primer of Modern Standard Hindi |date=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-0508-8 |page=20 |language=English |quote=In addition to the basic consonantal sounds discussed in sections 3.1 and 3.2, many speakers use any or all five additional consonants (क़ ''ḳ'', ख़ ''ḳh'',ग़ ''ġ'', ज़ ''z'', फ़ ''f'') in words of foreign origin (primarily from Persian, Arabic, English, and Portuguese). The last two of these, ज़ ''z'' and फ़ ''f'', are the initial sounds in English ''zig'' and ''fig'' respectively. The consonant क़ ''ḳ'' is a voiceless uvular stop, somewhat like ''k'', but pronounced further back in the mouth. ख़ ''ḳh'' is a voiceless fricative similar in pronunciation to the final sound of the German ''ach''. ग़ ''ġ'' is generally pronounced as a voiceless uvular fricative, although it is occasionally heard as a stop rather than a fricative. In ''devanāgari'' each of these five sounds is represented by the use of a subscript dot under one of the basic consonant signs.}}</ref><ref name="KulshreshthaMathur2012">{{cite book |last1=Kulshreshtha |first1=Manisha |last2=Mathur |first2=Ramkumar |title=Dialect Accent Features for Establishing Speaker Identity: A Case Study |date=24 March 2012 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-1-4614-1137-6 |page=19 |language=en |quote=A few sounds, borrowed from the other languages like Persian and Arabic, are written with a dot (bindu or nukta) as shown in Table 2.2. …those who come from rural backgrounds and do not speak really good Khariboli, pronounce these sounds as the nearest equivalents in Hindi.}}</ref> In contrast, for native speakers of Urdu, the maintenance of {{IPA|/f, z, ʃ/}} is not commensurate with education and sophistication, but is characteristic of all social levels.<ref name="Harvcoltxt|Masica|1991|p=92"/> The sibilant {{IPA|/ʒ/}}, found in loanwords from Persian, Portuguese, and English, is very rare and is considered to fall under the domain of Urdu; although it is officially present in Hindi, many speakers of Hindi assimilate it to {{IPA|/z/}} or {{IPA|/dʒ/}}.<ref name="Morelli2019"/><ref name="KulshreshthaMathur2012"/><br />
<br />
Being the main sources from which Hindustani draws its higher, learned terms, English, Sanskrit, Arabic, and to a lesser extent Persian provide loanwords with a rich array of [[consonant cluster]]s. The introduction of these clusters into the language contravenes a historical tendency within its native core vocabulary to eliminate clusters through processes such as cluster reduction and [[epenthesis]].<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Shapiro|2003|p=261}}</ref> {{Harvcoltxt|Schmidt|2003|p=293}} lists distinctively Sanskrit/Hindi biconsonantal clusters of initial {{IPA|/kr, kʃ, st, sʋ, ʃr, sn, nj/}} and final {{IPA|/tʋ, ʃʋ, nj, lj, rʋ, dʒj, rj/}}, and distinctively Perso-Arabic/Urdu biconsonantal clusters of final {{IPA|/ft, rf, mt, mr, ms, kl, tl, bl, sl, tm, lm, ɦm, ɦr/}}.<br />
<br />
==Suprasegmental features==<br />
Hindustani has a [[stress accent]], but it is not as important as in [[Stress and vowel reduction in English|English]]. To predict stress placement, the concept of [[syllable weight]] is needed:<br />
* A light syllable (one [[mora (linguistics)|mora]]) ends in a short vowel {{IPA|/ə, ɪ, ʊ/}}: V<br />
* A heavy syllable (two moras) ends in a long vowel {{IPA|/aː, iː, uː, eː, ɛː, oː, ɔː/}} or in a short vowel and a consonant: VV, VC<br />
* An extra-heavy syllable (three moras) ends in a long vowel and a consonant, or a short vowel and two consonants: VVC, VCC<br />
Stress is on the heaviest syllable of the word, and in the event of a tie, on the last such syllable. If all syllables are light, the [[penult]]imate is stressed. However, the final mora of the word is ignored when making this assignment (Hussein 1997) [or, equivalently, the final syllable is stressed either if it is extra-heavy, and there is no other extra-heavy syllable in the word or if it is heavy, and there is no other heavy or extra-heavy syllable in the word]. For example, with the ignored mora in parentheses:<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Hayes|1995|p=276}}</ref><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+Examples of Hindustani stress<br />
!Hindi spelling<br />
!Urdu spelling<br />
!Romanization<br />
!Pronunciation<br />
!Gloss<br />
|-<br />
|[[Wiktionary:रेज़गारी|रेज़गारी]]<br />
|{{nq|ریزگاری}}<br />
|'''rez'''gārī<br />
|[ˈreːz.ɡaː.ri(ː)]<br />
|small change, coins<br />
|-<br />
|[[Wiktionary:समिति|समिति]]<br />
|{{nq|سَمِتی}}<br />
|sa'''mi'''ti<br />
|[sə.ˈmɪ.t(ɪ)]<br />
|committee<br />
|-<br />
|[[Wiktionary:क़िस्मत|क़िस्मत]]<br />
|{{nq|قسمت}}<br />
|'''qis'''mat<br />
|[ˈqɪs.mə(t)]<br />
|fate<br />
|-<br />
|[[Wiktionary:रोज़ाना|रोज़ाना]]<br />
|{{nq|روزانہ}}<br />
|ro'''zā'''nā<br />
|[roː.ˈzaː.na(ː)]<br />
|daily<br />
|-<br />
|[[Wiktionary:किधर|किधर]]<br />
|{{nq|کِدھر}}<br />
|ki'''dhar'''<br />
|[kɪ.ˈdʱə(r)]<br />
|where, where to<br />
|-<br />
|[[Wiktionary:जनाब|जनाब]]<br />
|{{nq|جناب}}<br />
|ja'''nāb'''<br />
|[dʒə.ˈnaː(b)]<br />
|sir, mister<br />
|-<br />
|[[Wiktionary:असबाब|असबाब]]<br />
|{{nq|اسباب}}<br />
|as'''bāb'''<br />
|[əs.ˈbaː(b)]<br />
|goods, property<br />
|-<br />
|[[Wiktionary:मुसलमान|मुसलमान]]<br />
|{{nq|مسلمان}}<br />
|musal'''mān'''<br />
|[mʊ.səl.ˈmaː(n)]<br />
|Muslim<br />
|-<br />
|[[Wiktionary:परवरदिगार|परवरदिगार]]<br />
|{{nq|پروردگار}}<br />
|parvardi'''gār'''<br />
|[pər.ʋər.dɪ.ˈɡaː(r)]<br />
|epithet of God<br />
|}<br />
Content words in Hindustani normally begin on a low [[Intonation (linguistics)|pitch]], followed by a rise in pitch.<ref>http://www.und.nodak.edu/dept/linguistics/theses/2001Dyrud.PDF Dyrud, Lars O. (2001) ''Hindi-Urdu: Stress Accent or Non-Stress Accent?'' (University of North Dakota, master's thesis)</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.speech.sri.com/people/rao/papers/icslp96_wbhyp.pdf |title=Word boundary detection using pitch variations |access-date=2007-10-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025082631/http://www.speech.sri.com/people/rao/papers/icslp96_wbhyp.pdf |archive-date=25 October 2007 |df=dmy-all }} Ramana Rao, G.V. and Srichand, J. (1996) ''Word Boundary Detection Using Pitch Variations.'' ([[IIT Madras]], Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering)</ref> Strictly speaking, Hindustani, like most other Indian languages, is rather a [[syllable-timed language]]. The [[schwa]] {{IPA|/ə/}} has a strong tendency to [[Schwa deletion in Indo-Aryan languages|vanish]] into nothing (syncopated) if its syllable is unaccented.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Schwa deletion in Indo-Aryan languages]]<br />
* [[Urdu alphabet]]<br />
* [[Devanagari]]<br />
* [[Phonological history of Hindustani]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
{{Commons|:Category:Hindi pronunciation|Hindi pronunciation}}<br />
{{Commons|:Category:Urdu pronunciation|Urdu pronunciation}}<br />
<br />
*{{citation<br />
|last1=Cardona<br />
|first1=George<br />
|last2=Jain<br />
|first2=Dhanesh<br />
|year=2003<br />
|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages<br />
|publisher=Routledge<br />
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iUHfBQAAQBAJ<br />
|isbn=9781135797102<br />
}}<br />
<br />
* {{citation<br />
| last= Masica<br />
| first= Colin<br />
| author-link= Colin Masica<br />
| year= 1991<br />
| title= The Indo-Aryan Languages<br />
| place= Cambridge<br />
| publisher= Cambridge University Press<br />
| isbn= 978-0-521-29944-2<br />
| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=J3RSHWePhXwC<br />
}}.<br />
* {{citation<br />
| last= Hayes<br />
| first= Bruce<br />
| year= 1995<br />
| title= Metrical stress theory<br />
| publisher= University of Chicago Press<br />
}}.<br />
* {{citation<br />
| last= Hussein<br />
| first= Sarmad<br />
| year= 1997<br />
| title= Phonetic Correlates of Lexical Stress in Urdu<br />
| publisher= Northwestern University<br />
}}.<br />
* {{citation<br />
|last=Kachru<br />
|first=Yamuna<br />
|author-link=Yamuna Kachru<br />
|year=2006<br />
|title=Hindi<br />
|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing<br />
|isbn=90-272-3812-X<br />
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ooH5VfLTQEQC<br />
}}.<br />
*{{cite book<br />
|last=Kelkar<br />
|first=Ashok R.<br />
|year=1968<br />
|title=Studies in Hindi-Urdu, I: Introduction and Word Phonology <br />
|location=Poona <br />
|publisher=Deccan College <br />
|series=Building Centenary and Silver Jubilee Series, 35<br />
}}<br />
* {{citation<br />
|last = Ohala<br />
|first = Manjari<br />
|chapter = Hindi<br />
|editor-last = International Phonetic Association<br />
|year = 1999<br />
|title = Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: a Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet<br />
|publisher = Cambridge University Press<br />
|chapter-url = https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_hin_phon-3<br />
|pages = 100–103<br />
|isbn = 978-0-521-63751-0<br />
}}<br />
* {{citation<br />
| last= Schmidt<br />
| first= Ruth Laila<br />
| year= 2003<br />
| chapter= Urdu<br />
| chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=jPR2OlbTbdkC&pg=PA286<br />
| editor1-last= Cardona<br />
| editor1-first= George<br />
| editor2-last= Jain<br />
| editor2-first= Dhanesh<br />
| title= The Indo-Aryan Languages<br />
| publisher= Routledge<br />
| isbn= 978-0-415-77294-5<br />
| pages= 286–350<br />
}}.<br />
* {{citation<br />
| last= Shapiro<br />
| first= Michael C.<br />
| year= 2003<br />
| chapter= Hindi<br />
| chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=jPR2OlbTbdkC&pg=PA250<br />
| editor1-last= Cardona<br />
| editor1-first= George<br />
| editor2-last= Jain<br />
| editor2-first= Dhanesh<br />
| title= The Indo-Aryan Languages<br />
| publisher= Routledge<br />
| isbn= 978-0-415-77294-5<br />
| pages= 250–285<br />
}}.<br />
<br />
{{Hindi topics}}<br />
{{Urdu topics}}<br />
{{Language phonologies}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hindustani Phonology}}<br />
[[Category:Hindustani language]]<br />
[[Category:Urdu]]<br />
[[Category:Indo-Aryan phonologies]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi]]</div>VLSLester417456https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=J._Kamatchi&diff=504898J. Kamatchi2026-05-05T11:38:55Z<p>VLSLester417456: created some stub w/ infobox.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1982)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}<br />
<br />
'''J. Kamatchi''' (born 1982) is an Indian politician from [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=J.Kamatchi, PALLAVARAM constituency, TVK, Tamilnadu Assembly Election 2026: Profile & Affidavit |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/candidates/Tamilnadu2026/j-kamatchi-302/ |access-date=2026-05-05 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref> She is a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly]] from Pallavaram Assembly constituency in Chengalpattu district representing the [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]].<br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Kamatchi is from [[Sholinganallur]], Tamil Nadu. She married Jayakrishnan. She went to Avvai Home TVR Girls Higher Secondary School and passed Class 12 in 1998. She runs her own business. She declared assets worth Rs.106 crore in her affidavit to the [[Election Commission of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2026 |title=BATTLEGROUND -2026 - J Kamatchi |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/tamil-nadu/assembly-election-candidates-list-2026/j-kamatchi-22030-2 |access-date=5 May 2026 |website=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=J.Kamatchi(Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam):Constituency- PALLAVARAM(CHENGALPATTU) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/TamilNadu2026/candidate.php?candidate_id=302 |access-date=2026-05-05 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Kamatchi began her political life with TVK and became an MLA for the first time winning the [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Pallavaram Assembly constituency]] representing the Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam. She polled 1,33,611 votes and defeated her nearest rival, [[D. Murugesan (politician)|D. Murugesan]] of the [[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam]], by a margin of 54,693 votes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-05-05 |title=Pallavaram election results 2026: TVK’s J Kamatchi wins by 54,693 votes, defeats DMDK and AIADMK |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pallavaram-election-results-2026/articleshow/130669695.cms |access-date=2026-05-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2026 |title=Pallavaram election result LIVE: J Kamatchi of TVK wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/pallavaram-tamil-nadu-assembly-2026-winner-live-updates-highlights-exaxt-en-liveblog-10072048.html |access-date=5 May 2026 |website=News18}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kamatchi, J.}}<br />
[[Category:1982 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Women members of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]<br />
[[Category:People from Chengalpattu district]]</div>VLSLester417456https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Endapalli,_Eluru_district&diff=498494Endapalli, Eluru district2026-05-03T10:54:21Z<p>VLSLester417456: created basic place added tags.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Endapalli<br />
|pulavaram native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = te<br />
| other_name = <br />
<br />
| settlement_type = [[Village]]<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| mapframe = yes<br />
| mapframe-zoom = 14<br />
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|17.2479|N|81.6432|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Eluru district|Eluru]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <ref name=census>{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook - West Godavari|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2815_PART_B_DCHB_WEST%20GODAVARI.pdf|website=Census of India|accessdate=20 February 2016|pages=22,176|format=PDF}}</ref><br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = 21<br />
| population_total = <br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=627847|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=26 July 2014}}</ref><br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 534 460<br />
| registration_plate = AP 37<br />
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]<br />
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|hot]] <small>([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])</small><br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br />
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank2_info_sec1 = Eluru<br />
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank3_info_sec1 = <br />
| MLA = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Endapalli''' is a village in [[Eluru district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is located in [[Chintalapudi mandal]].<br />
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==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Eluru district]]<br />
<br />
{{AndhraPradesh-stub}}</div>VLSLester417456https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shambuka&diff=534471Shambuka2026-04-30T12:20:23Z<p>VLSLester417456: new a entry</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Character in Hindu scripture}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}<br />
[[File:Rama kill shambuka.jpg |thumb|Rama slays Shambuka. Illustration from a [[Mughal miniature]] of the Ramayana.]]<br />
'''Shambuka''' ({{Langx|sa|शम्बूक}}, [[IAST]]: śambūka) is a character in some editions of the [[Ramayana]]. Some say that the character and his story are an interpolation which is not found in the original Valmiki ''[[Ramayana]]'' but in a later addition called ''[[Ramayana#Uttara Kanda|Uttara Kanda]]''.<ref name="Paula_2008" /><ref name = Goldman2022>{{cite book|last1=Goldman|first1=Robert|last2=Goldman|first2=Sally|title=The Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki: The Complete English Translation|date=2022|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=9780691225029}}{{rp|7–8}}</ref>{{Disputed inline|First Sentence Compromise|date=January 2024}}<br />
<br />
According to this version, Shambuka, a shudra ascetic, was killed by the god [[Rama]] (protagonist of the ''Ramayana'') for attempting to perform [[Tapas (Indian religions)|tapas]] (austerities) in violation of [[dharma]], resulting in the bad [[karma]] which caused the death of a [[Brahmin]]'s son.<ref>Government of Maharashtra, ''Nasik District Gazetteer:'' {{cite web |url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/nasik/005%20History/001%20AncientPeriod.htm |title=History - Ancient Period |access-date=2006-10-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061107163101/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/nasik/005%20History/001%20AncientPeriod.htm |archive-date=7 November 2006 |df=dmy-all }} (text credited to Mahamahopadhyaya Dr. V. V. Mirashi)</ref><ref name="Prasad57" /><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fi9nnQAACAAJ |title=Śrīmad Vālmīki-Rāmāyaṇa |publisher=[[Gita Press]] |year=1992 |edition=3 |volume=Part III - Yuddha Kāṇḍa and Uttara Kāṇḍa |pages=2130–2135 |language=English, Sanskrit |chapter=Cantos LXXV-LXXVI (75-76) |oclc=27360288 |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405165759/https://books.google.com/books?id=fi9nnQAACAAJ |archive-date=5 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
The story is regarded to be created at a later period.<ref name="Nadkarni" /> While the ''Uttara Kanda (''including Shambuka's tale) is generally regarded as a later interpolation to the original epic,<ref name="Paula_2008">{{cite book |author=Paula Richman |title=Ramayana Stories in Modern South India: An Anthology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c-p9Iyk3lpkC&pg=PA111 |year=2008 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-21953-4 |page=111 |access-date=27 April 2020 |archive-date=6 August 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.org/details/ramayanastoriesi0000unse/page/110/mode/2up |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0"/> the Book is considered part of "ongoing Ramayana tradition" and part of the ''Valmiki Ramayana''.<ref name="Paula_2008" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sattar |first=Arshia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pRtwDQAAQBAJ&q=uttara+the+book+of+answers |title=Uttara: The Book of Answers |date=2016-11-14 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |isbn=978-93-85990-35-9 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Shambhuka is alluded in the epic [[Mahabharata]]; his story retold in some versions of the ''Ramayana''.<ref name=Buitenen1973 /> In [[Jain literature]], the story of Shambuka is different and he is [[Surpanakha]]’s son.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/news/opinion/article/surpanakhas-shambuk-23292936|title=Surpanakha's Shambuk|date=18 June 2023 }}</ref><br />
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==Legend in the Uttara Kanda of the Ramayana==<br />
According to this story, when [[Rama]] was ruling [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]], a [[Brahmin]] approached the court and told everyone that his young son has died due to the misrule of Rama. Rama immediately called a meeting with all his ministers and enquired about the cause of this. The sage [[Narada]] told him that this has happened due to a violation of a rule of ''[[Tapas (Indian religions)|tapas]]'' (austerities). Narada informed him that a [[shudra]] was performing tapas, which was prohibited in the age of [[Treta]]. So Rama went in search of the shudra and found the place where Shambuka was performing penance. After confirming that Shambuka is indeed a shudra, Rama killed him. The gods praised Rama for this act and congratulated him for protecting their interests and for not allowing shudra to attain heaven in person. Brahmin's son was also resurrected.<ref name="Paula_2008" /><ref name="Prasad57">{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/The.Ramayana.of.Valmiki.by.Hari.Prasad.Shastri/page/n1583 | title=The Ramayana of Valmiki | author=Hari Prasad Shastri | publisher=Shanti Sadan | year=1957 | isbn=978-0-8542-4048-7 | volume=III - Yuddha Kanda and Uttara Kanda| pages=583–586| oclc=654387657 |ol=OL8651428W |language=English}}</ref><br />
<br />
The ''Uttara Kanda'' - dated to post-Vedic period (3rd to 2nd century BCE)<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tFdjAAAAMAAJ&q=+later+Vedic+times+ |title=Indologica Taurinensia |date=2005 |publisher=Istituto di indologia |pages=245 |language=en}}</ref> is regarded an interpolation to the original epic.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="Paula_2008" /><ref name=":0">{{cite book |title=An Introduction to Eastern Ways of Thinking |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |page=158 |quote=By now, it can be confirmly said the ' Uttarkand ' of Ramayana is an interpolation of quite later period}}</ref><br />
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== Appearance in other texts ==<br />
[[File:Sri Rama meets muni Shambhuka.jpg|alt=Valmiki Ramayan I Gita Press Gorakhpur by MahaMuni|thumb|Valmiki Ramayan I Gita Press Gorakhpur by MahaMuni महामुनि का संग्रह"]]<br />
Shambuka is alluded in 12.149.61.62<ref name=Buitenen1973>{{Cite book |last1=Buitenen |first1=Johannes Adrianus Bernardus |url= |title=The Mahabharata, Volume 7: Book 11: The Book of the Women Book 12: The Book of Peace, Part 1 |last2=Fitzgerald |first2=James L. |date=1973 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-25250-6 |page=814 |language=en}}</ref> in the epic ''[[Mahabharata]]'' (Principally compiled in 3rd century BCE–4th century CE), in a debate between a jackal and a vulture at a cremation ground. The jackal urges the family of a dead young boy to not abandon him at the cremation ground citing how Rama revives a dead Brahmin boy and slew the sudra Shambuka.<ref>Sherraden pp. 1-2</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Mahabharata, Book 12: Santi Parva: Apaddharmanusasana Parva: Section CLIII |url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m12/m12a152.htm |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=sacred-texts.com}} [[Kisari Mohan Ganguli]] p. 338, Note 338:1</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Raghavan |first=Venkatarama |title=The Greater Ramayana |date=1973 |publisher=All-India Kashiraj Trust |page=27 |language=en |author-link=V. Raghavan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vWhBAgAAQBAJ&dq=sHambuka+jackal&pg=PT594 |title=The Mahabharata: Volume 8 |date=2015-06-01 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-93-5118-567-3 |pages=Note 157 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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The Shambuka also appears in [[Raghuvaṃśa]], an epic poem composed by celebrated Sanskrit poet [[Kālidāsa]] in 5th century CE; [[Uttararamacarita|Uttaramacarita]], a Sanskrit play composed by [[Bhavabhuti]] in 7th century CE and the 15th century Sanskrit text ''[[Ananda Ramayana]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Richman |first=Paula |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7RW6MrAiJ-0C&q=sambuka |title=Questioning Ramayanas: A South Asian Tradition |date=2001 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520220744 |pages=54, 95–96 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |author=Kalidasa, Mallinatha, M R Kaale |url=https://archive.org/details/raghuvamsaofkali00kliduoft/page/xxii/mode/2up?q=sambuka |title=The Raghuvamsa of Kalidasa : with the commentary (the Samjivani) of Mallinatha |date=1922 |publisher=Bombay : P.S. Rege |page=22 |language=en |oclc=1051754532}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |author=Kalidasa, Mallinatha, M R Kaale |title=The Raghuvamsa of Kalidasa : with the commentary (the Samjivani) of Mallinatha |date=1922 |publisher=Bombay : P.S. Rege |language=en |oclc=223345573}}</ref> Rama's killing of Shambuka is also mentioned in verse 749 in prabandham 'Perumal Thirumozhi' (sung by [[Kulasekara Alvar]]) of [[Naalayira Divya Prabandham]], a collection of 4,000 verses composed by the 12 [[Alvars]].<ref>{{Cite book |author=Kulasekara Alvar |url=https://www.projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/pdf/pm0512_02.pdf |title=Perumal Thirumozhi, Naalayira Divya Prabandham |publisher=Project Madurai |pages=131 |language=en}}</ref> The legend is also covered in the ''[[Ramavataram]]'' written by Tamil poet [[Kambar (poet)|Kambar]] in the 12th century.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mani|first=Vettam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mvXsDwAAQBAJ&q=Jambavan&pg=PP5|title=Puranic Encyclopedia: A Comprehensive Work with Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature|date=2015-01-01|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0597-2|language=en|pages=678–9}}</ref><br />
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This story is missing in later renditions of the Ramayana such as the ''[[Ramcharitmanas]]'', written by [[Tulsidas]] in the 16th century, which ends with coronation of Rama.<ref name="Rinehart">{{Cite book |last=Rinehart |first=Robin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hMPYnfS_R90C&q=shambuka+tulsidas&pg=PA246 |title=Contemporary Hinduism: Ritual, Culture, and Practice |date=2004 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-57607-905-8 |location= |pages=246 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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== Reception ==<br />
[[File:Ram Temple, Ramtek - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Rama Temple at [[Ramtek]] (10th century, restored)<ref>{{cite book |author=Hans Bakker |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=McwUAAAAIAAJ |title=The History of Sacred Places in India As Reflected in Traditional Literature: Papers on Pilgrimage in South Asia |publisher=BRILL |year=1990 |isbn=90-04-09318-4 |pages=70–73}}</ref> owes its origins to Shambuka as per local legend.]]<br />
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According to local temple legend, Rama temple at [[Ramtek]] owes its origin to Shambuka. It is believed that Shambuka performed his ''tapas'' on Ramtek hill. Rama granted Shambuka three boons at his request: Rama stay in Ramtek (origin of the temple), Shambuka's corpse be turned into a [[Lingam|''shivalinga'']] (icon of the god [[Shiva]]). Devotees worship Shambuka before worshipping Rama, as per the last boon.<ref>Paula Richman in Sherraden p. xviii</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Leslie |first=Julia |url= |title=Authority and Meaning in Indian Religions: Hinduism and the Case of Valmiki |date=2017-11-22 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-77299-0 |page=116 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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Authors such as [[Rabindranath Tagore]], [[Mahatma Gandhi]] treat the character of Shambuka as an interpolation and creation of a later period.<ref>{{cite book|title=An Alternative Idea of India: Tagore and Vivekananda|page=83|publisher=Taylor & Francis|author=Gangeya Mukherji|date=29 November 2020 |isbn=9781000083774}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Gandhi and Social Order|page=14|publisher=Research Publications in Social Sciences|quote=Mahatma Gandhi , on the other hand, has regarded this entire story as an interpolation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BvVLbL0dzqkC|author1=D. K. Misra|author2=Shambhu Lal Doshi|author3=C. M. Jain|year=1972|isbn=9780896843950|access-date=19 May 2022|archive-date=19 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519212723/https://books.google.com/books?id=BvVLbL0dzqkC|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Pushtimarg]] [[Vaishnav]]ite tradition points out that the ''Ramayana'' refers to other shudras, such as [[Shabari]], who lived in the forest. Shambuka therefore deliberately violated dharma in order to get Rama's attention, and attained salvation when he was beheaded.<ref>Motiramji Sastri, ''Ramayan'' (in Gujarati) (Ahmedabad, 1961).</ref><br />
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K.R. Raju termed the story of Shambuka as "frivolous" and "maliciously fabricated".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=keZtAAAAMAAJ Untouchability Affire] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405192806/https://books.google.com/books?id=keZtAAAAMAAJ |date=5 April 2023 }}, p.17, 1997</ref><br />
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=== Relationship to Caste System ===<br />
<br />
The Shambuka story is connected to discussions of the [[caste system]], because it positively portrays Rama's killing of Shambuka.<ref name="Nadkarni">{{cite journal |last=Nadkarni |first=M. V. |year=2003 |title=Is Caste System Intrinsic to Hinduism? Demolishing a Myth |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/4414252 |url-status=live |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=38 |issue=45 |page=4787 |issn=2349-8846 |jstor=4414252 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112191423/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4414252 |archive-date=12 November 2022 |access-date=12 November 2022}}</ref> Shambuka acts outside his caste, so he is a threat to the social order.<ref>{{cite book|last=Doniger|first=Wendy|date=November 2010|title=The Hindus - An Alternative History|url=https://archive.org/details/TheHindusAnAlternativeHistorygnv64/page/n235/mode/2up|publisher=Penguin Books|page=235|isbn=978-0143116691}}</ref> Rinehart notes that "the Shambuka story is well known to low castes, who identify with the mistreated Shambuka."<ref name="Rinehart" /> Similar criticisms have been made for centuries: the eighth-century play Uttararamacharita portrays Rama as regretful, and as forced by duty to kill Shambuka to uphold the social order.{{r|Paula_2008|p=9}} The same point was made explicitly in [[B.R. Ambedkar]]'s essay, [[Annihilation of Caste]], in which he points to Shambuka's story as evidence that the caste system can only be maintained by the threat of lethal force.<ref name="Ambedkar">{{cite speech |title=Annihilation of Caste|first=Bhimrao Ramji |last=Ambedkar |date=1936 |event=The 1936 Annual Conference of the Jat-Pat-Todak Mandal of Lahore (not delivered) |url=http://www.ambedkar.org/ambcd/02.Annihilation%20of%20Caste.htm }}</ref> Indian social activist and politician [[Periyar]] vehemently criticized Rama for his mistreatment of the Shudras, citing Shambuka's example.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Richman |first=Paula |date=2018-03-09 |title=Why Periyar was critical of the Ramayana (and Rama) |url=https://scroll.in/article/871237/part-and-parcel-of-the-north-indian-worldview-why-periyar-was-critical-of-the-ramayana-and-rama |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
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These themes have appeared in modern literary work in the form of re-tellings of the Shambuka story.<ref name="richman2">{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=The Ramayana Revisited|editor-first=Bose|editor-last=Mandakranta|title=Why Can't a Shudra Perform Asceticism? Sambuka in Three Modern South Indian Plays|first=Paula|last=Richman|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2004|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195168334/page/124/mode/2up}}</ref> Multiple plays have reimagined the story, variously modifying it to depict Rama as a servant of the ruling class ([[T. Ramaswamy Choudary]]'s ''Sambuka Vadha'' (1920)), to have Shambuka act as mouthpiece for anti-caste scholars (Thiruvarur K. Thangaraju's ''Ramayana Natakam'' (1954)), or to have Shambuka live and instead help the Brahmin who accused him to achieve enlightenment ([[Kuvempu]]'s ''Shudra Tapasvi'' (1944)).<ref name="richman2" /> The 1977 film [[Kanchana Sita]], based on a [[Kanchana Sita (play)|1961 play by the same name]], depicts Rama as caught in inner conflict between ''moksha'' (the desire for enlightenment) and ''artha'' (the desire for sovereign power).<ref name="zacharias">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Ramayana Stories in Modern South India: An Anthology |last=Zacharias |first=Usha |year=2008|editor=Paula Richman|chapter=Union with Nature: Prakriti and sovereignty in Aravindan's Kanchana Sita|pages=99–107|publisher=[[Indiana University Press]]|location=Bloomington |isbn=978-0-253-34988-0}}</ref><br />
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==In popular culture==<br />
<br />
*''Sambuka Vadha'' ("The Slaying of Sambuka"), a 1920 [[Telugu language|Telugu]] play by [[T. Ramaswamy Choudary]] {{r|richman2|p=127}}<br />
*''Shudra Tapasvi'' ("The Shudra Ascetic") a 1944 play by celebrated [[Kannada]] poet [[Kuvempu]].{{r|richman2|p=133}}<br />
*1954 play, ''Ramayana Natakam'' ("Ramayana Drama"), by [[Tamils|Tamil]] journalist, playwright, and actor Thiruvarur K. Thangaraju{{r|richman2|p=129}}<br />
*[[Kanchana Sita (play)|Kanchana Sita]], a 1961 play by [[Malayalam]] playwright [[C. N. Sreekantan Nair]].<br />
*[[Kanchana Sita]], a 1977 film based on the 1961 play of the same name, by [[Kerala]] filmmaker [[G. Aravindan|Govindan Aravindan]].<ref name="zacharias" /><br />
*''[[Teesri Azadi]]'', a film on [[caste system in India|caste system]] depicts the story of Shambuka.<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Sherraden |first=Aaron|title=Śambūka and the Rāmāyaṇa Tradition: A History of Motifs and Motives in South Asia |date=2023-08-01 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=978-1-83998-471-6 |language=en}}<br />
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{{Ramayana}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Characters in the Ramayana]]<br />
[[Category:Hinduism-related controversies]]</div>VLSLester417456https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yogesh_Kathuniya&diff=546275Yogesh Kathuniya2026-04-24T12:09:43Z<p>VLSLester417456: new a data.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian Para-discus thrower}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox sportsperson<br />
| name = Yogesh Kathuniya<br />
| image = Yogesh Kathuniya in September 2024.jpg<br />
| caption = Kathuniya in 2024<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1997|3|3|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Bahadurgarh]], [[Haryana]], India<br />
| sport = [[Para-athletics]]<br />
| event = [[Discus throw]]<br />
| disability_class = [[F56 (classification)|F56]]<br />
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Men's [[para athletics]]}} [[File:Athletics pictogram (Paralympics).svg|25px]]<br />
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}<br />
{{MedalCompetition|[[Paralympic Games]]}} [[File:IPC logo (2019).svg|center|40px]]<br />
{{MedalSilver| [[2020 Summer Paralympics|2020 Tokyo]] | [[Athletics at the 2020 Summer Paralympics – Men's discus throw#F56|Discus throw F56]]}}<br />
{{MedalSilver| [[2024 Summer Paralympics|2024 Paris]] | [[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Men's discus throw#F56|Discus throw F56]]}}<br />
{{MedalCompetition|[[World Para Athletics Championships|World Championships]]}}<br />
{{MedalSilver| [[2023 World Para Athletics Championships|2023 Paris]] | [[2023 World Para Athletics Championships – Men's discus throw|Discus throw F56]] }}<br />
{{MedalSilver|[[2024 World Para Athletics Championships|2024 Kobe]]|[[2024 World Para Athletics Championships – Men's discus throw|Discus throw F56]]}}<br />
{{MedalSilver|[[2025 World Para Athletics Championships|2025 New Delhi]]|[[2025 World Para Athletics Championships – Men's discus throw|Discus throw F56]]}}<br />
{{MedalBronze|[[2019 World Para Athletics Championships|2019 Dubai]]|[[2019 World Para Athletics Championships – Men's discus throw|Discus throw F56]]}}<br />
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Para Games]]}}<br />
{{MedalSilver|[[2022 Asian Para Games|2022 Hangzhou]]|[[Athletics at the 2022 Asian Para Games|Discus throw F56]]}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Yogesh Kathuniya''' (born 3 March 1997) is an Indian [[Para-athletics|para-athlete]] who specializes in the [[discus throw]].<ref name=ka2/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.paralympic.org/yogesh-kathuniya |title=Yogesh Kathuniya |website=Paralympic.org |publisher=[[International Paralympic Committee]] |access-date=30 August 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life ==<br />
Kathuniya was born to [[housewife]] Meena Devi and her husband Gyanchand Kathuniya, a soldier with the [[Indian Army]]. At the age of 9, Yogesh developed [[Guillain–Barré syndrome]]. He studied at [[Indian Army Public Schools|Indian Army Public School]] in [[Chandigarh]] where his father served in the army at [[Chandimandir Cantonment]]. His mother learnt physiotherapy, and within 3 years, at the age of 12 he regained [[muscle strength]] to walk again. He later attended [[Kirori Mal College]] in [[Delhi]], where he earned a [[Bachelor's degree]] in [[Commerce]] and joined para games.<ref name=ka1>[https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2021/aug/27/mother-became-physio-to-help-yogesh-get-back-on-his-feet-now-he-is-indias-hope-in-paralympics-2350320.html Mother became physio to help Yogesh get back on his feet, now he is India's hope in Paralympics], Indian Express, 27 August 2021.</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
In 2016, Kathunia started in para sports after Sachin Yadav, General Secretary of the [[students' union]] at Kirori Mal College motivated him to take up sports by regularly showing him videos of para athletes.<ref name=ka1/> In 2018, he set a world record in F36 category by throwing the disc to 45.18 m at the [[2018 World Para Athletics European Championships]] in [[Berlin]].<ref name=ka1/><br />
<br />
Kathuniya represented India at the [[2020 Summer Paralympics]] and won a silver medal in the [[Athletics at the 2020 Summer Paralympics – Men's discus throw#F56|discus throw F56]] event.<ref name=ka2>{{cite web |url=https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/paralympic-games/en/results/athletics/athlete-profile-n1590016-kathuniya-yogesh.htm |title=Yogesh Kathuniya |work=Tokyo 2020 Paralympics |publisher=[[Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games]] |access-date=30 August 2021 |archive-date=30 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830060121/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/paralympic-games/en/results/athletics/athlete-profile-n1590016-kathuniya-yogesh.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sportstiger.com/tokyo-paralympics-2020-live-blog-latest-updates-from-sporting-fest-in-tokyo/ |title=Tokyo Paralympics Live Updates: Yogesh Kathuniya secure silver medal |work=SportsTiger |date=23 August 2021 |access-date=30 August 2021}}</ref> In 2021 November, the [[President of India]], [[Ram Nath Kovind]], awarded Kathuniya the [[Arjuna Award]] for his silver medal at the 2020 Summer Paralympics.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.srnsk.com/yogesh-kathuniya-biography/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113011711/https://www.srnsk.com/yogesh-kathuniya-biography/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=13 November 2021 |title=Yogesh Kathuniya Biography: Early Life, Career, Paralympics 2020, Awards, achievements, Records |work=Srnsk |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref> He represented India at the [[2024 Summer Paralympics]] and again won a silver medal in the [[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Men's discus throw#F56|discus throw F56]] event.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2024-08-14 |title=India at Paris Paralympics 2024: Complete list of 84 athletes at Paralympic Games |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/olympics/paris-paralympics-2024/news/paris-2024-india-paralympics-contingent-full-list-of-84-indian-athletes-qualified-sports-ministry-paralympic-games-news/article68512627.ece |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref> He competed at the [[2025 World Para Athletics Championships]] and won a silver medal in the [[2025 World Para Athletics Championships – Men's discus throw|Discus throw F56]] event.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://revsportz.in/yogesh-kathuniya-wins-another-silver-medal-for-india-saudi-sprinter-sets-world-record/ |title=Yogesh Kathuniya wins another silver medal for India; Saudi sprinter sets World Record |website=revsportz.in |date=30 September 2025 |access-date=30 September 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[India at the Paralympics]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{Instagram |yogeshkathuniya}}<br />
<br />
{{Paralympic medalists for India}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kathuniya, Yogesh}}<br />
[[Category:1997 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Athletes from Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Indian men discus throwers]]<br />
[[Category:Medalists at the World Para Athletics Championships]]<br />
[[Category:Paralympic athletes for India]]<br />
[[Category:Paralympic silver medalists for India]]<br />
[[Category:Paralympic medalists in athletics (track and field)]]<br />
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2020 Summer Paralympics]]<br />
[[Category:Medalists at the 2020 Summer Paralympics]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]<br />
[[Category:Medalists at the 2024 Summer Paralympics]]<br />
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2024 Summer Paralympics]]<br />
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Para Games]]<br />
[[Category:Asian Para Games medalists in athletics (track and field)]]<br />
[[Category:Asian Para Games silver medalists for India]]<br />
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2022 Asian Para Games]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]</div>VLSLester417456https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eega&diff=498224Eega2026-04-20T14:50:04Z<p>VLSLester417456: created first post w/ sources.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2012 Indian bilingual fantasy action film by S. S. Rajamouli}}<br />
{{distinguish|Eegah}}<br />
{{featured article}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Eega<br />
| image = Eega poster.jpg<br />
| alt = Theatrical release poster featuring a fly escaping a bullet.<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster in Telugu<br />
| director = [[S. S. Rajamouli]]<br />
| producer = [[Sai Korrapati]]<br />
| writer = S. S. Rajamouli<br />
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes<br />
| label1= Dialogues by<br />
| data1 = {{Ubl |[[Janardhana Maharshi]]|(Telugu)|[[Crazy Mohan]]|(Tamil)}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes<br />
| label1= Concept by<br />
| data1 = {{Ubl |[[V. Vijayendra Prasad]]}}<br />
}}<br />
| starring = {{Plainlist|<br />
* [[Nani (actor)|Nani]]<br />
* [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]]<br />
* [[Sudeepa]]<br />
}}<br />
| music = [[M. M. Keeravani]]<br />
| cinematography = [[K. K. Senthil Kumar]]<br />
| editing = [[Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao]]<br />
| studio = [[Vaaraahi Chalana Chitram]]<br />
| distributor = {{Plainlist|<br />
* 14 Reels Entertainment<br />
* [[PVP Cinema]]<br />
* [[Reliance Entertainment]]<br />
}}<br />
| country = India<br />
| released = {{film date|2012|7|6|df=y}}<br />
| runtime = 134 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eega (12A) |url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/eega-film |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605075558/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/eega-film |archive-date=5 June 2016 |access-date=5 June 2016 |publisher=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref><br />
| language = {{Plainlist|<br />
* Telugu<br />
* Tamil<br />
}}<br />
| budget = {{Indian Rupee|link=Indian rupee}}26{{endash}}40&nbsp;crore{{efn|''[[The New Indian Express]]'' quoted Nani estimating the film's budget as {{INR}}26&nbsp;crore,<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2012 |title=Nani becomes a housefly |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/article534671.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406163623/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/article534671.ece |archive-date=6 April 2016 |access-date=6 April 2016 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> S. S. Rajamouli mentioned the film's budget to be around {{INR}}30 crore on one occasion<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Anuj |date=18 October 2012 |title=Flight of imagination |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Flight-of-imagination/article12562497.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808233406/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Flight-of-imagination/article12562497.ece |archive-date=8 August 2020 |access-date=23 August 2022 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> and as {{INR}}30{{endash}}35&nbsp;crore in another interview,<ref name="Rajamouli buzz">{{Cite web |last=Manigandan |first=K. R. |date=18 July 2012 |title=What's the big BUZZ? |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/whats-the-big-buzz/article3614447.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406163653/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/whats-the-big-buzz/article3614447.ece |archive-date=6 April 2016 |access-date=6 April 2016 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> and Rajeev Kamineni of [[PVP Cinema]] estimated the film's budget as {{INR}}40&nbsp;crore in an interview with ''[[The Times of India]]''.<ref name="Animals in Tamil films">{{Cite web |last=Mathai |first=Kamini |date=7 July 2012 |title=Kollywood evolves from real jumbos to animated housefly |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Kollywood-evolves-from-real-jumbos-to-animated-housefly/articleshow/14726770.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403134253/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Kollywood-evolves-from-real-jumbos-to-animated-housefly/articleshow/14726770.cms |archive-date=3 April 2016 |access-date=3 April 2016 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>|name="budget"}}<br />
| gross = {{Estimation}}{{INR}}125{{endash}}130&nbsp;crore{{efn|''[[The Economic Times]]'' estimates the final gross figure as {{INR}}125&nbsp;crore,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sukumar |first=C. R. |last2=Kandavel |first2=Sangeetha |date=13 September 2012 |title=DCHL bankruptcy threat: PVP Ventures in fray to buy IPL team Deccan Chargers |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-09-13/news/33817001_1_pvp-ventures-deccan-chargers-financial-chronicle |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130104044932/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-09-13/news/33817001_1_pvp-ventures-deccan-chargers-financial-chronicle |archive-date=4 January 2013 |access-date=5 April 2016 |website=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> while ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' estimates the final gross figure to be nearly {{INR}}130&nbsp;crore.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2012 |title=Filmi fundas.. |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/280561/filmi-fundas.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405104627/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/280561/filmi-fundas.html |archive-date=5 April 2016 |access-date=5 April 2016 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref>|name="final gross"}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Eega''''' ({{Translation|''The Fly''}}) is a 2012 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[fantasy action film]] written and directed by [[S. S. Rajamouli]]. The film was produced by [[Sai Korrapati]] under [[Vaaraahi Chalana Chitram]].{{efn|The average exchange rate in 2011 was 51.10 Indian rupees ({{INR}}) per 1 US dollar (US$).<ref name="Rediff exr">{{Cite web |date=18 May 2012 |title=Rupee vs dollar: From 1990 to 2012 |url=http://inwww.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-rupee-vs-dollar-in-the-last-2-decades/20120518.htm?print=true |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321115240/http://inwww.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-rupee-vs-dollar-in-the-last-2-decades/20120518.htm?print=true |archive-date=21 March 2015 |access-date=2 April 2016 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref>}}{{efn|The average exchange rate in 2012 was 54.47 Indian rupees ({{INR}}) per 1 US dollar (US$).<ref name="Rediff exr" />|name="exchange2012"}} The film stars [[Nani (actor)|Nani]], [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]], and [[Sudeepa]]. [[M. M. Keeravani]] composed the songs and the background score, while [[K. K. Senthil Kumar]] was the [[director of photography]]. [[Janardhana Maharshi]] and [[Crazy Mohan]] wrote the dialogue for the Telugu and Tamil versions, respectively. It was filmed simultaneously in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] with the title ''Naan Ee'' ({{Translation|''I, the Fly''}}).<br />
<br />
The film follows a [[bedtime story]] narrated by a father to his daughter. Its protagonist, Nani, who is in love with his neighbour Bindu, is murdered by a wealthy industrialist named Sudeep, who is attracted to Bindu and considers Nani a rival. Nani [[reincarnation|reincarnates]] as a [[housefly]] and tries to avenge his death and protect Bindu from an obsessive Sudeep.<br />
<br />
The idea for the film originated in the mid-1990s from a conversation in which Rajamouli's father and screenwriter [[V. Vijayendra Prasad]] joked with Rajamouli about the idea of a fly seeking revenge against a human. Rajamouli reconsidered the idea after finishing ''[[Maryada Ramanna]]'' (2010), and developed it into a script. The film's production began on 7 December 2010 at [[Ramanaidu Studios]] in [[Hyderabad]]. [[Principal photography]] began on 22 February 2011 and continued until late February 2012. [[Makuta VFX]] and [[Annapurna Studios]] oversaw ''Eega''{{'s}} visual effects and [[digital intermediate]] process, respectively.<br />
<br />
The two versions of the film, alongside a [[Malayalam]]-dubbed version titled ''Eecha'', were released on 6 July 2012 on approximately 1,100 screens globally. The performances of the cast, particularly Nani, Sudeep, and Samantha, along with Rajamouli's direction and the visual effects, received wide critical acclaim upon release. ''Eega'' was one of the [[List of Telugu films of 2012|highest-grossing Telugu films]] of the year, earning over ₹125 crore on an estimated budget of ₹26–40 crore'''.'''{{efn|name="exchange2012"}} ''Eega'' won two [[National Film Awards]] ([[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu|Best Feature Film in Telugu]] and [[National Film Award for Best Special Effects|Best Special Effects]]), five [[Filmfare Awards South|South Filmfare Awards]] including [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Telugu|Best Telugu Film]], [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Telugu|Best Telugu Director]], [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Best Telugu Actress]] (Samantha) and [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor&nbsp;– Telugu|Best Telugu Supporting Actor]] (Sudeep) and three [[South Indian International Movie Awards]]. The film won nine awards, including Most Original Film at the [[Toronto After Dark Film Festival#2013|Toronto After Dark Film Festival]]. ''Eega'' was listed among "The 25 Best Foreign Films of the Decade" by [[The Ringer (website)|The Ringer]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-31 |title=The 25 Best Foreign Films of the Decade |url=https://www.theringer.com/2019/12/31/movies/best-foreign-films-of-the-decade-2010s-parasite-burning-toni-erdmann |access-date=2025-12-28 |website=www.theringer.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
A young girl who is unable to sleep asks her father to tell her a [[bedtime story]]. Although reluctant at first, he tells her a story of a fly named Nani.<br />
<br />
Nani is a young man based in [[Hyderabad]] who specialises in preparing fireworks. He is in love with his neighbour Bindu, a [[Miniature art|micro artist]] who runs an NGO. Bindu also develops romantic feelings for Nani though she does not express them. Seeking to raise money for her NGO, Bindu visits the office of a rich and powerful industrialist named Sudeep, who also finds her attractive and starts lusting for her. He donates {{Indian Rupee|link=Indian rupee}}15&nbsp;[[Indian numbering system|lakh]] (US$28,000),{{efn|name="exchange2012"}} and befriends her. As days go on Sudeep's attempts to woo her fail miserably as she does not even notice his intentions. One day he sees Nani following Bindu on the street and realizes that they are attracted to one another. Sudeep sees Nani as a rival and plans to kill him, to avoid competition. One night, Nani inspires Bindu to help her finish a piece of micro art—a heart locket made from a pencil. While returning home, Sudeep kidnaps and strangles Nani to death, making his death look like an accident. Before dying, Nani curses Sudeep, swearing to kill Sudeep if he tries to hurt Bindu. Unaware of the incident, Bindu confesses her love for the dying Nani by phone; it is the last thing Nani hears before he dies. Sudeep leaves the place with his men. Nani is then reincarnated as a housefly, but cannot remember his previous life.<br />
<br />
Nani, now a fly, struggles to regain his memory, which gets triggered when it encounters Sudeep and Bindu and begins to devote itself to exacting revenge on Sudeep. Sudeep asks the heartbroken Bindu to accompany him to New Delhi to meet the education minister; if she can impress the minister with a presentation about the NGO, he might help it gain national recognition. The fly causes Sudeep to have a freak accident on his way to the airport and writes "I will kill you" on the windshield; this makes Sudeep [[paranoia|paranoid]]. The fly, who sees Bindu mourning Nani's death in her bedroom, reveals itself to be Nani by writing on the desk with her tears. It conveys the circumstances of Nani's death to Bindu, and they join forces against Sudeep. The latter's obsession with the fly affects his professional and personal life. In a chain of events, his black money is burnt to ashes, leaving him almost penniless.{{Efn|Sudeep tries to transact some money from his password protected safe. The fly, however, gets in the way and disturbs him while he types the password. This leads to him inadvertently typing the password wrongly and locking the safe. When he tries to open the safe with a welding machine, the fly repeatedly disturbs him. He leaves the welding machine switched on near the safe lock. The machine burns through the safe, burning the money in the process. By the time Sudeep discovers this, the money has already burned to ashes, leaving him almost penniless.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X57db38K0pY |title=Eega |date=2012 |last=[[S. S. Rajamouli|Rajamouli, S. S.]] (director) |type=motion picture |publisher=[[Varahi Chalana Chitram]] |place=India |time=1:33:45 to 1:36:00 |time-caption=From |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151115061923/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X57db38K0pY |archive-date=15 November 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
Sudeep learns from a tantric sorcerer that the fly is none other than Nani, and that he yearns for revenge. Sudeep gets scared, and arranges to kill Nani at his home, but the fly escapes after causing a [[short circuit]] and a fire, which locks up the room. The tantric is killed in an accident and Sudeep is left unconscious from the smoke. Nani and Bindu assume Sudeep is dead, but he is saved by his business partner Adithya. Sudeep is enraged when he learns that Bindu is helping the fly. Sudeep kills Adithya to collect a {{INR}}700&nbsp;crore (US$130 million){{efn|name="exchange2012"}} insurance policy, as well as to prevent his investors from taking action against his company.<br />
<br />
Sudeep takes Bindu to his home to interrogate her, and Nani follows them. Bindu, after attempting to stab Sudeep with a box cutter, has her life threatened as Sudeep demands Nani to appear. During the encounter however, Nani seriously injures Sudeep with a needle. After an intensive fight, the latter clips Nani's wing before fatally stabbing him with the same needle. Knowing that he is dying, in a last-ditch attempt to destroy Sudeep, Nani coats himself with gunpowder and jumps through the flame of a burning match and into a cannon, which was loaded with a steel ball. The cannon fires and the projectile passes through Sudeep's chest and hits an oxygen cylinder, causing a fierce explosion in which Sudeep dies and his entire house burns down. A grieving Bindu (who hid from the inferno unscathed), pines for Nani and takes his wing and makes an [[amulet]] with it. One day when travelling to work, an [[Eve teasing|eve teaser]] bothers her; Nani, again reborn as a [[Fly]], attacks him with a needle before announcing his return on the camera.<br />
<br />
The young girl is impressed with the story of the fly her father narrates. During the credits, her father recounts the fate of a drunken thief who broke into Bindu's house earlier in the story; and who ultimately turns his life around after overhearing a loving speech given to Nani by Bindu and mistakenly believing that Bindu was speaking to him.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{Cast listing|<br />
* [[Nani (actor)|Nani]] as Nani <br />
**A [[Fly]] as a reincarnation of Nani (Voice dubbed by [[SS Rajamouli]])<br />
* [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]] as Bindu (Voice dubbed by [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]])<br />
* [[Sudeepa]] as Sudeep<br />
* [[Adithya Menon|Adithya]] as Sudeep's business partner<br />
* [[Thagubothu Ramesh]] (Telugu version) as a drunk thief who loves Bindu<br />
* [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] (Tamil version) as Poottu Govindhan, a thief who loves Bindu<br />
* [[Chatrapathi Sekhar]] as tantric sorcerer who knows about Nani<br />
* [[Noel Sean]] as Noel, Nani's friend<ref>{{Cite web |last=kavirayani |first=suresh |date=21 November 2014 |title=Noel Sean is doing it all |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141121/entertainment-tollywood/article/noel-sean-doing-it-all |access-date=30 August 2024 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref><br />
* [[Srinivasa Reddy]] as Sudeep's personal assistant<br />
* [[Sivannarayana Naripeddi]] as a temple priest<br />
* [[Devadarshini]] as Bindu's sister-in-law<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chowdhary |first=Y. Sunita |date=14 July 2012 |title=The big journey |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-big-journey/article3639501.ece |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230225635/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-big-journey/article3639501.ece |archive-date=30 December 2019 |access-date=31 August 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> <br />
* [[Rajeev Kanakala]] as the thief's manager<br />
* [[Dhanraj (actor)|Dhanraj]] as the thief's friend<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2023 |title=Actor Dhanraj turns director for Tamil-Telugu bilingual; to star Samuthirakani as lead |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/actor-dhanraj-turns-director-for-tamil-telugu-bilingual-to-star-samuthirakani-as-lead/article67457399.ece |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026013538/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/actor-dhanraj-turns-director-for-tamil-telugu-bilingual-to-star-samuthirakani-as-lead/article67457399.ece |archive-date=26 October 2023 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><br />
* [[Sri Simha]] as Bindu's colleague<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 October 2020 |title=Actor Sri Simha Koduri's next film with Manikanth Gelli gets launched with a pooja, see pics |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/actor-sri-simha-koduris-next-film-with-manikanth-gelli-gets-launched-with-a-pooja-see-pics/articleshow/78871080.cms |access-date=30 August 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
* [[RK Mama|R. K.]] as Sudeep's colleague<br />
* [[Hamsa Nandini]] as Chandrakala ([[cameo appearance]])<br />
* [[Crazy Mohan]] as Dr. Kameshwara Iyer (cameo appearance, Tamil version)<ref name="MS TOI Review" /><br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
<br />
=== Origin, scripting, and casting ===<br />
{{Quote box<br />
| quote = I heard the story [of Eega] 16 years ago from my father about a fly who comes back to take revenge. At that time, I wasn't even an assistant director. When I started making films, I stuck to formula films for a while which did well at the box office. After a while, I was getting too comfortable with what I was doing, so I wanted to experiment with something completely different. I wanted to take the audience by surprise and that is when I went back to the story I had heard 16 years ago.<br />
| source = Rajamouli in October 2012 on the origin of the film.<ref name="origin">{{Cite web |last=Sinha |first=Sayoni |date=8 October 2012 |title='Makkhi was born 16 years ago' |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/blogs/24fps/makkhi-born-16-years-ago-095544425.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220823084845/https://www.yahoo.com/news/blogs/24fps/makkhi-born-16-years-ago-095544425.html |archive-date=23 August 2022 |access-date=23 August 2022 |publisher=[[Yahoo! News]]}}</ref><br />
| align = right<br />
| width = 30%<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The idea of ''Eega'' originated in the mid-1990s in screenwriter [[V. Vijayendra Prasad]]{{'s}} mind. At that time, he was joking about a housefly seeking revenge on a human in a conversation with his son [[S. S. Rajamouli]].<ref name="SSR int TOI2">{{Cite web |last=Suresh |first=Sunayana |date=29 July 2012 |title=Audience likes out-of-the-box subjects: S S Rajamouli |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Audience-likes-out-of-the-box-subjects-S-S-Rajamouli/articleshow/14467554.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406164406/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Audience-likes-out-of-the-box-subjects-S-S-Rajamouli/articleshow/14467554.cms |archive-date=6 April 2016 |access-date=6 April 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Prasad later developed the idea as a script for an English-language film set in 1830s America, in which an [[African Americans|African-American]] boy dies in an attempt to free his family from [[Slavery in the United States|slavery]] and is reincarnated as a fly.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chowdhary |first=Y. Sunita |date=25 August 2013 |title=etcetera |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/etcetera/article5056523.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406164423/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/etcetera/article5056523.ece |archive-date=6 April 2016 |access-date=6 April 2016 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> After completing ''[[Maryada Ramanna]]'' (2010), Rajamouli reconsidered the concept after thinking of directing a film that was distinct from any other.<ref name="SSR int IBN2">{{Cite web |date=6 July 2012 |title=I would have shelved 'Eega': SS Rajamouli |url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/i-would-have-shelved-eega-ss-rajamouli-486179.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508063900/http://www.news18.com/news/india/i-would-have-shelved-eega-ss-rajamouli-486179.html |archive-date=8 May 2016 |access-date=6 April 2016 |publisher=[[News18]]}}</ref> He decided to make ''Eega'' a bilingual film in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]]&nbsp;– each scene including speech was filmed twice, once for each language.<ref name="SSR int RDF2">{{Cite web |last=Rajamani |first=Radhika |date=18 July 2012 |title=Eega was the most difficult film of my career |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-s-s-rajamouli/20120718.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406164635/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-s-s-rajamouli/20120718.htm |archive-date=6 April 2016 |access-date=6 April 2016 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> The Tamil version, titled ''Naan Ee'', was Rajamouli's directorial debut in [[Tamil cinema]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Manigandan |first=K. R. |date=2 April 2012 |title=Shot Cuts: A tough job, indeed |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/shot-cuts-a-tough-job-indeed/article3273081.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406164640/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/shot-cuts-a-tough-job-indeed/article3273081.ece |archive-date=6 April 2016 |access-date=6 April 2016 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> The film was presented by [[D. Suresh Babu]] of [[Suresh Productions]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sashidhar |first=A. S. |date=19 July 2012 |title=Eega is a remarkable film: Suresh Babu |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Eega-is-a-remarkable-film-Suresh-Babu/articleshow/15042975.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20161004125916/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Eega-is-a-remarkable-film-Suresh-Babu/articleshow/15042975.cms |archive-date=4 October 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>{{efn|A film presenter is generally a well-known filmmaker who helps in introducing a film to a larger section of the audience.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Nasreen |date=10 July 2013 |title=I'm only a presenter: Kiran Rao |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Im-only-a-presenter-Kiran-Rao/articleshow/20988502.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406164729/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Im-only-a-presenter-Kiran-Rao/articleshow/20988502.cms |archive-date=6 April 2016 |access-date=6 April 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>|name="presenter"}}<br />
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For the first time in his career, Rajamouli began casting after the script was completed because he felt the story required actors who were suitable for the roles.<ref name="SSR int RDF2" /> [[Nani (actor)|Nani]], the protagonist, was the first of the three of the main cast members to be chosen;<ref name="Rajamouli buzz" /> he completed filming his scenes in 25 days.<ref name="Nani int RDF">{{Cite web |last=Rajamani |first=Radhika |date=4 July 2012 |title=Nani: I am proud to be a part of Eega |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-eega/20120704.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406165042/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-eega/20120704.htm |archive-date=6 April 2016 |access-date=6 April 2016 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref>{{efn|Rajamouli reshot the entire film,<ref name="SSR int RDF2" /> and it is not clear from Nani's interview whether the 25 days includes both versions of the shooting schedule.<ref name="Nani int RDF" />}} [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]], the second actor cast,<ref name="Rajamouli buzz" /> was signed as the female lead.<ref>{{Cite web |last=J. Rao |first=Subha |date=17 February 2013 |title=Still courting success |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/still-courting-success/article4423301.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406165055/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/still-courting-success/article4423301.ece |archive-date=6 April 2016 |access-date=6 April 2016 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> Rajamouli chose [[Sudeep]]a to play the fly's human adversary after being impressed with the actor's performance in ''[[Rann (film)|Rann]]'' (2010),<ref name="SSR int RDF2" /> and cast rapper [[Noel Sean]] as Nani's friend in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=22 November 2014 |title=Noel Sean is doing it all |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141121/entertainment-tollywood/article/noel-sean-doing-it-all |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406165224/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/141121/entertainment-tollywood/article/noel-sean-doing-it-all |archive-date=6 April 2016 |access-date=6 April 2016 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> Sudeepa drew inspiration for his role as the villain from the 1983 Kannada film ''[[Bhakta Prahlada (1983 film)|Bhakta Prahlada]]'';<ref name="Sudeep int RDF 1">{{Cite web |last=Srinivasa |first=Srikanth |date=5 July 2012 |title=Sudeep: There is no hero in Eega |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-sudeep/20120705.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406165101/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-sudeep/20120705.htm |archive-date=6 April 2016 |access-date=6 April 2016 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref><ref name="Sudeep int RDF 2">{{Cite web |last=Srinivasa |first=Srikanth |date=26 July 2012 |title=Sudeep: I am not competing with anyone |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-sudeep-on-eega/20120726.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406165211/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-sudeep-on-eega/20120726.htm |archive-date=6 April 2016 |access-date=6 April 2016 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> he was portraying a character he considered to be a "bad guy" with "grey shades" rather than an antagonist.<ref name="Sudeep int RDF 2" /><br />
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The script was [[script doctor|doctored]] by Rajamouli's cousin, S. S. Kanchi,<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 June 2014 |title=Rajamouli's brother Kanchi joins Social Media |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Rajamoulis-brother-Kanchi-joins-Social-Media/articleshow/36721545.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406142056/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Rajamoulis-brother-Kanchi-joins-Social-Media/articleshow/36721545.cms |archive-date=6 April 2016 |access-date=6 April 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> while Janardhan Maharshi and [[Crazy Mohan]] wrote the dialogue for the Telugu and Tamil versions respectively, marking their first collaboration with Rajamouli.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X57db38K0pY |title=Eega |date=2012 |last=[[S. S. Rajamouli|Rajamouli, S. S.]] (director) |type=motion picture |publisher=[[Varahi Chalana Chitram]] |place=India |time=01:29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151115061923/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X57db38K0pY |archive-date=15 November 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Crazy buzz">{{Cite web |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=8 April 2012 |title=Buzzing like crazy |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/buzzing-like-crazy/article3291780.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403134034/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/buzzing-like-crazy/article3291780.ece |archive-date=3 April 2016 |access-date=3 April 2016 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> James Fowlds was initially chosen as the film's director of photography,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naan E&nbsp;– On the sets |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/naan-e--on-the-sets-imagegallery-kollywood-mcwpm5bbfejsi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406142054/http://www.sify.com/movies/naan-e--on-the-sets-imagegallery-kollywood-mcwpm5bbfejsi.html |archive-date=6 April 2016 |access-date=6 April 2016 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> but was replaced by [[K. K. Senthil Kumar]] due to creative differences and scheduling conflicts.<ref name="Senthil int RDF">{{Cite web |last=Rajamani |first=Radhika |date=5 July 2012 |title=Eega is one of the most difficult films I have shot |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-k-k-senthil-kumar/20120705.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406142258/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-k-k-senthil-kumar/20120705.htm |archive-date=6 April 2016 |access-date=6 April 2016 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> [[M. M. Keeravani]] composed the film's soundtrack and score,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jyothi |first=Y. Krishna |date=10 March 2012 |title=Eega audio put off for March 30 |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/article342918.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406142313/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/article342918.ece |archive-date=6 April 2016 |access-date=6 April 2016 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>{{efn|M. M. Keeravani used the pseudonyms Maragathamani for the Tamil version, Vedanarayana for the Malayalam dubbed version, and M. M. Kreem for the Hindi dubbed version.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 March 2016 |title=Keeravani shares his thoughts with AISFM students |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2016-03-04/Keeravani-shares-his-thoughts-with-AISFM-students/211403 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406143339/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2016-03-04/Keeravani-shares-his-thoughts-with-AISFM-students/211403 |archive-date=6 April 2016 |access-date=6 April 2016 |website=[[The Hans India]]}}</ref>|name="Keeravani"}} [[Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao]] edited the film,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajamani |first=Radhika |date=28 February 2012 |title=First Look: S S Rajamouli's Eega |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-first-look-s-s-rajamoulis-eega/20120228.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406142531/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-first-look-s-s-rajamoulis-eega/20120228.htm |archive-date=6 April 2016 |access-date=6 April 2016 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> Ravinder Reddy was its art director,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=9 July 2014 |title=Art director Ravinder Reddy's Tollywood story |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140708/entertainment-tollywood/article/art-director-ravinder-reddys-tollywood-story |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406142540/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140708/entertainment-tollywood/article/art-director-ravinder-reddys-tollywood-story |archive-date=6 April 2016 |access-date=6 April 2016 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> and Rajamouli's wife Rama worked on the costume design.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aravind |first=C. V. |date=5 August 2012 |title=Flying high |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/269225/F |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406142549/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/269225/F |archive-date=6 April 2016 |access-date=6 April 2016 |website=Deccan Herald}}</ref><br />
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Production of the film began with a formal launch ceremony on 7 December 2010 in [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Christopher |first=Kavya |date=18 November 2010 |title=Kannada star Sudeep handpicked for animation film |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-kannada-star-sudeep-handpicked-for-animation-film-1468508 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605072436/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-kannada-star-sudeep-handpicked-for-animation-film-1468508 |archive-date=5 June 2016 |access-date=5 June 2016 |website=[[Daily News and Analysis]]}}</ref> The initial version of the fly animation was ready by November. Rajamouli felt the quality of the animation was poor. He wanted to shelve the movie, but by that point, around 50% of the movie was already shot, costing approximately 10-11 crores. He asked the team to rework on the animation from scratch.<ref>{{cite video | people = SS Rajamouli | title = Rajamouli explaining about Eega Process, Graphics and Budget (Part 3) | medium = YouTube video | url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZnPjQdaJG1s | publisher = Ragalahari Talkies<br />
| date = 2012-07-05 | access-date = 2025-10-17}}</ref><ref name="SSR int RDF2" />{{efn|The average exchange rate in 2011 was 51.10 Indian rupees ({{INR}}) per 1 US dollar (US$).<ref name="Rediff exr" />}} The film's final budget was estimated at between {{INR}}30 and {{INR}}40&nbsp;crore.{{efn|name="budget"}}{{efn|name="exchange2012"}}<br />
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=== Filming and post-production ===<br />
[[Principal photography]] began on 22 February 2011 in Hyderabad;<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2011 |title=Sudeep to start Eega soon |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/sudeep-to-start-eega-soon-news-kannada-lcrm86edcffsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407015900/http://www.sify.com/movies/sudeep-to-start-eega-soon-news-kannada-lcrm86edcffsi.html |archive-date=7 April 2016 |access-date=7 April 2016 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> ninety percent of the film was shot at [[Ramanaidu Studios]] in the city.<ref name="VFX IT">{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Amarnath K. |date=3 August 2012 |title=This Superhero Can Fly |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20120813-telugu-smash-hit-eega-special-effects-in-indian-cinema-759321-1999-11-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407103605/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/telugu-smash-hit-eega-special-effects-in-indian-cinema/1/211656.html |archive-date=7 April 2016 |access-date=7 April 2016 |url-status=live |website=India Today}}</ref> A sequence was filmed at Sri Sita Ramachandra Swamy Temple in Ammapally near [[Shamshabad]], in early March 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 March 2011 |title=Ancient temple abuzz with film shoots |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/ancient-temple-abuzz-with-film-shoots/article1555396.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407015855/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/ancient-temple-abuzz-with-film-shoots/article1555396.ece |archive-date=7 April 2016 |access-date=7 April 2016 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> Scenes with Nani, Samantha, and Sudeepa were filmed during the first shooting schedule, which was completed on 16 March.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 March 2011 |title=Eega completes first schedule |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/eega-completes-first-schedule-news-kannada-ldqmA1adehasi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407020027/http://www.sify.com/movies/eega-completes-first-schedule-news-kannada-ldqmA1adehasi.html |archive-date=7 April 2016 |access-date=7 April 2016 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Shooting was disrupted in April by an ongoing labour dispute between film workers and producers. Rajamouli considered moving ''Eega'' out of Hyderabad if the strike continued.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suresh |first=Sunayana |date=10 April 2011 |title=Actor Sudeep has a great cinematic mind |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-actor-sudeep-has-a-great-cinematic-mind-1530313 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407020652/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-actor-sudeep-has-a-great-cinematic-mind-1530313 |archive-date=7 April 2016 |access-date=7 April 2016 |website=Daily News and Analysis}}</ref> Filming continued in [[Kokapet]] in early September 2011,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jyothi |first=Y. Krishna |date=8 September 2011 |title='Eega' progressing at Kokapet |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/article359761.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407020703/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/article359761.ece |archive-date=7 April 2016 |access-date=7 April 2016 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> and principal photography was completed in late February 2012 as [[post-production]] began.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2012 |title=Eega audio on March 22 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/eega-audio-on-march-22-news-telugu-mcvmIthjehcsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605021407/http://www.sify.com/movies/eega-audio-on-march-22-news-telugu-mcvmIthjehcsi.html |archive-date=5 June 2016 |access-date=5 June 2016 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>[[File:Sudeep and Nani on the sets of Eega.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Sudeepa and Nani sit in chairs and listen to Rajamouli.|Sudeepa (''left''), Nani (''middle''), and Rajamouli during filming]]<br />
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According to Rajamouli, the film unit consulted a 3D video of the [[storyboard]] before shooting a scene each day. After the filming of each scene was completed, the editing and re-recording procedures were done with simple [[greyscale]] animation.<ref name="SSR int TOI2" /> An [[Arri Alexa]] camera, a [[prime lens]], and Scorpio and Strada cranes were used for the principal photography, while a probe lens and high-intensity lighting were used for the [[macro photography]].<ref name="Senthil int RDF" /> Senthil Kumar had to use a special lens with a minimum f-stop of f8.0; the wide apertures required high-intensity lighting to get acceptable shots.<ref name="Senthil int TH">{{Cite web |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=14 July 2012 |title=The art of small things |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/the-art-of-small-things/article3637715.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406142305/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/the-art-of-small-things/article3637715.ece |archive-date=6 April 2016 |access-date=6 April 2016 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> He used [[GoPro]] cameras as they were the smallest possible ones that offered close to professional resolution. [[Phantom Cam]] was used to film extreme slow motion sequences; certain scenes were shot at 2,000 frames per second.<ref name="Senthil int RDF" /><br />
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[[Digital intermediate]] (DI) was conducted at Annapurna Studios in Hyderabad.<ref name="Senthil int RDF" /> A high-end DI system was imported and the process took six months to complete.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Farida |first=Syeda |date=11 August 2012 |title=Annapurna 7 Acres' work stands out |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/annapurna-7-acres-work-stands-out/article3752867.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407024455/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/annapurna-7-acres-work-stands-out/article3752867.ece |archive-date=7 April 2016 |access-date=7 April 2016 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> Singer [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]], who dubbed for Samantha in ''Eega'', found the process difficult because the footage did not contain the animated fly.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Samyuktha |first=K. |date=2 September 2014 |title=A voice that heals: Chinmayi Sripada sings for charity |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140901/lifestyle-offbeat/article/voice-heals-chinmayi-sripada-sings-charity |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407021753/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140901/lifestyle-offbeat/article/voice-heals-chinmayi-sripada-sings-charity |archive-date=7 April 2016 |access-date=7 April 2016 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> This was the first non-Kannada film to credit Sudeepa (previously Sudeep) by his new stage name.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2012 |title=Sudeep takes to numerology |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/sudeep-takes-to-numerology/articleshow/15103799.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Rajamouli approached [[Anuj Gurwara]] to write the dialogue for the Hindi-dubbed version titled ''Makkhi''. The Hindi dubbing began in Hyderabad, and Gurwara dubbed for Nani in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Borah |first=Prabalika M. |date=12 October 2012 |title=The buzzing Entertainer |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/the-buzzing-entertainer/article3989595.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405084939/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/the-buzzing-entertainer/article3989595.ece |archive-date=5 April 2016 |access-date=7 April 2016 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> [[Ajay Devgan]] and [[Kajol]], acting as parents telling the film's story to their child at bedtime, provided voiceovers during the opening credits of ''Makkhi''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 October 2012 |title=Ajay and Kajol's voice-over in Makkhi |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1572571/Ajay-and-Kajols-voice-over-in-Makkhi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402140906/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1572571/Ajay-and-Kajols-voice-over-in-Makkhi |archive-date=2 April 2016 |access-date=2 April 2016 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> The visuals accompanying the closing credits were altered to show the fly mimicking the antics of Devgan, [[Salman Khan]], and [[Akshay Kumar]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kotwani |first=Hiren |date=11 October 2012 |title=Makkhi is insanely innovative: Director |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Makkhi-is-insanely-innovative-Director/articleshow/16751929.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402140916/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Makkhi-is-insanely-innovative-Director/articleshow/16751929.cms |archive-date=2 April 2016 |access-date=2 April 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
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=== Visual effects ===<br />
R. C. Kamalakannan and Pete Draper of [[Makuta VFX]] oversaw ''Eega''{{'s}} visual effects,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krishnamoorthy |first=Suresh |date=9 July 2012 |title='Eega' opens new possibilities in Telugu cinema |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/eega-opens-new-possibilities-in-telugu-cinema/article3618068.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407103345/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/eega-opens-new-possibilities-in-telugu-cinema/article3618068.ece |archive-date=7 April 2016 |access-date=7 April 2016 |website=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Thimmayya |first=Daniel |date=5 October 2015 |title=The wizard of VFX |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/education/edex/The-Wizard-of-VFX/2015/10/05/article3058720.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407103321/http://www.newindianexpress.com/education/edex/The-Wizard-of-VFX/2015/10/05/article3058720.ece |archive-date=7 April 2016 |access-date=7 April 2016 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> and Rahul Venugopal was the film's set supervisor and [[matte painting|matte painter]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 2015 |title=From ' Eega' to ' Interstellar' |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/from-eega-to-interstellar/article7016814.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407103554/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/from-eega-to-interstellar/article7016814.ece |archive-date=7 April 2016 |access-date=7 April 2016 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> [[V. Srinivas Mohan]], who later collaborated with Rajamouli on ''[[Baahubali: The Beginning]]'', worked on a short sequence for the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Issac |first=Christopher |date=21 July 2015 |title=Meet Baahubali's VFX team |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150721/entertainment-tollywood/article/meet-baahubali%E2%80%99s-vfx-team |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407103312/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/150721/entertainment-tollywood/article/meet-baahubali%E2%80%99s-vfx-team |archive-date=7 April 2016 |access-date=7 April 2016 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> Rajamouli planned to complete work on the fly imagery in four months, but it took fourteen.<ref name="VFX IT" />[[File:S. S. Rajamouli and Pete Draper on the sets of 'Eega'.jpg|thumb|alt=Rajamouli explaining a sequence to Draper|Rajamouli and Draper on the set|left]]<br />
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Ninety percent of the animation-related work was done in Hyderabad; the remaining ten percent was completed in the United States.<ref name="SSR int anime TOI">{{Cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=25 July 2012 |title=Rajamouli Exclusive Interview |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Rajamouli-Exclusive-Interview/articleshow/15121084.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520110709/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Rajamouli-Exclusive-Interview/articleshow/15121084.cms |archive-date=20 May 2017 |access-date=7 April 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> In an [[Indo-Asian News Service]] interview, Draper said he collaborated with thirteen experts and a large team of animators to design the fly.<ref name="Draper int IANS">{{Cite web |date=12 October 2012 |title=Wanted audience to connect with fly: Makkhi designer |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/wanted-audience-to-connect-with-fly-makkhi-designer/story-2ejOnQqzBAjAoSIOzYcFWJ.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407103304/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/wanted-audience-to-connect-with-fly-makkhi-designer/story-2ejOnQqzBAjAoSIOzYcFWJ.html |archive-date=7 April 2016 |access-date=7 April 2016 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]}}</ref> Because the film's fly's eyes comprise 80 percent of its face, Rajamouli felt they could make it expressive; he used the 1986 [[Pixar]] American short film ''[[Luxo Jr.]]'' for inspiration. The output of the first team of animators, using the reference material prepared, was unsatisfactory, and Rajamouli reworked the fly's detailing.<ref name="SSR int IBN2" /> Using a powerful lens, the film team conducted an arduous photographic shoot of unconscious flies in a bottle stored in a refrigerator. After enlarging the details, Rajamouli made cosmetic changes to the fly's face to make it look appealing onscreen.<ref name="SSR int anime TOI" /> A new team, including Draper, three concept artists, three modellers, two shader designers, two hair and fur designers, three riggers and several animators, designed the animated fly in two months.<ref name="SSR int IBN2" /><ref name="Draper int IANS" /> Its head and fur were designed after shaping its body and wings. The fly was refined daily using clay models to expedite the process.<ref name="Draper int IANS" /> The animators found the sequences between Sudeepa and the fly much more difficult to execute because the latter had to express emotions only through its slender arms rather than its face.<ref name="VFX IT" /><br />
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Some of the special effects could not be designed in India, so Makuta VFX engaged animation consultants in Armenia, China, Iran, Israel, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The company's 30-member team underwent a training programme on acting theory and insect formats.<ref name="VFX IT" /> ''Eega'' is the first Indian film to use [[computer-generated imagery]] for nearly 90 minutes of its length; the film had 2,234 [[Live-action animated film|live-action animation]] shots. By mid-June 2012, Rajamouli had approved 1,970 shots; the final version was shown to the film unit after the approval of 226 pending shots.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sashidhar |first=A. S. |date=19 June 2012 |title=Rajamouli's Eega has surprise rolling titles |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Rajamoulis-Eega-has-surprise-rolling-titles/articleshow/14271043.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407103057/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Rajamoulis-Eega-has-surprise-rolling-titles/articleshow/14271043.cms |archive-date=7 April 2016 |access-date=7 April 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> The visual effects cost an estimated {{INR}}7&nbsp;crore.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 July 2012 |title=Naan Ee: Will the animation be up to the mark? |url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/naan-ee-will-the-animation-be-up-to-the-mark-485800.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407120705/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/naan-ee-will-the-animation-be-up-to-the-mark-485800.html |archive-date=7 April 2016 |access-date=7 April 2016 |website=News18}}</ref><br />
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== Themes ==<br />
[[File:Fugel David gegen Goliath.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Portrait of David fighting Goliath|Rajamouli compared the battle between the fly and Sudeepa with that between [[David]] and [[Goliath]] (''pictured''), saying that victories by underdogs matter.<ref name="Rajamouli AISFM Eega">{{Cite web |last=Bhandaram |first=Vishnupriya |date=12 August 2012 |title=Man and the fly |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/man-and-the-fly/article3755855.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403134020/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/man-and-the-fly/article3755855.ece |archive-date=3 April 2016 |access-date=3 April 2016 |website=The Hindu}}</ref>]]<br />
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The film's main theme is revenge; the soul of a murdered man is reincarnated as a fly and seeks revenge against his killer. Rajamouli identified some similarities to [[David Cronenberg]]{{'s}} ''[[The Fly (1986 film)|The Fly]]'' (1986), in which a scientist becomes a fly when his experiment malfunctions, and thought of ''Eega'' as a "[[fantasy film|socio-fantasy]]" rather than a [[science fiction film]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dang |first=Gitanjali |date=7 April 2012 |title=The buzz on screen |url=http://www.timescrest.com/culture/the-buzz-on-screen-7682 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406081606/http://www.timescrest.com/culture/the-buzz-on-screen-7682 |archive-date=6 April 2016 |access-date=6 April 2016 |website=[[The Times of India]] Crest Edition}}</ref> At a meeting with students at the Annapurna International School of Film and Media Campus (AIFSM), he compared the battle between the fly and Sudeepa, which the underdog fly wins, to [[David]]{{'s}} triumph over [[Goliath]] and India's victory in the [[1983 Cricket World Cup]].<ref name="Rajamouli AISFM Eega" /> Crazy Mohan compared the film with ''[[Apoorva Sagodharargal (1989 film)|Apoorva Sagodharargal]]'' (1989), a revenge drama whose protagonist Appu ([[Kamal Haasan]]) is a [[dwarfism|dwarf]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=21 July 2012 |title=Naan Ee flying high |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Naan-Ee-flying-high/articleshow/15055664.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403134026/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Naan-Ee-flying-high/articleshow/15055664.cms |archive-date=3 April 2016 |access-date=3 April 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
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Mohan told Malathi Rangarajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' that although the film's script may resemble those of ''[[Stuart Little (film)|Stuart Little]]'' (1999) and ''[[Shrek]]'' (2001), the use of the plight of someone tormented by a housefly was an original idea.<ref name="Crazy buzz" /> According to Tamil film historian and actor [[Mohan Raman]], ''Naan Ee''{{mdash}}unlike the animal-centred films ''[[Nalla Neram]]'' (1972) and ''[[Neeya?]]'' (1979){{mdash}}lacks a human protagonist.<ref name="Animals in Tamil films" /> Film critic [[Baradwaj Rangan]] found ''Eega''{{'s}} protagonist realistic, contrary to the ones in the animated films by [[the Walt Disney Company]], except when it displays a few [[anthropomorphism|anthropomorphic]] traits.<ref name="Rangan review TH">{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=29 July 2012 |title=The other side of happily-ever-after |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-other-side-of-happilyeverafter/article3696478.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403134251/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-other-side-of-happilyeverafter/article3696478.ece |archive-date=3 April 2016 |access-date=3 April 2016 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> ''[[Mid-Day]]'' compared ''Eega'' to ''Cockroach'' (2010), an Australian short film about a man who is reincarnated as a cockroach after he is accidentally killed on his wedding day.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shah |first=Jigar |date=28 September 2012 |title=Is 'Eega' inspired from a short film? |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/is-eega-inspired-from-a-short-film/183163 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405132402/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/is-eega-inspired-from-a-short-film/183163 |archive-date=5 April 2016 |access-date=5 April 2016 |website=[[Mid-Day]]}}</ref><br />
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The film's secondary theme is the survival of love beyond death. Rangan has likened ''Eega'' to a ghost film because a dead protagonist returns to his loved ones as a troubled soul.<ref name="Rangan review TH" /> Malini Mannath of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' found the scene where the fly foils Sudeepa's attempt to get close to Bindu reminiscent of one in the film ''[[Ghost (1990 film)|Ghost]]'' (1990).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=8 July 2012 |title='Naan Ee' (Tamil) |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/article561238.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403134510/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/article561238.ece |archive-date=3 April 2016 |access-date=3 April 2016 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> [[Mayank Shekhar]] criticised the relationship between the lead pair, which he said advocates stalking as an accepted form of romance.<ref name="Shekhar review DB">{{Cite web |last=Shekhar |first=Mayank |author-link=Mayank Shekhar |date=13 October 2012 |title=Movie Review: Makkhi |url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-movie-review-makkhi-3915025-NOR.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403134249/http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-movie-review-makkhi-3915025-NOR.html |archive-date=3 April 2016 |access-date=3 April 2016 |website=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref> Malathi Rangarajan said the antagonist took the "extreme step" of murdering the hero early in the film, in contrast with the stereotypical antagonist whose lust for the female lead has just begun and threatens the hero.<ref name="Rangarajan review TH">{{Cite web |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=7 July 2012 |title=Fly-ing high |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/flying-high/article3613291.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403134511/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/flying-high/article3613291.ece |archive-date=3 April 2016 |access-date=3 April 2016 |website=The Hindu}}</ref><br />
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Commenting on the usage of [[Tantra|Tantrism]], ''The New Indian Express''{{'}} Kruthi Grover found the death of the [[Magician (paranormal)|sorcerer]] similar to the story of [[Bhasmasura]],<ref name="Eega review TNIE">{{Cite web |last=Grover |first=Kruthi |date=7 July 2012 |title='Eega' (Telugu) |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/article560395.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403134509/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/article560395.ece |archive-date=3 April 2016 |access-date=3 April 2016 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> a demon in Indian mythology to whom [[Shiva]] gives the power to reduce a person to ashes by touching her or his head. When Bhasmasura tries to touch Shiva's head, [[Vishnu]] assumes the form of [[Mohini]] and makes Bhasmasura touch his own head, killing him.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2010 |title=Balaji in Mohini Avatharam casts magical spell |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/article302142.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403134901/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/article302142.ece |archive-date=3 April 2016 |access-date=3 April 2016 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> According to Malathi Rangarajan, the film's themes of Tantrism and black magic are reminiscent of the use of the occult as a plot device in films directed by [[B. Vittalacharya]].<ref name="Rangarajan review TH" /><br />
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== Music ==<br />
{{Main|Eega (soundtrack)}}<br />
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The soundtracks of ''Eega'' and ''Naan Ee'', each consisting of five songs{{mdash}}one of which is a remixed version of the film's title song—were composed by M. M. Keeravani.<ref name="Beat">{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=7 May 2012 |title=Audio Beat: Naan Ee |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/audio-beat-naan-ee/article3290712.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405084556/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/audio-beat-naan-ee/article3290712.ece |archive-date=5 April 2016 |access-date=5 April 2016 |website=The Hindu}}</ref>{{efn|name="Keeravani"}} Keeravani said because the film's theme of revenge and the protagonist (a housefly) are universal concepts, his "only challenge" was ensuring the music did not have a "distinct ethnic or regional flavour" and "appeal".<ref name="MMK Naan Ee">{{Cite web |last=Suganth |first=M. |date=14 June 2012 |title=Simple notes make universal tunes: Maragathamani |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Simple-notes-make-universal-tunes-Maragathamani/articleshow/14096303.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405093240/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Simple-notes-make-universal-tunes-Maragathamani/articleshow/14096303.cms |archive-date=5 April 2016 |access-date=5 April 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> He incorporated the buzzing sound made by flies into the score and exaggerated or reduced it according to a scene's emotional nature.<ref name="MMK Naan Ee" /> Rajamouli approached [[Madhan Karky]] to write the lyrics for ''Naan Ee''{{'s}} soundtrack after the release of ''[[Enthiran]]'' (2010), explaining the importance of each song in the film's narrative. As well as providing detailed profiles of the characters, Rajamouli enacted a few scenes, which helped Karky write the lyrics.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suganth |first=M. |date=21 June 2012 |title=Madhan Karky's lyrical reflections! |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Madhan-Karkys-lyrical-reflections/articleshow/14298223.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405084605/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Madhan-Karkys-lyrical-reflections/articleshow/14298223.cms |archive-date=5 April 2016 |access-date=5 April 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
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''Eega''{{'s}} soundtrack was released on 4 April 2012 at a promotional event at Shanti Sarovar, [[Brahma Kumaris]]' academy in [[Gachibowli]], a suburb of Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Rupam |date=26 March 2012 |title="Eega" awaits a grand launch |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Eega-awaits-a-grand-launch/articleshow/12403157.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405093253/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Eega-awaits-a-grand-launch/articleshow/12403157.cms |archive-date=5 April 2016 |access-date=5 April 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2012 |title=Audio release of "Eega" sees Sudeep speaking in Kannada |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/others/news-interviews/Audio-release-of-Eega-sees-Sudeep-speaking-in-Kannada/articleshow/12502874.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405093246/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/others/news-interviews/Audio-release-of-Eega-sees-Sudeep-speaking-in-Kannada/articleshow/12502874.cms |archive-date=5 April 2016 |access-date=5 April 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> The soundtrack for ''Naan Ee'' was released on 2 May at another promotional event at [[SPI Cinemas|Sathyam Cinema]] in Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 May 2012 |title=Naan Ee audio launch |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/naan-ee-audio-launch-imagegallery-kollywood-mecmVijbaadsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405093415/http://www.sify.com/movies/naan-ee-audio-launch-imagegallery-kollywood-mecmVijbaadsi.html |archive-date=5 April 2016 |access-date=5 April 2016 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> ''Eega''{{'s}} soundtrack release on [[iTunes]] was delayed until 7 April to avoid piracy and illegal downloads.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raje |first=Abhishek |date=7 April 2012 |title=Eega songs on iTunes |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Eega-songs-on-Apples-iTunes/articleshow/12515721.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405093429/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Eega-songs-on-Apples-iTunes/articleshow/12515721.cms |archive-date=5 April 2016 |access-date=5 April 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
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Writing for ''The Hindu'', Sangeetha Devi Dundoo called the soundtrack "melodious&nbsp;...&nbsp;sharply contrasted by the background score, which seamlessly moves from sober to playful to pulsating".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=7 July 2012 |title=Eega: Don't miss this buzz |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/eega-dont-miss-this-buzz/article3609904.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405093910/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/eega-dont-miss-this-buzz/article3609904.ece |archive-date=5 April 2016 |access-date=5 April 2016 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> Another critic for ''The Hindu'', S. R. Ashok Kumar praised [[Vijay Prakash]]{{'s}} rendition of "Konjam Konjam".<ref name="KP TOI Review" /> Kumar appreciated the use of violins in "Eedaa Eedaa" and called "Lava Lava" "a good number".<ref name="Beat" /> Karthik Pasupulate of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that Keeravani "just seems to reserve his best for [Rajamouli]", calling the soundtrack "one of his finest".<ref name="KP TOI Review">{{Cite web |last=Pasupulate |first=Karthik |date=6 July 2012 |title=Eega Movie Review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/Eega/movie-review/14715128.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405093916/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/Eega/movie-review/14715128.cms |archive-date=5 April 2016 |access-date=5 April 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
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== Release ==<br />
[[File:Special screening of Makkhi in Mumbai.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Nani, Sanjeev Lamba, Ajay Devgan, Rajamouli, Keeravani and Suresh Babu stand and look towards the camera.|Left to right: [[Nani (actor)|Nani]], Sanjeev Lamba, [[Ajay Devgan]], [[S. S. Rajamouli]], [[M. M. Keeravani]], and [[D. Suresh Babu]] at the special screening of ''Makkhi'', the [[Hindi]] dubbed version of ''Eega'', in [[Mumbai]]]]<br />
''Eega'', with ''Naan Ee'' and ''Eecha'', was released on 6 July 2012 on approximately 1,100 screens.<ref name="Release UA TOI">{{Cite web |date=28 June 2012 |title=Naan E, Eega and Eecha from July 6 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Naan-E-Eega-and-Eecha-from-July-6/articleshow/14456969.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402140250/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Naan-E-Eega-and-Eecha-from-July-6/articleshow/14456969.cms |archive-date=2 April 2016 |access-date=2 April 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>{{efn|''[[The Hindu]]'' estimated the film's global screen count as 1,100,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krishnamoorthy |first=Suresh |date=5 July 2012 |title='Eega' to fly across 1,100 screens |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/eega-to-fly-across-1100-screens/article3604362.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402140318/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/eega-to-fly-across-1100-screens/article3604362.ece |archive-date=2 April 2016 |access-date=2 April 2016 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> while ''[[The Times of India]]'' estimated the film's global screen count to be 1,200.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pasupulate |first=Karthik |date=27 June 2012 |title=RGV says Eega will join the 100 crore club |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/RGV-says-Eega-will-join-the-100-crore-club/articleshow/14429465.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402140406/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/RGV-says-Eega-will-join-the-100-crore-club/articleshow/14429465.cms |archive-date=2 April 2016 |access-date=2 April 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>}} The [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] levied [[entertainment tax]] on ''Naan Ee'' at the rate of 30%.<ref name="Sify 85 million TN">{{Cite web |date=12 September 2012 |title=Naan Ee-The highest collecting bi-lingual in Tamil! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/naan-ee-the-highest-collecting-bi-lingual-in-tamil-news-tamil-mjmqsBaaiffsi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402140619/http://www.sify.com/movies/naan-ee-the-highest-collecting-bi-lingual-in-tamil-news-tamil-mjmqsBaaiffsi.html |archive-date=2 April 2016 |access-date=2 April 2016 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> ''Eega''{{'s}} Hindi-dubbed version, titled ''Makkhi'', was released on 12 October 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barua |first=Richa |date=12 October 2012 |title=Makkhi sets a new trend |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Makkhi-sets-a-new-trend/articleshow/16781464.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402140756/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Makkhi-sets-a-new-trend/articleshow/16781464.cms |archive-date=2 April 2016 |access-date=2 April 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> The film was further dubbed into [[Swahili language|Swahili]] as ''Inzi'' and released with the slogan "Kisasi Cha Mwisho" (''Fly: the ultimate revenge'').<ref name="Swahili">{{Cite web |last=Vivan |first=Sridhar |date=24 March 2015 |title=Sudeep's tryst with Swahili |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Sudeeps-tryst-with-Swahili/articleshow/46671610.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402141052/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Sudeeps-tryst-with-Swahili/articleshow/46671610.cms |archive-date=2 April 2016 |access-date=2 April 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> ''Inzi'' was released in Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, and Republic of the Congo, making ''Eega'' the first Telugu film to be released in Africa.<ref name="Swahili" /><br />
<br />
=== Distribution ===<br />
Global distribution rights for the Telugu version were sold for {{INR}}34&nbsp;crore (US$6.24 million), and [[PVP Cinema]] acquired ''Naan Ee''{{'s}} distribution rights for {{INR}}5&nbsp;crore.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajani Kanth |first=K. |last2=Bhat |first2=Varada |date=10 July 2012 |title=Eega 'flies high' at box office |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/eega-flies-high-at-box-office-112071000084_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402140633/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/eega-flies-high-at-box-office-112071000084_1.html |archive-date=2 April 2016 |access-date=2 April 2016 |work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref>{{efn|name="exchange2012"}} Outside India, 14 Reels Entertainment distributed ''Eega'' and ''Naan Ee'' in association with Ficus, Inc.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sashidhar |first=A. S. |date=20 July 2012 |title=Eega with English subtitles in abroad |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Eega-with-English-subtitles-in-abroad/articleshow/15052449.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406131015/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Eega-with-English-subtitles-in-abroad/articleshow/15052449.cms |archive-date=6 April 2016 |access-date=6 April 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> [[Reliance Entertainment]] acquired ''Makkhi''{{'s}} distribution rights.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2012 |title=Hindi version of Telugu hit Eega hit screens in October |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/hindi-version-of-telugu-hit-eega-hit-screens-in-october/story-2qhuTVWPw7IGh8gfBhO0VJ.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402140742/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/hindi-version-of-telugu-hit-eega-hit-screens-in-october/story-2qhuTVWPw7IGh8gfBhO0VJ.html |archive-date=2 April 2016 |access-date=2 April 2016 |website=Hindustan Times |agency=Indo-Asian News Service}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Piracy issues ===<br />
Weeks after ''Eega''{{'s}} release, its pirated version was released; it was illegally filmed in a theatre in [[Varadaiahpalem]], [[Chittoor district]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2012 |title=Piracy: theatre owner among two held |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/piracy-theatre-owner-among-two-held/article3668430.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402142429/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/piracy-theatre-owner-among-two-held/article3668430.ece |archive-date=2 April 2016 |access-date=2 April 2016 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> A forensic [[watermark]]ing investigation on the pirated copies determined that a camcorder was used in the process.<ref name="Eega piracy">{{Cite web |last=Pasupulate |first=Karthik |date=22 July 2012 |title=Eega piracy busted |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Eega-piracy-busted/articleshow/15088822.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402142437/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Eega-piracy-busted/articleshow/15088822.cms |archive-date=2 April 2016 |access-date=2 April 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> The digital watermarking also helped investigators locate the source of the piracy of ''Naan Ee'' to a theatre in [[Coimbatore]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 December 2012 |title=It is like fighting a losing battle |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article1397524.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402142527/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article1397524.ece |archive-date=2 April 2016 |access-date=2 April 2016 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><br />
<br />
According to Rajamouli, ''Eega'' was illegally downloaded 655,000 times within a week of the pirated version being leaked on the Internet.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sashidhar |first=A. S. |date=22 July 2012 |title=Rajamouli's answer to NRI's on piracy |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Rajamoulis-answer-to-NRIs-on-piracy/articleshow/15120313.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402142556/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Rajamoulis-answer-to-NRIs-on-piracy/articleshow/15120313.cms |archive-date=2 April 2016 |access-date=2 April 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Rajamouli added that a database of IP addresses of non-resident Indians who frequently download content was shared with immigration authorities which could affect their potential [[Green card|US residence permit]] applications.<ref name="Eega piracy" /> The anti-piracy cell delinked more than 2,000 links to the pirated versions of ''Naan Ee'' on the internet.<ref>{{Cite web |last=J. Rao |first=Subha |date=6 February 2013 |title=The weakest link |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-weakest-link/article4385740.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402142632/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-weakest-link/article4385740.ece |archive-date=2 April 2016 |access-date=2 April 2016 |website=The Hindu}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Home media ===<br />
''Naan Ee''{{'s}} satellite television rights were sold to [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] for {{INR}}3.35&nbsp;crore—a record price for a Telugu director's film, exceeding Rajamouli's initial expectations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 May 2012 |title=Eega Tamil Satellite Rights Gets 3.35 Crores |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Eega-Tamil-Satellite-Rights-Gets-3-35-Crores/articleshow/13162427.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402175309/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Eega-Tamil-Satellite-Rights-Gets-3-35-Crores/articleshow/13162427.cms |archive-date=2 April 2016 |access-date=2 April 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>{{efn|name="exchange2012"}} ''Makkhi''{{'s}} television-broadcast rights were sold to [[STAR Gold]] for {{INR}}8&nbsp;crore.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 December 2012 |title=Ram Charan's Nayak sets new record |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Ram-Charans-Nayak-sets-new-record/articleshow/17794928.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402175307/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Ram-Charans-Nayak-sets-new-record/articleshow/17794928.cms |archive-date=2 April 2016 |access-date=2 April 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 March 2016 |title=Makkhi Movie on Star Gold |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/programmes/makkhi/params/tvprogramme/programmeid-30000000549785740/channelid-10000000000110000/starttime-201603132236 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402175306/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/programmes/makkhi/params/tvprogramme/programmeid-30000000549785740/channelid-10000000000110000/starttime-201603132236 |archive-date=2 April 2016 |access-date=2 April 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> According to STAR Gold general manager Hemal Jhaveri, ''Makkhi''{{'s}} television premiere had a [[target rating point]] rating of 3.5;<ref>{{Cite web |last=Awaasthi |first=Kavita |date=7 February 2013 |title=Now we pray for box office success, TRPs: Karan Johar |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/now-we-pray-for-box-office-success-trps-karan-johar/story-WO5h3oBoP3XTzlo3um4HKO.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402175619/http://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/now-we-pray-for-box-office-success-trps-karan-johar/story-WO5h3oBoP3XTzlo3um4HKO.html |archive-date=2 April 2016 |access-date=2 April 2016 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> trade analyst Sreedhar Pillai called its performance "phenomenal".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=4 July 2015 |title=Baahubali: A marketing magnum opus |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/baahubali-release/article7386627.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402175616/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/baahubali-release/article7386627.ece |archive-date=2 April 2016 |access-date=2 April 2016 |website=The Hindu}}</ref><br />
<br />
In November 2012, [[Aditya Music]] released ''Eega'' on [[Blu-ray]] with English subtitles and [[DTS-HD Master Audio|DTS-HD MA 5.1]] surround sound. The release also contained a two-hour DVD about the [[Making-of|making of]] the film.<ref name="Blu-ray review">{{Cite web |last=Hurtado |first=J. |date=20 November 2012 |title=Blu-ray Review: EEGA Is The Best Film Of 2012, So Why Such A Crappy Blu-ray? |url=http://twitchfilm.com/2012/11/blu-ray-review-eega-is-the-best-film-of-2012-so-why-such-a-crappy-blu-ray.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402175615/http://twitchfilm.com/2012/11/blu-ray-review-eega-is-the-best-film-of-2012-so-why-such-a-crappy-blu-ray.html |archive-date=2 April 2016 |access-date=2 April 2016 |website=[[Screen Anarchy|Twitch Film]]}}</ref> J. Hurtado of [[Screen Anarchy|Twitch Film]] reviewed the Blu-ray version, writing, "The most egregious mangling of the film comes in the form of a severely fucked contrast scale, which leads to absurdly crushed black levels rendering nearly all shadow detail completely obliterated". Hurtado called the audio a "thing of beauty, giving good separation and a booming low end that puts you in the middle of the ''Eega'' action in a way that even my theatrical experience couldn't do".<ref name="Blu-ray review" /><br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
<br />
=== Box office ===<br />
According to trade analyst [[Komal Nahta]], ''Eega'' netted {{INR}}17&nbsp;crore in South India on its first day of release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2012 |title='Eega' earns Rs 17 crore net on its first day |url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/eega-earns-rs-17-crore-net-on-its-first-day-487231.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508063930/http://www.news18.com/news/india/eega-earns-rs-17-crore-net-on-its-first-day-487231.html |archive-date=8 May 2016 |access-date=5 April 2016 |website=News18}}</ref>{{efn|name="exchange2012"}} In ten days, ''Naan Ee'' grossed {{INR}}13&nbsp;crore from 208 screens in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2012 |title=Naan Ee Collection Report |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Naan-Ee-Collection-Report/articleshow/15001002.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405103205/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Naan-Ee-Collection-Report/articleshow/15001002.cms |archive-date=5 April 2016 |access-date=5 April 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>{{efn|name="exchange2012"}} On its second weekend, ''Eega'' grossed $253,334 from 42 screens in the US, bringing its ten-day total in that country to $913,046. By then, ''Naan Ee'' had grossed a total of $14,259 in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adarsh |first=Taran |date=17 July 2012 |title='Cocktail' excellent, 'BB' steady, 'Eega' rocking! |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/overseas/id/429 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405103348/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/overseas/id/429 |archive-date=5 April 2016 |access-date=5 April 2016 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>{{efn|name="exchange2012"}} ''Naan Ee'' earned {{INR}}18&nbsp;crore in three weeks at the Tamil Nadu box office—a record for a bilingual, Telugu-Tamil film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sashidhar |first=A. S. |date=28 July 2012 |title=Rajamouli breaks his own record |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Rajamouli-breaks-his-own-record/articleshow/15232090.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408131404/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Rajamouli-breaks-his-own-record/articleshow/15232090.cms |archive-date=8 April 2016 |access-date=5 April 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>{{efn|name="exchange2012"}} By early August 2012, the combined distributor share for the Telugu and Tamil versions was {{INR}}57&nbsp;crore.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pasupulate |first=Karthik |date=8 August 2012 |title=Eega beats Mahesh Babu's Businessman collections |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Eega-beats-Mahesh-Babus-Businessman-collections/articleshow/15408365.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405103406/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Eega-beats-Mahesh-Babus-Businessman-collections/articleshow/15408365.cms |archive-date=5 April 2016 |access-date=5 April 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>{{efn|name="exchange2012"}} The Hindi-dubbed version, ''Makkhi'', had not achieved equivalent commercial success as of June 2015.<ref name="Makkhi SSR">{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Madhumitha |date=7 June 2015 |title=I sell oranges |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/i-sell-oranges/article7289872.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017101125/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/i-sell-oranges/article7289872.ece |archive-date=17 October 2017 |access-date=16 October 2017 |work=The Hindu |quote=I felt Makkhi was not presented well even though it had a great run on satellite TV. Considering the movie had done well in other parts of the country, I felt it odd that it didn't do well in Hindi. I realised that it is not just enough to have good content. Unless it is presented well, the audience won't come.—S.S. Rajamouli}}</ref><br />
<br />
According to ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'', the film grossed {{INR}}115&nbsp;crore globally as of August 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2012 |title=Will the fly go to the Oscars? |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/columns/sunday-read/Will-the-fly-go-to-the-Oscars/articleshow/21307465.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405104608/http://www.bangaloremirror.com/columns/sunday-read/Will-the-fly-go-to-the-Oscars/articleshow/21307465.cms |archive-date=5 April 2016 |access-date=5 April 2016 |website=[[Bangalore Mirror]]}}</ref>{{efn|name="exchange2012"}} Its final global gross is estimated at {{INR}}125 to 130&nbsp;crore ($23–24 million).{{efn|name="final gross"}}{{efn|name="exchange2012"}} It was declared the highest-grossing bilingual film in Tamil Nadu after it earned {{INR}}24.66&nbsp;crore, with a distributor share of {{INR}}8.5&nbsp;crore, in 50 days. The film broke the record held by ''[[Arundhati (2009 film)|Arundhati]]'' (2009), whose Tamil-dubbed version earned a distributor share of {{INR}}6.5&nbsp;crore.<ref name="Sify 85 million TN" />{{efn|name="exchange2012"}}<br />
<br />
Indo-Asian News Service stated that ''Eega'' was the highest-grossing Telugu film of 2012,<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 December 2013 |title=Year of small films at southern box-office |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article1393872.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405105226/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article1393872.ece |archive-date=5 April 2016 |access-date=5 April 2016 |website=The New Indian Express |agency=Indo-Asian News Service}}</ref> but ''Bangalore Mirror'' said it was the second-highest (after ''[[Gabbar Singh (film)|Gabbar Singh]]'') in box-office revenue.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 March 2013 |title=In the doldrums |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/In-the-doldrums/articleshow/21220064.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405105234/http://www.bangaloremirror.com/entertainment/south-masala/In-the-doldrums/articleshow/21220064.cms |archive-date=5 April 2016 |access-date=5 April 2016 |website=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref> According to ''[[Deccan Herald]]'', ''Eega'' and ''[[Julayi]]'' were the only 2012 big-budget Telugu films to break even and have a positive audience response.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shenoy |first=Megha |date=28 December 2012 |title=The year that was |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/301309/year-was.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405105244/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/301309/year-was.html |archive-date=5 April 2016 |access-date=5 April 2016 |website=Deccan Herald}}</ref> ''Makkhi'' opened poorly, despite positive word-of-mouth,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mirani |first=Vinod |date=15 October 2012 |title=Rani Mukerji's Aiyyaa fails at the box office |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-aiyya-at-the-box-office/20121015.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405105425/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-aiyya-at-the-box-office/20121015.htm |archive-date=5 April 2016 |access-date=5 April 2016 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> eventually ending up as an average grosser.<ref name="Makkhi SSR" /> Regarding the performance of ''Makkhi'', Rajamouli felt the film was poorly presented and did not reach its theatrical audience even though it was better received on television,{{efn|name="presenter"}} and so later on collaborated with filmmaker [[Karan Johar]] – whom he considered the "one missing link" – on the presentation of the Hindi-dubbed version of his later film, ''Baahubali: The Beginning''.<ref name="Makkhi SSR" /><br />
<br />
=== Critical response ===<br />
{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=100|count=10|average=7.5|consensus=|ref=yes |access-date=25 February 2024}}<br />
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Baradwaj Rangan, writing for ''The Hindu'', said without a human protagonist, only a villain and a heroine, the audience is "led through a story that's funny, sentimental, action-packed, romantic—there's even a bit of the occult thrown in".<ref name="Rangan review TH" /> Also for ''The Hindu'', Malathi Rangarajan wrote, "Let's celebrate the figment of [Rajamouli's] imagination that has made the housefly appear as invincible as any of our muscle-flexing heroes".<ref name="Rangarajan review TH" /> Karishma Upadhyay of ''[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]'' called the film "a winner from the first frame to the last" and praised Rajamouli's screenplay, writing that it made "the absurd seem real, willing you to accept anything that he throws at you".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Upadhyay |first=Karishma |date=13 October 2012 |title=Makkhi |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1121013/jsp/entertainment/story_16085316.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406022300/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1121013/jsp/entertainment/story_16085316.jsp |archive-date=6 April 2016 |access-date=6 April 2016 |website=The Telegraph}}</ref> J. Hurtado of Twitch Film called ''Eega'' the "best, most insane, most inventive film of the year", and praised Rajamouli's scripting, the visual effects and Sudeepa's performance, calling the latter "legitimately hilarious".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hurtado |first=J. |date=6 July 2012 |title=Review: EEGA Is The Best, Most Insane, Most Inventive Film Of The Year. Catch This Fly While You Can! |url=http://twitchfilm.com/2012/07/review-eega-is-the-best-most-insane-film-of-the-year-catch-this-fly-while-you-can.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406021800/http://twitchfilm.com/2012/07/review-eega-is-the-best-most-insane-film-of-the-year-catch-this-fly-while-you-can.html |archive-date=6 April 2016 |access-date=6 April 2016 |website=Twitch Film}}</ref> V. S. Rajapur, Indo-Asian News Service gave ''Eega'' four stars out of five, and praised the performances and music; Rajapur was particularly appreciative of the visual effects, saying the hard work put in by the entire team was "clearly visible onscreen".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajapur |first=V. S. |date=10 July 2012 |title=Telugu movie review: Eega exceptionally innovative |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/telugu-movie-review-eega-exceptionally-innovative/story-UX4YeRsZdCd4AEBW5ZjwpI.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406021750/http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/telugu-movie-review-eega-exceptionally-innovative/story-UX4YeRsZdCd4AEBW5ZjwpI.html |archive-date=6 April 2016 |access-date=6 April 2016 |website=Hindustan Times |agency=Indo-Asian News Service}}</ref> A reviewer from ''[[Sify]]'' called ''Eega'' an "escapist, comic book-like fantasy" that "throws you into an experience so profound that nothing else really matters".<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 July 2012 |title=Review: Naan Ee |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/naan-ee-review-tamil-pcma06fhegijf.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406021843/http://www.sify.com/movies/naan-ee-review-tamil-pcma06fhegijf.html |archive-date=6 April 2016 |access-date=6 April 2016 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><br />
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Radhika Rajamani of [[Rediff.com]] awarded ''Eega'' four stars out of five; she praised its visual effects, performances and cinematography and said Sudeepa "is such a delight to watch on screen".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajamani |first=Radhika |date=6 July 2012 |title=Review: Eega is brilliant cinema |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-eega-is-brilliant-cinema/20120706.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406022304/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-eega-is-brilliant-cinema/20120706.htm |archive-date=6 April 2016 |access-date=6 April 2016 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> Karthik Pasupulate and M. Suganth of ''The Times of India'' both gave ''Eega'' four stars out of five; Pasupulate said it offers a "mind-bending thrill-a-second ride of the season, probably the decade". Suganth called it a "bravura piece of commercial filmmaking that is an unqualified triumph in every aspect".<ref name="KP TOI Review" /><ref name="MS TOI Review">{{Cite web |last=Suganth |first=M. |date=7 July 2012 |title=Naan Ee Movie Review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Naan-Ee/movie-review/14729518.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180521184145/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Naan-Ee/movie-review/14729518.cms |archive-date=21 May 2018 |access-date=6 April 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> [[Rajeev Masand]] of [[News18]] gave the film four stars out of five and praised its concept, and said Sudeepa played his role with a "true comic book flair" and a "cartoonish tinge".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Masand |first=Rajeev |author-link=Rajeev Masand |date=12 October 2012 |title='Makkhi' Review: A great example of how the idea is truly the star |url=http://www.news18.com/videos/india/masands-verdict-masand-reviews-now-showing-72-516435.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508063943/http://www.news18.com/videos/india/masands-verdict-masand-reviews-now-showing-72-516435.html |archive-date=8 May 2016 |access-date=6 April 2016 |website=News18}}</ref> Writing for [[Bollywood Hungama]], Subhash K. Jha praised ''Eega's'' "sharp clenched narrative", which overshadowed the "shaky plot". He further wrote, "Gutsy sly and original, this is the entertainer of the season".<ref>{{Cite web |last=K. Jha |first=Subhash |author-link=Subhash K. Jha |date=13 October 2012 |title=Subhash K. Jha speaks about Makkhi |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/4069/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406022958/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/4069/ |archive-date=6 April 2016 |access-date=6 April 2016 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> [[Anupama Chopra]] gave the film four stars out of five in a review for ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' and called it a "mad roller coaster ride that's worth taking" and the "most outlandish film [she has] seen in years".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chopra |first=Anupama |author-link=Anupama Chopra |date=13 October 2012 |title=Anupama Chopra's review: Makkhi |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/anupama-chopra-s-review-makkhi/story-mqTPg3rgTW6Q04ZVVAmUcI.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406023208/http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/anupama-chopra-s-review-makkhi/story-mqTPg3rgTW6Q04ZVVAmUcI.html |archive-date=6 April 2016 |access-date=6 April 2016 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Shabana Ansari rated ''Eega'' three stars out of five in a ''[[Daily News and Analysis]]'' review and called the animated fly a "new-age Indian hero" with "lofty ideas".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ansari |first=Shabana |date=12 October 2012 |title=Review: 'Makkhi 'introduces the idea of a new-age hero |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-review-makkhi-introduces-the-idea-of-a-new-age-hero-1751851 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406023556/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-review-makkhi-introduces-the-idea-of-a-new-age-hero-1751851 |archive-date=6 April 2016 |access-date=6 April 2016 |website=Daily News and Analysis}}</ref><br />
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Kruthi Grover of ''The New Indian Express'' wrote that ''Eega'' lacks a proper structure despite having effective visual effects and editing. She added that the film turns into a "silly animated movie for kids" after the fly's birth.<ref name="Eega review TNIE" /> Reviewing ''Makkhi'' for ''[[Dainik Bhaskar]]'', Mayank Shekhar said the film's premise is stretched beyond its potential and that as a result, it "just goes on and on and on" in its "original, tacky, raw form".<ref name="Shekhar review DB" /><br />
<br />
== Accolades ==<br />
{{Main|List of accolades received by Eega}}<br />
<br />
''Eega'' received the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu|Best Feature Film in Telugu]] and [[National Film Award for Best Special Effects|Best Special Effects]] awards at the [[60th National Film Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 March 2012 |title='Eega' wins two National Awards |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/eega-wins-two-national-awards/article4523938.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406095039/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/eega-wins-two-national-awards/article4523938.ece |archive-date=6 April 2016 |access-date=5 April 2016 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> It later received a B. Nagi Reddy Memorial Award as Best Wholesome Entertainment from the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 April 2013 |title=Eega wins B Nagi Reddy Award |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Eega-wins-B-Nagi-Reddy-Award/articleshow/19424604.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406095803/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Eega-wins-B-Nagi-Reddy-Award/articleshow/19424604.cms |archive-date=6 April 2016 |access-date=5 April 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2013 |title=Overjoyed to get two national awards: Sai |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/overjoyed-to-get-two-national-awards-sai/article4694257.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406095047/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/overjoyed-to-get-two-national-awards-sai/article4694257.ece |archive-date=6 April 2016 |access-date=5 April 2016 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> At the [[60th Filmfare Awards South]] ''Eega'' received seven nominations and won five awards, including [[Filmfare Award for Best Film&nbsp;– Telugu|Best Film&nbsp;– Telugu]], [[Filmfare Award for Best Director&nbsp;– Telugu|Best Director&nbsp;– Telugu]], and [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor&nbsp;– Telugu|Best Supporting Actor&nbsp;– Telugu]] (Sudeepa).<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 July 2013 |title=60th Idea Filmfare Awards 2013 (South) Nominations |url=http://www.filmfare.com/features/60th-idea-filmfare-awards-2013-south-nominations-3603.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406095119/http://www.filmfare.com/features/60th-idea-filmfare-awards-2013-south-nominations-3603.html |archive-date=6 April 2016 |access-date=5 April 2016 |website=Filmfare}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 July 2013 |title=List of Winners at the 60th Idea Filmfare Awards (South) |url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/list-of-winners-at-the-60th-idea-filmfare-awards-south-3745.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406095125/http://www.filmfare.com/news/list-of-winners-at-the-60th-idea-filmfare-awards-south-3745.html |archive-date=6 April 2016 |access-date=5 April 2016 |website=Filmfare}}</ref><br />
[[File:Samantha Ruth Prabhu at 60th South Filmfare Awards 2013.jpg|thumb|upright|left|alt=Samantha posing for a photo|Samantha at the [[60th Filmfare Awards South]] ceremony, where she won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress&nbsp;– Telugu|Best Actress&nbsp;– Telugu]] award for ''Eega''<ref name="Samantha Filmfare">{{Cite web |date=22 July 2013 |title=Samantha does it after 21 years |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Samantha-does-it-after-21-years/articleshow/21236650.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520090312/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Samantha-does-it-after-21-years/articleshow/21236650.cms |archive-date=20 May 2017 |access-date=5 April 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>]]<br />
Samantha received Filmfare Best Actress awards in the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress&nbsp;– Telugu|Telugu]] and [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress&nbsp;– Tamil|Tamil]] categories for her performances in ''Eega'' and ''[[Neethaane En Ponvasantham]]'', becoming the third Indian female actor to win these awards in both languages in the same year (after [[J. Jayalalithaa]] and [[Revathi]], who won 1972 and 1993 Best Actress awards for ''[[Sri Krishna Satya]]'', ''[[Pattikada Pattanama]]'' and ''[[Thevar Magan]]'' and ''[[Ankuram]]'' respectively).<ref name="Samantha Filmfare" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015069813841;view=1up;seq=488 |title=The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who |publisher=[[The Times Group|Bennett Coleman & Co. Ltd]] |year=1984 |pages=234 |access-date=8 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603130553/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015069813841&view=1up&seq=488 |archive-date=3 June 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> At the [[2nd South Indian International Movie Awards]], ''Eega'' received seven nominations and won three awards; Best Film, Best Cinematographer, and Best Actor in a Negative Role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 August 2013 |title=SIIMA 2013 Nominees |url=http://www.siima.in/nominees.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827201533/http://www.siima.in/nominees.php |archive-date=27 August 2013 |website=siima.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2013 |title=SIIMA Awards: 2012 Winners |url=http://www.siima.in/nominees.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925181400/http://www.siima.in/nominees.php |archive-date=25 September 2013 |website=siima.in}}</ref> Ravinder Reddy won the Best Art Direction Award at the 2013 Fantaspoa International Fantastic Film Festival in Brazil for his work in ''Eega''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pasupulate |first=Karthik |date=25 June 2013 |title=Another feather in Eega's cap |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Another-feather-in-Eegas-cap/articleshow/20760864.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406095919/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Another-feather-in-Eegas-cap/articleshow/20760864.cms |archive-date=6 April 2016 |access-date=5 April 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> The film won nine awards, including Most Original Film, Best Film to Watch With a Crowd, and Best Special Effects at the [[Toronto After Dark Film Festival#2013|eighth annual Toronto After Dark Film Festival]] in November 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2013 |title=Rajamouli's Eega continues to win awards |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Rajamoulis-Eega-continues-to-win-awards/articleshow/25166198.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406095919/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Another-feather-in-Eegas-cap/articleshow/20760864.cms |archive-date=6 April 2016 |access-date=5 April 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> At the [[7th Vijay Awards]] in 2013, Sudeepa won the [[Vijay Award for Best Villain|Best Villain Award]] for his performance in ''Naan Ee''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 May 2013 |title=Dhanush, Samantha win top honours at Vijay Awards |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Dhanush-Samantha-win-top-honours-at-Vijay-Awards/2013/05/13/article1588000.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325102840/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Dhanush-Samantha-win-top-honours-at-Vijay-Awards/2013/05/13/article1588000.ece |archive-date=25 March 2016 |access-date=11 April 2016 |website=The New Indian Express |agency=Indo-Asian News Service}}</ref> ''Eega'' won eight awards at the [[Nandi Awards of 2012|2012 Nandi Awards]], including [[Nandi Award for Best Director|Best Director]], [[Nandi Award for Best Villain|Best Villain]] and [[Nandi Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] for Rajamouli, Sudeepa and M. M. Keeravani respectively.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/nandi-awards-here-s-the-complete-list-of-winners-for-2012-and-2013/story-98h1g3ETtYipb4qGVgcgaM.html|title=Nandi Awards: Here’s the complete list of winners for 2012 and 2013|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=1 March 2017|access-date=15 December 2025}}</ref><br />
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The film's Telugu version was shown at film festivals worldwide.<ref name="Eega film festival">{{Cite web |last=Pasupulate |first=Karthik |date=27 December 2013 |title=Telugu films find acclaim globally |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Telugu-films-find-acclaim-globally/articleshow/28012422.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206191101/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Rajamoulis-Eega-continues-to-win-awards/articleshow/25166198.cms |archive-date=6 February 2016 |access-date=5 April 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> In December 2012, it was shown at the annual [[Chennai International Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 December 2012 |title=Eega to be screened at Chennai Film Festival |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Eega-to-be-screened-at-Chennai-Film-Festival/articleshow/17477537.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406100001/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Eega-to-be-screened-at-Chennai-Film-Festival/articleshow/17477537.cms |archive-date=6 April 2016 |access-date=5 April 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> After showings at the L'Étrange and [[Sundance Film Festival|Sundance]] film festivals,<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2013 |title=Sudeep's 'Eega' to be Screened at Cannes Film Market |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/sudeep039s-039eega039-to-be-screened-at-cannes-film-market-467468 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406095054/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/sudeep039s-039eega039-to-be-screened-at-cannes-film-market-467468 |archive-date=6 April 2016 |access-date=5 April 2016 |website=International Business Times India}}</ref> it was the only Telugu film screened in the [[Marché du Film]] section of the [[2013 Cannes Film Festival]] and the panorama section of the [[2013 Shanghai International Film Festival]].<ref name="Eega film festival" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 May 2013 |title='Eega' to be screened at Cannes film market |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/Eega-to-be-screened-at-Cannes-film-market/2013/05/15/article1590717.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406095103/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/Eega-to-be-screened-at-Cannes-film-market/2013/05/15/article1590717.ece |archive-date=6 April 2016 |access-date=5 April 2016 |website=The New Indian Express |agency=Indo-Asian News Service}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 May 2013 |title='Eega' to feature at Shanghai film festival |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/Eega-to-feature-at-Shanghai-film-festival/2013/05/15/article1590752.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406095111/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/Eega-to-feature-at-Shanghai-film-festival/2013/05/15/article1590752.ece |archive-date=6 April 2016 |access-date=5 April 2016 |website=The New Indian Express |agency=Indo-Asian News Service}}</ref><br />
<br />
''Eega'' is the only Telugu film to receive six nominations at the Madrid International Film Festival, and is the first Indian Best Film nominee. Nominations at the 2013 edition of the film festival included Best Film, Best Supporting Actor (Sudeepa), and Best Cinematographer (Senthil Kumar).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pasupulate |first=Karthik |date=16 May 2013 |title=Rajamouli's Eega flies to 3 International Film Festivals |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Rajamoulis-Eega-flies-to-3-International-Film-Festivals/articleshow/20086586.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406100001/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Eega-to-be-screened-at-Chennai-Film-Festival/articleshow/17477537.cms |archive-date=6 April 2016 |access-date=5 April 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> The film was invited to the 2013 [[Bucheon International Fantastic Film Festival]] in South Korea,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prasad |first=Shiva |date=16 May 2013 |title=After Cannes; Eega heads to Madrid & Korea |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/After-Cannes-Eega-heads-to-Madrid-Korea/articleshow/20085831.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406100057/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/After-Cannes-Eega-heads-to-Madrid-Korea/articleshow/20085831.cms |archive-date=6 April 2016 |access-date=5 April 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> and was the fifth foreign-language film shown at the [[18th Busan International Film Festival]] in October 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2013 |title='Eega' to be screened at Busan film fest |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Eega-to-be-screened-at-Busan-film-fest/articleshow/20148588.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520110713/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Rajamoulis-Eega-flies-to-3-International-Film-Festivals/articleshow/20086586.cms |archive-date=20 May 2017 |access-date=5 April 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Legacy ==<br />
[[File:Sudeep interview TeachAIDS.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Sudeepa looking at the camera|''Eega''{{'s}} success gave Sudeepa national recognition and acclaim from fellow actors, including [[Rajinikanth]] and [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]].<ref name="Sudeep acclaim">{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Hemanth |date=15 September 2012 |title=Exclusive interview : Sudeep talks about his fondness for NTR Jr, Rajamouli and RGV |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Exclusive-interview-Sudeep-talks-about-his-fondness-for-NTR-Jr-Rajamouli-and-RGV/articleshow/33749368.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404122935/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Exclusive-interview-Sudeep-talks-about-his-fondness-for-NTR-Jr-Rajamouli-and-RGV/articleshow/33749368.cms |archive-date=4 April 2016 |access-date=4 April 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="Rajinikanth Naan Ee">{{Cite web |last=Suresh |first=Sunayana |date=10 July 2012 |title=Rajinikanth praises Naan Ee |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Rajinikanth-praises-Naan-Ee/articleshow/14798178.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404122944/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Rajinikanth-praises-Naan-Ee/articleshow/14798178.cms |archive-date=4 April 2016 |access-date=4 April 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>]]<br />
<br />
Sudeepa received national recognition for his performance in ''Eega'';<ref name="Sudeep acclaim" /> [[Rajinikanth]] told him, "I thought I was the best villain to date. But you beat me to it".<ref name="Rajinikanth Naan Ee" /> His performance was appreciated by other celebrities such as [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]], [[Mahesh Babu]], and [[Ram Gopal Varma]];<ref name="Rajinikanth Naan Ee" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sashidhar |first=A. S. |date=10 July 2012 |title=Mahesh Babu appreciates Rajamouli's Eega |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mahesh-Babu-appreciates-Rajamoulis-Eega/articleshow/14797400.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404121937/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mahesh-Babu-appreciates-Rajamoulis-Eega/articleshow/14797400.cms |archive-date=4 April 2016 |access-date=4 April 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="Varma">{{Cite web |last=Suresh |first=Sunayana |date=5 August 2015 |title=Realized Sudeep's potential after Eega: RGV |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Realized-Sudeeps-potential-after-Eega-RGV/articleshow/48356872.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404123159/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Realized-Sudeeps-potential-after-Eega-RGV/articleshow/48356872.cms |archive-date=4 April 2016 |access-date=4 April 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Varma said he recognised Sudeep's potential after watching ''Eega'', adding, "Many take his acting in that film for granted, with respect to his expressions when interacting with the fly, but as a director, I know how difficult it is to act when you are imagining the fly to be there".<ref name="Varma" /> Sudeepa's performance in ''Naan Ee'' impressed filmmaker [[Chimbu Deven]], who cast him as the antagonist in ''[[Puli (2015 film)|Puli]]'' (2015).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Latha |date=28 September 2015 |title='Puli' director Chimbu Devan reveals why Vijay, Sudeep and Sridevi are true stars |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-puli-director-chimbu-devan-reveals-why-vijay-sudeep-and-sridevi-are-true-stars-2129382 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404123149/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-puli-director-chimbu-devan-reveals-why-vijay-sudeep-and-sridevi-are-true-stars-2129382 |archive-date=4 April 2016 |access-date=4 April 2016 |website=Daily News and Analysis}}</ref><br />
<br />
Speaking about the centenary of Indian cinema at the CII Media & Entertainment Summit 2012, filmmaker [[Shekhar Kapur]] said regional cinema is surpassing Hindi cinema in content and story, and cited ''Eega'' as an example. Kapur said he was impressed with its story and use of technology, and called it "no less than a Hollywood superhero film".<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 October 2012 |title=Film Market in India Is Contracting: Shekhar Kapur |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-film-market-in-india-is-contracting-shekhar-kapur-1758049 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404121926/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-film-market-in-india-is-contracting-shekhar-kapur-1758049 |archive-date=4 April 2016 |access-date=4 April 2016 |website=Daily News and Analysis}}</ref> [[Shah Rukh Khan]] called ''Eega'' an "awesomely original" film and a "must watch" with children.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sashidhar |first=A. S. |date=7 October 2012 |title=Shahrukh Khan praises Rajamouli's Makkhi |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Shahrukh-Khan-praises-Rajamoulis-Makkhi/articleshow/16708215.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404122124/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Shahrukh-Khan-praises-Rajamoulis-Makkhi/articleshow/16708215.cms |archive-date=4 April 2016 |access-date=4 April 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> [[Lavanya Tripathi]] cited Nani's performance in ''Eega'' as one of the reasons she worked with him in ''[[Bhale Bhale Magadivoy]]'' (2015).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chowdary |first=Y. Sunita |date=30 April 2015 |title=In a happy space |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/in-a-happy-space/article7159135.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404122148/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/in-a-happy-space/article7159135.ece |archive-date=4 April 2016 |access-date=4 April 2016 |website=The Hindu}}</ref><br />
<br />
''Eega'' was parodied twice in [[Bhimaneni Srinivasa Rao]]{{'s}} comedy film ''[[Sudigadu]]'' (2012); when a young girl asks her father to tell her a bedtime story in the opening credits,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=24 August 2012 |title=Sudigadu: One man, many avatars |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/sudigadu-one-man-many-avatars/article3816061.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404121335/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/sudigadu-one-man-many-avatars/article3816061.ece |archive-date=4 April 2016 |access-date=4 April 2016 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> and in a scene in which the protagonist threatens to kill a female crime boss with weapons designed by Rajamouli, including the fly's needle.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2012 |title=Sudigadu Comedy Scenes&nbsp;– Allari Naresh using SS Rajamouli weapons |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-4NPnCaErgo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215210553/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-4NPnCaErgo |archive-date=15 February 2017 |access-date=4 April 2016 |publisher=YouTube}}</ref> In December 2012, ''Eega'' and Sudeepa topped Radhika Rajamani's Rediff.com "Top Five Telugu Films of 2012" and "Best Telugu Actors of 2012" lists; according to her, Sudeepa left an "indelible" mark on the film and gave an "exceptionally good account" of himself as the antagonist.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajamani |first=Radhika |date=19 December 2012 |title=The Top Five Telugu Films of 2012 |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-the-top-five-telugu-films-of-2012/20121219.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404120304/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-the-top-five-telugu-films-of-2012/20121219.htm |archive-date=4 April 2016 |access-date=4 April 2016 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajamani |first=Radhika |date=31 December 2012 |title=The Best Telugu Actors of 2012 |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-the-best-telugu-actors-of-2012/20121231.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404120314/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-the-best-telugu-actors-of-2012/20121231.htm |archive-date=4 April 2016 |access-date=4 April 2016 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> Shobha Warrier of Reddif placed Sudeepa on her list of "Top Tamil Actors of 2012", writing that his performance was "so superlative and far superior to any other actor's in Tamil" that it "has to be termed as the best performance of the year".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Warrier |first=Shobha |date=15 January 2013 |title=The Top Tamil actors of 2012 |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-top-tamil-actors-of-2012/20130115.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404120326/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-top-tamil-actors-of-2012/20130115.htm |archive-date=4 April 2016 |access-date=4 April 2016 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> Radhika Rajamani ranked Rajamouli first on her "Top Telugu Directors of 2012" list, which was published in January 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajamani |first=Radhika |date=16 January 2013 |title=The Top Telugu Directors of 2012 |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-the-top-telugu-directors-of-2012/20130116.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404120336/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-the-top-telugu-directors-of-2012/20130116.htm |archive-date=4 April 2016 |access-date=4 April 2016 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> In 2020, Sankeertana Verma of ''[[Film Companion]]'' included the film in her list of "25 Greatest Telugu Films Of The Decade".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Varma |first=Sankeertana |title=25 Greatest Telugu Films Of The Decade |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/fc-decades/pages/telugu.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017163531/https://www.filmcompanion.in/fc-decades/pages/telugu.html |archive-date=17 October 2019 |access-date=26 June 2021 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
Adam Nayman of [[The Ringer (website)|''The Ringer'']] listed ''Eega'' among "The 25 Best Foreign Films of the Decade".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nayman |first=Adam |date=2019-12-31 |title=The 25 Best Foreign Films of the Decade |url=https://www.theringer.com/movies/2019/12/31/21042809/best-foreign-films-of-the-decade-2010s-parasite-burning-toni-erdmann |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707184724/https://www.theringer.com/movies/2019/12/31/21042809/best-foreign-films-of-the-decade-2010s-parasite-burning-toni-erdmann |archive-date=7 July 2022 |access-date=2022-07-07 |website=The Ringer |language=en}}</ref> In August 2015, Pooja Darade of ''The Times of India'' included ''Eega'' in her list of "Telugu movies one must watch before dying"; she said it "has set a high standard of how creativity can be used effectively".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Darade |first=Pooja |date=26 August 2015 |title=Telugu movies one must watch before dying |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/Telugu-movies-one-must-watch-before-dying/photostory/48523607.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828044952/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/Telugu-movies-one-must-watch-before-dying/photostory/48523607.cms |archive-date=28 August 2015 |access-date=4 April 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> In an April 2016 interview with ''The Hindu'', Tamil actor [[Suriya]] said films like ''[[Sagara Sangamam]]'' (1983), ''Eega'', ''Baahubali: The Beginning'', and ''[[Manam (film)|Manam]]'' (2014) are remembered much longer than more conventional films.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=30 April 2016 |title=Suriya's in for the long haul |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/suriya-opens-up-on-24-says-he-feels-responsible-to-make-films-that-have-longer-shelf-life/article8541283.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501092934/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/suriya-opens-up-on-24-says-he-feels-responsible-to-make-films-that-have-longer-shelf-life/article8541283.ece |archive-date=1 May 2016 |access-date=1 May 2016 |website=The Hindu}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2019, the film's plot was widely shared on social media in Spanish-speaking countries because of its unique plot that involved a fly taking revenge on a human.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Medina |first=Yazmín |date=25 January 2019 |title=Una mosca sedienta de venganza protagoniza la película que todos quieren ver |trans-title=A fly is the protagonist of the film that everybody wants to see |url=https://www.sdpnoticias.com/enelshow/television/protagoniza-pelicula-venganza-sedienta-mosca.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114013841/https://www.sdpnoticias.com/enelshow/television/protagoniza-pelicula-venganza-sedienta-mosca.html |archive-date=14 January 2022 |access-date=13 January 2022 |website=SDP Noticias |language=es}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Notelist|30em}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725022445/http://eegamovie.com/ |title=Official website |date=dmy}}<br />
* {{IMDb title}}<br />
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}<br />
<br />
{{India Animation Industry}}<br />
{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Telugu}}<br />
{{National Film Award Best Special Effects|state=collapsed}}<br />
{{S. S. Rajamouli}}<br />
{{Filmfare Best Telugu Film}}{{SIIMA Award for Best Film – Telugu}}{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2010s fantasy action films]]<br />
[[Category:2012 Telugu-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2012 3D films]]<br />
[[Category:2012 films]]<br />
[[Category:2012 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:2012 multilingual films]]<br />
[[Category:2012 Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Best Telugu Feature Film National Film Award winners]]<br />
[[Category:Films about insects]]<br />
[[Category:Films about reincarnation]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by S. S. Rajamouli]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by M. M. Keeravani]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]<br />
[[Category:Films that won the Best Special Effects National Film Award]]<br />
[[Category:Indian 3D films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian fantasy action films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]<br />
[[Category:Indian films with live action and animation]]<br />
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]<br />
[[Category:Reliance Entertainment films]]<br />
[[Category:Vaaraahi Chalana Chitram films]]</div>VLSLester417456https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raidighi_Assembly_constituency&diff=528174Raidighi Assembly constituency2026-04-19T19:39:21Z<p>VLSLester417456: Created Initial Post From Scratch!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Constituency of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly, in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Raidighi<br />
| type= SLA<br />
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Raidighi.map}}<br />
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Raidighi Assembly Constituency<br />
| map_alt = <br />
| mla = [[Aloke Jaldata]]<br />
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]<br />
| alliance = <br />
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br />
| state = [[West Bengal]]<br />
| district = [[South 24 Parganas]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Mathurapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mathurapur]]<br />
| constituency_no = 134<br />
| established = 2011<br />
| electors = 273,472<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| abolished = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Raidighi Assembly constituency''' is a [[Vidhan Sabha|Legislative Assembly]] constituency of [[South 24 Parganas]] district in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|State]] of [[West Bengal]].<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
As per order of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]] in respect of the [[Delimitation of constituencies]] in the [[West Bengal]], Raidighi Assembly constituency is composed of the following:<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date= 25 October 2010|work = West Bengal | publisher= Election Commission of India}}</ref><br />
* Abad Bhagawanpur, Debipur, Krishnachandrapur, Lalpur, Nalua and Shankarpur gram panchayats of [[Mathurapur I]] community development block<br />
* [[Mathurapur II]] community development block<br />
<br />
Raidighi Assembly constituency is a part of No. 20 [[Mathurapur (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<br />
<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" <br />
|-<br />
! Year<br />
! Name<br />
! colspan=2| Party<br />
|-<br />
| [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[Debashree Roy]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress|rowspan=3}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br />
| [[Aloke Jaldata]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
<br />
===2026===<br />
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Raidighi}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = Tapas Mondal<br />
|party = Trinamool Congress<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:}}<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = Palash Rana<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:}}<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = Samya Gangopadhyay<br />
|party = Left Front (West Bengal) <br />
|votes = {{formatnum:}}<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = Asish Kumar Mandal <br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:}}<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = Gunasindhu Haldar<br />
|party = SUCI(C)<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:}}<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|party = None of the above (India)<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:}}<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:}}<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:}}<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner = <br />
|loser = <br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2021===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Raidighi}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|party = All India Trinamool Congress<br />
|candidate = [[Aloke Jaldata]]<br />
|votes = 115,707<br />
|percentage = 48.47<br />
|change = +1.99<br />
}} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = Santanu Bapuli<br />
|votes = 80,139<br />
|percentage = 33.57<br />
|change = +30.03<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)<br />
|candidate = [[Kanti Ganguly]]<br />
|votes = 36,931<br />
|percentage = 15.47<br />
|change = -30.45<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)<br />
|candidate = Gunasindhu Haldar<br />
|votes = 2,862<br />
|percentage = 1.20<br />
|change = -0.88<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the Above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]<br />
|votes = 1,462<br />
|percentage = 0.61<br />
|change = -0.18<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|candidate = Mintu Mistri<br />
|votes = 795<br />
|percentage = 0.33<br />
|change = -0.09<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent (politician)<br />
|candidate = Souvik Bapuli<br />
|votes = 532<br />
|percentage = 0.22<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent (politician)<br />
|candidate = Bablu Haldar<br />
|votes = 292<br />
|percentage = 0.12<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = 35,568<br />
|percentage = 14.90<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = 238,720<br />
|percentage = 91.30<br />
|change = +1.44<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===Legislative Assembly Election 2016===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|Legislative Assembly Election, 2016]]: Raidighi<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=134| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120513170619/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=134| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 13 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Raidighi| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 30 April 2011}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Debashree Roy]]|votes=1,01,161|percentage=46.48|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[Kanti Ganguly]]|votes=99,932|percentage=45.92|change=}} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Sanghamitra Chaudhuri|votes=7,699|percentage=03.54|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=Gunasindhu Haldar|votes=4,520|percentage=02.08|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Rajendra Naskar|votes=916|percentage=00.42|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Lok Janshakti Party|candidate=Prasanta Mondal|votes=191|percentage=00.09|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = Purnendu Shekhar Mondal<br />
|party = Independent (politician)<br />
|votes = 789<br />
|percentage = 00.36<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = Amiya Gangopadhyay<br />
|party = Independent (politician)<br />
|votes = 373<br />
|percentage = 00.17<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = Arun Kumar Gayen<br />
|party = Independent (politician)<br />
|votes = 338<br />
|percentage = 00.16<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above]]<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|votes = 1,710<br />
|percentage = 00.79<br />
|change = ---<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = 1,229<br />
|percentage = 00.56<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=2,17,640|percentage=89.30|change=}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===Legislative Assembly Election 2011===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|Legislative Assembly Election, 2011]]: Raidighi<ref name=vidhansabha2011/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=134| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120513170619/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=134| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 13 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Raidighi| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 30 April 2011}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = All India Trinamool Congress<br />
|candidate = [[Debashree Roy]]<br />
|votes = 93,236<br />
|percentage = 50.11<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)<br />
|candidate = [[Kanti Ganguly]]<br />
|votes = 87,683<br />
|percentage = 47.12<br />
|change = <br />
}} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = [[Dwijendranath Halder]]<br />
|votes = 3,369<br />
|percentage = 1.81<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent (politician)<br />
|candidate = [[Debasree Kayal]]<br />
|votes = 1,295<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|candidate = [[Dulal Chand Ghorami]]<br />
|votes = 1,245<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent (politician)<br />
|candidate = [[Ajay Das]]<br />
|votes = 542<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = 186,075<br />
|percentage = 89.86<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box new seat win<br />
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
===Notes===<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
===Citations===<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{South 24 Parganas}}<br />
{{South 24 Parganas topics}}<br />
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}<br />
<br />
{{West Bengal elections}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of South 24 Parganas district]]<br />
[[Category:2011 establishments in West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2011]]</div>VLSLester417456https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geeta_Shastri&diff=500159Geeta Shastri2026-04-19T09:13:06Z<p>VLSLester417456: created basic pg w/ infobox</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Geeta Shastri<br />
| image =<br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = 1965<br />
| birth_place = [[Prayagraj]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| office = '''Member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]'''<br />
| term_start = 2022<br />
| term_end = <br />
| predecessor = [[Jamuna Prasad]]<br />
| successor = <br />
| office1 = <br />
| term_start1 = <br />
| term_end1 = <br />
| successor1 = <br />
| party = [[File:Samajwadi Party.png|20px]] [[Samajwadi Party]]<br />
| spouse = Late Ram Krishan Shastri<br />
| children = <br />
| parents = <br />
| constituency = [[Soraon Assembly constituency|Soraon]] <br />
}}<br />
'''Geeta Shastri''' is an Indian politician from [[Uttar Pradesh]]. She is a member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] representing [[Samajwadi Party]] from Soraon Assembly constituency in [[Prayagraj district]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geeta Shastri (pasi)-गीता शास्त्री (पासी) Sp Candidate Soraon (sc) Election Result 2022 |url=https://www.amarujala.com/election/vidhan-sabha-elections/uttar-pradesh/candidates/geeta-shastri-(pasi)-sp-2022-soraon-243-uttar-pradesh |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=[[Amar Ujala]] |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://affidavit.eci.gov.in/show-profile/eyJpdiI6IlVGcUlDS2Z0WUxNeE8rRXM5VStCNlE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQitcL0J0ZU55clFQc01SS2tkbUE0c0E9PSIsIm1hYyI6IjNiYTZiNWYyMGVjYmI4ODQxNTZlZGQ2N2MyNDhmNjZhYWUzODMwN2E0ZmJiNjRjMmVjYWIyNDcyN2M1M2I3MjQifQ==/MjM=/MTM=/Mw==/QUM= |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=affidavit.eci.gov.in}}</ref> She won the 2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sabarwal |first=Harshit |date=2022-03-10 |title=UP polls results: BJP wins all seats in Varanasi, SP wins 4 seats in Prayagraj |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/uttar-pradesh-assembly-election/varanasi-prayagraj-assembly-elections-results-live-updates-up-2022-101646881447470.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Shastri hails from an agricultural family in Phaphamau, Prayagraj district. She married Ramakrishna Shastri. She completed her intermediate in 1992 at Kashi Agriculture Inter College, Harhua, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geeta Shastri (Pasi)(Samajwadi Party(SP)):Constituency- SORAON (SC)(PRAYAGRAJ) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/uttarpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=3351 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=myneta.info}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Shastri won the 2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election from Soraon Assembly constituency representing Samajwadi Party. She polled 91,474 votes and defeated [[Jamuna Prasad]] of Apna Dal (Soneylal) by a margin of 5,590 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Soraon Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Geeta Shastri (Pasi) of SP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/soraon-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-4850153.html |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Soraon, Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2022 LIVE Updates: SP's Geeta Shastri (Pasi) with 45574 defeats ADAL's Dr. Jamuna Prasad SarojADAL |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/soraon-uttar-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2022-live-updates-1923284-2022-03-09 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Shastri, Geeta}}<br />
[[Category:1965 births]]<br />
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]<br />
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Women members of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Politicians from Prayagraj]]<br />
<br />
{{UttarPradesh-SP-politician-stub}}</div>VLSLester417456https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asha_Devi_Sinha&diff=487824Asha Devi Sinha2026-04-18T22:36:49Z<p>VLSLester417456: Adding A Bio</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Asha Devi Sinha<br />
| birth_name = Asha Devi<br />
| caption =<br />
| image = <br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1966|03|01}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/member_profile/186.pdf|title=Member Profile Danapur MLA|website=Bihar Vidhan Sabha|accessdate= 20 November 2015}}</ref><br />
| birth_place = Sarari, [[Danapur]] [[Patna]]<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| office = [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|Member of Bihar Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| constituency = [[Danapur Assembly constituency|Danapur]]<br />
| term_start = 2005<br />
| term_end = 2020<br />
| predecessor = [[Rama Nand Yadav]]<br />
| successor = [[Ritlal Yadav]]<br />
| office1 = <br />
| constituency1 = <br />
| term1 = <br />
| term_end1 = <br />
| predecessor1 = <br />
| successor1 = <br />
| office2 = <br />
| constituency2 = <br />
| term_start2 = <br />
| predecessor2 = <br />
| successor2 = <br />
| party = [[BJP]]<br />
| other_party = <br />
| spouse = Satynarayan Sinha<br />
| website = <br />
| alma_mater = Non Matric<br />
| profession = Politician social worker<br />
| date = <br />
| year = <br />
| source = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Asha Devi Sinha''' (born 1 March 1966)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asha Devi(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- DANAPUR(PATNA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/Bihar2020/candidate.php?candidate_id=11480 |access-date=2025-04-17 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from Bihar. She was elected to the Bihar Legislative Assembly representing [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) from [[Danapur Assembly constituency|Danapur]] in February 2005, October 2005, 2010 and 2015. In the [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020 elections to Bihar Assembly]], Asha Devi faced [[Ritlal Yadav]], whose men allegedly murdered her husband Satyanarayan Sinha.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2020-10-15 |title=Bihar assembly elections: 'Don' to face wife of neta he allegedly shot |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/don-to-face-wife-of-neta-he-allegedly-shot/articleshow/78671347.cms |access-date=2025-04-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
==About==<br />
Sinha is from Danapur, Patna district, Bihar. She married BJP leader Satyanarayan Sinha. Sinha contested the 2002 by-poll from Danapur but lost to [[Rama Nand Yadav]].<br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Sihna won from Danapur Assembly constituency representing the Bharatiya Janata Party in the [[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]. She retained the seat in the [[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] and won for a third time in the [[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-11-24 |title=Danapur sitting MLA and BJP candidate Asha Sinha wins |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/danapur-sitting-mla-and-bjp-candidate-asha-sinha-won-the-danapur-assembly-election-defeating-rjd-and-congress-candidates-by-a-comfortable-margin-similarly-phulwari-reserved-constituency-jducandidate-shyam-rajak-registered-his-victory-defeating-sitting-rjd-candidate-uddai-manjhi-rajak-was-a-former-minister-in-the-lalu-rabri-cabinet-/articleshow/6982312.cms |access-date=2025-04-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She won for the fourth time in the [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] defeating Raj Kishor Yadav of the RJD by a margin of 5,209 votes but lost the next election to Ritlal Yadav, who was allegedly involved in the murder of her husband Satyanarayan Sinha.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Danapur Election Results 2020 {{!}} Bihar Election Results {{!}} Elections 2020 - |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/bihar-assembly-election-results-2020/danapur |access-date=2025-04-17 |website=ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref> After the imprisonment of Ritlal Yadav, Sinha won Danapur seat in four consecutive elections representing [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Avinash |date=13 October 2020 |title=Bihar Assembly Election 2020: BJP Danapur MLA Asha Sinha to contest against RJD's Ritlal Yadav, accused of killing her husband |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bihar-election/bihar-assembly-election-2020-bjp-danapur-mla-asha-sinha-to-contest-against-rjd-s-ritlal-yadav-accused-of-killing-her-husband/story-TH6zXv86dtQSwAxoFrxkBN.html |access-date=17 April 2025 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-02 |title=Bihar polls: In seat once represented by Lalu, murder accused queers son's development pitch |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/bihar-polls-rjd-faces-heat-for-muscleman-politician-candidate-near-patna-6912837/ |access-date=2025-04-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> But she lost the [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020 election]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-11-11 |title=Bihar Election Results Highlights: In a gripping battle for Bihar, can the Grand Alliance close in on NDA? |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/bihar-election-results-2020-live-updates-and-highlights/articleshow/79140520.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-04-17 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{Twitter|AshasinhaBJP}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Asha Devi}}<br />
[[Category:1966 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2015–2020]]<br />
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2010–2015]]<br />
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2005–2010]]<br />
[[Category:People from Patna district]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Women members of the Bihar Legislative Assembly]]<br />
<br />
{{Bihar-politician-stub}}</div>VLSLester417456https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024%E2%80%9325_I-League_3&diff=4833152024–25 I-League 32026-04-18T07:28:38Z<p>VLSLester417456: Adding New Info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2nd season of the I-League 3}}<br />
{{Infobox football league season<br />
| image = I-League_3_Trophy_24-25.jpeg<br />
| caption = The I-League 3 trophy<br />
| competition = [[I-League 3]]<br />
| season = [[2024–25 in Indian football|2024–25]]<br />
| dates = 3 September – 6 October 2024<ref>{{Cite web|last=AIFF Media Team|first=|date=2024-08-12|title=Draw out for 2024-25 I-League 3 Group Stage<br />
|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/draw-out-for-2024-25-i-league-3-group-stage|access-date=2024-08-23|website=www.the-aiff.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-09-13|title=Draw out for I-League 3 Play-offs in Naihati and Kalyani|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/draw-out-for-i-league-3-play-offs-in-naihati-and-kalyani|website=AIFF|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
| winners = [[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]]<br />
| promoted = '''[[2024–25 I-League 2]]:'''<br/>[[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]]<br/>[[Chanmari FC|Chanmari]]<br/>[[Sports Academy Tirur|SAT]]<br/>[[KLASA FC|KLASA]]<br/>'''[[2025–26 I-League 2]]:'''<br/>[[Karbi Anglong Morning Star FC|KAMS]]<br/>[[MYJ–GMSC]]<br />
| relegated = 19 clubs<br />
| matches = 71<br />
| total goals = 228<br />
| league topscorer = Himanshu Patil (7 goals)<br />
| biggest win = [[KLASA FC|KLASA]] 8–0 Bhuna (5 September)<br/>Bhuna 0–8 [[Karbi Anglong Morning Star FC|KAMS]] (11 September)<br />
| highest scoring = KLASA 8–0 Bhuna (5 September)<br/>Bhuna 0–8 KAMS (11 September)<br />
| longest wins = [[Chanmari FC|Chanmari]] (8 matches)<br />
| longest unbeaten = [[Chanmari FC|Chanmari]] (8 matches)<br />
| longest winless = [[Dalbir Football Academy|Dalbir FA]]<br/>[[Downtown Heroes FC|Downtown Heroes]]<br/>(5 matches)<br />
| longest losses = [[RKM Football Academy|RKM]] (4 matches)<br />
| highest attendance = 11,160<br>Jaipur Elite–[[Karbi Anglong Morning Star FC|Karbi Anglong]] (7 September)<br />
| lowest attendance = 10<br/>MYJ–GMSC–[[Abbas Union FC|Abbas Union]] (3 October)<br/>Karbi Anglong–Downtown Heroes (2 October)<br />
| attendance = 51,516<br />
| average attendance = 725<br />
| prevseason = [[2023–24 I-League 3|2023–24]]<br />
| nextseason = ''[[2025–26 I-League 3|2025-2026]]''<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''2024–25 I-League 3''' was the 2nd season of the [[I-League 3]] since its establishment in 2023, as the fourth tier of the [[Indian football league system]]. The top four clubs secured spot in the [[2024–25 I-League 2]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Draw out for I-League 3 Play-offs in Naihati and Kalyani |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/draw-out-for-i-league-3-play-offs-in-naihati-and-kalyani |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> The winner of the tournament was [[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]] winning 1–0 against [[Chanmari FC|Chanmari]].<br />
<br />
== Over view ==<br />
The second season of I-League 3, 25 clubs were participated. Kerala United and KLASA were reinstated from [[2023-24 I-League 3]] and Maharashtra Oranje and Kenkre Fc were relegated from [[2023-24 I-League 2]]. 21 clubs were promoted or nominated from State Football League 2023-24 season. <br />
<br />
Total 25 clubs were participated in 5 group of 5 team. Each group champions and runner's up were promoted to final round group stages.A total of 10 teams that were promoted from the preliminary round were divided into 2 final round groups of 5 teams each. Each group champions and runner's up were promoted to [[2024-25 I-League 2]]. Each group third place team were promoted to [[2025-26 I-League 2]]. The rest of all teams were relegated to their State football league.<br />
<br />
== Club changes ==<br />
The following clubs have changed division since the [[2023–24 in Indian football|2023–24 season]]:{{col-begin|width=auto}}<br />
{{col-break}}<br />
{{col-2}}<br />
<br />
=== To I-League 3 ===<br />
'''Promoted from [[2023–24 Indian State Leagues|State leagues]]''' <br />
* [[#Clubs|21 clubs]]<br />
<br />
'''Reinstated from [[2023–24 I-League 3#Play-offs|playoffs]]''' <br />
* [[Kerala United FC|Kerala United]] <br />
* [[KLASA FC|KLASA]] <br />
'''Relegated from [[2023–24 I-League 2|I-League 2]]''' <br />
* [[Maharashtra Oranje FC|Maharashtra Oranje]]<br />
* [[Kenkre FC|Kenkre]]<br />
{{col-2}}<br />
<br />
=== From I-League 3 ===<br />
'''Relegated to [[2024–25 Indian State Leagues|State leagues]]''' <br />
* [[2023–24 I-League 3#Clubs|20 clubs]]<br />
{{col-end}}<br />
<br />
== Clubs ==<br />
{{Main|2023–24 Indian State Leagues}}<br />
{{Location map+<br />
|India3<br />
|float=right<br />
|width=390<br />
|caption=Locations of '''2024-25 I-League 3''' Group stage clubs<br/> [[File:Red pog.svg|8px]] Group A <br/> [[File:Blue pog.svg|8px]] Group B <br/> [[File:Yellow pog.svg|8px]] Group C <br/> [[File:Green pog.svg|8px]] Group D <br/> [[File:Orange pog.svg|8px]] Group E<br />
|places=<br />
<br />
{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=24.4333 |long=93.6167|mark=Green pog.svg |label=<div style="font-size:90%">{{nowrap|[[KLASA FC|KLASA]]}}</div> |position=left}}<br />
<br />
{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=24.7791 |long=93.9421|mark=Orange pog.svg |label=<div style="font-size:90%">{{nowrap|[[Southern Sporting Union|SSU]]}}</div> |position=right}}<br />
<br />
{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=11.051 |long=76.071111|mark=Blue pog.svg |label=<div style="font-size:90%">{{nowrap|[[Kerala United FC|Kerala United]]}}</div> |position=right}}<br />
<br />
{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=34.09 |long=74.79 |mark=Orange pog.svg |label=<div style="font-size:90%">{{nowrap|[[Downtown Heroes FC|Downtown Heroes]]}}</div>|position=right}}<br />
<br />
{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=25.83 |long=93.43|mark=Green pog.svg <br />
|label=<div style="font-size:90%;position:relative;top:14px">{{nowrap|[[Karbi Anglong Morning Star FC|Karbi Anglong<br>Morning Star]]}}</div> <br />
|position=top}}<br />
<br />
{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=28.613889 |long=77.208889|mark=Blue pog.svg |label=<div style="font-size:90%">{{nowrap|[[Garhwal Heroes FC|Garhwal Heroes]]}}</div> |position=left}}<br />
<br />
{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=22.5330 |long=72.9000|mark=Orange pog.svg |label=<div style="font-size:90%">{{nowrap|[[Charutar Vidya Mandal FC|CVM]]}}</div> |position=left}}<br />
<br />
{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=15.5667 |long=73.9833|mark=Blue pog.svg |label=<div style="font-size:90%">{{nowrap|[[Sesa Football Academy|Sesa]]}}</div> |position=left}}<br />
<br />
{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=29.5000 |long=75.5000|mark=Green pog.svg |label=<div style="font-size:90%">{{nowrap|Bhuna}}</div> |position=left}}<br />
<br />
{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=22.1936 |long=88.1866 |label=<div style="font-size:90%">{{nowrap|[[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]]}}</div> |position=left}}<br />
<br />
{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=29.3907 |long=79.4544|mark=Orange pog.svg <br />
|label=<div style="font-size:90%;position:relative;top:14px">{{nowrap|[[Corbett FC|Corbett]]}}</div> <br />
|position=top}}<br />
<br />
{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=12.978889 |long=77.591667|mark=Yellow pog.svg |label=<div style="font-size:90%">{{nowrap|[[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited SC|HAL]]}}</div> |position=left}}<br />
<br />
{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=10.9 |long=75.92 |label=<div style="font-size:90%">{{nowrap|[[Sports Academy Tirur|SAT]]}}</div> |position=left}}<br />
<br />
{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=23.2599 |long=77.4126 |label=<div style="font-size:90%">{{nowrap|[[Lakecity FC|Lakecity]]}}</div> |position=right}}<br />
<br />
{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=17.689531 |long=83.233874|mark=Yellow pog.svg |label=<div style="font-size:90%">{{nowrap|[[Coramandal FC|Coramandal]]}}</div> |position=right}}<br />
<br />
{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=23.1645 |long=92.9376|mark=Yellow pog.svg |label=<div style="font-size:90%">{{nowrap|[[Chanmari FC|Chanmari]]}}</div> |position=right}}<br />
<br />
{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=20.2961 |long=85.8245 |label=<div style="font-size:90%">{{nowrap|[[Sports Odisha]]}}</div> |position=right}}<br />
<br />
{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=30.34 |long=76.38|mark=Blue pog.svg |label=<div style="font-size:90%">{{nowrap|[[Dalbir Football Academy|Dalbir]]}}</div> |position=left}}<br />
<br />
{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=26.9124 |long=75.7873|mark=Green pog.svg |label=<div style="font-size:90%">{{nowrap|[[Jaipur Elite FC|Jaipur Elite]]}}</div> |position=left}}<br />
<br />
{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=28.67 |long=77.42 |label=<div style="font-size:90%">{{nowrap|[[Ghaziabad City FC|Ghaziabad City]]}}</div> |position=right}}<br />
<br />
{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=19.8881 |long=81.2301|mark=Yellow pog.svg |label=<div style="font-size:90%">{{nowrap|[[RKM Football Academy|RKM]]}}</div> |position=left}}<br />
<br />
{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=17.371186 |long=78.481668|mark=Orange pog.svg |label=<div style="font-size:90%">{{nowrap|[[Abbas Union FC|Abbas<br>Union]]}}</div>|position=left}}<br />
<br />
{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=19.076111 |long=72.8775 |label=<div style="font-size:90%">{{nowrap|'''Mumbai'''}}</div>|mark=Black pog.svg |position=left}}<br />
<br />
{{Location map~ |India3 |mark=TransparentPlaceholder.png |marksize=1 |lat=16.00 |long=85.00 |label=<div style="font-size:90%">'''{{nowrap|[[Mumbai]] teams:}}'''<br /><br />
{{nowrap|[[File:Green pog.svg|8px]] [[Kenkre FC|Kenkre]]}}<br /><br />
{{nowrap|[[File:Yellow pog.svg|8px]] [[Maharashtra Oranje FC|Maharashtra Oranje]]}}<br /><br />
{{nowrap|[[File:Blue pog.svg|8px]] [[MYJ–GMSC]]}}</div>}}}}<br />
<br />
On 10 July 2024, the [[All_India_Football_Federation|AIFF]] announced the list of 20 clubs that will participate in the season. The list consisted of 2 clubs relegated from [[2023–24 I-League 2]], 2 clubs retained from [[2023–24 I-League 3]] play-off, and 16 clubs nominated by state FAs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/IndianFootball/comments/1e0v4sl/teams_for_ileague_3/|title=Teams for I-League 3|access-date=13 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/C9W70vFTEAJ|title=The teams for the 2024-25 I-League 3 season are confirmed! The season kicks off in September.|access-date=13 July 2024}}</ref> On 27 July, 4 more clubs were approved by the AIFF as a "one-time exception."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://x.com/rajugusain/status/1816857538308248061?t=dfs7C3FRPG2LcMwMtsc-3A&s=19|title=Now Corbett FC (Uttarakhand) will play in I-League 3rd Division.|access-date=27 July 2024}}</ref> Later, [[Southern Sporting Union]] from [[Imphal]] was added to the list, having topped the 2023-24 Manipur Premier League.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Express|first= The Sangai|date=2024-07-31|title= Southern Sporting Union to participate in I-League 3<br />
|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Sport1..310724.jul24|access-date=2024-07-31|website=e-pao.net|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; font-size:95%"<br />
!No.<br />
!Club<br />
!City<br />
!State<br />
!League<br />
!Position<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|[[Kerala United FC]]<br />
|[[Malappuram]]<br />
|[[Kerala]]<br />
|[[2023–24 I-League 3#Play-offs|2023–24 I-League 3 Play-offs]]<br />
|4th<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|[[KLASA FC]]<br />
|[[Bishnupur, Manipur|Bishnupur]]<br />
|[[Manipur]]<br />
|[[2023–24 I-League 3#Play-offs|2023–24 I-League 3 Play-offs]]<br />
|5th<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|[[Karbi Anglong Morning Star FC]]<br />
|[[Diphu]]<br />
|[[Assam]]<br />
|2023–24 [[Assam State Premier League]]<br />
|1st<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|[[Garhwal Heroes FC]]<br />
|[[New Delhi]]<br />
|[[Delhi]]<br />
|2023–24 [[Delhi Football League#Delhi Premier League|Delhi Premier League]]<br />
|1st<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|[[Charutar Vidya Mandal FC]]<br />
|[[Vallabh Vidyanagar]]<br />
|[[Gujarat]]<br />
|2024 [[Gujarat SFA Club Championship]]<br />
|1st<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
|[[Sesa Football Academy|Sesa FA]]<br />
|[[Sanquelim]]<br />
|[[Goa]]<br />
|[[2023–24 Goa Professional League]]<br />
|2nd<br />
|-<br />
|7<br />
|[[Bhuna FC]]<br />
|[[Bhuna, Fatehabad|Bhuna]]<br />
|[[Haryana]]<br />
|2024 [[Haryana Football Association|Haryana Men's Football League]]<br />
|1st<br />
|-<br />
|8<br />
|[[Diamond Harbour FC]]<br />
|[[Diamond Harbour, India|Diamond Harbour]]<br />
|[[West Bengal]]<br />
|[[2023 CFL Premier Division|2023 Calcutta Football League]]<br />
|3rd<br />
|-<br />
|9<br />
|[[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited SC|HAL SC]]<br />
|[[Bengaluru]]<br />
|[[Karnataka]]<br />
|[[2023–24 Bangalore Super Division]]<br />
|4th<br />
|-<br />
|10<br />
|[[Sports Academy Tirur|SAT]]<br />
|[[Tirur]]<br />
|[[Kerala]]<br />
|[[2023–24 Kerala Premier League]]<br />
|Runners-Up<br />
|-<br />
|11<br />
|[[Lakecity FC]]<br />
|[[Bhopal]]<br />
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
|2023–24 [[Madhya Pradesh Premier League]]<br />
|1st<br />
|-<br />
|12<br />
|[[Chanmari FC]]<br />
|[[Aizawl]]<br />
|[[Mizoram]]<br />
|2023–24 [[Mizoram Premier League]]<br />
|Runners-Up<br />
|-<br />
|13<br />
|[[Sports Odisha]]<br />
|[[Bhubaneswar]]<br />
|[[Odisha]]<br />
|[[2023 FAO Super Cup]]<br />
|Champions<br />
|-<br />
|14<br />
|[[Dalbir Football Academy|Dalbir FA]]<br />
|[[Patiala]]<br />
|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]<br />
|2023–24 [[Punjab State Super League]]<br />
|3rd<br />
|-<br />
|15<br />
|[[Jaipur Elite FC]]<br />
|[[Jaipur]]<br />
|[[Rajasthan]]<br />
|[[2023–24 R-League A Division|2023-24 R–League A Division]]<br />
|1st<br />
|-<br />
|16<br />
|[[Ghaziabad City FC]]<br />
|[[Ghaziabad]]<br />
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
|2024 Ghaziabad District League<br />
|1st<br />
|-<br />
|17<br />
|[[MYJ–GMSC]]<br />
|[[Mumbai]]<br />
|[[Maharashtra]]<br />
|[[2023–24 Mumbai Premier League]]<br />
|1st<br />
|-<br />
|18<br />
|[[RKM Football Academy|RKM FA]]<br />
|[[Narayanpur, Chhattisgarh|Narainpur]]<br />
|[[Chhattisgarh]]<br />
|2024 [[Chhattisgarh State Men's Football League Championship|Chhattisgarh Football League]]<br />
|1st<br />
|-<br />
|19<br />
|[[Maharashtra Oranje FC]]<br />
|[[Mumbai]]<br />
|[[Maharashtra]]<br />
|[[2023–24 I-League 2]]<br />
|7th<br />
|-<br />
|20<br />
|[[Kenkre FC]]<br />
|[[Mumbai]]<br />
|[[Maharashtra]]<br />
|[[2023–24 I-League 2]]<br />
|8th<br />
|-<br />
|21<br />
|[[Abbas Union FC]]<br />
|[[Hyderabad]]<br />
|[[Telangana]]<br />
| –<br />
| –<br />
|-<br />
|22<br />
|[[Downtown Heroes FC]]<br />
|[[Srinagar]]<br />
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
| –<br />
| –<br />
|-<br />
|23<br />
|[[Coramandal FC]]<br />
|[[Vishakhapatnam]]<br />
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
| –<br />
| –<br />
|-<br />
|24<br />
|[[Corbett FC]]<br />
|[[Rudrapur, Uttarakhand|Rudrapur]]<br />
|[[Uttarakhand]]<br />
| –<br />
| –<br />
|-<br />
|25<br />
|[[Southern Sporting Union|Southern SU]]<br />
|[[Imphal]]<br />
|[[Manipur]]<br />
|2023–24 [[Manipur State League|Manipur Premier League]]<br />
|1st<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Venues ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; font-size:90%"<br />
!Group<br />
!class="unsortable" |City<br />
!Stadium<br />
!Capacity<br />
|-<br />
|[[#Group A|'''A''']]<br />
|[[Naihati]]<br />
|[[Bankimanjali Stadium|Naihati Stadium]]<br />
|25,000<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[#Group B|'''B''']]<br />
|[[Old Goa]]<br />
|[[Dempo SC#Ella Academy Ground|Ella Ground]]<br />
|2,000<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mapusa]]<br />
|[[Duler Stadium]]<br />
|10,000<br />
|-<br />
|[[#Group C|'''C''']]<br />
|[[Aizawl]]<br />
|[[Rajiv Gandhi Stadium (Aizawl)|Rajiv Gandhi Stadium]]<br />
|20,000<br />
|-<br />
|[[#Group D|'''D''']]<br />
|[[Diphu]]<br />
|[[KASA Stadium]]<br />
|9,000<br />
|-<br />
|[[#Group E|'''E''']]<br />
|[[Srinagar]]<br />
|[[TRC Turf Ground|TRC Stadium]]<br />
|10,000<br />
|-<br />
| [[#Playoffs|'''Playoffs A''']]<br />
| [[Naihati]]<br />
| [[Bankimanjali Stadium|Naihati Stadium]]<br />
| 25,000<br />
|-<br />
| [[#Playoffs|'''Playoffs B''']]<br />
| [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]]<br />
| [[Kalyani Stadium]]<br />
| 20,000<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Group stage ==<br />
=== Group A ===<br />
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL<br />
|section=Group A<br />
|show_matches=y<br />
|solid_cell= grey|short_style=noflag<br />
|update=complete<br />
|source=[https://i-league.org/fixtures-page/3rd-division-league/ i-league.org] [https://theawayend.co/second-division-league/ The Away End]<br />
<br />
<!--UPDATE team positions here--><br />
|team3=LKC<br />
|team2=SAT<br />
|team4=SPO<br />
|team1=DHB<br />
|team5=GHZ<br />
<br />
<!--UPDATE team results here and then (if needed, positions above). Don't forget to update the date above (update parameter)--><br />
<br />
|win_DHB = 3 |draw_DHB = 0 |loss_DHB = 1 |gf_DHB = 11 |ga_DHB = 4 |status_DHB = H <!-- Diamond Harbour--><br />
|win_SPO = 1 |draw_SPO = 1 |loss_SPO = 2 |gf_SPO = 4 |ga_SPO = 7 |status_SPO = <!-- Sports Odisha --><br />
|win_LKC = 2 |draw_LKC = 1 |loss_LKC = 1 |gf_LKC = 7 |ga_LKC = 6 |status_LKC = <!-- Lake City --><br />
|win_GHZ = 0 |draw_GHZ = 1 |loss_GHZ = 3 |gf_GHZ = 3 |ga_GHZ = 9 |status_GHZ = <!-- Ghaziabad City--><br />
|win_SAT = 2 |draw_SAT = 1 |loss_SAT = 1 |gf_SAT = 7 |ga_SAT = 6 |status_SAT = <!-- SAT--><br />
<br />
<!--Table settings and rules--><br />
|show_limit=5<br />
|class_rules=1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) goal difference; 4) goals scored; 5) goal difference vs. qualified club 6) toss of coin<br />
<br />
<!--Head-to-head--><br />
|hth_SAT=Head-to-head points: SAT 1, Lakecity 1. Goal difference: SAT +1, Lakecity +1. Goals scored: SAT 7, Lakecity 7. Goal difference vs Diamond Harbour: SAT -2, Lakecity -3. |hth_LKC=SAT<br />
<br />
<!--Team definitions (wikilinks in table)--><br />
|name_DHB = [[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]]<br />
|name_SPO = [[Sports Odisha]]<br />
|name_LKC = [[Lakecity FC|Lakecity]]<br />
|name_GHZ = [[Ghaziabad City FC|Ghaziabad City]]<br />
|name_SAT = [[Sports Academy Tirur|SAT]]<br />
<br />
<!--UPDATE team qualifications here (defined below)--><br />
|result1=KO<br />
|result2=KO<br />
|result3=R<br />
|result4=R<br />
|result5=R<br />
<br />
<!--Qualification and relegation column definitions--><br />
|res_col_header=Q<br />
|col_KO=green1 |text_KO=Advanced to [[#Play-offs|Play-offs]]<br />
|col_R=red1 |text_R=Relegated to [[2024–25 Indian State Leagues|State leagues]]<br />
<br />
|match_DHB_SPO = null<br />
|match_DHB_LKC = 3-0<br />
|match_DHB_GHZ = 3–0<br />
|match_DHB_SAT = null<br />
<br />
|match_SPO_DHB = 2-1<br />
|match_SPO_LKC = null<br />
|match_SPO_GHZ = 1–1<br />
|match_SPO_SAT = null<br />
<br />
|match_LKC_DHB = null<br />
|match_LKC_SPO = 3-1<br />
|match_LKC_GHZ = 3–1<br />
|match_LKC_SAT = 1–1<br />
<br />
|match_GHZ_DHB = null<br />
|match_GHZ_SPO = null<br />
|match_GHZ_LKC = null<br />
|match_GHZ_SAT = 1-2<br />
<br />
|match_SAT_DHB = 2-4<br />
|match_SAT_SPO = 2–0<br />
|match_SAT_LKC = null<br />
|match_SAT_GHZ = null<br />
}}<br />
<br />
=== Group B ===<br />
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL<br />
|section=Group B<br />
|show_matches=y<br />
|solid_cell= grey|short_style=noflag<br />
|update=complete<br />
|source=[https://i-league.org/fixtures-page/3rd-division-league/ i-league.org] [https://theawayend.co/second-division-league/ The Away End]<br />
<br />
<!--UPDATE team positions here--><br />
|team3=GAR<br />
|team2=DAL<br />
|team4=KUN<br />
|team1=SES<br />
|team5=MOJ<br />
<br />
<!--UPDATE team results here and then (if needed, positions above). Don't forget to update the date above (update parameter)--><br />
<br />
|win_SES = 2 |draw_SES = 2 |loss_SES = 0 |gf_SES = 6 |ga_SES = 4 |status_SES = H <!-- Sesa Football Academy (hosts) --><br />
|win_KUN = 1 |draw_KUN = 2 |loss_KUN = 1 |gf_KUN = 5 |ga_KUN = 3 |status_KUN = <!-- Kerala United FC --><br />
|win_GAR = 2 |draw_GAR = 0 |loss_GAR = 2 |gf_GAR = 6 |ga_GAR = 6 |status_GAR= <!-- Garhwal FC --><br />
|win_MOJ = 0 |draw_MOJ = 2 |loss_MOJ = 2 |gf_MOJ = 8 |ga_MOJ = 10 |status_MOJ = <!-- Maharashtra Oranje FC--><br />
|win_DAL = 2 |draw_DAL = 0 |loss_DAL = 2 |gf_DAL = 4 |ga_DAL = 6 |status_DAL= <!-- Dalbir FA --><br />
<br />
<!--Table settings and rules--><br />
|show_limit=5<br />
|class_rules=1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) goal difference; 4) goals scored; 5) goal difference vs. qualified club 6) toss of coin<br />
<br />
<!--Head-to-head--><br />
|hth_DAL=Head-to-head points: Dalbir 3, Garhwal 0. |hth_GAR=DAL<br />
<br />
<!--Team definitions (wikilinks in table)--><br />
|name_SES = [[Sesa Football Academy|Sesa]]<br />
|name_KUN = [[Kerala United FC|Kerala United]]<br />
|name_GAR = [[Garhwal Heroes FC|Garhwal Heroes]]<br />
|name_MOJ = [[Maharashtra Oranje FC|Maharashtra Oranje]]<br />
|name_DAL = [[Dalbir Football Academy|Dalbir]]<br />
<br />
<!--UPDATE team qualifications here (defined below)--><br />
|result1=KO<br />
|result2=KO<br />
|result3=R<br />
|result4=R<br />
|result5=R<br />
<br />
<!--Qualification and relegation column definitions--><br />
|res_col_header=Q<br />
|col_KO=green1 |text_KO=Advanced to [[#Play-offs|Play-offs]]<br />
|col_R=red1 |text_R=Relegated to [[2024–25 Indian State Leagues|State leagues]]<br />
<br />
<!--Match results placeholders--><br />
|match_SES_KUN = null<br />
|match_SES_GAR = 2-1<br />
|match_SES_MOJ = 2–2<br />
|match_SES_DAL = null<br />
<br />
|match_KUN_SES = 0-0<br />
|match_KUN_GAR = null<br />
|match_KUN_MOJ = 2–2<br />
|match_KUN_DAL = null<br />
<br />
|match_GAR_SES = null<br />
|match_GAR_KUN = 1-0<br />
|match_GAR_MOJ = 4–3<br />
|match_GAR_DAL = 0-1<br />
<br />
|match_MOJ_SES = null<br />
|match_MOJ_KUN = null<br />
|match_MOJ_GAR = null<br />
|match_MOJ_DAL = 1-2<br />
<br />
|match_DAL_SES = 1-2<br />
|match_DAL_KUN = 0–3<br />
|match_DAL_GAR = null<br />
|match_DAL_MOJ = null<br />
}}<br />
<br />
=== Group C ===<br />
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL<br />
|section=Group C<br />
|show_matches=y<br />
|solid_cell= grey|short_style=noflag<br />
|update=complete<br />
|source=[https://i-league.org/fixtures-page/3rd-division-league/ i-league.org] [https://theawayend.co/second-division-league/ The Away End]<br />
<br />
<!--UPDATE team positions here--><br />
|team1=CFC<br />
|team2=MYJ<br />
|team3=HAL<br />
|team4=COR<br />
|team5=RKM<br />
<br />
<!--UPDATE team results here and then (if needed, positions above). Don't forget to update the date above (update parameter)--><br />
<br />
|win_CFC = 4 |draw_CFC = 0 |loss_CFC = 0 |gf_CFC = 12 |ga_CFC = 2 |status_CFC=H <!-- Chanmari FC (hosts) --><br />
|win_RKM = 0 |draw_RKM = 0 |loss_RKM = 4 |gf_RKM = 1 |ga_RKM = 16 |status_RKM= <!-- RKM Football Academy --><br />
|win_MYJ = 2 |draw_MYJ = 1 |loss_MYJ = 1 |gf_MYJ = 10 |ga_MYJ = 3 |status_MYJ= <!-- MYJ-GMSC --><br />
|win_COR = 1 |draw_COR = 0 |loss_COR = 3 |gf_COR = 4 |ga_COR = 12 |status_COR= <!-- Coromandel FC--><br />
|win_HAL = 2 |draw_HAL = 1 |loss_HAL = 1 |gf_HAL = 9 |ga_HAL = 3 |status_HAL= <!-- HAL Sports Club --><br />
<br />
<!--Table settings and rules--><br />
|class_rules=1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) goal difference; 4) goals scored; 5) goal difference vs. qualified club 6) toss of coin<br />
<br />
<!--Head-to-head--><br />
|hth_MYJ=Head-to-head points: MYJ 1, HAL 1. Goal difference: MYJ +7, HAL +6.|hth_HAL=MYJ<br />
<br />
<!--Team definitions (wikilinks in table)--><br />
|name_CFC = [[Chanmari FC|Chanmari]]<br />
|name_RKM = [[RKM Football Academy|RKM]]<br />
|name_MYJ = [[MYJ–GMSC]]<br />
|name_COR = [[Coramandal FC|Coramandal]]<br />
|name_HAL = [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited SC|HAL]]<br />
<br />
<!--Table settings and rules--><br />
|show_limit=4<br />
<br />
<!--UPDATE team qualifications here (defined below)--><br />
|result1=KO<br />
|result2=KO<br />
|result3=R<br />
|result4=R<br />
|result5=R<br />
<br />
<!--Qualification and relegation column definitions--><br />
|res_col_header=Q<br />
|col_KO=green1 |text_KO=Advanced to [[#Play-offs|Play-offs]]<br />
|col_R=red1 |text_R=Relegated to [[2024–25 Indian State Leagues|State leagues]]<br />
<br />
<!--Match results placeholders--><br />
|match_CFC_RKM = null<br />
|match_CFC_MYJ = 1-0<br />
|match_CFC_COR = 3–1<br />
|match_CFC_HAL = null<br />
<br />
|match_RKM_CFC = 0-6<br />
|match_RKM_MYJ = null<br />
|match_RKM_COR = 0–3<br />
|match_RKM_HAL = null<br />
<br />
|match_MYJ_CFC = null<br />
|match_MYJ_RKM = 5-1<br />
|match_MYJ_COR = 4–0<br />
|match_MYJ_HAL = 1–1<br />
<br />
|match_COR_CFC = null<br />
|match_COR_RKM = null<br />
|match_COR_MYJ = null<br />
|match_COR_HAL = 0-5<br />
<br />
|match_HAL_CFC = 1-2<br />
|match_HAL_RKM = 2–0<br />
|match_HAL_MYJ = null<br />
|match_HAL_COR = null<br />
}}<br />
<br />
=== Group D ===<br />
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL<br />
|section=Group D<br />
|show_matches=y<br />
|solid_cell= grey|short_style=noflag<br />
|update=complete<br />
|source=[https://i-league.org/fixtures-page/3rd-division-league/ i-league.org] [https://theawayend.co/second-division-league/ The Away End]<br />
<br />
<!--UPDATE team positions here--><br />
|team2=KAM<br />
|team1=KLA<br />
|team3=KEN<br />
|team4=JEL<br />
|team5=BHU<br />
<br />
<!--UPDATE team results here and then (if needed, positions above). Don't forget to update the date above (update parameter)--><br />
<br />
|win_KAM = 3 |draw_KAM = 0 |loss_KAM = 1 |gf_KAM = 16 |ga_KAM = 3 |status_KAM = H <!-- Karbi Anglong Morning Star FC (hosts) --><br />
|win_JEL = 0 |draw_JEL = 1 |loss_JEL = 3 |gf_JEL = 3 |ga_JEL = 9 |status_JEL= <!-- Jaipur Elite FC --><br />
|win_KLA = 3 |draw_KLA = 1 |loss_KLA = 0 |gf_KLA = 12 |ga_KLA = 2 |status_KLA= <!-- KLASA FC --><br />
|win_KEN = 2 |draw_KEN = 1 |loss_KEN = 1 |gf_KEN = 8 |ga_KEN = 8 |status_KEN= <!-- Kenkre FC --><br />
|win_BHU = 0 |draw_BHU = 1 |loss_BHU = 3 |gf_BHU = 3 |ga_BHU = 20 |status_BHU= <!-- Bhuna FC --><br />
<br />
<!--Team definitions (wikilinks in table)--><br />
|name_KAM = [[Karbi Anglong Morning Star FC|Karbi Anglong Morning Star]]<br />
|name_JEL = [[Jaipur Elite FC|Jaipur Elite]]<br />
|name_KLA = [[KLASA FC|KLASA]]<br />
|name_KEN = [[Kenkre FC|Kenkre]]<br />
|name_BHU = Bhuna<br />
<br />
<!--Table settings and rules--><br />
|show_limit=4<br />
<br />
<!--UPDATE team qualifications here (defined below)--><br />
|result1=KO<br />
|result2=KO<br />
|result3=R<br />
|result4=R<br />
|result5=R<br />
<br />
<!--Qualification and relegation column definitions--><br />
|res_col_header=Q<br />
|col_KO=green1 |text_KO=Advanced to [[#Play-offs|Play-offs]]<br />
|col_R=red1 |text_R=Relegated to [[2024–25 Indian State Leagues|State leagues]]<br />
<br />
<!--Match results placeholders--><br />
|match_KAM_JEL = null<br />
|match_KAM_KLA = 1-2<br />
|match_KAM_KEN = 3–1<br />
|match_KAM_BHU = null<br />
<br />
|match_JEL_KAM = 0-4<br />
|match_JEL_KLA = null<br />
|match_JEL_KEN = 2–3<br />
|match_JEL_BHU = null<br />
<br />
|match_KLA_KAM = null<br />
|match_KLA_JEL = 1-0<br />
|match_KLA_KEN = 1–1<br />
|match_KLA_BHU = 8–0<br />
<br />
|match_KEN_KAM = null<br />
|match_KEN_JEL = null<br />
|match_KEN_KLA = null<br />
|match_KEN_BHU = 3-2<br />
<br />
|match_BHU_KAM = 0-8<br />
|match_BHU_JEL = 1–1<br />
|match_BHU_KLA = null<br />
|match_BHU_KEN = null<br />
}}<br />
<br />
=== Group E ===<br />
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL<br />
|section=Group E<br />
|show_matches=y<br />
|solid_cell= grey|short_style=noflag<br />
|update=complete<br />
|source=[https://i-league.org/fixtures-page/3rd-division-league/ i-league.org] [https://theawayend.co/second-division-league/ The Away End]<br />
<br />
<!--UPDATE team positions here--><br />
|team2=DTH<br />
|team1=ABU<br />
|team4=SSU<br />
|team3=CVM<br />
|team5=CFC<br />
<br />
<!--UPDATE team results here and then (if needed, positions above). Don't forget to update the date above (update parameter)--><br />
<br />
|win_DTH = 2 |draw_DTH = 1 |loss_DTH = 1 |gf_DTH = 10 |ga_DTH = 5 |status_DTH = H <!-- Downtown Heroes FC (hosts) --><br />
|win_CVM = 2 |draw_CVM = 0 |loss_CVM = 2 |gf_CVM = 5 |ga_CVM = 8 |status_CVM= <!-- CVM FC --><br />
|win_CFC = 1 |draw_CFC = 0 |loss_CFC = 3 |gf_CFC = 3 |ga_CFC = 7 |status_CFC= <!-- Corbett FC --><br />
|win_ABU = 3 |draw_ABU = 0 |loss_ABU = 1 |gf_ABU = 4 |ga_ABU = 2 |status_ABU= <!-- Abbas Union FC --><br />
|win_SSU = 1 |draw_SSU = 1 |loss_SSU = 2 |gf_SSU = 5 |ga_SSU = 5 |status_SSU = <!-- Southern Sporting Union --><br />
<br />
<!--Team definitions (wikilinks in table)--><br />
|name_DTH = [[Downtown Heroes FC|Downtown Heroes]]<br />
|name_CVM = [[Charutar Vidya Mandal FC|CVM]]<br />
|name_CFC = [[Corbett FC|Corbett]]<br />
|name_ABU = [[Abbas Union FC|Abbas Union]]<br />
|name_SSU = [[Southern Sporting Union|Southern Sporting]]<br />
<br />
<!--Table settings and rules--><br />
|show_limit=4<br />
<br />
<!--UPDATE team qualifications here (defined below)--><br />
|result1=KO<br />
|result2=KO<br />
|result3=R<br />
|result4=R<br />
|result5=R<br />
<br />
<!--Qualification and relegation column definitions--><br />
|res_col_header=Q<br />
|col_KO=green1 |text_KO=Advanced to [[#Play-offs|Play-offs]]<br />
|col_R=red1 |text_R=Relegated to [[2024–25 Indian State Leagues|State leagues]]<br />
<br />
<!--Match results placeholders--><br />
|match_DTH_CVM = null<br />
|match_DTH_CFC = 1-2<br />
|match_DTH_ABU = 2–0<br />
|match_DTH_SSU = null<br />
<br />
|match_CVM_DTH = 1-5<br />
|match_CVM_CFC = null<br />
|match_CVM_ABU = 0–1<br />
|match_CVM_SSU = null<br />
<br />
|match_CFC_DTH = null<br />
|match_CFC_CVM = 1-2<br />
|match_CFC_ABU = 0–2<br />
|match_CFC_SSU = 0–2<br />
<br />
|match_ABU_DTH = null<br />
|match_ABU_CVM = null<br />
|match_ABU_CFC = null<br />
|match_ABU_SSU = 1-0<br />
<br />
|match_SSU_DTH = 2-2<br />
|match_SSU_CVM = 1–2<br />
|match_SSU_CFC = null<br />
|match_SSU_ABU = null<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Playoffs ==<br />
The top two clubs from each group qualified for the playoffs. Matches took place from 25 September to 6 October in [[Naihati]] and [[Kalyani, West Bengal]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Shetty|first=Chittu|date=2024-09-11|title=I-League 3: Teams That Have Advanced for next round|url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2024/i-league-3-teams-that-have-advanced-for-next-round/|website=Football Counter|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-09-13|title=Draw out for I-League 3 Play-offs in Naihati and Kalyani|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/draw-out-for-i-league-3-play-offs-in-naihati-and-kalyani|website=AIFF|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Group A ===<br />
<onlyinclude><!--To include this table on a page, use<br />
{{:2024–25 I-League 3|transcludesection=Final round A}}<br />
-->{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL<br />
|section=Final round<br />
|show_matches=y<br />
|update=complete<br />
|solid_cell= grey|short_style=noflag<br />
|source=<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fixtures Page {{!}} I-League |url=https://i-league.org/fixtures-page/ |access-date=2023-12-30 |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-04-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421174619/https://i-league.org/fixtures-page/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Downtown Heroes I League 3 Playoff Fixtures|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DAGsafRTauG/?igsh=YzljYTk1ODg3Zg==|access-date=2024-09-22|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
<!--Table settings and rules--><br />
|show_limit=5<br />
<br />
<br />
<!--UPDATE team positions here--><br />
|team_order= DHB, KLA, KAM, SES, DTH, <br />
<br />
<!--UPDATE team results here and then (if needed, positions above). Don't forget to update the date above (update parameter)--><br />
<br />
|win_DHB = 4 |draw_DHB = |loss_DHB = |gf_DHB = 10 |ga_DHB = 2 |status_DHB = H<br />
<!-- Diamond Harbour--><br />
|win_SES = 1 |draw_SES = 1 |loss_SES = 2 |gf_SES = 5 |ga_SES = 7 |status_SES = <!-- Sesa Football Academy --><br />
|win_KLA = 2 |draw_KLA = 1 |loss_KLA = 1 |gf_KLA = 4 |ga_KLA = 4 |status_KLA = <br />
<!-- KLASA FC --><br />
|win_KAM = 2 |draw_KAM = |loss_KAM = 2 |gf_KAM = 11 |ga_KAM = 8 |status_KAM = <br />
<!--Karbi Anglong Morning Star --><br />
|win_DTH = |draw_DTH = |loss_DTH = 4 |gf_DTH = 3 |ga_DTH = 12 |status_DTH = <!--Downtown Heroes--><br />
<br />
<!--Team definitions (wikilinks in table)--><br />
|name_KAM = [[Karbi Anglong Morning Star FC|Karbi Anglong Morning Star]]<br />
|name_DTH = [[Downtown Heroes FC|Downtown Heroes]]<br />
|name_KLA = [[KLASA FC|KLASA]]<br />
|name_SES = [[Sesa Football Academy|Sesa]]<br />
|name_DHB = [[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]]<br />
<br />
<!--Table settings and rules--><br />
|result1=PRF<br />
|result2=PR<br />
|result3=PRS<br />
|result4=R<br />
|result5=R<br />
<br />
<!--Qualification and relegation column definitions--><br />
|res_col_header=P<br />
|col_PRF=green1 <br />
|text_PRF= {{nowrap|[[2024–25 I-League 2|24/25 I-League 2]] and [[#Final|Final]]}} <br />
|col_PR=green2 <br />
|text_PR= [[2024–25 I-League 2|24/25 I-League 2]] <br />
|col_PRS=green3 <br />
|text_PRS= [[2025–26 I-League 2|25/26 I-League 2]]<br />
|col_R=red1 <br />
|text_R=Relegated to [[2024–25 Indian State Leagues|State leagues]]<br />
<br />
|match_DTH_SES = 1-3<br />
|match_DTH_KLA = null<br />
|match_DTH_KAM = null<br />
|match_DTH_DHB = 1-2<br />
<br />
|match_DHB_SES = null<br />
|match_DHB_KLA = 2-0<br />
|match_DHB_KAM = 4-1<br />
|match_DHB_DTH = null<br />
<br />
|match_SES_DTH = null<br />
|match_SES_KLA = null<br />
|match_SES_KAM = 2-3<br />
|match_SES_DHB = 0-3<br />
<br />
|match_KAM_DTH = 6-0<br />
|match_KAM_KLA = null<br />
|match_KAM_SES = null<br />
|match_KAM_DHB = null<br />
<br />
|match_KLA_DTH = 2-1<br />
|match_KLA_SES = 0-0<br />
|match_KLA_KAM = 2-1<br />
|match_KLA_DHB = null<br />
}}</onlyinclude><br />
<br />
=== Group B ===<br />
<onlyinclude><!--To include this table on a page, use<br />
{{:2024–25 I-League 3|transcludesection=Final round B}}<br />
-->{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL<br />
|section=Final round<br />
|show_matches=y<br />
|solid_cell= grey|short_style=noflag<br />
|update=complete<br />
|source=<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fixtures Page {{!}} I-League |url=https://i-league.org/fixtures-page/ |access-date=2023-12-30 |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-04-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421174619/https://i-league.org/fixtures-page/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
<!--UPDATE team positions here--><br />
|team_order= CFC, SAT, MYJ, ABU, DAL<br />
<br />
<!--UPDATE team results here and then (if needed, positions above). Don't forget to update the date above (update parameter)--><br />
|win_ABU = |draw_ABU = 2 |loss_ABU = 2 |gf_ABU = 4 |ga_ABU = 6 |status_ABU = <!-- Abbas Union --><br />
|win_CFC = 4 |draw_CFC = |loss_CFC = |gf_CFC = 10 |ga_CFC = 1 |status_CFC = <br />
<!-- Chanmari --><br />
|win_MYJ = 2 |draw_MYJ = |loss_MYJ = 2 |gf_MYJ = 4 |ga_MYJ = 5 |status_MYJ = <br />
<!-- MYJ-GMSC --><br />
|win_DAL = |draw_DAL = 1 |loss_DAL = 3 |gf_DAL = 1 |ga_DAL = 9 |status_DAL = <!-- Dalbir FA --><br />
|win_SAT = 2 |draw_SAT = 1 |loss_SAT = 1 |gf_SAT = 8 |ga_SAT = 6 |status_SAT = <br />
<!-- SAT--><br />
<br />
<!--Team definitions (wikilinks in table)--> <br />
|name_ABU = [[Abbas Union FC|Abbas Union]]<br />
|name_CFC = [[Chanmari FC|Chanmari]]<br />
|name_MYJ = [[MYJ–GMSC]]<br />
|name_DAL = [[Dalbir Football Academy|Dalbir]]<br />
|name_SAT = [[Sports Academy Tirur|SAT]]<br />
<br />
<!--Table settings and rules--><br />
|result1=PRF<br />
|result2=PR<br />
|result3=PRS<br />
|result4=R<br />
|result5=R<br />
<br />
<!--Qualification and relegation column definitions--><br />
|res_col_header=P<br />
|col_PRF=green1 <br />
|text_PRF= {{nowrap|[[2024–25 I-League 2|24/25 I-League 2]] and [[#Final|Final]]}} <br />
|col_PR=green2 <br />
|text_PR= [[2024–25 I-League 2|24/25 I-League 2]] <br />
|col_PRS=green3 <br />
|text_PRS= [[2025–26 I-League 2|25/26 I-League 2]]<br />
|col_R=red1 <br />
|text_R=Relegated to [[2024–25 Indian State Leagues|State leagues]]<br />
<br />
|match_ABU_CFC = null<br />
|match_ABU_MYJ = null<br />
|match_ABU_DAL = 1-1<br />
|match_ABU_SAT = 2-2<br />
<br />
|match_CFC_ABU = 2-1<br />
|match_CFC_MYJ = null<br />
|match_CFC_DAL = 3-0<br />
|match_CFC_SAT = null<br />
<br />
|match_MYJ_ABU = 1-0<br />
|match_MYJ_CFC = 0-2<br />
|match_MYJ_DAL = null<br />
|match_MYJ_SAT = null<br />
<br />
|match_DAL_ABU = null<br />
|match_DAL_CFC = null<br />
|match_DAL_MYJ = 0-2<br />
|match_DAL_SAT = null<br />
<br />
|match_SAT_ABU = null<br />
|match_SAT_CFC = 0-3<br />
|match_SAT_MYJ = 3-1<br />
|match_SAT_DAL = 3-0<br />
}}</onlyinclude><br />
<br />
== Final ==<br />
{{football box<br />
| date = {{start date|2024|10|06|df=y}}<br />
| time = 15:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| team1 = [[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]]<br />
| score = 1–0<br />
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=38421<br />
| team2 = [[Chanmari FC|Chanmari]]<br />
| goals1 =<br />
*Ragav Gupta {{goal|30}}<br />
| goals2 = <br />
| stadium = [[Bankimanjali Stadium|Naihati Stadium]]<br />
| location = [[Naihati]]<br />
| attendance = 500<br />
| motm = Ragav Gupta (Diamond Harbour)<br />
| referee = Ashwin<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Statistics ==<br />
=== Top scorers ===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:"<br />
!Rank<br />
!Player<br />
!Club<br />
!Goals<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |{{Center|1}}<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Naro Hari Shrestha]]<br />
|[[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]]<br />
| rowspan="3" |{{Center|8}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}} Kevisanyu Peseyie<br />
|[[Karbi Anglong Morning Star FC|Karbi Anglong Morning Star]]<br />
|-<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}} Himanshu Patil<br />
|[[MYJ–GMSC]]<br />
|-<br />
|{{Center|4}}<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}} Vincent Lalduhawma<br />
|[[Chanmari FC|Chanmari]]<br />
|{{Center|6}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |{{Center|5}}<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}} Aimar Adam<br />
|[[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |{{Center|5}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}} H Robinson Khongsai<br />
|[[Karbi Anglong Morning Star FC|Karbi Anglong Morning Star]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Attendances ==<br />
<br />
=== Group Stage ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left; font-size:85%"<br />
! rowspan="2" |Match No.<br />
! colspan="2" |Group A<br />
! rowspan="2" |Match No.<br />
! colspan="2" |Group B<br />
! rowspan="2" |Match No.<br />
! colspan="2" |Group C<br />
|-<br />
!Fixture<br />
!Attendance<br />
!Fixture<br />
!Attendance<br />
!Fixture<br />
!Attendance<br />
|-<br />
!1<br />
| align="left" |Diamond Harbour–Ghaziabad City<br />
| align="center" |100<br />
!1<br />
| align="left" |Sesa–Maharashtra Oranje<br />
| align="center" |50<br />
!1<br />
| align="left" |HAL–RKM<br />
| align="center" |152<br />
|-<br />
!2<br />
| align="left" |SAT–Sports Odisha<br />
| align="center" style="background:#FFCCCC" |75<br />
!2<br />
| align="left" |Dalbir–Kerala United<br />
| align="center" |50<br />
!2<br />
| align="left" |Chanmari–Coramandal<br />
| align="center" |273<br />
|-<br />
!3<br />
| align="left" |Lakecity–SAT<br />
| align="center" style="background:#FFCCCC" |75<br />
!3<br />
| align="left" |Garhwal Heroes–Dalbir<br />
| align="center" |50<br />
!3<br />
| align="left" |MYJ–GMSC–HAL<br />
| align="center" |123<br />
|-<br />
!4<br />
| align="left" |Sports Odisha–Ghaziabad City<br />
| align="center" style="background:#FFCCCC" |75<br />
!4<br />
| align="left" |Kerala United–Maharashtra Oranje<br />
| align="center" |50<br />
!4<br />
| align="left" |RKM–Coramandal<br />
| align="center" |223<br />
|-<br />
!5<br />
| align="left" |Sports Odisha–Diamond Harbour<br />
| align="center" |100<br />
!5<br />
| align="left" |Kerala United–Sesa<br />
| align="center" |50<br />
!5<br />
| align="left" |MYJ–GMSC–Coramandal<br />
| align="center" |109<br />
|-<br />
!6<br />
| align="left" |Lakecity–Ghaziabad City<br />
| align="center" style="background:#FFCCCC" |75<br />
!6<br />
| align="left" |Garhwal Heroes–Maharashtra Oranje<br />
| align="center" |50<br />
!6<br />
| align="left" |RKM–Chanmari<br />
| align="center" |152<br />
|-<br />
!7<br />
| align="left" |Ghaziabad City–SAT<br />
| align="center" style="background:#FFCCCC" |75<br />
!7<br />
| align="left" |Maharashtra Oranje–Dalbir<br />
| align="center" |50<br />
!7<br />
| align="left" |Coramandal–HAL<br />
| align="center" |108<br />
|-<br />
!8<br />
| align="left" |Diamond Harbour–Lakecity<br />
| align="center" |100<br />
!8<br />
| align="left" |Sesa–Garhwal Heroes<br />
| align="center" |50<br />
!8<br />
| align="left" |Chanmari–MYJ–GMSC<br />
| align="center" |532<br />
|-<br />
!9<br />
| align="left" |Lakecity–Sports Odisha<br />
| align="center" style="background:#FFCCCC" |75<br />
!9<br />
| align="left" |Garhwal Heroes–Kerala United<br />
| align="center" style="background:#FFCCCC" |40<br />
!9<br />
| align="left" |MYJ–GMSC–RKM<br />
| align="center" style="background:#FFCCCC" |42<br />
|-<br />
!10<br />
| align="left" |SAT–Diamond Harbour<br />
| align="center" style="background:#CCF9CC" |150<br />
!10<br />
| align="left" |Dalbir–Sesa<br />
| align="center" style="background:#CCF9CC" |80<br />
!10<br />
| align="left" |HAL–Chanmari<br />
| align="center" style="background:#CCF9CC" |852<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |Group A Total<br />
! align="center" |900<br />
! colspan="2" |Group B Total<br />
! align="center" |520<br />
! colspan="2" |Group C Total<br />
! align="center" |2,566<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |Match No.<br />
! colspan="2" |Group D<br />
! rowspan="2" |Match No.<br />
! colspan="2" |Group E<br />
! colspan="3" rowspan="13" |<br />
|-<br />
!Fixture<br />
!Attendance<br />
!Fixture<br />
!Attendance<br />
|-<br />
!1<br />
|Bhuna–Jaipur Elite<br />
| align="center" |1,250<br />
!1<br />
|Downtown Heroes–Abbas Union<br />
| align="center" |50<br />
|-<br />
!2<br />
|Karbi Anglong–Kenkre<br />
| align="center" |9,600<br />
!2<br />
|Southern Sporting–CVM<br />
| align="center" style="background:#FFCCCC"|20<br />
|-<br />
!3<br />
|KLASA–Bhuna<br />
| align="center" |350<br />
!3<br />
|Corbett–Southern Sporting<br />
| align="center" style="background:#FFCCCC"|20<br />
|-<br />
!4<br />
|Jaipur Elite–Kenkre<br />
| align="center" |750<br />
!4<br />
|CVM–Abbas Union<br />
| align="center" |30<br />
|-<br />
!5<br />
|KLASA–Kenkre<br />
| align="center" |125<br />
!5<br />
|CVM–Downtown Heroes<br />
| align="center" |50<br />
|-<br />
!6<br />
|Jaipur Elite–Karbi Anglong<br />
| align="center" style="background:#CCF9CC" |11,160<br />
!6<br />
|Corbett–Abbas Union<br />
| align="center" |30<br />
|-<br />
!7<br />
|Kenkre–Bhuna<br />
| align="center" style="background:#FFCCCC" |50<br />
!7<br />
|Abbas Union–Southern Sporting<br />
| align="center" style="background:#FFCCCC"|20<br />
|-<br />
!8<br />
|Karbi Anglong–KLASA<br />
| align="center" |10,600<br />
!8<br />
|Downtown Heroes–Corbett<br />
| align="center" |100<br />
|-<br />
!9<br />
|KLASA–Jaipur Elite<br />
| align="center" |185<br />
!9<br />
|Corbett–CVM<br />
| align="center" style="background:#FFCCCC" |20<br />
|-<br />
!10<br />
|Bhuna–Karbi Anglong<br />
| align="center" |10,820<br />
!10<br />
|Southern Sporting–Downtown Heroes<br />
| align="center" style="background:#CCF9CC" |200<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |Group D Total<br />
!44,890<br />
! colspan="2" |Group E Total<br />
!540<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Playoffs ===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left; font-size:85%"<br />
! rowspan="2" |Match No.<br />
! colspan="2" |Group A<br />
! rowspan="2" |Match No.<br />
! colspan="2" |Group B<br />
|-<br />
!Fixture<br />
!Attendance<br />
!Fixture<br />
!Attendance<br />
|-<br />
!1<br />
| align="left" |Diamond Harbour–Karbi Anglong<br />
| align="center" | 120<br />
!1<br />
| align="left" |Abbas Union–Dalbir<br />
| align="center" style="background:#CCF9CC" | 150<br />
|-<br />
!2<br />
| align="left" |Downtown Heroes–Sesa<br />
| align="center" | 50<br />
!2<br />
| align="left" |MYJ–GMSC–Chanmari<br />
| align="center" | 30<br />
|-<br />
!3<br />
| align="left" |KLASA–Downtown Heroes<br />
| align="center" | 120<br />
!3<br />
| align="left" |SAT–MYJ–GMSC<br />
| align="center" | 15<br />
|-<br />
!4<br />
| align="left" |Sesa–Karbi Anglong<br />
| align="center" |200<br />
!5<br />
| align="left" |Chanmari–Abbas Union<br />
| align="center" |70<br />
|-<br />
!5<br />
| align="left" |Sesa–Diamond Harbour<br />
| align="center" style="background:#CCF9CC" |250<br />
!4<br />
| align="left" |Chanmari–Dalbir<br />
| align="center" | 60<br />
|-<br />
!6<br />
| align="left" |KLASA–Karbi Anglong<br />
| align="center" |50<br />
!6<br />
| align="left" |SAT–Dalbir<br />
| align="center" |25<br />
|-<br />
!7<br />
| align="left" |Karbi Anglong–Downtown Heroes<br />
| align="center" style="background:#FFCCCC" |10<br />
!7<br />
| align="left" |Dalbir–MYJ–GMSC<br />
| align="center" |30<br />
|-<br />
!8<br />
| align="left" |Diamond Harbour–KLASA<br />
| align="center" |200<br />
!8<br />
| align="left" |Abbas Union–SAT<br />
| align="center" |70<br />
|-<br />
!9<br />
| align="left" |KLASA–Sesa<br />
| align="center" |25<br />
!9<br />
| align="left" |SAT–Chanmari<br />
| align="center" |15<br />
|-<br />
!10<br />
| align="left" |Downtown Heroes–Diamond Harbour<br />
| align="center" |200<br />
!10<br />
| align="left" |MYJ–GMSC–Abbas Union<br />
| align="center" style="background:#FFCCCC" |10<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |Group A Total<br />
! align="center" | 1,125<br />
! colspan="2" |Group B Total<br />
! align="center" | 475<br />
|}<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left; font-size:85%"<br />
!Final<br />
!Attendance<br />
|-<br />
|Diamond Harbour–Chanmari<br />
| align="center" |500<br />
|}<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<small>'''Legend:''' {{legend inline|#CCF9CC|Highest}} <br />
{{Legend inline|#FFCCCC|Lowest}}<br />
</small><br />
<br /><br />
<small>Updated to game(s) played on 6 October 2024</small><br><br />
<small>'''Source:''' [https://i-league.org/fixtures-page/3rd-division-league/ I-League]</small><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* '''Men'''<br />
** [[2024–25 Indian Super League]] (Tier I)<br />
** [[2024–25 I-League]] (Tier II)<br />
** [[2024–25 I-League 2]] (Tier III)<br />
** [[2024–25 Indian State Leagues]] (Tier V)<br />
** [[2025 Super Cup (India, April)|2025 Super Cup (April)]]<br />
** [[2024 Durand Cup]]<br />
<br />
* '''Women'''<br />
** [[2024–25 Indian Women's League]]<br />
** [[2024–25 Indian Women's League 2]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{I-League 3}}<br />
{{Indian football league seasons}}{{2024–25 in Indian football}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:2024-25 I-League 3}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:I-League 3 seasons]]<br />
[[Category:2024–25 in Indian football leagues]]</div>VLSLester417456https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Navin_Chawla&diff=521289Navin Chawla2026-04-11T10:35:23Z<p>VLSLester417456: new some pg w/ infobox</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian civil servant (1945–2025)}}<br />
{{use Indian English|date=February 2025}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Navin Chawla<br />
| image = Election Commissioner Shri Navin. B. Chawla releasing Landmark Judgments on Election Law at a meeting with Chief Electoral Officers of all the States, in New Delhi on June 28, 2006 (cropped).jpg<br />
| caption = Chawla in 2006<br />
| office = 16th [[Chief Election Commissioner of India]]<br />
| term_start = 21 April 2009<br />
| term_end = 29 July 2010<br />
| president = [[Pratibha Patil]]<br />
| prime_minister = [[Manmohan Singh]]<br />
| predecessor = [[N. Gopalaswami]]<br />
| successor = [[Shahabuddin Yaqoob Quraishi|S. Y. Quraishi]]<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1945|7|30|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]], [[British India]]<br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2025|2|1|1945|7|30|df=y}}<br />
| death_place = New Delhi, India<br />
| occupation = Civil servant<br />
| alma_mater = [[University of Delhi]]<br />[[University of London]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Navin Chawla''' (30 July 1945 – 1 February 2025) was an Indian civil servant and writer, who served as 16th Chief Election Commissioner of India.<ref>{{cite news|author=J Balaji |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article540482.ece |title=News / National : Chawla demits office; Quraishi to take over |work=The Hindu |location=India |date=29 July 2010 |accessdate=18 October 2011}}</ref> Four phases (out of five) of the [[General elections in India|Indian general election]] to the [[Lok Sabha]], the lower house of the [[Parliament of India|Indian Parliament]], were executed under his supervision in [[2009 Indian general election|April and May 2009]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/The-wonder-that-is-Indias-election/articleshow/4532296.cms |title=The wonder that is India's election |work=The Times of India |date=15 May 2009 |access-date=18 October 2011 |archive-date=24 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024034755/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-05-15/india/28168723_1_diplomats-political-party-countries |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
Chawla is best known for his biography of Mother Teresa and for conducting the [[2009 Indian general election|2009 general elections]], despite concerns about his leanings towards the [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]]. Action was taken against alleged malpractice by Congress governments in Rajasthan, Assam and Andhra Pradesh and the Congress-Allied government in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/FullcoverageStoryPage.aspx?sectionName=RSSFeed-India&id=adec8889-15df-4af7-871c-2f6d182784b4MyIndiamyvote2009_Special&Headline=Cong+accuses+EC+of+bias%2c+says+complaints+ignored|title=Hindustan Times|access-date=24 June 2009|archive-date=25 January 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125055201/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/FullcoverageStoryPage.aspx?sectionName=RSSFeed-India&id=adec8889-15df-4af7-871c-2f6d182784b4MyIndiamyvote2009_Special&Headline=Cong+accuses+EC+of+bias,+says+complaints+ignored|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/ec-code-not-letting-me-work-will-move-sc-says-assam-cm/451022/2 |title=EC code not letting me work, will move SC, says Assam CM |work=The Indian Express |location=India |date=25 April 2009 |accessdate=18 October 2011}}</ref> According to his family, Chawla was deeply influenced by [[Mother Teresa]] and decided not to resign from the [[Indian Administrative Service|civil service]] in 1997 in accordance with her advice.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=84f7ba17-c6b0-4ed4-a023-3be78263469e |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090511090415/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=84f7ba17-c6b0-4ed4-a023-3be78263469e |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 May 2009 |title=Standing up to be counted |work=Hindustan Times |location=India |date=6 March 2009 |accessdate=18 October 2011}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life and education ==<br />
Chawla was born on 30 July 1945 in New Delhi. He studied at [[The Lawrence School, Sanawar|the Lawrence School]], Sanawar, Himachal Pradesh from 1953 to 1961<ref>[http://www.indian-elections.com/chief-election-commissioner.html Chief Election Commissioner of India] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231949/http://www.indian-elections.com/chief-election-commissioner.html |date=3 March 2016 }} at indian-elections.com. Retrieved 14 March 2012</ref> (when he received his Senior School Certificate), and received a Government of India scholarship for his first two years at the Lawrence School. Chawla received a B.A. (Hons.) in history from [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]] in 1966. He later studied at [[SOAS University of London]] and was awarded a second bachelor's degree, [[Bachelor of Arts]] in history, from the [[University of London]] (1965-1967). He received a diploma in social administration from the [[London School of Economics]] in 1968. Chawla was appointed a Fellow of [[Queen Elizabeth House]] at [[Oxford University]] in 1996.{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}<br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Chawla was an [[Indian Administrative Service]] officer from the batch of 1969. He rose to the highest rank of [[Secretary to the Government of India]]. He served as a [[District magistrate|magistrate]] and later [[Divisional commissioner|commissioner]] in the [[Union Territory of Delhi]]. He was appointed the first Chairman of the Delhi Vidyut (Electricity) Board.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}} He was appointed [[Election Commissioner of India|Election Commissioner]] in 2005, succeeding [[B. B. Tandon]] (who was promoted to [[Chief Election Commissioner of India]]) and helped pioneer the open-skies policy as Joint Secretary in the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting [http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k4/june/june27.htm] (1992–96). Chawla was appointed India's 16th Chief Election Commissioner on 21 April 2009. He conducted the [[2009 Indian general election|General Election of 2009]]. He wrote [[Mother Teresa]]'s best-selling official biography, ''Mother Teresa''.<ref name="amazon1">{{cite book|last=Muggeridge |first=Malcolm |title=Mother Teresa (9781852309114): Navin Chawla: Books |year=1996 |publisher=Element |isbn=1852309113 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==={{anchor|Earlier posts held}}Earlier posts===<br />
Chawla occupied a number of posts both in the Central Government as well as the Union Territories of Delhi, Lakshadweep and Pondicherry, becoming Additional Secretary and Secretary to the Government of India. These appointments were made during the time of the NDA Government headed by [[Prime Minister Vajpayee]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]].<br />
<br />
=={{anchor|Initiatives as Chief Election Commissioner}}Chief Election Commissioner==<br />
Chawla undertook reforms of the electoral process and the election commission. He advocated a constitutional process for the removal of election commissioners, bringing it in line with that for removal of the chief election commissioner, so that election commissioners were afforded the same constitutional protection given to the CEC<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/11/18/stories/2009111860571200.htm |title=National : Impeachment for ECs too, says CEC |work=The Hindu |location=India |date=18 November 2009 |accessdate=18 October 2011 |archive-date=7 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107045246/http://www.hindu.com/2009/11/18/stories/2009111860571200.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Chawla ensured that [[third gender]] individuals were given the right to vote for the first time. They had been left out of the democratic process, since they could not register as male or female. They could now register in a new category "Other". The issue was first broached by students at [[KIIT Law School]], [[Bhubaneswar]] and Asia College of Journalism, Chennai.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/article50452.ece |title=The Hindu : Opinion / Editorial : Legitimising the other |work=The Hindu |date=18 November 2009 |accessdate=18 October 2011 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/letters/article51077.ece |title=The Hindu : Opinion / Letters : Legitimising the other |work=The Hindu |date=19 November 2009 |accessdate=18 October 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Our Special Correspondent |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1091113/jsp/nation/story_11735618.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091202062346/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1091113/jsp/nation/story_11735618.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 December 2009 |title=The Telegraph Calcutta (Kolkata) &#124; 'Other' gender enters poll rolls |work=The Telegraph |location=Kolkota, India |date=13 November 2009 |accessdate=18 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/37294/ecs-decision-comes-big-reprieve.html |title=EC's decision comes as big reprieve for eunuchs |date=22 November 2009 |accessdate=15 December 2009 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201609/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/37294/ecs-decision-comes-big-reprieve.html |archivedate=3 March 2016}}</ref> This human rights initiative was emulated by many other organisations in India and elsewhere. He also supported including the participation in the electoral process of under-trials in India. He believed that under-trials should be allowed to vote, especially as convicts could participate in the electoral process and even stand for election.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Undertrials-must-get-right-to-vote-Election-Commission/articleshow/5259200.cms |title=Undertrials must get right to vote: Election Commission |work=The Times of India |date=23 November 2009 |access-date=18 October 2011 |archive-date=25 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025135821/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-11-23/india/28073649_1_undertrial-navin-chawla-contest |url-status=live }}</ref> He enlisted leprosy sufferers in electoral polls and encouraged braille-literate voters to vote independently.{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}}<br />
<br />
=={{anchor|Controversies and Political Opposition}}Association with Mother Teresa==<br />
Deeply influenced by Mother Teresa, he wrote her bestselling biography (translated into 14 languages). Almost half a million copies have been sold. Substantial royalties have been donated to the cause of leprosy. Because of her influence, he set up two NGOs which provide free medicines to leprosy patients, and free vocational training to healthy children of leprosy parents, which also includes beauty training given free by noted beautician Shahnaz Husain, as well as computer training programmes.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}} Free education is provided to disabled children drawn from Below-Poverty-Line families. Currently, 130 such children and youth attend the Lepra India Trust School in Delhi. Meanwhile, at the 'Darshan School', of which Chawla was Chairman, there are 52 Hearing-Impaired children divided into seven classes of almost nine children per class as per the international norm. 20-30 boys and girls who are profoundly hearing-impaired are taught computer software and helped with employment. All services are free, including hearing aids (two per child) provided by Starkey Corporation.<br />
<br />
=={{anchor|Assistance from MPLADS FUNDS}}Societal contributions==<br />
Chawla was Founder Chairman of the [[Jaipur]]-based Lala Chaman Lal Education Trust, called 'Darshan', which looks after disabled hearing-impaired children, and which had obtained [[Members of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme|MPLADS]] funds from Congress MPs Aimaduddin Khan and [[R. P. Goenka]]. This amounted to 20% of the total expenditure.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.timesnow.tv/Newsdtls.aspx?NewsID=28230|title=Exclusive: Chawla accepted funds for private trusts}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The trust was allotted {{convert|6|acre|m2}} of land by the Congress government in Rajasthan when [[Ashok Gehlot]] was Chief Minister.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060317/nation.htm#1 |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – Nation |work=The Tribune |location=India |accessdate=18 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2006/02/08/stories/2006020807011200.htm |title=The Hindu : National : Navin Chawla denies any conflict of interest, presents details of trust funding |publisher=Hinduonnet.com |accessdate=18 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110318081644/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2006/02/08/stories/2006020807011200.htm |archive-date=18 March 2011 |url-status=usurped }}</ref><br /> All facilities are provided free of charge. At present{{When|date=April 2025}} 64 hearing-impaired children are taught by special educators. Computer software is taught to older students.<br />
<br />
Navin Chawla was running another trust called the [[Lepra (charity)#LEPRA Society|Lepra]] India Trust in Delhi which is focused on the treatment of [[leprosy]]-affected cases. Almost 20,000 street cases have been attended by Lepra doctors. The trust also teaches hearing-impaired children and children belonging to poor families. All conditions under the MPLAD act are scrupulously adhered to.{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}} Chawla provided for free services for all the children. He obtained employment for many youth.<br />
<br />
Navin Chawla was invited on 16 February 2015 to distribute 'Smart Canes' to visually impaired students of Delhi University, during the course of the Antardhwani festival. An important part of the festival that mattered greatly to the cause of disability was distribution of "smart canes" to the first batch of visually impaired students. By June, it was hoped to distribute these canes to all those suffering from visual disability, including students and teachers alike, numbering about 200.<br />
<br />
===Leprosy===<br />
Chawla endorsed Justice [[Ajit Prakash Shah|A.P. Shah]], chairman of the [[Law Commission of India|Law Commission]]'s April 2015 recommendation that the then 117-year-old Lepers Act is highly discriminatory and must be removed from the statute book, and replaced by a more humane law that takes into account that leprosy is now fully curable. Chawla noted that "[t]hese recommendations, although belated, will only help if they lead to an enactment. Enactment must be followed by implementation, with understanding and compassion. More importantly, our society must understand that this disease is easily curable if it is treated early." <ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/ht-view/laws-against-people-with-leprosy-must-go/story-GI6j0elzXNAuJNHLDCuaNJ.html |title= Laws against people with leprosy must go|work=Hindustan Times|location=India|accessdate=28 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://indiankanoon.org/doc/187916748/ |title= Report No.256 On Eliminating Discrimination Against Persons Affected By Leprosy|publisher=indiankanoon.org |accessdate=28 December 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Controversies==<br />
===Shah Commission===<br />
In the 1970s the [[Shah Commission]] an independent commission headed by former [[Chief Justice of India]] [[Jayantilal Chhotalal Shah]] which investigated atrocities during [[The Emergency (India)|the Emergency]], said in its final report that Chawla was "unfit to hold any public office which demands an attitude of fair play and consideration for others."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newindianexpress.com/opinion/article61373.ece |title=Is India's first minority PM secular? |accessdate=27 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927043323/http://newindianexpress.com/opinion/article61373.ece |archivedate=27 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://in.rediff.com/news/2009/feb/02bsraghavan-its-unfair-to-impute-motives-to-cec.htm |title=Unfair to impute motives to CEC – Rediff.com India News |work=Rediff.com |date=2 February 2009 |accessdate=18 October 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.dailypioneer.com/170874/The-man-behind-the-mask.html] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102071812/http://www.dailypioneer.com/170874/The-man-behind-the-mask.html|date=2 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nation.com.pk/07-Apr-2009/transcending-bounds-of-honesty |title=Transcending bounds of honesty &#124; English |work=The Nation|location=Pakistan |date=7 April 2009 |access-date=18 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410203912/http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/Opinions/Columns/07-Apr-2009/Transcending-bounds-of-honesty |archive-date=10 April 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/House-rocked-over-proposed-ordinance/articleshow/1459383.cms |title=House rocked over proposed ordinance |work=The Times of India |date=22 March 2006 |access-date=18 October 2011 |archive-date=11 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811073735/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-03-22/india/27830564_1_ordinance-fresh-batch-bjp-members |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>pg.165 Political mobilisation and democracy in India: states of emergency By Vernon Hewitt, Vernon Marston Hewitt</ref> The Delhi High Court (Justice [[T. P. S. Chawla]]) however dismissed the report of the Shah Commission.<ref>[The Honble. Justice TPS Chawla judgement, High Court of Delhi, Criminal Original Jurisdiction, Criminal Misc (Main). Number 540 of 1978 New Delhi, 7 November 1978.]</ref><br />
<br />
===Alleged links with the Indian National Congress===<br />
In March 2006 the [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]] presented the [[President of India]], [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]], with a memorandum for his removal signed by over 200 [[Member of Parliament|MP]]s. The memorandum questioned his impartiality in light of alleged links with the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Express news service |url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/President-rejects-CEC-advice-Navin-Chawla-stays/429447/ |title=President rejects CEC advice, Navin Chawla stays |publisher=Express India |accessdate=18 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002125116/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/President-rejects-CEC-advice-Navin-Chawla-stays/429447/ |archive-date=2 October 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> This was rejected by the Government.<br />
<br />
Apprehensive about Chawla's alleged links to the [[Nehru-Gandhi family]], in May 2006 [[Jaswant Singh]], opposition leader in the [[Rajya Sabha]], appealed to the [[Supreme Court of India]] for Chawla's removal as election commissioner because of his lifelong association with Congress politicians and the MPLADS controversy.<ref>[http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/May202006/national2240262006519.asp] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311175857/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/May202006/national2240262006519.asp|date=11 March 2007}}</ref> The Chief Election Commissioner, N Gopalaswami suo moto, without consulting the full Commission or Election Commissioner Quraishi, filed an affidavit with the Supreme Court that he had the power to remove an election commissioner (EC). Following upon this, the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) then withdrew its petition. The Supreme Court ruled, "We are allowing withdrawal of the petitions while keeping open all questions [raised in the petitions]. They can make representation to the CEC, who will decide such representation in accordance with law. We are not expressing any opinion on merits".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/08/stories/2007080862201400.htm |title=National: Navin Chawla case: BJP withdraws petition in Supreme Court |work=The Hindu |location=India |date=8 August 2007 |accessdate=18 October 2011 |archive-date=24 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111224185451/http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/08/stories/2007080862201400.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
On 31 January 2009, Chief Election Commissioner [[N. Gopalaswami]], unusually, and without consulting the full Commission or Commissioner Quraishi, received a small NDA delegation in his private chambers. Based on that, he sent his recommendation of Chawla's removal as election commissioner to the [[President of India]].<ref>[http://abclive.in/abclive_investigative_news/navin_chawla_congress_n_gopalaswami_election_commission_india.html] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207161419/http://abclive.in/abclive_investigative_news/navin_chawla_congress_n_gopalaswami_election_commission_india.html|date=7 February 2009}}</ref> Based on that the CEC alleged that Chawla had discharged his duties as election commissioner in a partisan manner, seeking to further the interests of "one party". The CEC alleged that Chawla had shared some information about the election commission to Congress Party officials.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2009/feb/02chawlas-loo-breaks-led-to-congress-phone-calls-cec.htm |title=Chawla's loo breaks led to Cong phone calls: CEC |work=Rediff.com |accessdate=18 October 2011}}</ref> He is also reported to have opposed the election commission's notice to Sonia Gandhi for accepting honours from Belgium.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Features/The_Sunday_ET/Dateline_India/CEC_accuses_Chawla_of_siding_with_one_party/articleshow/4058280.cms |title=CEC accuses Chawla of siding with one party |work=The Economic Times |accessdate=18 October 2011 |date=1 February 2009}}</ref> Chawla and Quraishi in a two-to-one majority judgement had dismissed the complaint against Sonia Gandhi.<br />
<br />
The CEC, N. Gopalaswami's recommendation against Chawla, was in itself seen as controversial by several eminent jurists including Fali Nariman,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asianage.com/presentation/leftnavigation/opinion/op-ed/don%E2%80%99t-damage-ec-credibility.aspx |title=The Asian Age &#124; Home |accessdate=2 February 2011 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080402033750/http://www.asianage.com/presentation/leftnavigation/opinion/op-ed/don%E2%80%99t-damage-ec-credibility.aspx |archivedate=2 April 2008}}</ref> and it was rejected by the President of India. Chawla became CEC of India on 20 April 2009, and concluded the [[2009 Indian Parliamentary Election]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Balaji|first=J.|title=Navin Chawla takes over as CEC|work=The Hindu|volume=132|issue=95|page=1|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/04/22/stories/2009042258740100.htm|accessdate=23 April 2009|location=Chennai, India|date=22 April 2009|archive-date=25 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090425133209/http://www.hindu.com/2009/04/22/stories/2009042258740100.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
In order to stall Chawla becoming the CEC, two BJP lawyers and office bearers tried to petition a local Jaipur court for an [[First Information Report|FIR]] against Chawla and senior officials of the government of Rajasthan about the allotment of land to Chawla's trusts in Jaipur by the [[Jaipur Development Authority]] in 2000. The court declined to order the filing of an FIR; in an order dated 10 February 2009, the court said it was satisfied by a police investigation that there was nothing wrong. The court dismissed the complaint.<ref>Rajasthan Patrika 28 January 2010</ref><ref>Dainik Bhaskar 28 January 2010</ref><br />
<br />
== Death ==<br />
Chawla died at a hospital in New Delhi, on 1 February 2025, at the age of 79.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/former-cec-navin-b-chawla-79-dies-at-delhi-hospital-101738403453398.html|title=Former CEC Navin B Chawla, 79, dies at Delhi hospital|work=Hindustan Times |date=February 2025 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
* 2005 Mazzini Award from the [[government of Italy]] "in recognition of his efforts to forge a new relationship with Italy and strengthening existing bonds"<ref>{{cite news|title=Italy honours Navin Chawla|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/03/18/stories/2005031811280400.htm|newspaper=The Hindu|date=18 March 2005|access-date=8 April 2006|archive-date=5 April 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050405010552/http://www.hindu.com/2005/03/18/stories/2005031811280400.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
* 2004 award from the New Delhi Institution of Directors<br />
* NDTV-Icon of the year 2009<br />
* NDTV-Icon of the year 2013<br />
* In 2014 -Bhartiya Vidhya Bhavan, Mumbai Award for conducting of election<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
* 1988: "The Vocational Rehabilitation and Social Re-integration of the Leprosy Affected in India" (report released at the India International Centre in New Delhi by Mother Teresa on 18 October 1988)<br />
* 1992: authorised biography, ''Mother Teresa'';<ref name="amazon1"/> translated into 14 languages in India and abroad<br />
* 1996: ''Faith and Compassion – The Life and Work of Mother Teresa'' (with photographer Raghu Rai); Element Books (UK and US), translated into Dutch and Spanish<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* {{cite news|title=Overcoming the stigma of leprosy|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/30/stories/2008013054801000.htm|newspaper=The Hindu|date=30 January 2008|access-date=4 August 2010|archive-date=2 February 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080202172415/http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/30/stories/2008013054801000.htm|url-status=dead}}<br />
* {{cite news|title=The miracle of faith|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/25/stories/2007082554761400.htm|newspaper=The Hindu|date=25 August 2007|access-date=12 February 2008|archive-date=4 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071104021514/http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/25/stories/2007082554761400.htm|url-status=dead}}<br />
* {{cite news|title=Touch the Poor...|url=http://india-today.com/itoday/15091997/navin.html|newspaper=India Today|date=15 September 1997|access-date=12 February 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100903222551/http://india-today.com/itoday/15091997/navin.html|archive-date=3 September 2010|url-status=dead}}<br />
* {{cite news|title=The Path to Sainthood|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2003/10/04/stories/2003100401101000.htm|newspaper=The Hindu|date=4 October 2003|access-date=14 March 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202033751/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2003/10/04/stories/2003100401101000.htm|archive-date=2 December 2008|url-status=usurped}}<br />
* {{cite news|title=In the shadow of a saint|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2003/10/04/stories/2003100401101000.htm|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=5 September 2007|access-date=14 March 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202033751/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2003/10/04/stories/2003100401101000.htm|archive-date=2 December 2008|url-status=usurped}}<br />
* {{cite news|title=Chawla's appointment was wrong|author=S Gurumurthy|url=http://newindianexpress.com/opinion/article32047.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927043403/http://newindianexpress.com/opinion/article32047.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 September 2013|newspaper=The New Indian Express|date=1 February 2009}}<br />
* {{cite news|title=Poll panel's credibility: It's vital for free and fair elections|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080219/edit.htm|newspaper=The Tribune|date=19 February 2008}}<br />
* {{cite news|title=Mission Possible|url=http://indiatoday.digitaltoday.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&&issueid=49&id=6961&Itemid=1&page=in&latn=2|newspaper=India Today|date=21 April 2008}}<br />
* {{cite news|title=Unlit Lamps in Attics|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/full.asp?sid=1&fodname=20080428&fname=Col+Navin+Chawla+(F)|newspaper=Outlook|date=28 April 2008|access-date=1 May 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502101311/http://www.outlookindia.com/full.asp?fodname=20080428&fname=Col+Navin+Chawla+%28F%29&sid=1|archive-date=2 May 2008|url-status=dead}}<br />
* {{cite news|title=Mother Teresa and the joy of giving|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/08/26/stories/2008082655280900.htm|newspaper=The Hindu|date=26 August 2008|access-date=8 September 2008|archive-date=28 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828171234/http://www.hindu.com/2008/08/26/stories/2008082655280900.htm|url-status=dead}}<br />
* {{cite news|title=The mystery of Mother Teresa|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/article9166.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=26 August 2009}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category|Navin Chawla}}<br />
* [http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/Audio_VideoClips/CEC'S%20LECTURES%2018-12-2009.PDF Lectures]<br />
* [http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/Audio_VideoClips/CEC'S%20MEETINGS%20AND%20CONFERENCES%2018-12-2009.PDF Conferences]<br />
* [http://www.hindu.com/2004/05/30/stories/2004053003381001.htm "''Navin Chawla to be I&B secretary''"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040604172754/http://www.hindu.com/2004/05/30/stories/2004053003381001.htm |date=4 June 2004 }} – article in [[The Hindu]] dated 29 May 2004<br />
* [http://www.hindu.com/2005/03/18/stories/2005031811280400.htm "''Italy honours Navin Chawla''"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050405010552/http://www.hindu.com/2005/03/18/stories/2005031811280400.htm |date=5 April 2005 }} – article in The Hindu dated 17 March 2005<br />
* [http://www.hindu.com/2005/05/15/stories/2005051505460100.htm "''Navin Chawla, new poll commissioner''"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050517003928/http://www.hindu.com/2005/05/15/stories/2005051505460100.htm |date=17 May 2005 }} – article in The Hindu dated 15 May 2005<br />
* [http://www.hindu.com/2006/02/07/stories/2006020709681200.htm "''BJP asks Navin Chawla to step down''"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314040924/http://www.hindu.com/2006/02/07/stories/2006020709681200.htm |date=14 March 2007 }} – article in the Hindu dated 7 February 2006<br />
* [http://www.hindu.com/2006/03/17/stories/2006031703101200.htm "''NDA team seeks Chawla's removal''"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314041100/http://www.hindu.com/2006/03/17/stories/2006031703101200.htm |date=14 March 2007 }} – article in the Hindu dated 17 March 2006<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070312173634/http://www.outlookindia.com/pti_news.asp?id=353460 ''Outlook India'' EC Navin Chawla caught in controversy, 8 February 2007]<br />
* [http://www.asianage.com/presentation/leftnavigation/opinion/op-ed/don%E2%80%99t-damage-ec-credibility.aspx "Don't damage EC credibility"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080402033750/http://www.asianage.com/presentation/leftnavigation/opinion/op-ed/don%E2%80%99t-damage-ec-credibility.aspx |date=2 April 2008 }} – article in the Asian Age 14 March 2008<br />
* [http://www.hindu.com/2009/01/31/stories/2009013160550100.htm "Chief Election Commissioner Gopalaswami 'recommends' removal of Navin Chawla"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202080247/http://hindu.com/2009/01/31/stories/2009013160550100.htm |date=2 February 2009 }}-article in the Hindu dated 31 January 2009<br />
* [http://www.hindu.com/2009/02/01/stories/2009020157460100.htm "''Parties term CEC's action unfortunate"''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203115200/http://hindu.com/2009/02/01/stories/2009020157460100.htm |date=3 February 2009 }} -article in the Hindu dated 1 February 2009<br />
* [http://www.hindu.com/2009/02/01/stories/2009020159180800.htm "''CEC's action damages institution: Nariman"''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202144309/http://www.hindu.com/2009/02/01/stories/2009020159180800.htm |date=2 February 2009 }} -article in the Hindu dated 1 February 2009<br />
* [http://www.hindu.com/2009/02/01/stories/2009020155090800.htm "''Shocking constitutional overreach"''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203002613/http://www.hindu.com/2009/02/01/stories/2009020155090800.htm |date=3 February 2009 }}-article in the Hindu dated 1 February 2009<br />
* [http://www.hindu.com/2009/02/03/stories/2009020357720100.htm "''Gopalaswami's claims on timing of missive are seriously misleading"''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206071352/http://hindu.com/2009/02/03/stories/2009020357720100.htm |date=6 February 2009 }}-article in the Hindu dated 3 February 2009<br />
* [http://www.hindu.com/2009/02/03/stories/2009020360231000.htm "''How Chief Election Commissioner pursued BJP allegations"''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206073247/http://hindu.com/2009/02/03/stories/2009020360231000.htm |date=6 February 2009 }}-article in the Hindu dated 3 February 2009<br />
* [http://www.hindu.com/2009/02/03/stories/2009020354970900.htm "''Chief Election Commissioner cannot act on his own: Ashok Desai opinion"''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206085218/http://hindu.com/2009/02/03/stories/2009020354970900.htm |date=6 February 2009 }} -article in the Hindu dated 3 February 2009<br />
* [http://www.hindu.com/2009/02/09/stories/2009020955280900.htm "''Chief Election Commissioner: equal or superior?”''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212134043/http://hindu.com/2009/02/09/stories/2009020955280900.htm |date=12 February 2009 }} -article in the Hindu dated 9 February 2009<br />
* [http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/FullcoverageStoryPage.aspx?sectionName=RSSFeed-India&id=adec8889-15df-4af7-871c-2f6d182784b4MyIndiamyvote2009_Special&Headline=Cong+accuses+EC+of+bias%2c+says+complaints+ignored "''Cong accuses EC of bias, says complaints ignored"'']{{dead link|date=January 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} – article in Hindustan Times dated 8 May 2009<br />
* [http://www.deccanchronicle.com/dc-comment/ec-did-great-job%3B-can-it-be-better%3F-978 "''EC did great job; can it be better? "''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802224520/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/dc-comment/ec-did-great-job;-can-it-be-better?-978 |date=2 August 2018 }}- article in Deccan Chronicle dated 14 May 2009<br />
* [http://www.hindu.com/2009/05/15/stories/2009051554150800.htm "''A job well done"''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090519051153/http://www.hindu.com/2009/05/15/stories/2009051554150800.htm |date=19 May 2009 }} -article in the Hindu dated 15 May 2009<br />
<br />
{{Chief Election Commissioners of India}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chawla, Navin}}<br />
[[Category:1945 births]]<br />
[[Category:2025 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]<br />
[[Category:Chief election commissioners of India]]<br />
[[Category:People from Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:St. Stephen's College, Delhi alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Alumni of SOAS University of London]]<br />
[[Category:Alumni of the University of London]]<br />
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Lawrence School, Sanawar alumni]]</div>VLSLester417456https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Krishna_Prasad_Tenneti&diff=510816Krishna Prasad Tenneti2026-04-10T05:06:08Z<p>VLSLester417456: created basic data with sources.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian politician (born 1960)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Krishna Prasad Tenneti<br />
| image = <br />
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]<br />
| caption = Tenneti in 2024<br />
| term_start = 4 June 2024<br />
| constituency = [[Bapatla Lok Sabha constituency|Bapatla, Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
| predecessor = [[Nandigam Suresh]]<br />
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]<br />
| office1 = [https://sansad.in/ls/about/panel-of-chairpersons Member of Panel of Chairpersons (Lok Sabha)]<br />
| alongside1 = [[Sandhya Ray]], [[Dilip Saikia]], [[Jagdambika Pal]], [[Kakoli Ghosh Dastidar]], [[A. Raja]], [[Selja Kumari]], [[P. C. Mohan]], [[Awadhesh Prasad]], [[N. K. Premachandran]]<br />
| term_start1 = {{Start date|2024|07|01|df=yes}}<br />
| term_end1 = <br />
| appointer1 = [[Om Birla]]<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1960|03|02}} <ref>{{Cite web |title=Member Detail|url=https://sansad.in/ls/members|website=sansad.in/ls|access-date=2024-07-13|language=en}}</ref><br />
| children = 2<br />
| spouse = {{marriage|Sirisha Kumari Tenneti|1990}}<br />
| occupation = {{hlist|Retired civil servant|[[politician]]}}<br />
| awards = [[File:IND_Police_Medal_for_Meritorious_Service.png|20px]] [[Police Medal (India)|Police Medal]]<br />[[File:IND President's Police Medal for Distinguished Service.svg|20px]] [[President's Police Medal]]<br />
| rank = [[File:Director General of Police.png|25px]][[Director General of Police]]<br />
| alma_mater = [[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad|I.I.M. Ahmedabad]] <br /> [[National Institute of Technology, Warangal|N<br />
I.T. Warangal]]<br />
| education = [[Master of Business Administration|M.B.A.]] <br /> [[Bachelor of Technology|B.Tech]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Krishna Prasad Tenneti''' (born 2 March 1960) is an Indian [[politician]], a retired [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer and the elected candidate of [[Lok Sabha]] from the [[Bapatla Lok Sabha constituency|Bapatla constituency]] as a [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]] of the [[18th Lok Sabha]]<ref name="eci">{{Cite web |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0115.htm |title=Election Commission of India |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=results.eci.gov.in |access-date=5 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/lok-sabha-election-candidates-2024/krishna-prasad-tenneti-01015-4 |title=TDP Election Results LIVE: Latest Updates On Krishna Prasad Tenneti |publisher=[[NDTV]] |access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref> and also serves as a member of the panel of chairpersons.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Preetha |date=2024-07-02 |title=Government may not fill post of Lok Sabha deputy speaker |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Jul/02/government-may-not-fill-post-of-lok-sabha-deputy-speaker |access-date=2024-07-19 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Krishna Prasad serves as the member of the panel of chairpersons of the house and helps in the smooth running of the Lok Sabha.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Press Trust Of India |url=https://www.ptinews.com/story/national/lok-sabha-adjourned-till-2-pm-over-some-opposition-mps-wearing-t-shirts-with-slogans/2388816 |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=www.ptinews.com}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref name="eci"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections/andhra-pradesh/bapatla/candidateshow/krishna-prasad-tenneti-962 |title=Krishna Prasad Tenneti, Telugu Desam Representative for Bapatla (SC), Andhra Pradesh |access-date=6 June 2024 |publisher=[[Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name="Bapatla: Know your candidates">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=9 May 2024 |title=Bapatla: Know your candidates |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2024/May/09/bapatla-know-your-candidates |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214175250/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2024/May/09/bapatla-know-your-candidates |archive-date=14 December 2024 |access-date=14 December 2024 |publisher=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
He is a committee member of the Atma Nirbhar Skill Summit 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Advisory |first=Skill |title=About Us |url=https://www.skilladvisory.in/about-us |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=Skill Advisory |language=english}}</ref> He also serves as a mentor for venture funding and incubation organizations like Image.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Mentors - Image |url=https://image.stpi.in/about/our-mentors/}}</ref> He is an advisor for the Bharat Education Excellence Award 2025.<br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
He was born in 1960 in Hyderabad,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-23 |title=TDP LS ticket for T BJP spokesperson |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/tdp-ls-ticket-for-t-bjp-spokesperson/articleshow/108720105.cms |access-date=2024-07-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> his family hails from Razole, East Godavari, and belongs to the [[Dalit]] community.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suares |first=Coreena |date=2017-11-02 |title=Telangana DGP post: Krishna Prasad springs a surprise |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/021117/telangana-dgp-post-krishna-prasad-springs-a-surprise.html |access-date=2024-07-19 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref> His father's name was Late Subbaiah Tenneti and his mother’s name was Vijaya Laxmi Tenneti who were both teachers. He is married to Sirisha Kumari Tenneti, who is an Intellectual Property Attorney advocate<ref>{{Cite web |title=Krishna Prasad Tenneti(TDP):Constituency- BAPATLA (SC)(ANDHRA PRADESH) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/LokSabha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=5102 |access-date=2024-07-19 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> and he has two daughters.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=National Informatics |title=Digital Sansad |url=https://sansad.in/ls |access-date=2024-07-19 |website=Digital Sansad |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
He holds a Bachelor of Engineering from the [[National Institute of Technology, Warangal]] with Mechanical Engineering Stream, and a PGDM from [[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad]] in 1985.<ref name="Sri Krishna Prasad, IPSRetd.">{{Cite web |title=Sri Krishna Prasad, IPS(Retd.) |url=https://www.nitjsr.ac.in/Administration/Chairman,_BOG#:~:text=T.,as%20Chairman%20BOG%2C%20NIT%20Jamshedpur.}}</ref> He also obtained an LLB degree from Osmania University in 2016 and is pursuing his PhD in Sustainable Urban Mobility.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=NewsTAP |date=2023-11-22 |title=Can Lasya Nanditha's, G Vennela's legacies sway Secunderabad Cantonment voters? |url=https://www.newstap.in/telangana-election-2023/can-lasya-nandithas-g-vennelas-legacies-sway-secunderabad-cantonment-voters-1505630 |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=www.newstap.in |language=en |archive-date=13 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813052707/https://www.newstap.in/telangana-election-2023/can-lasya-nandithas-g-vennelas-legacies-sway-secunderabad-cantonment-voters-1505630 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
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== Police and Foundation Career ==<br />
He is an [[Indian Police Service]] officer of 1986 belonging to the [[Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)|Andhra Pradesh]] cadre until 2014 and the [[Telangana]] cadre from 2014 until his retirement. He is on the Board of Governors, at the [[National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur]]<ref name="Sri Krishna Prasad, IPSRetd."/> and Director of APPA.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TGPA – Telangana State Police Academy |url=https://tspa.gov.in/Directors?page_id=3&page_name=Directors |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=tspa.gov.in}}</ref> He adopted Yerravalli village and donated 42 bicycles to girl children to help them pursue higher education.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Adivi |first=Sashidhar |date=2017-11-30 |title=Krishna Prasad Tenneti adopts Yerravalli village |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/301117/krishna-prasad-tenneti-adopted-yerravalli-village-and-change-the-face-of-a-village.html |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
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He runs an NGO called Krishna Prasad Foundation.<ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/the-indian-express/20240609/281762749407637 |access-date=2024-07-19 |via=PressReader}}</ref> Through the Foundation, he also hosted Atma Nirbhar Skill Summit to help promote entrepreneurship<ref>{{Cite web |last=nonu |date=2020-07-09 |title=Atma Nirbhar Skill Summit was organized to promote self reliance among youth |url=https://www.skillreporter.com/news/skilldevelopment/atma-nirbhar-skill-summit-was-organized-to-promote-self-reliance/ |access-date=2024-07-19 |website=Skill Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref> and worked to mobilise medical equipment during the COVID with the support of American India Foundation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-ca/news/other/meet-new-tdp-mps-first-timers-to-veterans-political-heirs-to-ysrcp-turncoats-ex-officers-to-industrialists/ar-BB1nR1UE |access-date=2024-07-19 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Parliamentary career ==<br />
Krishna Prasad Tenneti is an Indian politician representing Bapatla constituency in Andhra Pradesh as a member of the Telugu Desam Party (TDP). He was elected to the 18th Lok Sabha in June 2024, beginning his first term as a Member of Parliament. <br />
As a member of the 18th Lok Sabha, Tenneti Krishna Prasad serves on the Committee on Home Affairs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home Affairs |url=https://prsindia.org/parliamentary-committees/home-affairs |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=PRS Legislative Research |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
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During his first year in office (June 2024 to March 2025), Tenneti maintained an attendance rate of 90%, which exceeded both the national average (87%) and the state average (84%). He participated in 11 parliamentary debates, including discussions on railway grants, the Oilfields Amendment Bill, constitutional matters, and budget sessions.<br />
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Tenneti has been particularly active in parliamentary questioning, raising 63 questions across diverse ministries including Education, Water Resources, Railways, Social Justice, Rural Development, and Health. His questions focused on infrastructure development, welfare schemes, skill development initiatives, and regional concerns specific to Andhra Pradesh. A consistent advocate for his constituency, Tenneti made special mentions regarding the Jal Jeevan Mission implementation in Bapatla and requested expediting the establishment of educational institutions including Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya and Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalayas in his parliamentary constituency.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Krishna Prasad Tenneti {{!}} PRSIndia |url=https://prsindia.org/mptrack/18-lok-sabha/krishna-prasad-tenneti |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=PRS Legislative Research |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
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== Publications ==<br />
<br />
* In 2006, he authored ''Trafficking in Persons: Tip of the Iceberg,'' published by the [[United Nations]](UNIFEM).<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Academy Journal |url=https://www.svpnpa.gov.in/static/gallery/docs/724fbe34a9a594481ab5be14aeea97f18.pdf |journal=SVP National Police Academy Journal |pages=14}}</ref> His research highlighted that children outside the schooling system are vulnerable to [[Trafficking of children|trafficking]], leading to the [[Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009|Right to Education Act 2009]] (RTE).<ref>{{Cite web| title=International Framework for Action To Implement the Trafficking in Persons Protocol | url=https://www.unodc.org/documents/human-trafficking/Framework_for_Action_TIP.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100202195130/http://www.unodc.org:80/documents/human-trafficking/Framework_for_Action_TIP.pdf | archive-date=2010-02-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| title=Human Rights Council - Eleventh Session - Resolution 11/3. Trafficking in persons, especially women and children | url=https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/vaw/humanrights/A_HRC_RES_11_3.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140824061919/http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/vaw/humanrights/A_HRC_RES_11_3.pdf | archive-date=2014-08-24}}</ref><br />
* In 2002, he authored a document ''Malupu,'' a poverty alleviation program that provided up-skilling to 162,000 BPL leather artisans in CLRI Madras.<ref>{{Cite web| title=NIT Warangal - Alumni Association | url=https://www.nitw.ac.in/alumni1/images/docs/NITWAA-Newsletter-June-2023.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027223314/https://www.nitw.ac.in/alumni1/images/docs/NITWAA-Newsletter-June-2023.pdf | archive-date=2023-10-27}}</ref><br />
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== Medals ==<br />
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* He was decorated with [[Indian Police Medal]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-05-16 |title=2 AP IPS officers to get Police Medal |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2012/Jan/26/2-ap-ips-officers-to-get-police-medal-333978.html |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> [[President's Police Medal|President’s Police Medal]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-01-26 |title=Republic Day medals for police officers from State |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/Republic-Day-medals-for-police-officers-from-State/article13381824.ece |access-date=2024-07-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and Antrik Suraksha Seva Padak for Anti-Naxal work.<br />
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==See also==<br />
{{Portal|India|Politics}}<br />
*[[18th Lok Sabha]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Osmania University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]<br />
[[Category:1960 births]]</div>VLSLester417456https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Usha_School_of_Athletics&diff=542861Usha School of Athletics2026-04-03T23:28:40Z<p>VLSLester417456: new a entry.</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Private sports school in Kozhikode, Kerala, India}}<br />
{{Infobox school<br />
| name = Usha School of Athletics<br />
| native_name = ഉഷ സ്കൂൾ ഓഫ് അത്ലറ്റിക്സ്<br />
| latin_name =<br />
| image = Usha School of Athletics.jpg<br />
| caption = <br />
| motto = The sprint of a great nation<br />
| address = [[Kinalur]], [[Balussery]]<br />
| city = [[Koyilandy]]<br />
| state = Kerala <!-- Do not link per [[WP:SEAOFBLUE]] --><br />
| zipcode = 673612<br />
| country = India <!-- Do not link per [[MOS:OL]] --><br />
| coordinates = {{Coord|11.47538157508916|75.87145462698288|format=dms|display=it}}<br />
| type = [[Sports school]]<br />
| established = {{start date and age|2002|p=1}}<br />
| founder = [[P. T. Usha]]<br />
| head = <br />
| faculty = <br />
| principal = <br />
| authority = Board of Trustees<br />
| grades = <br />
| gender = [[Women's sports|Female]]<br />
| accreditation = Kerala State Sports Council<br />
| campus_type = Suburban<br />
| website = {{URL|https://www.ptusha.org/index.php}} <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Usha School of Athletics''' is a [[Private school|private]] athletic training institute located in [[Kinalur]], [[Kozhikode]], [[Kerala]], focused on developing young female athletes, particularly in track and field events. Founded in 2002 by former Indian sprinter [[P. T. Usha]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/athletics/ushas-school-attracts-young-talents-from-across-the-country/article38471646.ece | title=Usha's school attracts young talents from across the country | publisher=[[Sportstar]] | work=P.K. Ajith Kumar | date=11 April 2022 | accessdate=19 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2014/Oct/17/fund-crunch-bogs-down-usha-school-672604.html| title=Fund Crunch Bogs Down Usha School | publisher=[[The New Indian Express]] | work=Riyas Ali | date=17 October 2014 | accessdate=19 December 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Usha School of Athletics was inaugurated on 29 May 2002, initially operating from temporary premises in Koyilandy, with training conducted on a local sports ground and at [[Payyoli]] beach for running. The local Rotary Club helped set up the school's gym. After screening 40 children, 12 were selected for the training camp. Within a year, some of these students started competing at the national level. One of the first batch members, [[Tintu Luka]], won a silver medal at the [[Asian U20 Athletics Championships|Asian Junior Championships]] in 2005.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://shyamgopan.com/2019/04/12/what-it-means-to-be-usha-school-of-athletics/ | title=What It Means to Be Usha School of Athletics | publisher=shyamgopan.com | work=Shyam G Menon | date=12 April 2019 | accessdate=19 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/usha-seeks-security-for-her-athletic-school-in-kozhikode/article66471543.ece | title=Usha seeks security for her athletic school in Kozhikode | publisher=[[The Hindu]] | date=4 February 2023 | accessdate=19 December 2024}}</ref><br />
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In 2006, the [[Government of Kerala]] allocated over 30 acres of land in Kinalur for the school to build permanent facilities, providing it on a long-term lease. NRI businessman [[P. N. C. Menon]] contributed to the construction of the school's office and hostel complex, with additional support from Mohandas Pai, Kumari Shibulal, and [[Sudha Murty]]. The school shifted to its current location in April 2008. Over the following years, a synthetic track was added, and construction began on a new building for facilities, including a gym. By the next year, a recovery pool was planned. As of now, only about one-third of the 30-acre land has been developed. The remaining land is reserved for future development. The school trains athletes in various track events, from 100 meters to 3000 meters steeplechase, and the hostel can accommodate up to 40 students.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/mathrubhumi-1.2009162| title=PM to inaugurate synthetic track at Usha School via video conferencing | publisher=[[Mathrubhumi]] | date=12 June 2017 | accessdate=19 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/pt-usha-flags-security-issue-in-usha-school-of-athletics-breaks-down-during-press-conference-in-delhi-1188027.html| title=PT Usha flags security issue in Usha School of Athletics, breaks down during Press Conference in Delhi | publisher=[[Deccan Herald]] | date=5 February 2023 | accessdate=19 December 2024}}</ref><br />
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On June 15, 2017, the synthetic track at Usha School of Athletics was inaugurated by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] in Kinalur, Kozhikode.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/pm-modi-to-open-synthetic-track-at-usha-school-on-thursday/articleshow/59112951.cms | title=PM Modi to open synthetic track at Usha school on Thursday | publisher=[[The Times of India]] | work=K.R. Rajeev | date=12 June 2017 | accessdate=19 December 2024}}</ref><br />
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==Notable alumni==<br />
Notable alumni include:<ref>{{cite web | url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/athletics/pt-usha-athletics-covid-19-lockdown-jisna-mathew-jessy-joseph/article32233309.ece | title=P.T. Usha's new competition to pep up her trainees | publisher=[[Sportstar]] | work=Martin Joseph | date=30 July 2020 | accessdate=19 December 2024}}</ref><br />
* [[Jisna Mathew]] (class of 2011) – Olympian, Three-time gold medalist at the [[Asian U20 Athletics Championships|Asian Junior Championships]] and one gold medal at the [[Asian Championship]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2021/Mar/05/pt-usha-cautious-over-protege-jisna-mathews-return-to-action-eyes-april-comeback-2272310.html | title=PT Usha cautious over protege Jisna Mathew's return to action, eyes April comeback | publisher=[[The New Indian Express]] | work=Martin Joseph | date=5 March 2021 | accessdate=19 December 2024}}</ref><br />
* [[Tintu Luka]] (class of 2002) – Olympian, Multiple Asian Games Medalist, Multiple Asian Championship medalist, National Record Holder for [[800m]], recipient of the [[Arjuna Award]] in 2014.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatimes.com/sports/tintu-luka-the-girl-trained-by-pt-usha-who-became-the-woman-who-won-an-asian-games-gold-501864.html | title=Tintu Luka, The Girl Trained By PT Usha Who Became The Woman Who Won An Asian Games Gold | publisher=[[India Times]] | work=Somak Adhikari | date=7 December 2019 | accessdate=19 December 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{Official website|https://www.ptusha.org/index.php}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sports academies]]<br />
[[Category:Sports schools]]<br />
[[Category:Sport schools in India]]<br />
[[Category:Sports universities and colleges]]<br />
[[Category:Sport in Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Education in Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:2002 establishments in Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Schools in Kozhikode district]]</div>VLSLester417456https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dino_Morea&diff=458733Dino Morea2026-03-28T10:33:11Z<p>VLSLester417456: cleanup</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian actor, supermodel, film producer (born 1975)}}<br />
{{EngvarB|date=November 2019}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}<br />
{{family name hatnote|Morea|lang=Italian}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Dino Morea<br />
| image =<br />
| image_upright = 1.06<br />
| caption = Morea in [[Miami]], [[Florida]] in 2000<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1975|12|9|df=yes}}<ref name="DoB">{{cite news |title=Birthday Special: 10 times Dino Morea proved 'age is just a number'! |url=http://zeenews.india.com/and-more/birthday-special-10-times-dino-morea-proved-age-is-just-a-number_1957047.html |website=[[Zee News]] |author=Miscellaneous |date=9 December 2016 |access-date=13 December 2018 |archive-date=15 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215223138/http://zeenews.india.com/and-more/birthday-special-10-times-dino-morea-proved-age-is-just-a-number_1957047.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India<ref name="OI"/><br />
| alma_mater = {{Unbulleted list|[[Bangalore Military School]]|[[Clarence High School (India)]]|[[St. Joseph's PU College|St. Joseph's College]]}}<br />
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|Model|Producer|Entrepreneur}}<br />
| works = [[Dino Morea filmographies|Full list]]<br />
| years_active = 1995–present<br />
| partner = <!--Partner is for unmarried/long-term life partners. Not a complete dating history.--><br />
| awards = [[#Awards and nominations|Full list]]<br />
| signature = Dino Morea signature.png<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Dino Morea''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|iː|n|oʊ|_|m|ə|ˈ|r|eɪ|ə}}; born 9 December 1975) is an Indian actor and former [[supermodel]] who has appeared in [[Hindi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Kannada]], [[Malayalam]], and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] films.<ref name="DNA">{{cite news |title=Dino Morea's FIRST look as regal yet ferocious warlord from 'The Empire' is out |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-dino-moreas-first-look-as-regal-yet-ferocious-warlord-from-the-empire-is-out-2903788 |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2021-12-09 |title=Dino Morea Birthday: Pictures of the 'Empire' Actor That Will Make Your Jaw Drop |url=https://www.latestly.com/entertainment/bollywood/dino-morea-birthday-shirtless-pictures-of-the-empire-actor-that-will-make-your-jaw-drop-3122554.html |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Dino Morea reveals why he took a break from films and enrolled himself in an acting school |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/dino-morea-reveals-why-he-took-a-break-from-films-and-enrolled-himself-in-an-acting-school/fd35a946ce590 |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref> Morea forged a celebrated career in [[Fashion photography|fashion modeling]] and has been cited in the media as one of India's best [[Supermodel|supermodels]], setting the [[Benchmark (surveying)|benchmark]] for style, presence, and versatility.{{efn|Attributed Multiple References:<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-07-16 |title=8 Supermodels Every 90s Kid Used To Look Up To For Style Inspiration |url=https://www.mensxp.com/fashion/celebrity-style/46255-8-supermodels-every-90s-kid-used-to-look-up-to-for-style-inspiration.html |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=MensXP |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2002-12-10 |title=Dino Morea |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/dino-morea/articleshow/30891440.cms |access-date=2025-09-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=12 Models who turned successful Bollywood actors :: |url=https://www.misskyra.com/celebs/12-models-who-turned-successful-bollywood-actors/photostory/63332784.cms |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=MissKyra}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pandya |first=Rohan |date=2020-07-19 |title=Top 10 Most Handsome Indian Male Supermodels of all times! |url=https://dontgetserious.com/top-10-most-handsome-indian-male-supermodels-of-all-times/ |access-date=2025-09-17 |website="Don't Get Serious" |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Images: Top models who became actors |url=https://www.rediff.com/getahead/slide-show/slide-show-1-glamour-hunks-who-catwalked-their-way-into-movies/20101119.htm |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref>}} <br />
<br />
The 2002 romantic horror [[Raaz (2002 film)|''Raaz'']] proved to be his breakthrough which was critically and commercially successful and becoming [[List of Hindi films of 2002|second highest grosser]] of the year. Subsequently, he featured in several commercially successful films, including, [[Gunaah (2002 film)|''Gunaah'']] (2002), ''[[Aksar]]'' (2006), [[Tom, Dick, and Harry (2006 film)|''Tom Dick Harry'']] (2006) and [[Happy New Year (2014 film)|''Happy New Year'']] (2014). He also featured in ''[[Baaz: A Bird in Danger|Baaz]]'' (2003), ''[[Plan (film)|Plan]]'' (2004), ''[[Holiday (2006 film)|Holiday]]'' (2006), ''[[Dus Kahaniyaan]]'' (2007), ''[[Bhram]]'' (2008), and ''[[Acid Factory]]'' (2009).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2024-07-16 |title=Downside Of Beauty: Did You Know, Good Looks Cost These Actors Big Roles In Bollywood? |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!entertainment/downside-of-beauty-did-you-know-good-looks-cost-these-actors-big-roles-in-bollywood-enn24071605274 |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=[[ETV Bharat News]] |language=en}}</ref> Following a series of commercial setbacks, his appearances in films became less frequent in the 2010s.<ref name="Dino Morea Filmography">{{Cite web |title=Dino Morea Filmography |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/actor.php?actorid=870 |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref><br />
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In the 2020s, Morea transitioned to streaming platforms, acting in series such as ''[[Mentalhood]]'' (2020), ''[[Hostages (web series)|Hostages]]'' (2020), ''[[Tandav (web series)|Tandav]]'' (2021), ''[[Kaun Banegi Shikharwati]]'' (2022), [[The Royals (2025 TV series)|''The Royals'']] (2025), and ''[[Rana Naidu]]'' (2025). His performance in [[The Empire (Indian TV series)|''The Empire'']] (2021) earned him an [[Indian Television Academy Awards|Indian Television Academy Award]]. He marked his comeback in [[Hindi cinema|Bollywood]] with the ''[[Housefull 5]]'' (2025).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-01 |title=Housefull 5 box office: Akshay Kumar's movie becomes second-highest-grossing Indian film of 2025 after Chhaava |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/housefull-5-box-office-akshay-kumars-movie-becomes-second-highest-grossing-indian-film-of-2025-after-chhaava-101751367800796.html |access-date=2025-08-14 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Housefull 5' Review: Akshay Kumar's Comedy-Thriller Lands Big Despite Narrative Hiccups - |url=https://www.observerbd.com/news/529169 |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=[[The Daily Observer]]}}</ref> The film was ranked Morea's most commercially successful film, ranking as the [[List of Hindi films of 2025|year's one of the highest grosser]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-19 |title=Is Housefull 5 Set to Topple Raid 2? Akshay Kumar vs Ajay Devgn Showdown! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/is-housefull-5-set-to-topple-raid-2-akshay-kumar-vs-ajay-devgn-showdown/articleshow/121923315.cms |access-date=2025-06-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Dino Morea on working in Housefull 5! Talks about his relationship with the starcast |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/dino-morea-reveals-his-exciting-journey-in-housefull-5-and-bonding-with-co-stars/articleshow/120925042.cms |access-date=2025-06-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Akshay Kumar ends his box office dry spell with 'Housefull 5' |url=https://unb.com.bd/category/Entertainment/akshay-kumar-ends-his-box-office-dry-spell-with-housefull-5/161697 |access-date=2025-06-19 |website=unb.com.bd |language=English}}</ref><br />
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== Early life and background ==<br />
Morea was born in [[Bengaluru|Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], to an Italian father and an Indian mother from [[Kalamassery]], [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite news |date=14 May 2003 |title=Dino Morea chat |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/dino-morea-chat/story-5L94HgTqS5KwPg9WUkF3iI.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915143950/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/dino-morea-chat/story-5L94HgTqS5KwPg9WUkF3iI.html |archive-date=15 September 2024 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |quote=I was born and brought up in Bangalore. My name is an Italian name because my father is an Italian and my mother is Indian.}}</ref><ref name="OI">{{cite web |title=Dino Morea - Biography |url=http://popcorn.oneindia.in/artist-biography/220/1/dino-morea.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130111163230/http://popcorn.oneindia.in/artist-biography/220/1/dino-morea.html |archive-date=11 January 2013 |access-date=30 August 2010 |website=[[Oneindia.in]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Digital Native |date=31 May 2017 |title=Dino Morea reveals his Kerala Connection |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/dino-morea-reveals-his-kerala-connection-62921 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107233017/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/dino-morea-reveals-his-kerala-connection-62921 |archive-date=7 January 2019 |access-date=7 January 2019 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> He spent the first eleven years of his life in [[Italy]] before returning to India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chhibber |first=AuthorKavita |date=2008-11-04 |title=Dino Moria |url=https://www.kavitachhibber.com/2008/11/04/dino-moria/ |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=KavitaChhibber |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dino Morea lifestyle |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/dino-morea/biography.html |website=Filmibit.com}}</ref> According to Morea, his name means "strong and powerful".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dino Morea: I'm not gay |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-dino-morea-on-rediff-chat/20091005.htm |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=[[Rediff]] |language=en}}</ref> He is the second of three brothers; his elder brother is Nicolò Morea and his younger brother is Santino Morea.<ref name="OI" /><ref name="yahoo">{{cite web |title=Dino Morea - Biography |url=http://in.movies.yahoo.com/artists/Dino-Morea/biography-3881.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100214135149/http://in.movies.yahoo.com/artists/Dino-Morea/biography-3881.html |archive-date=14 February 2010 |access-date=30 August 2010 |website=[[Yahoo! Movies]]}}</ref> Morea was educated at [[Bangalore Military School]] and [[Clarence High School (India)|Clarence High School]], and later graduated from [[St. Joseph's Pre-University College|St. Joseph's College]] in Bangalore. While studying in college he represented [[India]] in [[Junior Orange Bowl (tennis)|U-13]] tennis competition.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prabbhan |first=Pooja |date=2024-03-25 |title=A day without training feels incomplete: Dino Morea |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/hyderabad-chronicle/a-day-without-training-feels-incomplete-dino-morea-886323 |access-date=2025-08-20 |website=[[deccan chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref> He began modelling professionally and was subsequently offered his first acting role after being noticed during a fashion campaign.<ref name="OI" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Riya |title=Meet actor, who became star with one film, then gave 20 flops in 8 years, quit acting, now runs juice business |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-meet-actor-became-star-with-one-film-then-gave-20-flops-8-years-quit-acting-now-runs-juice-business-dino-morea-3085248 |access-date=2025-11-25 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref><br />
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== Modeling career ==<br />
[[File:Dino formula 1.jpg|thumb|Morea in [[Formula 1]] ]]<br />
Morea began his professional career as a fashion model, working with various clothing and lifestyle brands. In 1995, he won the [[Gladrags Manhunt and Megamodel Contest|Gladrags Manhunt Contest]] and subsequently represented India at the [[Manhunt International]] competition held in [[Singapore]], where he became the first [[Indian people|Indian]] to placed second.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-03-02 |title=8 Bollywood Actors Who Were Discovered By Beauty Pageants |url=https://www.desimartini.com/news/martini-shots/archive/manhunt-winner-in-bollywood-article46294.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724071156/https://www.desimartini.com/news/martini-shots/archive/manhunt-winner-in-bollywood-article46294.htm |archive-date=24 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-24 |website=Desimartini |language=en}}</ref> He later won the [[Gladrags Manhunt and Megamodel Contest|Gladrags Supermodel Contest]] in 1999.<ref name=":15">{{Cite web |last=Sandy |date=2019-10-26 |title=Dino Morea – Former model and Bollywood actor best known for his lead role in 'Raaz' |url=https://mywordsnthoughts.com/myworld/dino-morea-former-model-and-bollywood-actor-best-known-for-his-lead-role-in-raaz/ |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=My Words & Thoughts |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
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==Acting career==<br />
=== 1998–2002: Debut and breakthrough ===<br />
[[File:Dino Morea and Bipasha Basu.jpg|thumb|Morea with his then partner [[Bipasha Basu]] in [[Mumbai]]]]<br />
Morea began his acting career with a role in the television series ''[[Captain Vyom]]'', where he played the character Sonic. He made his film debut in ''[[Pyaar Mein Kabhi Kabhi]]'' (1999), opposite [[Rinke Khanna]]. The film was aimed at a young audience and earned him a nomination for the [[Zee Cine Award for Best Male Debut]], although the award went to [[Aftab Shivdasani]] for ''[[Kasoor]]'' (2001).<ref name=":0" /><br />
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His breakthrough came with [[Rajiv Menon]]'s [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film ''[[Kandukondain Kandukondain]]'' (2000), an adaptation of [[Jane Austen]]'s ''[[Sense and Sensibility]]'', where he appeared alongside an [[ensemble cast]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kamath |first=Sudhish |author-link=Sudhish Kamath |date=9 November 2000 |title=West End success story |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2000/11/09/stories/09090221.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121111053738/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2000/11/09/stories/09090221.htm |archive-date=11 November 2012 |access-date=3 January 2011 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><br />
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In 2002, Morea starred in [[Raaz (2002 film)|''Raaz'']], a commercially and critically successful horror thriller directed by [[Vikram Bhatt]].<ref name="BO 2002">{{cite web |title=Box Office 2002 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=208&catName=MjAwMg== |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080122163713/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=208&catName=MjAwMg== |archive-date=22 January 2008 |access-date=19 April 2008 |website=Box Office India}}</ref> The film established Morea in the Hindi film industry. His portrayal of Aditya Dhanraj received positive reviews from the critics. [[Shah Rukh Khan]] praised Morea's performance and said "Your film is really doing well".<ref name="auto">{{Cite news |date=2022-02-01 |title=Dino Morea on 20 years of Raaz: After the success of Raaz I told myself, 'the industry has accepted me' -Exclusive! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/dino-morea-on-20-years-of-raaz-after-the-success-of-raaz-i-told-myself-the-industry-has-accepted-me-exclusive/articleshow/89278382.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-07-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He won a [[Zee Cine Award]] in the category of Dynamic Duo with [[Bipasha Basu]]. ''Raaz'' was both a commercial and critical success, and served as the best film of his career.<ref name=":Zee Cine Award2">{{Cite web |date=2022-03-13 |title=Dino On Winning First Award In 20 Years & How 'Raaz' Was Snubbed Despite Being A Blockbuster |url=https://www.mensxp.com/entertainment/celebrities/103573-dino-morea-on-winning-his-first-award-the-empire-recalls-raaz-being-snubbed-despite-being-a-massive-hit.html |access-date=2023-07-21 |website=www.mensxp.com |language=en-IN}}</ref> His role as Aditya Dhanraj was noted in the media, and he received a [[Screen Awards|Star Screen Award]] for ''Best Jodi'' along with co-star Bipasha Basu.<ref name="auto"/><ref name=":Zee Cine Award" /><br />
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That same year, he appeared in [[Gunaah (2002 film)|''Gunaah'']], directed by Amol Shetge. The film was a commercial success, and Morea's performance received positive commentary in some reviews.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gunaah (2002) |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/leicester/films/2002/09/20/gunaah_2002_preview.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130817072114/http://www.bbc.co.uk/leicester/films/2002/09/20/gunaah_2002_preview.shtml |archive-date=17 August 2013 |access-date=13 February 2012 |publisher=BBC}}</ref><ref name="yahoo" /><br />
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=== 2003–2019: Fluctuations and hiatus ===<br />
[[File:DinoMorea.jpg|thumb|right|Morea at the [[Gladrags Manhunt Contest|Gladrags Mega Model Manhunt contest]], 2008]]<br />
After the success of ''Raaz'' (2002), Morea appeared in a series of films throughout the mid-2000s.<ref name="Dino Morea Filmography" /> In 2003, he starred in three films: ''[[Baaz: A Bird in Danger]]'', ''Chal: The Game of Death'', and ''[[Sssshhh...]]''. His role in ''Sssshhh...'' earned him a nomination for the [[Stardust Award for Superstar of Tomorrow – Male]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baaz - A Bird in Danger - Movie - Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=554 |website=Box Office India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20031228/spectrum/main5.htm |website=Tribune Indiag}}</ref><br />
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In 2004, he appeared in four films. These included ''[[Ishq Hai Tumse]]'', a remake of the Telugu film ''[[Sampangi]]'';<ref>{{cite news |date=8 January 2013 |title=Rare honour to Superstar |url=http://www.gulte.com/news/13979/Rare-honour-to-Superstar |access-date=25 March 2018 |website=gulte.com}}</ref> ''[[Plan]]'', an [[Action film|action]] [[Thriller film|thriller]] directed by [[Sanjay Gupta]];<ref>{{cite web |author=Adarsh, Taran |author-link=Taran Adarsh |date=2004-01-09 |title=Plan: Movie Review |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/plan/critic-review/plan-movie-review/ |access-date=2011-04-07 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama|IndiaFm]]}}</ref> ''[[Insaaf: The Justice]]'', in which he portrayed a police officer;<ref name="Gajjar">{{Cite web |last=Gajjar |first=Manish |date=20 February 2004 |title=Shropshire - Bollywood - Insaaf Preview |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/films/bollywood/2004/01/insaaf_preview.shtml |publisher=BBC}}</ref> and ''[[Rakt]]'', a supernatural thriller.<ref name="automatic">{{cite web |title=Rakht – Movie |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=486 |website=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref> His performances in ''Plan'' and ''Rakt'' received a mixed critical response, with some reviewers noting his improvement in dramatic roles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://planetbollywood.com/displayReview.php?id=041706032017|title=Rakht - movie review by Shruti Bhasin - Planet Bollywood|website=planetbollywood.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rakht chills in parts |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/sep/03rakht.htm |website=Rediff.com}}</ref><br />
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In 2005, Morea appeared in ''[[Chehraa]]'', playing a medical student opposite [[Bipasha Basu]], [[Preeti Jhangiani]], and [[Irrfan Khan]].<ref name="Chehraa is a drag!">{{cite news |last1=N |first1=Patcy |date=18 February 2005 |title=Chehraa is a drag! |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/feb/18chehra.htm |access-date=22 January 2022 |work=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref><br />
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In 2006, he starred in ''[[Aksar]]'', a commercially profitable thriller despite negative reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pandit |first=Amod |date=2017-11-08 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Ananth Mahadevan reveals why 'Aksar 2' has no Hashmi or Reshammiya |url=https://www.bollywoodbubble.com/interviews/exclusive-ananth-mahadevan-reveals-why-aksar-2-has-no-hashmi-or-reshammiya/ |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=Bollywood Bubble |language=en-US}}</ref> It is considered as his successful film after ''Raaz'' and ''Gunaah.''<ref>{{cite web |date=21 February 2006 |title=Box office cold to Chingaari, Fight Club |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/feb/21box.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509015954/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/feb/21box.htm |archive-date=9 May 2013 |access-date=17 January 2013 |work=Rediff.com}}</ref> He also appeared in [[Holiday (2006 film)|''Holiday'']], a musical romance directed by [[Pooja Bhatt]].<ref name="Holiday">{{cite web | url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/holiday/critic-review/holiday-movie-review/ | title=Holiday Review 1.5/5 &#124; Holiday Movie Review &#124; Holiday 2006 Public Review &#124; Film Review | website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] | date=10 February 2006 }}</ref> In 2007, he featured in ''[[Fight Club: Members Only]]'', [[Tom, Dick, and Harry (2006 film)|''Tom, Dick, and Harry'']], and the [[Kannada]]-language remake [[Julie (2006 film)|''Julie'']].<ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{Cite web |title=Movies - review - Fight Club - Members Only |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2006/02/17/fight_club_members_only_2006_review.shtml |publisher=BBC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-01-07 |title=2005: Lowest openers in U.K. :Bollywood Box Office - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/2005-lowest-openers-in-u-k/ |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{cite web |last1=Gupta |first1=Pratim D |date=18 April 2006 |title=See, hear, speak like them |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060418/asp/calcutta/story_6113650.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060421101823/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060418/asp/calcutta/story_6113650.asp |archive-date=21 April 2006 |access-date=3 October 2016 |website=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)]]}}</ref><ref name="hindu1">{{cite news |last=K. |first=Bhumika |date=17 May 2008 |title=Metro Plus Bangalore : Ramya rules |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/05/17/stories/2008051751030800.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103201725/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/05/17/stories/2008051751030800.htm |archive-date=3 November 2011 |access-date=14 July 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> He also played a supporting role in [[Aap Ki Khatir (2006 film)|''Aap Ki Khatir'']], which did not perform well at the box office.<ref>{{cite web |title=Exclusive biography of #AkshayeKhanna and on his life. |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/akshaye-khanna/biography.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319200005/http://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/akshaye-khanna/biography.html |archive-date=19 March 2017 |access-date=20 September 2020 |website=FilmiBeat |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Aap Ki Khatir - Movie - Box Office India |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=268 |access-date=15 December 2018 |website=Boxofficeindia.com}}</ref><br />
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Morea had four releases in 2007. He starred in ''[[Life Mein Kabhie Kabhiee]]'', which failed to perform commercially; made a cameo in ''[[Om Shanti Om]]'' during the song "Deewangi Deewangi"; appeared in ''[[Dus Kahaniyaan]]'', an anthology film; and acted in ''Deha'', his final release that year.<ref>{{cite web |title=LIFE MEIN KABHI KABHIEE - BoxOfficeIndia |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=1473 |access-date=13 April 2019 |website=Box Office India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-14 |title=15 Years of Om Shanti Om: The INSIDE Story of how the STAR-STUDDED song 'Deewangi Deewangi' was shot; Shah Rukh Khan stood at the gates to WELCOME the 30 stars; wrote them a personalized letter and gave them a gift hamper 15 : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/15-years-om-shanti-om-inside-story-star-studded-song-deewangi-deewangi-shot-shah-rukh-khan-stood-gates-welcome-30-stars-wrote-personaliz/ |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Dus Kahaniyan Movie Review {3.5/5}: Critic Review of Dus Kahaniyan by Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/dus-kahaniyan/movie-review/2605436.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
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In 2008, Morea acted in the thriller film ''[[Bhram]]'', portraying a supermodel.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhram review. Bhram Malayalam movie review, story, rating |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/bhram-review-malayalam-movie-9068 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> He was also involved in ''[[Meeting Se Meeting Tak]]'', an unreleased project.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-10-19 |title='Men are so troublesome' |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-02-10/news-interviews/27752906_1_small-screen-silver-screen-script |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019185156/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-02-10/news-interviews/27752906_1_small-screen-silver-screen-script |archive-date=19 October 2012 |access-date=2023-08-15 |work=The Times Of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-09-16 |title=Nauheed reveals all |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-05-06/news-interviews/27754348_1_modelling-roles-skin-show |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916205944/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-05-06/news-interviews/27754348_1_modelling-roles-skin-show |archive-date=16 September 2012 |access-date=2023-08-15 |work=The Times Of India}}</ref><br />
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His final major acting role during this period was in ''[[Pyaar Impossible!]]''(2010). That same year, he participated as a contestant on the reality television show ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi#Season 3|Khatron Ke Khiladi]]''.<ref name=":&quot;3&quot;">{{Cite news |date=2015-10-06 |title=Dino Morea approached for three big reality shows! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/dino-morea-approached-for-three-big-reality-shows/articleshow/49242553.cms |access-date=2023-07-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
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[[File:Sunny Leone arrival for Jism 2 shooting, Mumbai, India (3).jpg|thumb|Morea with [[Sunny Leone]] in 2012]]Morea transitioned to production in 2012 with the erotic thriller ''[[Jism 2]]'', which starred [[Sunny Leone]] in her Bollywood debut and performed well commercially.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jism 2 - Movie - Box Office India |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=770 |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref> He appeared as Anand Joshi in ''[[Happy New Year (2014 film)|Happy New Year]]'' (2014) and made cameo in ''[[Alone (2015 Hindi film)|Alone]]'' (2015).<ref name=":5" /><br />
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===2020–present: Streaming ventures and resurgence===<br />
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After a hiatus from lead roles, Morea returned to acting with a supporting role in ''[[Solo (2017 film)|Solo]]'' (2017) and later appeared in several streaming series, including ''[[Mentalhood]]'' (2020), ''[[Hostages (web series)|Hostages]]'' (2020), ''[[Tandav (web series)|Tandav]]'' (2021), and ''[[Kaun Banegi Shikharwati]]'' (2022). His performance in [[The Empire (Indian TV series)|''The Empire'']] (2021) earned him an [[Indian Television Academy Awards|Indian Television Academy Award]].in 2023, He appeared as an antagonist in [[Agent (film)|''Agent'']] and [[Bandra (film)|''Bandra'']].<ref name=":13">{{cite news|last=Kulkarni|first=Onkar|title=Dino Morea: There's certain madness you can bring to a negative character|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/dino-morea-theres-certain-madness-you-can-bring-to-a-negative-character/articleshow/97008874.cms|access-date=27 April 2023|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=16 January 2023}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/04/23/dileep-bandra-teaser-tamannaah-bhatia-malayalam-movie.html|title=Dileep's 'Bandra' teaser leaves fans excited for action-packed drama|access-date=2023-04-23|website=Onmanorama|language=en}}</ref> 2025, he played a significant role in the film ''[[Mere Husband Ki Biwi]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-28 |title=Rakul Preet on Mere Husband Ki Biwi's performance at the box office: Not every good film has necessarily made the noise at the box office (Exclusive) |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/rakul-preet-discusses-box-office-performance-of-mere-husband-ki-biwi-a-new-perspective-on-film-success/articleshow/120667010.cms |access-date=2025-06-23 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dubey |first=Pragya |date=2025-02-21 |title=Dino Morea Makes A Charming Return To Big Screen With Mere Husband Ki Biwi. More Films We're Looking Forward To! |url=https://hauterrfly.com/entertainment/dino-morea-makes-a-comeback-with-mere-husband-ki-biwi-arjun-kapoor/ |access-date=2025-06-23 |website=Hauterrfly |language=en-US}}</ref> He also appeared in the comedy sequel ''[[Housefull 5]]'' as Bedi Dobriyal.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-06 |title=Dino Morea on working in Housefull 5! Talks about his relationship with the starcast |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/dino-morea-reveals-his-exciting-journey-in-housefull-5-and-bonding-with-co-stars/articleshow/120925042.cms |access-date=2025-06-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The film features an ensemble cast including [[Akshay Kumar]], [[Riteish Deshmukh]], [[Abhishek Bachchan]], [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Fardeen Khan]], [[Jackie Shroff]], [[Nargis Fakhri]], [[Chitrangada Singh]], [[Chunky Pandey]] and [[Johnny Lever]].<ref name=":19">{{Cite news |title=Dino Morea on working in Housefull 5! Talks about his relationship with the starcast |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/dino-morea-reveals-his-exciting-journey-in-housefull-5-and-bonding-with-co-stars/articleshow/120925042.cms |access-date=2025-05-06 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The film went on to become the second highest‑grossing installment in the [[Housefull (film series)|Housefull franchise]],making it the [[List of Hindi films of 2025|eight-biggest Hindi film of 2025]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2025-12-18 |title=Dino Morea praises Bobby Deol and Akshaye Khanna's viral success, says digital age has changed stardom forever : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/dino-morea-praises-bobby-deol-akshaye-khannas-viral-success-says-digital-age-changed-stardom-forever/ |access-date=2025-12-19 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Akshay Kumar's Housefull 5 all set to beat Ajay Devgn's Raid 2 over the weekend to become second biggest Hindi grosser of 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/akshay-kumars-housefull-5-all-set-to-beat-ajay-devgns-raid-2-over-the-weekend-to-become-second-biggest-hindi-grosser-of-2025/articleshow/121987226.cms/ |access-date=2025-06-23 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Indian entertainment publication ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' praised his performance as a "solid and strong," while ''[[Firstpost]]'' highlighted Morea's performance as a standout amidst the film's entertaining but sometimes overstretched storyline. ''[[The Times of India]]'' and other critics appreciated the humor but noted the film lacked consistently strong material overall.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2025-06-06 |title=Housefull 5 Movie Review: HOUSEFULL 5 is a paisa-vasool killer comedy |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/housefull-5/critic-review/housefull-5-movie-review/housefull-5-is-a-paisa-vasool-killer-comedy/ |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-06 |title=Housefull 5 Movie Review and Release Live Updates: Akshay Kumar starrer set for widest release amid clash with Thug Life |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/housefull-5-movie-review-release-live-update-akshay-kumar-riteish-deshmukh-abhishek-bachchan-housefull-5-review-and-box-office-collection/liveblog/121662492.cms |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-06 |title=Housefull 5 Movie Review: Reasonably entertaining; Abhishek Bachchan, Nana Patekar and Chitrangada Singh's performances are 'Jolly' good |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/housefull-5-movie-review-hugely-entertaining-akshay-kumar-abhishek-bachchan-sanjay-dutt-jackie-shroff-dino-moreas-performance-was-jolly-good-13894870.html |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=[[Firstpost]] |language=en-us}}</ref> He also starred in the web series ''[[Rana Naidu]]'' and [[The Royals (2025 TV series)|''The Royals'']] the same year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rana Naidu Season 2: Kriti Kharbanda And Arjun Rampals Dark Avatars Win The Internet |url=https://zeenews.india.com/people/rana-naidu-season-2-kriti-kharbanda-and-arjun-rampals-dark-avatars-win-the-internet-2911041.html |access-date=2025-06-23 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shetty |first=Karishma |date=2025-06-04 |title=The Royals to Delhi Crime, 8 Indian web series on Netflix that are returning with a new season |url=https://www.gqindia.com/content/the-royals-to-delhi-crime-8-indian-web-series-on-netflix-that-are-returning-with-a-new-season |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=GQ India |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-13 |title=Rana Naidu 2 review: Rana Daggubati show keeps it kinetic as fists and bullets fly |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/rana-naidu-2-review-rana-daggubati-show-keeps-it-kinetic-as-fists-and-bullets-fly-10064520/ |access-date=2025-06-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He appeared in [[Four More Shots Please!|''Four More Shots Please'']].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dino Morea's Dynamic Shift: From Romance to Action {{!}} Entertainment |url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/entertainment/3734325-dino-moreas-dynamic-shift-from-romance-to-action |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=Devdiscourse |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":18">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Debarati Palit |date=2020-03-23 |title=Dino Morea: 'It's a great time to be an actor and producer' |url=https://www.thebridgechronicle.com/lifestyle/art-culture/dino-morea-%E2%80%98it%E2%80%99s-great-time-be-actor-and-producer%E2%80%99-47901 |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=The Bridge Chronicle |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-19 |title=Have you heard? Kartik Aaryan calls romantic films a difficult genre to crack |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/have-you-heard-kartik-aaryan-calls-romantic-films-a-difficult-genre-to-crack-23608377 |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Off-screen work ==<br />
=== Philanthropy ===<br />
<br />
Morea serves as the captain and [[midfielder]] of the ''All Stars Football Club'', a celebrity football team that participates in matches to raise funds for charitable causes. He played in a high-profile charity cricket match organized by the [[IIFA|IIFA Foundation]] at [[Headingley Stadium|Headingley Carnegie Stadium]] in [[Leeds]], [[England]], on June 8, 2007. The event featured a star-studded Indian celebrity team—including [[Virat Kohli]], [[Kapil Dev]], [[Vivek Oberoi]], [[Ajay Devgn]], [[Shilpa Shetty]], [[Sunny Deol]], and many others—competing against a UK celebrity team and the match benefited the IIFA Foundation's charitable causes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IIFA Celebrity Cricket Match Teams Unveiled |url=https://www.cricketworld.com/iifa-celebrity-cricket-match-teams-unveiled/11429.htm |access-date=2025-09-04 |website=Cricket World}}</ref> Morea attended a charity football match for the [[Salman Khan|Salman Khan's]] [[Being Human Foundation]] in Mumbai on August 15, 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dino Morea Bollywood Photo Actors Dino Morea (L) and Sa... |url=https://timescontent.timesofindia.com/photo/bollywood/Dino-Morea/156230 |access-date=2025-09-04 |website=Times Of India |language=English}}</ref> Dino joined [[Salman Khan]], [[Aamir Khan]], [[Amitabh Bachchan]], and others for a [[Blood donation|blood donation camp]] in [[Bandra]], [[Mumbai]] on August 15, 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aamir, Salman are blood brothers |url=http://www.ndtv.com/photos/entertainment/aamir-salman-are-blood-brothers-7955 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131028114133/http://www.ndtv.com/photos/entertainment/aamir-salman-are-blood-brothers-7955 |archive-date=2013-10-28 |access-date=2025-09-04 |website=NDTV.com |language=en}}</ref> In March 2013, he participated in a match to support the ''Magic Funds Organisation'', which works with underprivileged children.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2022-11-21 |title=FIFA World Cup 2022! Dino Morea: I want to see either Ronaldo or Messi go out with a bang |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/fifa-world-cup-2022-dino-morea-i-want-to-see-either-ronaldo-or-messi-go-out-with-a-bang-23256697 |access-date=2023-07-24 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-10 |title=Get out, says Dino Morea |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/get-out-says-dino-morea-23285605 |access-date=2023-07-24 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref> In 2016, he became associated with [[Pet Fed India|Pet Fed]], an event platform for pets, joining as an investor and supporter.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-12-08 |title=Enter 'Guinness World Record' with your dog at India's biggest pet festival 'Pet Fed' |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/enter-guinness-world-record-with-your-dog-at-indias-biggest-pet-festival-pet-fed/ |access-date=2017-07-01 |work=The Indian Express |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Shivani |title=Pet Fed 2016 kicks off with world record in sight |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/Pet-Fed-2016-kicks-off-with-world-record-in-sight/article16897641.ece |access-date=2017-07-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pet Fed Delhi 2016 to attempt Guinness World Record for dogs |url=https://www.inshorts.com/news/pet-fed-delhi-2016-to-attempt-guinness-world-record-for-dogs-1481535045399 |access-date=2017-07-01 |website=Inshorts - Stay Informed |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=jung |first=bushra |date=2023-04-24 |title=Pioneer of animal welfare, Bisleri Vedica is championing Adopt, Don't Shop-An all-new campaign featuring Dino Morea |url=https://www.gqindia.com/story/pioneer-of-animal-welfare-bisleri-vedica-is-championing-adopt-dont-shop-an-all-new-campaign-featuring-dino-morea |access-date=2025-09-04 |website=GQ India |language=en-IN}}</ref><br />
=== Brand endorsement ===<br />
Morea has also been engaged as a brand ambassador to represent sport leagues, charity organizations, and Indian states. He has endorsed prominent brands including [[Bisleri|Bisleri Vedica]], [[7 Up]], [[Close-Up (toothpaste)|Close up]], [[Colgate (toothpaste)|Colgate Fresh]], [[Denim|Live (in)]], [[:sw:Calida|Calida]], [[Lakmé Cosmetics|Lakmé]], [[Siyaram Silk Mills|Siyaram]], [[Hero Honda CBZ Series|Hero Honda CBZ]], [[Monte Carlo Fashions Limited|Monte Carlo]] and [[Titan Company|Chronotech]].{{Efn|References:<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-03-26 |title='Woh Pehli Baar Jab Hum Mile' – A Dream Come True with Dino Morea |url=https://shrutisharma.net/dream-come-true-noon-dino-morea/ |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=Shruti Sharma |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2002-12-10 |title=Dino Morea |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/dino-morea/articleshow/30891440.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-07-31 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-06-24 |title=Dino-Kareena team up |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/fashion-and-trends/dino-kareena-team-up/story-WenkbgyA5PT2xVJxcUlT1J.html |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2010-08-02 |title=Dino Morea signed up to endorse innerwear brand Oscar : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/dino-morea-signed-up-to-endorse-innerwear-brand-oscar/ |access-date=2023-07-31 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dino Morea : Biography, Birthday, Movies, News, Wiki - Movie Talkies |url=https://www.movietalkies.com/artiste/dino-morea/ |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=www.movietalkies.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-25 |title=10 forgotten, celebrity bike ads: Blast from the past |url=https://www.cartoq.com/10-forgotten-celebrity-bike-ads-blast-from-the-past/ |access-date=2023-07-31 |language=en-US}}</ref>}} In May 2008, Dino Morea signed up as the brand ambassador for [[Bengaluru Marathon|Bangalore Marathon]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Dino Morea- fitness |url=https://www.masala.com/fitness/dino-morea-2116 |website=Masala.com|date=7 April 2008 }}</ref> In September 2009, he became the brand ambassador of [[Goa Football League|Goa Pro Soccer League]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-08-25 |title=Dino will be the ambassador of the Goa Pro Soccer League |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/dino-will-be-the-ambassador-of-the-goa-pro-soccer-league-55442 |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref><br />
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=== Backstage performances ===<br />
Morea has taken part in several stage performances and international concert tours. In 2010, he performed at a concert in [[Suva]], [[Fiji]], alongside [[Priyanka Chopra]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 July 2011 |title=Morea with Chopra in Suva |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/news/2006/priyanka-chopra-280706.html |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=Filmibit.com |language=En}}</ref> In 2011, he joined [[Shah Rukh Khan]], [[Rani Mukerji]], and [[Dia Mirza]] at the [[Bindass#History|Airtel-Bindass concert]] tour. In 2014, he participated in a live performance event in [[Pune]] with [[Snoop Dogg]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tu Pyaasa Hai Song Out: Neha Kakkar, Dino Morea's Chemistry Is Pure Fire. Fans Declare 'Gaana Hit Hai' |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/tu-pyaasa-hai-song-out-neha-kakkar-dino-moreas-chemistry-is-pure-fire-fans-declare-gaana-hit-hai-aa-ws-l-9552079.html |access-date=2025-09-05 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Business ===<br />
Morea has been involved in multiple entrepreneurial initiatives.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-09-13 |title=Dino Morea is a successful entrepreneur besides being an actor. Dino runs a chain of cafes across India, with its outlet in Chandigarh also, is planning to expand his business. Buzz is that Dino's brother Nicolo Morea, who takes care of the café operations, will soon visit Punjab to finalize opening of further joints. At present Dino is keen on opening his joint in Ludhiana and Jalandhar in Punjab. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/dino-morea-is-a-successful-entrepreneur-besides-being-an-actor-dino-who-runs-a-chain-of-cafes-across-india-with-its-outlet-in-chandigarh-also-is-planning-to-expand-his-business-buzz-is-that-dinos-brother-nicolo-morea-who-takes-care-of-the-caf-operations-will-soon-visit-punjab-to-finalize-opening-of-further-joints-at-present-dino-is-keen-on-opening-his-joint-in-ludhiana-and-jalandhar-in-punjab-/articleshow/6548159.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-07-31 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In 2012, he co-founded the merchandising company Cool Maal with cricketer [[MS Dhoni]] and [[Yuvraj Singh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-04-26 |title=M S Dhoni unplugged! |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/m-s-dhoni-unplugged/story-CW8qhqxq6qZgOTTBlsKJrK.html |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> He later established ''Clockwise Films'', a production company, in 2013.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web |title=Dino Morea plans to launch brother as director |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-dino-morea-plans-to-launch-brother-as-director-1193813 |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=[[DNA India]] |language=en}}</ref> That same year, he co-founded a lifestyle and entertainment venture called ''Playground'' with [[Nandita Mahtani]].<ref>{{cite news |date=20 January 2016 |title=Dino Morea & Nandita Mahtani's new venture: A social network for the rich & famous |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/dino-morea-nandita-mahtanis-new-venture-a-social-network-for-the-rich-famous/articleshow/50649182.cms |access-date=20 September 2020 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref> He has partnership with a photo sharing app called ''Vebbler''. He owns a restaurants named ''Crepe Station Café'' in [[Bandra]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-23 |title=5 Indian celebrities who opened their own restaurants – and succeeded |url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/celebrity/article/3130666/dinner-virat-kohlis-place-indian-celebrities-their-own |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=[[South China Morning Post]] |language=en}}</ref> It is one of the fastest developing chains in [[India]] which offers [[Pancake|pancakes]], [[Waffle|waffles]] and [[Eggs Benedict|eggs benedict]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-13 |title=11 plush restaurants owned by Indian celebrities |url=https://recipes.timesofindia.com/articles/features/11-plush-restaurants-owned-by-indian-celebrities/photostory/66605496.cms |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=[[Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2013, he initiated the installation of outdoor [[Gym|fitness stations]] in [[Wadala]] and [[Bandra]], Mumbai. These facilities were inaugurated with the involvement of actor [[Hrithik Roshan]] and politician [[Aaditya Thackeray]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dino Morea dismantles open-air gyms from Marine Drive |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-dino-morea-dismantles-open-air-gyms-from-marine-drive-2171741 |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=[[DNA India]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2019, Morea and restaurateur [[Ketan Kadam]] received an award from [[People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals]] (PETA) for a project aimed at replacing [[Victoria (carriage)|horse-drawn carriages]] in Mumbai with battery-operated electric vehicles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2019-12-10 |title=PETA awards Dino Morea, Ketan Kadam for e-carriage initiative |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bollywood/peta-awards-dino-morea-ketan-kadam-e-carriage-initiative-1502831902.html |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-08 |title='Cruelty-free' e-Victorias to stay in Mumbai after SC stands by Bombay HC |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/cruelty-free-e-victorias-to-stay-in-mumbai-after-sc-stands-by-bombay-hc/articleshow/97710657.cms |access-date=2024-02-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Victoria 'electric' buggy service is coming to Mumbai: Details |url=https://www.cartoq.com/victoria-electric-buggy-service-mumbai |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=Cartoq |language=en}}</ref><br />
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He is also the co-founder of ''The Fresh Press'', a cold-pressed juice brand, and serves as a board director at the Gruhas Collective Consumer Fund (GCCF), an investment platform focused on consumer brands.{{efn|References:<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Entrepreneur |date=2024-04-02 |title=Dino Morea's Cold-Pressed Juice Brand The Fresh Press Raises Pre-Series A funding from Gruhas Collective Consumer Fund |url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/en-in/news-and-trends/dino-moreas-cold-pressed-juice-brand-the-fresh-press/472012 |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=Entrepreneur |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-02 |title=Juice shop chain The Fresh Press raises funds from Gruhas Collective Consumer Fund |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/funding/juice-shop-chain-the-fresh-press-raises-funds-from-gruhas-collective-consumer-fund/articleshow/108980145.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-04-09 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BlackCarrot onboards Bollywood actress Neha Dhupia as investor |url=https://www.vccircle.com/blackcarrotonboards-bollywood-actress-neha-dhupia-as-investor |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=VCCircle |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ETRetail.com |title=Cold-pressed juice chain The Fresh Press raises pre-series A from Gruhas Collective Consumer Fund - ET Retail |url=https://retail.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/food-entertainment/food-services/cold-pressed-juice-chain-the-fresh-press-raises-pre-series-a-from-gruhas-collective-consumer-fund/108963237 |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=ETRetail.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-02 |title=Dino Morea Shares What Got Him To Invest In Cold-Pressed Juice Brand 'The Fresh Press' |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/bt-tv/market-today/video/dino-morea-shares-what-got-him-to-invest-in-cold-pressed-juice-brand-the-fresh-press-423958-2024-04-02 |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
== Personal life ==<br />
Morea resides in [[Bandra]], Mumbai, in a home named Casa-Morea.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prabbhan |first=Pooja |date=2024-03-25 |title=A day without training feels incomplete: Dino Morea |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/hyderabad-chronicle/a-day-without-training-feels-incomplete-dino-morea-886323 |access-date=2024-03-30 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="House">{{Cite web |date=2018-08-01 |title=Dino Morea's heritage bungalow in Mumbai retains its old world charm |url=https://www.architecturaldigest.in/content/dino-morea-mumbai-home-bandra/ |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=Architectural Digest India |language=en-IN}}</ref> He is known for maintaining a disciplined fitness routine and was recognized with the Iconic Health & Fitness Ambassador award at the [[Mid-Day|''Showbiz Icon Awards'']].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dino Morea's Morning Routine|url=https://www.mansworldindia.com/grooming-special/wellness/dino-morea-wellness-morning-routine|website=[[MW (Indian magazine)|Man's World]]|date=2023-07-20|access-date=2026-01-30|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":17">{{Cite web |last=Affix |first=John |date=2021-01-07 |title=Mid-Day Showbiz Icon Awards |url=https://naarad.net/mid-day-showbiz-icon-awards/ |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=Naarad |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-24 |title=Christmas Special! Dino Morea on celebrating the festival with his brothers; says it was a riot! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/christmas-special-dino-morea-on-celebrating-the-festival-with-his-brothers-says-it-was-a-riot/articleshow/106243959.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-12-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He is reported to be fluent in several languages, including [[English language|English]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]], [[Kannada language|Kannada]], [[French language|French]], and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-18 |title=Dino Morea: I Can Speak In Hindi Fluently Now |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/entertainment-news-dino-morea-i-can-speak-in-hindi-fluently-now-news-391849 |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Relationship ===<br />
[[File:Malaika makes Dino and Ritwik shave at 'Gillete 30 Day Challenge' event(4).jpg|thumb|Morea with partner [[Malaika Arora]]]]<br />
Morea began a relationship with actress [[Bipasha Basu]] in 1996.<ref name=":9">{{cite web |last1=Goyal |first1=Divya |date=30 April 2016 |title=Bipasha Basu's Ex-Beau Dino Morea Makes an Entrance at the Wedding |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/bipasha-basus-ex-beau-dino-morea-makes-an-entrance-at-the-wedding-1401200 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930224134/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/bipasha-basus-ex-beau-dino-morea-makes-an-entrance-at-the-wedding-1401200 |archive-date=30 September 2018 |access-date=6 June 2016 |website=NDTV Movies}}</ref> The two worked together in multiple films and modeling assignments.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jogwar |first=Sangati |title=Too hot to handle: When Bipasha Baso-Dino Morea's innerwear ad sparked outrage, was forced to take down |url=https://odishatv.in/news/entertainment/too-hot-to-handle-when-bipasha-baso-dino-morea-s-innerwear-ad-sparked-outrage-233187 |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=Odisha TV |language=en}}</ref> In 1998, an advertisement for the Swiss undergarment brand [[:de:Calida|Calida]] featuring Morea and Basu drew controversy for its content and was subsequently withdrawn.<ref>{{cite news |date=29 March 2013 |title=Controversial Indian print ads! |url=https://zeenews.india.com/business/photogallery/controversial-indian-print-ads_409.html |access-date=8 March 2021 |work=Zee News |language=en}}</ref> The couple ended their relationship shortly after the release of [[Raaz (2002 film)|''Raaz'']] (2002).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Basu |first1=Nilanjana |date=25 July 2019 |title=When Bipasha Basu Was A Teenaged Model: Ex Dino Morea Says, 'I Remember That' |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/when-bipasha-basu-was-a-teenaged-model-ex-dino-morea-says-i-remember-that-2075082 |access-date=8 March 2021 |work=NDTV.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
He was briefly in a relationship with actress and model [[Lara Dutta]] from 2008 to 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 March 2009 |title=Dino is not my best friend anymore: Kelly |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/story/dino-is-not-my-best-friend-anymore-kelly-42860-2009-03-26 |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> From 2010 to 2017, he was in a relationship with designer [[Nandita Mahtani]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-11-21 |title=Bollywood's Lara Dutta and Dino Morea will visit the Lakers |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/blogs/sports-now/story/2008-11-21/bollywoods-lara-dutta-and-dino-morea-will-visit-the-lakers |access-date=2025-09-29 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=13 September 2021 |title=Meet Vidyut Jammwal's fiancée Nandita Mahtani - Virat Kohli's stylist and Ranbir Kapoor's 'crush'! |url=https://zeenews.india.com/photos/entertainment/meet-vidyut-jammwal-s-fianc-e-nandita-mahtani-virat-kohli-s-stylist-and-ranbir-kapoor-s-crush-2393624/she-is-ranbir-kapoor-s-crush-2393625 |access-date=14 September 2021 |website=ZeeNews}}</ref> In 2025, Morea confirmed he was in a relationship with [[Malaika Arora]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-12 |title=Dino Morea confirms he is in a romantic relationship, calls marriage a 'social construct': 'I'd love to get married and live with that person' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/dino-morea-confirms-he-is-in-a-romantic-relationship-calls-marriage-a-social-construct-id-love-to-get-married-and-live-with-that-person/articleshow/118945702.cms |access-date=2025-04-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=New couple in Bollywood: Dino Morea And Malaika Arora, The Stunning Couple Spotted After Their Dinner Date {{!}} N18S News18 |url=https://www.news18.com/short-videos/india/besties-dino-morea-and-malaika-arora-the-stunning-duo-spotted-after-their-dinner-date-n18s-9155690.html |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Belief ===<br />
Morea was raised in a [[Roman Catholic]] household and has openly celebrated [[Liturgical year|Christian festivals]] such as [[Easter]] and [[Halloween]] with his family.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-10-31 |title=Halloween Exclusive! Dino Morea: I have thrown crazy Halloween parties in Mumbai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/dino-moreas-spooktacular-halloween-parties-in-mumbai-a-nostalgic-journey/articleshow/124982300.cms |access-date=2025-11-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Naval-Shetye |first=Aakanksha |title=I've had long conversations with God here: Dino Morea about Mount Mary Church |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-i-ve-had-long-conversations-with-god-here-dino-morea-about-mount-mary-church-1738268 |access-date=2025-08-14 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> In 2023, Morea was invited among several members of [[Christianity in India|India's Christian community]] to a [[Christmas]] celebration hosted by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] at his official residence in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thank you for inviting us at Christmas lunch: Dino Morea shares pictures with PM |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/thank-you-for-inviting-us-for-christmas-lunch-dino-morea-shares-pictures-with-pm-2825311 |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=[[Deccan Herald]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2023-12-26 |title=Dino Morea celebrates Christmas with PM! Calls Narendra Modi "Gracious host", see pics : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/dino-morea-celebrates-christmas-pm-calls-narendra-modi-gracious-host-see-pics/ |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-26 |title=Dino Morea attends Christmas celebrations at Prime Minister Narendra Modi's Delhi residence |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/dino-morea-attends-christmas-celebrations-at-prime-minister-narendra-modis-delhi-residence/articleshow/106286311.cms?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-07-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>{{AI-retrieved source|date=March 2026|checked=no}}<br />
<br />
== In the media ==<br />
<br />
=== Artistry and legacy ===<br />
[[File:DinoMorea01.jpg|thumb|Morea at [[GQ]] ''Men Of The Year'' 2012]]<br />
In [[Mass media in India|Indian media]], Morea has often been referred to as a "''Chocolate Boy''", a term used to describe his youthful appearance and conventional attractiveness.{{efn|References:<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fakeha |date=2021-10-02 |title=Dino Morea Reveals He Was Misguided At The Beginning Of His Career |url=https://womansera.com/dino-morea-reveals-he-was-misguided-at-the-beginning-of-his-career-regrets-doing-certain-films/ |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=Woman's era |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite news |date=2021-10-02 |title=Dino Morea reveals people just saw him as a 'romantic hero', says now he has become a new idea to a lot of people |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/dino-morea-reveals-people-just-saw-him-as-a-romantic-hero-says-now-he-has-become-a-new-idea-to-a-lot-of-people/articleshow/86703672.cms |access-date=2023-08-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-01 |title=Dino Morea: I was ill advised in the beginning of my career, chose some films I shouldn't have |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/dino-morea-i-was-ill-advised-in-the-beginning-of-my-career-chose-some-films-i-shouldn-t-have-101633099356435.html |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-06 |title=Dino Morea decodes his character in second season of Hostages: No remorse, No regret, absolutely cold |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/web-series-movies/article/dino-morea-decodes-his-character-in-second-season-of-hostages-no-remorse-no-regret-absolutely-cold/648425 |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=zoomtventertainment.com |language=en}}</ref>}} He dominated and redefined the Indian [[Model (person)|modeling]] scene before male modeling was [[Mainstream media|mainstream]], gained international recognition, had the perfect look for print and runway, and bridged the gap to [[Hindi cinema|Bollywood]], influencing generations after him.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Style, Swagger, Success: Top 10 Indian Male Models Redefining Fashion |url=https://xyxxcrew.com/blogs/article/style-swagger-success-top-10-indian-male-models-redefining-fashion |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=XYXX Apparels |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-02 |title=Top 7 Handsome Male Models in India |url=https://rashtrawadi.in/top-7-handsome-male-models-in-india/ |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=Rashtrawadi News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=G. Q. |date=2017-12-11 |title=Arjun Rampal, Milind Soman, Dino Morea: Rare, unseen images |url=https://www.gqindia.com/content/arjun-rampal-male-models-rare-photos |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=GQ India |language=en-IN}}</ref> He has been noted for his commitment to his roles and described as having a versatile screen presence.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=21 June 1999 |title=Modelling was good, it had its own excitement: Dino Morea |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/interview/story/19990621-modelling-was-good-it-had-its-own-excitement-dino-morea-781154-1999-06-20 |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-16 |title=Dino Morea's Throwback Video From His Hit Films Is Winning Hearts On The Internet |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/dino-moreas-throwback-video-from-his-hit-films-is-winning-hearts-on-the-internet-watch-8580255.html |access-date=2023-09-18 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> A 2008 feature in ''[[India Today]]'' titled "''The Boylet Club''" identified him as one of Bollywood's "[[Dominance hierarchy|alpha males]]" of the time.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-01-17 |title=The boylet club |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/story/20080128-the-boylet-club-735177-2008-01-17? |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=India Today |language=en |publication-place=Delhi}}</ref> ''[[South China Morning Post]]'' cited him as one of the top Indian male models who successfully transitioned into acting.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-30 |title=Bollywood's 5 hottest leading men who used to be models |url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/celebrity/article/3127552/bollywoods-5-hottest-former-male-models-dhooms-john |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=[[South China Morning Post]] |language=en}}</ref> In 2025, [[The Times of India]] marked him “…the unforgettable 90s heroes who became India’s first big [[Infatuation|crushes]]”, describing him as “tall, white, and incredibly [[Human physical appearance|handsome]]”.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-16 |title=Dino Morea, Milind Soman to Jugal Hansraj: The unforgettable 90s heroes who became India's first big crushes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/dino-morea-milind-soman-to-jugal-hansraj-the-unforgettable-90s-heroes-who-became-indias-first-big-crushes/photostory/125324230.cms |access-date=2025-11-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> ''Motherland'' magazine regarded him as 'Supermodel of 2000s'.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Era of Supermodels – Motherland |url=https://www.motherlandmagazine.com/the-era-of-supermodels/ |access-date=2025-07-04 |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Film criticism|Film critics]] and journalists have occasionally commented on his style and performances; Onkar Kulkarni of [[The Times of India|''Times of India'']] referred to him as a "stylish superhero,"<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-01-03 |title=Dino Morea: In my earlier phase filmmakers weren't seeing me in a different light |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/dino-morea-in-my-earlier-phase-filmmakers-werent-seeing-me-in-a-different-light/articleshow/88664542.cms |access-date=2023-09-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> while [[Taran Adarsh]] of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' remarked on his sincerity and screen presence.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2002-01-02 |title=Raaz {{!}} Raaz Movie Review {{!}} Raaz 2002 Public Review {{!}} Film Review |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/raaz-4/critic-review/raaz-4-movie-review/ |access-date=2025-05-06 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In February 1999, Morea appeared on the cover of the international edition of [[Elle (magazine)|''Elle'' magazine]].<ref>{{cite web |date= |title=Unseen magazine cover of Bipasha Basu and Dino Morea |url=http://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/photos/unseen-photos-bipasha-basu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814122317/http://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/photos/unseen-photos-bipasha-basu |archive-date=14 August 2016 |access-date=2013-03-18 |website=Pinkvilla}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2012 |title=bipasha, dino unseen pic |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/will-bipasha-dino-team-up-for-raaz-4/182509 |access-date=2013-03-18 |website=mid-day.com}}</ref> He clinched 13th place on "India's most handsome man" by ''WebIndia123''.<ref name=":4" /> He ranked on ''The Times of India''<nowiki/>'s "50 Most Desirable Men" list for multiple years, including 13th in 2009,<ref>{{Cite web |title=2009 Most Desirable Men: Dino Morea - No 13 {{!}} Celebs - Times of India Videos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/celebs/2009-most-desirable-men-dino-morea-no-13/videoshow/11833791.cms |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> and between 30th and 45th place from 2010 to 2014.{{efn|References:<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-02-08 |title=Times 50 Most Desirable Men of 2010: The Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/times-50-most-desirable-men-of-2010-the-winners/articleshow/11778138.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-07-31 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Times Most Desirable Men of 2011: Dino Morea - No. 45 {{!}} Celebs - Times of India Videos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/celebs/times-most-desirable-men-of-2011-dino-morea-no-45/videoshow/11760717.cms |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-05-15 |title=Times top 50 Most Desirable Men of 2012 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/times-top-50-most-desirable-men-of-2012/articleshow/19895114.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-07-31 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Times Most Desirable Men 2013 - Times Polls {{!}} PDF {{!}} Cinema Of India {{!}} Bollywood |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/238669042/Times-Most-Desirable-Men-2013-Times-Polls |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=Scribd |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-04-28 |title=Times 50 Most Desirable Men 2014 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/times-50-most-desirable-men-2014/articleshow/47071834.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-07-31 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>}} He was also listed in ''[[GQ India]]'''s "Best Dressed Men" rankings in 2010, 2012, 2015, and 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GQ India announced their 50 Best-Dressed Men {{!}} Photo Of Dino Morea From The GQ India announced their 50 Best-Dressed Men Images - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/parties-and-events/gq-india-announced-their-50-best-dressed-men/gq-india-announced-their-50-best-dressed-men-2/ |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref> In 2023, he was placed 19th in 30 All Time Famous Bollywood Actors of All Time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Varnika |date=2024-08-22 |title=30 Iconic Bollywood Actors Who Defined Cinema 1980s to 2024 |url=https://stylesatlife.com/articles/famous-male-celebrities-in-bollywood/ |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=Styles At Life |language=en-US}}</ref> Moreover, he was inducted into the [[Gladrags Manhunt and Megamodel Contest|Gladrags Hall of Fame]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 March 2013 |title=Gladrags Hall of Fame list |url=http://www.gladrags.in/index.php |access-date=2023-09-23 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Wealth and assets ===<br />
Morea has been listed in various publications among Indian film personalities with significant net worth.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Dino Morea - Top 100 Handsome Indian Men |url=http://webindia123.com/personality/men/dino_morea/dino_morea.htm |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=webindia123.com}}</ref> As of 2025, his net worth has been estimated at over US$150 million by some sources.{{efn|References:<ref>{{Cite news |title=Dino Morea's Rs 37 crore 'Raaz' success to $150 million net worth; A journey of an actor who gave 22 flops and 3 hit |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/dino-moreas-rs-37-crore-raaz-success-to-rs-150-crore-net-worth-a-journey-of-an-actor-who-gave-22-flops-and-1-hit/articleshow/116655446.cms |access-date=2025-04-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ahmed |first=Md Kowser |date=2022-08-12 |title=Dino Morea's net worth |url=https://thetopcelebrity.com/biography/dino-morea-indian-actor |access-date=2023-09-22 |website=TheTopCelebrity.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tremblay |first=Trinette |date=2023-07-01 |title=About Dino Morea |url=https://thepersonage.com/dino-morea/ |access-date=2023-09-22 |website=The Personage |language=en-us}}</ref>}} He is reported to own several high-end vehicles, including models such as the [[Rolls-Royce Ghost|Rolls Royce Ghost]], [[BMW M8]], [[Lamborghini Sián FKP 37|Lamborghini Sián]], [[Mercedes-Benz GLS|Mercedes GLS]], [[Porsche 911]], [[Ford Everest|Ford Endeavour]], as well as motorcycles like the [[Harley-Davidson VRSC|Harley-Davidson Forty-Eight]], [[Royal Enfield Bullet|Royal Enfield Bullet 500]], and [[Aprilia RS4 125|Aprilia RSV4]].{{efn|References:<ref>{{Cite web |last=Amandeep |date=2022-11-26 |title=Humble Cars Of Bollywood – Sara Ali Khan's Maruti Alto to Dino Morea's Rolls-Royce » Car Blog India |url=https://www.carblogindia.com/humble-cars-of-bollywood/ |access-date=2025-05-12 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dino Morea And His Ford {{!}} CarTrade |url=https://www.cartrade.com/blog/2015/celebrity-owned-cars/dino-morea-and-his-ford-ikon-1363.html |access-date=2025-05-12 |website=www.cartrade.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-29 |title=Dino Morea on his road trip in Germany! Talks about his drive from Munich to the Black Forest |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/dino-morea-on-his-road-trip-in-germany-talks-about-his-drive-from-munich-to-the-black-forest/articleshow/111357129.cms |access-date=2025-05-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Khanna |first=Vishal |date=2019-12-18 |title=9 Bollywood Celebrities & Their Everyday Cars |url=https://gomechanic.in/blog/bollywood-celebrities-everyday-cars/ |access-date=2025-05-12 |website=The GoMechanic Blog |language=en-US}}</ref>}} Reports also indicate that he owns multiple residential properties in India and abroad.<ref name=":4" /><br />
<br />
== Filmography ==<br />
{{Main|Dino Morea filmography}}<br />
<br />
==Awards and nominations==<br />
[[File:Dino Morea 28.jpg|thumb|Morea at the [[2010 Cannes Film Festival|63rd Cannes Film Festival]], 2010|200x300px]]<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! Year<br />
! Award Show<br />
! Award<br />
! Film<br />
! Won<br />
! Ref.<br />
|-<br />
| 1995<br />
| [[Gladrags Manhunt and Megamodel Contest|Gladrags Supermodel Contest]]<br />
| Most Popular Model Award<br />
|{{N/A}}<br />
| {{Honoured}}<br />
|<ref name=":15" /><br />
|-<br />
|1999<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Zee Cine Awards]]<br />
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Male Debut|Best Male Debut]]<br />
|''[[Pyaar Mein Kabhi Kabhi]]''<br />
|{{Nom}}<br />
|<ref name=":0" /><br />
|-<br />
|2002<br />
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Male|Best Male Actor]]<br />
| rowspan="4" |''[[Raaz (2002 film)|Raaz]]''<br />
|{{Nom}}<br />
|<ref name=":Zee Cine Award2" /><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |2003<br />
|Dynamic Duo-with [[Bipasha Basu]]<br />
|{{Won}}<br />
|<ref name=":Zee Cine Award">{{Cite web |date=2022-03-13 |title=Dino On Winning First Award In 20 Years & How 'Raaz' Was Snubbed Despite Being A Blockbuster |url=https://www.mensxp.com/entertainment/celebrities/103573-dino-morea-on-winning-his-first-award-the-empire-recalls-raaz-being-snubbed-despite-being-a-massive-hit.html |access-date=2023-07-21 |website=mensxp.com |language=en-IN}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Screen Awards]]<br />
|[[Star Screen Award Jodi No. 1|Jodi No. 1]] <small>(along with [[Bipasha Basu]])</small><br />
| {{won}}<br />
|<ref name=":1">[http://www.webindia123.com/movie/national/raaz/index.htm Raaz is different], Webindia123.com, Retrieved on 15 December 2008</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Maharashtra State Film Awards|V Shantaram Film Award]]<br />
|[[Maharashtra State Film Awards#Best actor|Best actor]]<br />
|{{Won}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2003-04-27 |title=Devdas bags eight V Shantaram awards |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/devdas-bags-eight-v-shantaram-awards/articleshow/44673564.cms |access-date=2025-08-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2004<br />
|[[Stardust Awards]]<br />
|[[Stardust Award for Superstar of Tomorrow – Male|Superstar of Tomorrow – Male]]<br />
|''[[Sssshhh...]]''<br />
|{{Nom}}<br />
|<ref name=":2" /><br />
|-<br />
|2007<br />
|[[National Youth Icon Award]]<br />
|Best Youth Icon of the Year<br />
|{{N/A}}<br />
|{{Honoured}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-02-14 |title=Dino wins Youth Icon 2007, meets cancer patients on Valentine : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/dino-wins-youth-icon-2007meets-cancer-patients-on-valentine/ |access-date=2023-07-31 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2021<br />
|[[Mid-Day|Showbiz Icon Award]]<br />
|Iconic Health & Fitness Ambassador<br />
|{{N/A}}<br />
|{{Honoured}}<br />
|<ref name=":17" /><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 2022<br />
|[[Indian Television Academy Awards]]<br />
|Best Supporting Actor Drama OTT<br />
| rowspan="2" | ''[[The Empire (web series)|The Empire]]''<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Dino Morea bags Best Actor award for |url=https://zeenews.india.com/television/dino-morea-bags-best-actor-award-for-the-empire-at-ita-awards-2443029.html |access-date=2023-07-21 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|IWM Buzz Award<br />
|Most Popular Negative Character in a Web Series<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-16 |title=Ram Kamal makes a clean sweep at IWMBuzz Digital Awards |url=https://www.bizasialive.com/ram-kamal-makes-a-clean-sweep-at-iwmbuzz-digital-awards/ |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=www.bizasialive.com |language=en-GB}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2026<br />
|[[Pinkvilla Screen and Style Icons Awards]]<br />
|Best Supporting Actor<br />
|[[The Royals (2025 TV series)|''The Royals'']]<br />
|{{Won}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-26 |title=Pinkvilla Screen & Style Icons Awards 2026: Rajat Bedi, Dino Morea share Best Supporting Actor (Male), Neha Dhupia takes the Female honors |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/cinema/pinkvilla-screen-style-icons-awards-2026-rajat-bedi-dino-morea-share-best-supporting-actor-ott-male-neha-dhupia-takes-the-female-honors-1401738 |access-date=2026-03-28 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[List of Bollywood actors]]<br />
* [[List of Indian television actors]]<br />
* [[Lists of Indian actors]]<br />
* [[Italians in India]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb name|id=0603352|name=Dino Morea}}<br />
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|dino-morea}}<br />
* {{Instagram}}<br />
* [http://www.insidedesi.com/2008/08/22/gimme-morea/ InsideDesi Interview with Dino Morea] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917173719/http://www.insidedesi.com/2008/08/22/gimme-morea/ |date=17 September 2008 }}<br />
{{Subject bar|Biography|India|Film|Bollywood|Television<br />
|commons = yes<br />
|d = yes<br />
|q = yes<br />
}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Morea, Dino}}<br />
[[Category:Dino Morea| ]]<br />
[[Category:1975 births]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]<br />
[[Category:Businesspeople from Bengaluru]]<br />
[[Category:Businesspeople from Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Contestants on Indian game shows]]<br />
[[Category:Participants in Indian reality television series]]<br />
[[Category:Film producers from Bengaluru]]<br />
[[Category:Film producers from Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi film producers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian actors]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Christians]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]<br />
[[Category:Indian web series actors]]<br />
[[Category:Indian people of Italian descent]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male models]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male voice actors]]<br />
[[Category:Indian restaurateurs]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Roman Catholics]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors from Bengaluru]]<br />
[[Category:Models from Bengaluru]]<br />
[[Category:People from Bengaluru]]<br />
[[Category:Screen Awards winners]]<br />
[[Category:Zee Cine Awards winners]]</div>VLSLester417456https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajeev_Taranath&diff=461425Rajeev Taranath2026-03-25T11:57:30Z<p>VLSLester417456: minor updated page as per guidelines and corrected details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian classical musician (1932–2024)}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}<br />
{{Infobox musical artist <!-- See Bharatpedia:WikiProject_Musicians --><br />
| name = Rajeev Taranath<br />
| image = Pt. Rajeev Taranath.JPG<br />
| caption = Rajeev at a concert in [[Bengaluru]]<br />
| background = non_vocal_instrumentalist<br />
| birth_name = <br />
| alias = <br />
| birth_date = {{birth date|1932|10|17|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Kingdom of Mysore]], [[British India]]<br/>(now [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], India)<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|2024|6|11|1932|10|17|df=y}}<br />
| death_place = [[Mysuru]], [[Karnataka]], India<br />
| origin = <br />
| instrument = [[Sarod]]<br />
| genre = [[Hindustani classical music]]<br />
| years_active = <br />
| label = <br />
| associated_acts = [[Ali Akbar Khan]], [[Ravi Shankar]], [[Annapurna Devi]]<br />
| website = [http://www.rajeevtaranath.com/ Official website]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Rajeev Taranath''' (17 October 1932 – 11 June 2024) was an Indian classical musician who played the [[sarod]]. Taranath was a disciple of [[Ali Akbar Khan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rajeevtaranath.com/bio.htm|title=Biography|publisher=Rajeevtaranath.com|access-date=30 August 2009|archive-date=3 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090903183953/http://www.rajeevtaranath.com/bio.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Life and career==<br />
Rajeev Taranath was born in [[Bangalore]] on 17 October 1932. He received his initial training in vocal music from his father [[Pandit Taranath]]. He gave his first public vocal performance when he was nine years old. Rajeev was singing for the [[All India Radio]] before he was twenty.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.itcsra.org/aspfiles/personwindow.asp?personid=231|title=Biography ITC SRA|publisher=itcsra.org|access-date=30 August 2009}}</ref><br />
<br />
Although Rajeev held a PhD in literature, he decided to give up his career as a Professor and Head of English Literature at [[Regional Engineering College, Tiruchirappalli]] (REC-T), which was later renamed as National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli (NIT-T), and then went to [[Calcutta]], where he began his musical training under the tutelage of [[Ali Akbar Khan]]. Rajeev continued to learn from his Guru till Khan's death in 2009. He also had guidance from [[Ravi Shankar]], [[Annapurna Devi]], [[Nikhil Banerjee]] and [[Aashish Khan]]. He received some of India's highest national honours including the 2019 [[Padma Shri]] award and the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] in 1999–2000. He researched and published the Teaching Techniques of the Maihar-Allauddin Gharana, as a Ford Foundation scholar (1989 to 1992).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-05-17|title=Karnataka Current Affairs - KAS/KPSC Exams- 17th May 2019 {{!}} NammaKPSC|url=https://nammakpsc.com/wp/karnataka-current-affairs-kas-kpsc-exams-17th-may-2019/|access-date=2021-03-10|language=en-US|archive-date=7 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107161200/http://nammakpsc.com/wp/karnataka-current-affairs-kas-kpsc-exams-17th-may-2019/|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
Taranath was respected for his in-depth understanding as he unfolded the raga, the tonal quality and power of his strokes. His distinctive style showed technical excellence, imaginative power and emotional range. According to the New York Times, "RAJEEV TARANATH'S sarod improvisations Sunday at Soundscape mixed the spiritual and the spirited".<br />
<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/04/14/arts/indian-music-spirited-sarod.html|title=INDIAN MUSIC: SPIRITED SAROD|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=31 August 2009 | first=Edward | last=Rothstein | date=14 April 1982}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.insideworldmusic.com/library/weekly/aa052501a.htm|title=Rajeev Taranath|publisher=insideworldmusic.com|access-date=31 August 2009}}<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
Taranath performed extensively in India and the world. He toured Australia, Europe, Yemen, the United States, and Canada. He composed the music for many internationally acclaimed Indian films including ''[[Samskara (film)|Samskara]]'', ''Kanchana Sita'' and ''[[Kadavu (film)|Kadavu]]''. He also served as the head of the Indian music programme at the World Music Department of the [[California Institute of the Arts]] from 1995 to 2005.<br />
<br />
Taranath lived and taught in [[Mysore]], Karnataka until his death.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/07/24/stories/2009072451150300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107104043/http://www.hindu.com/2009/07/24/stories/2009072451150300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 November 2012|title=Taranath foundation to be revived |access-date=31 August 2009|location=Chennai, India|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=24 July 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sudeepaudio.com/profiles.php?aid=264|title=About the Artiste|publisher=sudeepaudio.com|access-date=31 August 2009}}</ref> He taught English literature at the [[University of Aden]] in the 1980s. Taranath died on 11 June 2024, at the age of 91.<ref>[https://www.udayavani.com/english-news/mysuru-eminent-sarod-maestro-rajeev-taranath-passes-away-at-91 Eminent sarod maestro Rajeev Taranath passes away at 91]</ref><br />
<br />
== Discography ==<br />
Taranath had several recordings published:<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rajeevtaranath.com/recordings.htm|title=Rajeev Taranath – internationally acclaimed Sarod player, India – His Recordings|publisher=rajeevtaranath.com|access-date=31 August 2009}}<br />
</ref><br />
* In concert: Raga Bageshri Kanada, Manj Khammaj and Bhairavi (IMPU 2020)<br />
* Hamdard - Puriya Dhanshri, Chandrandan(Bihaan Records 2015)<br />
* Prism - Gaur Sarang, Madhuvanti, Bhairavi(Bihaan Records 2014)<br />
* Swar Kalyan (Navras Records 2011)<br />
* Sandhya (Bihaan Records2011)<br />
*Manan "Meditation": Ragas Bihag and Bhairavi (Navras Records 2008)<br />
*Harmony: Sindhu Bhairavi Raagmala (2007)<br />
*Raga Kafi: Some Facets (2007)<br />
*Rasarang (2004)<br />
*Reflections Around Noon : Ragas Todi and Kafi (2003)<br />
*The Call of Love, The Art of Persian and Indian Improvisations (2002)<br />
*Daybreak and a Candle End (2002)<br />
*Indian Classical Music (2001)<br />
*Rag Nat Bhairo, Rag Kaushi Bhairavi, Bhairavi (1995) [http://www.khazana.com/et/products/product.asp?dept=Music&adv=1&sku=INMU732&Country=India&Department=&new_target=%2Fet%2Fsearch%2Fadvs_results_float.asp&strFindSpec1=&strFindSpec2=Rajeev+Taranath&strFindSpec3=&Next=0&mscsstcid=&mscssid=1TE4HA57UC2J9PP1PCSPTNRBN6J7DGUC]{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}<br />
*Over the Moon : Raga Chandranandan (1993)<br />
*Raga Ahir Bhairav/Raga Charukeshi (1991)<br />
*The Magnificence of Yaman Kalyan (1987)<br />
*In the Master's Tradition : Rag Basant Mukhari, Rag Kirwani (1987)<br />
*Rag Kafi <br />
*Rag Komal Durga <br />
*Rag Puriya Dhanashri<br />
<br />
== Awards and recognitions ==<br />
* Basavashree Award, 2021<br />
* S.V. Narayanarao Memorial National Award, 2020<br />
* [[Padma Shri]], 2019<br />
* [[Nadoja Award]] from [[Kannada University]], 2018<br />
* Sangeet Vidhwan Award,2018<br />
*The [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] Award, 1999–2000<br />
*Sangeetha Rathna Mysore T. Chowdiah Memorial Award 1998 (Government of Karnataka, India)<br />
*Sangeet Nritya Akademi Award, 1993<br />
*[[Rajyotsava Prashasti|Karnataka Rajya Prashasti]], 1996<br />
*Kempe Gowda Award, 2006<br />
*Sangeet Kalaratna from the [[Gayana Samaja]]<br />
*Jyothi Subramanya Award<br />
*Brahmaramba N Nagaraja Rao Gold Medal<br />
*V T Srinivasan Memorial Award<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*{{cite web|url=http://www.rajeevtaranath.com/|title=Rajeev Taranath|publisher=Official website}}<br />
*[https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/true-to-a-lineage/article4366970.ece - True to A Lineage - Friday Review of The Hindu 2013]<br />
*{{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p215109|label=Rajeev Taranath}}<br />
*{{discogs artist|Rajeev Taranath}}<br />
*{{IMDb name|0850202|Rajeev Taranath}}<br />
*[https://www.nytimes.com/1982/04/14/arts/indian-music-spirited-sarod.html New York Times Review]<br />
*[https://indiacurrents.com/sarod-maestro-rajeev-taranath-interview/ Interview in India Currents Magazine 2018]<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100729194350/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/01/20/stories/2006012002600500.htm Concert Review in The Hindu newspaper 2006]<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071126211830/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/08/10/stories/2007081050260300.htm Article in The Hindu 2007]<br />
*[http://www.kavitachhibber.com/main/main.jsp?id=rajeev_taranath Interview by Kavita Chhibber]{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}<br />
*{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20060215123355/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fr/2005/07/29/stories/2005072902600500.htm Concert Review, India 2006]}}<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071011233812/http://hindu.com/fr/2007/10/05/stories/2007100551160100.htm Article in The Hindu 2007]<br />
*[https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-mar-17-ca-29586-story.html Concert review Los Angeles Times]<br />
*[http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/Sep272005/spectrum1427152005926.asp Interview in Deccan Herald Newspaper 2005] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224153438/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/Sep272005/spectrum1427152005926.asp |date=24 February 2012 }}<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071013154558/http://hindu.com/2007/10/08/stories/2007100851340200.htm Article – Celebrating Taranath's Birthday]<br />
*[http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article1587763.ece Article in The Hindu – Strings of Success 2011]<br />
*[http://www.ourkarnataka.com/Articles/starofmysore/ssings009.htm Article in the Star of Mysore newspaper 2010]<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120426184103/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-12/mysore/28373838_1_doctorate-cricket-icon-sachin-tendulkar Press release on University of Mysore Honorary Doctorate 2010]<br />
*[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/article554323.ece Article – Book on Rajeev Taranath's life on bestseller list]<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100909083416/http://www.hindu.com/2010/09/04/stories/2010090450950200.htm Article – Concert in Shimoga 2010]<br />
<br />
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Taranath, Rajeev}}<br />
[[Category:1932 births]]<br />
[[Category:2024 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Hindustani instrumentalists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian film score composers]]<br />
[[Category:Maihar gharana]]<br />
[[Category:Musicians from Bengaluru]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]<br />
[[Category:Sarod players]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian musicians]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male musicians]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male film score composers]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian male musicians]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]<br />
[[Category:Karnataka State Film Award winners]]</div>VLSLester417456https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Priya_Pereira_(artist)&diff=526870Priya Pereira (artist)2026-03-14T04:37:01Z<p>VLSLester417456: Created Basic Data Needs Work!</p>
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<div>{{About|the Indian book artist|the Indian actress|Priya Pereira}} <br />
{{short description|Indian artist}}<br />
{{Infobox artist<br />
| name = Priya Pereira<br />
| image = <br />
| imagesize = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_name = <br />
| other_names = Pixie <br />
| birth_date = {{Birth year|1967}}<br />
| birth_place = <br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| education = <br />
| field = book artist<br />
| training = <br />
| movement = <br />
| works = <br />
| patrons = <br />
| awards = <br />
| spouse = <br />
| partner = <br />
| website = {{URL|https://www.pixiebks.com/}} <br />
}} <br />
<br />
'''Priya Pereira''' (b. 1967) is an Indian artist and co-founder of Pixie Bks in Mumbai, India. She has been described as "India's only book artist".<ref name="DNA India">{{cite web |title=India's only book artist Priya Pereira on creating an art form that skirts the line between publishing and art |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-india-s-only-book-artist-priya-pereira-on-creating-an-art-form-that-skirts-the-line-between-publishing-and-art-1927500 |website=DNA India |access-date=1 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="The Hindu">{{cite web |title=Meet India’s only “book artist” |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/columns/pradeep_sebastian/meet-indias-only-book-artist/article5335218.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=1 March 2023 |language=en-IN |date=10 November 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
Pereira studied at [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]].<ref name="NMWA">{{cite web |title=Wordplay and Whimsy: Priya Pereira’s Book Art |url=https://nmwa.org/blog/nmwa-exhibitions/wordplay-and-whimsy-priya-pereiras-book-art/ |website=NMWA |access-date=1 March 2023 |date=5 July 2016}}</ref> In 1993 she co-founded Pixie Bks along with Tony Pereira to publish the books.<ref name="NMWA"/> Her work is in the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Metropolitan Museum of Art |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/ |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art |language=en}}</ref> the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]],<ref name="Victoria and Albert">{{cite web |last1= |title=Double crossing a river / [by] Priya Pereira {{!}} Pereira, Priya |url=https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O1315502/double-crossing-a-river-pereira-priya/double-crossing-a-river--book-pereira-priya/ |website=Victoria and Albert Museum: Explore the Collections |access-date=1 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref> as well as the [[National Museum of Women in the Arts]].<ref name="Library & Research Center">{{cite web |title=Priya Pereira |url=https://nmwa.bibliovation.com/app/search/(Priya%20Pereira) |website=NMWA Library & Research Center |access-date=1 March 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2016 the National Museum of Women in the Arts held an exhibition of her work entitled ''Priya Pereira: Contemporary Books From India'' at their library.<ref name="NMWA"/><ref name="PRINT Magazine">{{cite web |last1=Heller |first1=Steven |title=Pixie Bks Brighten a Dreary Washington, DC |url=https://www.printmag.com/daily-heller/pixie-bks/ |website=PRINT Magazine |access-date=1 March 2023 |date=27 June 2016}}</ref> In 2018 Pereira presented a TEDx talk entitled "Don't go by the book".<ref name="TEDxDSBInternationalSchool">{{cite web |title=Don't go by the book. {{!}} Priya Pereira |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qBm1BztVuHA |website=TEDxDSBInternationalSchool |access-date=1 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref> She is on the International Council of the [[Center for Book Arts]] in New York.<ref name="Center for Book Arts">{{cite web |title=About |url=https://centerforbookarts.org/about |website=Center for Book Arts |access-date=1 March 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pereira, Priya}}<br />
[[Category:1967 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Women book artists]]<br />
[[Category:Book artists]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian women artists]]</div>VLSLester417456https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suraag_%E2%80%93_The_Clue&diff=471527Suraag – The Clue2026-03-13T09:47:08Z<p>VLSLester417456: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian crime television series}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox television<br />
| image = The Clue (logo).jpg<br />
| image_size = 200<br />
| caption =<br />
| alt_name = <br />
| genre = <br />
| creator = <br />
| developer = <br />
| writer = <br />
| director = Gautam Adhikari<br />
| creative_director = <br />
| presenter = <br />
| starring = [[Sudesh Berry]]<br />
| judges = <br />
| voices = <br />
| narrator = <br />
| theme_music_composer = <br />
| open_theme = <br />
| end_theme = <br />
| composer = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| num_seasons = 1<br />
| num_episodes = 174<br />
| list_episodes = <br />
| executive_producer = <br />
| producer = <br />
| editor = <br />
| location = <br />
| cinematography = <br />
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]<br />
| runtime = Approximately 35-40 minutes<br />
| company = Sri Adhikari Brothers Television Network Ltd.<br />
| channel = [[DD National]]<br />
| first_aired = {{start date|1999|06|14|df=yes}}<br />
| last_aired = {{end date|2002|11|04|df=yes}}<br />
| related = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Suraag – The Clue''''' is an Indian television detective-crime drama series that aired on [[DD National]] from 14 June 1999 to 4 November 2002. The series, starring [[Sudesh Berry]] as Inspector Bharat in the main lead, was directed by Gautam Adhikari and produced by Shri Adhikari Brothers Limited.<ref name="tribuneindia2003">{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030803/spectrum/tv.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Television|last=|first=|date=2003-08-03|website=|publisher=Tribuneindia.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|accessdate=}}</ref> It used to air every Monday at 10 P.M.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000924/spectrum/tv.htm|title=Serial brothers|date=2000-09-24}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the drama, Inspector and his assistant Inspector Srivastav formed a formidable partnership in solving crimes, mostly murder mysteries. This series, unlike previous detective-crime dramas in India, involved tackling of one case every episode and seldom were the story or case of one episode continued to the next one. Markand Adhikari was the producer.<br />
<br />
After the drama ended, a new series called ''CID Officer'' (with same crew and cast) was aired on the same time. It was described by the media as "unofficial extension" of the ''Suraag''.<ref name="tribuneindia2003"/><br />
<br />
In 2025, a reboot of the series called ''Suraag 2.0'' was announced with [[Sai Ketan Rao]]<ref name="urbanasian.com">{{cite web|url= https://urbanasian.com/entertainment/indian-tv-news/2025/06/sai-ketan-rao-rumoured-to-join-reboot-of-iconic-detective-series-suraag-2-0/ |title= Sai Ketan Rao Rumoured to Join Reboot of Iconic Detective Series 'Suraag 2.0'}}</ref> in lead as Inspector Shaurya Sastri for ''Waves'', OTT platform of [[Prasar Bharati]]. [[Jigyasa Singh]] is rumoured to be a part of it.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
<br />
=== Main ===<br />
* [[Sudesh Berry]] as [[Criminal Investigation Department (India)|Crime Branch]] Inspector Bharat Chattopadhyay (The Leading Role) and Simon (His Duplicate in Episode 77 and 131)<br />
* ? as Inspector Shrivastav<br />
<br />
=== Guest ===<br />
* Phalguni Parekh as Shivani (Episode 1)<br />
* Vishnu Sharma as <br />
** Professor Banerjee (Episode 1)<br />
** Naveen Tyagi ( Episode 48)<br />
** Professor Lal ( Episode 72)<br />
** Mr Das ( Episode 92)<br />
** Mittal Singh (Episode 165)<br />
* Ramesh Tiwari as <br />
** Mr. Saxena (Episode 1)<br />
** D.C.P. (Episode 16 & Episode 130)<br />
* [[Anand Abhyankar]] as Inspector Mohan (Episode 1)<br />
* Raj Premi as <br />
** Raj (Episode 1)<br />
** Aashish Mehra (Episode 166)<br />
*** Raghav Saxena (After Plastic Surgery) (Episode 166)<br />
* [[Uday Tikekar]] as Inspector Ajay Chattopadhyay: Inspector Bharat's father (Episode 1)<br />
* [[Arun Bali]] as <br />
** Hariram "Hariya" (Episode 2)<br />
** Mr. Rao "Khan Mohammad" (Episode 22)<br />
** Arvind Ahuja (Episode 29)<br />
** Mahesh Sarang (Episode 42)<br />
* [[Amita Khopkar]] as Bindu (Episode 2)<br />
* Shailendra Srivastav as Shankar Jadhav (Episode 2)<br />
* Ravindra Berde as Manohar Jadhav (Episode 2)<br />
* Brijgopal as<br />
** Rajan Chaudhary (Episode 2)<br />
** Pappu Hitler (Episode 18)<br />
** Hari Chhabria (Episode 26)<br />
** Inspector Shahane<br />
* [[Mulraj Rajda]] as Girdharilal (Episode 2)<br />
* Kuldeep Sharma as<br />
** Raghav (Episode 2)<br />
** Public Prosecutor (Episode 14)<br />
** Mr. Damle (Episode 19)<br />
** Harish (Episode 28)<br />
** Advocate Anil Saxena (Episode 49)<br />
** Champak (Episode 55)<br />
** Jagat Narayan (Episode 167)<br />
* [[Manoj Joshi (actor)|Manoj Joshi]] as Kumar Mohanty (Episode 3)<br />
* [[Makrand Deshpande]] as Jagan Mohanty (Episode 3)<br />
* Nasir Sheikh as Manish (Episode 3)<br />
* Nupur Alankar Joshi as <br />
** Rehana Kumar Mohanty (Episode 3)<br />
** Smita Wadkar (Episode 28)<br />
** Dr Anushka Amar Choudhary (Episode 129)<br />
* Kedarnath Saigal as <br />
** Mr. Ajmera (Episode 3)<br />
** Judge (Episode 14)<br />
* Sharad Vyas as <br />
** Mr. Desai (Episode 3)<br />
** Chuttan (Episode 4)<br />
* [[Savita Prabhune]] as Shreekant's Mother (Episode 4)<br />
* Kuldeep Mallik as <br />
** Shreekant (Episode 4)<br />
** Rahul (Episode 20)<br />
** Rajat Roy/Samir Dharkar(Episode 30)<br />
** Jeevan Malhotra (Episode 38)<br />
** Aditya Ram (Episode 89)<br />
** Vishal Malhotra (Episode 120)<br />
** Sameer Kothari (Episode 169)<br />
* [[Reena Kapoor]] as <br />
** Sunanda (Episode 4)<br />
** Roopa Kapadia (Episode 156)<br />
* [[Hemant Choudhary]] as Ramakant's Son (Episode 4)<br />
* [[Mahaveer Shah]] as Ramakant (Episode 4)<br />
* Rajdev Jamdade as Sub Inspector Dhardhar (Episode 4)<br />
* [[Imran Khan (TV actor)|Imran Khan]] as <br />
** Imran Khan (Episode 5)<br />
** Rakesh Dev (Episode 21)<br />
** Keshav (Episode 39)<br />
* [[Raza Murad]] as <br />
** Retired Major Hamidullah Khan (Episode 5)<br />
** Pratap Rai (Episode 167)<br />
*** Impostor Pratap Rai (Episode 167)<br />
* [[Ragesh Asthana]] as <ref>https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1616361/?ref_=ttfc_fcr_3_44</ref><br />
** Salim (Episode 5)<br />
** P. K. Saxena (Episode 40)<br />
** Kailash Keshav Chawla (Episode 58)<br />
* Jeetendra Trehan as <br />
** Captain Shaheed Khan (Episode 5)<br />
** Jayant (Episode 21)<br />
* [[Anita Hassanandani]] as<br />
** Razia Khan (Episode 5)<br />
** Natasha Choudhary (Episode 33)<br />
* [[Deepshikha Nagpal]] as <br />
** Inspector Sneha Verma (Episode 6)<br />
** Tanya Rai (Episode 160)<br />
*** Champa (Episode 160)<br />
**** Inspector Kiran Mehra (Episode 160)<br />
***** Impostor Tanya Rai (After Plastic Surgery) (Episode 160)<br />
* [[Rishabh Shukla]] as <br />
** Shreekant (Episode 6)<br />
** Dr. Amarkant Ahuja (Episode 20)<br />
** Chandan Sinha (Episode 41)<br />
** Rajat Verma (Episode 149)<br />
*** Akash (After Plastic Surgery) (Episode 149)<br />
* Sharmilee Raj as <br />
** Sandhya (Episode 6)<br />
** Alisha (Episode 55)<br />
* [[Anil Dhawan]] as <br />
** Vishal Grover (Episode 7)<br />
** Kamalkant Sahay (Episode 31)<br />
* [[Navni Parihar]] as Kamini Vishal Grover (Episode 7)<br />
* [[Dinesh Kaushik]] as<br />
** Mr. Kriplani (Episode 7)<br />
** Rohit Patwardhan (Episode 28)<br />
* Rajlakshmi Solanki as Ritu Khanna (Episode 7)<br />
* Akhil Ghai as Anand Kumar (Episode 7)<br />
* Suhas Khandke as <br />
** Mr. Nayyar (Episode 7)<br />
** Dr. Prakashchandra Patwardhan (Episode 11)<br />
** DK Gupta (Episode 55)<br />
** Mr. Kabra (Episode 153)<br />
* Afshan Khan as<br />
** Disha (Episode 8)<br />
** Payal Jeevan Malhotra (Episode 38)<br />
* [[Anjana Mumtaz]] as Ranjeet's Mother (Episode 8)<br />
* Pradeep Kabra as<br />
** Salim (Episode 8)<br />
** Hari Chhabria's Bodyguard (Episode 26)<br />
** Ibrahim Qazi (Episode 33)<br />
** Iqbal Qureshi (Episode 37)<br />
** Usman Rizvi (Episode 60)<ref>https://www.imdb.com/title/tt27812118/?ref_=ttfc_fcr_epp_sm_3</ref><br />
* Avinash Kharshikar as Pradeep Patwardhan (Episode 8)<br />
* Sudheer Mittoo as <br />
** Ranjeet (Episode 8)<br />
** Shaukat Khan (Episode 28)<br />
** Zuber Khan (Episode 156)<br />
* [[Shikha Swaroop]] as<br />
** Seema (Episode 8)<br />
** Ashalata Rahul Jaiswal (Episode 16)<br />
* Vijay Aidasani as<br />
** Aashish Khurana (Episode 9)<br />
** Kewal Sinha (Episode 35)<br />
*** Shekhar Sinha (Episode 35)<br />
** Advocate Akash Sadana (Episode 163)<br />
* [[Sudha Chandran]] as Sapna Aashish Khurana (Episode 9)<br />
* [[Javed Khan (actor)|Javed Khan]] as<br />
** Sanjeev (Episode 9)<br />
** Rajeshwar (Episode 21)<br />
** Mahesh Kumar (Episode 38)<br />
** Abhijeet Roy (Episode 153)<br />
* Pramatesh Mehta as Dentist (Episode 9)<br />
* [[Amita Nangia]] as Prameela Neelesh Dave (Episode 9)<br />
* [[Surendra Pal|Surendrapal Singh]] as<br />
** Dr. R. K. Verma (Episode 9)<br />
** Ajeet Kumar (Episode 24)<br />
* Meenakshi Verma as Vasanti Chauhan (Episode 10)<br />
* Siddharth Randeria as Manohar Shinde (Episode 10)<br />
* [[Jeet Upendra]] as<br />
** Rajan Shinde (Episode 10)<br />
** Aashish (Episode 159)<br />
* [[Vijayendra Ghatge]] as Dr. Sudheer Malik (Episode 11)<br />
* [[Kiran Juneja]] as <br />
** Nisha Sudheer Malik (Episode 11)<br />
** Renu (Episode 155)<br />
* Utkarsha Naik as Dr. Basu (Episode 11)<br />
* [[Raju Kher]] as Rajeev Lal (Episode 12)<br />
* Dilip Thadeshwar as Rahul Lal (Episode 12)<br />
* [[Jaya Bhattacharya]] as Shweta Narang (Episode 12)<br />
* [[Goga Kapoor]] as <br />
** G. D. Narang (Episode 12)<br />
** Tantrik Awgadh Bangalee (Episode 57)<br />
* [[Murli Sharma]] as <br />
** Inspector Vicky Tiwari (Episode 12)<br />
** Inspector Mohan<br />
* [[Mac Mohan]] as Raghav (Episode 12)<br />
* Santosh Shukla as<br />
** Shreekant (Episode 13)<br />
** Vijayendra Saxena (Episode 21)<br />
** Bunty (Episode 39)<br />
** Kamalakant Dwiveja (Episode 164)<br />
** Rahul (Episode 174)<br />
* Suraj Thapar as Anand (Episode 13)<br />
* Prashant Bhatt as Vishal Saxena (Episode 13)<br />
* [[Sudhir (Indian actor)|Sudhir]] as<br />
** Ranjeet Saxena (Episode 13)<br />
** Hasmukh Bajaj (Episode 27)<br />
* [[Tasneem Sheikh]] as Ritu Chaudhary (Episode 14)<br />
* [[Sumeet Saigal]] as Inspector Vikram (Episode 14)<br />
* [[Achyut Potdar]] as Police Commissioner (Episode 14)<br />
* [[Navin Nischol]] as Judge Chaudhary (Episode 14)<br />
* Sujata Thakkar as<br />
** Nisha Chaudhary (Episode 14)<br />
** Deepa Vikram Nadkar (Episode 24)<br />
** Rachana Abhijeet Roy (Episode 153)<br />
** Shalini Pratap Rai (Episode 167)<br />
* Suneel Nagar as<br />
** Rahul Jaiswal (Episode 16)<br />
** Dr. Alok Srivastav (Episode 35)<br />
** Jagat Ahuja (Episode 154)<br />
* Nayan Bhatt as <br />
** Savitri (Episode 16)<br />
** Nanda Dinkar Pandey (Episode 57)<br />
* Jaywant Wadkar as Bheema (Episode 16)<br />
* [[Tinnu Anand]] as Terrorist Leader (Episode 17)<br />
* Rammohan Sharma as <ref>https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0595916/?ref_=ttfc_fcr_3_87</ref><br />
** Police Commissioner (Episode 17 & Episode 37)<br />
** Keshav Chawla / Gajendra Singh Dongra (Episode 58)<br />
* Naushad Abbas as <br />
** Terrorist (Episode 17)<br />
** Pappu Hitler's Goon (Episode 18)<br />
** Yogendra (Episode 29)<br />
* Ramesh Goel as Jagdev (Episode 17)<br />
* [[Deepak Parashar]] as Dr. Kundan Mehra (Episode 18)<br />
* [[Pramod Moutho]] as Brigadier S. K. Thakur (Episode 19)<br />
* [[Neha Joshi (TV actress)|Neha Joshi]] as <br />
** Nikita Chopra (Episode 20)<br />
** Sonali Sharma (Episode 56)<br />
* R. S. Chopra as <br />
** R. K. Chopra (Episode 20)<br />
** Commissioner (Episode 58)<ref>https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1125551/?ref_=ttfc_fcr_3_12</ref><br />
* [[Bob Christo]] as Smuggling Gang Leader (Episode 21)<br />
* Brownie Parashar as <br />
** Raghuveer (Episode 21)<br />
** Rana (Episode 161)<br />
* [[Beena Banerjee]] as <br />
* Mrs. Dev "Rani Sahiba" (Episode 21)<br />
* Professor Sinha (Episode 61)<ref>https://www.imdb.com/title/tt27812123/?ref_=ttfc_fcr_epp_sm_32</ref><br />
* [[Kishwar Merchant]] as <br />
** Mandira (Episode 21)<br />
** Shaina Bhatnagar (Episode 157)<br />
* Pradeep Shukla as <br />
** Cultural Minister (Episode 21)<br />
** Mr. Bhatia (Episode 42)<br />
* Kamal Adib as<br />
** Professor Aditya Burman (Episode 21)<br />
** Mr. Batra (Episode 171)<br />
* Tony Mirchandani as <br />
** Ravikant Nair (Episode 22)<br />
** Ranjeet Rana (Episode 36)<br />
** Kanu Sharma (Episode 56)<br />
* Adarsh Gautam as <br />
** Raj Malhotra (Episode 23)<br />
** Dinesh Prabhakar (Episode 34)<br />
** Dr. Deepak Batra (Episode 165)<br />
* [[Usha Bachani]] as Bobby (Episode 23)<br />
* [[Barkha Madan]] as<br />
** Ruby Ajeet Kumar (Episode 24)<br />
** Rehana (Episode 36)<br />
** Malati Mahesh Sarang (Episode 42)<br />
* Raymon Singh as Sania (Episode 24)<br />
* Dharmesh Vyas as <br />
** Vikram Nadkar (Episode 24)<br />
** Dushyant (Episode 153)<br />
* Girija Shankar as Keshav Katre "K. K." (Episode 25)<br />
* [[Dinesh Hingoo]] as Mr. Roopani (Episode 27)<br />
* [[Rajeev Verma]] as Judge Jugalkishore Mehta (Episode 28)<br />
* Ali Khan as Ranjeet (Episode 29)<br />
* [[Lalit Parimoo]] as <br />
** Shubham Karmakar (Episode 29)<br />
** Rajat Mishra (Episode 173)<br />
* [[Maleeka Ghai]] as Aarti Gupta (Episode 30)<br />
* [[Sheeba Agarwal]] as <br />
** Neelam Kamalkant Sahay (Episode 31)<br />
** Christina Columbus (Episode 40)<br />
* Lata Haya as Dolly Peter (Episode 31)<br />
* B. Shantanu as Dharam Malhotra (Episode 31)<br />
* [[Subbiraj Kakkar]] as <br />
** Narendra Kapoor (Episode 32)<br />
** Tahir Khan (Episode 60)<ref>https://www.imdb.com/title/tt27812118/?ref_=ttfc_fcr_epp_sm_3</ref><br />
** Retired Judge Somraj Dikshit (Episode 163)<br />
* Rio Kapadia as Jasvendra Kapoor (Episode 32)<br />
* Seema Kapoor as Inspector Shailaja Sohal (Episode 32)<br />
* Ajeet Mehra as <br />
** Shyam Hemchandani (Episode 32)<br />
** Manmohan Ahuja (Episode 154)<br />
* [[Rohini Hattangadi]] as Judge Sangeeta Shashank Choudhary (Episode 33)<br />
* [[Vineet Kumar]] as Shreedhar Choudhary (Episode 33)<br />
* Jaya Mathur as <br />
** Sanjana Alok Srivastav (Episode 35)<br />
** Mohini (Episode 162)<br />
* Shashi Sharma as Rani Kewal Sinha (Episode 35)<br />
* [[Nawab Shah (actor)|Nawab Shah]] as <br />
** Raj Premi (Episode 35)<br />
** Kshitij Kumar (Episode 55)<br />
* Kamal Malik as Anand (Episode 36)<br />
* [[Rajesh Puri]] as <br />
** Heerachand (Episode 36)<br />
** Champaklal Johri (Episode 157)<br />
* Firdaus Mevawala as Inspector (Episode 36)<br />
* Suresh Bhagwat as Krishnakant (Episode 37)<br />
* [[Jayshree T.]] as Lalita (Episode 38)<br />
* [[Shivani Gosain]] as Simi (Episode 39)<br />
* Shraddha Sharma as <br />
** Suman (Episode 40)<br />
** Priya (Episode 163)<br />
** Divya Sameer Kothari (Episode 169)<br />
* Suraj Chaddha as Rajeev Ramniklal (Episode 41)<br />
* [[Vaishnavi Mahant]] as <br />
** Sanjana (Episode 27)<br />
** Rama Rajeev Ramniklal (Episode 41)<br />
** Yogita Sahni (Episode 61)<ref>https://www.imdb.com/title/tt27812123/?ref_=ttfc_fcr_epp_sm_32</ref><br />
* Zaheed Ali as Gaurav "Guru" (Episode 162)<br />
* [[Vinod Kapoor]] as Mohanlal (Episode 160)<br />
* [[Amit Behl]] as <br />
** Dharmesh Kumar and Deepak Kumar (dual role) (Episode 54)<br />
** Karan Kohli (Episode 158)<br />
* Neelam Singh as <br />
** Rashmi Rai (Episode 167)<br />
** Riya Batra (Episode 171)<br />
* [[Lalit Tiwari]] as Prakash Lalwani (Episode 168)<br />
* [[Swati Verma]] as<ref>https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1690803/?ref_=ttfc_fcr_epp_t</ref><br />
** Naina Jivanlal Khurana (Episode 59)<br />
** Shreya Ghosh (Episode 159)<br />
* Kaushal Kapoor as Sub Inspector Chauhan (Episode 155)<br />
* Rajtilak as Judge Rajgopal (Episode 159)<br />
* [[Gajendra Chauhan]] as <ref>https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1690803/?ref_=ttfc_fcr_epp_t</ref><br />
** Jivanlal Khurana (Episode 59)<br />
** Inspector Thakur (Episode 155)<br />
* Lalitesh Jha as <br />
** Niranjan Ahuja (Episode 154)<br />
** Advocate Jagat Gulati (Episode 158)<br />
* Amit Divetia as Dheeru (Episode 156)<br />
* Sanjeev Siddharth as Chhota Qasim (Episode 156)<br />
* Aarati Nagpal as Shalini (Episode 174)<br />
* [[Shiva Rindani]] as Diwakar (Episode 172)<br />
* Mona Parekh as <br />
** Urmila Niranjan Ahuja (Episode 154)<br />
** Kamala Rajat Mishra (Episode 173)<br />
* [[Rajendra Chawla]] as <br />
** Mr. Mehra (Episode 158)<br />
** Kamalakant Mishra (Episode 168)<br />
* [[Chetanya Adib]] as Akash (Episode 149)<br />
* Alauddin Khan as Usman (Episode 156)<br />
* [[Parul Yadav]] as Kanta (Episode 154)<br />
* Deepak Bhatia as Raghav (Episode 154)<br />
* [[Gufi Paintal]] as <br />
** R. K. Dhanraj (Episode 153)<br />
** Dr. K. K. Ahuja (Episode 157)<br />
** Govardhan Lal (Episode 161)<br />
** Retired Judge Raichand (Episode 170)<br />
* [[Mithilesh Chaturvedi]] as Mr. Ahuja (Episode 164)<br />
* Anil Nagrath as Mr. Narayan (Episode 164)<br />
* [[Nagesh Bhonsle]] as Kali Singh (Episode 151)<br />
* Vaidehi Amrute as Ketki Rajat Verma (Episode 149)<br />
* Rahul Sood as Meghraj Gupta (Episode 164)<br />
* Manav Sohal as <br />
** Guddu Dhanraj (Episode 153)<br />
** Prem (Episode 160)<br />
** Advocate Krishnakant Bhatia (Episode 166)<br />
** Ranjeet Ahuja (Episode 172)<br />
* [[Shashi Puri]] as Dharmesh Bajaj (Episode 162)<br />
* Bhumika Seth as Devika Thakral (Episode 153)<br />
* [[Ashok Banthia]] as Mr. Thakral (Episode 153)<br />
* Raja Kapse as Rajdev (Episode 153)<br />
* Suneel Sinha as Rajat Verma (Episode 155)<br />
* [[Pankaj Dheer]] as Rajeev Ranjan (Episode 156)<br />
* [[Ravi Gossain]] as Rakesh Kumar "Rocky" (Episode 159)<br />
* [[Sumeet Kaul]] as Harish Lal (Episode 161)<br />
* Sanjay Swaraj as <br />
** Manoj Kumar Singh (Episode 165)<br />
** Bhavesh Raichand (Episode 170)<br />
* Govind Khatri as <br />
** Mukesh (Episode 166)<br />
** Suneel Banerjee (Episode 173)<br />
* Manish Garg as <br />
** Sanjeev Rai (Episode 167)<br />
** Jagat (Episode 171)<br />
* Bakul Bhatt as <br />
** Assistant Sub Inspector Diwakar (Episode 168)<br />
** Balveer (Episode 170)<br />
* Suneel Mattoo as Alok Verma (Episode 169)<br />
* [[Raju Shrestha]] as Aniruddh Kumar (Episode 170)<br />
* Manish Sharma as Raj (Episode 171)<br />
* Vijay Bhatia as Vikas "Vicky" (Episode 171)<br />
* [[Rupali Ganguly]] as Shweta (Episode 172)<br />
* Ranjeev Verma as Mr. Kohli (Episode 173)<br />
* Naveen Bawa as Rakesh (Episode 174)<br />
<br />
=== Episode-wise cast ===<br />
Ep 1: Inspector Bharat's origin story:<br />
* Phalguni Parekh as Shivani <br />
* Vishnu Sharma as Professor Banerjee<br />
* Ramesh Tiwari as Mr. Saxena<br />
* [[Uday Tikekar]] as Inspector Ajay Chattopadhyay: Inspector Bharat's father <br />
* [[Anand Abhyankar]] as Inspector Mohan<br />
* Raj Premi as Raj<br />
<br />
<br />
Ep 2: Dead body in a suitcase:<br />
* [[Arun Bali]] as Hariram "Hariya"<br />
* [[Amita Khopkar]] as Bindu<br />
* Shailendra Srivastav as Shankar Jadhav<br />
* Ravindra Berde as Manohar Jadhav<br />
* Brijgopal as Rajan Chaudhary<br />
* [[Mulraj Rajda]] as Girdharilal <br />
* Kuldeep Sharma as Raghav<br />
<br />
<br />
Ep 3: Murder of film-maker's father:<br />
* [[Manoj Joshi (actor)|Manoj Joshi]] as Kumar Mohanty<br />
* [[Makrand Deshpande]] as Jagan Mohanty<br />
* Nasir Sheikh as Manish<br />
* Nupur Alankar Joshi as Rehana Kumar Mohanty<br />
* Kedarnath Saigal as Mr. Ajmera<br />
* Sharad Vyas as Mr. Desai<br />
<br />
<br />
Ep 4: Mysterious death of the brides:<br />
* Kuldeep Mallik as Shreekant<br />
* [[Savita Prabhune]] as Shreekant's mother<br />
* Sharad Vyas as Chuttan<br />
* [[Reena Kapoor]] as Sunanda<br />
* [[Mahaveer Shah]] as Ramakant<br />
* [[Hemant Choudhary]] as Ramakant's son<br />
* Rajdev Jamdade as Sub Inspector Dhardhar<br />
<br />
<br />
Ep 5: The confidential file:<br />
* [[Imran Khan (TV actor)|Imran Khan]] as Imran Khan<br />
* [[Raza Murad]] as Retired Major Hamidullah Khan <br />
* [[Ragesh Asthana]] as Salim<ref>https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1616361/?ref_=ttfc_fcr_3_44</ref><br />
* Jeetendra Trehan as Captain Shaheed Khan<br />
* [[Anita Hassanandani]] as Razia Khan<br />
<br />
<br />
Ep 6: Woman visitor on a rainy night:<br />
* [[Rishabh Shukla]] as Shreekant<ref>https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1670753/?ref_=ttfc_fcr_3_27</ref><br />
* [[Deepshikha Nagpal]] as Inspector Sneha Verma<ref>https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0214358/?ref_=ttfc_fcr_3_52</ref><br />
* [[Manorama (Hindi actress)|Manorama]] as neighbour<br />
* Sharmilee Raj as Sandhya<ref>https://www.imdb.com/name/nm4471170/?ref_=ttfc_fcr_3_28</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
Ep 54: The hand with six fingers:<br />
* [[Amit Behl]] as Dharmesh Kumar and Deepak Kumar (dual role)<br />
* ? as Anjali<br />
<br />
<br />
Ep 55: Attack on Film star <ref>https://www.imdb.com/title/tt27805560/fullcredits/</ref><br />
* [[Nawab Shah (actor)|Nawab Shah]] as Kshitij Kumar<br />
* Amit Bhalla as Film director Prasad<br />
* Suhas Khandke as DK Gupta<br />
* Sharmilee Raj as Alisha<br />
* Kuldeep Sharma as Champak<br />
<br />
<br />
Ep 56: A murder inside closed room: <br />
* ? as Virendra Sharma<br />
* [[Neha Joshi (TV actress)|Neha Joshi]] as Sonali Sharma<br />
* Raman Khatri as Nirmal<br />
* Tony Mirchandani as Kanu Sharma<br />
* ? as servant Ram Bharose<br />
* ? as Advocate Rohit Jha<br />
<br />
<br />
Ep 57: The tattoo murders<br />
* [[Lalit Tiwari]] as Raghuveer Chaudhary<br />
* [[Goga Kapoor]] as Awgadh Bangalee (Black magician)<br />
* Nayan Bhatt as Maid servant Nanda Dinkar Pandey<br />
<br />
<br />
Ep 58: To catch a smuggler:<br />
* Rammohan Sharma as Keshav Chawla / Gajendra Singh Dongra<ref>https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0595916/?ref_=ttfc_fcr_3_87</ref><br />
* Ragesh Asthana as Kailash Keshav Chawla<ref>https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1616361/?ref_=ttfc_fcr_3_44</ref><br />
* Kainaaz Parvees as Nita Kailash Chawla / Nazneen <ref>https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1268398/?ref_=ttfc_fcr_3_139</ref><br />
* R. S. Chopra as Commissioner <ref>https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1125551/?ref_=ttfc_fcr_3_12</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
Ep 59: Murder on a rainy night (Release date: 24 July 2000)<br />
* [[Surendra Pal]] as Jivanlal Khurana / Dr. Jagan Nath<ref>https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0657184/?ref_=ttfc_fcr_3_56</ref><br />
* Zahid Ali as Manoj Pandey<br />
* [[Kishori Shahane]] as Poonam Jivanlal Khurana<ref>https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1133214/?ref_=ttfc_fcr_3_189</ref><br />
* [[Gajendra Chauhan]] as Jivanlal Khurana<ref>https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1024111/?ref_=ttfc_fcr_3_64</ref><br />
* [[Swati Verma]] as Naina Jivanlal Khurana<ref>https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1690803/?ref_=ttfc_rvi_t_2</ref><br />
Trivia: The starting of the episode is similar to ''[[Kaun?]]''<br />
<br />
<br />
Ep 60: Painting of the missing boys (Release date: 31 July 2000)<br />
* [[Subbiraj|Subbiraj Kakkar]] as Tahir Khan (based on [[M. F. Husain]])<ref>https://www.imdb.com/title/tt27812118/?ref_=ttfc_fcr_epp_sm_3</ref><br />
* [[Pradeep Kabra]] as Usman Rizvi<br />
* Dharmendra Rana as Bobby Bhatt<br />
* ? as Sunil Diwan<br />
<br />
<br />
Ep 61: The stolen idol (Release date: 7 August 2000) <ref>https://www.imdb.com/title/tt27812123/?ref_=ttfc_fcr_epp_sm_32</ref><br />
* [[Beena Banerjee]] as Professor Sinha<br />
* [[Vaishnavi Mahant]] as Yogita Sahni<br />
* [[Yusuf Hussain]] as Jagan Dixit<br />
* ? as Minister<br />
<br />
==Reboot==<br />
<br />
In 2025, a modern revival of the series called ''Suraag 2.0'' was announced with [[Sai Ketan Rao]] in lead as Inspector Shaurya Sastri.<ref name="urbanasian.com"/><br />
<br />
According to sources, it is being developed for the Indian streaming platform ''Waves'', OTT platform of [[Prasar Bharati]]. The new season promises to be a darker, more intense version of the original, filled with gripping action and layered mysteries.<br />
<br />
[[Jigyasa Singh]] is rumoured to be a part of it.<br />
<br />
The principal shooting began in July 2025 in [[Nashik]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{IMDb title|0456800|Suraag – The Clue}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Suraag - The Clue}}<br />
[[Category:DD National original programming]]<br />
[[Category:Indian crime television series]]<br />
[[Category:Detective television series]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]<br />
[[Category:1999 Indian television series debuts]]<br />
[[Category:2002 Indian television series endings]]</div>VLSLester417456https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eva_Grover&diff=498718Eva Grover2026-03-11T20:49:16Z<p>VLSLester417456: created new post from scratch.</p>
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<div>{{short description|Indian film and television actress}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}<br />
{{multiple issues|<br />
{{BLP sources|date=February 2016}}<br />
{{notability|Biographies|date=February 2016}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Eva Grover<br />
| image = Eva grover at the premiere of ‘Diwangi Ne Had Kar Di’.jpg<br />
| caption = Grover at the premiere of [[Diwangi Ne Had Kar Di]]<br />
| native_name = <br />
| birth_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| other_names = <br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = <br />
| occupation = [[Actress]]<br />
| years_active = <br />
| spouse = <br />
| children = <br />
| height = <br />
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}}<br />
<br />
'''Eva Grover''' (born '''Kareena Grover''') is an Indian actress who has played supportive roles in numerous Hindi films and [[soap opera]]s.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Olivera |first1=Roshni K. |title=Eva Grover's new self! |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Eva-Grovers-new-self/articleshow/2591831.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=25 April 2016 |date=4 December 2007}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Personal life ==<br />
Eva Grover was married to Hyder Ali Khan, who is step-brother of [[Aamir Khan]]. She eloped to marry him, because her mother was opposed to their union as it was an inter-faith marriage. She has a daughter from the marriage.<ref name="ToI">{{cite news |last= |first= |date=12 September 2024|title=Eva Grover opens up on her abusive marriage with Aamir Khans step brother Hyder Ali Khan says Salman Khan was very supportive that time|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/eva-grover-opens-up-on-her-abusive-marriage-with-aamir-khans-step-brother-hyder-ali-khan-says-salman-khan-was-very-supportive-that-time/articleshow/113242191.cms|newspaper=Times of India|access-date= 13 September 2024}}</ref> Eva divorced Khan 5 years later due to [[Marital abuse]].<br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
===Films===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:;" |Year<br />
! style="background:;" |Work<br />
! style="background:;" |Language<br />
! style="background:;" |Role<br />
! style="background:;" |Notes<br />
|-<br />
|2015 || ''[[Yaara Silly Silly]]''<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/silly-indeed/article7850942.ece |title=Silly indeed! |first=Anuj |last=Kumar |date=6 November 2015 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> || Hindi || ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2013 || ''Asa Mee Ashi Tee'' || Marathi || ||<br />
|-<br />
|2013 || ''Dushman Ke Khoon Pani Hai'' || Bhojpuri || ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2011 || ''[[Ready (2011 film)|Ready]]'' || Hindi || Daughter-in-law of Amar Chaudhary ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2010 || ''[[My Friend Ganesha 3]]'' || Hindi || Mother ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2002 || ''[[Maseeha]]'' || Hindi || ||<br />
|-<br />
|1999 || ''[[Nyaydaata]]'' || Hindi || Tara ||<br />
|-<br />
||1998 || ''[[Khote Sikkey]]'' || Hindi || Sonu ||<br />
|-<br />
|1998 || ''[[Aunty No. 1]]'' || Hindi || Usha ||<br />
|-<br />
|1997 || ''[[Shapath]]'' || Hindi || Neena / Shalu ||<br />
|-<br />
|1997 || ''[[Krishna Arjun (1997 film)|Krishna Arjun]]'' || Hindi || Poonam ||<br />
|-<br />
|1997 || ''Dharma Karma'' || Hindi || ||<br />
|-<br />
|1996 || ''[[Smuggler (1996 film)|Smuggler]]'' || Hindi || ||<br />
|-<br />
|1996 || ''[[Krishna (1996 Hindi film)|Krishna]]'' || Hindi || Sudha ||<br />
|-<br />
|1996 || ''Laalchee'' || Hindi || Suman ||<br />
|-<br />
|1995 || ''[[Kattumarakaran]]'' || [[Tamil Cinema|Tamil]] || Vaidehi ||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Television===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Work !! Language !! Role !! Notes<br />
|-<br />
| 1999 || ''[[Rishtey (TV series)|Rishtey - The Love Stories]]'' || Hindi || Menaka || episode: Agreement <br />
|-<br />
| 1999 || ''[[Kora Kagaz (TV series)|Kora Kagaz]]'' || Hindi || Sneha || <br />
|-<br />
| 1999 || ''[[Zee Horror Show]]'' || Hindi || Guest appearance || <br />
|-<br />
| 2001|| ''[[Office Office]]'' || Hindi || Tina ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2001–2003 || ''Hum Saath Aath Hain'' || Hindi || Nirmala ||<br />
|-<br />
|2002<br />
|''[[Kittie Party]]''<br />
|<br />
|Hindi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2002–2008|| ''[[Kumkum – Ek Pyara Sa Bandhan]]'' || Hindi || Simmi || <br />
|-<br />
| 2003–2004 || ''[[Karishma Kaa Karishma]]'' || Hindi || Sheetal Malhotra ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2004–2005 || ''Dil Vil Pyar Vyar<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2004/11/29/stories/2004112900510300.htm |title=That's the story, folks! |date=29 November 2004 |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=20 October 2018}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>''|| Hindi || Madhu || <br />
|-<br />
| 2005 || ''LOC - Life Out of Control''<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bombay-times/Laughter-out-of-control/articleshow/1024078.cms |title=Laughter-out of control |first=Sonia |last=Chopra |date=17 February 2005 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> || Hindi || || <br />
|-<br />
| 2005–2006 || ''[[Shararat (TV series)|Shararat]]'' || Hindi || Radha Malhotra ||<br />
|-<br />
|2007–2008 || ''Gupshup Coffee Shop'' || Hindi || ||<br />
|-<br />
|2008 || ''[[Waqt Batayega Kaun Apna Kaun Paraya]]'' || Hindi || Jaya ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2008 || ''[[Sapna Babul Ka...Bidaai]]'' || Hindi || Sheetal ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2009 || ''[[CID (Indian TV series)|CID]]'' || Hindi || Ananya || episode:Khooni Khabar<br />
|-<br />
| 2010|| ''[[Do Saheliyaan|Do Saheliyaan... Kismat Ki Kathputaliyaan]]'' ||Hindi || ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2010 || ''[[Jhansi Ki Rani (2009 TV series)|Ek Veer Stree Ki Kahaani... Jhansi Ki Rani]]'' || Hindi || Bhagirathi Tambe ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2011–2014||''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain]]''|| Hindi|| Niharika Kapoor|| <br />
|-<br />
| 2015–2016 || ''[[Tashan-E-Ishq]]''<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Eva-Grover-quits-another-show-owing-to-health-woes/articleshow/51631766.cms |title=Eva Grover quits another show owing to health woes |first=Neha |last=Maheshwri |date=1 April 2016 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> || Hindi || Anita Luthra ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2018||''[[Har Mushkil Ka Hal Akbar Birbal]]''|| Hindi|| [[Mah Chuchak Begum]]|| <br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb name|id=0344015|name=Eva Grover}}<br />
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{{authority control}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Grover, Eva}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]<br />
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi television]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Bhojpuri cinema]]</div>VLSLester417456https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_justice&diff=451663Social justice2026-03-09T14:10:45Z<p>VLSLester417456: Improved article clarity and structure</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Concept in political philosophy}}<br />
{{other uses}}<br />
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{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}<br />
{{use American English|date=November 2017}}<br />
'''Social justice''' is [[justice]] in relation to the distribution of [[wealth]], [[Equal opportunity|opportunities]], and [[Social privilege|privilege]]s within a [[society]] where individuals' rights are recognized and protected.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Craig |first=Gary |date=2018 |title=Income, work and justice* |url=https://ocul-yor.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01OCUL_YOR/j50f41/cdi_edwardelgar_ebooks_9781786431424 |journal=Handbook on Global Social Justice |volume=1 |pages=35 |via=Alma/SFX Local Collection}}</ref><ref name="Oxford">{{cite web |title=social justice |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100515279|website=Oxford reference |access-date=23 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Abbott |first1=Katherine |title=Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research |date=2014 |publisher=Springer |location=Dordrecht |isbn=978-94-007-0753-5 |pages=6115–6119 |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_2772 |language=en |chapter=Social Justice|doi=10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_2772 }}</ref> In [[Western Civilization|Western]] and [[Culture of Asia|Asian cultures]], the concept of social justice has often referred to the process of ensuring that individuals fulfill their [[Role theory|societal roles]] and receive their due from society.<ref>[[Aristotle]], ''[[The Politics]]'' (ca 350 BC)</ref><ref name="Augustine">{{cite book |url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8djVCRFoyQTZYS0k |title = "Augustine on Justice," a Chapter in Augustine and Social Justice |publisher = Lexington Books |author = Clark, Mary T. |year = 2015 |pages = 3–10 |isbn=978-1-4985-0918-3 }}</ref><ref name="Global Dynamics">{{cite book |url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8eXZMWHU3ckpQVUk |title = Social Justice, Global Dynamics: Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives |publisher = Taylor and Francis |author1 = Banai, Ayelet |author2 = Ronzoni, Miriam |author3 = Schemmel, Christian |year = 2011 |location = Florence |isbn=978-0-203-81929-6 }}</ref> In the current movements for '''social justice''', the emphasis has been on the breaking of barriers for [[social mobility]], the creation of [[Social safety net|safety nets]], and [[economic justice]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8V3hpa0V1ekFQZms |title = Seeking Social Justice Through Globalization Escaping a Nationalist Perspective |publisher = Pennsylvania State University Press |author = Kitching, G. N. |year = 2001 |location = University Park, Pa |pages = 3–10 |isbn=978-0-271-02377-9 }}</ref><ref name="Globalization and Social Justice">{{cite journal |url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8R2tWbXFmelhzVDA |title = Globalization and Social Justice |author = Hillman, Arye L. |journal = The Singapore Economic Review |year = 2008 |volume = 53 |issue = 2 |pages = 173–189 |doi=10.1142/s0217590808002896|url-access = subscription }}</ref><ref name="Movements in Time">{{cite book |url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8MWpSSGRWUllXTEE |title = Movements in Time Revolution, Social Justice, and Times of Change |publisher = Cambridge Scholars Pub |author1 = Lawrence, Cecile |author2 = Natalie Churn |name-list-style = amp |year = 2012 |location = Newcastle upon Tyne, UK |pages = xi–xv |isbn=978-1-4438-4552-6 }}</ref><ref name="The Question of Social Justice">{{cite journal |url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8Qm8zcHRRQ0xFN2c |title = Globalization and the Question of Social Justice |author = Agartan, Kaan |journal = Sociology Compass |year = 2014 |volume = 8 |issue = 6 |pages = 903–915 |doi = 10.1111/soc4.12162 |url-access = subscription }}</ref><ref name="A propositional political approach">{{cite book |url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8MTk1Qkp2b0ZaNDg |title = Globalization Development and Social Justice: A propositional political approach |publisher = Taylor and Francis |author = El Khoury, Ann |year = 2015 |location = Florence |pages = 1–20 |isbn=978-1-317-50480-1 }}</ref>{{Excessive citations inline|date=October 2021}} Social justice assigns rights and duties in the [[institution]]s of society, which enables people to receive the basic benefits and burdens of cooperation. The relevant institutions often include [[taxation]], [[social insurance]], [[public health]], [[State school|public school]], [[public services]], [[labor law]] and [[regulation]] of [[Market (economics)|markets]], to ensure [[distribution of wealth]], and [[equal opportunity]].<ref>John Rawls, ''A Theory of Justice'' (1971) 4, "the principles of social justice: they provide a way of assigning rights and duties in the basic institutions of society and they define the appropriate distribution of benefits and burdens of social co-operation."</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lansley |first=Stewart |title=Handbook on Global Social Justice |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing |year=2018 |isbn=9781786431417 |editor-last=Craig |editor-first=Gary |location=Northampton, MA |pages=79–90 |chapter=Poverty, Inequality, and Social Justice |doi=10.4337/9781786431424}}</ref><br />
<br />
Modernist interpretations that relate justice to a [[Reciprocity (social and political philosophy)|reciprocal relationship]] to society are mediated by differences in cultural traditions, some of which emphasize the individual responsibility toward society and others the equilibrium between access to power and its responsible use.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8cTlPd2dzZ3d3TG8 |title = The Antecedents of Help Giving in Chinese Culture: Attribution, Judgment of Responsibility, Expectation Change and the Reaction of Affect |author1 = Aiqing Zhang |author2 = Feifei Xia |author3 = Chengwei Li |journal = Social Behavior and Personality |year = 2007 |volume = 35 |issue = 1 |pages = 135–142 |doi=10.2224/sbp.2007.35.1.135|url-access = subscription |doi-access = free }}</ref> Hence, social justice is invoked today while reinterpreting historical figures such as [[Bartolomé de las Casas]], in philosophical debates about differences among human beings, in efforts for gender, ethnic, and [[social equality]], for advocating justice for [[Emigration|migrants]], prisoners, the [[environmental justice|environment]], and the physically and developmentally [[Disability|disabled]].<ref name="Human Nature">{{cite book |url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8MWRYV0xVUzNlRlU |title = Nature, Human Nature, and Human Difference: Race in Early Modern Philosophy |publisher = Princeton University Press |author = Smith, Justin E. H. |year = 2015 |page = 17 |isbn=978-1-4008-6631-1 }}</ref><ref name="Migration, Gender and Social Justice">{{cite book |url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8RGJGb0RiZEc0NzA |title = Migration, Gender and Social Justice: Perspectives on Human Insecurity |publisher = Springer |author = Trương, Thanh-Đạm |year = 2013 |pages = 3–26 |isbn=978-3-642-28012-2 }}</ref><ref name="We Cannot Clap">{{cite journal |url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8bERZaWVUVGRPLTA |title = We Cannot Clap with One Hand: Global Socio–Political Differences in Social Support for People with Visual Impairment |author = Teklu, Abebe Abay |journal = International Journal of Ethiopian Studies |year = 2010 |volume = 5 |issue = 1 |pages = 93–105 }}</ref><br />
<br />
While concepts of social justice can be found in classical and Christian philosophical sources, from early Greek philosophers Plato and Aristotle to [[Catholic saint]]s Augustine of Hippo and Thomas Aquinas, the term ''social justice'' finds its earliest uses in the late eighteenth century, albeit with unclear theoretical or practical meanings.<ref>J. Zajda, S. Majhanovich, V. Rust, ''Education and Social Justice'', 2006, {{ISBN|1-4020-4721-5}}</ref><ref>Clark, Mary T. (2015). ''"Augustine on Justice," a Chapter in Augustine and Social Justice''. Lexington Books. pp.&nbsp;3–10. {{ISBN|978-1-4985-0918-3}}.</ref><ref>Paine, Thomas. ''Agrarian Justice''. Printed by R. Folwell, for Benjamin Franklin Bache.</ref> The use of the term was subject to accusations of rhetorical flourish, perhaps related to amplifying one view of distributive justice.<ref name=":1">Behr, Thomas. ''Social Justice and Subsidiarity: Luigi Taparelli and the Origins of Modern Catholic Social Thought'' (Washington DC: Catholic University of American Press, December 2019).</ref> In the coining and definition of the term in the natural law social scientific treatise of [[Luigi Taparelli]], in the early 1840s,<ref>Luigi Taparelli, SJ, ''Saggio teoretico di dritto naturale appogiato sul fatto'' (Palermo: Antonio Muratori, 1840-43), Sections 341-364.</ref> Taparelli established the natural law principle that corresponded to the evangelical principle of brotherly love—i.e. social justice reflects the duty one has to one's other self in the interdependent abstract unity of the human person in society.<ref>Behr, Thomas. ''Social Justice and Subsidiarity: Luigi Taparelli and the Origins of Modern Catholic Social Thought''(Washington DC: Catholic University of American Press, December 2019), pp. 149–154.</ref> After the [[Revolutions of 1848]], the term was popularized generically through the writings of [[Antonio Rosmini-Serbati]].<ref>Rosmini-Serbati, ''The Constitution under Social Justice.'' trans. A. Mingardi (Lanham: Lexington Books, 2007).</ref><ref>Pérez-Garzón, Carlos Andrés (14 January 2018). "Unveiling the Meaning of Social Justice in Colombia". ''Mexican Law Review''. '''10''' (2): 27–66. {{ISSN|2448-5306}}. Archived from the original on 29 March 2018. Retrieved 28 March 2018.</ref><br />
<br />
In the late industrial revolution, [[Progressive Era]] American legal scholars began to use the term more, particularly [[Louis Brandeis]] and [[Roscoe Pound]]. From the early 20th century it was also embedded in [[international law]] and institutions; the preamble to establish the [[International Labour Organization]] recalled that "universal and lasting peace can be established only if it is based upon social justice." In the later 20th century, social justice was made central to the philosophy of the [[social contract]], primarily by [[John Rawls]] in ''[[A Theory of Justice]]'' (1971). In 1993, the [[Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action]] treats social justice as a purpose of [[human rights education]].<ref>[[s:Constitution of the International Labour Organization|The Preamble of ILO Constitution]]</ref><ref>Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, Part II, D.</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
{{Main|Social contract|Justice|Corrective justice|Distributive justice}}<br />
[[File:Sanzio 01 Plato Aristotle.jpg|thumb|upright|An artist's rendering of what Plato might have looked like. From Raphael's early 16th century painting "''Scuola di Atene"''.]]<br />
The different concepts of [[justice]], as discussed in ancient [[Western philosophy]], were typically centered upon the community.<br />
<br />
[[File:Aristotle Altemps Inv8575.jpg|thumb|upright|Roman copy in marble of a Greek bronze bust of Aristotle by Lysippos, {{Circa|330 BC}}. The alabaster mantle is modern.]]<br />
* [[Plato]] wrote in ''[[The Republic (Plato)|The Republic]]'' that it would be an ideal state that "every member of the community must be assigned to the class for which he finds himself best fitted."<ref>[[Plato]], ''[[The Republic (Plato)|The Republic]]'' (ca 380BC)</ref> In an article for J.N.V University, author D.R. Bhandari says, "Justice is, for Plato, at once a part of human virtue and the bond, which joins man together in society. It is the identical quality that makes good and social. Justice is an order and duty of the parts of the soul, it is to the soul as health is to the body. Plato says that justice is not mere strength, but it is a harmonious strength. Justice is not the right of the stronger but the effective harmony of the whole. All moral conceptions revolve about the good of the whole-individual as well as social".<ref name="bu.edu">{{cite web |url=https://www.bu.edu/wcp/Papers/Anci/AnciBhan.htm |title = 20th WCP: Plato's Concept of Justice: An Analysis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005111127/http://www.bu.edu/wcp/Papers/Anci/AnciBhan.htm |archive-date = 5 October 2016}}</ref><br />
* Plato believed rights existed only between free people, and the law should take "account in the first instance of relations of inequality in which individuals are treated in proportion to their worth and only secondarily of relations of equality." Reflecting this time when [[slavery]] and subjugation of women was typical, ancient views of justice tended to reflect the rigid class systems that still prevailed. On the other hand, for the privileged groups, strong concepts of fairness and the community existed. [[Distributive justice]] was said by [[Aristotle]] to require that people were distributed goods and assets according to their merit.<ref>''[[Nicomachean Ethics]]'' V.3</ref><br />
[[File:Head of Socrates in Palazzo Massimo alle Terme (Rome).JPG|thumb|upright|Bust of Socrates]]<br />
* [[Socrates]] (through Plato's dialogue ''[[Crito]]'') is credited with developing the idea of a [[social contract]], whereby people ought to follow the rules of a society, and accept its burdens because they have accepted its benefits.<ref>[[Plato]], ''[[Crito]]'' (ca 380 BC)</ref> During the Middle Ages, religious scholars particularly, such as [[Thomas Aquinas]] continued discussion of justice in various ways, but ultimately connected being a good citizen to the purpose of serving God. The [[Waldensians]] were a medieval sect that advocated for social justice.<ref name="Murray 2018 p. 106">{{cite book | last=Murray | first=S. | title=Post-Christendom: Church and Mission in a Strange New World. Second Edition | publisher=Cascade Books | series=After Christendom | year=2018 | isbn=978-1-5326-1797-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X_BGDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA106 | access-date=2023-03-30 | page=106}}</ref><br />
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After the [[Renaissance]] and [[Reformation]], the modern concept of social justice, as developing human potential, began to emerge through the work of a series of authors. [[Baruch Spinoza]] in ''[[On the Improvement of the Understanding]]'' (1677) contended that the one true aim of life should be to acquire "a human character much more stable than [one's] own", and to achieve this "pitch of perfection... The chief good is that he should arrive, together with other individuals if possible, at the possession of the aforesaid character."<ref>B Spinoza, ''[[On the Improvement of the Understanding]]'' (1677) [[s:On the Improvement of the Understanding#12|para 13]]</ref> During the [[Age of Enlightenment|enlightenment]] and responding to the [[French Revolution|French]] and [[American Revolution]]s, [[Thomas Paine]] similarly wrote in ''[[The Rights of Man]]'' (1792) society should give "genius a fair and universal chance" and so "the construction of government ought to be such as to bring forward... all that extent of capacity which never fails to appear in revolutions."<ref>[[T Paine]], ''[[Rights of Man]]'' (1792) 197</ref><br />
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[[File:Fr. Luigi Taparelli.jpg|thumb|''Social justice'' has been traditionally credited to be coined by [[Jesuit]] priest [[Luigi Taparelli]] in the 1840s, but the expression is older.]]<br />
Although there is no certainty about the first use of the term "social justice", early sources can be found in Europe in the 18th century.<ref name="pérez27">{{Cite journal|last=Pérez-Garzón|first=Carlos Andrés|date=2018-01-14|title=Unveiling the Meaning of Social Justice in Colombia|url=https://revistas.juridicas.unam.mx/index.php/mexican-law-review/article/view/11892|journal=Mexican Law Review|language=en-US|volume=10|issue=2|pages=27–66|issn=2448-5306|access-date=28 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329054435/https://revistas.juridicas.unam.mx/index.php/mexican-law-review/article/view/11892|archive-date=29 March 2018}}</ref> Some references to the use of the expression are in articles of journals aligned with the spirit of the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]], in which social justice is described as an obligation of the monarch;<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TnMLHOwjqgMC&q=%22justice+sociale%22&pg=PA311|title=Journal encyclopédique... [Ed. Pierre Rousseau]|last=Rousseau|date=1774|publisher=De l'Imprimerie du Journal|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xzATAAAAYAAJ&q=justice+sociale&pg=PA131|title=L'Esprit des journaux, françois et étrangers|date=1784|publisher=Valade|language=fr}}</ref> also the term is present in books written by Catholic Italian theologians, notably members of the [[Society of Jesus]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AEBbAAAAcAAJ&q=%22giustizia+sociale%22&pg=PA349|title=L'Episcopato ossia della Potesta di governar la chiesa. Dissertazione|date=1789|publisher=na|language=it}}</ref> Thus, according to this sources and the context, social justice was another term for "the justice of society", the justice that rules the relations among individuals in society, without any mention to socio-economic equity or human dignity.<ref name="pérez27"/><br />
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The usage of the term started to become more frequent by Catholic thinkers from the 1840s, beginning with the [[Jesuit]] [[Luigi Taparelli]] in ''Civiltà Cattolica'', and based on the work of St. [[Thomas Aquinas]]. Taparelli argued that rival [[capitalism|capitalist]] and [[socialist]] theories, based on subjective [[René Descartes|Cartesian]] thinking, undermined the unity of society present in [[Thomism|Thomistic]] [[metaphysics]] as neither were sufficiently concerned with ethics.<ref name=":1" /> Writing in 1861, the influential British philosopher and economist, [[John Stuart Mill]] stated in ''[[Utilitarianism]]'' his view that "Society should treat all equally well who have deserved equally well of it, that is, who have deserved equally well absolutely. This is the highest abstract standard of social and distributive justice; towards which all institutions, and the efforts of all virtuous citizens, should be made in the utmost degree to converge."<ref>[[JS Mill]], ''[[Utilitarianism (book)|Utilitarianism]]'' (1863)</ref><br />
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In the later 19th and early 20th century, social justice became an important theme in American political and legal philosophy, particularly in the work of [[John Dewey]], [[Roscoe Pound]] and [[Louis Brandeis]]. One of the prime concerns was the ''[[Lochner era]]'' decisions of the [[US Supreme Court]] to strike down legislation passed by state governments and the Federal government for social and economic improvement, such as the [[eight-hour day]] or the right to join a [[trade union]]. After the First World War, the founding document of the [[International Labour Organization]] took up the same terminology in its preamble, stating that "peace can be established only if it is based on social justice". From this point, the discussion of social justice entered into mainstream legal and academic discourse.<br />
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In 1931, the [[Pope Pius XI]] explicitly referred to the expression, along with the concept of [[subsidiarity]], for the first time in [[Catholic social teaching]] in the encyclical ''[[Quadragesimo anno]]''. Then again in ''[[Divini Redemptoris]]'', the church pointed out that the realization of social justice relied on the promotion of the [[human dignity|dignity of human person]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://w2.vatican.va/content/pius-xi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_19370319_divini-redemptoris.html|title=Divini Redemptoris (March 19, 1937) {{!}} PIUS XI|website=w2.vatican.va|access-date=2018-03-28}}</ref> During the 1930s, the term was widely associated with pro-[[Nazi]] and [[antisemitic]] groups, such as the [[Christian Front (United States)|Christian Front]].{{fact|date=July 2025}} Social Justice was the name of [[Charles Coughlin]]'s [[Social Justice (periodical)|newspaper]].<ref>{{cite magazine |title=The Press: Crackdown on Coughlin |url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,795777,00.html |magazine=Time |access-date=24 February 2022 |date=27 April 1942}}</ref> Because of the documented influence of ''Divini Redemptoris'' in its drafters,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Moyn|first=Samuel|date=2014|title=The Secret History of Constitutional Dignity|url=http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/yhrdlj/vol17/iss1/2/|journal=Yale Human Rights and Development Law Journal|language=en|volume=17|issue=1|issn=1548-2596}}</ref> the [[Constitution of Ireland]] was the first one to establish the term as a principle of the economy in the State, and then other countries around the world did the same throughout the 20th century, even in [[socialist]] regimes such as the [[Constitution of Cuba|Cuban Constitution]] in 1976.<ref name="pérez27"/><br />
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In the late 20th century, several liberal and conservative thinkers, notably [[Friedrich Hayek]] rejected the concept by stating that it did not mean anything, or meant too many things.<ref>[[FA Hayek]], ''[[Law, Legislation and Liberty]]'' (1973) vol II, ch 3</ref> However the concept remained highly influential, particularly with its promotion by philosophers such as [[John Rawls]]. Even though the meaning of social justice varies, at least three common elements can be identified in the contemporary theories about it: a duty of the State to [[Distributive justice|distribute]] certain vital means (such as [[Economic, social and cultural rights|economic, social, and cultural rights]]), the protection of [[human dignity]], and [[affirmative action]]s to promote [[substantive equality]] and [[social equity]] for everybody.<ref name="pérez27"/><br />
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== Contemporary theory ==<br />
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=== Philosophical perspectives ===<br />
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==== Cosmic values ====<br />
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[[Hunter Lewis]]' work promoting natural healthcare and sustainable economies advocates for [[Conservation (ethic)|conservation]] as a key premise in social justice. His manifesto on [[sustainability]] ties the continued thriving of human life to real conditions, the environment supporting that life, and associates injustice with the detrimental effects of [[unintended consequences]] of human actions. Quoting classical Greek thinkers like [[Epicurus]] on the good of pursuing happiness, Hunter also cites ornithologist, naturalist, and philosopher [[Alexander Skutch]] in his book Moral Foundations:<br />
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{{blockquote|The common feature which unites the activities most consistently forbidden by the moral codes of civilized peoples is that by their very nature they cannot be both habitual and enduring, because they tend to destroy the conditions which make them possible.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.anh-usa.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/Sustainability-the-Complete-Concept1.pdf |author = Hunter Lewis |title = Sustainability, The Complete Concept, Environment, Healthcare, and Economy |date = 14 October 2009 |publisher = ChangeThis |access-date = 23 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090801/http://www.anh-usa.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/Sustainability-the-Complete-Concept1.pdf |archive-date = 4 March 2016 }}</ref>}}<br />
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Pope Benedict XVI cites [[Teilhard de Chardin]] in a vision of the cosmos as a 'living host'<ref>{{cite news |url=http://ncronline.org/news/ecology/pope-cites-teilhardian-vision-cosmos-living-host |author = John Allen Jr. |title = Ecology – The first stirring of an 'evolutionary leap' in late Jesuit's official standing? |date = 28 July 2009 |newspaper = National Catholic Reporter |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120824050226/http://ncronline.org/news/ecology/pope-cites-teilhardian-vision-cosmos-living-host |archive-date = 24 August 2012}}</ref> embracing an understanding of ecology that includes humanity's relationship to others, that pollution affects not just the natural world but interpersonal relations as well. Cosmic harmony, justice and peace are closely interrelated:<br />
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{{blockquote|If you want to cultivate peace, protect creation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://chiesa.espresso.repubblica.it/articolo/1341681?eng=y/ |author = Sandro Magister |title = Benedict XVI to the Diplomats: Three Levers for Lifting Up the World |date = 11 January 2010 |publisher = chiesa, Rome |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083309/http://chiesa.espresso.repubblica.it/articolo/1341681?eng=y%2F |archive-date = 4 March 2016}}</ref>}}<br />
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In ''The Quest for Cosmic Justice'', [[Thomas Sowell]] writes that seeking utopia, while admirable, may have disastrous effects if done without strong consideration of the economic underpinnings that support contemporary society.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sowell |first1=Thomas |title=The quest for cosmic justice |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=0-684-86463-0 |edition=1st Touchstone|date=5 February 2002 }}</ref><br />
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==== John Rawls ====<br />
{{Main|John Rawls}}<br />
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Political philosopher [[John Rawls]] draws on the [[utilitarian]] insights of [[Jeremy Bentham|Bentham]] and [[John Stuart Mill|Mill]], the [[social contract]] ideas of [[John Locke]], and the [[categorical imperative]] ideas of [[Immanuel Kant|Kant]]. His first statement of principle was made in ''A Theory of Justice'' where he proposed that, "Each person possesses an inviolability founded on justice that even the welfare of society as a whole cannot override. For this reason justice denies that the loss of freedom for some is made right by a greater good shared by others."<ref>John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (2005 reissue), Chapter 1, "Justice as Fairness" – 1. The Role of Justice, pp. 3–4</ref> A [[deontological]] proposition that echoes Kant in framing the moral good of justice in [[Moral absolutism|absolutist]] terms. His views are definitively restated in ''[[Political Liberalism]]'' where society is seen "as a fair system of co-operation over time, from one generation to the next".<ref>John Rawls, ''Political Liberalism'' 15 (Columbia University Press 2003)</ref><br />
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All societies have a basic structure of social, economic, and political institutions, both formal and informal. In testing how well these elements fit and work together, Rawls based a key test of legitimacy on the theories of social contract. To determine whether any particular system of collectively enforced social arrangements is legitimate, he argued that one must look for agreement by the people who are subject to it, but not necessarily to an objective notion of justice based on coherent ideological grounding. Not every citizen can be asked to participate in a poll to determine his or her consent to every proposal in which some degree of coercion is involved, so one has to assume that all citizens are reasonable. Rawls constructed an argument for a two-stage process to determine a citizen's hypothetical agreement:<br />
* The citizen agrees to be represented by X for certain purposes, and, to that extent, X holds these powers as a [[trustee]] for the citizen.<br />
* X agrees that enforcement in a particular social context is legitimate. The citizen, therefore, is bound by this decision because it is the function of the trustee to represent the citizen in this way.<br />
This applies to one person who represents a small group (e.g., the organiser of a social event setting a dress code) just as it does to national governments, which are ultimate trustees, holding representative powers for the benefit of all citizens within their territorial boundaries. Governments that fail to provide for [[social welfare|welfare]] of their citizens according to the principles of justice are not legitimate. In the Canadian context, social justice is realized through the liberal welfare state. The aim here is to combat inequality and provide people with basic social services such as health care, education, and social insurance.<ref>Prince, Michael J. (2018). "Canada: Social Justice and Social Policy in a Liberal Welfare State." In G. Craig (Ed.), *Handbook on Global Social Justice* (pp. 93–104). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781786431424.00015.</ref> To emphasise the general principle that justice should rise from the people and not be dictated by the law-making powers of governments, Rawls asserted that, "There is ... a general presumption against imposing legal and other restrictions on conduct without sufficient reason. But this presumption creates no special priority for any particular liberty."<ref>John Rawls, Political Liberalism 291–92 (Columbia University Press 2003)</ref> This is support for an unranked set of liberties that reasonable citizens in all states should respect and uphold&nbsp;— to some extent, the list proposed by Rawls matches the normative human rights that have international recognition and direct enforcement in some nation states where the citizens need encouragement to act in a way that fixes a greater degree of equality of outcome. According to Rawls, the basic liberties that every good society should guarantee are:<br />
* [[Freedom of thought]];<br />
* Liberty of conscience as it affects social relationships on the grounds of religion, philosophy, and morality;<br />
* Political liberties (e.g., representative democratic institutions, [[freedom of speech]] and the [[freedom of the press|press]], and [[freedom of assembly]]);<br />
* [[Freedom of association]];<br />
* Freedoms necessary for the liberty and integrity of the person (namely: freedom from [[slavery]], freedom of movement and a reasonable degree of freedom to choose one's occupation); and<br />
* Rights and liberties covered by the [[rule of law]].<br />
Some writers argue that social justice is not only about how resources are shared, but also about the importance of work and participation in community life. Andrew Sayer calls this ''contributive justice,'' connecting fairness to meaningful contribution and dignity.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sayer |first=Andrew |date=2009 |title=Contributive justice and meaningful work |url=https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9833.2009.00435.x |journal=Journal of Social Philosophy |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=477–498 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9833.2009.00435.x |doi-broken-date=26 December 2025 |via=Wiley Online Library}}</ref> Social-policy researcher John Hudson emphasizes that the design of welfare systems affects how justice is realized, as such structures determine people's access to resources and equality.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hudson |first=John |title=Poverty, Inequality and Social Justice |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-84720-648-6 |pages=211–224 |language=en}}</ref> <br />
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==== Thomas Pogge ====<br />
[[File:2014-01-08 Thomas Pogge 4737-cropped.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Thomas Pogge]]]]<br />
[[Thomas Pogge]]'s arguments pertain to a standard of social justice that creates [[human rights defender|human rights deficits]]. He assigns responsibility to those who actively cooperate in designing or imposing the social institution, that the order is foreseeable as harming the global poor and is reasonably avoidable. Pogge argues that social institutions have a [[negative duty]] to not harm the poor.<ref>{{cite web |last1 = James |first1 = Nickel |title = Human Rights |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/rights-human/ |website = stanford.edu |publisher = The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |access-date = 10 February 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1 = Pogge |first1 = Thomas Pogge |title = World Poverty and Human Rights |url=http://thomaspogge.com/books/world-poverty-human-rights/ |website = thomaspogge.com |url-status = usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919070037/http://thomaspogge.com/books/world-poverty-human-rights/ |archive-date = 19 September 2015}}</ref><br />
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Pogge speaks of "institutional cosmopolitanism" and assigns responsibility to institutional schemes<ref>{{cite journal |last1 = North |first1 = James |title = The Resource Privilege |url=http://www.thenation.com/article/181724/resource-privilege# |journal = The Nation |access-date = 10 February 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210065716/http://www.thenation.com/article/181724/resource-privilege |archive-date = 10 February 2015|date = 23 September 2014 }}</ref> for deficits of human rights. An example given is [[slavery]] and third parties. A third party should not recognize or enforce [[slavery]]. The institutional order should be held responsible only for deprivations of human rights that it establishes or authorizes. The current institutional design, he says, systematically harms developing economies by enabling corporate tax evasion,<ref>{{cite web |last1 = Pogge |first1 = Thomas |title = Human Rights and Just Taxation – Global Financial Transparency |url=http://thomaspogge.com/human-rights-and-just-taxation-global-financial-transparency/ |url-status = usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210074345/http://thomaspogge.com/human-rights-and-just-taxation-global-financial-transparency/ |archive-date = 10 February 2015}}</ref> illicit financial flows, corruption, trafficking of people and weapons. [[Joshua Cohen (philosopher)|Joshua Cohen]] disputes his claims based on the fact that some poor countries have done well with the current institutional design.<ref>{{cite book |editor=Alison M. Jaggar |title = Thomas Pogge and His Critics |date = 2010 |publisher = Polity Press |location = Cambridge |isbn=978-0-7456-4258-1}}</ref> Elizabeth Kahn argues that some of these responsibilities{{vague|date=April 2017}} should apply globally.<ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Kahn |first1 = Elizabeth |title = Global Economic Justice: A Structural Approach |journal = Public Reason |date = June–December 2012 |volume = 4 |issue = 1–2 |pages = 48–67 }}</ref><br />
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==== Global Perspectives ====<br />
In recent years, scholarship has increasingly emphasized the importance of understanding social justice from a global perspective. According to Gary Craig’s Handbook on Global Social Justice (2018), achieving social justice requires addressing deep structural inequalities that exist both between and within nations. These inequalities are often maintained by global economic systems, political institutions, and transnational power relations that shape opportunities and outcomes across the world.<ref>Gary Craig, ed., ''Handbook on Global Social Justice'' (Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2018).</ref><br />
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Craig’s work highlights how concepts of justice cannot be confined to national boundaries. He argues that global interconnectedness—through trade, migration, and environmental change—creates shared responsibilities for justice that demand cooperation among states and civil society actors. The Handbook brings together international experts who analyze how different societies interpret and implement principles of equality, fairness, and rights within their local contexts.<ref>Gary Craig, ed., ''Handbook on Global Social Justice'' (Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2018).</ref><br />
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Furthermore, the text stresses that discussions of global social justice must include attention to issues such as gender, race, environmental sustainability, and economic inequality, which are interlinked and shape people’s access to resources and opportunities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.shelterequity.org/post/the-foundation-world-day-of-social-justice|title=The Foundation: World Day of Social Justice|website=Shelter Equity |date=March 2026 }}</ref> The issue of social justice must also include an examination of racially defined inequalities since such injustices might spark the problem that economic justice alone cannot solve the issue of unequal resources.<ref>Solomos, John (2018). "Racialised Inequalities and Social Justice: Policy Frames and Social Change." In G. Craig (Ed.), *Handbook on Global Social Justice* (pp. 173–186). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781786431424.00022.</ref><br />
Craig’s approach invites a shift away from purely Western or liberal theories of justice toward more inclusive frameworks that incorporate voices from the Global South and marginalized communities worldwide.<ref>Gary Craig, ed., ''Handbook on Global Social Justice'' (Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2018).</ref><br />
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== Decolonial and Racial Justice Perspectives ==<br />
In addition to global analyses, contemporary scholars have emphasized the need to decolonize and racialize the study of social justice. Philosopher Charles W. Mills argues that traditional Western political philosophy has historically ignored the realities of colonialism and white supremacy in shaping global systems of power and inequality. In his essay “Decolonizing Western Political Philosophy” (2015), Mills calls for rethinking justice by confronting the racial and colonial assumptions embedded in canonical theories of liberalism and contractarianism.<ref>Charles W. Mills, “Decolonizing Western Political Philosophy,” ''New Political Science'' 37, no. 1 (2015): 1–24.</ref><br />
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Mills’ perspective highlights that social justice cannot be achieved without addressing the racial hierarchies and colonial legacies that continue to shape modern societies. He critiques how Western theories often claim universality while reflecting Eurocentric experiences and values. By exposing these biases, Mills invites scholars to develop frameworks that recognize historical injustices and integrate the perspectives of those excluded from dominant philosophical traditions.<ref>Charles W. Mills, “Decolonizing Western Political Philosophy,” ''New Political Science'' 37, no. 1 (2015): 1–24.</ref><br />
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In later work, Mills continued to explore the relationship between race, liberalism, and global justice, emphasizing how racial inequality remains central to understanding contemporary forms of injustice.<ref>Charles W. Mills and Srdjan Vucetic, “Race, Liberalism, and Global Justice: Interview with Charles W. Mills,” ''International Politics Reviews'' 9, no. 1 (2021): 155–170.</ref> His contributions have been widely recognized for expanding the scope of social and political philosophy, pushing the field toward more inclusive and critical approaches to justice that account for both global and historical dimensions of inequality.<br />
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=== United Nations ===<br />
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The United Nations calls social justice "an underlying principle for peaceful and prosperous coexistence within and among nations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/en/events/socialjusticeday/index.shtml|title=World Day of Social Justice, 20 February|website=www.un.org|language=EN|access-date=2019-11-08}}</ref><br />
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The United Nations' 2006 document ''Social Justice in an Open World: The Role of the United Nations'', states that "Social justice may be broadly understood as the fair and compassionate distribution of the fruits of economic growth{{nbsp}}..."<ref name="un">{{cite web |title = Social Justice in an Open World: The Role of the United Nations", The International Forum for Social Development, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Division for Social Policy and Development, ST/ESA/305 |publisher = United Nations |location = New York |year = 2006 |url=https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/documents/ifsd/SocialJustice.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829123826/http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/documents/ifsd/SocialJustice.pdf |archive-date = 29 August 2017}}</ref>{{rp|16}}<br />
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The term "social justice" was seen by the U.N. "as a substitute for the protection of human rights [and] first appeared in United Nations texts during the second half of the 1960s. At the initiative of the Soviet Union, and with the support of developing countries, the term was used in the Declaration on Social Progress and Development, adopted in 1969."<ref name="un" />{{rp|52}}<br />
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The same document reports, "From the comprehensive global perspective shaped by the United Nations Charter and the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]], neglect of the pursuit of social justice in all its dimensions translates into de facto acceptance of a future marred by violence, repression and chaos."<ref name="un" />{{rp|6}} The report concludes, "Social justice is not possible without strong and coherent [[redistribution of income and wealth|redistributive policies]] conceived and implemented by public agencies."<ref name="un" />{{rp|16}}<br />
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The same UN document offers a concise history: "[T]he notion of social justice is relatively new. None of history's great philosophers—not Plato or Aristotle, or Confucius or Averroes, or even Rousseau or Kant—saw the need to consider justice or the redress of injustices from a social perspective. The concept first surfaced in Western thought and political language in the wake of the industrial revolution and the parallel development of the socialist doctrine. It emerged as an expression of protest against what was perceived as the capitalist [[exploitation of labor]] and as a focal point for the development of measures to improve the human condition. It was born as a revolutionary slogan embodying the ideals of progress and fraternity. Following the revolutions that shook Europe in the mid-1800s, social justice became a rallying cry for progressive thinkers and political activists.... By the mid-twentieth century, the concept of social justice had become central to the ideologies and programs of virtually all the leftist and centrist political parties around the world{{nbsp}}..."<ref name="un" />{{rp|11–12}}<br />
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Another key area of human rights and social justice is the United Nations's defense of children's rights worldwide. In 1989, the Convention on the Rights of the Child was adopted and available for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 44/25.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=OHCHR {{!}} Convention on the Rights of the Child|url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/crc.aspx|access-date=2020-12-21|website=www.ohchr.org}}</ref> According to [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|OHCHR]], this convention entered into force on 2 September 1990. This convention upholds that all states have the obligation to "protect the child from all forms of physical or mental violence, injury or abuse, neglect or negligent treatment, maltreatment or exploitation, including sexual abuse."<ref name=":0" /><br />
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== Environmental and Climate Justice ==<br />
Environmental and climate justice extend the principles of social justice to ecological and sustainability concerns. These approaches argue that environmental degradation and climate change are not only ecological crises but also issues of inequality and human rights. Marginalized communities—particularly in the Global South and among Indigenous populations—often face the most severe consequences of environmental harm while contributing the least to its causes.<br />
According to analyses presented in Gary Craig’s Handbook on Global Social Justice (2018), achieving global justice requires integrating social and environmental dimensions of inequality.<ref>Gary Craig, ed., ''Handbook on Global Social Justice'' (Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2018).</ref> The text highlights how environmental policy and economic development must account for distributive fairness, intergenerational equity, and the disproportionate burdens carried by vulnerable groups. Craig’s contributors argue that climate justice movements have become a key part of global efforts to challenge the structural inequalities that underpin both environmental degradation and poverty.<br />
From a philosophical standpoint, environmental justice also aligns with decolonial thought. Scholars such as Charles W. Mills have noted that colonialism and industrial capitalism created the global patterns of exploitation that persist today, linking racial and ecological injustice.<ref>Charles W. Mills, “Decolonizing Western Political Philosophy,” ''New Political Science'' 37, no. 1 (2015): 1–24.</ref> This intersection underscores that environmental ethics cannot be separated from the broader struggle for social equality and historical redress.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Craig |first=Gary |title=Handbook on Global Social Justice |publisher=Edward Elgar Pub., Inc. |year=2018 |pages=250–267 |chapter=Chapter 19. Saving social justice and enviromental justice in an age of tyranny and corruption.}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Religious perspectives ==<br />
===Abrahamic religions===<br />
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==== Christianity ====<br />
{{See also|Christian ethics|Christian democracy}}<br />
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===== Evangelicalism =====<br />
''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine noted that younger Evangelicals also increasingly engage in social justice.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Sullivan|first=Amy|date=2010-06-01|title=Young Evangelicals: Expanding Their Mission|language=en-US|magazine=Time|url=http://content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1992463-1,00.html|access-date=2020-10-08|issn=0040-781X|archive-date=15 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115185057/http://content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1992463-1,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[John Stott]] traced the call for social justice back to the cross, "The cross is a revelation of God's justice as well as of his love. That is why the community of the cross should concern itself with social justice as well as with loving philanthropy."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Stott|first=John|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uSHC3qDjFS4C&pg=PA285|title=The Cross of Christ|date=2012-11-29|publisher=InterVarsity Press|isbn=978-0-8308-6636-6|page=185|language=en}}</ref><br />
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====== Methodism ======<br />
From its founding, Methodism was a Christian social justice movement. Under [[John Wesley]]'s direction, Methodists became leaders in many social justice issues of the day, including the [[prison reform]] and [[abolitionism|abolition]] movements. Wesley himself was among the first to preach for slaves rights, attracting significant opposition.<ref>S. R. Valentine, John Bennet & the Origins of Methodism and the Evangelical revival in England, Scarecrow Press, Lanham, 1997.</ref><ref>Carey, Brycchan. "John Wesley (1703–1791)." The British Abolitionists. Brycchan Carey, 11 July 2008. 5 October 2009. [http://www.brycchancarey.com/abolition/index.htm Brycchancarey.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129112229/http://brycchancarey.com/abolition/index.htm |date=29 January 2016 }}</ref><ref>Wesley John, "Thoughts Upon Slavery," John Wesley: Holiness of Heart and Life. Charles Yrigoyen, 1996. 5 October 2009. [http://gbgm-umc.org/umw/wesley/thoughtsuponslavery.stm Gbgm-umc.org] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016083225/http://gbgm-umc.org/umw/wesley/thoughtsuponslavery.stm |date=16 October 2014 }}</ref><br />
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Today, social justice plays a major role in the [[United Methodist Church]] and the [[Free Methodist Church]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Do Justice |url=https://www.ffmc.org/do-justice |publisher=First Free Methodist Church |access-date=12 June 2021 |language=English }}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The ''Book of Discipline of the United Methodist Church'' says, "We hold governments responsible for the protection of the rights of the people to free and fair elections and to the freedoms of speech, religion, assembly, communications media, and petition for redress of grievances without fear of reprisal; to the [[right to privacy]]; and to the guarantee of the rights to adequate food, clothing, shelter, education, and health care."<ref>The Book of Discipline of The United Methodist Church – 2012 ¶164 V, [http://www.umc.org/site/apps/nlnet/content.aspx?c=lwL4KnN1LtH&b=5066539&ct=6467671&notoc=1 umc.org] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206020517/http://www.umc.org/site/apps/nlnet/content.aspx?c=lwL4KnN1LtH&b=5066539&ct=6467671&notoc=1 |date=6 December 2013 }}</ref> The United Methodist Church also teaches [[Human population control|population control]] as part of its doctrine.<ref>The Book of Discipline of The United Methodist Church – 2008 ¶ 162 K, [http://www.umc.org/site/apps/nlnet/content.aspx?c=lwL4KnN1LtH&b=5066539&ct=6467635&notoc=1 umc.org] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206012803/http://www.umc.org/site/apps/nlnet/content.aspx?c=lwL4KnN1LtH&b=5066539&ct=6467635&notoc=1 |date=6 December 2013 }}</ref><br />
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===== Catholicism =====<br />
{{prose|section|date=May 2022}}<br />
{{Main|Catholic social teaching}}<br />
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Catholic social teaching consists of those aspects of Roman Catholic doctrine which relate to matters dealing with the respect of the individual human life. A distinctive feature of Catholic social doctrine is its concern for the poorest and most vulnerable members of society. Two of the seven key areas<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usccb.org/sdwp/projects/socialteaching/excerpt.htm |title = Seven Key Themes of Catholic Social Teaching |access-date = 29 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070608113958/http://www.usccb.org/sdwp/projects/socialteaching/excerpt.htm |archive-date = 8 June 2007 }}</ref> of "Catholic social teaching" are pertinent to social justice:<br />
* Life and dignity of the human person: The foundational principle of all Catholic social teaching is the sanctity of all human life and the inherent dignity of every human person, from conception to natural death. Human life must be valued above all material possessions.<br />
* Preferential option for the poor and [[social vulnerability|vulnerable]]: Catholics believe Jesus taught that on the [[Day of Judgement]] God will ask what each person did to help the poor and needy: "Amen, I say to you, whatever you did for one of these least brothers of mine, you did for me."<ref>[[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew]] 25:40.</ref> The Catholic Church believes that through words, prayers and deeds one must show solidarity with, and compassion for, the poor. The moral test of any society is "how it treats its most vulnerable members. The poor have the most urgent moral claim on the conscience of the nation. People are called to look at public policy decisions in terms of how they affect the poor."<ref>Option for the Poor, [http://www.osjspm.org/cst/themes.htm Major themes from Catholic Social Teaching] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060216183419/http://www.osjspm.org/cst/themes.htm |date=16 February 2006 }}, Office for Social Justice, Archdiocese of St. Paul and Minneapolis.</ref><br />
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Modern Catholic social teaching is often thought to have begun with the encyclicals of Pope Leo XIII.<ref name=":1" /><br />
* [[Pope Leo XIII]], who studied under Taparelli, published in 1891 the [[encyclical]] ''[[Rerum novarum]]'' (On the Condition of the Working Classes; lit. "On new things"), rejecting both [[socialism]] and [[capitalism]], while defending labor unions and private property. He stated that society should be based on cooperation and not [[class conflict]] and [[competition]]. In this document, Leo set out the Catholic Church's response to the social instability and labor conflict that had arisen in the wake of industrialization and had led to the rise of socialism. The Pope advocated that the role of the state was to promote social justice through the protection of rights, while the church must speak out on social issues to teach correct social principles and ensure class harmony.<br />
* The encyclical ''[[Quadragesimo anno]]'' (On Reconstruction of the Social Order, literally "in the fortieth year") of 1931 by [[Pope Pius XI]], encourages a [[living wage]],<ref>Popularised by [[John A. Ryan]], although see [[Sidney Webb]] and [[Beatrice Webb]], ''[[Industrial Democracy]]'' (1897)</ref> [[subsidiarity (Catholicism)|subsidiarity]], and advocates that social justice is a personal virtue as well as an attribute of the social order, saying that society can be just only if individuals and institutions are just.<br />
* [[Pope John Paul II]] added much to the corpus of the Catholic social teaching, penning three encyclicals which focus on issues such as economics, politics, geo-political situations, ownership of the means of production, private property and the "[[social mortgage]]", and private property. The encyclicals ''[[Laborem exercens]]'', ''[[Sollicitudo rei socialis]]'', and ''[[Centesimus annus]]'' are just a small portion of his overall contribution to Catholic social justice. Pope John Paul II was a strong advocate of justice and [[human rights]], and spoke forcefully for the poor. He addresses issues such as the problems that technology can present should it be misused, and admits a fear that the "progress" of the world is not true progress at all, if it should denigrate the value of the human person. He argued in ''[[Centesimus annus]]'' that private property, markets, and honest labor were the keys to alleviating the miseries of the poor and to enabling a life that can express the fullness of the human person.<br />
* [[Pope Benedict XVI]]'s encyclical ''[[Deus caritas est]]'' ("God is Love") of 2006 claims that justice is the defining concern of the state and the central concern of politics, and not of the church, which has charity as its central social concern. It said that the laity has the specific responsibility of pursuing social justice in civil society and that the church's active role in social justice should be to inform the debate, using reason and natural law, and also by providing moral and spiritual formation for those involved in politics.<br />
* The official Catholic doctrine on social justice can be found in the book ''Compendium of the Social Doctrine of the Church'', published in 2004 and updated in 2006, by the [[Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace|Pontifical Council ''Iustitia et Pax'']].<br />
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The ''Catechism of the Catholic Church'' (§§&nbsp;1928–1948) contains more detail of the church's view of social justice.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p3s1c2a3.htm |title = Catechism of the Catholic Church – Social justice |publisher = Vatican.va |access-date = 29 March 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105063620/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p3s1c2a3.htm |archive-date = 5 November 2013}}</ref><br />
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==== Islam ====<br />
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In Muslim history, [[Islamic governance]] has often been associated with social justice.{{additional citation|date=April 2018}} Establishment of social justice was one of the motivating factors of the [[Umayyad#Insurrection|Abbasid revolt]] against the Umayyads.<ref>{{cite book |author = John L. Esposito |title = Islam and Politics |publisher = Syracuse University Press |year = 1998 |page = 17 |author-link = John L. Esposito }}</ref> The Shi'a believe that the return of the ''Mahdi'' will herald in "the messianic age of justice" and the Mahdi along with the Isa (Jesus) will end plunder, torture, oppression and discrimination.<ref>{{cite book |author = John L. Esposito |title = Islam and Politics |publisher = Syracuse University Press |year = 1998 |page = 205 |author-link = John L. Esposito }}</ref><br />
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For the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] the implementation of social justice would require the rejection of [[consumerism]] and [[communism]]. The Brotherhood strongly affirmed the right to private property as well as differences in personal wealth due to factors such as hard work. However, the Brotherhood held Muslims had an obligation to assist those Muslims in need. It held that ''zakat'' (alms-giving) was not voluntary charity, but rather the poor had the right to assistance from the more fortunate.<ref>{{cite book |author = John L. Esposito |title = Islam and Politics |publisher = Syracuse University Press |year = 1998 |pages = 147–8 |author-link = John L. Esposito }}</ref> Most Islamic governments therefore enforce the ''zakat'' through taxes.<br />
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==== Judaism ====<br />
{{Main|Tikkun olam}}<br />
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In ''To Heal a Fractured World: The Ethics of Responsibility'', Rabbi [[Jonathan Sacks]] states that social justice has a central place in [[Judaism]]. One of Judaism's most distinctive and challenging ideas is its [[ethics]] of responsibility reflected in the concepts of [[simcha]] ("gladness" or "joy"), [[tzedakah]] ("the religious obligation to perform charity and philanthropic acts"), [[chesed]] ("deeds of kindness"), and [[tikkun olam]] ("repairing the world").<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sacks|first=Jonathan|title=To Heal a Fractured World: The Ethics of Responsibility|publisher=Schocken|year=2005|isbn=978-0-8264-8622-6|location=New York|page=3}}</ref><br />
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===Eastern religions===<br />
==== Hinduism ====<br />
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The present-day [[Jāti]] hierarchy is undergoing changes for a variety of reasons including 'social justice', which is a politically popular stance in democratic India. Institutionalized affirmative action has promoted this. The disparity and wide inequalities in social behaviour of the jātis – exclusive, endogamous communities centred on traditional occupations – has led to various [[Social reformers of India|reform movements]] in [[Hinduism]]. While legally outlawed, the caste system remains strong in practice.<ref>{{cite news |last1 = Patil |first1 = Vijaykumar |title = Caste system hindering the goal of social justice: Siddaramaiah |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/caste-system-hindering-the-goal-of-social-justice-cm/article6822818.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904050652/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/caste-system-hindering-the-goal-of-social-justice-cm/article6822818.ece |archive-date = 4 September 2015|newspaper = The Hindu |date = 26 January 2015 }}</ref><br />
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==== Traditional Chinese religion ====<br />
{{main|Mandate of Heaven}}<br />
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The Chinese concept of Tian Ming has occasionally been perceived{{by whom|date=May 2018}} as an expression of social justice.<ref>Lee Jen-der (2014), "Crime and Punishment: The Case of Liu Hui in the Wei Shu", ''Early Medieval China: A Sourcebook'', New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 156–165, {{ISBN|978-0-231-15987-6}}.</ref> Through it, the deposition of unfair rulers is justified in that civil dissatisfaction and economical disasters is perceived as [[Tian|Heaven]] withdrawing its favor from the Emperor. A successful rebellion is considered definite proof that the Emperor is unfit to rule.<br />
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== Social justice movements ==<br />
{{liberalism sidebar}}<br />
{{Christian democracy sidebar}}<br />
{{Progressivism}}<br />
{{Social democracy sidebar}}<br />
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Social justice is also a concept that is used to describe the movement towards a socially just world, e.g., the [[Global Justice Movement]]. In this context, social justice is based on the concepts of human rights and equality, and can be defined as ''"the way in which human rights are manifested in the everyday lives of people at every level of society"''.<ref>Just Comment – Volume 3 Number 1, 2000</ref><br />
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Several [[social movement|movements]] are working to achieve social justice in society. These movements are working toward the realization of a world where all members of a society, regardless of background or procedural justice, have basic human rights and equal access to the benefits of their society.<ref>{{cite book |last1 = Capeheart |first1 = Loretta |first2 = Dragan |last2 = Milovanovic |title = Social Justice: Theories, Issues, and Movements }}</ref><br />
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=== Liberation theology ===<br />
{{Main|Liberation theology}}<br />
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Liberation theology<ref>In the mass media, 'Liberation Theology' can sometimes be used loosely, to refer to a wide variety of activist Christian thought. This article uses the term in the narrow sense outlined here.</ref> is a movement in [[Christianity|Christian]] [[theology]] which conveys the teachings of [[Jesus Christ]] in terms of a liberation from unjust economic, political, or social conditions. It has been described by proponents as "an interpretation of Christian faith through the poor's suffering, their struggle and hope, and a critique of society and the Catholic faith and Christianity through the eyes of the poor",<ref>[[Phillip Berryman|Berryman, Phillip]], ''Liberation Theology: essential facts about the revolutionary movement in Latin America and beyond''(1987)</ref> and by detractors as Christianity perverted by [[Marxism]] and [[Communism]].<ref>"[David] Horowitz first describes liberation theology as 'a form of Marxised Christianity,' which has validity despite the awkward phrasing, but then he calls it a form of 'Marxist-Leninist ideology,' which is simply not true for most liberation theology{{nbsp}}..." Robert Shaffer, "[http://www.oah.org/pubs/nl/2007nov/shaffer.html Acceptable Bounds of Academic Discourse] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130904165644/http://www.oah.org/pubs/nl/2007nov/shaffer.html |date=4 September 2013 }}," Organization of American Historians Newsletter 35, November 2007. URL retrieved 12 July 2010.</ref><br />
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Although liberation theology has grown into an international and inter-denominational movement, it began as a movement within the [[Catholic Church]] in Latin America in the 1950s–1960s. It arose principally as a moral reaction to the poverty caused by social injustice in that region.<ref name=Williams>''Liberation Theology and Its Role in Latin America''. Elisabeth Erin Williams. Monitor: Journal of International Studies. The College of William and Mary.</ref> It achieved prominence in the 1970s and 1980s. The term was coined by the [[Peruvian]] priest [[Gustavo Gutiérrez]], who wrote one of the movement's most famous books, ''A Theology of Liberation'' (1971). According to [[Sarah Kleeb]], "Marx would surely take issue", she writes, "with the appropriation of his works in a religious context...there is no way to reconcile Marx's views of religion with those of Gutierrez, they are simply incompatible. Despite this, in terms of their understanding of the necessity of a just and righteous world, and the nearly inevitable obstructions along such a path, the two have much in common; and, particularly in the first edition of [A Theology of Liberation], the use of Marxian theory is quite evident."<ref>Sarah Kleeb, [https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/70875/1/Kleeb_Sarah_L_201511_PhD_thesis.pdf "Envisioning Emancipation: Karl Marx, Gustavo Gutierrez, and the Struggle of Liberation Theology]"; Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Canadian Society for the Study of Religion (CSSR), Toronto, 2006. Retrieved 22 October 2012. Copyright by Sarah Lynn Kleeb 2015</ref><br />
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Other noted exponents are [[Leonardo Boff]] of Brazil, [[Carlos Mugica]] of Argentina, [[Jon Sobrino]] of El Salvador, and [[Juan Luis Segundo]] of Uruguay.<ref>Richard P. McBrien, ''Catholicism'' (Harper Collins, 1994), chapter IV.</ref><ref>Gustavo Gutierrez, ''A Theology of Liberation'', First (Spanish) edition published in Lima, Peru, 1971; first English edition published by Orbis Books (Maryknoll, New York), 1973.</ref><br />
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=== Health care ===<br />
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Social justice has more recently made its way into the field of [[bioethics]]. Discussion involves topics such as affordable access to health care, especially for low-income households and families. The discussion also raises questions such as whether society should bear healthcare costs for low-income families, and whether the global marketplace is the best way to distribute healthcare. [[Ruth Faden]] of the Johns Hopkins Berman Institute of Bioethics and [[Madison Powers]] of Georgetown University focus their analysis of social justice on which inequalities matter the most. They develop a social justice theory that answers some of these questions in concrete settings.<br />
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Social injustices occur when there is a preventable difference in health states among a population of people. These social injustices take the form of [[health inequities]] when negative health states such as malnourishment, and infectious diseases are more prevalent in impoverished nations.<ref>Farmer, Paul E., Bruce Nizeye, Sara Stulac, and Salmaan Keshavjee. 2006. Structural Violence and Clinical Medicine. PLoS Medicine, 1686–1691</ref> These negative health states can often be prevented by providing social and economic structures such as primary healthcare which ensures the general population has equal access to health care services regardless of income level, gender, education or any other stratifying factors. Integrating social justice with health inherently reflects the social determinants of health model without discounting the role of the bio-medical model.<ref>Cueto, Marcos. 2004. The ORIGINS of Primary Health Care and SELECTIVE Primary Health Care. Am J Public Health 94 (11):1868</ref><br />
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=== Health inequalities ===<br />
The sources of health inequalities are rooted in injustices associated with racism, sex discrimination, and social class. Richard Hofrichter and his colleagues examine the political implications of various perspectives used to explain health inequities and explore alternative strategies for eliminating them.<ref>{{Cite book|editor-last=Hofrichter |editor-first=Richard |title=Health and social justice: Politics, ideology, and inequity in the distribution of disease|publisher=Jossey-Bass|year=2003|isbn=978-0-7879-6733-8|location=San Francisco, CA|url=https://archive.org/details/healthsocialjust0000unse |url-access=registration}}</ref><br />
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=== Human rights education ===<br />
{{Main|Human rights education}}<br />
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The [[Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action]] affirm that "Human rights education should include peace, democracy, development and social justice, as set forth in [[international human rights instruments|international and regional human rights instruments]], to achieve common understanding and awareness to strengthen universal commitment to human rights."<ref>Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, Part II, paragraph 80</ref><br />
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=== Ecology and environment ===<br />
{{Main|Climate justice|environmental justice}}<br />
Social justice principles are embedded in the larger [[environmental movement]]. The third principle of the Earth Charter is social and economic justice, which is described as seeking to eradicate poverty as an ethical, social, and environmental imperative, ensure that economic activities and institutions at all levels promote human development in an equitable and sustainable manner, affirm gender equality and equity as prerequisites to sustainable development and ensure universal access to education, health care, and economic opportunity, and uphold the right of all, without discrimination, to a natural and social environment supportive of human dignity, bodily health, and spiritual well-being, with special attention to the rights of indigenous peoples and minorities.<br />
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The [[climate justice]] and [[environmental justice]] movements also incorporate social justice principles, ideas, and practices. Climate justice and environmental justice, as movements within the larger ecological and environmental movement, each incorporate social justice in a particular way. Climate justice includes concern for social justice pertaining to greenhouse gas emissions,<ref>EA Posner and CR Sunstein [http://www.ericposner.com/GWSJ.pdf Global Warming and Social Justice]</ref> climate-induced environmental displacement,<ref>JS Mastaler [https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/full/10.1089/env.2018.0029 Social Justice and Environmental Displacement]</ref> as well as [[climate change mitigation]] and adaptation. Environmental justice includes concern for social justice pertaining to either environmental benefits<ref>A Dahlberg, R Rohde, K Sandell (2010) [http://www.conservationandsociety.org/article.asp?issn=0972-4923;year=2010;volume=8;issue=3;spage=209;epage=224;aulast=Dahlberg National Parks and Environmental Justice: Comparing Access Rights and Ideological Legacies in Three Countries] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301013315/http://www.conservationandsociety.org/article.asp?issn=0972-4923;year=2010;volume=8;issue=3;spage=209;epage=224;aulast=Dahlberg |date=1 March 2019 }} 8, no. 3 pp.209-224</ref> or environmental pollution<ref>RD Bullard (2005) ''The Quest for Environmental Justice: Human Rights and the Politics of Pollution'' (Counterpoint) {{ISBN|978-1-57805-120-5}}</ref> based on their equitable distribution across communities of color, communities of various socio and economic stratification, or any other barriers to justice.<br />
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== Criticism ==<br />
{{Criticism section|date=August 2023}}<br />
[[Michael Novak]] argues that social justice has seldom been adequately defined. He wrote:<br />
{{blockquote|[W]hole books and treatises have been written about social justice without ever defining it. It is allowed to float in the air as if everyone will recognize an instance of it when it appears. This vagueness seems indispensable. The minute one begins to define social justice, one runs into embarrassing intellectual difficulties. It becomes, most often, a term of art whose operational meaning is, "We need a law against that." In other words, it becomes an instrument of ideological intimidation, for the purpose of gaining the power of legal coercion.<ref name="Novak, Michael 2000">Novak, Michael. "Defining social justice." First things (2000): 11-12.</ref>}}<br />
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[[Friedrich Hayek]] of the [[Austrian School]] of economics rejected the very idea of social justice as meaningless, self-contradictory, and ideological, believing that to realize any degree of social justice is unfeasible, and that the attempt to do so must destroy all liberty. He wrote:<br />
{{blockquote|There can be no test by which we can discover what is 'socially unjust' because there is no subject by which such an injustice can be committed, and there are no rules of individual conduct the observance of which in the market order would secure to the individuals and groups the position which as such (as distinguished from the procedure by which it is determined) would appear just to us. [Social justice] does not belong to the category of error but to that of nonsense, like the term 'a moral stone'.<ref>Hayek, F.A. (1982). ''Law, Legislation and Liberty, Vol. 2''. Routledge. p. 78.</ref>}}<br />
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Hayek argued that proponents of social justice often present it as a moral virtue but most of their descriptions pertain to impersonal states of affairs (e.g. income inequality or poverty), which are cited as "social injustice". Hayek argued that social justice is either a virtue or it is not. If it is, it can only be ascribed to the actions of individuals; however, most who use the term ascribe it to social systems, so ''social justice'' in fact describes a regulative principle of order; they are interested not in virtue but power.<ref name="Novak, Michael 2000"/> For Hayek, this notion of social justices presupposes that people are guided by specific external directions rather than internal, personal rules of just conduct. It further presupposes that one can never be held accountable for ones own behaviour, as this would be "blaming the victim". According to Hayek, the function of social justice is to blame someone else, often attributed to "the system" or those who are supposed, mythically, to control it. Thus, it is based on the appealing idea of "you suffer; your suffering is caused by powerful others; these oppressors must be destroyed."<ref name="Novak, Michael 2000"/> Ben O'Neill of the [[University of New South Wales]] and the [[Mises Institute]] argues:<br />
{{blockquote|[For advocates of social justice] the notion of "rights" is a mere term of entitlement, indicative of a claim for any possible desirable good, no matter how important or trivial, abstract or tangible, recent or ancient. It is merely an assertion of desire, and a declaration of intention to use the language of rights to acquire said desire.<br />
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In fact, since the program of social justice inevitably involves claims for government provision of goods, paid for through the efforts of others, the term actually refers to an intention to use ''force'' to acquire one's desires. Not to earn desirable goods by rational thought and action, production and voluntary exchange, but to go in there and forcibly take goods from those who can supply them!<ref>O'Neill, Ben (16 March 2011) [https://mises.org/daily/5099/The-Injustice-of-Social-Justice The Injustice of Social Justice] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028092912/http://mises.org/daily/5099/The-Injustice-of-Social-Justice |date=28 October 2014 }}, ''[[Mises Institute]]''</ref>}}<br />
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Psychologist [[Steven Pinker]] argues that social justice "sees society as a struggle for power, also zero-sum, among different sexes, sexual orientations, and races [and] also has a contempt for science".<ref name="Robinson 2018">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=Nathan J. |date=May 28, 2018 |title=In Defense Of Social Justice |url=https://www.currentaffairs.org/news/2018/05/in-defense-of-social-justice |access-date=2023-08-14 |journal=Current Affairs}}</ref> Media commentator [[Jordan Peterson]] argues that social justice promotes collectivism and sees individuals as "essentially a member of a group" and "not essentially an individual". He also argues that social justice "view[s] the world" as "a battleground between groups of different power".<ref name="Robinson 2018" /><br />
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== See also ==<br />
{{cols|colwidth=16em}}<br />
* {{annotated link|Activism}}<br />
* "{{annotated link|Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence}}"<br />
* {{annotated link|Catholic social teaching}}<br />
* {{annotated link|Child sex tourism}}<br />
* {{annotated link|Choosing the Common Good}}<br />
* {{annotated link|Climate justice}}<br />
* {{annotated link|Critical theory}}<br />
* {{annotated link|Counterculture of the 1960s}}<br />
* {{annotated link|Economic justice}}<br />
* {{annotated link|Environmental racism}}<br />
* {{annotated link|Essentially contested concept}}<br />
* {{annotated link|Global justice}}<br />
* {{annotated link|Human trafficking}}<br />
* {{annotated link|Institutional abuse}}<br />
* {{annotated link|Justice (virtue)}}<br />
* {{annotated link|Labour law}} and [[labour rights]]<br />
* {{annotated link|Left-wing politics}}<br />
* {{annotated link|Macro social work}}<br />
* {{annotated link|Resource justice}}<br />
* {{annotated link|Right to education}}<br />
* {{annotated link|Right to health}}<br />
* {{annotated link|Right to housing}}<br />
* {{annotated link|Right to social security}}<br />
* {{annotated link|Sex trafficking}}<br />
* {{annotated link|Slavery}}<br />
* {{annotated link|Social conscience}}<br />
* {{annotated link|Social criticism}}<br />
* {{annotated link|Social justice art}}<br />
* {{annotated link|Social justice warrior}}<br />
* {{annotated link|Social law}}<br />
* {{annotated link|Social work}}<br />
* {{annotated link|Solidarity}}<br />
* {{annotated link|National Union for Social Justice (organization)}}<br />
* {{annotated link|World Day of Social Justice}}<br />
{{colend}}<br />
* {{Lookfrom}}<br />
* {{in title}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
{{wikiquote}}<br />
{{Library resources box}}<br />
<br />
=== Articles ===<br />
* C Pérez-Garzón, '[https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/derest/article/view/5907/7607 What is social justice? A new history of its meaning in the transnational legal discourse]' (2019) 43 Revista Derecho del Estado 67–106, originally in Spanish: '[https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/revderest43&div=1&src=home ¿Qué es justicia social? Una nueva historia de su significado en el discurso jurídico transnacional]'<br />
* [[LD Brandeis]], 'The Living Law' (1915–1916) 10 Illinois Law Review 461<br />
* A Etzioni, '[http://www.gwu.edu/~ccps/etzioni/documents/A348-TheFairSociety.pdf The Fair Society, Uniting America: Restoring the Vital Center to American Democracy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924041156/http://www.gwu.edu/~ccps/etzioni/documents/A348-TheFairSociety.pdf |date=24 September 2015 }}' in N Garfinkle and D Yankelovich (eds) (Yale University Press 2005) pp.&nbsp;211–223<br />
* [[Otto von Gierke]], ''[https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2861875 The Social Role of Private Law]'' (2016) translated and introduced by E McGaughey, originally in German ''Die soziale Aufgabe des Privatrechts''<br />
* M Novak, '[https://www.firstthings.com/article/2000/12/defining-social-justice Defining Social Justice]' (2000) First Things<br />
* B O'Neill, '[https://mises.org/daily/5099/The-Injustice-of-Social-Justice The Injustice of Social Justice] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028092912/http://mises.org/daily/5099/The-Injustice-of-Social-Justice |date=28 October 2014 }}' ([[Mises Institute]])<br />
* [[R Pound]], 'Social Justice and Legal Justice' (1912) 75 Central Law Journal 455<br />
* M Powers and R Faden, '[https://courses.edx.org/c4x/GeorgetownX/phlx101-01/asset/10.2powers_faden.pdf Inequalities in health, inequalities in health care: four generations of discussion about justice and cost-effectiveness analysis]' (2000) 10(2) Kennedy Inst Ethics Journal 109–127<br />
* M Powers and R Faden, 'Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care: An Ethical Analysis of When and How They Matter,' in ''Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care'' (National Academy of Sciences, Institute of Medicine, 2002) 722–38<br />
* United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 'Social Justice in an Open World: The Role of the United Nations' (2006) [https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/documents/ifsd/SocialJustice.pdf ST/ESA/305]<br />
<br />
=== Books ===<br />
* [[AB Atkinson]], ''Social Justice and Public Policy'' (1982) [https://books.google.com/books?id=UiZ2HdkNHBAC&dq=%22Social+Justice+and+Public+Policy%22&pg=PP1 previews]<br />
* [[Gad Barzilai]], ''Communities and Law: Politics and Cultures of Legal Identities'' (University of Michigan Press) analysis of justice for non-ruling communities<br />
* [[Thomas Nixon Carver|TN Carver]], ''Essays in Social Justice'' (1915) Chapter [https://archive.org/details/essaysinsocialj01carvgoog/page/n17 <!-- pg=3 quote=zDo9sLfoyZ. --> links.]<br />
* [[Carroll Quigley|C Quigley]] ''The Evolution of Civilizations: An Introduction to Historical Analysis'' (1961) 2nd edition 1979<br />
* P Corning, ''[http://www.themontrealreview.com/2009/fairness-and-the-social-contract.php The Fair Society: The Science of Human Nature and the Pursuit of Social Justice]'' (Chicago UP 2011)<br />
* WL Droel ''What is Social Justice'' (ACTA Publications 2011)<br />
* R Faden and M Powers, ''Social Justice: The Moral Foundations of Public Health and Health Policy'' OUP 2006 {{ISBN|978-0-19-518926-1}}<br />
* J Franklin (ed), ''Life to the Full: Rights and Social Justice in Australia'' (Connor Court 2007)<br />
* LC Frederking (2013) ''Reconstructing Social Justice'' (Routledge) {{ISBN|978-1-138-19402-1}}<br />
* [[FA Hayek]], ''[[Law, Legislation and Liberty]]'' (1973) vol II, ch 3<br />
* [[G Kitching]], ''Seeking Social Justice through Globalization: Escaping a Nationalist Perspective'' (2003)<br />
* [[JS Mill]], ''[[Utilitarianism (book)|Utilitarianism]]'' (1863)<br />
* T Massaro, S.J. ''Living Justice: Catholic Social Teaching in Action'' (Rowman & Littlefield 2012)<br />
* [[John Rawls]], ''[[A Theory of Justice]]'' (Harvard University Press 1971)<br />
* [[John Rawls]], ''[[Political Liberalism]]'' (Columbia University Press 1993)<br />
* C Philomena, B Hoose and G Mannion (eds), ''Social Justice: Theological and Practical Explorations'' (2007)<br />
* [[A Swift]], ''Political Philosophy'' (3rd edn 2013) ch 1<br />
* Michael J. Thompson, ''[https://www.academia.edu/214008/The_Limits_of_Liberalism_A_Republican_Theory_of_Social_Justice The Limits of Liberalism: A Republican Theory of Social Justice]'' (International Journal of Ethics: vol. 7, no. 3 (2011)<br />
<br />
{{social work}}<br />
{{types of justice}}<br />
{{Social accountability}}<br />
{{subject bar|commons=yes|commons-search=Category:Social justice|q=yes|q-search=Social justice|d=yes|d-search=Q264892}}<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Social justice| ]]<br />
[[Category:Concepts in political philosophy]]<br />
[[Category:Christian democracy]]<br />
[[Category:Justice]]<br />
[[Category:Progressivism]]<br />
[[Category:Social inequality]]<br />
[[Category:Social liberalism]]<br />
[[Category:Social work]]</div>VLSLester417456https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sant_State&diff=453864Sant State2026-03-09T13:18:03Z<p>VLSLester417456: minor cleanup</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Former Hindu Kingdom}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox Former Subdivision<br />
|native_name =<br />
|conventional_long_name = Sant State<br />
|common_name = Sant State <br />
|nation = [[British India]] <br />
|subdivision = [[Princely state]]<br />
|era =<br />
|capital = [[Santrampur]]<br />
|year_start = 1255<br />
|date_start =<br />
|event_start=<br />
|year_end = 1950<br />
|date_end =<br />
|event_end= [[Independence of India|Accession to the Union of India]]<br />
|event1 =<br />
|date_event1 =<br />
|s1 = India<br />
|flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg<br />
|image_flag =<br />
|image_coat = Sant coa.png<br />
|image_map = <br />
|image_map_caption = <br />
|stat_area1 =1,367<br />
|state_anthem=<br />
|stat_year1 = 1901<br />
|stat_pop1 = <br />
|today = India <br />
|footnotes =<br />
}} <br />
The '''Kingdom of Santrampur''' or later '''Sant State''' was a kingdom and later a [[princely state]] in subsidiary alliance with British India. It was ruled by Mahipavat branch of the [[Paramara dynasty]].<br />
<br />
[[File:Joravarsinh, ruler of Sunth State c. 1922.png|thumb|H.H. Maharana Shri Joraver Sinhji, The Raja of Sant State c. 1922]]<br />
<br />
The capital of the state was [[Santrampur]]. It covered an area of approximately 1,367&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> and was bounded on the north by the dominions of [[Dungarpur]] and [[Banswara]] in [[Rajputana]]. On the east was the sub division of [[Jhalod]] in the [[Panchmahal district|Panch Mahals]]. On the south it touched the small state of Sanjeli while on the west it was bounded by the State of [[Lunavada]].<br />
<br />
The State enjoyed a hereditary salute of 9 gun and 11 gun local salute. The ruler of Sant State signed the [[accession to the Indian Union]] after Indian independence.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
In 1753, The Maharawal of [[Banswara State]], killed the three sons of [[Rana (title)|Rana]] Ratansinhjii and tried to capture the throne of Sant [[Princely state|State]]; the fourth son who was an infant named Badansinghji was hidden by [[Koli people|Kolis]] of [[Malwa]] and grew up in a [[List of Koli people|Koli]] family. The Maharawal annexed the Sant State in Banswara State and established his army in Sant. After several years, when Badansinghji reached maturity, the Kolis of Malwa attacked the army of Banswara. The Kolis of Malwa defeated the army of Maharawal and threw it out of Sant state. After that, Kolis of Malwa established Rana Badansinhji at the throne of Sant State.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47sfj8DUwNgC&q=Sunth+state+kolis&pg=PA746|title=Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey|last1=Solomon|first1=R. V.|last2=Bond|first2=J. W.|date=2006|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=9788120619654|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Rulers ==<br />
The rulers of Sant belong to the [[Parmar (clan)|Parmar]] clan of [[Rajput|Rajputs]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=The Imperial Publishing Co. |first=Lahore |url=http://archive.org/details/TwiK_his-imperial-majesty-king-george-5-and-the-princes-of-india-and-the-indian-empir |title=His Imperial Majesty King George 5 And The Princes Of India And The Indian Empire ( Historical Biographical) Compiled By K. R. Khosla, 1937, Lahore The Imperial Publishing Co., Lahore |pages=145}}</ref> They are descended from [[Vikramaditya]] and [[Bhoja]].<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Bombay Presidency]]<br />
* [[List of Indian princely states (alphabetical)]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Salute states}}<br />
{{Princely states of the Baroda and Gujarat States Agency}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|23.18947|N|73.8928|E|source:kolossus-cawiki|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Princely states of Gujarat]]<br />
[[Category:13th-century establishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:1255 establishments in Asia]]<br />
[[Category:1948 disestablishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Bombay Presidency]]<br />
[[Category:States and territories established in 1255]]<br />
[[Category:Panchmahal district]]</div>VLSLester417456https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shahkot_(film)&diff=534297Shahkot (film)2026-03-08T03:04:53Z<p>VLSLester417456: new data.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2024 film}}<br />
{{use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Shahkot<br />
| image = Shahkot film poster.jpg<br />
| caption = <br />
| native_name = <!-- {{Infobox name module|language|title}} or {{Infobox name module|title}} --><br />
| director = Rajiv Dhingra<br />
| writer = <br />
| screenplay = <br />
| story = <br />
| based_on = <!-- {{Based on|title of the original work|creator of the original work|additional creator(s), if necessary}} --><br />
| producer = Anirudh Mohta<br />
| starring = [[Guru Randhawa]]<br />[[Isha Talwar]]<br />
| narrator = <br />
| cinematography = <br />
| editing = <br />
| music = [[Guru Randhawa]]<br />
| studio = <!-- or: | production_companies = --><br />
| distributor = <br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|10|04|India|ref1=}}<br />
| runtime = 115 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Punjabi<br />
| budget = {{INR|1.58 crore}}{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}} <br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
'''''Shahkot''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]-language film directed by Rajiv Dhingra and produced by Anirudh Mohta. It features [[Guru Randhawa]], [[Isha Talwar]], [[Raj Babbar]], and [[Gurshabad Singh]].<ref> {{cite web |title=Shahkot (2024)|url=https://www.gadgets360.com/entertainment/shahkot-movie-122131 |access-date=8 October 2024|website=Gadgets360}} </ref><ref> {{cite web |title='Shahkot' Movie Review: Guru Randhawa, Isha Talwar star in a deeply felt, thought-provoking film|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/shahkot-movie-review-guru-randhawa-isha-talwar-star-in-a-deeply-felt-thought-provoking-film-9603503/ |access-date=8 October 2024|website=Indian Express|date=4 October 2024 }} </ref><ref> {{cite news |title=Guru Randhawa to play lead role|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/guru-randhawa-to-play-lead-in-pan-india-film-shahkot-love-story-that-transcends-borders/articleshow/104555553.cms |access-date=13 October 2024|website=The Times of India|date=19 October 2023 }} </ref><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
''Shahkot'' chronicles the life of Iqbal Singh and explores the themes of love, family, and the struggles faced by the youth in contemporary [[India]]n society.<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
''Shahkot'' is directed by Rajiv Dhingra, and produced by Anirudh Mohta.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shahkot (2024)|url=https://tomorrowsindia.com/movies/Shahkot |access-date=8 October 2024|website=Tomorrow's India}} </ref><ref> {{cite web |title=Shahkot (2024) Movie|url=https://punjabimania.com/movie/shahkot?src=movie-page|access-date=8 October 2024|website=Punjabi Mania}}</ref> The film was released in India on 4 October 2024.<ref>{{cite web |date=4 October 2024 |title=Shahkot (12A) |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/shahkot-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdi0ndkx |access-date=13 October 2024 |website=British Board of Film Classification}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
Sushmita Dey of ''[[Times Now]]'' wrote, "While Shahkot excels in its emotional and cultural portrayal, it occasionally leans into predictability. Some plot points may feel familiar to viewers of romantic dramas, but the film's charm lies in its execution and the heartfelt performances of its cast."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-04 |title=Shahkot Movie Review: Guru Randhawa, Isha Talwar Film Is All About Journey Of Love And Self-Discovery |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/shahkot-movie-review-guru-randhawa-isha-talwar-film-is-all-about-journey-of-love-and-self-discovery-review-113905425 |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
''[[The New Indian Express]]'' reviewed that "Guru Randhawa makes an assured Punjabi movie debut with a deeply felt, thought-provoking film."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-04 |title=Shahkot movie review: Guru Randhawa, Isha Talwar star in a deeply felt, thought-provoking film |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/shahkot-movie-review-guru-randhawa-isha-talwar-star-in-a-deeply-felt-thought-provoking-film-9603503/|access-date=2024-11-14 |website=Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*{{IMDb title |id =29549471}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2024 Punjabi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Punjabi-language Indian films]]</div>VLSLester417456https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sanjog_(1985_film)&diff=532795Sanjog (1985 film)2026-03-04T00:01:16Z<p>VLSLester417456: new details.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Sanjog<br />
| image = Sanjog (1985 film).jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| writer = [[Jainendra Jain (screenwriter)|Jainendra Jain]] {{small|(dialogues)}}<br />
| story = K. Rama Lakshmi<br />
| screenplay = K. Vishwanath<br />
| producer = P. Mallikharjuna Rao<br />
| director = [[K. Vishwanath]]<br />
| starring = [[Jeetendra]]<br />[[Jaya Prada]]<br />
| music = [[Laxmikant Pyarelal]]<br />
| cinematography = V. Durgaprasad<br />
| editing = Waman Bhosle <br /> Gurudutt Shirali<br />
| based_on = [[Jeevana Jyothi (1975 film)|Jeevana Jyothi]] (1975)<br />
| studio = Bharati International<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1985|11|22}}<br />
| runtime = 150 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
'''Sanjog''' ({{translation}} ''Coincidence'') is a 1985 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]], produced by P. Mallikharjuna Rao under the Bharati International banner, directed by [[Kaashinathuni Vishwanath|K. Vishwanath]]. It stars [[Jeetendra]], [[Jaya Prada]] and music composed by [[Laxmikant Pyarelal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0089959/ |title=Sanjog (1985) (Movie Review) |work=IMDb}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/540339 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716182715/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/540339 |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 July 2012 |title=Sanjog (1985) (Cast & Crew) |work=Bollywood hungama}}</ref> It is the Hindi version of Viswanath's [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Jeevana Jyothi (1975 film)|Jeevana Jyothi]]'' (1975), starring [[Sobhan Babu]], [[Vanisri]] in the pivotal roles<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wapend.com/video/Sanjog_Full_Movie_%7C_Jeetendra_%7C_Jaya_Pradha/vwqbWY4OPDM |title=Sanjog (1985) |work=Wap End.com |access-date=25 December 2015 |archive-date=6 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206235157/http://wapend.com/video/Sanjog_Full_Movie_%7C_Jeetendra_%7C_Jaya_Pradha/vwqbWY4OPDM |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
The film begins at a hill station where Narain serves his insane wife, Yashoda, who is in an asylum. She is the sort of person who lives in her world singing lollops to a doll. Besides, Aasha, the daughter of Narain's elder brother Sonu, is ready to depart for the [[United States|U.S]]. with her kid. Thus, Sonu & his wife Lalitha wish that Aasha should take her uncle's blessing, which she denies—However, Sonu coaxes and proceeds when Aasha is disconcerted to know Narain as his birth father. Accordingly, Narain spins rearwards. During his college days, Narain loved and knitted Yashoda. The couple starts their marital life in a joint family consisting of Narain's parents, Sonu & Lalitha, and their child, Raju. Lalitha is a vainglory who disrespects elders and shows carelessness towards her infant. Yashoda oversees and sweets Raju as her own. They all lead delightful lives as one, but Yashoda is perturbed as childless. Raju is a lovely end to Yashoda, who thinks and calls her a mother who begrudges Lalitha, which leads to hostility. Tragically, Raju dies in an accident when Yashoda becomes a lunatic until she is pregnant. Soon after the delivery, Narain entrusts the baby's responsibility to Sonu & Lalitha, one of those reformed and moves away with Yashoda. Listening to it, grief-stricken Aasha silently meets her mother and trains her child to hook up with Yashoda. Finally, the movie ends with Aasha proceeding to the U.S.A. by sacrificing her kid with Narain & Yashoda.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
*[[Jeetendra]] as Narain <br />
*[[Jaya Prada]] as Yashodhara & Asha (Dual role)<br />
*[[Vinod Mehra]] as Narain's brother <br />
*[[Bharati Achrekar]] as Lalita <br />
*[[Asrani (actor)|Asrani]] as Chandu<br />
*[[Aruna Irani]] as Sunaina <br />
*[[Arvind Deshpande]] as Narain's dad <br />
*[[Agha (actor)|Agha]] <br />
*Mini Tabassum as Sonu<br />
*[[Goga Kapoor]]<br />
*[[Yunus Parvez]] as Lalaji,Chandu Grandfather <br />
*Renu Joshi<br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
Lyricist: [[Anjaan (lyricist)|Anjaan]]<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"<br />
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)<br />
|-<br />
| 1<br />
| "Dil Kya Chaahe"<br />
| [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Asha Bhosle]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
| "Zu Zu Zu"<br />
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]<br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
| "Yashoda Ka Nandalala"<br />
| Lata Mangeshkar<br />
|-<br />
| 4<br />
| "Chham Se Tu Aaye"<br />
| [[Suresh Wadkar]], Asha Bhosle <br />
|-<br />
| 5<br />
| "Aankh Micholi Aise"<br />
| [[S. P. Sailaja]], [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]<br />
|-<br />
| 6<br />
| "Maa Main Kahan Hoon"<br />
| S. P. Sailaja, Kavita Krishnamurthy<br />
|-<br />
| 7<br />
| "Zu Zu Zu Zu Zu" (male)<br />
| Suresh Wadkar<br />
|-<br />
| 8<br />
| "Zu Zu Zu, Pt. 2"<br />
| Lata Mangeshkar<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
Sanjog was a critically acclaimed movie. It opened to positive to mixed reviews. It also became a hit at the box office.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/worth-their-weight-in-gold-80s/ |title=Worth their weight in gold |work=Box office India |accessdate=2016-01-02 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111104732/http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/worth-their-weight-in-gold-80s/ |archivedate=11 January 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
[[Jaya Prada]] earned her third [[Filmfare]] Nomination as Best Actress, the only nomination for the film.<ref>[http://deep750.googlepages.com/FilmfareAwards.pdf 1st Filmfare Awards 1953<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title|0089959|Sanjog}}<br />
<br />
{{Kasinathuni Viswanath}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1985 films]]<br />
[[Category:1985 Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Telugu films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by K. Viswanath]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]<br />
[[Category:1985 drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Cross-dressing in Indian films]]</div>VLSLester417456https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adivishnu&diff=484680Adivishnu2026-03-03T21:55:27Z<p>VLSLester417456: Adding A Details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Adivishnu<br />
| image = Aadivishnu.jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = DVD cover<br />
| native_name = <!-- {{Infobox name module|language|title}} or {{Infobox name module|title}} --><br />
| director = Bharat Parepalli<br />
| writer = [[Dasari Narayana Rao]]<br />P. Rajendra Kumar (dialogues)<br />
| screenplay = <br />
| story = <br />
| based_on = <!-- {{Based on|title of the original work|creator of the original work|additional creator(s), if necessary}} --><br />
| producer = <br />
| starring = [[Dasari Arun Kumar]]<br />[[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]]<br />
| narrator = <br />
| cinematography = T. Surendra Reddy<br />
| editing = B. Krishnamraju<br />
| music = [[M. M. Srilekha]]<br />
| studio = <!-- or: | production_companies = --><br />
| distributor = <!-- or: | distributors = --><br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2008|8|21}} <br />
| runtime = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Telugu<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
'''''Adivishnu''''' is a 2008 Indian Telugu-language action drama film directed by Bharat Parepalli, written by [[Dasari Narayana Rao]] and starring [[Dasari Arun Kumar]] and [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/skys-the-limit-for-sneha/articleshow/2495655.cms|title=Sky's the limit for Sneha|date=28 October 2007|work=The Times of India|access-date=19 August 2022|archive-date=19 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819021504/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/skys-the-limit-for-sneha/articleshow/2495655.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{Colbegin}}<br />
*[[Dasari Arun Kumar]] as Vishnu<br />
*[[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]] as Anjali<br />
*[[Suman (actor)|Suman]] as Manservant<br />
*[[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]] as Yadagiri <br />
*[[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Vishnu's father<br />
*[[Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran|Aishwarya]] as Jakkamma <br />
*[[Jeeva (Telugu actor)|Jeeva]] as Investigation officer<br />
*[[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]]<br />
*[[Ali (actor)|Ali]]<br />
*[[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]]<br />
*[[Satyam Rajesh]]<br />
*[[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as Subbarao<br />
*[[M. S. Narayana]]<br />
*[[M. Balayya]]<br />
*[[Prema (Kannada actress)|Prema]] as Prema<br />
*Surekha Vani<br />
*[[Fish Venkat]]<br />
*[[Venu Yeldandi]]<br />
*[[Vizag Prasad]]<br />
{{Colend}}<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
This film marked the return of [[Dasari Arun Kumar]] in a lead role after a brief hiatus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/bouncing-back/articleshow/3275189.cms|title=Bouncing back?|date=25 July 2008|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film completed shooting as of mid-2008.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/wish-i-were-a-guy-sneha/articleshow/3311302.cms|title=Wish i were a guy: Sneha|date=1 August 2008|work=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
The music was composed by [[M. M. Srilekha]]. The audio launch for the film was held on 27 July 2008 at the Taj Deccan hotel in Hyderabad with celebrities including [[Rajinikanth]], [[Mohan Babu]], [[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]], [[Manchu Manoj]], [[Jeevitha]], [[K. Raghavendra Rao]], [[N. Shankar]], [[Muthyala Subbaiah]], [[Suresh Krissna]], [[S. V. Krishna Reddy]], [[C. Aswini Dutt]], [[Murali Mohan]], [[Kaikala Satyanarayana]] and [[Vadde Ramesh]] in attendance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-adivishnu.html|title=Adi Vishnu music launch|date=27 July 2008|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=19 August 2022|archive-date=3 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103070544/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-adivishnu.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/hyderabad/star-attraction/articleshow/3298135.cms|title=Star attraction|date=29 July 2008|work= The Times of India}}</ref> All songs were penned by [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]] except the song "Ramaa Ramaa" which [[Bhaskarabhatla]] wrote.<br />
<br />
*"Aadi Naa Manase Needhi" - [[Rita Thyagarajan|Rita]], [[S.P. Balasubrahmanyam]]<br />
*"Edu Rangula Harivillu" - [[K.S. Chithra]], [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]<br />
*"Ee Pani Chesthunna" - Murali, K.S. Chithra<br />
*"Peechu Meetai" - [[Sukhwinder Singh]], Sangeetha Rajeev<br />
*"Ramaa Ramaa" - [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2008 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:2008 Telugu-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by M. M. Srilekha]]</div>VLSLester417456https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Cat_(2007_film)&diff=491987Black Cat (2007 film)2026-03-03T21:33:25Z<p>VLSLester417456: created new info initial version</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Black Cat<br />
| image = <br />
| director = [[Vinayan]]<br />
| producer = <br />
| writer = Vinayan<br />
| starring = [[Suresh Gopi]]<br />
| music = *'''Songs:'''<br/>[[M. Jayachandran]]<br/>Alphonse Joseph<br />
*'''Background Score:'''<br/>[[M. Jayachandran]]<br />
| cinematography = Venugopalan<br />
| editing = G. Murali<br />
| studio = <br />
| distributor = <br />
| released = {{Film date|2007|10|18|df=y}}<br />
| runtime = 141 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Malayalam<br />
}}<br />
'''''Black Cat''''' is a 2007 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[action thriller film]] written and directed by [[Vinayan]] and starring [[Suresh Gopi]] in the title role along with an ensemble supporting cast.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/oct/15black.htm | title=Black Cat: A formula film }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/3593/malayalam/black-cat/1372/review.htm | title=Black Cat Review &#124; Black Cat Malayalam Movie Review by Unni Nair | date=21 October 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/black-cat-review-malayalam-movie-8899 | title=Black Cat review. Black Cat Malayalam movie review, story, rating }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/black-cat-preview-malayalam-movie-8899 | title=Black Cat Malayalam Movie Preview cinema review stills gallery trailer video clips showtimes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/suresh-gopi-a-black-cat-in-the-offering-hollywood-news-26659 | title=Suresh Gopi - A Black Cat in the offering - Hollywood News | date=6 November 2006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/suresh-gopi-is-the-black-cat-tamil-news-27214 | title=Suresh Gopi is the black cat - Tamil News | date=25 November 2006 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
The story is about Black, a fisherman who is loved by all in his village even though a mentally ill person. He is also the security of Tharakan Muthalali, a famous marine food exporter and is cared for by his daughter Blessy, who values Black's friendship. Caesar and George Washington are his two supportive friends who were also Tharakan's securities. Varkechan, Tharakan's brother, is not at all happy with Black's eating styles and rebuked him once for eating in his house. Black continues his childish behaviour and is called by Caesar to accompany Pathrose Moopen to have more food. Later Tharakan receives a call from Prabhul Kumar from Mumbai regarding the arrival of his daughter Meenakshi to Tharakan's village.<br />
<br />
When Meenakshi is happily shooting the video of festivals as a tribute to her, she gets shocked upon seeing Black, a person who looks exactly like Ramesh Sharma, her lover who she presumes to have died in an accident. Still suspicious, she decides to find more about Black and finally confirms that Black is Ramesh. After staying for a few days in Tharakan's house, Meenakshi moves to the house of Moosath, a powerful sorcerer and decides to bring Black back as Ramesh. Black is first impressed by Meenakshi, thanks to the cologne she wears. Tharakan drops Black at Moosath's house for a Pooja without any knowledge of Meenakshi's plans. Black resists initially, but patiently prepares for the Pooja and within days changes to a different personality. Meenakshi, who is eagerly waiting to see her Ramesh, gets an unexpected result from Moosath that the person is not Ramesh but Black although Meenakshi firmly believes that he is Ramesh. It comes true when he reminisces his fight between Prabhul Kumar, DGP Aggarwal and Prabhul's elder brother Prakash.<br />
<br />
When he reaches Tharakan's house, everyone is surprised by his changed behaviour and Tharakan decides to find the truth behind Black's change in his behavior. Confused by the languages used by villagers, he sees a video shown by Blessy and gets an idea of it. When Pathrose brings him food, he refuses which surprises Pathrose.<br />
<br />
Black moves to Mumbai as Ramesh after a gap of ten years to find his enemies and kill them. To get more information about his family, Ramesh consults his friend Dinesh from whom he learns that his mother and one sister are dead. His other sister, Shyama is taken care of by Dinesh and his wife. On his way, he reminisces about an incident where he fights Prabhul and team to save his sisters but gets beaten up by them and loses his sanity. After killing Prakash and Aggarwal, he returns to Tharakan's village in Kerala and gets arrested by Vikram Dharma who was sent by Prabhul Kumar from Mumbai. The next day he is taken to court, and Ramesh brilliantly acts as Black in front of the Judge and the prosecutor. The prosecutor argues that the person is Ramesh Sharma and not Black. Dinesh then brilliantly acts with the evidence regarding the death of Ramesh Sharma and further establishes that he is Black. When the prosecutor does not give up, the judge postpones the verdict.<br />
<br />
The next day Moosath and Meenakshi also come to the court and informs them that the accused is Black and not Ramesh. Dinesh once again proves that the person standing in the court is Black and hence gets Black exonerated. Ramesh then informs Dinesh about his plan to kill Prabhul Kumar, who ruined his life. Meenakshi begs Ramesh to not kill Prabhul as he is her father but Ramesh was firm on his decision. However, he gets beaten up by some goons outside the court. Tharakan and his gang manages to save him.<br />
<br />
Enraged, Tharakan and his relatives go to Prabhul Kumar's house to seek revenge for trying to kill Black. On seeing him, Meenakshi gets shocked as Moosath earlier informed her that if he gets hit on the head once again, he could never be brought back as Ramesh. To test whether he is Black or Ramesh, Prabhul Kumar slaps Shyama and Blessy badly. As he does not react in both the cases, Prabhul confirms that he is insane and tells Tharakan to take him back. Tharakan angrily threatens Prabhul and takes Black away. However, when Prabhul learns that Meenakshi knew of his role on assaulting Ramesh, he orders Vikram to kill Ramesh. As Prabhul is about to shoot Ramesh, he is blocked by Ramesh and killed in an ensuing fight.<br />
<br />
Black is produced at court once again. However, the court lets him walk away. Everyone is still upset as they think that Ramesh has lost his regained memory. But Ramesh reveals the truth behind his actions. He also learns that Blessy is aware of his real identity and story. The film ends as Ramesh completely changes as Black Cat and is greeted by Tharakan and his gang.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{colbegin}}<br />
*[[Suresh Gopi]] as Black/[[Commissioner of Police#India|Commissioner]] Ramesh Sharma [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] <br />
*[[Meena (actress)|Meena]] as Dr. Meenakshi<br />
*[[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] as Adv. Dinesh<br />
*[[Karthika Mathew|Karthika]] as Blessy Tharakan<br />
*[[Rajan P. Dev]] as Tharakan Muthalali<br />
*[[Nedumudi Venu]] as Pathrose Mooppan, Black's adopted father<br />
*[[Indrans]] as George Washington<br />
*[[Harisree Asokan]] as Ceaser<br />
*[[Jagadish]] as Vakkachan<br />
*[[Ashish Vidhyarthi]] as Prabhul Kumar<br />
*[[Thilakan]] as Moosath<br />
*[[Mukesh Rishi]] as [[Additional Director General of Police#India|ADGP]] Aggarwal [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]<br />
*[[Ramu (actor)|Ramu]] as Prakash Kumar<br />
*[[Bheeman Raghu]] as [[Deputy superintendent of police|DYSP]] Vikram Dharma [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]<br />
*[[Chali Pala]] as Advocate Krishnamoorthy<br />
*[[Ponnamma Babu]] as Nancy, Tharakan's wife<br />
*[[Jaffar Idukki]] as Paili<br />
*[[Kulappulli Leela]] as Kathreena<br />
*[[Baburaj (actor)|Baburaj]] as Sunny<br />
*[[Saju Kodiyan]] as Mruthyumjayan Namboothiri<br />
*Kalabhavan Santhosh as Bheemasenan<br />
*Geetha Nair as Saraswathi Ammal, Ramesh's mother<br />
*[[Sajitha Betti]] as Shyama, Ramesh's sister<br />
*Dimple Rose as Sharanya, Ramesh's sister<br />
*[[Geetha Salam]] as Shankaran<br />
*[[Jayan Cherthala]] as Muthaliyar<br />
*[[Machan Varghese]] as Chacko, a fisherman<br />
*[[Ravi Vallathol]] as Justice Chandran Menon<br />
*[[Jagannatha Varma]] as Justice Jayachandra Kurup<br />
*[[Kollam Thulasi]] as Gopalakrishnan Menon, Prosecutor<br />
*[[Abu Salim (actor)|Abu Salim]] as [[Inspector|CI]] Kishore<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
== Songs ==<br />
<br />
* lyrics - [[Rajeev Alunkal]] and [[Vayalar Sarathchandra Varma]]<br />
* music - [[M. Jayachandran]] and Alphonse Joseph<br />
<br />
{{Track listing<br />
<br />
| extra_column = Artist(s)<br />
<br />
| title1 = Aathmavin Kavil<br />
| extra1 = Job Kurian, Amritha Nair<br />
<br />
| title2 = Munthirikkallu<br />
| extra2 = Afsal<br />
<br />
| title3 = Piyathu Piyathu<br />
| extra3 = KS Chithra, Sujatha Mohan <br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Release==<br />
The film had a delayed release.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/currency-to-get-going-telugu-news-32952 | title=Black Cat release stayed - Telugu News | date=11 August 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/still-to-come-black-cat-and-indrajith-malayalam-news-33339 | title=Still to come - Black Cat and Indrajith - Malayalam News | date=September 2007 }}</ref> It received mixed reviews from the critics and audiences alike. While the cast performances received praise, criticism was penned on direction, script and screenplay.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{IMDb title|0997142|Black Cat}}<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120223211210/http://connect.in.com/black-cat-malayalam/profile-390415.html Black Cat (Malayalam)]<br />
{{Vinayan}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2007 films]]<br />
[[Category:2007 Malayalam-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Alphons Joseph]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by M. Jayachandran]]<br />
[[Category:2007 action thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Vinayan]]</div>VLSLester417456https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crossroad_(film)&diff=494996Crossroad (film)2026-03-03T20:51:46Z<p>VLSLester417456: created a info initial version</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian Malayalam-language anthology film}}<br />
{{About|the 2017 Indian film|films with similar titles|Crossroads (disambiguation)#Films{{!}}Crossroads § Films}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Crossroad<br />
| image = Crossroad_(2017_film).jpg<br />
| alt = Crossroad<br />
| caption = Crossroad<br />
| director = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Lenin Rajendran]]|[[Madhupal]]|Nemom Pushparaj|[[Pradeep Nair]]|Babu Thiruvalla|Ashok R. Nath|Sashi Paravur|[[Avira Rebecca]]|Nayana Suryan|[[Alberrt Antoni]]}}<br />
| producer = {{Unbulleted_list|Baby Mathew|Anil Ambalakkara|Udayakumar|Parthan Mohan|Chandramohan|Bobin Karimkutty|Nas Nazar}}<br />
| writer = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Jayaraj]]|[[Lenin Rajendran]]|Sashi Paravoor|Babu Thiruvalla|Nelson Alex}}<br />
| starring = [[Crossroad (2017 film)#Cast|Cast]]<br />
| music = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Sooraj S. Kurup]]|[[M. Jayachandran]]|[[Bijibal]]|[[Ramesh Narayan]]|Jayan V. Pisharody|[[Amrutha Suresh]]|Abhirami Suresh|Ajay Thilak|[[Anitha Shaiq]]}}<br />
| cinematography = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Madhu Ambat]]|[[M. J. Radhakrishnan]]|Azhagappan|K. G. Jayan|Prathap P. Nair|Sunil Prem|Nikhil S. Praveen|Gowtham Lenin}}<br />
| editing = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Mahesh Narayan]]|Raja Mohammed|Pradeep Shankar|Jith Joshie|Karthik Jogesh|[[C.R.Sreejith]]|Abhilash Viswanath|Sandeep Nandhakumar|Sujesh S.}}<br />
| studio = Forum For Better Films<br />
| distributor = <br />
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2017|10|13}}<br />
| runtime = 150 minutes<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| language = [[Malayalam]]<br />
| budget = <!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--><br />
| gross = <!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--><br />
}}<br />
'''''Crossroad''''' is a [[List of Malayalam films of 2017|2017]] Indian [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]-language [[anthology film]] comprising 10 stories.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/crossroad-teaser-this-malayalam-anthology-film-celebrates-femininity-watch-video-4762611/|title=Crossroad teaser: This Malayalam anthology film celebrates femininity, watch video|date=2017-07-22|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2017-07-23}}</ref> It is a portmanteau movie celebrating womanhood and tells the story of ten women. The movie encompasses ten featurette films of fifteen minutes each. The movie showcases each vibrant and variant facet of a Woman and tells the story from her perspective.<br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
Pakshikalude Manam: Mythili portrays a bird photographer whose life motto is to see (and seemingly photograph) a rare bird called Aphrodite. The bird has feathers colored like a rainbow and the photographer goes to the forest to see it, against her husband's wish. Will she be able to see the bird forms the crux of the story.<br />
<br />
==List of short films==<br />
{| style="background:#d3d3d3;" class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Short film !! Director !! Cinematographer !! Writer !! Music director <br />
|-<br />
|''Oru Raathriyude Kooli'' || [[Madhupal]] || [[Pratap P. Nair]] || P. F. Mathew || [[Bijibal]]<br />
|-<br />
|''Kaaval'' || Neemom Pushparaj || [[Alagappan N.]] || Salin Mankuzhy || [[Ramesh Narayan]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''Pakshikalude Maanam'' || Nayana Sooryan || Gowtham Lenin || Nayana Sooryan || Ajay Thilak<br />
|-<br />
| ''Mounam'' || [[Babu Thiruvalla]] || [[M. J. Radhakrishnan]] || [[Babu Thiruvalla]] || [[Bijibal]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''Badar'' || Ashok R. Nath || Sunil Prem || Rajesh K. R. || [[Viswajith]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''Mudra'' || [[Alberrt Antoni]] || Sadat || [[Alberrt Antoni]] || Jayan V. Pisharody<br />
|-<br />
| ''Lake House'' || Sasi Paravoor || [[K. G. Jayan (cinematographer)|K. G. Jayan]] || Sasi Paravoor || [[M. Jayachandran]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''Kodeshyan'' || [[Pradeep Nair]] || [[Nikhil S. Praveen]] || [[Jayaraj]] || [[Sooraj S. Kurup]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''Chrerivu'' || [[Avira Rebecca]] || [[M. J. Radhakrishnan]] || Nelson Alex || [[Bijibal]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''Pinpe Nadappaval'' || [[Lenin Rajendran]] || [[Madhu Ambat]] || [[Lenin Rajendran]] || [[Anitha Shaiq]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
===''Oru Raathriyude Kooli''===<br />
*[[Padmapriya Janakiraman]] as Seema<br />
* V. K. Baiju as a villager<br />
* Suryakanth Udayakumar as The man met with accident<br />
<br />
===''Kaaval''===<br />
*[[Priyanka Nair]] as Devi<br />
*[[Roslin (Malayalam actress)|Roslin]] as Devi's neighbour <br />
*Shibu Laban as Sabu, the meter reader<br />
*Pranav Nair as Devi's child<br />
*Pradeesh Nair as Devi's husband <br />
* Neemom Pushparaj as a person in the shop<br />
<br />
===''Pakshikalude Maanam''===<br />
*[[Mythili]] as the bird photographer<br />
*[[Vijay Babu (actor, born 1976)|Vijay Babu]] as the Husband, Joe<br />
*Gangadhara Menon as the birdwatcher<br />
*[[Sidhartha Siva]] as Tommy, the resort owner<br />
*[[Chethan Jayalal]] as informer<br />
<br />
===''Mounam''===<br />
*[[Manasa Radhakrishnan]] as Sally <br />
*[[Seema G. Nair]] as Mariyamma, Sally's Mother<br />
*[[Anu Mohan (Malayalam actor)|Anu Mohan]] as Jomon, Sally's love interest <br />
<br />
===''Badar''===<br />
*[[Mamta Mohandas]] as Badarunneesa<br />
*[[Babu Annur]] as Madhavan Nair<br />
*[[Kochu Preman]] as Ulahannan, Madhavan's friend<br />
*[[Kailash (actor)|Kailash]] as Unni, Madhavan's son<br />
<br />
===''Mudra''===<br />
*[[Isha Talwar]] as Gaya Parameshwaran<br />
*[[Anjali Nair (actress, born 1988)|Anjali Nair]] as Padmavathi<br />
*Poojappura Radhakrishnan as Gaya's personal assistant <br />
<br />
===''Lake House''===<br />
*[[Richa Panai]] as Aimy<br />
*[[Rahul Madhav]] as Aimy's husband<br />
*[[Shobha Mohan]] as Aimy's mother in law<br />
<br />
===''Kodeshyan''===<br />
*Punnasserry Kanchana as Thresyama<br />
*Chinnu Kuruvilla as Kunjumol, Thresyama's daughter<br />
<br />
===''Chrerivu''===<br />
*[[Srinda Arhaan]] as the passenger in the taxi<br />
*[[Manoj K. Jayan]] as the taxi driver<br />
<br />
===''Pinpe Nadappaval''===<br />
*Anjana Chandran as the wife<br />
*[[Joy Mathew]] as the drama director <br />
*Sagar as the husband<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
The film features original songs composed by [[Amrutha Suresh]] and Abhirami Suresh, Anitha Shaiq and [[M. Jayachandran]].<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| headline = Crossroad<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
<br />
| title1 = Veerangana<br />
| lyrics1 = [[Avira Rebecca]]<br />
| music1 = [[Amrutha Suresh]], Abhirami Suresh<br />
| extra1 = Amrutha Suresh, Abhirami Suresh<br />
| length1 = 3:32<br />
<br />
| title2 = Melakey<br />
| lyrics2 = [[Rafeeq Ahamed]]<br />
| music2 = [[Shweta Mohan]]<br />
| extra2 = Shweta Mohan<br />
| length2 = 4:47<br />
<br />
| title3 = Oru Vela<br />
| lyrics3 = M. R. Jayageetha<br />
| music3 = [[M. Jayachandran]]<br />
| extra3 = M. Jayachandran<br />
| length3 = 4:12<br />
<br />
| title4 = Makane<br />
| lyrics4 = Jayan C. Nair<br />
| music4 = M. Jayachandran<br />
| extra4 = M. Jayachandran<br />
| length4 = 2:15<br />
<br />
| title5 = Nama Sametham – Dimthana<br />
| lyrics5 = M. R. Jayageetha<br />
| music5 = M. Jayachandran, Abhirami Ajai<br />
| extra5 = M. Jayachandran, Abhirami Ajai<br />
| length5 = 1:58<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Release==<br />
<br />
===Critical reception===<br />
''[[The Times of India]]'' rated 3 out of 5 stars.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/crossroad/movie-review/61069800.cms|title = Crossroad Movie Review {3/5}: Critic Review of Crossroad by Times of India| newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref> [[Sify]] rated 3.5 out of 5 stars.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/crossroad-review-an-unimpressive-attempt-review-malayalam-rkplulhjhhdai.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015072949/http://www.sify.com/movies/crossroad-review-an-unimpressive-attempt-review-malayalam-rkplulhjhhdai.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 October 2017|title = Crossroad review: An unimpressive attempt|website=[[Sify]] }}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|id=7091418}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Indian anthology films]]<br />
[[Category:2017 Malayalam-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Lenin Rajendran]]<br />
[[Category:2017 drama films]]<br />
[[Category:2017 films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Sooraj S. Kurup]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{2010s-Malayalam-film-stub}}</div>VLSLester417456https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adavi_Dora&diff=451739Adavi Dora2026-03-03T18:16:42Z<p>VLSLester417456: General cleanup and content improvements</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Adavi Dora<br />
| image = Adavi Dora.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical poster<br />
| director = K.Sadasivarao<br />
| producer = Chadalavada Srinivasa Rao<br />
| writer = [[Posani Krishna Murali]] (dialogues)<br />
| story = Posani Krishna Murali<br />
| starring = [[Sobhan Babu]]<br>[[Nagma (actress)|Nagma]]<br>Surabhi<br>[[Brahmanandam]]<br />
| music = Koti<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Telugu<br />
| released = {{film date|df=y|1995|10|13}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Adavi Dora''''' ({{translation|''Landlord of Jungle''}}) is a 1995 Indian [[Telugu language]] film directed by K. Sadasivarao. The film stars [[Sobhan Babu]], [[Nagma (actress)|Nagma]] and Surabhi.<ref>[http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1995/Oct/27-oct-1995.pdf ''Zamin Ryot'' review, page 9 (bottom right)]</ref><br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
*[[Sobhan Babu]]<br />
*[[Nagma (actress)|Nagma]]<br />
*Surabhi<br />
*[[Kaikala Satyanarayana]]<br />
*[[Rami Reddy (actor)|Rami Reddy]]<br />
*[[Giri Babu]]<br />
*[[Brahmanandam]]<br />
*[[Ali (actor)|Ali]]<br />
*[[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam|Dharmavarapu Subrahmanyam]]<br />
*[[Rallapalli (actor)|Rallapalli]]<br />
*[[Gautham Raju|Gowtham Raju]]<br />
*[[Tirupathi Prakash]]<br />
*[[Narsing Yadav]]<br />
*[[Jayalalita|Jayalalitha]]<br />
*[[Nirmalamma]]<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
{{empty section|date=October 2019}}<br />
Music was composed by Koti.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cineradham.com/newsongs/song.php?movieid=2380 |title=Adavi Dora(1995), Telugu Movie Songs - Listen Online - CineRadham.com |access-date=6 August 2017 |archive-date=6 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806100836/http://www.cineradham.com/newsongs/song.php?movieid=2380 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
*"Gali Vena Pellanta"<br />
*"Namo Narayana"<br />
*"Nandigama Bulloda"<br />
*"O Andhamaina Pilla"<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{IMDb title|1579718}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1995 films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian action films]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in forests]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Koti (composer)]]<br />
[[Category:1995 Telugu-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1995 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:1995 action films]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{1990s-Telugu-film-stub}}</div>VLSLester417456https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rocky_(2006_Indian_film)&diff=450754Rocky (2006 Indian film)2026-03-03T12:00:36Z<p>VLSLester417456: General improvements to article content</p>
<hr />
<div>{{EngvarB|date=January 2014}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Rocky&nbsp;– The Rebel<br />
| image = Rocky23.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = [[Suresh Krissna]]<br />
| producer = Narendra Bajaj<br />
| writer = Janak-Hriday (dialogues)<br />
| story =<br />
| screenplay = Suresh Krishna <br />
| based_on = ''[[Raghavendra (film)|Raghavendra]]'' (2003) by Suresh Krissna<br />
| starring = {{Plainlist|<br />
* [[Zayed Khan]]<br />
* [[Isha Sharvani]]<br />
* [[Minissha Lamba]]<br />
* [[Rajat Bedi]]<br />
}}<br />
| music = [[Himesh Reshammiya]]<br />
| cinematography = K. Raj Kumar<br />
| editing = Sanjib Dutta<br />
| studio = Siddhi Vinayak Creations <br />[[Venus Records & Tapes]]<br />
| released = {{Film date|2006|09|22|df=yes}}<br />
| runtime = 119 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rocky - BBFC |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/rocky-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0znzq5nju |publisher=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |access-date=15 November 2021 |archive-date=19 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719102354/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/rocky-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0znzq5nju |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| budget = {{INR|9.25}} crore<ref name="rockybo">{{Cite web |date=22 September 2006 |title=Rocky - Movie - Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=1549 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223003028/https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=1549 |archive-date=23 December 2016 |publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref><br />
| gross = {{INR|3.04}} crore<ref name="rockybo"/><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Rocky&nbsp;– The Rebel''''' is a 2006 Indian [[action drama]] film directed by [[Suresh Krishna (director)|Suresh Krisna]]. The film stars [[Zayed Khan]], [[Isha Sharvani]], [[Minissha Lamba]] and [[Rajat Bedi]]. The film revolves around a young man Rocky, who cannot withstand injustice and gets into fights. However, he finds himself in trouble after involving himself with a gangster.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |date=17 August 2006 |title=Sneak Peek: Rocky - The Rebel |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/sneak-peek-rocky-the-rebel/story-87Ik8odRCmUQetfGnMocBJ.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114080330/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/sneak-peek-rocky-the-rebel/story-87Ik8odRCmUQetfGnMocBJ.html |archive-date=14 November 2021 |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> It is an official remake of the [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] film ''[[Raghavendra (film)|Raghavendra]]'' (2003).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ethamukkala |first=Hemachandra |date=21 October 2021 |title=6 films of Prabhas that were remade in different languages! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/6-films-of-prabhas-that-were-remade-in-different-languages/photostory/87184888.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024172253/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/6-films-of-prabhas-that-were-remade-in-different-languages/photostory/87184888.cms |archive-date=24 October 2021 |publisher=[[Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
<br />
Rocky is a man who lives in [[Mumbai]] with his parents. Rocky's weakness is his very short-tempered and unruly behaviour as he often gets into fights against injustice. One day he gets into a fight with a man who works for a criminal named Anthony and beats him up. Anthony warns him not to cross paths with him. One day, while Rocky is with his girlfriend Neha, he sends Anthony's brother to the hospital. When Anthony finds out, he confronts Rocky and Neha, kills Neha, and mocks Rocky. An angered Rocky loses control of himself, making his family turn him away and Anthony threatens Rocky's family to leave Mumbai. The family, along with Rocky, eventually moves to London. There he tries to forget his past life. His father lied to him that Anthony had been sentenced to death by the court. Three months later, Rocky's friend, Vikram Singh, visits to inform them of the progress of the criminal prosecution of Anthony. There Priya, a tour guide and Rocky's friend, is harassed by some people. When she shouted to Rocky for help, he, unlike before, took a conservative path and walked away. Vikram tells Priya the truth about Rocky, the way he was living and why he's always quiet. Thereby, Vikram tells him that Anthony has escaped the trial by killing both the eyewitnesses. On hearing this, Rocky felt shattered and wanted revenge. Later on, Rocky travels back to India, along with his parents. Anthony learns that Rocky has returned to Mumbai and he then pays a visit to his home, where he encounters Rocky's father. His father tells him to meet Rocky at the same spot where he had killed Neha several months ago. A fight ensues between Rocky and Anthony. At the end, though severely injured, Rocky defeats Anthony. However, just as Rocky is about to kill him, Neha's soul stops him from doing so and then he walks away.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
* [[Zayed Khan]] as Rocky Sinha<br />
* [[Isha Sharvani]] as Neha Krantikari<br />
* [[Minissha Lamba]] as Priya Mathur<br />
* [[Rajat Bedi]] as Anthony D'Silva <br />
* [[Suresh Menon]] as Professor Bhimsen Krantikari: Neha's Brother<br />
* [[Sarath Babu]] as Ajay Sinha: Rocky's father <br />
* [[Smita Jaykar]] as Rocky's mother<br />
<br />
==Track listing==<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Rocky<br />
| type = Soundtrack album<br />
| artist = [[Himesh Reshammiya]]<br />
| cover = <br />
| alt = <br />
| released = 2006<br />
| recorded = <br />
| venue = [[Mumbai]]<br />
| studio = <br />
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]<br />
| length = <br />
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]<br />
| producer = Himesh Reshammiya<br />
| prev_title = [[Vaada (2005 film)|Vaada]]<br />
| prev_year = 2005<br />
| next_title = [[Dil Diya Hai]]<br />
| next_year = 2006<br />
}}<br />
Lyrics by [[Sameer (lyricist)|Sameer]].<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"<br />
!Song title !! Singer(s) <br />
|-<br />
| ''Dil Rang Le''<br />
| [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], Vinit Singh<br />
|-<br />
| ''Dil Rang Le (Remix)''<br />
| Sunidhi Chauhan, Vinit Singh<br />
|-<br />
| ''Junoon Junoon''<br />
| [[Himesh Reshammiya]], Amrita Kak<br />
|-<br />
| ''Laagi Chutte Na''<br />
| Himesh Reshammiya<br />
|-<br />
| ''My Love For You''<br />
|Himesh Reshammiya, [[Akriti Kakkar]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''Rocky Rock The World''<br />
| Himesh Reshammiya<br />
|-<br />
| ''Teri Yaad Bichake Sota Hoon''<br />
| Himesh Reshammiya, [[Tulsi Kumar]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''Tanhaai''<br />
| [[Tulsi Kumar]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''Kandhe Ka Woh Til''<br />
| [[Sachet Tandon]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''Sajna Ve''<br />
| [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Critical reception==<br />
Tenzin Thargay from [[Rediff]] rated the film 2 out of 5, stating "it has nothing to offer".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thargay |first=Tenzin |date=22 September 2006 |title=Rocky has nothing to offer |url=https://in.rediff.com/movies/2006/sep/22rocky.htm |publisher=[[Rediff]] |access-date=14 November 2021 |archive-date=19 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719102759/https://in.rediff.com/movies/2006/sep/22rocky.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Taran Adarsh]] from Bollywood Hungama, rated the film 1 out of 5, writing, "ROCKY is an outdated concept with nothing except action to fall back upon."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adarsh |first=Taran |date=22 September 2006 |title=Rocky – The Rebel Movie Review |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/rocky-the-rebel/critic-review/rocky-the-rebel-movie-review/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114080556/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/rocky-the-rebel/critic-review/rocky-the-rebel-movie-review/ |archive-date=14 November 2021 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
<!--==External links==--><br />
{{Suresh Krissna}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2006 Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Telugu films]]<br />
[[Category:2006 films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Himesh Reshammiya]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Suresh Krissna]]<br />
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in London]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Films about murder]]<br />
[[Category:2000s action drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Films about death]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language action drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in London]]<br />
[[Category:British Indian films]]</div>VLSLester417456https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robin_Banerjee&diff=451297Robin Banerjee2026-02-27T14:08:16Z<p>VLSLester417456: Updated article with clearer structure</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian documentary filmmaker (1908–2003)}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Robin Banerjee<br />
| image = Robinbanerjee.JPG<br />
| caption = Robin Banerjee in his later years<br />
| birth_name =<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1908|08|12}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Baharampur]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|2003|08|06|1908|08|12|df=y}}<br />
| death_place =<br />
| occupation = [[environmentalist]], [[Painting|painter]], [[photographer]], [[documentary film]]maker<br />
| years_active =<br />
| other names = <br />
| spouse =<br />
| children =<br />
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (1971)<br />
| website = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Robin Banerjee''' (12 August 1908 – 6 August 2003) was a wildlife expert, [[environmentalist]], [[Painting|painter]], [[photographer]] and [[documentary film]]maker who lived at [[Golaghat]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Assam]].<br />
<br />
==Biography==<br />
<br />
Robin Banerjee was born on 12 August 1908 at [[Baharampur]] in [[West Bengal]] and received primary schooling at [[Santiniketan]]. He went on to pursue medical education at the prestigious [[Calcutta Medical College]] in [[Kolkata]], and later at [[Liverpool]] (1934) and [[Edinburgh]] (1936).<br />
<br />
Banerjee had joined the [[Royal Navy]] in 1937 at Liverpool, and saw action in [[World War II]].<br />
After the war, Banerjee decided to move back to India. In 1952, he visited [[Assam]] as a [[locum|locum-tenens]] to a [[Scotland|Scottish]] doctor. in 1952 he joined Chabua Tea Estate, [[Assam]], as Chief Medical Officer, and later moved to the ''Dhansiri Medical Association'', [[Bokakhat]] as the Chief Medical Officer.<br />
<br />
During a visit to [[Kaziranga National Park]] some time in the 1950s, Banerjee fell in love with the wilds of Assam and decided to settle down at Golaghat, near Kaziranga. Banerjee's first film on the [[Kaziranga National Park]] (one of the most important refuges of the [[Indian rhinoceros]]) on [[Berlin TV]] in 1961 was one of the first widely distributed media items on the park to reach Western audiences. It also garnered him international recognition as a wildlife film-maker. He made 32 documentaries in his career as a film-maker, and was the recipient of 14 international awards.<br />
<br />
Banerjee remained a bachelor, and worked actively as an environmentalist besides his film-making career. Well known and loved among the local community as "Uncle Robin", he donated lands for setting up the local school, and health camps. He was particularly active regarding issues concerning [[Kaziranga National Park]] and was the founder of the non-governmental organization ''Kaziranga Wildlife Society'', which actively protects the interests of the park.<br />
<br />
==Recognition and remembrance==<br />
<br />
He was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] in [[List of Padma Shri award recipients (1970–1979)|1971]], an honorary [[Doctorate of Science]] from [[Assam Agricultural University]] (AAU) in 1991, and also an honorary PhD from [[Dibrugarh University]]. A book based on his life and experiences has been written in Assamese named "Xeujia Xopunar Manuh".<br />
<br />
===Uncle Robin's Museum===<br />
{{Infobox museum<br />
|name = Uncle Robin's Museum <br> Natural History Museum<br />
|image = Robin_Banerjee_Museum_Golaghat.jpg<br />
|caption = Inside the Robin Banerjee Museum.<br />
|map_type = <br />
|coordinates = {{coord|26.51|N|93.96|E}}<br />
|established = {{start date and age|df=yes|1990}}<br />
|dissolved =<br />
|location = Mission Road, [[Golaghat]]<br />
|type = [[Science]] Museum<br />
|visitors = <br />
|director = <br />
|curator = <br />
|publictransit = <br />
|website =<br />
}}<br />
Banerjee's house on Mission Road in Golaghat is a tourist spot for wildlife lovers<ref>{{Citation| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=lNggfFifHL8C&q=robin+banerjee+museum&pg=PA107|title = Assam Travel Guide|editor=Swati Mitra|publisher=Eicher Goodearth|place=Delhi|year=2011|page=107|isbn=978-93-80262-04-8}}</ref> and, in 2009, was converted into a natural history museum and contains a large number of his photographs and paintings. It is named Uncle Robin's Museum, containing natural history items from all over India (especially Kaziranga), and other personal collections of Robin Banerjee, including a set of toys from across the world that he collected.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170103003240/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1090812/jsp/northeast/story_11348060.jsp "Uncle Robin’s dream finally takes shape - DoNER ministry to preserve and turn wildlife expert’s house into nature tourism hub"], ''[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]'' (India), 12 August 2009. Retrieved 2 January 2017.</ref><br />
<br />
The '''Natural History Museum'''<ref>{{cite news| url =http://www.sentinelassam.com/state1/story.php?sec=2&subsec=2&id=276879&dtP=2016-09-07&ppr=1|title=Uncle Robin's Natural History Museum to be opened for public, ''The Sentinel''|date=6 August 2016|work=Sentinel Correspondent|access-date=7 August 2016}}</ref> or the ''Uncle Robin's Museum'' also known as the ''Robin Banerjee Museum'' is a Science and History Museum located on Mission Road in the tea city of [[Golaghat]].<br />
The museum is contains dolls, artefacts, mementos, movies and other personal collections of Dr Banerjee's lifetime.<ref>{{cite news| url =http://www.sanctuaryasia.com/people/in-remembrance/9087-dr-robin-uncle-banerjee-august-12-1908august-5-2003.html| title =Dr. Robin (Uncle) Banerjee – August 12, 1908–August 5, 2003| archive-date =7 July 2018| access-date =7 July 2018| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20180707172854/http://www.sanctuaryasia.com/people/in-remembrance/9087-dr-robin-uncle-banerjee-august-12-1908august-5-2003.html| url-status =dead}}</ref> There are 587 dolls and 262 other show pieces.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.bharatonline.com/assam/golaghat/uncle-robin-museum.html|title=Robin Banerjee Museum}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== History ====<br />
Uncle Robin's Museum is situated in the house of the late Dr. Robin Banerjee,<ref>{{cite news| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=lNggfFifHL8C&q=robin+banerjee+museum&pg=PA107|title = Assam Travel Guide, page 107|date=2011|work=Assam Tourism|isbn = 9789380262048}}</ref> a [[Padma Shri]] awardee naturalist and environmentalist in Golaghat.<ref name="Preservation">{{cite news|title=Poor preservation of Dr Robin Banerjee's house|url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=aug0213/state07|access-date=20 January 2017|publisher=Assam Tribune|date=1 August 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
It was named ''Uncle Robin’s Museum'', containing natural history items from all over India (especially [[Kaziranga National Park|Kaziranga]]), and other personal collections of Dr. Robin Banerjee.<br />
<br />
Today it is a tourist spot<ref>{{cite news| url =http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/From-Sir-with-love/article15401395.ece|title=From Sir, with love, The Hindu|date = 3 February 2008 |work=Sangeeta Barooah Pisharoty}}</ref> for wildlife lovers, and for other enthusiasts to see a large number of Banerjee's photographs and paintings.<br />
<br />
The museum is jointly maintained by ABITA (Assam Branch of Indian Tea Association)<ref>{{cite news| url =http://www.eastern-today.com/entries/assam/naturalist-dr-robin-banerjee-s-death-anniversary-observed-| title =Naturalist Dr Robin Banerjee's Death Anniversary Observed, The Eastern Today| date =6 August 2016| work =ET Correspondent| archive-date =30 November 2024| access-date =7 July 2018| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20241130085154/http://www.eastern-today.com/entries/assam/naturalist-dr-robin-banerjee-s-death-anniversary-observed-| url-status =dead}}</ref> and [[Golaghat District]] administration.<br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
Robin Banerjee altogether made 32 documentaries, as listed below:<br />
<br />
* ''Kaziranga'' (50 min)<br />
* ''Wild Life of India'' (35 min)<br />
* ''Rhino Capture'' (30 min)<br />
* ''A Day at Zoo'' (45 min)<br />
* ''Elephant Capture'' (20 min)<br />
* ''Monsoon'' (20 min)<br />
* ''Nagaland'' (30 min)<br />
* ''Echidna, & On Wild Fowls'' (Australia)<br />
* ''Lake Wildness'' (35 min)<br />
* ''26 January (India)'' (40 min)<br />
* ''Flying Reptiles of Indonesia'' (50 min)<br />
* ''Through These Doors'' (35 min)<br />
* ''Animals of Africa'' (50 min)<br />
* ''Underwater'' (50 min)<br />
* ''Peace Game'' (30 min)<br />
* ''Flowers of Africa'' (40 min)<br />
* ''Adventures of Newfoundland'' (45 min)<br />
* ''Dragons of Komodo Island'' (35 min)<br />
* ''Underwater World of Snakes'' (50 min)<br />
* ''White Wings in Slow Motion'' (winner of the [[Madame Pompidou Award]]) (60 min)<br />
* ''The World of Flamingo'' (50 min)<br />
* ''Wild but Friendly'' (55 min)<br />
* ''Birds of Africa'' (45 min)<br />
* ''Dresden'' (60 min)<br />
* ''My Nature'' (60 min)<br />
* ''Birds of India'' (50 min)<br />
* ''Wild Flowers of the world'' (45 min)<br />
* ''The Monarch Butterfly of Mexico'' (60 min)<br />
* ''Alaskan Polar Bear'' (180 min)<br />
* ''In the Pacific'' (55 min)<br />
* ''Call of the Blue Pacific part I & II'' (45 min)<br />
* ''So They May Survive'' (40 min)<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
[[Uncle Robin's Museum|Science and Nature Museum, Golaghat]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070928051549/http://golaghat.gov.in/PERSONAL.HTM Personalities of Golaghat district]. Retrieved 2007-03-22<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070821130730/http://golaghat.gov.in/rabin.htm Another government article on Robin Banerjee]. Retrieved 2007-03-22<br />
*[http://www.sentinelassam.com/sentinel_en/archives/aug0703/story5.htm ''Lover of the wild, Uncle Robin no more''].{{dead link|date=January 2017}} [[The Sentinel (Gauhati)]] 2003-08-06 Retrieved 2007-03-22<br />
<br />
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Social Work}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Banerjee, Robin}}<br />
[[Category:Indian documentary filmmakers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian environmentalists]]<br />
[[Category:People from Golaghat]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in social work]]<br />
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]<br />
[[Category:1908 births]]<br />
[[Category:2003 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Film directors from Assam]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]</div>VLSLester417456https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norman_Anil_Kumar_Browne&diff=457497Norman Anil Kumar Browne2026-02-24T14:50:51Z<p>VLSLester417456: typo fix</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Former chief of the Indian Air Force}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| honorific_prefix = [[Air Chief Marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]]<br />
| name = N. A. K. Browne<br />
| honorific_suffix = [[Param Vishist Seva Medal|PVSM]], [[Ati Vishist Seva Medal|AVSM]], [[Vayu Sena Medal|VM]], [[Aide-de-camp|ADC]]<br />
| image = Air Chief Marshal N.A.K. Browne, PVSM AVSM VM ADC.jpg<br />
| image_upright = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| birth_name = <br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = 'Charlie' Browne<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1951|12|15|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Prayagraj]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| placeofburial = <br />
| placeofburial_label = <br />
| placeofburial_coordinates = <!--{{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}}--><br />
| office = Indian [[Ambassador]] to [[Norway]]<br />
| term_start = 30 August 2014<br />
| term_end = 30 April 2016<br />
| president = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]<br />
| predecessor = Ranjan Mathai<br />
| successor = Debraj Pradhan<br />
| office1 = 52nd [[Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee]]<br />
| term_start1 = 31 August 2012<br />
| term_end1 = 31 December 2013<br />
| president1 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]<br />
| predecessor1 = [[Nirmal Kumar Verma]]<br />
| successor1 = [[Bikram Singh (general, born 1952)|Bikram Singh]]<br />
| office2 = 20th [[Chief of the Air Staff (India)]]<br />
| term_start2 = 31 July 2011<br />
| term_end2 = 31 December 2013<br />
| president2 = [[Pratibha Patil]] <br/> [[Pranab Mukherjee]]<br />
| predecessor2 = [[Pradeep Vasant Naik]]<br />
| successor2 = [[Arup Raha]]<br />
| allegiance = {{flag|India}}<br />
| branch = {{air force|India}}<br />
| serviceyears = 1972 - 2013<br />
| rank = [[Air Chief Marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]]<br />
| military_blank1 = Service Number<br />
| military_data1 = 13129<br />
| commands = [[Western Air Command (India)|Western Air Command]]<br/>[[Pune Airport|AFS Lohegaon]]<br/>[[No. 16 Squadron IAF|16 Squadron]]<br />
| military_blank2 = Awards<br />
| military_data2 = {{plainlist|<br />
* [[Param Vishist Seva Medal]]<br />
* [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal|Ati Vishist Seva Medal (AVSM)]]<br />
* [[Vayu Sena Medal|Vayu Sena Medal (VM)]] <br />
}}<br />
| spouse = Kiran Browne<br />
| children = Group Captain Omar Browne <small>(son)</small> <br/> Alisha Browne <small>(daughter)</small><br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[Air Chief Marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]] '''Norman Anil Kumar Browne''', [[Param Vishist Seva Medal|PVSM]], [[Ati Vishist Seva Medal|AVSM]], [[Vayu Sena Medal|VM]], [[Aide-de-camp|ADC]] also known as "Charlie" Browne, is a former [[Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Chief of the Air Staff]] (CAS) of the [[Indian Air Force]]. He served in this position from 31 July 2011 to 31 Dec 2013. Browne served as [[India]]'s [[Ambassador]] to [[Norway]] from August 2014 to April 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indemb.no/ambassadorprofile.html |title=Ambassador's Profile |access-date=3 November 2014 |archive-date=28 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170528192944/http://www.indemb.no/ambassadorprofile.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/23261/Air+Chief+Marshal+Retd+NAK+Browne+appointed+as+the+next+Ambassador+of+India+to+Norway Air Chief Marshal (Retd.) N.A.K. Browne appointed as the next Ambassador of India to Norway]</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Debraj Pradhan appointed as the next Ambassador of India to Norway|url=http://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/26603/Debraj+Pradhan+appointed+as+the+next+Ambassador+of+India+to+Norway}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Personal life ==<br />
Browne was brought up in Allahabad and did his schooling from [[St. Joseph's College, Allahabad]]. He is married to Mrs. Kiran Browne. Together, they have a son, Omar, who serves as a [[fighter pilot]] in the IAF; and a daughter, Alisha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://worldofdefense.blogspot.com/2011/05/air-marshal-nak-browne-to-be-new-iaf.html|title=Air Marshal N.A.K Browne To Be The New IAF Boss}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Military career==<br />
Browne is an alumnus of the [[National Defence Academy]]<ref name="Bharat">{{cite web | url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Personnel/Chiefs/273-NAK-Browne.html | title=vNorman Anil Kumar Browne | access-date=19 August 2013 | archive-date=15 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130915020217/http://bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Personnel/Chiefs/273-NAK-Browne.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> and also trained with the [[United Kingdom|United Kingdom's]] [[Royal Air Force]] on [[SEPECAT Jaguar|Jaguar]] aircraft before commanding a Jaguar squadron. A graduate of [[Air Command and Staff College]], [[Maxwell Air Force Base]], USA, he has held many appointments including Joint Director at Air War Strategy Cell at Air Headquarters, Chief Operations Officer and Air Officer Commanding of a [[Sukhoi Su-30MKI|Sukhoi Su-30]] base, Air-I at Western Air Command and Assistant Chief of Air Staff (Intelligence) at Air Headquarters.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/13129|title= Air Chief Marshal Norman Anil Kumar Browne }}</ref> Browne was commissioned into the fighter stream of the IAF on 24 June 1972.<br />
<br />
As a fighter pilot, he has logged over 3,100 hours flying [[Hawker Hunter#Indian Air Force|Hunters]], Jaguars, [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21|MiG-21s]] and Su-30MKIs,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2034957.ece |title=N.A.K. Browne next Air Chief |author=PTI |date=20 May 2011|work=The Hindu (online newspaper) |publisher=The Hindu group |access-date=10 May 2011}}</ref> and has served as an instructor at the Tactics and Combat Development Establishment (TACDE) and [[Defence Services Staff College]] (DSSC), Wellington.<br />
<br />
Air Chief Marshal Browne became [[Vice Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Air Staff]] until 31 July 2011, when he replaced outgoing Air Chief Marshal [[Pradeep Vasant Naik]]. Prior to taking over as the Vice Chief of the Air Staff in January 2011, he served as the AOC-in-C of Western Air Command.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.rediff.com/news/report/air-marshal-browne-to-be-next-iaf-chief/20110520.htm |title= air marshal browne to be next IAF chief }}</ref> Upon the retirement of [[Admiral]] [[Nirmal Kumar Verma]], Browne became the new Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee.<ref>{{cite web|title=Browne new Chairman, Chiefs of Staff Committee|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/browne-new-chairman-chiefs-of-staff-committee_796968.html|work=Zeenews.com|access-date=24 December 2012|date=31 August 2012}}</ref> Browne was later replaced by Air Chief Marshal [[Arup Raha]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Air Marshal Arup Raha to replace Air Chief Marshal NAK Browne as the new Indian Air Force chief|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/indian-air-force-arup-raha-new-chief-of-air-staff-nak-browne-215825-2013-10-28}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Awards===<br />
{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|[[File:Param Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|105px]]<br />
|[[File:Ati Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|105px]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Vayusena Medal ribbon.svg|105px]]<br />
|[[File:India General Service Medal 1947.svg|105px]]<br />
|[[File:IND Paschimi Star Ribbon.svg|105px]]<br />
|[[File:IND Sangram Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:IND Operation Parakram medal.svg|105px]]<br />
|[[File:IND Sainya Seva Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]<br />
|[[File:IND Videsh Seva Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]<br />
|[[File:IND 50th Anniversary Independence medal.svg|105px]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:IND 25th Anniversary Independence medal.svg|105px]]<br />
|[[File:IND 30 Years Long Service Ribbon.svg|105px]]<br />
|[[File:IND 20YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|105px]]<br />
|[[File:IND 9YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|105px]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]] <br />
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] <br />
|-<br />
|align="center"|[[Vayusena Medal]]<br />
|align="center"|[[General Service Medal 1947]]<br />
|align="center"|[[Paschimi Star]]<br />
|align="center"|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Sangram Medal]]<br />
|-<br />
|align="center"|[[Operation Parakram Medal]]<br />
|align="center"|[[Sainya Seva Medal]]<br />
|align="center"|[[Videsh Seva Medal]]<br />
|align="center"|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|50th Anniversary of Independence Medal]]<br />
|-<br />
|align="center"|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|25th Anniversary of Independence Medal]]<br />
|align="center"|[[Indian military decorations#Long service awards|30 Years Long Service Medal]]<br />
|align="center"|[[Indian military decorations#Long service awards|20 Years Long Service Medal]]<br />
|align="center"|[[Indian military decorations#Long service awards|9 Years Long Service Medal]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Diplomatic career==<br />
Browne served as India's Ambassador to Norway from 30 August 2014 to April 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=Former IAF chief NAK Browne to be India's Ambassador to Norway|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/former-iaf-chief-nak-browne-to-be-indias-ambassador-to-norway-559435|date=30 April 2014|publisher=NDTV|agency=Press Trust of India|access-date=8 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Debraj Pradhan appointed as Ambassador of India to Norway|url=http://www.dynamitenews.com/story/dn-debraj-pradhan-appointed-as-ambassador-of-india-to-norway|access-date=1 August 2017|archive-date=29 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629024947/https://www.dynamitenews.com/story/dn-debraj-pradhan-appointed-as-ambassador-of-india-to-norway|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{commonscat|Norman Anil Kumar Browne}}<br />
<br />
{{s-start}}<br />
{{s-mil}}<br />
{{s-bef|before=[[Nirmal Kumar Verma]]}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title=[[Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee]]<br />
|years= September 2012 – December 2013}}<br />
{{s-aft|after=[[Bikram Singh (general, born 1952)|Bikram Singh]]}}<br />
<br />
{{s-bef|before=[[Pradeep Vasant Naik]]}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title=[[Chief of the Air Staff (India)]]<br />
|years=July 2011 – December 2013}}<br />
{{s-aft|after=[[Arup Raha]]}}<br />
{{s-end}}<br />
<br />
{{Chief of Defence Staff (India)}}<br />
{{Chief_of_the_Air_Staff_(India)}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Browne, Norman Anil Kumar}}<br />
[[Category:1951 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Anglo-Indian people]]<br />
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Norway]]<br />
[[Category:Chiefs of the Air Staff (India)]]<br />
[[Category:Vice chiefs of Air Staff (India)]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Air Force officers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian military aviators]]<br />
[[Category:Air attachés for India]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]<br />
[[Category:Academic staff of the Defence Services Staff College]]<br />
[[Category:Air Command and Staff College alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Deputy chiefs of Air Staff (India)]]</div>VLSLester417456https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assam_Public_Service_Commission&diff=488091Assam Public Service Commission2026-02-22T08:51:19Z<p>VLSLester417456: Adding Stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|State recruitment agency}}<br />
{{More citations needed|date=February 2021}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}{{Infobox government agency<br />
| name = Assam Public Service Commission<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_a = APSC<br />
| native_name_r = <br />
| type = Commission<br />
| seal = <br />
| seal_width = <br />
| seal_caption = <br />
| logo = Seal of Assam.svg<br />
| logo_width = <br />
| logo_caption = <br />
| image = <br />
| image_size = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| formed = {{Start date|df=yes|1937|04|01}}<br />
| preceding1 = State Public Service Commission<br />
| preceding2 = Public Service Commission<br />
| dissolved = <br />
| superseding1 = <br />
| superseding2 = <!-- up to |superseding6= --><br />
| jurisdiction = [[State of Assam]]<br />
| headquarters = APSC Building, Jawahar Nagar, Khanapara,<br />
Guwahati 781022<br />
| coordinates = <br />
| motto = <br />
| employees = <br />
| budget = <br />
| minister1_name = <br />
| minister1_pfo = <br />
| minister2_name = <br />
| minister2_pfo = <!-- up to |minister8_name= --><br />
| deputyminister1_name = <br />
| deputyminister1_pfo = <br />
| deputyminister2_name = <br />
| deputyminister2_pfo = <!-- up to |deputyminister8_name= --><br />
| chief1_name = Shri Debaraj Upadhaya, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]](Retd)<ref name="Auto78-2-1">{{cite web |title=The Commission|url=https://apsc.nic.in/commission.asp#commission |website=apsc.nic.in |publisher=APSC |access-date=29 August 2023}}</ref><br />
| chief1_position = Chairman<br />
| chief2_name = Maj Gen Bhaskar Kalita YSM (Retd) <ref name="Auto78-2">{{cite web |title=Present incumbents of the Commission |url=http://www.apsc.nic.in/commission.asp#commission |website=www.apsc.nic.in |publisher=Assam Public Service Commission |access-date=9 February 2021}}</ref><br />
| chief2_position = Member<br />
| chief3_name = Shri Bhaskar Phukan, IAS (Retd.)<ref name="Auto78-2"/><br />
| chief3_position = Member<br />
| chief4_name = Shri Mrigesh Narayan Barua, ACS (Retd.)<ref name="Auto78-2"/><br />
| chief4_position = Member<br />
| chief5_name = Smti Prabhati Thaosen, IAS (Retd.)<br />
| chief5_position = Member<br />
| chief6_name = Shri Pabitra Ram Khaund, IAS (Retd.)<br />
| chief6_position = Member<br />
| chief7_name = Smti Chandana Mahanta, ACS<br />
| chief7_position = Secretary<br />
| chief8_name = Shri Chinmoy Nath, ACS<br />
| chief8_position = Principal Controller Of Examination<br />
| chief9_name = <br />
| chief9_position = <br />
| public_protector = <br />
| deputy = <br />
| parent_department = [[Government of Assam]]<br />
| parent_agency = <br />
| child1_agency = <br />
| parent_agency_type = <!-- defaults to |type if left blank --><br />
| keydocument1 = <!-- up to |keydocument6= --><br />
| website = {{URL|apsc.nic.in}}<br />
| map = <br />
| map_size = <br />
| map_caption = Map showing the APSC office<br />
| footnotes = <br />
| embed = <br />
}}<br />
The '''Assam Public Service Commission''' ('''APSC''') is a [[government body]] of the state of [[Assam]], India, for recruitment of candidates through competitive examinations for various government jobs under the [[Government of Assam]], including government departments, organizations, [[Government of Assam|state public sector undertakings]], and autonomous bodies. It is headquartered at Jawahar Nagar, [[Khanapara]] in [[Guwahati]] and functions through its own secretariat. It was established on 1 April 1937.<ref>{{cite web |title=Historical perspective |url=http://www.apsc.nic.in/about_us.asp |website=www.apsc.nic.in |publisher=Assam Public Service Commission |access-date=9 February 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
The primary mandate of the Assam Public Service Commission is to conduct competitive examinations, interviews, and assessments to select candidates for various government jobs within the state. These positions range from administrative and police services to finance, education, and other key sectors, each contributing to the governance and development of Assam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Assam Public Service Commission |url=https://assamjobconnect.com/apsc/}}</ref> {{as of|2025|January}}, Shri Debaraj Upadhaya, IPS (Retd.) is the commission Chairman.<br />
<br />
A former chairperson of the Assam Public Service Commission and 29 agricultural development officers appointed during his stint were convicted by a special court in a 2014 cash-for-job scam, that was under investigation for eight years.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-23 |title=Assam cash-for-job scam: APSC ex-chief among 32 convicted |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/assam-cash-for-job-scam-apsc-ex-chief-among-32-convicted/articleshow/111937784.cms |access-date=2024-10-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
== List of chairpersons ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Number<br />
!Name<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hon'ble Chairpersons (Past) |url=https://apsc.nic.in/chairmen.php}}</ref><br />
!From<br />
!To<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|J. Hazlett, ICS<br />
|1937–38<br />
|1939–40<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|E.P. Burke, ICS<br />
|1940–41<br />
|1942–43<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|J.C. Higgins, ICS<br />
|1943–44<br />
|1944–45<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|A.J. Dash, ICS<br />
|1945<br />
|1946<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|K. Cantllie, ICS<br />
|1946–47<br />
|1947–48<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
|Kameswar Das, ICS<br />
|1948–49<br />
|1952–53<br />
|-<br />
|7<br />
|J.P. Chaliha<br />
|1953–54<br />
|1956–57<br />
|-<br />
|8<br />
|S.J. Duncan, IAS<br />
|1957<br />
|1958<br />
|-<br />
|9<br />
|A.N. Bhattacharjee, IAS<br />
|1958–59<br />
|1962–63<br />
|-<br />
|10<br />
|B. Khongmen<br />
|1963<br />
|1964<br />
|-<br />
|11<br />
|H.C. Bhuyan<br />
|1964<br />
|1965<br />
|-<br />
|12<br />
|S. Barkataki, IAS<br />
|1965–66<br />
|1968–69<br />
|-<br />
|13<br />
|R. Thanhlira<br />
|1968–69<br />
|1974–75<br />
|-<br />
|14<br />
|R.M. Das<br />
|1975<br />
|1976<br />
|-<br />
|15<br />
|R.N. Basumatary<br />
|1976–77<br />
|1977–78<br />
|-<br />
|16<br />
|R.K. Bhuyan<br />
|1978–79<br />
|1979–80<br />
|-<br />
|17<br />
|A.K.Choudhury, IAS<br />
|1 August 1979<br />
|1 March 1984<br />
|-<br />
|18<br />
|Arif Ali, IAS<br />
|1 March 1984<br />
|30 July 1989<br />
|-<br />
|19<br />
|Dwijendra Nath Barua, IAS<br />
|1 August 1989<br />
|22 April 1993<br />
|-<br />
|20<br />
|T.K. Bora, IAS<br />
|22 April 1993<br />
|1 August 1994<br />
|-<br />
|21<br />
|T.P. Das<br />
|1 August 1994<br />
8 February 1995<br />
|7 February 1995<br />
31 July 2000<br />
|-<br />
|22<br />
|Debi Charan Bora<br />
|1 August 2000<br />
|28 February 2001<br />
|-<br />
|23<br />
|Amiya Kr. Bora<br />
|28 February 2001<br />
|27 February 2007<br />
|-<br />
|24<br />
|Geeta Basumatari<br />
|28 February 2007<br />
|3 January 2012<br />
|-<br />
|25<br />
|R. Borthakur<br />
|1 December 2016<br />
|11 April 2017<br />
|-<br />
|26<br />
|Anupam Kr. Roy, IAS<br />
|11 April 2017<br />
|28 February 2018<br />
|-<br />
|27<br />
|Dhrubajyoti Hazarika, IAS<br />
|28 February 2018<br />
|31 July 2018<br />
|-<br />
|28<br />
|Dipak Kr. Sarma, IAS<br />
|31 July 2018<br />
|29 December 2019<br />
|-<br />
|29<br />
|Rakesh Kr. Paul<br />
|3 January 2012<br />
11 December 2013<br />
|11 December 2013<br />
10 December 2019<br />
|-<br />
|30<br />
|Pallab Bhattacharya, IPS<br />
|9 February 2020<br />
|16 January 2021<br />
|-<br />
|31<br />
|Rajiv Kumar Bora, IAS<br />
|10 February 2021<br />
|7 June 2022<br />
|-<br />
|32<br />
|Ajanta Nath<br />
|27 June 2022<br />
|4 September 2022<br />
|-<br />
|33<br />
|Bharat Bhushan Dev Choudhury, IAS<br />
|5 September 2022<br />
|1 January 2025<br />
|-<br />
|34<br />
|Debaraj Upadhaya, IPS<br />
|13 January 2025<br />
|Present<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Public service commissions in India|List of Public service commissions in India]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Standardized tests in India}}<br />
{{Public Service Commissions in India}}<br />
{{Public Services of India}}<br />
{{Indian military academies and colleges}}<br />
{{Government of India |state=collapsed}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:State agencies of Assam]]<br />
[[Category:State public service commissions of India]]<br />
[[Category:1937 establishments in India]]</div>VLSLester417456https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alor_Kole&diff=485709Alor Kole2026-02-14T15:50:03Z<p>VLSLester417456: Adding Info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2023 Indian television series}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox television<br />
| image = Alor Kole.jpg<br />
| genre = {{ubl|<br />
* [[Drama]]<br />
* [[Romance film|Romance]]<br />
* [[Supernatural fiction|Supernatural]]<br />
* [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]}}<br />
| creator = Ideas Creations<br />
| based_on = <br />
| developer = <br />
| writer = Arpita Pal (Dialogues)<br />
| screenplay = Srabasti Basu<br />
| story = Yuvraj Bhattacharya<br />
| director = Tamal Maity <br> Barun Mondal (Head Assistant Director)<br />
| creative_director = Dwaipayan Majumder<br />
| starring = Somu Sarkar <br/> Rishita Nandi <br/> Swikriti Majumder <br/> [[Koushik Roy]]<br />
| open_theme = "Mishe jeno thakte pari se alor kole"<br />
| end_theme = <br />
| theme_music_composer = <br />
| composer = Amit Chattopadhyay<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Bengali<br />
| executive_producer = Debolina Saha <br> Sunanda Samanta <br/> (Ideas Creation) <br/> Paromita & Aniruddha <br/> (Zee Bangla)<br />
| producer = [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] <br/> Yuvraj Bhattacharya <br/> Srimonto Kumar Chattopadhyay<br />
| editor = Riyaz & Dipon<br />
| cinematography = Gobinda Dalal<br />
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]<br />
| runtime = 22 minutes<br />
| company = [[Ideas Creations]]<br />
| num_seasons = 1<br />
| num_episodes = 174<br />
| list_episodes = <br />
| first_aired = {{Start date|2023|11|27|df=y}}<br />
| last_aired = {{End date|2024|06|22|df=y}}<br />
| image_alt = <br />
| network = [[Zee Bangla]]<br />
| related = ''[[Yaaradi Nee Mohini (TV series)|Yaaradi Nee Mohini]]''<br />
}}<br />
'''''Alor Kole''''' ({{Translation|In The Lap Of Light}}) is a 2023 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language [[Romance film|romantic]] [[Supernatural fiction|supernatural]] drama television series that premiered on 27 November 2023 on [[Zee Bangla]]. The series was produced by Ideas Creations. It starred Somu Sarkar, Rishita Nandi, Swikriti Majumder, and [[Koushik Roy]]. It was an official remake of the [[Tamil television drama|Tamil]] TV series ''[[Yaaradi Nee Mohini (TV series)|Yaaradi Nee Mohini]]''. Unlike the Tamil original version, which spanned 1,252 episodes, ''Alor Kole'' concluded abruptly with 174 episodes on 22 June 2024, along with the shows ''[[Kar Kachhe Koi Moner Kotha]]'' and ''[[Ashtami (TV series)|Ashtami]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/tv-news/zee-bangla-announces-upcoming-serial-alor-kole-will-be-telecast-at-9-pm-of-mili-slot/articleshow/105181471.cms|title=মাত্র দু'মাসেই স্লট বদল নাকি মিলির বিদায়? আসছে আলোর কোলে, জেনে নিন দিনক্ষণ|website=Eisamay|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/tv-news/prosenjit-chatterjee-explains-content-is-impotent-of-bengali-serial-amid-popularity-ott-platform-during-alor-kole-promotion/articleshow/105430758.cms|title='ওটিটি-র যুগে কনটেন্টই শেষ কথা', ১২ বছর পর টেলিভিশনে কামব্যাক করে প্রতিক্রিয়া প্রসেনজিতের|website=Eisamay|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/entertainment/tv-film/news/prosenjit-chatterjee-returns-tv-after-12-years-3477086|title=Prosenjit Chatterjee returns to TV after 12 years|website=The Daily Star|date=23 November 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/prosenjit-chatterjee-produced-a-new-serial-of-zee-bangla-the-name-is-alor-kole-see-the-details-31700721543934.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202173321/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/prosenjit-chatterjee-produced-a-new-serial-of-zee-bangla-the-name-is-alor-kole-see-the-details-31700721543934.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 December 2023|title='আলোর কোলে'র হাত ধরে ফের একবার বাংলা সিরিয়ালের দুনিয়ায় ফিরছেন প্রসেনজিৎ, কেমন সেই গল্প?|website=Bangla Hindustan Times|language=bn|date=23 November 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/dadagiri-features-the-cast-of-alor-kole/aefb3c6d92728|title=Dadagiri features the cast of Alor Kole|website=OTTPlay}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/tv-news/zee-bangla-shares-promo-of-upcoming-bengali-serial-alor-kole-detail-is-here/articleshow/105059168.cms|title=মৃত্যুর পরও মেয়ের খেয়াল রাখছে মা! 'আলোর কোলে' নতুন ধারাবাহিকে ভৌতিক গল্পের স্বাদ পাবে দর্শক?|website=Eisamay|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/swikriti-dey-is-returning-again-in-television-in-alor-kole-serial-with-koushik-roy-and-somu-sarkar-31699378230420.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114184802/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/swikriti-dey-is-returning-again-in-television-in-alor-kole-serial-with-koushik-roy-and-somu-sarkar-31699378230420.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 November 2023|title=একটি শিশুকে ঘিরে তিনজন, 'আলোর কোলে'-তে অন্যরকম গল্প নিয়ে আসছেন স্বীকৃতি-কৌশিক-সমু|website=Bangla Hindustan Times|language=bn|date=7 November 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/new-bangla-serial-alor-kole-koushik-roy-swikriti-dey-somu-sarkar-to-play-lead-roles-bengali-television-news-mega-serial-updates-soc-707753-2023-11-08|title=একই মেগাতে ৩ টেলি অভিনেতা! আসছে 'আলোর কোলে'|website=Bangla Aaj Tak|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bengali/west-bengal/videos/entertainment/producer-prosenjit-chatterjee-shares-his-thoughts-on-new-serial/wb20231122225132134134717|title='আজও মাকে অনুভব করেন', 'আলোর কোলে' ধারাবাহিক নিয়ে আবেগঘন প্রযোজক প্রসেনজিৎ|website=ETV Bharat|date=22 November 2023 |language=bn}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
Aditya's first wife, Alo, dies. The media and his daughter, Pupul, blame him for her death. As Alo's soul has not yet achieved salvation, she wanders the family home, watching over and protecting Pupul. Aditya's stepmother, Indira, wishes for him to remarry and chooses her friend's daughter, Megha.<br />
<br />
Meanwhile, Radha, a girl from Navadeep, saves Pupul several times and stays as a guest in the house. Aditya eventually agrees to marry Megha for Pupul's sake, but the marriage is cancelled by Alo, Radha, and Pupul. Finally, under pressure from Alo, Aditya marries Radha but states he is unable to accept her as his wife, as he remains in love with Alo.<br />
<br />
The show follows Radha, Aditya, and Pupul's bond as they overcome many hurdles with help from Alo. However, aside from Alo and Radha, no one knows about Megha's ill intentions. Radha goes to Navadeep to gather evidence against Megha.<br />
<br />
There, Megha captures Radha and tries to drown her in a river, but Aditya's uncle, Ajay, stops Megha and saves Radha. Basundhara and Ajay reunite and Megha is arrested, but Indira saves her. Megha then attempts to kill Aditya by pushing him from a roof; as a result, Aditya is paralysed.<br />
<br />
Alo finally achieves salvation, and Pupul is able to see and touch her for the last time. Due to business problems, the Sen family is forced to leave their home, but Radha's childhood friend Rishi, now a lawyer, helps them regain it. Radha and Aditya confess their love for one another and reunite. However, Rishi is secretly in love with Radha; believing that Aditya killed Alo, he does not think Aditya deserves Radha. In an attempt to test Aditya's loyalty, Rishi sends a girl named Debi, who looks like Alo, to the Sen family home, with Debi claiming to be Alo. Radha discovers this and, with Debi's help, tries to identify Alo's real murderer. Megha intervenes, exposing Debi's true identity and accusing Radha and Rishi. Finally, Alo returns, saves Radha, and reveals that Megha was her murderer. Megha is arrested and Alo leaves the world for good, allowing the Sen family to live happily ever after.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
===Main===<br />
* [[Somu Sarkar]] as Radha Sen (née Bhattacharjee) – Bimal's daughter; Adi's second wife; Pupul's step-mother.<br />
* [[Swikriti Majumder]] in a dual role:<br />
** Late Alo Sen (Ghost) – Rabi's sister; Adi's first wife; Pupul's mother.<br />
** Debi – Alo's look-alike.<br />
* [[Koushik Roy]] as Aditya "Adi" Sen – Bijay's son; Indira's step-son; Raja and Nandini's half-brother; Alo's widower; Radha's husband; Pupul's father.<br />
* Rishita Nandi as Roshni "Pupul" Sen – Adi and Alo's daughter; Radha's step-daughter.<br />
* [[Ananya Das]] as Megha – Parvati's daughter; Aditya's obsessive lover; Alo and Radha's rival.<br />
<br />
===Recurring===<br />
* [[Tulika Basu]] as Indira Sen – Bijay's second wife; Raja and Nandini's mother; Aditya's step-mother; Pupul's step-grandmother; Parvati's friend.<br />
* [[Manishankar Banerjee]] as Bijay Sen – Indira's husband; Adi, Raja and Nandini's father; Pupul's grandfather.<br />
* [[Swagata Mukherjee]] as Basundhara Sen – Adi, Raja and Nandini's aunt; Indira's elder sister-in-law; Ajay's estranged wife.<br />
* [[Sumanta Mukherjee]] as Dr. Ajay Sen – Bijay's elder brother; Basundhara's estranged husband.<br />
* [[Aditya Chowdhury]] as Raja Sen – Bijay and Indira's son; Nandini's brother; Adi's half-brother.<br />
* [[Ayesha Bhattacharya]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/bengali-serial-actress-ayesha-bhattacharjee-grab-a-new-role-in-upcoming-serial-alor-kole-dgtl/cid/1473331|title=কাজ পাচ্ছিলেন না, অবসাদের কথা জানিয়েছিলেন আয়েশা, খলনায়িকা হয়ে ফিরছেন নতুন গল্পে|website=Anandabazar|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dadagiri-10-update-alor-kole-casts-will-come-to-play-with-sourav-ganguly-31701184431454.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203051820/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dadagiri-10-update-alor-kole-casts-will-come-to-play-with-sourav-ganguly-31701184431454.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 December 2023|title='এই আমার অত বয়স মোটেই নয়...' দাদাগিরিতে আলোর কোলের আয়েশাকে ধমক সৌরভের, কী হল?|website=Hindustan Times|language=bn|date=28 November 2023 }}</ref> as Rajnandini "Nandini" Sen (née Sen) – Bijay and Indira's daughter; Raja's sister; Adi's half-sister; Abhra's wife.<br />
* [[Debomoy Mukherjee]] as Abhra – Nandini's husband.<br />
* [[Subhadra Mukherjee]] as Parvati – Megha's mother; Indira's friend.<br />
* [[Sagarika Roy]] as Alo and Rabi's mother; Pupul's grandmother.<br />
* Srideep Bhattacharjee as Rabi – Alo's brother.<br />
* [[Brinda Mukherjee]] as Jenny D'Souza – Megha's friend; Sen family's ill-wisher.<br />
* [[Rishav Basu]] as Rishiraj Roy – A lawyer; Radha's senior and friend.<br />
<br />
===Guest appearance===<br />
'''"Aiburobhater Jomjomat Udjapon" special episode'''<br />
* [[Miss Jojo]] as herself<br />
* [[Rahul Dev]] as himself<br />
* Titiksha Das as Megh Roy from ''[[Icche Putul]]''<br />
* [[Shweta Mishra]] as Mayuri Roy from ''[[Icche Putul]]''<br />
* [[Manali Dey]] as Shimul Mitra from ''[[Kar Kachhe Koi Moner Kotha]]''<br />
* [[Sritama Bhattacharjee]] as Putul Banerjee from ''[[Kar Kachhe Koi Moner Kotha]]''<br />
* [[Aratrika Maity]] as Raipurna Mukherjee from ''[[Mithijhora]]''<br />
* [[Debadrita Basu]] as Nilanjana Roy from ''[[Mithijhora]]''<br />
* Kheyali Mondal as Mili Sanyal from ''[[Mili (TV series)|Mili]]''<br />
* [[Anubhav Kanjilal]] as Arjun Sanyal from ''[[Mili (TV series)|Mili]]''<br />
<br />
'''"Baishakhi Hullor" special episode'''<br />
* [[Divyani Mondal]] as Phulki Roy Chowdhury from ''[[Phulki (TV series)|Phulki]]''<br />
* [[Abhishek Bose]] as Rohit Roy Chowdhury from ''[[Phulki (TV series)|Phulki]]''<br />
* [[Pallavi Sharma]] as Alokparna Dutta from ''[[Neem Phooler Madhu]]''<br />
* [[Shweta Bhattacharya]] as Shaymoli Mallick from ''[[Kon Gopone Mon Bheseche]]''<br />
* [[Ranojoy Bishnu]] as Aniket Mallick from ''[[Kon Gopone Mon Bheseche]]''<br />
* [[Manali Dey]] as Shimul Banerjee from ''[[Kar Kachhe Koi Moner Kotha]]''<br />
* [[Basabdatta Chatterjee]] as Sucharita Basu from ''[[Kar Kachhe Koi Moner Kotha]]''<br />
* [[Aratrika Maity]] as Raipurna Mukherjee from ''[[Mithijhora]]''<br />
* [[Suman Dey (actor)|Suman Dey]] as Anirban Sen from ''[[Mithijhora]]''<br />
* [[Arunima Halder]] as Titir Banerjee from ''[[Mon Dite Chai]]''<br />
* [[Writtik Mukherjee]] as Somraj Banerjee from ''[[Mon Dite Chai]]''<br />
<br />
==Adaptations== <br />
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
!style="background:LightBlue;"|Language<br />
!style="background:LightBlue;"|Title<br />
!style="background:LightBlue;"|Original release<br />
!style="background:LightBlue;"|Network(s)<br />
!style="background:LightBlue;"|Last aired<br />
!style="background:LightBlue;"|Notes<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br />
| ''[[Yaaradi Nee Mohini (TV series)|Yaaradi Nee Mohini]]'' <br> யாரடி நீ மோகினி<br />
| 24 April 2017<br />
| [[Zee Tamil]]<br />
| 22 August 2021<br />
| Original<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kannada]]<br />
| ''[[Yaare Nee Mohini]]'' <br> ಯಾರೇ ನೀ ಮೋಹಿನಿ<br />
| 18 September 2017<br />
| [[Zee Kannada]]<br />
| 4 December 2020<br />
| rowspan="4"| Remake<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hindi]]<br />
| ''[[Main Bhi Ardhangini]]'' <br> में भी अर्धांगिनी<br />
| 21 January 2019<br />
| [[And TV]]<br />
| 1 November 2019<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hindi]]<br />
| ''[[Pyar Ka Pehla Naam: Radha Mohan]]'' <br> प्यार का पहला नाम: राधा मोहन<br />
| 2 May 2022<br />
| [[Zee TV]]<br />
| 4 September 2024<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br />
| ''Alor Kole'' <br> আলোর কোলে<br />
| 27 November 2023<br />
| [[Zee Bangla]]<br />
| 22 June 2024<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|tt30254559}}<br />
* [https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/alor-koley/0-6-4z5465744 ''Alor Kole''] at [[ZEE5]]<br />
<br />
{{Zee Bangla}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Bengali-language television programming in India]]<br />
[[Category:Zee Bangla original programming]]<br />
[[Category:2023 Indian television series debuts]]<br />
[[Category:Television shows set in Kolkata]]</div>VLSLester417456https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vani_Tripathi&diff=459967Vani Tripathi2026-02-12T03:22:21Z<p>VLSLester417456: fixed issues</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=November 2013}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Vani Tripathi<br />
<br />
|image = {{CSS image crop<br />
|Image = Prasoon Joshi, Amish Tripathi, Yatindra Mishra, Vani Tripathi at the Panel Discussion on “Is contemporary Cinema Reflecting the Literature of Our Times”, during the 48th International Film Festival of India (IFFI-2017).jpg<br />
|bSize = 1150<br />
|cWidth = 230<br />
|cHeight = 230<br />
|oTop = 140<br />
|oLeft = 675<br />
|Location=center<br />
}}<br />
| caption = Tripathi, [[International Film Festival of India|IFFI]] ([[48th International Film Festival of India|2017]])<br />
| occupation = Actor, politician<br />
| birth_name =<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1979|7|4}}{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}} <br />
| birth_place = New Delhi, India<br />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Vani Tripathi''' is former national secretary of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and an Indian actor who has acted in films like ''Chalte Chalte'' and ''Dushman''.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://gulfnews.com/news/world/india/tripathi-urges-youth-to-care-not-criticise-1.620437 | title=Tripathi urges youth to care, not criticise | website=[[Gulf News]] | date=1 May 2010 | author=Nilima Pathak | archive-date=11 November 2013 | access-date=27 January 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111214653/http://gulfnews.com/news/world/india/tripathi-urges-youth-to-care-not-criticise-1.620437 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Vani Tripathi's b'day bash|url= http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/parties/delhi/Vani-Tripathis-bday-bash/articleshow/14748961.cms|access-date=8 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Vani Tripathi's b'day bash in Delhi|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/parties/delhi/Vani-Tripathis-bday-bash-in-Delhi/articleshow/14713839.cms|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131111222537/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-07/delhi/32567170_1_b-day-bash-vani-tripathi-shoe|url-status= live|archive-date= 11 November 2013|work=The Times of India|date= 7 July 2012|access-date=7 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Chitra Subramanyam |url=http://wonderwoman.intoday.in/story/Armed+to+go/1/4376.html |title=Armed to go: Wonder Woman&nbsp;— Who are you today? |publisher=Wonderwoman.intoday.in |date=10 July 2009 |access-date=11 November 2013 |archive-date=11 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111214422/http://wonderwoman.intoday.in/story/Armed+to+go/1/4376.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
Vani's family hails from [[Uttarakhand]] and her father was a professor in [[Delhi University]]. She married [[Gurgaon]] based [[Kashmiri people|Kashmiri]] Businessman Hemant Tikoo in October 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=BJP Leader and Actress Vani Tripathi marries Kashmiri Businessman|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2013/10/bjp-leader-vani-tripathi-marries-kashmiri-businessman/|access-date=19 October 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Political career==<br />
Vani Tripathi is the former national secretary of the Bharatiya Janata Party, the ruling party of India, an actor by profession, she has been an activist bringing issues related to youth and women to the notice of various forums and has led several leadership programmes in India and abroad.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vani Tripathi at the BJP national president Nitin Gadkari's son's wedding reception, held at hotel Ashoka, New Delhi on July 02, 2012|url= http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/parties/delhi/Nitin-Gadkaris-sons-wedding-reception/articleshow/14640120.cms|access-date=7 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=TV actress Vani Tripathi poses for the shutterbugs|url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/tv/stars/Vani-Tripathi/articleshow/2770883.cms|access-date=7 July 2012}}</ref><ref>[http://movies.ndtv.com/OSCAR2010/PhotoDetail.aspx?Page=21&ID=7055 ]{{dead link|date=November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/parties/delhi/Celebs-Puneet-Felicias-wedding/articleshow/12032713.cms |title=Vani Tripathi at Puneet-Felicia's wedding in Delhi |publisher=Photogallery.indiatimes.com |access-date=11 November 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
Her campaign and outreach programmes focused on encouraging women's participation in politics. As a celebrity campaigner of the BJP, she has also managed campaigns for several candidates, especially women in various parts of India, including cities like Delhi, Mumbai, states of [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Modi's Four Favourite Women|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/glass-house/story/20121217-narendra-modi-nirmala-sitharaman-vani-tripathi-smriti-irani-meenakshi-lekhi-761023-2012-12-07|access-date=7 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=BJP demands Rajasthan Chief Minister Ashok Gehlot's resignation|date=13 November 2011 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/bjp-rajasthan-cm-ashok-gehlot-resignation-145649-2011-11-12|access-date=7 July 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Film career and education==<br />
Vani has a bachelor's degree in political science from Hindu college, Delhi university.<br />
She has worked with theatre stalwarts like [[Barry John (theatre director)|Barry John]] and Maya Rao besides [[Ebrahim Alkazi]]. She has also worked with directors including [[Mahesh Bhatt]], [[Tanuja Chandra]] and [[Kundan Shah]]. Vani has been deeply involved in theatre, films and television and has worked in projects both in India and abroad.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/12/16/stories/2006121601370200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054036/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/12/16/stories/2006121601370200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 September 2013 |title=Metro Plus Delhi / Profiles : No candy floss this time |date=16 December 2006 |work=The Hindu |access-date=11 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/parties/delhi/Shahnawaz-Hussains-Eid-party/articleshow/9819878.cms |title=Vani Tripathi, Murli Manohar Joshi during Shahnawaz Hussain Eid party celebrated at Pant Marg in Delhi |publisher=Photogallery.indiatimes.com |access-date=11 November 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
Vani also worked as an actor-teacher at the [[National School of Drama]]'s theatre in Education Company for few years situated in New Delhi. Vani Tripathi is actively involved with Madhya Pradesh School of Drama (MPSD).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Delhi-rape-case-The-incident-is-spine-chilling-says-Vani-Tripathi/articleshow/17719873.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060712/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-23/news-interviews/35969628_1_gender-equality-cultural-calendar-cultural-hub |url-status=live |archive-date=21 September 2013 |title=Delhi rape case: The incident is spine chilling, says Vani Tripathi |date=23 December 2012 |work=The Times of India |access-date=11 November 2013}}</ref> She is doing Eehsaas and Agneepath on the national network.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040418/spectrum/tv.htm |title=The Sunday Tribune&nbsp;— Spectrum&nbsp;— Television |publisher=Tribuneindia.com |date=18 April 2004 |access-date=11 November 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! Notes<br />
|-<br />
| 2006 || ''Dil Se Pooch... Kidhar Jaana Hai'' || Aliya || Hindi ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2004 || ''Inteqam: The Perfect Game'' || Vani Trapathi || Hindi ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2003 || ''[[Chalte Chalte (2003 film)|Chalte Chalte]]'' || || Hindi || Special appearance as a Friend<br />
|-<br />
| 2000 || ''[[Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani]]'' || Mini || Hindi ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1998 || ''[[Dushman (1998 film)|Dushman]]'' || Sunanada Tripathi || Hindi ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1997 || ''Nel profondo paese straniero'' || Prostituta Indiana || Hindi || <br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb name|id=1270419}}<br />
*[https://twitter.com/vanityparty Official Twitter]<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tripathi, Vani}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian actor-politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Women in Delhi politics]]<br />
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses from New Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Politicians from Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Politicians from New Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:1979 births]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]</div>VLSLester417456https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kovai_Gnani&diff=510688Kovai Gnani2026-02-07T23:40:15Z<p>VLSLester417456: created new page w/ refs.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian Marxist thinker}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Kovai Gnani <br />
| image = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption =<br />
| birth_name = K. Pazhanisamy<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1935|07|01}} <br />
| birth_place = Somannur, [[Coimbatore]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]<br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2020|07|22|1935|07|01}} <br />
| death_place = Coimbatore, [[Tamil Nadu]], India<br />
| other_names = <br />
| occupation = writer, literary critic, Marxist thinker<br />
| years_active = <br />
| known_for = <br />
| notable_works = <br />
| spouse = Indrani<br />
| children = 2<br />
| parents = Krishnaswamy<br>Mariammal<br />
| website = http://kovaignani.org/<br />
}}<br />
'''K. Pazhanisamy''' was a [[Tamil language]] writer, [[Marxism|Marxist]] thinker, literary critic and scholar from [[Tamil Nadu]], India, who wrote using the pen name '''Kovai Gnani'''. He introduced the Marxist ideology in [[Tamil literature]], in the early 1990s,<ref name="federal">{{Cite web|last=Vignessh|date=2020-07-22|title=Renowned Tamil scholar and Marxist ideologue Kovai Gnani dies|url=https://thefederal.com/states/south/tamil-nadu/renowned-tamil-scholar-and-marxist-ideologue-kovai-gnani-dies/|access-date=2022-02-06|website=The Federal|language=en-US}}</ref> and authored 28 books on literary criticism, five collections of essays, three collections of poetry, eleven anthologies and edited many books.<ref>{{Cite web|last=குருபிரசாத்,தி.விஜய்|title='தமிழ் மார்க்சியத்தைப் படைத்தவர்' - காலமானார் எழுத்தாளர் கோவை ஞானி|url=https://www.vikatan.com/news/tamilnadu/writer-kovai-gnani-passed-away-in-coimbatore|access-date=2022-02-06|website=www.vikatan.com|date=22 July 2020 |language=ta}}</ref><br />
<br />
He received several awards including Tamil Nadu government's best book award and Lifetime Achievement Award by [[The Tamil Literary Garden]].<br />
<br />
==Biography==<br />
Pazhanisamy was born in 1935, in Somannur in [[Coimbatore]], of Tamil Nadu, one of the eight children of Krishnaswamy and Mariammal.<ref name="Mathrubhumi">{{Cite web|title=കോവൈ ജ്ഞാനി വിടപറഞ്ഞത് തമിഴിന്റെ സർവവിജ്ഞാനകോശം|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/palakkad/news/article-1.4924036|access-date=2022-02-06|website=Mathrubhumi|language=en|archive-date=2020-07-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724030949/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/palakkad/news/article-1.4924036|url-status=dead}}</ref> He graduated in [[Tamil literature]] from [[Annamalai University]] and worked as a Tamil teacher in a school in Coimbatore for 30 years.<ref name="Hindu">{{Cite news|date=2020-07-22|title=Marxist thinker and Tamil writer Kovai Gnani no more|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/marxist-thinker-and-tamil-writer-kovai-gnani-no-more/article32165218.ece|access-date=2022-02-06|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In 1988, at the age of 55, he lost his sight due to [[diabetes]], but that did not stop his quest for reading and writing.<ref name="TOI"/><ref name="Hindutamil"/><br />
<br />
As a Marxist thinker, or as a person moved towards Tamil nationalism, he did not associate with any political party or movement in India.<ref name="Hindu"/> He approached Marxism only as a philosophy.<ref name="Hindu"/> Gnani opposed classical Marxism, which approached culture only economically, and argued for the need for a Marxism suitable for India (''Mannukketra Marxism'') and explained it in his writings and speeches.<ref name="federal"/><br />
<br />
He was the mentor for many modern Tamil writers and poets.<ref name="TOI">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/tamil-writer-kovai-gnani-dies/articleshow/77105382.cms|title=Tamil writer Kovai Gnani dies |access-date=2022-02-06|date=July 22, 2016|first1=Vishnu|last1=Swaroop|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> His contact with eminent Tamil scholars and his self-study, which continued for over 50 years, gave him an in-depth knowledge of ancient and modern Tamil literature. His involvement in Marxism and Tamil made him a critic of Tamil literature and contemporary Tamil society. He who made a significant role in founding the poetry movement ''Vaanampaadi'', which focuses discovering new poets, with writers like [[Sirpi Balasubramaniam]], Mehta and Bhuviyarash.<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/> As part of the Little Magazine Movement, he edited Tamil language little magazines like ''Puthia Thalaimurai'', '' Vanampadihe'' and ran magazines like ''Marxia Ayvithazh'', ''Parimanam'' and ''Nigazh''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-22|title=Kovai Gnani, renowned Tamil writer and literary critic, passes away in Coimbatore at 85|url=https://www.firstpost.com/art-and-culture/kovai-gnani-renowned-tamil-writer-and-literary-critic-passes-away-in-coimbatore-at-85-8627531.html|access-date=2022-02-06|website=Firstpost|language=en}}</ref> His books are being used as a subject of study in the Tamil departments of various universities in India.<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/><br />
<br />
===Personal life and death===<br />
Gnani and his wife Indrani had two sons.<ref name="Hindutamil"/> He died on 20 July 2020 at Coimbatore.<br />
<br />
==Partial bibliography==<br />
*{{Cite book|title=Akamum pur̲amum : Tamil̲nēyam ital̲iliruntu|date=1 January 2013|isbn=978-81-924508-7-2|edition=1|publisher=Puthupunal|location=Chennai|oclc=880374970}}<br />
*''Puthiya Thalamurai'' (Meaning: Generation)<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/><br />
*''Marxiyam Periyariam'' (Meaning: Marxism and Periyarism)<ref name="federal"/><br />
*''Marxiamum Tamil Ilakkiyamum'' (Meaning: Marxism and Tamil Literature)<ref name="TOI"/><br />
*''Tamilil Naveenathuvam Pinnaveenathuvam'' (Meaning: Modernism and Postmodernism in Tamil)<ref name="TOI"/><br />
*''Tamil Ilakkiyam Indrum Iniyum'' (Meaning:bTamil Literature: Today and Hereafter)<ref name="TOI"/><br />
*''Kadavul Yen Innum Saagavillai?'' (Meaning: Why Isn't God Dead Yet?)<ref name="TOI"/><br />
*''Kallum Mullum Kavithaigalum'' (Meaning: Stones, Thorns and Poetry)<ref name="TOI"/><br />
*''Marxiya Azhakiyal'' (Meaning: Marxist aesthetics)<ref name="Hindutamil">{{Cite web|title=எழுத்தாளர் கோவை ஞானி காலமானார்|url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/tamilnadu/565831-writer-kovai-gnani-passed-away.html|access-date=2022-02-06|website=Hindu Tamil Thisai|date=22 July 2020 |language=ta}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Awards and honors==<br />
*Tamil Nadu government's best book award 2006 (Marxiyam Periyariam)<ref name="federal"/><br />
*Pudumaipithans Vilakku Viruthu 1998<ref name="Hindutamil"/><br />
*Parithimaar Kalaignar Award for the best Tamil scholar, by the [[SRM Institute of Science and Technology|SRM University]]<ref>{{Cite web|author=M. Ramya|date=Aug 2, 2013|title=SRM University to honour eleven Tamil scholars, writers {{!}} Chennai News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/srm-university-to-honour-eleven-tamil-scholars-writers/articleshow/21560161.cms|access-date=2022-02-06|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><br />
*'Hindu Tamil Disai' Achievement Award 2019<ref name="Hindutamil"/><br />
*Lifetime Achievement Award (Iyal award) 2009 by [[The Tamil Literary Garden]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kovai Gnani, Iravatham Mahadevan honoured|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2010/jul/05/kovai-gnani-iravatham-mahadevan-honoured-167215.html|access-date=2022-02-06|website=The New Indian Express|date=16 May 2012 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gnani, Kovai}}<br />
[[Category:1935 births]]<br />
[[Category:2020 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Marxist theorists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Marxist writers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Marxists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male writers]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian essayists]]<br />
[[Category:Poets from Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Tamil writers]]<br />
[[Category:Annamalai University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Tamil people]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]<br />
[[Category:Indian literary critics]]<br />
[[Category:People from Coimbatore district]]</div>VLSLester417456https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hotchand_Gopaldas_Advani&diff=503129Hotchand Gopaldas Advani2026-02-07T22:53:09Z<p>VLSLester417456: created a details w/ refs</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian lawyer and educationist}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Hotchand Gopaldas Advani<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| image = <br />
| image_size = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| alma_mater = [[King's College London]]<br />
| other_names = <br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1907|04|22}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad, Sindh]], [[British India|India]]<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1991|5|09|1907|4|22}}<br />
| death_place = <br />
| resting_place = <br />
| resting_place_coordinates = <br />
| spouse = Savitri Hotchand Advani<br />
| children = 3<br />
| parents = <br />
| works = Founded 20 colleges and 8 Institutions<br />
| occupation = {{hlist|Lawyer|educationist|businessman}}<br />
| title = <br />
* President of [[Hyderabad (Sind) National Collegiate Board]],<br />
* Chairman of the Sindhu Resettlement Corporation, [[Gandhidham]]<br />
| website = <br />
| signature = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Hotchand Gopaldas Advani''' (22 April 1907 - 9 May 1991) was an Indian lawyer, educationist, social reformist and a businessman. He was one of the founders of [[Kishinchand Chellaram College|K.C. College]], [[K C Law College, Mumbai|K.C. Law College]] and Jai Hind Cooperative Bank of India. He served as founding president of [[Hyderabad (Sind) National Collegiate Board|Hyderabad (Sindh) National Collegiate Board]], and chairman of the Sindhu Resettlement Corporation Gandhidham, India.<br />
<br />
== Early life and career ==<br />
Hotchand Advani was born on 22 April 1907 in [[Hyderabad, Sindh]], [[British India]] (now [[Pakistan]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=(Late) Barrister Hotchand Gopaldas Advani {{!}} Sindhi Sangat |url=https://www.sindhisangat.com/(late)barrister_advani.php |access-date=4 June 2022 |website=www.sindhisangat.com}}</ref> His father Gopaldas Jhatmal Advani was a notable lawyer of [[Sindh]]. He got early education in Hyderabad and graduated from [[King's College London]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Founding Fathers |url=https://hsncb.com/founding-fathers/ |access-date=12 May 2022 |website=HSNCB |language=en-US |archive-date=20 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520232226/https://hsncb.com/founding-fathers/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
He served as a Municipal Councillor of Hyderabad and the President, Hyderabad Bar Association. He was the legal advisor of Hyderabad Municipality, Hyderabad District Local Board, and many other institutions of name and fame. He was also director and member of many banks, institutions, clubs and societies of Sindh.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Abbasi |first=M.U. |title=The Colourful Personalities of Sind and the Sind Year Book |publisher=The Abbasi Publications |year=1944 |edition=First |location=Saddar, Karachi. |pages=117 |language=English}}</ref><br />
<br />
During the partition of [[British India]] in 1947, he moved to [[Pune]] [[India]] and continued his career as a [[Barrister]]. Like his father, he proved himself as one of the leading reputable lawyers of India.<br />
<br />
== Contributions ==<br />
Advani was not only a leading lawyer of his time but a great [[educationalist]] as well. For the promotion of education, he and his father founded a trust called [[Hyderabad (Sind) National Collegiate Board|Hyderabad (Sindh) National Collegiate Board]] in 1921.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hyderabad (Sind) National Collegiate Board |url=https://hsncb.com/hyderabad-sind-national-collegiate-board/ |access-date=12 May 2022 |website=HSNCB |language=en-US |archive-date=21 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521001840/https://hsncb.com/hyderabad-sind-national-collegiate-board/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> After partition of India, he moved the trust to India in 1949 which was recognised by the [[Maharashtra State]] Government as linguistic ([[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]) minority educational institution. He served as the founding president of this trust in India. On the platform of this trust, Hotachand Advani and [[K.M. Kundnani|Principal K.M. Kundnani]] opened [[R. D. National College|R.D. National College Bandra]] Mumbai in 1949. They opened second college - the [[Kishinchand Chellaram College]] (K.C. College) in 1954. Slowly but steadily, they founded a chain of twenty colleges and eight institutions – opening doors for so many young people to jobs, to education and training in various fields.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sindhishaan - K M Kundnani |url=http://www.sindhishaan.com/article/personalities/pers_03_04a.html |access-date=12 May 2022 |website=www.sindhishaan.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
Advani worked with many social and educational trusts and foundations. He served as a Vice-Chairman of the Watumal Foundation. This trust established the Watumal Senatorium in Mumbai for the treatment of tuberculosis patients. He also served as Chairman of the Saint Miran College Education Board ([[Pune]]), president of Jai Hind College Board, Chairman of the Sindhu Resettlement Corporation Gandhidham, and chairman of the Board of Daily Hindustan.<ref name=":0">Dr Asha, Dayal (8 May 2022). "تعليمدان ۽ قابل قانوني ماھر بئريسٽر دادا ھوتچند آڏواڻي (Educationist and renowned Lawyer Barrister Dada Hotchand Advani)". ''Weekly Hindvasi''. May 2022: 5. Retrieved on 11 May 2022.</ref> He launched Sindhi language newspaper Hindustan and weekly Sindhi magazine Hindvasi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=هوتچند آڏواڻي : (Sindhiana سنڌيانا) |url=http://www.encyclopediasindhiana.org/article.php?Dflt=هوتچند%20آڏواڻي |access-date=12 May 2022 |website=www.encyclopediasindhiana.org |language=sd}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Personal ==<br />
Hotchand Advani was married to Savitri Hotchand Advani (5 April 1914 - 25 July 2016). He had three sons Rajkumar Hotchand Advani, Ashok Hotchand Advani and Hiroo Hotchand Advani.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 July 2016 |title=Mrs. Savitri Hotchand Advani |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/mrs-savitri-hotchand-advani/articleshow/53382306.cms |access-date=12 May 2022 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Death ==<br />
Hotchand Gopaldas Advani died on 9 May 1991.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1907 births]]<br />
[[Category:1991 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]<br />
[[Category:Alumni of King's College London]]<br />
[[Category:People from Hyderabad, Sindh]]<br />
[[Category:People from Hyderabad District, Pakistan]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Sindhi people]]</div>VLSLester417456https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hockey_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament&diff=464276Hockey at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Women's tournament2026-02-04T23:32:08Z<p>VLSLester417456: typo fix</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|None}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox field hockey<br />
| tournament = 2010 Commonwealth Games–Women's hockey<br />
| other_titles = <br />
| image = <br />
| size = <br />
| caption = <br />
| country = India<br />
| city = [[New Delhi]]<br />
| dates = 4–13 October<br />
| venues = [[Dhyan Chand National Stadium]]<br />
| teams = 10<br />
| champions = {{fhw|Australia}}<br />
| count = 3<br />
| second = {{fhw|New Zealand}}<br />
| third = {{fhw|England}}<br />
| matches = 27<br />
| goals = 117<br />
| top_scorer = {{flagicon|South Africa}} [[Pietie Coetzee]]<br />
| top_scorer_goals = 6<br />
| best_player = <br />
| previous_year = 2006<br />
| previous_tournament = Hockey at the 2006 Commonwealth Games – Women's tournament<br />
| next_year = 2014<br />
| next_tournament = Hockey at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's tournament<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{HockeyAt2010CommonwealthGames}}<br />
<br />
The Women's [[field hockey]] event for the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]] was held at the [[Dhyan Chand National Stadium]] from 4–13 October 2010.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.fihockey.org/vsite/vcontent/content/news/0,10869,1181-144740-161956-5331-307539-news-item,00.html|title=Hockey schedule for Commonwealth Games released|date=2010-05-21|accessdate=2010-05-25}}</ref> The Gold medal was won by [[Australia women's national field hockey team|Australia]], who defeated [[New Zealand women's national field hockey team|New Zealand]] 4–2 on penalty strokes after the match had finished 2–2. [[England women's national field hockey team|England]] won the bronze medal by defeating [[South Africa women's national field hockey team|South Africa]] 1–0.<br />
<br />
==Umpires==<br />
Twelve umpires for the women's event were appointed by the [[International Hockey Federation]].<ref name="officials">{{cite news|url=http://www.worldhockey.org/vsite/vfile/page/fileurl/0,11040,1181-199152-216375-157446-0-file,00.pdf |title=FIH Outdoor Appointments - 2010 |date=2010-07-01 |accessdate=2010-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091117053833/http://www.worldhockey.org/vsite/vfile/page/fileurl/0%2C11040%2C1181-199152-216375-157446-0-file%2C00.pdf |archive-date=2009-11-17 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
{{div col|colwidth=}}<br />
*Gillian Batey (CAN)<br />
*Irene Clelland (SCO)<br />
*Frances Block (ENG)<br />
*Elena Eskina (RUS)<br />
*Nor Piza Hassan (MAS)<br />
*Kelly Hudson (NZL)<br />
*Michelle Joubert (RSA)<br />
*Irene Presenqui (ARG)<br />
*Anupama Puchimanda (IND)<br />
*Chieko Soma (JPN)<br />
*Melissa Trivic (AUS)<br />
*Dino Willox (WAL)<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
==Results==<br />
<br />
===Preliminary round===<br />
<br />
====Pool A====<br />
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL<br />
|update=Complete<br />
|source=[https://thecgf.com/results/games/3046/event/1822 The CGF]<br />
<br />
<!--Update team positions here--><br />
|team1=AUS |team2=RSA |team3=IND |team4=SCO |team5=TTO<br />
<br />
<!--Update team results here and then (if needed positions above). Don't forget to update the date above (update parameter)--><br />
|win_AUS=3 |draw_AUS=1 |loss_AUS=0 |gf_AUS=19 |ga_AUS=4<br />
|win_IND=2 |draw_IND=1 |loss_IND=1 |gf_IND=12 |ga_IND=4<br />
|win_TTO=0 |draw_TTO=0 |loss_TTO=4 |gf_TTO=1 |ga_TTO=36<br />
|win_RSA=2 |draw_RSA=1 |loss_RSA=1 |gf_RSA=16 |ga_RSA=5<br />
|win_SCO=1 |draw_SCO=1 |loss_SCO=2 |gf_SCO=10 |ga_SCO=9<br />
<br />
|name_AUS={{fhw|AUS}}<br />
|name_SCO={{fhw|SCO}}<br />
|name_RSA={{fhw|RSA}}<br />
|name_IND={{fhw|IND}}<br />
|name_TTO={{fhw|TTO}}<br />
<br />
<!--Table settings and rules--><br />
|class_rules = 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) goals scored; 4) head-to-head result.<br />
<br />
|result1=SF |result2=SF<br />
<br />
|res_col_header=Q<br />
|col_SF=green1 |text_SF=[[#First to fourth place classification|Semi-finals]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{fieldhockeybox|date=4 October 2010 |time=13:00 |team1={{fhw-rt|South Africa}} |score=12–0 |team2={{fhw|Trinidad and Tobago}} |report=[http://d2010results.thecgf.com/en/Root.mvc/GetPdf/HOW400A01_C73A_5.0.PDF Report] |goals1=[[Pietie Coetzee|Coetzee]] {{fhgoal|PC|2|PC|10|FG|26|FG|63}}<br />[[Lesle-Ann George|George]] {{fhgoal|FG|39}}<br />[[Jennifer Wilson (field hockey)|Wilson]] {{fhgoal|FG|42|FG|47}}<br />[[Dirkie Chamberlain|Chamberlain]] {{fhgoal|PC|43|FG|68|FG|70}}<br />[[Kathleen Taylor (field hockey)|Taylor]] {{fhgoal|FG|44}}<br />[[Farah Fredericks|Fredericks]] {{fhgoal|FG|62}} |goals2= |umpires=Irene Clelland (SCO)<br />Gillian Batey (CAN)}}<br />
<br />
{{fieldhockeybox|date=4 October 2010 |time=18:00 |team1={{fhw-rt|India}} |score=1–1 |team2={{fhw|Scotland}} |report=[http://d2010results.thecgf.com/en/Root.mvc/GetPdf/HOW400A02_C73A_2.0.PDF Report] |goals1=[[Jasjeet Kaur Handa|Handa]] {{fhgoal|FG|45}} |goals2=[[Holly Cram|Cram]] {{fhgoal|FG|3}} |umpires=Michelle Joubert (RSA)<br />Chieko Soma (JPN)}}<br />
----<br />
{{fieldhockeybox|date=5 October 2010 |time=13:00 |team1={{fhw-rt|Australia}} |score=11–0 |team2={{fhw|Trinidad and Tobago}} |report=[http://d2010results.thecgf.com/en/Root.mvc/GetPdf/HOW400A03_C73A_1.0.PDF Report] |goals1=[[Casey Eastham|Eastham]] {{fhgoal|PS|14}}<br />[[Emily Hurtz|Hurtz]] {{fhgoal|FG|19|FG|48|FG|63}}<br />[[Madonna Blyth|Blyth]] {{fhgoal|PC|27}}<br />[[Shelly Liddelow|Liddelow]] {{fhgoal|FG|30}}<br />[[Nicole Arrold|Arrold]] {{fhgoal|PC|37}}<br />[[Megan Rivers|Rivers]] {{fhgoal|FG|41|FG|46}}<br />[[Jayde Taylor|Taylor]] {{fhgoal|FG|50}}<br />[[Ashleigh Nelson (field hockey)|Nelson]] {{fhgoal|PC|60}} |goals2= |umpires=Elena Eskina (RUS)<br />Anupama Puchimanda (IND)}}<br />
<br />
{{fieldhockeybox|date=5 October 2010 |time=21:00 |team1={{fhw-rt|South Africa}} |score=2–1 |team2={{fhw|Scotland}} |report=[http://d2010results.thecgf.com/en/Root.mvc/GetPdf/HOW400A04_C73A_1.0.PDF Report] |goals1=[[Kelly Madsen|Madsen]] {{fhgoal|FG|19}}<br />[[Pietie Coetzee|Coetzee]] {{fhgoal|PC|42}} |goals2=[[Alison Bell (field hockey)|Bell]] {{fhgoal|PC|49}} |umpires=Chieko Soma (JPN)<br />Frances Block (ENG)}}<br />
----<br />
{{fieldhockeybox|date=6 October 2010 |time=13:30 |team1={{fhw-rt|Australia}} |score=2–1 |team2={{fhw|India}} |report=[http://d2010results.thecgf.com/en/Root.mvc/GetPdf/HOW400A05_C73A_1.0.PDF Report] |goals1=[[Shelly Liddelow|Liddelow]] {{fhgoal|FG|11}}<br />[[Megan Rivers|Rivers]] {{fhgoal|FG|59}} |goals2=[[Rani Rampal|Rampal]] {{fhgoal|FG|69}} |umpires=Kelly Hudson (NZL)<br />Frances Block (ENG)}}<br />
----<br />
{{fieldhockeybox|date=7 October 2010 |time=11:00 |team1={{fhw-rt|Scotland}} |score=6–1 |team2={{fhw|Trinidad and Tobago}} |report=[http://d2010results.thecgf.com/en/Root.mvc/GetPdf/HOW400A06_C73A_1.0.PDF Report] |goals1=[[Linda Clement|Clement]] {{fhgoal|FG|4}}<br />[[Nikki Kidd|Kidd]] {{fhgoal|PC|16|PC|41}}<br />[[Alison Bell (field hockey)|Bell]] {{fhgoal|FG|45|FG|50}}<br />[[Holly Cram|Cram]] {{fhgoal|FG|67}} |goals2=[[Charlene Williams|Williams]] {{fhgoal|FG|69}} |umpires=Nor Piza Hassan (MAS)<br />Dino Willox (WAL)}}<br />
----<br />
{{fieldhockeybox|date=8 October 2010 |time=08:30 |team1={{fhw-rt|Australia}} |score=1–1 |team2={{fhw|South Africa}} |report=[http://d2010results.thecgf.com/en/Root.mvc/GetPdf/HOW400A07_C73A_1.0.PDF Report] |goals1=[[Emily Hurtz|Hurtz]] {{fhgoal|FG|8}} |goals2=[[Sulette Damons|Damons]] {{fhgoal|FG|31}} |umpires=Chieko Soma (JPN)<br />Frances Block (ENG)}}<br />
<br />
{{fieldhockeybox|date=8 October 2010 |time=10:30 |team1={{fhw-rt|India}} |score=7–0 |team2={{fhw|Trinidad and Tobago}} |report=[http://d2010results.thecgf.com/en/Root.mvc/GetPdf/HOW400A08_C73A_1.0.PDF Report] |goals1=[[Surinder Kaur (field hockey)|S. Kaur]] {{fhgoal|FG|8|PC|30|FG|37|PC|54}}<br />[[Ritu Rani|Rani]] {{fhgoal|FG|14}}<br />[[Rani Rampal|Rampal]] {{fhgoal|FG|34}}<br />[[Jasjeet Kaur Handa|Handa]] {{fhgoal|PC|68}} |goals2= |umpires=Gillian Batey (CAN)<br />Nor Piza Hassan (MAS)}}<br />
----<br />
{{fieldhockeybox|date=9 October 2010 |time=13:30 |team1={{fhw-rt|Australia}} |score=5–2 |team2={{fhw|Scotland}} |report=[http://d2010results.thecgf.com/en/Root.mvc/GetPdf/HOW400A09_C73A_1.0.PDF Report] |goals1=[[Kate Hollywood|Hollywood]] {{fhgoal|FG|3}}<br />[[Megan Rivers|Rivers]] {{fhgoal|FG|12}}<br />[[Nicole Arrold|Arrold]] {{fhgoal|PC|30|PC|56}}<br />[[Ashleigh Nelson (field hockey)|Nelson]] {{fhgoal|FG|43}} |goals2=[[Samantha Judge|Judge]] {{fhgoal|FG|50}}<br />[[Ailsa Robertson|Robertson]] {{fhgoal|PC|54}} |umpires=Chieko Soma (JPN)<br />Nor Piza Hassan (MAS)}}<br />
<br />
{{fieldhockeybox|date=9 October 2010 |time=21:00 |team1={{fhw-rt|South Africa}} |score=1–3 |team2={{fhw|India}} |report=[http://d2010results.thecgf.com/en/Root.mvc/GetPdf/HOW400A10_C73A_1.0.PDF Report] |goals1=[[Pietie Coetzee|Coetzee]] {{fhgoal|PC|45}} |goals2=[[Deepika Thakur|Thakur]] {{fhgoal|PC|11|PC|21}}<br />[[Surinder Kaur (field hockey)|S. Kaur]] {{fhgoal|FG|35}} |umpires=Elena Eskina (RUS)<br />Irene Presenqui (ARG)}}<br />
<br />
==== Pool B ====<br />
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL<br />
|update=Complete<br />
|source=[https://thecgf.com/results/games/3046/event/1822 The CGF]<br />
<br />
<!--Update team positions here--><br />
|team1=NZL |team2=ENG |team3=CAN |team4=WAL |team5=MAS<br />
<br />
<!--Update team results here and then (if needed positions above). Don't forget to update the date above (update parameter)--><br />
|win_NZL=4 |draw_NZL=0 |loss_NZL=0 |gf_NZL=17 |ga_NZL=3<br />
|win_ENG=3 |draw_ENG=0 |loss_ENG=1 |gf_ENG=12 |ga_ENG=6<br />
|win_CAN=1 |draw_CAN=0 |loss_CAN=3 |gf_CAN=6 |ga_CAN=11<br />
|win_WAL=1 |draw_WAL=0 |loss_WAL=3 |gf_WAL=5 |ga_WAL=12<br />
|win_MAS=1 |draw_MAS=0 |loss_MAS=3 |gf_MAS=4 |ga_MAS=12<br />
<br />
|name_NZL={{fhw|NZL}}<br />
|name_ENG={{fhw|ENG}}<br />
|name_CAN={{fhw|CAN}}<br />
|name_WAL={{fhw|WAL}}<br />
|name_MAS={{fhw|MAS}}<br />
<br />
<!--Table settings and rules--><br />
|class_rules = 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) goals scored; 4) head-to-head result.<br />
<br />
|result1=SF |result2=SF<br />
<br />
|res_col_header=Q<br />
|col_SF=green1 |text_SF=[[#First to fourth place classification|Semi-finals]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{fieldhockeybox|date=4 October 2010 |time=10:30 |team1={{fhw-rt|New Zealand}} |score=5–1 |team2={{fhw|Wales}} |report=[http://d2010results.thecgf.com/en/Root.mvc/GetPdf/HOW400B01_C73A_3.0.PDF Report] |goals1=[[Katie Glynn|Glynn]] {{fhgoal|PC|18}}<br />[[Gemma Flynn|Flynn]] {{fhgoal|FG|37}}<br />[[Anna Thorpe|Thorpe]] {{fhgoal|PC|51|PC|59}}<br />[[Clarissa Eshuis|Eshuis]] {{fhgoal|PC|68}} |goals2=[[Abigail Welsford|Welsford]] {{fhgoal|PC|33}} |umpires=Irene Presenqui (ARG)<br />Elena Eskina (RUS)}}<br />
<br />
{{fieldhockeybox|date=4 October 2010 |time=16:00 |team1={{fhw-rt|Canada}} |score=2–3 |team2={{fhw|Malaysia}} |report=[http://d2010results.thecgf.com/en/Root.mvc/GetPdf/HOW400B02_C73A_3.0.PDF Report] |goals1=[[Diana Roemer|Roemer]] {{fhgoal|PS|56}}<br />[[Anna Kozniuk|Kozniuk]] {{fhgoal|FG|59}} |goals2=[[Norbaini Hashim|Norbaini]] {{fhgoal|FG|18|FG|56}}<br />[[Norfaraha Hashim|Norfaraha]] {{fhgoal|PC|49}} |umpires=Kelly Hudson (NZL)<br />Melissa Trivic (AUS)}}<br />
----<br />
{{fieldhockeybox|date=5 October 2010 |time=08:30 |team1={{fhw-rt|England}} |score=4–1 |team2={{fhw|Wales}} |goals1=[[Crista Cullen|Cullen]] {{fhgoal|PC|10|PC|20|PC|41}}<br />[[Charlotte Craddock|Craddock]] {{fhgoal|FG|49}} |report=[http://d2010results.thecgf.com/en/Root.mvc/GetPdf/HOW400B03_C73A_1.0.PDF Report] |goals2=[[Sarah Thomas (field hockey)|Thomas]] {{fhgoal|FG|69}} |umpires=Irene Presenqui (ARG)<br />Nor Piza Hassan (MAS)}}<br />
<br />
{{fieldhockeybox|date=5 October 2010 |time=16:00 |team1={{fhw-rt|New Zealand}} |score=5–0 |team2={{fhw|Malaysia}} |report=[http://d2010results.thecgf.com/en/Root.mvc/GetPdf/HOW400B04_C73A_1.0.PDF Report] |goals1=[[Anita Punt|Punt]] {{fhgoal|FG|33}}<br />[[Kayla Sharland|Sharland]] {{fhgoal|PC|35+}}<br />[[Anna Thorpe|Thorpe]] {{fhgoal|FG|42}}<br />[[Charlotte Harrison|C. Harrison]] {{fhgoal|FG|45}}<br />[[Samantha Harrison|S. Harrison]] {{fhgoal|FG|60}} |goals2= |umpires=Michelle Joubert (RSA)<br />Dino Willox (WAL)}}<br />
----<br />
{{fieldhockeybox|date=6 October 2010 |time=11:00 |team1={{fhw-rt|England}} |score=4–1 |team2={{fhw|Canada}} |report=[http://d2010results.thecgf.com/en/Root.mvc/GetPdf/HOW400B05_C73A_1.0.PDF Report] |goals1=[[Chloe Rogers|Rogers]] {{fhgoal|PC|19}}<br />[[Alex Danson|Danson]] {{fhgoal|FG|39}}<br />[[Charlotte Craddock|Craddock]] {{fhgoal|FG|48}}<br />[[Crista Cullen|Cullen]] {{fhgoal|PC|68}} |goals2=[[Diana Roemer|Roemer]] {{fhgoal|PS|4}} |umpires=Irene Clelland (SCO)<br />Melissa Trivic (AUS)}}<br />
----<br />
{{fieldhockeybox|date=7 October 2010 |time=13:00 |team1={{fhw-rt|Malaysia}} |score=1–2 |team2={{fhw|Wales}} |goals1=[[Nadia Abdul Rahman|Nadia]] {{fhgoal|PC|39}} |report=[http://d2010results.thecgf.com/en/Root.mvc/GetPdf/HOW400B06_C73A_1.0.PDF Report] |goals2=[[Leah Wilkinson|Wilkinson]] {{fhgoal|PS|24}}<br />[[Claire Lowry|Lowry]] {{fhgoal|PC|56}} |umpires=Gillian Batey (CAN)<br />Anupama Puchimanda (IND)}}<br />
----<br />
{{fieldhockeybox|date=8 October 2010 |time=13:30 |team1={{fhw-rt|England}} |score=1–4 |team2={{fhw|New Zealand}} |report=[http://d2010results.thecgf.com/en/Root.mvc/GetPdf/HOW400B07_C73A_1.0.PDF Report] |goals1=[[Ashleigh Ball (field hockey)|Ball]] {{fhgoal|FG|14}} |goals2=[[Samantha Harrison|S. Harrison]] {{fhgoal|FG|25}}<br />[[Katie Glynn|Glynn]] {{fhgoal|FG|35|FG|51|FG|54}} |umpires=Michelle Joubert (RSA)<br />Irene Presenqui (ARG)}}<br />
<br />
{{fieldhockeybox|date=8 October 2010 |time=18:30 |team1={{fhw-rt|Canada}} |score=2–1 |team2={{fhw|Wales}} |report=[http://d2010results.thecgf.com/en/Root.mvc/GetPdf/HOW400B08_C73A_1.0.PDF Report] |goals1=[[Katie Baker|Baker]] {{fhgoal|FG|68}}<br />[[Robyn Pendleton|Pendleton]] {{fhgoal|FG|70}} |goals2=[[Emma Batten|Batten]] {{fhgoal|FG|30}} |umpires=Kelly Hudson (NZL)<br />Melissa Trivic (AUS)}}<br />
----<br />
{{fieldhockeybox|date=9 October 2010 |time=14:00 |team1={{fhw-rt|England}} |score=3–0 |team2={{fhw|Malaysia}} |goals1=[[Nicola White|White]] {{fhgoal|FG|33}}<br />[[Alex Danson|Danson]] {{fhgoal|FG|40}}<br />[[Georgie Twigg|Twigg]] {{fhgoal|PC|46}} |report=[http://d2010results.thecgf.com/en/Root.mvc/GetPdf/HOW400B09_C73A_1.0.PDF Report] |goals2= |umpires=Irene Clelland (SCO)<br />Michelle Joubert (RSA)}}<br />
<br />
{{fieldhockeybox|date=9 October 2010 |time=16:30 |team1={{fhw-rt|New Zealand}} |score=3–1 |team2={{fhw|Canada}} |report=[http://d2010results.thecgf.com/en/Root.mvc/GetPdf/HOW400B10_C73A_1.0.PDF Report] |goals1=[[Krystal Forgesson|Forgesson]] {{fhgoal|FG|36}}<br />[[Stacey Michelsen|Michelsen]] {{fhgoal|FG|47}}<br />[[Clarissa Eshuis|Eshuis]] {{fhgoal|PS|69}} |goals2=[[Robyn Pendleton|Pendleton]] {{fhgoal|FG|41}} |umpires=Frances Block (ENG)<br />Dino Willox (WAL)}}<br />
<br />
===Fifth to tenth place classification===<br />
<br />
====Ninth and tenth place====<br />
{{fieldhockeybox|date=11 October 2010 |time=08:30 |team1={{fhw-rt|Trinidad and Tobago}} |score=2–1 |team2={{fhw|Malaysia}} |report=[http://d2010results.thecgf.com/en/Root.mvc/GetPdf/HOW400105_C73A_1.0.PDF Report] |goals1=[[Blair Wynne|Wynne]] {{fhgoal|PC|48}}<br />[[Stacey-Ann Siu Butt|Siu Butt]] {{fhgoal|FG|69}} |goals2=[[Fazilla Sylvester Silin|Sylvester Silin]] {{fhgoal|FG|57}} |umpires=Anupama Puchimanda (IND)<br />Dino Willox (WAL)}}<br />
<br />
====Seventh and eighth place====<br />
{{fieldhockeybox|date=11 October 2010 |time=20:00 |team1={{fhw-rt|Scotland}} |score=1–1 |team2={{fhw|Wales}} |report=[http://d2010results.thecgf.com/en/Root.mvc/GetPdf/HOW400104_C73A_2.0.PDF Report] |goals1=[[Ailsa Robertson|Robertson]] {{fhgoal|FG|6}} |goals2=[[Sarah Thomas (field hockey)|Thomas]] {{fhgoal|PC|9}} |umpires=Nor Piza Hassan (MAS)<br />Melissa Trivic (AUS) |penalties1=[[Kareena Marshall|Marshall]] {{fhps|g}}<br />[[Vikki Bunce|Bunce]] {{fhps|g}}<br />[[Catriona Forrest|Forrest]] {{fhps|g}} |penaltyscore=3–1 |penalties2={{fhps|g}} [[Leah Wilkinson|Wilkinson]]<br />{{fhps|m}} [[Dawn Mitchell (field hockey)|Mitchell]]<br />{{fhps|m}} [[Claire Lowry|Lowry]]<br />{{fhps|m}} [[Abigail Welsford|Welsford]]}}<br />
<br />
====Fifth and sixth place====<br />
{{fieldhockeybox|date=11 October 2010 |time=13:30 |team1={{fhw-rt|India}} |score=3–0 |team2={{fhw|Canada}} |report=[http://d2010results.thecgf.com/en/Root.mvc/GetPdf/HOW400103_C73A_2.0.PDF Report] |goals1=[[Ritu Rani|Rani]] {{fhgoal|FG|18}}<br />[[Chanchan Devi Thokchom|Thokchom]] {{fhgoal|FG|66}}<br />[[Saba Anjum|Anjum]] {{fhgoal|FG|70}} |goals2= |umpires=Kelly Hudson (NZL)<br />Irene Clelland (SCO)}}<br />
<br />
===First to fourth place classification===<br />
{{Round4-with third<br />
<!--Date-Place/Team 1/Score 1/Team 2/Score 2 --><br />
<!-- semi finals --><br />
|11 October 2010|'''{{fhw|Australia}}'''|'''1'''|{{fhw|England}}|0<br />
|11 October 2010|'''{{fhw|New Zealand}}'''|'''1'''|{{fhw|South Africa}}|0<br />
<!--final --><br />
|13 October 2010|{{fhw|Australia}}|'''2 (4)'''|{{fhw|New Zealand}}|2 (2)<br />
<!--third place --><br />
|13 October 2010|'''{{fhw|England}}'''|'''1'''|{{fhw|South Africa}}|0<br />
}}<br />
<br />
====Semifinals====<br />
{{fieldhockeybox|date=11 October 2010 |time=11:00 |team1={{fhw-rt|Australia}} |score=1–0 |team2={{fhw|England}} |report=[http://d2010results.thecgf.com/en/Root.mvc/GetPdf/HOW400201_C73A_1.0.PDF Report] |goals1=[[Madonna Blyth|Blyth]] {{fhgoal|PC|38}} |goals2= |umpires=Michelle Joubert (RSA)<br />Chieko Soma (JPN)}}<br />
----<br />
{{fieldhockeybox|date=11 October 2010 |time=17:30 |team1={{fhw-rt|New Zealand}} |score=1–0 |team2={{fhw|South Africa}} |report=[http://d2010results.thecgf.com/en/Root.mvc/GetPdf/HOW400202_C73A_1.0.PDF Report] |goals1=[[Clarissa Eshuis|Eshuis]] {{fhgoal|PC|53}} |goals2= |umpires=Irene Presenqui (ARG)<br />Elena Eskina (RUS)}}<br />
<br />
====Bronze medal match====<br />
{{fieldhockeybox|date=13 October 2010 |time=10:30 |team1={{fhw-rt|England}} |score=1–0 |team2={{fhw|South Africa}} |report=[http://d2010results.thecgf.com/en/Root.mvc/GetPdf/HOW400102_C73A_1.0.PDF Report] |goals1=[[Georgie Twigg|Twigg]] {{fhgoal|FG|13}} |goals2= |umpires=Irene Presenqui (ARG)<br />Elena Eskina (RUS)}}<br />
<br />
====Gold medal match====<br />
{{fieldhockeybox|date=13 October 2010 |time=13:00 |team1={{fhw-rt|Australia}} |score=2–2 |aet=yes |team2={{fhw|New Zealand}} |report=[http://d2010results.thecgf.com/en/Root.mvc/GetPdf/HOW400101_C73A_1.0.PDF Report] |goals1=[[Nicole Arrold|Arrold]] {{fhgoal|PC|9}}<br />[[Ashleigh Nelson (field hockey)|Nelson]] {{fhgoal|PC|59}} |goals2=[[Samantha Harrison|S. Harrison]] {{fhgoal|PC|48}}<br />[[Clarissa Eshuis|Eshuis]] {{fhgoal|PC|70}} |umpires=Chieko Soma (JPN)<br />Frances Block (ENG) |penalties1=[[Ashleigh Nelson (field hockey)|Nelson]] {{fhps|g}}<br />[[Megan Rivers|Rivers]] {{fhps|g}}<br />[[Madonna Blyth|Blyth]] {{fhps|m}}<br />[[Casey Eastham|Eastham]] {{fhps|g}}<br />[[Nicole Arrold|Arrold]] {{fhps|g}} |penaltyscore=4–2 |penalties2={{fhps|m}} [[Katie Glynn|Glynn]]<br />{{fhps|m}} [[Krystal Forgesson|Forgesson]]<br />{{fhps|g}} [[Stacey Michelsen|Michelsen]]<br />{{fhps|g}} [[Kayla Sharland|Sharland]]}}<br />
<br />
==Statistics==<br />
===Goalscorers===<br />
;6 Goals<br />
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}<br />
*{{flagicon|RSA}} [[Pietie Coetzee]]<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
;5 Goals<br />
*{{flagicon|IND}} [[Surinder Kaur (field hockey)|Surinder Kaur]]<br />
<br />
;4 Goals<br />
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}<br />
*{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Nicole Arrold]]<br />
*{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Emily Hurtz]]<br />
*{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Megan Rivers]]<br />
*{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Crista Cullen]]<br />
*{{flagicon|NZL}} [[Clarissa Eshuis]]<br />
*{{flagicon|NZL}} [[Katie Glynn]]<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
;3 Goals<br />
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}<br />
*{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Ashleigh Nelson (field hockey)|Ashleigh Nelson]]<br />
*{{flagicon|NZL}} [[Samantha Harrison]]<br />
*{{flagicon|NZL}} [[Anna Thorpe]]<br />
*{{flagicon|SCO}} [[Alison Bell (field hockey)|Alison Bell]]<br />
*{{flagicon|RSA}} [[Dirkie Chamberlain]]<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
;2 Goals<br />
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}<br />
*{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Madonna Blyth]]<br />
*{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Shelly Liddelow]]<br />
*{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Robyn Pendleton]]<br />
*{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Diana Roemer]]<br />
*{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Charlotte Craddock]]<br />
*{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Alex Danson]]<br />
*{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Georgie Twigg]]<br />
*{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jasjeet Kaur Handa]]<br />
*{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rani Rampal]]<br />
*{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ritu Rani]]<br />
*{{flagicon|IND}} [[Deepika Thakur]]<br />
*{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Norbaini Hashim]]<br />
*{{flagicon|SCO}} [[Holly Cram]]<br />
*{{flagicon|SCO}} [[Nikki Kidd]]<br />
*{{flagicon|SCO}} [[Ailsa Robertson]]<br />
*{{flagicon|RSA}} [[Jennifer Wilson (field hockey)|Jennifer Wilson]]<br />
*{{flagicon|WAL}} [[Sarah Thomas (field hockey)|Sarah Thomas]]<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
;1 Goal<br />
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}<br />
*{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Casey Eastham]]<br />
*{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Kate Hollywood]]<br />
*{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Jayde Taylor]]<br />
*{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Katie Baker]]<br />
*{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Anna Kozniuk]]<br />
*{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Chloe Rogers]]<br />
*{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Ashleigh Ball (field hockey)|Ashleigh Ball]]<br />
*{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Nicola White]]<br />
*{{flagicon|IND}} [[Saba Anjum]]<br />
*{{flagicon|IND}} [[Chanchan Devi Thokchom]]<br />
*{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Norfaraha Hashim]]<br />
*{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Nadia Abdul Rahman]]<br />
*{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Fazilla Sylvester Silin]]<br />
*{{flagicon|NZL}} [[Gemma Flynn]]<br />
*{{flagicon|NZL}} [[Krystal Forgesson]]<br />
*{{flagicon|NZL}} [[Charlotte Harrison]]<br />
*{{flagicon|NZL}} [[Stacey Michelsen]]<br />
*{{flagicon|NZL}} [[Anita Punt]]<br />
*{{flagicon|NZL}} [[Kayla Sharland]]<br />
*{{flagicon|SCO}} [[Linda Clement]]<br />
*{{flagicon|SCO}} [[Samantha Judge]]<br />
*{{flagicon|RSA}} [[Sulette Damons]]<br />
*{{flagicon|RSA}} [[Farah Fredericks]]<br />
*{{flagicon|RSA}} [[Lesle-Ann George]]<br />
*{{flagicon|RSA}} [[Kelly Madsen]]<br />
*{{flagicon|RSA}} [[Kathleen Taylor (field hockey)|Kathleen Taylor]]<br />
*{{flagicon|TTO}} [[Stacey-Ann Siu Butt]]<br />
*{{flagicon|TTO}} [[Charlene Williams]]<br />
*{{flagicon|TTO}} [[Blair Wynne]]<br />
*{{flagicon|WAL}} [[Emma Batten]]<br />
*{{flagicon|WAL}} [[Claire Lowry]]<br />
*{{flagicon|WAL}} [[Abigail Welsford]]<br />
*{{flagicon|WAL}} [[Leah Wilkinson]]<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
===Final standings===<br />
{{small|As per statistical convention in field hockey, matches decided in [[overtime (sports)|extra time]] are counted as wins and losses, while matches decided by [[penalty shoot-out (field hockey)|penalty shoot-outs]] are counted as draws.}}<br />
<br />
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL<br />
<br />
|source=[https://thecgf.com/results/games/3046/event/1822 The CGF]<br />
|update=complete<br />
<br />
|name_ENG={{fhw|ENG}} |win_ENG=4 |draw_ENG=0 |loss_ENG=2 |gf_ENG=13 |ga_ENG=7<br />
|name_SCO={{fhw|SCO}} |win_SCO=1 |draw_SCO=2 |loss_SCO=2 |gf_SCO=11 |ga_SCO=10<br />
|name_TTO={{fhw|TTO}} |win_TTO=1 |draw_TTO=0 |loss_TTO=4 |gf_TTO=3 |ga_TTO=37<br />
|name_NZL={{fhw|NZL}} |win_NZL=5 |draw_NZL=1 |loss_NZL=0 |gf_NZL=20 |ga_NZL=5<br />
|name_RSA={{fhw|RSA}} |win_RSA=2 |draw_RSA=1 |loss_RSA=3 |gf_RSA=16 |ga_RSA=7<br />
|name_AUS={{fhw|AUS}} |win_AUS=4 |draw_AUS=2 |loss_AUS=0 |gf_AUS=22 |ga_AUS=6<br />
|name_CAN={{fhw|CAN}} |win_CAN=1 |draw_CAN=0 |loss_CAN=4 |gf_CAN=6 |ga_CAN=14<br />
|name_MAS={{fhw|MAS}} |win_MAS=1 |draw_MAS=0 |loss_MAS=4 |gf_MAS=5 |ga_MAS=14<br />
|name_IND={{fhw|IND}} |win_IND=3 |draw_IND=1 |loss_IND=1 |gf_IND=15 |ga_IND=4<br />
|name_WAL={{fhw|WAL}} |win_WAL=1 |draw_WAL=1 |loss_WAL=3 |gf_WAL=6 |ga_WAL=13<br />
<br />
|team1=AUS |team2=NZL |team3=ENG |team4=RSA |team5=IND |team6=CAN |team7=SCO |team8=WAL |team9=TTO |team10=MAS<br />
|pos_AUS={{gold1}} |pos_NZL={{silver2}} |pos_ENG={{bronze3}} |split4=yes<br />
<br />
|res_col_header=Final Standings<br />
|result1=1st |result2=2nd |result3=3rd |result4=4th |result5=5th |result6=6th |result7=7th |result8=8th |result9=9th |result10=10th<br />
|col_1st=gold |text_1st=Gold Medal<br />
|col_2nd=silver |text_2nd=Silver Medal<br />
|col_3rd=#c96 |text_3rd=Bronze Medal<br />
|text_4th=Fourth place<br />
|text_5th=Fifth place<br />
|text_6th=Sixth place<br />
|text_7th=Seventh place<br />
|text_8th=Eighth place<br />
|text_9th=Ninth place<br />
|text_10th=Tenth place<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Commonwealth Games Hockey}}<br />
{{Sports at the 2010 Commonwealth Games}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Commonwealth Games}}<br />
[[Category:Hockey at the Commonwealth Games – Women's tournament|2010]]<br />
[[Category:Hockey at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Women's tournament]]<br />
[[Category:2010 in women's field hockey]]<br />
[[Category:Women's international field hockey competitions hosted by India]]<br />
[[Category:Women's events at the 2010 Commonwealth Games]]</div>VLSLester417456https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jamini_Bhushan_Ray&diff=505541Jamini Bhushan Ray2026-01-31T17:45:34Z<p>VLSLester417456: created first details with sources</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian physician}}<br />
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] --><br />
| name = Jamini Bhushan Ray<br/>যামিনী ভূষণ রায়<br />
| image = Jamini Bhushan Ray.png<br />
| caption = Kaviraj Jamini Bhushan Ray<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1879|7|1}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Khulna]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1926|8|11|1879|7|1}}<br />
| death_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]<br />
| nationality = British Indian<br />
| occupation = Physician, ayurvedacharya, philanthropist<br />
| website = {{url|jbroyayurvedacentenary.org}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Jamini Bhushan Ray''' (1 July 1879 – 11 August 1926) was an Indian physician, as well as an [[Ayurvedic]] doctor ([[Kabiraj]]), an erudite [[Sanskrit]] scholar, and a philanthropist.<br />
<br />
==Biography==<br />
<br />
===Early life===<br />
<br />
Born in 1879 to Kaviraj Panchanan Ray (Kavichintamoni) in Poyogram village in the [[Khulna District]] of [[India]] (now in [[Bangladesh]]), he initially attended the local village school. At an early age he was sent to nearby [[Calcutta]] (then the capital of [[British Raj|British India]]) and graduated high school at the age of 14 from South Suburban School in the [[Bhowanipore]] neighbourhood of South Calcutta.<br />
<br />
===Education===<br />
<br />
After high school, Kaviraj Jamini Bhushan Ray enrolled himself for his Bachelor of Arts studies at Government Sanskrit College, Calcutta. Upon completion of his bachelor's degree, he simultaneously started pursuing his Master of Arts studies at [[Sanskrit college|Government Sanskrit College]], and worked towards getting his medical degree at [[Calcutta Medical College]]. All along this time, at home he was taking lessons on Ayurveda – the ancient Indian medical science – from his father – a renowned practitioner in his own right.<br />
<br />
While still studying medicine he earned his master's degree in Arts (M.A.) majoring in the ancient Indian language of Sanskrit. Then in 1905, when he completed his Bachelor of Medicine (M.B.) and also M.R.A.S., he stood first in his class and was awarded a Gold Medal; the accompanying citation mentioned his high proficiency in "Gynaecology and Midwifery". It was then that he decided that he would not pursue a career in western medicine – instead, like his father before him he would be a Kaviraj, or an Indian Ayurvedic doctor. That's when he started formally taking lessons on Ayurveda from Kaviraj Mahamahopadhyay Bijoy Ratna Sen, the leading Ayurvedic physician of that era. Subsequently, he embarked on his illustrious career when Bagala Marwari Hospital hired him as a Kaviraj for a monthly salary of [[Rupee]]s Forty – a princely sum in those days.<br />
<br />
===Medical practice===<br />
He is a physician<br />
In 1906,Jamini Bhushan Ray started practising the ancient Indian system of Ayurveda – despite being educated in the western system of medicine. In those days the practise of Ayurveda was not glamorous, considered ancient, and way past its prime. His friends and well wishers tried to dissuade him from his chosen path, instead advising him to practice western medicine – in which he was already well-versed. But he refused, saying: “If I cannot make a living practising Ayurveda, then I shall make a living by selling Panchan (Ayurvedic laxative).”<br />
<br />
With a view to reviving the glory of Ayurveda, lost over the ages mainly due to India's rule by foreign powers and their lack of support for ancient Indian traditions, Dr. Ray set up the Vaidyaraj Pharmacy that sold only Ayurvedic medicines. He and his staff at the pharmacy made pioneering attempts to standardise Ayurvedic medicine in accordance with modern scientific methods. His fame soon spread far and wide. To raise awareness and fund his research – he increased his fees from Rupees 4 to Rupees 32, while treatment of poor people who couldn't afford his fees was always free. Out of town trips to visit wealthy patients cost them Rupees 1,000 – which they gladly paid. His patients included the Maharajas of [[Gwalior State|Gwalior]], [[Indore]] and [[Tripura|Tipperah]].<br />
<br />
By 1915 he was sort of a celebrity in the field of Ayurvedic medicine, and that year was elected President of the 7th All India Ayurvedic Conference in [[Madras]]. During that visit to the Southern city, he was highly impressed with the functioning of and the amenities at Madras Ayurvedic College and decided he would establish a similar institution in his native Calcutta. <br />
<br />
In 1916, at a rented house on 29 Fariapukur Street, he set up the Ashtanga Ayurveda College and Hospital. Dr Ray's practical idealism for amalgamating the ancient with the modern soon caught the attention of [[Gandhi|Mahatma Gandhi]]; and 9 years later, on 6 May 1925, it was Gandhi who laid the foundation stone for the institute's new building on Raja Dinendra Street – where the '''J B Roy State Ayurvedic Medical College and Hospital''' still stands. In 2016 the college celebrated its centenary.<br />
<br />
===Philanthropy===<br />
<br />
Aside from contributing Rupees 70,000 of his own money for the construction of the new buildings, in his last will Kaviraj Jamini Bhushan Ray bequeathed to his institution large portions of immovable property that he owned at various place in India.<br />
<br />
These include:<br />
* 13 [[Cottah]]s (9,360 square feet) of land in upscale [[Ballygunge]] neighbourhood of Calcutta.<br />
* 6 Cottahs (4,320 square feet) of land on Grey Street (in the Central business district), Calcutta.<br />
* 12 [[Bigha]]s (172,800 square feet) of land including his garden house at Patipukur<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/kolkata/patipukur.html|title=Patipukur Map, Kolkata - Maps Of India|website=www.mapsofindia.com|accessdate=1 October 2020}}</ref><br />
** ''The Patipukur TB Hospital is currently located on this landed property''<br />
* His estate in [[Kurseong]], a hill station nestled in the [[Himalayas]] near [[Darjeeling]].<br />
* His estate in [[Ranchi]], capital of Jharkhand, India.<br />
<br />
==Books==<br />
''(Though titled in English – all books were originally written in Sanskrit)''<br />
<br />
* ''Diseases – Their Origin and Diagnosis''.<br />
* ''A Treatise on Diseases of Ear, Nose, Throat and Mouth''.<br />
* ''The care of infants and the diseases of children''.<br />
* ''A Manual of Toxicology''.<br />
<br />
These books are based on ancient Indian "Salakya Tantra" ([[Otolaryngology]], or Ear, Nose, Throat), "Prashuti Tantra" ([[Gynecology]]), "Bisha Tantra" ([[Toxicology]]) and "Kumara Tantra" ([[Pediatrics]]). Particularly his book ''"Diseases – Their Origin and Diagnosis"'' brought him wide reputation and critical acclaim. He published a monthly journal in Bengali called "''Ayurveda''".<br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
Kaviraj Jamini Bhushan Ray was married to Saroj Bala Devi, and had 6 children. Like their father, his sons Bijoy Bhushan, Hari Bhushan and Kali Bhushan were brilliant students. However the 2 younger sons prematurely died in their late teens.<br />
<br />
==Death and legacy==<br />
Jamini Bhushan Ray suddenly died in Calcutta on 11 August 1926, just a day after he donated 200,000 Rupees to his beloved Ashtanga Ayurveda Vidyalaya. He was just 47 years old. In his honour a road in Calcutta, not far from Ashtanga Ayurveda Hospital, has been named Jamini Kaviraj Row. 7 years after his death – in his garden house at Patipukur, was established Patipukur TB Hospital. [[Bidhan Chandra Roy|Dr. Bidhan Chandra Roy]], eminent physician, freedom fighter and later [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]], laid the foundation stone.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
[[File:JB_Ray_State_Ayurvedic_Medical_College_and_Hospital.pdf|thumb|left|Dr. JB Ray State Ayurvedic Medical College & Hospital]]<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
* Samsad Bangali Charitabhadhan (Who's who) Part 1 – Revised 3rd Edition.<br />
** Published by Shishu Sahitya Samsad – 32A, Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road, Kolkata 700009.<br />
* A Short Report on the Growth & Development of Jamini Bhushan Ashtanga Ayurveda Vidyalaya & Ayurveda Aragyashala (7 January 1953)<br />
* [[An Advanced History of India]] – [[R.C. Majumdar|Ramesh Chandra Majumdar]], [[Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri|H. C. Raychaudhuri]] & Kalikinkar Datta.<br />
* Report on the proceedings of 7th All India Ayurvedic Conference, Madras (Chennai), December 1915.<br />
* Ayurveda Prachar – Part 1 – October 1930 ([[Bengali calendar]]: [[Kartika (month)|Kartick]] 1337)<br />
* Ayurveda Prachar – Part 2 – May 1931 ([[Bengali calendar]]: [[Joishtho]] 1338)<br />
* Ayurveda Mahamandal Ka Rajat Jayanti Grantha (Part 1)<br />
* [http://www.wbhealth.gov.in/Statistics_200506/9/9_8/9_8.html Department of Health & Family Welfare – Government of West Bengal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420184647/http://www.wbhealth.gov.in/Statistics_200506/9/9_8/9_8.html |date=20 April 2017 }}<br />
* History of Medicine in India: the Medical Encounter – Chittabrata Palit & Achintya Kumar Dutta – [https://books.google.com/books?id=Yz-zE8waQukC&pg=PA228 Page 228]<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://www.getbengal.com/details/j-b-roy-the-forgotten-founder-of-asias-first-ayurvedic-college-in-calcutta Dr. J.B.Ray, the forgotten founder of Asia's first Ayurvedic College in Calcutta]<br />
* [https://twitter.com/moayush/status/1410457649242542084 Ministry of Ayush on X (formerly known as Twitter) in 2021]<br />
* [https://twitter.com/moayush/status/1542846878408396801 Ministry of Ayush on X (formerly known as Twitter) in 2022]<br />
* [https://www.facebook.com/moayush/photos/a.1960540694171182/3293089454249626/ Ministry of Ayush on Facebook]<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PgF-e-C-KCQ National Doctors Day 2021 (YouTube)]<br />
* [https://www.prohor.in/jamini-bhushan-roy-the-founder-of-the-first-ayurvedic-hospital-of-asia এশিয়ার প্রথম আয়ুর্বেদিক কলেজ কলকাতাতেই, বিস্মৃতপ্রায় প্রতিষ্ঠাতা যামিনীভূষণ Asia's first Ayurvedic College and its forgotten founder]<br />
* http://www.gandhi-manibhavan.org/gandhiphilosophy/philosophy_environment_naturecure.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127064804/http://www.gandhi-manibhavan.org/gandhiphilosophy/philosophy_environment_naturecure.htm |date=27 January 2020 }}<br />
* [http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Chronology_of_Mahatma_Gandhi's_life/India_1925 Chronology of Mahatma Gandhi's life]<br />
* [http://www.gandhiserve.org/cwmg/VOL031.PDF gandhiserve.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214053040/https://gandhiserve.org/cwmg/VOL031.PDF |date=14 February 2021 }}, pages 280 through 283<br />
* https://www.mkgandhi.org/articles/views_on_sci.htm<br />
* [http://www.gandhiserve.org/cwmg/chrono.pdf gandhiserve.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090709074711/http://www.gandhiserve.org/cwmg/chrono.pdf |date=9 July 2009 }} page 254<br />
* http://www.jbroyayurvedacentenary.org {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202095455/http://jbroyayurvedacentenary.org/ |date=2 December 2016 }}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ray, Jamini Bhushan}}<br />
[[Category:1879 births]]<br />
[[Category:1926 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Medical doctors from Kolkata]]<br />
[[Category:Ayurvedacharyas]]<br />
[[Category:Indian philanthropists]]<br />
[[Category:Sanskrit scholars from Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:The Sanskrit College and University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali scientists]]<br />
[[Category:19th-century Indian medical doctors]]</div>VLSLester417456https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dinesh_Chandra_Majumdar&diff=497178Dinesh Chandra Majumdar2026-01-05T02:10:00Z<p>VLSLester417456: created the info first draft.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Bengali revolutionary (1907-1934)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date= September 2025 }}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Dinesh Chandra Majumdar<br />
| image = Dinesh chandra majumdar.jpg<br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = {{birth-date| 15 May 1907}}<br />
| birth_place = [[ Basirhat]], North 24 Parganas, British India<br />
| death_date = {{death-date and age| 9 july 1934| 15 May 1907}}<br />
| death_place = [[Alipore Central Jail]] India<br />
| known = <br />
| occupation = Revolutionary<br />
| organization = <br />
| movement = [[Indian Freedom Movement]]<br />
| known for = <br />
| citizenship = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Dinesh Chandra Majumdar '''(15 May 1907 – 9 July 1934) was an Indian revolutionary and member of the Yugantar group who carried out assassinations against [[British Empire|British colonial]] officials in an attempt to secure Indian independence.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hssXP1hBYscC&q=Bhattacharya+killed+magistrate+Douglas&pg=PA254|title=History of the Freedom Movement in India (1857–1947)|last=S. N. Sen|year=1997|publisher=New Age International |isbn=9788122410495|access-date=11 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Who's Who of Indian Martyrs|first=P. N. | last=Chopra|volume=1|year=1969|publisher=Ministry of Education and Youth Services, Government of India |isbn=9788123021805}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Rammanohar Lohia|last=Volume 9|year=1990|isbn=9788171002511}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Dinesh Chandra Majumdar was one of the leading figures of the anti-British independence movement of the [[Indian subcontinent]] and a martyred revolutionary of the Age of Fire. He joined the Jugantar Revolutionary Party through his neighbor Anujacharan Sen.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Chronological Dictionary of India's Independence|last=Kali Charan Ghosh|publisher=Sahitya Sansad|year=2012|isbn=978-81-86806-20-3|location=Kolkata|pages=87}}</ref> During the [[World War I]], during the revolutionary uprising led by [[Bagha Jatin]], when Shaileshwar Bose, the director of the secret base in [[Balasore]], [[Odisha]], fell ill with tuberculosis, Dinesh worked with Anujacharan at night. Then, on the instructions of the party leader, he started working in revolutionary organizations in [[Bogra]] and [[South 24 Parganas]]. He helped establish the [[Chhatri Sangha|Chhaatri Sangha]] as a teacher of baton fighting.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-21 |title=North 24 Parganas News: বেহাল দশা! খসে পড়ছে দেওয়াল, বিপ্লবী দীনেশচন্দ্র মজুমদারের বাড়িকে হেরিটেজ ঘোষণা করার দাবি |url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/north-24-parganas/demand-to-declare-martyr-dinesh-chandra-majumdar-s-house-in-basirhat-as-heritage-l18-rds-1291954.html |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=bengali.news18.com |language=bn}}</ref> By virtue of his extraordinary personality, skills, and dedication, Dinesh soon became a popular name in the 'Yugantar' party, which included women members like [[Kalyani Das]] (Bhattacharya), [[Shantisudha Ghosh]] (later became the Principal of Mahasin College, Hooghly), Sulata Kar (a renowned writer and social worker), Prabhat Nalini Devi, Leela Kamale (a student from Maharashtra), Ava De, Kamala Dasgupta, Surma Mitra (President of the Society), Suhasini Dutta, Kalpana Dutta, and Pritilata Waddedar.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.boisoi.com/2024/10/blog-post_42.html |title= বিস্মৃত বিপ্লবী - শ্রী দীনেশচন্দ্র মজুমদার|website= boisoi.com |access-date=24 February 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Revolutionary activities ==<br />
During the Civil Non-Cooperation Movement of 1921, the anti-British clandestine activities of various revolutionary parties, groups, and societies threatened and agitated the foundations of British imperialism in India.<ref>{{Cite book|title=বেঙ্গল ভলান্টিয়ার |last= Madhumanti Sengupta |publisher= Ananda Publishers |date= 1 January 2016 |isbn=978-9389876772|location= Kolkata |pages=}}</ref> The most notable of these were the [[Anushilan Samiti]] of East Bengal and 'Yugantar' of West Bengal.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://independencemuseum.in/?tab=Movement|title= List of Martyrs Hanged at Alipore Jail (Old and New) |website= independencemuseum.in |access-date=24 February 2025}}</ref> Dinesh came to his birthplace, [[Basirhat]], and, in active collaboration with Jatindranath Ghoshal, started collecting and training dedicated patriots. Dinesh's initiative was to gather daring youth in a room in the old State Bank building.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://mepaper.anandabazar.com/imageview_71964_41549771_4_73_13-08-2023_0_i_1_sf.html |title= ব্রিটিশের জেলে পচে মরার জন্য মেনির জন্ম হয়নি| website= mepaper.anandabazar.com |access-date=24 February 2025}}</ref> The aim was to form a secret and trained group of revolutionaries who would be inspired by the ideals of self-organization and patriotism for the freedom of the motherland.<ref name=Sengupta-Basu>{{Cite book|title=Sansad Bangali Charitavidhan (Bengali)|last1=Sengupta |first1=Subodhchandra |last2=Basu |first2=Anjali |publisher=Sahitya Sansad|year=2002|isbn=81-85626-65-0|volume=I|location=Kolkata|page=297}}</ref><br />
In 1930, Dinesh established the 'National Library' and 'Byampeeth' (a yoga center) at Basirhat. The latter was a secret center for enlisting revolutionary soldiers who trained in firearms, sticks, and knives and made bombs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wbcorrectionalservices.gov.in/history_heritage03.html|title=Midnapore Central Correctional Home|website=wbcorrectionalservices.gov.in|access-date=24 February 2018}}</ref><br />
On August 25, 1930, Dinesh and his three associates, Anujacharan Sen, Shailen Neogi, and Atul Sen, threw a bomb at the car of [[Charles Tegart]], the then Commissioner of Police of [[Kolkata|Calcutta]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ফাঁসির দিনেও লড়ার হাসি হাসতে শিখিয়ে গেছে সেন্ |url=https://dailynewsreel.in/tag/dinesh-chandra-majumdar |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=Daily News Reel |language=en-US}}</ref> Although Tegart survived, Dinesh was caught, tried by a special tribunal, and convicted under sections 307/120 B of the [[Indian Penal Code]] and 307/34, 4B, 3(6) of the Explosive Substances Act, and sentenced to life imprisonment in the Central Jail, [[Midnapore]]. Anujacharan Sen died on the spot.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/blood-bullets-and-bombs-at-dalhousie-square-the-hotbed-of-revolutionary-attacks-in-indias-fight-for-independence/cid/2040792 |title= Dinesh Chandra Majumdar | website= telegraphindia.com |access-date=24 February 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
On February 8, 1932, Dinesh, along with two other revolutionary associates, Sachin Kargupta and Sushil Dasgupta, escaped from jail and concealed their identities.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://radhikaranjan.blogspot.com/2014/03/dinesh-chandra-majumdar-1907-1934.html |title= Dinesh Chandra Majumdar |website= radhikaranjan.blogspot.com |date= 8 March 2014 |access-date=24 February 2025}}</ref> A bounty was declared on his name, and a reward was offered for his arrest. Meanwhile, many revolutionaries who had escaped from [[Buxa]], [[Hijli]], and Midnapore jails were recapture.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Anandabazar bangla ePaper : ABP One of the largest reading bangla NewspERap |url=http://mepaper.anandabazar.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923012215/http://mepaper.anandabazar.com/ |archive-date=2023-09-23 |access-date=2025-09-24 |work=}}</ref> The police intensified their search for him. Despite this, Dinesh continued his activities for the party, frequently changing his hideout to evade capture.On August 5 and September 28 of the same year, there were two attempts to assassinate Alfred Watson, the editor of The Statesman.<ref>{{Cite book|title= Biplabi Dinesh Chandra Mazumdar |first= Nirmalakumāra | last= Nāga |volume=1|year=2013|publisher=Sopana, India |isbn= }}</ref> When a group of police led by Quinn, the [[Chandannagar]] Police Commissioner, chased the revolutionaries, Dinesh shot and killed Quinn. He was eventually given shelter in Chandannagar by the revolutionary Shri Sachchandra Ghosh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eshaanwrites.blogspot.com/2025/07/unsung-unbroken-dinesh-chandra-majumdar.html|title= Unsung unbroken Dinesh Chandra Majumber|website= eshaanwrites.blogspot.com |access-date=24 February 2025}}</ref><br />
Around 1932, the party's condition was weakened by police brutality and mass arrests. He then tried to revive the party by attempting to transfer money with the help of an employee of [[Grindlays Bank]] to buy weapons.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dineshchandra Majumdar |url=https://chakrafoundation.org/dineshchandra-majumdar/ |access-date=2025-09-24}}</ref> At that time, he was staying at Narayan Banerjee's house in [[Bidhan Sarani|Cornwallis Street]]. On May 25, 1933, the police found the house and attacked it, leading to an exchange of fire between both sides. Dinesh, Jagadananda, and Nalini Das fought until they ran out of bullets and were captured wounded. Dinesh was sentenced to death at the trial, while the other two were sentenced to life imprisonment.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://amarbangla.co/dinesh-chandra-mujumder-and-1930-year-and-25-august/ |title=আজকের দিনে বিপ্লবী দীনেশচন্দ্র মজুমদার |website=amarbangla.co|date=25 August 2021 |access-date=24 February 2025}}</ref> Dinesh Majumdar was executed by hanging on July 9, 1934.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y1Pclr-6w94C&q=Nirmal+Jiban+Ghosh&pg=PA44|title=Rammanohar Lohia|last=Volume 9|year=1990|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications |isbn=9788171002511|access-date=24 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y74pDwAAQBAJ&q=Bhattacharya+killed+magistrate+Douglas&pg=PA151|title=Gentlemanly Terrorists: Political Violence and the Colonial State in India|last=Durba Ghosh|date=20 July 2017|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781107186668|access-date=11 March 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
{{Indian Revolutionary Movement}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Majumder, Dinesh Chandra}}<br />
[[Category:1907 births]]<br />
[[Category:1934 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Revolutionary movement for Indian independence]]<br />
[[Category:Indian nationalism]]<br />
[[Category:Indian people convicted of murder]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian murderers]]<br />
[[Category:Revolutionaries from West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:People from Basirhat]]</div>VLSLester417456https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circular_error_probable&diff=467820Circular error probable2025-12-20T22:58:35Z<p>VLSLester417456: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{original-research|date=June 2024}}<br />
<br />
{{Short description|Ballistics measure of a weapon system's precision}}<br />
{{Redirect|Circular error|the circular error of a pendulum|pendulum|and|pendulum (mathematics)}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Circular error probable - percentage.png|thumb|CEP concept and hit probability. 0.2% outside the outmost circle.]]<br />
<br />
'''Circular error probable''' ('''CEP'''),<ref name=tech_paper>Circular Error Probable (CEP), Air Force Operational Test and Evaluation Center Technical Paper 6, Ver 2, July 1987, p. 1</ref> also '''circular error probability'''<ref>{{Cite web | last = Nelson | first = William | year = 1988 | title = Use of Circular Error Probability in Target Detection | url = https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA199190 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141028112628/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a199190.pdf | url-status = live | archive-date = October 28, 2014 | location = Bedford, MA | publisher = The MITRE Corporation; United States Air Force }}</ref> or '''circle of equal probability''',<ref>{{Cite book |author1-link=Robert Ehrlich (physicist) | last = Ehrlich | first = Robert | year = 1985 | title = Waging Nuclear Peace: The Technology and Politics of Nuclear Weapons | location = Albany, NY | publisher = [[State University of New York Press]] | page = [https://books.google.com/books?id=-tEpgCSNV7sC&pg=PA63 63] }}</ref> is a measure of a weapon system's [[Accuracy and precision|precision]] in the [[military science]] of [[ballistics]]. It is defined as the radius of a circle, centered on the aimpoint, that is expected to enclose the landing points of 50% of the [[Round (firearms)|rounds]]; said otherwise, it is the [[median]] error radius, which is a 50% [[confidence interval]].<ref name=tech_paper/><ref>{{Cite book | editor-last = Payne | editor-first = Craig | year = 2006 | title = Principles of Naval Weapon Systems | location = Annapolis, MD | publisher = [[Naval Institute Press]] | page = [https://books.google.com/books?id=F3q59-hcGDoC&pg=PA342&dq=%22precisely+50%22 342] }}</ref> That is, if a given munitions design has a CEP of 10&nbsp;m, when 100 munitions are targeted at the same point, an average of 50 will fall within a circle with a radius of 10&nbsp;m about that point.<br />
<br />
An associated concept, the DRMS (distance root mean square), calculates the square root of the average squared distance error, a form of the [[standard deviation]]. Another is the R95, which is the radius of the circle where 95% of the values would fall, a 95% [[confidence interval]].<br />
<br />
The concept of CEP also plays a role when measuring the accuracy of a position obtained by a navigation system, such as [[GPS]] or older systems such as [[LORAN]] and [[Loran-C]].<br />
<br />
==Concept==<br />
[[File:Multivariate Gaussian.png|thumb|Circular bivariate normal distribution]]<br />
[[File:Circular error probable - example.png|thumb|20 hits distribution example]]<br />
<br />
The original concept of CEP was based on a [[multivariate normal distribution#Bivariate case|circular bivariate normal]] distribution (CBN) with CEP as a parameter of the CBN just as μ and σ are parameters of the [[normal distribution]]. [[Munition]]s with this distribution behavior tend to cluster around the [[mean]] impact point, with most reasonably close, progressively fewer and fewer further away, and very few at long distance. That is, if CEP is ''n'' metres, 50% of shots land within ''n'' metres of the mean impact, 43.7% between ''n'' and ''2n'', and 6.1% between ''2n'' and ''3n'' metres, and the proportion of shots that land farther than three times the CEP from the mean is only 0.2%.<br />
<br />
CEP is not a good measure of accuracy when this distribution behavior is not met. Munitions may also have larger [[standard deviation]] of range errors than the standard deviation of azimuth (deflection) errors, resulting in an elliptical [[confidence region]]. Munition samples may not be exactly on target, that is, the mean vector will not be (0,0). This is referred to as [[Unbiased estimator|bias]].<br />
<br />
To incorporate accuracy into the CEP concept in these conditions, CEP can be defined as the square root of the [[mean square error]] (MSE). The MSE will be the sum of the [[variance]] of the range error plus the variance of the azimuth error plus the [[covariance]] of the range error with the azimuth error plus the square of the bias. Thus the MSE results from pooling all these sources of error, geometrically corresponding to [[radius]] of a [[circle]] within which 50% of rounds will land.<br />
<br />
Several methods have been introduced to estimate CEP from shot data. Included in these methods are the plug-in approach of Blischke and Halpin (1966), the Bayesian approach of Spall and Maryak (1992), and the maximum likelihood approach of Winkler and Bickert (2012). The Spall and Maryak approach applies when the shot data represent a mixture of different projectile characteristics (e.g., shots from multiple munitions types or from multiple locations directed at one target).<br />
<br />
==Conversion==<br />
While 50% is a very common definition for CEP, the circle dimension can be defined for percentages. [[Percentile]]s can be determined by recognizing that the horizontal position error is defined by a 2D vector which components are two orthogonal [[normal distribution|Gaussian]] [[random variable]]s (one for each axis), assumed [[uncorrelated]], each having a standard deviation <math>\sigma</math>. The ''distance error'' is the magnitude of that vector; it is a property of [[multivariate normal distribution|2D Gaussian vectors]] that the magnitude follows the [[Rayleigh distribution]], with scale factor <math>\sigma</math>. The ''distance [[root mean square]]'' (DRMS), is <math>\sigma_d=\sqrt{2}\sigma</math> and doubles as a sort of standard deviation, since errors within this value make up 63% of the sample represented by the bivariate circular distribution. In turn, the properties of the Rayleigh distribution are that its percentile at level <math>F \in [0\%, 100\%]</math> is given by the following formula:<br />
<br />
:<math>Q(F, \sigma) = \sigma \sqrt{-2\ln(1 - F/100\%)}</math><br />
<br />
or, expressed in terms of the DRMS:<br />
<br />
:<math>Q(F, \sigma_d) = \sigma_d \frac{\sqrt{-2\ln(1 - F/100\%)}}{\sqrt{2}}</math><br />
<br />
The relation between <math>Q</math> and <math>F</math> are given by the following table, where the <math>F</math> values for DRMS and 2DRMS (twice the distance root mean square) are specific to the Rayleigh distribution and are found numerically, while the CEP, R95 (95% radius) and R99.7 (99.7% radius) values are defined based on the [[68–95–99.7 rule]]:<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Measure of <math>Q</math><br />
! Probability <math>F \, (\%)</math><br />
|-<br />
| DRMS<br />
| 63.213...<br />
|-<br />
| CEP<br />
| 50<br />
|-<br />
| 2DRMS<br />
| 98.169...<br />
|-<br />
| R95<br />
| 95<br />
|-<br />
| R99.7<br />
| 99.7<br />
|}<br />
<br />
We can then derive a conversion table to convert values expressed for one percentile level, to another.<ref name=gps>Frank van Diggelen, "[http://gpsworld.com/gps-accuracy-lies-damn-lies-and-statistics/ GPS Accuracy: Lies, Damn Lies, and Statistics]", ''GPS World'', Vol 9 No. 1, January 1998</ref><ref name="gnss">Frank van Diggelen, "GNSS Accuracy – Lies, Damn Lies and Statistics", ''GPS World'', Vol 18 No. 1, January 2007. Sequel to previous article with similar title [http://www.gpsworld.com/gpsgnss-accuracy-lies-damn-lies-and-statistics-1134] [http://www.frankvandiggelen.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/2007-gps-world-accuracy-article-0107-van-diggelen-1.pdf]</ref> Said conversion table, giving the coefficients <math>\alpha</math> to convert <math>X</math> into <math>Y=\alpha.X</math>, is given by:<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! From <math>X \downarrow</math> to <math>Y \rightarrow</math><br />
! RMS (<math>\sigma</math>)<br />
! CEP<br />
! DRMS<br />
! R95<br />
! 2DRMS<br />
! R99.7<br />
|-<br />
! RMS (<math>\sigma</math>)<br />
| 1.00<br />
| 1.18<br />
| 1.41<br />
| 2.45<br />
| 2.83<br />
| 3.41<br />
|-<br />
! CEP<br />
| 0.849<br />
| 1.00<br />
| 1.20<br />
| 2.08<br />
| 2.40<br />
| 2.90<br />
|-<br />
! DRMS<br />
| 0.707<br />
| 0.833<br />
| 1.00<br />
| 1.73<br />
| 2.00<br />
| 2.41<br />
|-<br />
! R95<br />
| 0.409<br />
| 0.481<br />
| 0.578<br />
| 1.00<br />
| 1.16<br />
| 1.39<br />
|-<br />
! 2DRMS<br />
| 0.354<br />
| 0.416<br />
| 0.500<br />
| 0.865<br />
| 1.00<br />
| 1.21<br />
|-<br />
! R99.7<br />
| 0.293<br />
| 0.345<br />
| 0.415<br />
| 0.718<br />
| 0.830<br />
| 1.00<br />
|}<br />
<br />
For example, a GPS receiver having a 1.25&nbsp;m DRMS will have a 1.25&nbsp;m × 1.73 = 2.16&nbsp;m 95% radius.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of established military terms]]<br />
* [[Probable error]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
{{Refbegin}}<br />
* {{cite journal|jstor=2282775|title=Asymptotic Properties of Some Estimators of Quantiles of Circular Error|last1=Blischke|first1=W. R.|last2=Halpin|first2=A. H.|journal=Journal of the American Statistical Association|volume=61|issue=315|pages=618–632|year=1966|doi=10.1080/01621459.1966.10480893}}<br />
* Grubbs, F. E. (1964). "Statistical measures of accuracy for riflemen and missile engineers". Ann Arbor, ML: Edwards Brothers. [http://ballistipedia.com/images/3/33/Statistical_Measures_for_Riflemen_and_Missile_Engineers_-_Grubbs_1964.pdf Ballistipedia pdf]<br />
* {{Cite book | last = MacKenzie | first = Donald A. | author-link = Donald Angus MacKenzie | year = 1990 | title = Inventing Accuracy: A Historical Sociology of Nuclear Missile Guidance | location = Cambridge, Massachusetts | publisher = [[MIT Press]] | isbn = 978-0-262-13258-9 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/inventingaccurac00dona }}<br />
* {{cite journal|jstor=2290205|title=A Feasible Bayesian Estimator of Quantiles for Projectile Accuracy from Non-iid Data|last1=Spall|first1=James C.|last2=Maryak|first2=John L.|journal=Journal of the American Statistical Association|volume=87|issue=419|pages=676–681|year=1992|doi=10.1080/01621459.1992.10475269}}<br />
* Winkler, V. and Bickert, B. (2012). "Estimation of the circular error probability for a Doppler-Beam-Sharpening-Radar-Mode," in EUSAR. 9th European Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar, pp.&nbsp;368–71, 23/26 April 2012. [https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6217081 ieeexplore.ieee.org]<br />
* Wollschläger, Daniel (2014), "Analyzing shape, accuracy, and precision of shooting results with shotGroups". [http://cran.fhcrc.org/web/packages/shotGroups/vignettes/shotGroups.pdf Reference manual for shotGroups]<br />
{{Refend}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://ballistipedia.com/index.php?title=Circular_Error_Probable Circular Error Probable] in [http://ballistipedia.com Ballistipedia]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Applied probability]]<br />
[[Category:Military terminology]]<br />
[[Category:Aerial bombs]]<br />
[[Category:Artillery operation]]<br />
[[Category:Ballistics]]<br />
[[Category:Weapon guidance techniques]]<br />
[[Category:Accuracy and precision]]<br />
[[Category:Statistical distance]]<br />
[[Category:Combat modeling]]</div>VLSLester417456https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_Ross_(poet)&diff=498383Elizabeth Ross (poet)2025-12-10T11:03:34Z<p>VLSLester417456: created initial details first draft.</p>
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<div>{{Lead too short|date=May 2024}}{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Elizabeth Jane Ross<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = 17 September 1789<br />
| birth_place = Perth, Scotland<br />
| death_date = 1 June 1875<br />
| death_place = Dorset, England<br />
| known_for = Poet, artist, and collector of Gaelic Music<br />
}}<br />
'''Elizabeth Jane Ross''' (17 September 1789 – 1 June 1875) was a Scottish poet, artist, and collector of [[Gaelic music]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The new biographical dictionary of Scottish women|editor-last=Ewan |editor-first=Elizabeth|date=15 October 2018 |isbn=9781474436298|location=Edinburgh |publisher=Edinburgh University Press|oclc=1057237368}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Life ==<br />
She was born to Captain Thomas Ross, a gunner assistant in the [[Royal Artillery]] who was badly wounded at the [[Siege of Seringapatam (1792)|Siege of Seringapatam]] (now is the territory of [[India]]) in 1792,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/information-services/library-museum-gallery/cultural-heritage-collections/archives/archive-pubs/eliza-ross-manuscript|title=Eliza Ross Manuscript|website=The University of Edinburgh|access-date=2019-10-30}}</ref> and Isabella Rose Macleod in [[Perth, Scotland]].<ref name=":0" /> Her father was an Army officer who had served in the Caribbean and was stationed in India at the time of Elizabeth's birth. Her mother, was Isabella Rose Macleod, the 8th daughter of John Macleod of [[Raasay]].<ref name="Archer, M. 1970, pp. 173">Archer, M., “The Talented Baronet: Charles D’Oyly and His Sketches,” Conoisseur, Connoisseur vol. 175 November 1970, pp. 173–81</ref><br />
<br />
Both her parents died when she was very young. Shortly after her father's death in 1794, her sister was born and named Isabella Rose, after her mother, and was baptised at St. Mary's Church, Fort St. George ([[Madras Patnam|Madraspatnam]]).<ref>{{Citation|chapter=Besant, Annie, (1 Oct. 1847–20 Sept. 1933), President, Theosophical Society; Editor, New India (Madras); author and lecturer on religious, philosophical, and scientific subjects|date=2007-12-01|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u206053|title=Who Was Who}}</ref> Afterwards, the two siblings moved back to [[Raasay]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Original Highland airs collected at Raasay in 1812|last=D'Oyly, Elizabeth Jane, -1875|others=Cooke, Peter,, MacLeod, Morag,, Ó Baoill, Colm|isbn=9780954886578|location=Glasgow|oclc=949848929}}</ref> The mother's fate remains uncertain, but it was possible that her mother died and was buried on the sea during the voyage home from India.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Burrell|first1=Sidney A.|last2=Grant|first2=I. F.|date=October 1960|title=The Macleods: The History of a Clan, 1200-1956|journal=The American Historical Review|volume=66|issue=1|pages=144|doi=10.2307/1845742|issn=0002-8762|jstor=1845742}}</ref> She attended [[Mary Erskine School]] in Edinburgh.<ref name=":0" /> She and her sister became wards of the then Governor-General in India, the Marquis of Hastings who was married to their second cousin, the Countess of Louton.<ref name="Archer, M. 1970, pp. 173"/> The sisters were sent to Scotland to be raised by a relative (probably her maternal grandfather, John McLeod (1761-1824), laird of [[Raasay]]) (an island between Skye and the mainland).<ref>Note: some sources state that McLeod was her uncle (See b”Elizabeth Ross Manuscript” in the [[University of Edinburgh]] Archive, https://www.ed.ac.uk/information-services/library-museum-gallery/cultural-heritage-collections/school-scottish-studies-archives/archive-pubs/eliza-ross-manuscriptwhile others that he was her grandfather See: Sanger, K. and Kinnaird, A., Tree of Strings: Crann nan teud: A History of the Harp in Scotland, Routledge, 2015, pp 202-03</ref> She was educated in Edinburgh where she lived with an aunt<br />
<br />
The Macleods were a very musical family. Elizabeth's grandfather played the violin, while other menfolk were all pipers. Elizabeth became an accomplished musician, playing piano and concert harp. By her early 20s, she had transcribed 150 Gaelic airs, based on the playing of John McKay, piper to the laird of Raasay. She recorded these airs in a manuscript entitled “Original Highland airs, transcribed by Elizabeth Jane Ross, 1812” which she left in the Library of Raasay House and which were given to the [[Edinburgh University Library]] in the 1950s.<ref>Dunnigan, S., Edinburgh Companion to Scottish Traditional Literatures, p.54; Dickson, J., The Highland Bagpipe: Music, History, Tradition, p. 6; Cheape, H. and Forrest, J.S., Taigh a' Phìobaire. The Piper's House and the Music of the Mackays of Raasay, Béaloideas, vol. 80, 2012, pp. 163-182, https://www.jstor.org/stable/24862875</ref> McKay later composed an air, Fàilte Baintighearna D’Oyly [Lady D’Oyly's Salute] in her honour.<ref>Sanger. K. and Kinnaird, A. Tree of Strings: Crann nan teud: A History of the Harp in Scotland, Routledge, 2015, pp 202-03; MacLeod, N., Raasay: The Island and Its People, Birlinn, 2002, p. 82</ref><br />
A descendant of the McLeod family's piper, Angus McKay, wrote of Elizabeth's musical aptitude and her fondness for the piper in the following terms:<ref>MacKay, A., Collection of Ancient Piobaireachd or Highland Bagpipe Music, 1838, full text available at Alt Pibroch Club, http://www.altpibroch.com/kb/</ref> Her musical taste was remarkably good, and she was so fond of Pìobaireachd [bagpipes], that she acquired many of the longest pieces from the performance of the family Piper, and was accustomed to play them on the piano with much effect.... She [never] forgot MacKay, the Piper of Raasay, but had an elegant stand of Pipes, of peculiar native workmanship, prepared, which she presented to him.<br />
<br />
In 1813, she accompanied her cousin, the Marchioness of Hastings, to India. The Marchioness was related to the Governor-General, [[Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings|Marquis Hastings]] who invited the travelling party to stay at Government House as his guests. There Elizabeth met Baronet Charles D’Oyly, who at that time was serving as an honorary aide to the Governor-General.<ref>Mackenzie, A., “The McLeods of Raasay, “ The Celtic Magazine, [Inverness] vol. 13, no. 156, 1888, pp 545-554; Hunter, W.W., Life of Brian Houghton Hodgson: British Resident at the Court of Nepal, 1991, p. 94</ref> D’Oyly was immediately impressed by Elizabeth's sociability, her musicianship and her sketching.<ref>Archer, M. and Lightbown, R.W., India Observed: India as Viewed by British Artists, 1760-1860, Victoria and Albert Museum, 1982, p. 71</ref> The pair were married in 1817.<ref>Note: Secondary sources give contradictory dates for their marriage. Some claim the marriage occurred in 1817; See, for example: Conner, P., George Chinnery: 1774-1852; Artist of India and the China Coast, Antique Collectors Club Limited, 1993, p.95 or Archer, M. and Lightbown, R.W., India Observed: India as Viewed by British Artists, 1760-1860, Victoria and Albert Museum, 1982, p. 71 while other sources give the earlier date of 1815; See, for example: Sanger, K. and Kinnaird, A., Tree of Strings: Crann nan teud: A History of the Harp in Scotland, Routledge, 2015, pp 202-03 or The South Park Street Cemetery, Calcutta, Association for the Preservation of Historical Cemeteries in India, 1978, p. 6</ref><br />
<br />
In 1815, she married [[Charles D'Oyly]] and resided in India until 1838, when her husband's sickness forced them to leave the country, then returned to Britain before moving to Italy.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage|date=2003|publisher=Burke's Peerage|isbn=9780971196629|editor-last=Mosley|editor-first=Charles|doi = 10.5118/bpbk.2003|doi-broken-date=1 July 2025 }}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> Elizabeth's husband was a senior civil servant with the [[East India Company]]. In his spare time, he sketched incessantly, gaining a reputation as a talented amateur artist. Elizabeth shared an interest in sketching with her husband. As her husband's paintings and sketches of social life in India gained popularity with colonials, he established his own lithographic printing company, the Behar Lithographic Printing Company. He painted his wife's portrait and also produced many sketches of her seated at the harp in their drawing room.<ref>Keith Sanger and Alison Kinnaird, Tree of Strings: Crann nan teud: A History of the H arp in Scotland, Routledge, 2015, pp 202-03</ref> He also included some of Elizabeth's sketches in his published works.<br />
<br />
The couple were known for their hospitality and sociability. They entertained leading members of colonial society. The painter [[George Chinnery]] stayed with the D’Oylys in Dacca during 1802–03.<ref>Ross, R., Status and Respectability in the Cape Colony, 1750–1870: A Tragedy of Manners, Cambridge University Press, 1999, p. 125;</ref> [[Brian Houghton Hodgson]] also stayed with the couple when he first arrived in India. With their connections to elite society, the D’Oyly's introduced Houghton to society and helped him establish connections with high officials of the Indian government. Hodgson and the D’Oylys shared an interest in the arts, He and Elizabeth became lifelong friends.<ref>Hunter, W.W., Life of Brian Houghton Hodgson: British Resident at the Court of Nepal, Asian Educational Services, 1991, pp 29-31</ref> Even after her husband's death, Elizabeth continued to make an annual visit to their friend, Hodgson, at Adderly.<ref>Hunter, W.W., Life of Brian Houghton Hodgson: British Resident at the Court of Nepal, Asian Educational Services, 1991, pp 28-31</ref><br />
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She and her husband remained in India until 1838, after which they travelled to the Cape. Sometime later, Charles retired due to poor health. The pair returned to England briefly, after which they took up residence in Livorno in Italy. Following her husband's death in 1845, Elizabeth returned to England and lived most of final years at Preston House, Steepleton Iwerne in Dorset, making occasional visits to the Macleod family home in Scotland. She died at Steepleton Iwerne on 1 June 1875, aged 86.<ref>Cooke, P., MacLeod, M. and Ó Baoillfor, C., The Elizabeth Ross Manuscript, University of Edinburgh School of Celtic and Scottish Studies, Occasional Paper, Online Publications Series, 2011, p.11 https://www.ed.ac.uk/files/imports/fileManager/RossMS.pdf<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
The couple also established a lithographic press and the '[[Behar School of Athens]]', a society for artists.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> After her husband's death in 1845, she moved to [[Dorset]] till her death and maintaining her highland heritage.<ref name=":0" /> The D’Oylys had no children. After her death, Elizabeth's belongings were left to various members of the Macleod family.<ref>Archer, M., British drawings in the India Office Library, Volume 3, India Office Library, 1969, p. 119</ref><br />
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== Work and Manuscript ==<br />
She started putting interests in arts and music at very young age. It is believed that she had really good ground in music, taking a lively part in domestic music-making.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=Original Highland airs collected at Raasay in 1812|last=D'Oyly, Elizabeth Jane, -1875|others=Cooke, Peter,, MacLeod, Morag,, Ó Baoill, Colm|isbn=9780954886578|location=Glasgow|oclc=949848929}}</ref> Angus MacKay, the son of [[John Mackay (poet)|John MacKay]] described her as having a very remarkable taste of music, being fond of [[Pìobaireachd]], as she managed to play the longest pieces from the performance of the family piper and used to play the pieces in piano with much effect.<ref>{{Citation|chapter=Pìobaireachd|date=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.21798|title=Oxford Music Online}}</ref> She started writing the manuscript of [[Gaelic music|Gaelic Music]] at the age of 23.<ref name=":3" /> In 1875, she published [[Orain Ghaidhlig]], a set of four poems which later is included in [[Oranaiche]], an anthology of Gaelic verse. In 2011, the [[School of Scottish Studies]] Archives of the [[University of Edinburgh]] released "[[The Manuscript of Elizabeth Ross]]", a compilation of Original Highland Airs, collected by her at [[Raasay]] in 1812.<ref name=":1" /> Later in 2016, [[The Musica Scotica|The Musica Scotica Trust]] re-released the compilation.<ref name=":4" /><br />
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Her pencil sketches demonstrate a lightness of touch that was on a par with her husband. Her portraits of Indian women have survived to the present day <ref>Hunter, W.W., Life of Brian Houghton Hodgson: British Resident at the Court of Nepal, Asian Educational Services, 1991, p. 28</ref> and her husband included some of her sketches in a number of his publications, notably the Behar Lithographic Press Scrapbook (1828).<ref>Chakrabarti, H., European Artists and India, 1700=1900, Victoria Museum, India, 1987, p. 40</ref> Examples of her work can be found in the India Office Library. ,<ref>Archer, M., British Drawings in the India Office Library, Volume 3, India Office Library, H.M.S.O., 1969, p.&nbsp;119; Acher, M and Archer, W.G., Indian Painting for the British, 1770-1880, Oxford University Press, 1955, p.&nbsp;115</ref><br />
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==Legacy==<br />
The manuscript of Scottish airs transcribed by Elizabeth has been archived by the University of Edinburgh for its cultural and historical significance.<ref>University -services/library-museum-gallery/cultural-heritage-collections/school-scottish-studies-archives/archive-pubs/eliza-ross-manuscriptM/</ref> It is one of the earliest attempts to record pibrochs as they were performed at the time.<ref>Dickson, J. (ed.), The Highland Bagpipe: Music, History, Tradition, Ashgate Publishing, 2013, p. 5</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
Elizabeth Ross Manuscript- 150 Hebridean airs transcribed in 1812; an annotated transcript https://www.ed.ac.uk/files/imports/fileManager/RossMS.pdf<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Ross, Elizabeth}}<br />
[[Category:1789 births]]<br />
[[Category:1875 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:People educated at the Mary Erskine School]]<br />
[[Category:Scottish women poets]]</div>VLSLester417456https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Institute_of_Design&diff=503782Imperial Institute of Design2025-10-14T02:58:08Z<p>VLSLester417456: created a stub w/ infobox.</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Design school in Monteswar, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date = February 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date = February 2019}}<br />
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{{Infobox university||name=IID (Imperial Institute of Design)|image_name=|image_alt=Imperial Institute of Design (IID) logo|type=Autonomous National Institution|city=[[Monteswar]]|state=[[West Bengal]]|country=[[India]]|campus=Urban|affiliations=[[Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises]]|website=[https://www.iid.edu.in/ www.iid.edu.in]}}<br />
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{{Coord|23|24|55.28|N|88|06|28.10|E|type:edu_region:IN|display=title}}<br />
The '''IID (Imperial Institute of Design)''' is a design school in [[Monteswar]], [[Purba Bardhaman district]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. The institute functions as an autonomous body certified under the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, [[Government of India]]. IID is registered & recognised by the [[Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises]], government of India.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}<br />
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== Accreditation ==<br />
IID is recognized by DIPP ([[Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion]]) under National Design Policy<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dipp.gov.in/policies/national-design-policy|title=National Design Policy|publisher=Ministry of Commerce and Industry|date=15 February 2019}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> under the Design Clinic Scheme project being implemented across the country is intended to improve the manufacturing competency of the MSMEs through design intervention to their products and services and to provide them design edge in the global market and hence supports the MAKE IN INDIA programme of the Government of India. the [[Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (India)|Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises]] (MSME).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/government-to-soon-unveil-new-industrial-policy-dipp-secretary/articleshow/66650716.cms|title=Government to soon unveil new industrial policy: DIPP Secretary|date=2018-11-16|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2019-02-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://msme.gov.in/|title=Ministry of Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises|website=msme.gov.in|access-date=2019-02-11}}</ref> IID is also affiliated with NIELIT ([[National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology]]), associated with the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology of the Government of India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nielit.gov.in/|title=Government of India : National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology|website=nielit.gov.in|access-date=2019-02-11}}</ref><br />
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== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
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== External links ==<br />
* [https://www.iid.edu.in/ Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190210100101/https://www.iid.edu.in/ |date=10 February 2019 }}<br />
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{{Bardhaman topics}}<br />
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{{authority control}}<br />
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[[Category:Design schools in India]]<br />
[[Category:Bardhaman]]<br />
[[Category:Graphic design schools]]<br />
[[Category:Animation schools in India]]</div>VLSLester417456https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kattu_Narasimhaperumal_Temple,_Srirangam&diff=457185Kattu Narasimhaperumal Temple, Srirangam2025-08-17T00:32:48Z<p>VLSLester417456: added info</p>
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<div>{{Multiple issues|<br />
{{Cleanup reorganize|date=May 2020}}<br />
{{more citations needed|date=July 2020}}<br />
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{{Infobox temple<br />
| name = Kattu Narasimhaperumal Temple<br />
| image = Kattu_Narasimha.jpg<br />
| alt =<br />
| caption = Kattu Narasimha Perumal temple<br />
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu<br />
| map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu<br />
| coordinates =<br />
| native_name =<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
| district = <br />
| location = [[Srirangam]]<br />
| elevation_m =<br />
| deity = <br />
| facade_direction =<br />
| temple_tank =<br />
| tower =<br />
| Poets =<br />
| Prathyaksham =<br />
| festivals =<br />
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]<br />
| temple_quantity =<br />
| monument_quantity =<br />
| inscriptions =<br />
| year_completed = 9th century {{citation needed|date=May 2020}}<br />
| creator = Vallabadevan<br />
| website =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Kattu Narasimhaperumal Temple''' is a Hindu temple situated in the suburb of [[Srirangam]] in [[Tiruchirappalli]], [[India]]. It is also known as Azhagiya Singar temple and is situated at a distance of 1 kilometre from the Srirangam railway station.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=742|title=Kattazhagiasingar Temple : Kattazhagiasingar Temple Details &#124; Kattazhagiasingar - Srirangam &#124; Tamilnadu Temple &#124; காட்டழகிய சிங்கர்}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=19 Nov 2020 |title=Divine Intervention |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/divine-illumination/article4110145.ece |access-date=5 May 2020}}</ref><br />
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The temple is also called traditionally ''"Ekaanthanthaman Koil"'' meaning "calm and quiet ambience" temple. It is widely believed that the presiding deity grants boons to devotees and is aptly called ''"Varaprasaaadhi"'' (boon giver).The temple does not find a mention in [[Naalayira Divya Prabhandham|Nalayira Divya Prabhandams]], and thus is not listed in [[Divya Desam]] group of 108 temples. But it is classified as one of the most important [[Abhimana sthalam]] out of the 108.<br />
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==Dating the temple==<br />
The temple was built by the [[Pandyas|Pandyan]] King [[Srimara Srivallabha|Vallabadevan]] who was a devotee of [[Periyalvar|Sri Periazhwar]] in the ninth century CE. The '''Kattu Narasimhaperumal Temple''' is a Hindu temple situated in the suburb of [[Srirangam]] in [[Tiruchirappalli]], [[India]]. It is also known as Azhagiya Singar temple and is situated at a distance of 1 kilometre from the Srirangam railway station<br />
<br />
However as per legend and folklore the temple predates the [[Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam]] and is one of the oldest temples in the city. Some attribute the temple to be of 5th century CE.<br />
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== Temple history==<br />
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[[File:Kattu Narasimha Perumal.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|Side view of the temple.]]<br />
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In the 12th century CE [[Pillai Lokacharya|Sri Pillailokachariar]] conducted his daily ''kalakshepam'' (discourse) on ''"Vaishnava siddhaantha rahasyangal"'' (Secrets of the Vaishnava tradition) to his devotees in this temple. [[Manavala Mamunigal|Sri Manavalamamunigal]] in the 15th century took over temple administration as per the request of the Pandyan ruler Srisindarapandian. The pandyan king provided for temple maintenance.<br />
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The Temple entrance arch was built as ordained by Sri Kaattazhgaiyasingar and dedicated in the presence of Sriman Sriranga Narayana Jeeyar of Srirangam temple (Periakoil Jeeyar). More devotees became followers of the deity from there on.<br />
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==Festivals==<br />
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[[File:Kattu_Narasimha_Perumal_temple.jpg|thumb|right|Sculpture at the temple.]]<br />
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===Jyeshtabhishekam===<br />
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Holy water from the river Kollidam is brought by elephant to the temple and ''Jyeshtabhishekam'' (divine ablution) is performed.<br />
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===Sahasra Deepam===<br />
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A thousand lamps are lit during the Sashradeepam. It occurs during the first Sunday in the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil month]] of Karthigai.<br />
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===Pradosham===<br />
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On days of [[pradosham]] days, devotees get special [[Darśana|darshan]] (viewing) of Azhagiyasinga Perumal (presiding deity of the temple).<br />
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== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Hindu temples in Tiruchirappalli]]<br />
[[Category:Abhimana temples of Vishnu]]<br />
[[Category:Narasimha temples]]</div>VLSLester417456https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tomb_of_Shah_Nawaz_Khan&diff=541653Tomb of Shah Nawaz Khan2025-07-18T21:00:48Z<p>VLSLester417456: new a details.</p>
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<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox building<br />
| image = Outside dome of Tomb of Shah Nawaz Khan.jpg<br />
| location = [[Burhanpur]]<br />
| location_country = India<br />
}}<br />
[[File:Carving_on_the_Dome_of_Tomb_of_Shah_Nawaz_Khan.jpg|thumb|Interior of the dome decorated with [[Islamic geometric patterns]]]]<br />
The '''Tomb of Shah Nawaz Khan''' is a 17th-century [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] tomb in [[Burhanpur]], in the Indian state of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. It is listed as a [[Monuments of National Importance (India)|monument of national importance]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alphabetical List of Monuments – Madhya Pradesh |url=https://asi.nic.in/alphabetical-list-of-monuments-madhya-pradesh/ |website=[[Archaeological Survey of India]]}}</ref> The tomb is also nicknamed the "Black [[Taj Mahal]]" owing to the black stone used in its construction.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Safvi |first=Rana |author-link=Rana Safvi |date=2017-06-24 |title=Life and death in Burhanpur |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/columns/life-and-death-in-burhanpur/article19141456.ece |access-date=2023-10-16 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
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==History==<br />
The tomb was built by Mughal nobleman [[Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khanan]], for his son Shah Nawaz Khan, who died around 1618-1620. The monument dates to Khan-i-Khanan's nine-year tenure in Burhanpur as the Mughal [[subahdar]] (governor) of the [[Deccan]], and is one of several constructions he carried out in the city.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hirsch |first=Rachel |date=2022-10-07 |title=Building Burhanpur: The Process of Constructing a Mughal City |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/muqj/39/1/article-p79_5.xml |journal=Muqarnas Online |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=79–108 |doi=10.1163/22118993-00391P06 |issn=0732-2992|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Koch |first=Ebba |title=Mughal architecture : an outline of its history and development, 1526-1858 |date=1991 |publisher=Prestel |isbn=3-7913-1070-4 |location=München, Federal Republic of Germany |pages=76 |oclc=26808918}}</ref> Michell and Zebrowski date the monument to 1619.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Michell |first=George |title=Architecture and art of the Deccan sultanates |date=1999 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |others=Mark Zebrowski |isbn=978-0-511-46884-1 |location=Cambridge |pages=109 |oclc=268771115}}</ref><br />
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==Architecture==<br />
The tomb is a two-storied square structure with hexagonal minarets on all four corners. The tomb borrows elements from the Imperial style of the Delhi Sultanate, as well as the provincial style of the Deccan and Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brown |first=Percy |url=https://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/18429.pdf |title=Indian Architecture (Islamic period) |pages=84 |author-link=Percy Brown (art historian)}}</ref> It is located in the midst of a garden.<ref name=":0" /><br />
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==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
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{{coord|21.32833|76.24318|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}<br />
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[[Category:Tombs in Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Mughal tombs|Shah_Nawaz_Khan]]<br />
[[Category:Burhanpur]]<br />
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Madhya Pradesh]]</div>VLSLester417456https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=M._S._Banga&diff=472516M. S. Banga2025-06-27T11:38:36Z<p>VLSLester417456: expanded details also and fixed typos after review</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian-born British businessman (born 1954)}}<br />
{{BLP sources|date=July 2023}}<br />
{{EngvarB|date=February 2017}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Manvinder 'Vindi' Banga<br />
| image = Vindi Banga Profile Photo.jpg<br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_name = Manvinder Singh Banga<br />
| other_names = <br />
| birth_place = [[Simla]], [[East Punjab|Punjab]], India (now in [[Himachal Pradesh]])<br />
| alma_mater =[[IIT Delhi]] ([[Bachelor of Technology|B.Tech.]])<ref>{{cite web|title=IIT Delhi distinguished alumni award|url=https://alumni.iitd.ac.in/distinguished-alum-award/319|website=[[IIT Delhi]]}}</ref> <br> [[IIM Ahmedabad]] ([[MBA]])<br />
| birth_date = <br />
| children = 2<br />
| spouse = Kamini<br />
| relatives = [[Ajay Banga]] (brother)<br />
}}<br />
'''Manvinder''' "'''Vindi'''" '''Singh Banga''' is an [[Indian-British]] [[businessman]] who had executive roles at [[Unilever]]. He now holds non-executive positions, and since 2021 has been chair of [[UK Government Investments]].<br />
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==Early life==<br />
Vindi was born in 1954 in [[Simla]] (then in the state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]), the son of [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lt.Gen.]] Harbhajan Singh Banga, of the [[Indian Army]], and his wife, Jaswant.<ref name="forbes">.{{cite web|title=India's Banga Brothers|url=https://www.forbes.com/global/2010/0809/companies-mastercard-vindi-ajay-india-banga-brothers.html|website=Forbes}}</ref> His younger brother [[Ajay Banga]] is also a business executive.<br />
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Banga graduated with a [[Bachelor of Technology|B.Tech]] degree in [[ mechanical engineering]] from [[IIT Delhi]] in 1975 and was gold medalist of his batch.<ref>{{cite web|title=IIT Delhi distinguished alumni award|url=https://alumni.iitd.ac.in/distinguished-alum-award/319|website=[[IIT Delhi]]}}</ref> <br />
He holds an [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]] from [[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad|IIM Ahmedabad]].<ref name="bloombergbio">{{cite web|title=Company Overview of Kedaara Capital Investment Managers Limited: Manvinder Singh Banga|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=8666774&privcapId=144086841|website=[[Bloomberg News]]|access-date=2 October 2017}}</ref><br />
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He worked at [[Unilever]] for 33 years, where was on the Unilever Executive Board and he held roles including chairman and CEO of [[Hindustan Unilever]] and President of the Global Foods, Home and Personal Care businesses.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sen |first=Sudeshna |date=2010-03-19 |title=Vindi Banga to change Hindustan Unilever after 33 years |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/vindi-banga-to-change-hindustan-unilever-after-33-years/articleshow/5700063.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-04-28 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><br />
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He subsequently became a partner at private equity firm [[Clayton, Dubilier & Rice|Clayton, Dubilier, & Rice]]. He has served as a senior non-executive director at [[Marks & Spencer]] and at [[GSK plc|GlaxoSmithKline]]. He serves as the Chairman of [[Marie Curie (charity)|Marie Curie]] and as a non-executive director of [[The Economist Group]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Team {{!}} Clayton Dubilier & Rice, LLC |url=https://www.cdr-inc.com/professionals?nid=144 |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=www.cdr-inc.com}}</ref><br />
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In September 2021 he was appointed as chair of [[UK Government Investments]], the governance and corporate finance arm of the UK Government.<ref>{{Cite web |last=CollierWright |first=Frances |date=2021-08-02 |title=Vindi Banga appointed as new Chair of UK Government Investments |url=https://www.ukgi.org.uk/2021/08/02/vindi-banga-appointed-as-new-chair-of-uk-government-investments/ |access-date=2023-07-25 |website=UK Government Investments (UKGI) |language=en}}</ref><br />
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==See also==<br />
*[[List of IIT Delhi people]]<br />
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==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
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{{Authority control}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Banga, M}}<br />
[[Category:1954 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:People from Shimla]]<br />
[[Category:Businesspeople from Punjab, India]]<br />
[[Category:Businesspeople from Himachal Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Unilever people]] yes</div>VLSLester417456https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dhaliabari&diff=496573Dhaliabari2025-05-29T15:44:37Z<p>VLSLester417456: </p>
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{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Dhaliabari<br />
| native_name =<br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type =Census Town<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption =<br />
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3<br />
| pushpin_label_position = <br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|26.280752|N|89.471759|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country <br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} <br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Cooch Behar district|Cooch Behar]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = 2.8024<br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = 4383<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 736170<br />
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code<br />
| area_code = 03582<br />
| registration_plate = WB<br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Cooch Behar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cooch Behar]]<br />
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Cooch Behar Dakshin (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Cooch Behar Dakshin]]<br />
| website = {{URL|coochbehar.gov.in/}}<br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
'''Dhaliabari''' is a [[census town]] in the [[Cooch Behar I]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Cooch Behar Sadar subdivision]] of the [[Cooch Behar district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].<br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
{{OSM Location map<br />
| width=320| height=370| zoom=11<br />
| coord={{coord|26|20|30|N|89|27|30|E}}| float=left|caption='''Places in the Cooch Behar Sadar subdivision in Cooch Behar district'''<br/>CT: census town, M: municipal town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical/ religious centre<br/>Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly<br />
|mark-coord1={{coord|26|20|37|N|89|28|26|E}}| label-pos1=left|label1= Baisguri | numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Baisguri]] (CT)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000 |shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2<br />
|mark-coord2={{coord|26|23|30|N|89|29|45|E}}| label-pos2=left|label2=Baneswar| numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Baneswar]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord3={{coord|26|20|10|N|89|28|44|E}}| label-pos3=right|label3=Chakchaka| numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Chakchaka]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord4={{coord|26|16|50|N|89|28|18|E}}| label-pos4=left|label4=Dhaliabari| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= Dhaliabari (CT)|shape-color4=black| label-size4=13|label-color4=black <!-- make the subject of the article stand out with black colors --> <br />
|mark-coord5={{coord|26|18|49|N|89|27|50|E}}| label-pos5=left|label5=Guriahati| numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Guriahati]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord6={{coord|26|21|36|N|89|27|36|E}}| label-pos6=right|label6=Khagrabari| numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Khagrabari]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord7={{coord|26|18|55|N|89|28|15|E}}| label-pos7=right|label7=Kharimala Khagrabari| numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[Kharimala Khagrabari]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord8={{coord|26|20|0|N|89|25|55|E}}| label-pos8=left|label8=Takagachh| numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[Takagachh]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord9={{coord|26|19|40|N|89|27|3|E}}| label-pos9=right|label9=Cooch Behar| numbered9=M| mark-title9= [[Cooch Behar]] (M) | shape-color9=#800000<br />
|mark-coord10={{coord|26|14|37|N|89|29|10|E}}| label-pos10=right|label10=Dewanhat| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Dewanhat]] (R) | shape-color10= #C42222<br />
|mark-coord11={{coord|26|17|8|N|89|28|12|E}}| label-pos11=right|label11=Ghughumari| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Ghughumari]] (R)| shape-color11= #C42222 <br />
|mark-coord12={{coord|26|26|15|N|89|22|30|E}}| label-pos12=right|label12=Kalarayerkuthi| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Kalarayerkuthi]] (R)| shape-color12= #C42222 <br />
|mark-coord13={{coord|26|24|32|N|89|22|56|E}}| label-pos13=right|label13=Pundibari| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Pundibari]] (R) | shape-color13= #C42222<br />
|mark-coord14={{coord|26|17|40|N|89|27|20|E}}| label-pos14=left|label14=Gudam Maharaniganj| numbered14=H| mark-title14= [[Gudam Maharaniganj]] (H) |shape-color14=#AA6666<br />
|mark-coord15={{coord|26|19|37|N|89|26|18|E}}| label-pos15=left|label15=Cooch Behar Palace| numbered15=H| mark-title15= [[Cooch Behar Palace]] (H) |shape-color15=#AA6666<br />
|mark-coord16={{coord|26|21|48|N|89|22|41|E}}| label-pos16=right|label16= Madhupur Satra| numbered16=H| mark-title16= [[Madhupur Satra]] (H) |shape-color16=#AA6666<br />
|mark-coord17={{coord|26|22|7|N|89|22|4|E}}| label-pos17=top|label17= Haripur| numbered17=H| mark-title17= [[Haripur, Cooch Behar]] (H) |shape-color17=#AA6666<br />
|mark-coord18={{coord|26|22|11|N|89|29|59|E}}| label-pos18=right|label18= Baikunthapur| numbered18=H| mark-title18= [[Baikunthapur]] (H) |shape-color18=#AA6666<br />
|mark-coord19={{coord|26|23|12|N|89|30|45|E}}| label-pos19=right|label19= Sidheswari| numbered19=H| mark-title19= [[Sidheswari]] (H) |shape-color19=#AA6666<br />
|mark-coord23={{coord|26|18|0|N|89|29|0|E}}|label23= Mara| label-color23 = #77A1CB| label-angle23=-24| label-pos23=top| label-size23=10| mark-size23=0| mark-title23=none<br />
|mark-coord24={{coord|26|17|40|N|89|30|30|E}}|label24= Torsha River| label-color24 = #77A1CB| label-angle24=34| label-pos24=top| label-size24=10| mark-size24=0| mark-title24=none}}<br />
<br />
===Location===<br />
Dhaliabari is located at {{coord|26.280752|N|89.471759|E|display=inline}}.<br />
<br />
===Area overview===<br />
The map alongside shows the north-central part of the district. It has the highest level of urbanisation in an overwhelming rural district. 22.08% of the population of the Cooch Behar Sadar subdivision lives in the urban areas and 77.92% lives in the rural areas.<ref name="handbook">{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2013 Cooch Behar |work = Tables 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 5 August 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |url-status = dead }}</ref> The entire district forms the flat [[alluvium|alluvial]] flood plains of mighty rivers.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1903_PART_A_DCHB_KOCH%20BIHAR.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Koch Bihar, Series 20, Part XIIA| work= Census of India 2011, pages 17-21 Physical feafures| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 5 August 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
<small>Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.</small><br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Dhaliabari had a total population of 4,383, with 2,265 (52%) males and 2,118 (48%) females. There were 453 persons in the age range of 0 to 6 years. The total number of literate people in Dhaliabari was 3,112 (79.19% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 30 July 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Infrastructure==<br />
According to the ''District Census Handbook 2011, Koch Bihar'', Dhaliabari covered an area of 2.8024&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>. Among the civic amenities, it had 2&nbsp;km roads, the protected water supply involved tap water from untreated sources. It had 500 electricity connections, 35 road lighting points. Among the medical facilities it had 1 family welfare centre, 1 medicine shop. Among the educational facilities it had 1 primary school, 1 middle school, 1 secondary school, 1 senior secondary school, the nearest general degree college at [[Cooch Behar]] 6&nbsp;km away. Three important commodities it produced were sitalpati, paddy, jute. It had the branch of 1 non-agricultural credit society.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1903_PART_A_DCHB_KOCH%20BIHAR.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Koch Bihar, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 593-594 : Statement I: Status and Growth History, Pages 595: Statement II: Physical Aspects and Location of Towns, Pages 595-596: Statement III: Civic and other Amenities, Page 597: Statement IV: Medical Facilities 2009, Pages 598-599: Statement V: Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities, Page 600: Statement VI: Industry and Banking | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations V, West Bengal |access-date = 29 July 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Culture==<br />
The [[Pancharatna (architecture)|pancharatna]] Siddhanath Shiva temple at Dhaliabari is unique because of the attachment of some [[terracotta]] panels. It is probably the only temple in Cooch Behar district, and among the exceptional few in the northern part of West Bengal, to have some terracotta panels. There are four towers at the four corners of the curved roof, but the larger central tower is missing. The temple is {{convert|9.1|m}} high and has a square base of {{convert|6.4|m}}.<ref name="temple">Koch Bihar Jelar Purakirti (in Bengali), Data compilation and writing by Dr. Shyamachand Mukhopadhayay, published by the Department of Archaeology, Government of West Bengal, Second edition 1974, Pages 49-51.</ref><br />
<br />
The temple has a [[mihrab]], normally found in mosques. There are two possibilities for this: an attempt was made to convert it to a mosque during the short Muslim rule in the 18th century or it was included by the Muslim artisans as a matter of regular practice. Muslim architectural influence in Hindu temples is not totally unknown. Apart from the main [[Lingam|Siddhanath Shiva Linga]], [[Narayana]]-shila is also worshipped in this temple.<ref name="temple"/><br />
<br />
There is some controversy regarding the construction of the Siddhanath Shiva temple. According to [[Madho Sarup Vats]], of the Archaeological Survey, the temple was built during the rule of Raja Upendra Narayan (1714-1763) of the [[Cooch Behar State]]. However, historian Harendra Narayan Choudhury opined that the temple construction was initiated during the period of Raja Harendra Narayan (1780-1839) and completed by his son Raja Shivendra Narayan (1796-1849). In 1808, [[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton|Dr. Buchanan Hamilton]], also submitted a report. It can be said that Raja Upendra Narayan built the temple, and Raja Harendra Narayan and Raja Shivendra Narayan may have renovated it.<ref name="temple"/><br />
<br />
The Siddhanath Shiva temple is a [[List of State Protected Monuments in West Bengal|state protected monument]].<ref name="ASI MNI">[http://asi.nic.in/asi_protected_monu_list.asp List of State Protected Monuments as reported by the Archaeological Survey of India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523134605/http://asi.nic.in/asi_protected_monu_list.asp |date=2013-05-23 }}.</ref><br />
<br />
==Siddhanath Shiva temple picture gallery==<br />
<gallery widths="200px" heights="150px"><br />
File:Siddhanath Siva temple at Dhauluabari under Cooch Behar district in West Bengal 11.jpg<br />
File:Siddhanath Siva temple at Dhauluabari under Cooch Behar district in West Bengal 05.jpg<br />
File:Siddhanath Siva temple at Dhauluabari under Cooch Behar district in West Bengal 07.jpg<br />
File:Siddhanath Siva temple at Dhauluabari under Cooch Behar district in West Bengal 25.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
<br />
{{Cooch Behar District}}<br />
{{Temple towns in West Bengal}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Cities and towns in Cooch Behar district]]</div>VLSLester417456https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Telangana&diff=446212Demographics of Telangana2025-05-15T06:03:47Z<p>VLSLester417456: edit</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|none}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}<br />
<br />
[[Telangana]] state is the [[List of states and union territories of India by population|12th most populous state]] in [[India]], with a population of 35,003,674 as per [[2011 Census of India|2011 Census]], with a [[population density]] of 312 per km<sup>2</sup>. The state has male and female population of 17,611,633 and 17,392,041 respectively with [[sex ratio]] (Females per 1000 Males) standing at 988. Decadal Growth Rate (2001-2011) Rate is 13.58%.<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistical Year Book 2015|url=https://www.telangana.gov.in/PDFDocuments/Statistical%20Year%20Book%202015.pdf|accessdate=4 March 2019|website=telangana.gov.in|publisher=Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Government of Telangana}}</ref><br />
<br />
==General statistics==<br />
Data pulled from Socio Economic Outlook of Telangana 2023.<ref>[https://www.telangana.gov.in/PDFDocuments/Telangana-Socio-Economic-Outlook-2023.pdf Telangana socio economic outlook 2023]telangana.gov.in {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209094011/https://www.telangana.gov.in/PDFDocuments/Telangana-Socio-Economic-Outlook-2023.pdf |date=9 February 2023 }}</ref><br />
<br />
'''Population of Telangana State from 1961 to 2011 (in Nos.)'''<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Year<br />
!1961<br />
!1971<br />
!1981<br />
!1991<br />
!2001<br />
!2011<br />
|-<br />
|[[Telangana]]<br />
|12,711,785 <br />
|15,817,895<br />
|20,181,085<br />
|26,089,074<br />
|30,987,271<br />
|35,003,674<br />
|-<br />
|[[India]]<br />
|439,234,771<br />
|548,159,652<br />
|683,329,097<br />
|846,421,039<br />
|1,028,610,328<br />
|1,210,854,977<br />
|}<br />
'''Percentage of Urban Population to total Population from 1961 to 2011'''<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Year<br />
!1961<br />
!1971<br />
!1981<br />
!1991<br />
!2001<br />
!2011<br />
|-<br />
|[[Telangana]]<br />
|19.27<br />
|20.99<br />
|25.27<br />
|30.18<br />
|31.79<br />
|38.88<br />
|-<br />
|[[India]]<br />
|17.97<br />
|17.98<br />
|19.51<br />
|22.87<br />
|25.49<br />
|31.15<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Religion ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right;"<br />
|+ Religion in Telangana<br />
!Religion !! 2001<ref name="religion1">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/C_Series/Population_by_religious_communities.htm|title=Total population by religious communities|publisher=Censusindia.gov.in|access-date=20 November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080119031333/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/C_Series/Population_by_religious_communities.htm|archive-date=19 January 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> <br />
!%!! 2011{{Efn|Area which became present-day Telangana excluding mandals transferred to Andhra Pradesh. Figures for Burgampadu mandal were calculated by assuming proportion of religion in transferred area is the same as in rural areas of the whole mandal.|group=lower-alpha}}<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Population by Religion - Andhra Pradesh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11363/download/14476/DDW28C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref><br />
!%<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hinduism]] || 26,630,949 <br />
|85.95|| 29,764,205<br />
|85.03<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hyderabadi Muslims|Islam]] || 3,853,213 <br />
|12.43|| 4,461,566 <br />
|12.75<br />
|-<br />
| [[Telugu Christians|Christianity]] || 384,373 <br />
|1.24|| 445,198 <br />
|1.27<br />
|-<br />
|[[Buddhism]]<br />
|29,628<br />
|0.10<br />
|32,553<br />
|0.09<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sikhism]] || 23,821<br />
|0.08|| 30,340 <br />
|0.09<br />
|-<br />
| [[Jainism]] || 19,959<br />
|0.06|| 26,690<br />
|0.08<br />
|-<br />
|Other<br />
|3,082<br />
|0.00<br />
|4,975<br />
|0.01<br />
|-<br />
| Not stated || 42,246 <br />
|0.14|| 238,147<br />
|0.68<br />
|-<br />
| Total || 30,987,271 <br />
|100|| 35,003,674 <br />
|100<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Religion in urban areas ===<br />
Religious Population Percentage for major cities of [[Telangana]] State, [[India]].<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! | City<br />
! | Population<ref name="religion" /><br />
! | Hindus %<br />
! | Muslims %<br />
! | Christians %<br />
! | Others† %<br />
|-<br />
| [[Adilabad]]<br />
| 117,167<br />
| 59.37<br />
| 35.59<br />
| 0.83<br />
| 4.21<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hyderabad]]<br />
| 6,993,262<br />
| 64.93<br />
| 30.13<br />
| 2.76<br />
| 2.18<br />
|-<br />
| [[Karimnagar]]<br />
| 289,821<br />
<br />
| 77.10<br />
| 20.71<br />
| 1.30<br />
| 0.89<br />
|-<br />
| [[Khammam]]<br />
| 196,283<br />
| 81.59<br />
| 15.98<br />
| 2.00<br />
| 0.43<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mahbubnagar]]<br />
| 190,400<br />
| 63.75<br />
| 33.72<br />
| 1.88<br />
| 0.65<br />
|-<br />
| [[Nalgonda]]<br />
| 154,326<br />
| 78.63<br />
| 19.26<br />
| 1.74<br />
| 0.37<br />
|-<br />
| [[Nizamabad, Telangana|Nizamabad]]<br />
| 311,152<br />
| 59.77<br />
| 38.01<br />
| 1.13<br />
| 1.09<br />
|-<br />
| [[Ramagundam]]<br />
| 242,979<br />
| 88.60<br />
| 9.68<br />
| 1.22 <br />
| 0.50<br />
|-<br />
| [[Suryapet]]<br />
| 106,805<br />
| 86.28 <br />
| 10.47 <br />
| 2.07<br />
| 1.18<br />
|-<br />
| [[Warangal]]<br />
| 704,570<br />
| 83.41<br />
| 14.39<br />
| 1.65<br />
| 0.55<br />
|}<br />
† includes [[Buddhist]], [[Sikhs]] etc.<br />
<br />
'''Source:''' [http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf Cities with population of 1 Lakh and Above]<br />
<br />
== Languages ==<br />
<br />
{{Pie chart<br />
|caption = Languages of Telangana (2011)<ref name="language"/><br />
|label1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] |value1 = 75.51 |color1 = steelblue<br />
|label2 = [[Urdu]] |value2 = 12.32 |color2 = green<br />
|label3 = [[Lambadi]] |value3 = 5.55 |color3 = khaki<br />
|label4 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] |value4 = 1.77 |color4 = red<br />
|label5 = [[Hindi]] |value5 = 1.52 |color5 = orange<br />
|label6 = Others |value6 = 3.33 |color6 = grey<br />
}}<br />
<br />
At the time of the 2011 census, 75.51% of the population in present-day Telangana{{Efn|Area which became present-day Telangana excluding mandals transferred to Andhra Pradesh. Figures for Burgampadu mandal were calculated by assuming proportion of languages in transferred area is the same as in rural areas of the whole mandal.|group=lower-alpha}} spoke [[Telugu language|Telugu]], 12.17% [[Urdu]], 5.55% [[Lambadi]], 1.77% [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and 1.52% [[Hindi]] as their first language.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Andhra Pradesh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10193/download/13305/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2800.XLSX |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[List of cities in Telangana by area]]<br />
<br />
{{Demographics of India}}<br />
{{Telangana}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Telangana-related lists|P]]<br />
[[Category:Culture of Telangana]]<br />
[[Category:Demographics of India by state or union territory|Telangana]]</div>VLSLester417456https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Udyavara_Madhava_Acharya&diff=542385Udyavara Madhava Acharya2025-03-21T13:10:23Z<p>VLSLester417456: new new post</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Kannada theatre artist and author (1941–2020)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}<br />
{{EngvarB|date=December 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox writer<br />
| name = Udyavara Madhava Acharya<br />
| image = Udyavara Madhava Acharya.png<br />
| birth_date = 25 March 1941<br />
| birth_place = Udupi District, [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]<br />
| death_date = 7 December 2020 (aged 79)<br />
| death_place = Udupi, [[Karnataka]], India<br />
| occupation = Short story writer, poet, theatre director<br />
| awards = [[Karnataka Sahitya Academy Award]]; [[Rajyotsava Award]]<br />
| nationality = Indian<br />
| language = [[Kannada language|Kannada]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Udyavara Madhava Acharya''' (25 March 1941{{spnd}}7 December 2020) was an Indian orator,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/alleviate-poverty-by-2015-writer/article3062863.ece|title=Alleviate poverty by 2015: writer|newspaper=The Hindu |date=18 October 2006|via=www.thehindu.com|access-date=5 May 2020|archive-date=7 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207235726/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/alleviate-poverty-by-2015-writer/article3062863.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> short story writer,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/Sahitya-sammelan-cultural-programmes-begin/article16004620.ece|title=Sahitya sammelan: cultural programmes begin|newspaper=The Hindu |date=20 March 2010|via=www.thehindu.com|access-date=5 May 2020|archive-date=7 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207235704/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/Sahitya-sammelan-cultural-programmes-begin/article16004620.ece|url-status=live}}; {{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/i-took-criticism-in-my-stride-seer/article3241304.ece|title=I took criticism in my stride: seer|newspaper=The Hindu |date=18 January 2006|via=www.thehindu.com|access-date=5 May 2020|archive-date=7 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207235704/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/i-took-criticism-in-my-stride-seer/article3241304.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> poet, and theatre artist.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/udupi-needs-a-museum/article3253011.ece|title='Udupi needs a museum'|newspaper=The Hindu |date=28 March 2012|via=www.thehindu.com|access-date=5 May 2020|archive-date=7 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207235701/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/udupi-needs-a-museum/article3253011.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> He is credited with modernisation of the traditional theatre form of [[Yakshagana]]. Some of his noted works include ''Baagida Mara'' ({{Translation|Bent Tree}}), ''Rangasthalada Kanavarikegalu'' ({{Translation|Theater dreams}}), and ''Nenapadalu Shakunthale'' ({{Translation|I remembered Shakunthala}}). He was a recipient of the [[Karnataka]] state [[Rajyotsava Award]] in 1999 and the [[Karnataka Sahitya Academy Award]] in 1970.<br />
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== Early life ==<br />
Acharya was born on 25 March 1941, in [[Udupi district]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now the southern Indian state of [[Karnataka]]).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Shenoy|first=Jaideep|date=7 December 2020|title=Karnataka: Eminent theatre personality Udyavara Madhav Acharya passes away {{!}} Mangaluru News|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/karnataka-eminent-theatre-personality-udyavara-madhav-acharya-passes-away/articleshow/79611075.cms|access-date=8 December 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=7 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207190609/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/karnataka-eminent-theatre-personality-udyavara-madhav-acharya-passes-away/articleshow/79611075.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> His father D. Lakshmi Narayana Acharya was a [[Sanskrit]] lecturer in the Madras Presidency. His father was the author of the Sanskrit book, ''Rasavilasa.'' His mother, U. Lalita Lakshmi specialised in local arts and was an influence on his uptake of performing arts. During his childhood, Acharya was exposed to arts from the region including [[Yakshagana]], [[Buta Kola|Kola]], [[Nagaradhane|Nagamandala]], and [[Dakkebali|Dhakkebali]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=ಉಡುಪಿ: ಖ್ಯಾತ ರಂಗಕರ್ಮಿ ಉದ್ಯಾವರ ಮಾಧವ ಆಚಾರ್ಯ ನಿಧನ|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/news/udupi/renowned-theater-personality-udyavar-madhava-acharya-passed-away/articleshow/79609247.cms|access-date=8 December 2020|website=Vijaya Karnataka|language=kn|archive-date=7 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207125548/https://vijaykarnataka.com/news/udupi/renowned-theater-personality-udyavar-madhava-acharya-passed-away/articleshow/79609247.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> After completing his primary education in [[Kalyanpura, Udupi]], he completed his [[Bachelor of Arts]] from MGM college in Udupi, and went on to get a [[Master's degree]] in Economics from [[Bangalore University]].<ref name=":2" /><br />
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== Career ==<br />
Acharya started his career as a professor of economics at Bhandarkar's college in [[Kundapur]] between 1965 and 1969, and later at the [[Poornaprajna Vidyapeetha|Poornaprajna college]] in Udupi, between 1969 and 1996.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=8 December 2020|title=Artist Udyavara Madhava Acharya is no more|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/artiste-udyavara-madhava-acharya-is-no-more/article33274031.ece|access-date=8 December 2020|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=7 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207182719/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/artiste-udyavara-madhava-acharya-is-no-more/article33274031.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> He would go onto retire as a Principal from the BB College in [[Kundapur]].<ref name=":2" /><br />
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He rose to prominence as an author of short stories and dramas in the 1970s when he started ''Samuha'' ({{Translation|commonplace}}) as a theatre group that specialised in dramas and Kannada and Tulu language ballets.<ref name=":0" /> The group was noted for staging classical literary works with a combination of folk arts including [[Yakshagana]], [[Bharatanatyam]], and classical music.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Review - A dance tapestry in Kathak|url=http://www.narthaki.com/info/rev08/rev581.html|access-date=8 December 2020|website=www.narthaki.com|archive-date=24 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924040748/http://www.narthaki.com/info/rev08/rev581.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Along with his theatre groups ''Sahana'' and ''Saketa Kalavidaru'', he is credited with modernisation of the South-Indian dance drama form Yakshagana.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bapat|first=Gururao V.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jlpjv9yAD1AC|title=Re-scribing Tradition: Modernisation of South Indian Dance-drama|date=2012|publisher=Indian Institute of Advanced study|isbn=978-81-7986-093-9|language=en|access-date=8 December 2020|archive-date=7 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207182718/https://books.google.com/books?id=Jlpjv9yAD1AC|url-status=live}}</ref> Some of his experimental and acclaimed theatre works included ''Shabari'' (based on [[Shabari]] from the Indian epic [[Ramayana]]) and ''Matte Raman Kathe'' ({{Translation|The story of Rama again}}). He had directed the dance dramas ''Urvashi'' (based on the [[Apsara]] [[Urvashi]]) and ''Nenapadalu Shakunthale'' ({{Translation|I remembered Shakunthala}}).<ref name=":0" /> Specifically, he was noted for his contemporary approach to Yakshagana, drawing the focus to a group formation rather than a solo performance.<ref name=":2" /> Though not trained in classical dances, he was noted to have incorporated free style dance forms into his choreography.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|author=Staff|date=5 December 2002|script-title=ka:ಕೆರೊಲಿನಾ ಕನ್ನಡಿಗರು ಕೃಷ್ಣನ ಕಂಡು ಮೂಕರಾದರಯ್ಯಾ|url=https://kannada.oneindia.com/nri/article/2007/070907udyavara-madhava-acharya-carolona.html|access-date=8 December 2020|website=Kannada - One India|language=kn|archive-date=13 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813162626/https://kannada.oneindia.com/nri/article/2007/070907udyavara-madhava-acharya-carolona.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition to performing in India, his theatre group had also performed in the United States.<ref name=":5" /><br />
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As a poet he had also written anthologies, with ''Rangasthalada Kanavarikegalu'' ({{Translation|Theater dreams}})'', Hu Midi Haadu'' ({{Translation|Flower songs}}), and ''Radhe Emba Gathe'' ({{Translation|A song called Radha}}) being popular.<ref name=":0" /> His book ''Paachaya'' was a recommended course book at the [[Mangalore University]], in the undergraduate arts program.<ref name=":0" /> He had also acted in the Kannada television serial ''[[Guddada Bhootha]]''.<ref name=":1" /> He was also an artist with [[Akashvani (radio broadcaster)|Akashvani (All India Radio)]] in Mangalore.<ref name=":2" /> <br />
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He was the recipient of the Karnataka state [[Rajyotsava Prashasti|Rajyotsava Award]] in 1999.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Veethi - Udyavara Madhava Acharya Profile|url=https://www.veethi.com/india-people/udyavara_madhava_acharya-profile-4638-42.htm|access-date=8 December 2020|archive-date=25 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925021721/http://www.veethi.com/india-people/udyavara_madhava_acharya-profile-4638-42.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> His short story ''Baagida Mara'' ({{Translation|Bent Tree}}) won the [[Karnataka Sahitya Academy Award]] in 1970.<ref name=":0" /> He was also a member of the [[Karnataka Janapada Vishwavidyalaya|Karnataka Janapada Academy]] and was a recipient of the Rangavisharada award from Rangabhoomi, Udupi. He led the 4th [[Kannada Sahitya Sammelana]] which was held in Udupi.<ref>{{Cite news|date=3 December 2006|title=Move to introduce English in Kannada schools slammed|newspaper=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/move-to-introduce-english-in-kannada-schools-slammed/article3028793.ece|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629223111/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/move-to-introduce-english-in-kannada-schools-slammed/article3028793.ece|archive-date=29 June 2018|access-date=5 May 2020|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><br />
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== Personal life ==<br />
Acharya was married and had three daughters and a son. He died on 7 December 2020 at the [[Kasturba Medical College, Manipal|Kasturba Medical Hospital]], aged 79.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
==Literary works==<br />
Source(s):<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite book|url=https://www.sapnaonline.com/books/nenapemba-navilugari-udyavara-madhava-1234567142370|title=Nenapemba Navilugari|access-date=8 December 2020|archive-date=7 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207182727/https://www.sapnaonline.com/verify/books/nenapemba-navilugari-udyavara-madhava-1234567142370|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=Mangalore Today|url=http://www.mangaloretoday.com/mainnewsprint/Vidushi-Bhramari-Shivaprakash-to-perform-on-Dec-18.html|access-date=8 December 2020|website=mangaloretoday.com|archive-date=7 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207182720/https://www.mangaloretoday.com/mainnewsprint/Vidushi-Bhramari-Shivaprakash-to-perform-on-Dec-18.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Review - Seelu Bidirina Sillu - A short story transformed into solo free style narrative dance - Bhramari Devi|url=https://narthaki.com/info/rev07/rev490.html|access-date=8 December 2020|website=narthaki.com|archive-date=21 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921142335/http://www.narthaki.com/info/rev07/rev490.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=30 January 2017|title=Beautiful dance drama|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/593848/dance-drama.html|access-date=8 December 2020|website=Deccan Herald|language=en|archive-date=4 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204143023/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/593848/dance-drama.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bharat|first=Divya|date=7 December 2020|title=Artist Udyavara Madhava Acharya is no more|url=https://divya-bharat.com/artist-udyavara-madhava-acharya-is-no-more/|access-date=8 December 2020|website=Divya Bharat 🇮🇳|language=en-US|archive-date=17 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217170150/https://divya-bharat.com/artist-udyavara-madhava-acharya-is-no-more/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Div col}}<br />
'''Short story collections'''<br />
* ''Baagida Mara'' (Karnataka Sahitya Academy Award, 1970)<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Mādhava Ācārya|first=Udyāvara|title=Bāgida mara|date=1970|publisher=Purōgāmi Sāhitya Saṅgha|location=Beṅgaḷūru|isbn=9781645875314|oclc=39993663}}</ref><br />
* ''Bhaagadoddammana Kathe<ref name=":2" />''<br />
*Nenapemba Navilugari<ref name=":4" /><br />
*''Belakinedege<ref name=":2" />''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ācārya|first=Udyāvara Mādhava|title=Beḷakineḍege.|date=1964|publisher=Rēkhā Prakāśana|location=Uḍupi|oclc=434765013}}</ref><br />
* ''Nidu Patheyavanu<ref name=":2" />''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mādhava Ācārya|first=Udyāvara|title=Nīḍu pāthēyavanu: kathā saṅkalana|date=1994|publisher=Vyāsa Prakāśana|location=Uḍupi|isbn=9781645875314|oclc=35990772}}</ref><br />
* ''Silu Bidirina Sillu''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Review - Seelu Bidirina Sillu - A short story transformed into solo free style narrative dance - Bhramari Devi|url=http://narthaki.com/info/rev07/rev490.html|access-date=8 December 2020|website=narthaki.com|archive-date=21 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921142335/http://www.narthaki.com/info/rev07/rev490.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* ''Hadi: Hattu sanna kathegalu''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mādhava Ācārya|first=Udyāvara|title=Hāḍi: hattu saṇṇa kathegaḷu.|date=1980|publisher=Udyāvara Mādhava Ācārya|location=Uḍupi|isbn=9781645875314|language=Kannada|oclc=499801816}}</ref> <br />
<br />
'''Essay collections'''<br />
* ''Ranga Prabandhagalu''<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=What is the meaning of Nrithya, the name Nrithya means, Nrithya stands for|url=https://thenamesdictionary.com/name-meanings/81379/name-meaning-of-nrithya|access-date=8 December 2020|website=thenamesdictionary.com|archive-date=7 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207182720/https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache%3AfHPDCyGGrpwJ%3Ahttps%3A%2F%2Fthenamesdictionary.com%2Fname-meanings%2F81379%2Fname-meaning-of-nrithya+&cd=19&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Mādhava Ācārya|first=Udyāvara|title=Raṅga prabandhagaḷu: kale, raṅgaprayōgagaḷa bagege kelavu vicāragaḷu|date=1990|publisher=Udyavara Madhava Acharya|location=Uḍupi|isbn=9781645875314|language=Kannada|oclc=24872013}}</ref><br />
* ''Nrithya prabandhagalu<ref name=":5" />''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mādhava Ācārya|first=Udyāvara|title=Nr̥tya prabandhagaḷu: nr̥tya ādhārita prayōgagaḷa bagege vileṣaṇāṭmaka lēkhana saṅgraha|date=1997|publisher=Vyāsa Prakāśana|location=Uḍupi|oclc=656557360}}</ref><br />
* ''Yaksha Prabandhagalu<ref name=":5" />''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mādhava Ācārya|first=Udyāvara|title=Yakśa prabandhagaḷu: Yakṣagānada kuritu kelama lēkhanagaḷa saṅgraha|date=1999|publisher=Vyāsa Prakāśana|location=Uḍupi|isbn=9781645875314|oclc=655334144}}</ref><br />
* ''Sahithya Spandana'' (essays on different literary figures including Pu. Ti. Na, Kuvempu, Karanth, Sediyapu)<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Mādhava Ācārya|first=Udyāvara|title=Sāhitya spandana|date=2001|publisher=Karnāṭaka Saṅgha|location=Puttūru|isbn=9781645875314|oclc=655251485}}</ref><br />
<br />
'''Collections of poems'''<br />
* ''Rangasthalada Kanavarikegalu<ref name=":0" />''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mādhava Ācārya|first=Udyāvara|title=Raṅgasthaḷada kanavarikegalu: kavana saṅkalana|date=2001|publisher=Vyāsa Prakāśana|location=Uḍupi|isbn=9781645875314|oclc=656565582}}</ref><br />
* ''Hu Midi Hadu'' (for children)<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Mādhava Ācārya|first=Udyāvara|title=Hū-muḍi hādū|date=2001|publisher=Udyāvara Mādhava Ācārya|location=Uḍupi|isbn=9781645875314|oclc=654818144}}</ref><br />
* Radhe Emba Gathe<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
'''Dramas'''<br />
* ''Iddakkidanthe Nataka<ref name=":3" />''<br />
* ''Edeyolagana Dipa'' (a detective story)<ref name=":3" /><br />
* ''Gode<ref name=":3" />''<br />
* ''Krishnana Solu<ref name=":3" />''<br />
* ''Rani Abbakka Devi'' (written for [[Akashavani]], Mangalore)<ref name=":3" /><br />
<br />
'''Dance drama scripts'''<br />
* ''Kuvara Bhasmasura<ref name=":6" />''<br />
* ''Panchali''<ref name=":7">{{Cite book|last=Paul|first=George S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9MS5DwAAQBAJ&q=udyavara+madhava+acharya+%22Panchali%22&pg=PT311|title=Vasundhara - Odyssey of a Dancer|date=29 October 2019|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=978-1-64587-531-4|language=en|access-date=3 February 2021|archive-date=7 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207182722/https://books.google.com/books?id=9MS5DwAAQBAJ&q=udyavara+madhava+acharya+%22Panchali%22&pg=PT311|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* ''Bhishma Sathyavrithanadaddu<ref name=":6" />''<br />
* ''Stri Shakthi<ref name=":6" />''<br />
* ''Gandhari<ref name=":7" />''<br />
* ''Usha Parinaya''<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|title=Re Scribing Tradition {{!}} Bhakti {{!}} Bhakti Movement|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/141794476/Re-Scribing-Tradition|access-date=8 December 2020|website=Scribd|language=en}}</ref><br />
* ''Stabdha<ref name=":8" />''<br />
* ''Ganga Lahari<ref name=":7" />''<br />
*''Soundharya Lahari<ref name=":7" />''<br />
* ''Ambe<ref name=":7" />''<br />
* ''Shakuntha Kujana<ref name=":7" />''<br />
* ''Seetheya Svagatha''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Seetheya Svagatha - Udyavara Madhava Acharya|url=https://narthaki.com/info/healthtip/ht12.html|access-date=8 December 2020|website=narthaki.com|archive-date=19 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619013453/http://www.narthaki.com/info/healthtip/ht12.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* ''Dakshayini<ref name=":7" />''<br />
* ''Hamsanaada<ref name=":7" />''<br />
{{Div col end}}<br />
<!--<br />
<br />
Reintroduce with citations.<br />
<br />
List of experimental theatrical works<br />
<br />
Source(s): [additional citation(s) needed]<br />
<br />
(1982) Brahmakapala – different perspective given to classical Yakshagana Prasanga<br />
(1983) Andhayuga – Drama by Dharamavira Bharati – Translation – Sidhalinga Pattana Shetty<br />
(1983) Hamsa Damayanthi – Telugu lyrics based on Yaksha Roopaka<br />
(1984) Bringada benneri Banthu – Based on Bendre's poems<br />
(1985) Arundhathi – Folk Dance Drama<br />
(1985) Chithrangade – Rabindranath Tagore – Translation N S Laxminarayana Bhat<br />
(1985, 2000) Shabari – Edited script by Sediyapu Krishna Bhat and Su Ram Ekkundi's ballad presented both as YakshaNataka and NrithyaNataka<br />
(1985) Ananda Mukunda – based on Madhvacharya's Dvadasha Stotra<br />
(1986) Ashvathaman – Halekannada Drama by B. M. Srikantaiah<br />
(1985) Hebberalu – Halekannada Drama by Rashtakavi M. Govinda Pai<br />
(1985, 1988, 1997, 2003) Ahalye, Harinabhisarana, Sathyana Harischandra, Haricharithe operas of PuTiNa<br />
(1988) Sitapaharana – Drama in Muktha Chandassu by Kadengodlu Shankara Bhat<br />
(1985, 1986, 1987, 1989, 1996) Vrindavana, Haridasa Vijaya, Avathara Vaibhava, Sri Manohara, Billa Habba using Dasa Sahitya<br />
(1989) Navanitha Ramayana – Muliya Thimmappayya's Khanda Kavya<br />
(1986) Suryasthadinda Suryodayadavarege – Drama translated by Sidhalinga Pattana Shetty<br />
(1993) Bhagavadgitha Nrithya Vaibhavam – presentation of Krishna’s Vishvarupa Darshana<br />
(1994) Kuvara Bhasmasura – dance drama written and directed by Udyavara Madhava Acharya<br />
(1999) Panchali – presented as Solo Yaksha Nrithya Nataka – by Udyavara Madhava Acharya<br />
(1999) Mahatma – a dance drama based on Kuvempu's Ramayana Darshana<br />
(2001) Matte Ramana Kathe – Sanskrit Drama by Bhavabhuti translated by Bannanje Govinda Acharya<br />
(2002) Shvamedha – Ballad by Sediyapu Krishna Bhat<br />
(2002) Bhishma Sathyavrithanadaddu – presented as Solo Yaksha Nrithya Nataka – by Udyavara Madhava Acharya<br />
(2002) Soundarya Lahari – based on Adi Shankara's life and works<br />
(2003) Ramayana Mahanveshana – a dance drama based on Ramayana written by M Veerappa Moily<br />
(2003) Ruthu Githe and Mukthadvara – opera by K. Shivaram Karanth<br />
(2003) Rukminisha Vijaya – a solo dance drama based on the Samskrita treatise by saint Vadirajatirtha<br />
(2004) Madriya Chite – Ballad (Kathana Kavana) by Kadengodlu Shankara Bhat<br />
(2005) Upanishadudhyanam – a dance drama based on Upanishads<br />
(2006) Hidimbe – a drama by Kadengodlu Shankara Bhat<br />
(2006) Valmika Ninada – a dance drama conceptualised written and directed by Udyavara Madhava Acharya based on the life of Sage Valmiki<br />
(2007) Gandhari – a solo theatrical presentation written and directed by Udyavara Madhava Acharya<br />
(2007) Honniya Maduve – a folk theme ballad by Kadengodlu Shankara Bhat<br />
(2007) Maha Yogi – a drama by Kadengodlu Shankara Bhat<br />
(2007) Silu Bidirina Sillu – a Kannada short story written by Udyavara Madhava Acharya presented as a solo theatrical number<br />
(2009) Kuchela Krishna – dance drama based on poet Pu Ti Na's ballad<br />
(2010) Seetheya Svagatha – a solo thematic dance presentation on reminiscence by expectant Seetha when she is left to fend for herself in the dense forest<br />
(2011) Rathi Nrithya Vilasa – dance drama based on Saint Kanaka Dasa's composition Mohanatarangini<br />
(2011) Narada Koravanji – a dance drama based on Saint Vadiraja's s composition Narada Koravanji<br />
(2012) Jwale – a thematic solo dance drama based on the story of Queen Jwale of kingdom Mahishmathi<br />
(2012) Hamsanaada – a thematic solo dance presentation on the story of Damayanthi and King Nala<br />
(2012) Mahakavyadolagana Samaanyana Prasanga – a drama based on a commoner's point of view in various events of Mahabharatha<br />
(2013) Nrithya Vyasa – a thematic solo dance presentation based on the life of Vyasa Maharshi<br />
(2013) Keechaka Vadhe – yaksha-bharatha dance drama based on Saint Vadiraja's poem Keechaka Vadhe<br />
(2013) Nanna Mommaga Hucha - A satirical drama where Sir Udyavara rants about the birth of his great grandson and tells that he is an incarnation of Lucifer.<br />
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==See also==<br />
{{portal|Poetry}}<br />
*[[Kannada literature]]<br />
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==References==<br />
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[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male poets]]<br />
[[Category:1941 births]]<br />
[[Category:Poets from Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Kannada poets]]<br />
[[Category:People from Udupi district]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]<br />
[[Category:Tulu male writers]]<br />
[[Category:Tulu poets]]<br />
[[Category:Tulu people]]</div>VLSLester417456https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nellore_Airport&diff=471410Nellore Airport2025-01-19T16:39:19Z<p>VLSLester417456: improved references further and improved wording per sources</p>
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[[Category:Transport in Nellore district]]</div>VLSLester417456https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Balarama_Bharatam&diff=489283Balarama Bharatam2024-04-10T09:11:51Z<p>VLSLester417456: Adding Info</p>
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<div>'''Balarama Bharatam''' <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.swathithirunal.in/miscellanios.htm#06 |title=A comprehensive website on the life and music of Swathi Thirunal |access-date=2012-03-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619015804/http://www.swathithirunal.in/miscellanios.htm#06 |archive-date=2010-06-19 |url-status=dead }}</ref> is a Sanskrit treatise on natyam. The author was the king of Travancore (1724–1798), known by the title '[[Dharma Raja]]' or "the king of righteousness". The full name of the king was Karthika Thirunal Rama Varma and he was the Maharajah of Travancore from 1758 until his death in 1798.{{citation needed|date=August 2017}} Being a scholar of music and dance and natyasastra, he compiled this treatise on natyasastra following the fundamental principles laid down by Bharatamuni in Natyasastra and Nadikeshwara in Natyadarpanam, He also considered the contents in Bhavaprakasanam of Saradatanaya.{{citation needed|date=August 2017}}<br />
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The treatise 'Balarama Bharatam' is not a simple compilation of earlier texts. It is an extension of the earlier sastras with adaptation to contemporary contexts. Being an aspirant and reformer of Kathakali, he brought in several novel ideas of action, dramaturgy and theatrics in his classic treatise.{{citation needed|date=August 2017}}<br />
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==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
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==Further reading==<br />
Dr. V. S. Sharma, 'Balarama Bharatam' with commentary.<br />
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[[Category:18th-century Sanskrit literature]]</div>VLSLester417456