Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Sunil Mahadik

2026-05-07T10:24:46Z

UteCansler: Created new entry v1...

{{BLP sources|date=June 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
'''Sunil Mahadik''', an alumnus of [[Sir J.J. Institute of Applied Art]], began his career in [[advertising]] as a visualiser with Trikaya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/HT-Story/Commercial-art-interview-with-Sunil-Mahadik/Article1-283073.aspx |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125054231/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/HT-Story/Commercial-art-interview-with-Sunil-Mahadik/Article1-283073.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 January 2013 |title=Commercial art: interview with Sunil Mahadik |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=2008-03-18 |accessdate=2012-06-08}}</ref> In 1989, he co-founded an advertisement agency called Nexus-Equity. In 1992, he started FX Studios, a design studio which became Flagship Advertising Pvt Ltd in 1995.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} He also leads the creative team at XOX Design. He is an active member of the Managing Committee of [[Communication Arts Guild]] (CAG).

==Awards==
He was awarded the title of the Art Director of the Year by CAG in 1992 and A&M in 1996 and 1997. Their campaign for Mother’s Recipe pickles was awarded the Best Ad Campaign of the year. He was selected as one of the finalists at the International Advertising Awards in New York, and has been featured in various reputed publications including ''Luizer’s International Archive''.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahadik, Sunil}}
[[Category:Indian art directors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sir J. J. School of Art alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Vikram-class patrol vessel (2017)

2026-05-06T14:43:46Z

UteCansler:

{{Short description|Patrol vessels of the Indian Coast Guard}}
{{hatnote|This article is about the modern Vikram-class offshore patrol vessel variant; see [[Vikram-class offshore patrol vessel (1983)]] for its namesake predecessors.}}
{{italic title|string=Vikram}}{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox ship
| sclass =
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
| image = ICGS Vigraha (39) during sea trials.jpg
| image_caption = ICGS ''Vigraha'' (39), during her sea trials.
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/class overview
|name= ''Vikram'' class
|builders=[[Kattupalli Shipyard]], [[L&T Shipbuilding]], [[Chennai]]
|operators=[[Indian Coast Guard]]
|class_before={{sclass|Samarth|offshore patrol vessel|4}}
|class_after= {{sclass|MDL|offshore patrol vessel|4}}
|subclasses=
|cost=
|built_range=2015–2021
|in_service_range=
|in_commission_range=
|total_ships_building=
|total_ships_planned=7
|total_ships_completed=7
|total_ships_canceled=
|total_ships_active=7
|total_ships_laid_up=
|total_ships_lost=
|total_ships_retired=
|total_ships_scrapped=
|total_ships_preserved=
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
| hide_header =
| header_caption =
| type = [[Offshore patrol vessel]]
| tonnage =
| displacement = {{Convert|2140|t|lk=on|abbr=on}}
| length = {{Convert|98.2|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| beam = {{Convert|15|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| height =
| draught = {{Convert|3.6|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| draft =
| depth =
| hold_depth =
| decks =
| power =
| propulsion =
| speed = {{Convert|26|kn}}
| range = {{Convert|5000|nmi|abbr=on}} at {{Convert|12|–|14|kn|abbr=on}}
| endurance =
| boats =
| troops =
| complement =
| time_to_activate =
| sensors =
| EW =
| armament = *1 x 30 mm [[CRN 91 Naval Gun]]
*2 x 12.7 mm HMG with FCS
| armour =
| aircraft = *1 x [[HAL Dhruv]]
| aircraft_facilities =
| notes =
}}
}}
The '''''Vikram''-class offshore patrol vessel''' is a series of seven offshore [[Patrol boat|patrol vessels]] (OPV) being built at the Kattupalli shipyard by [[L&T Shipbuilding]] for the [[Indian Coast Guard]]. These are long range surface ships which are capable of coastal and offshore patrolling.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/multimedia/photo/article9927758.ece#im-image-3|title=L&T launches OPV 'Vikram' for Indian Coast Guard|date=27 October 2017|work=The Hindu Business Line|access-date=28 October 2017|language=en|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/see-pic-l-t-builds-offshore-patrol-vessel-for-indian-coast-guard-117102700187_1.html|title=See pic: In a first, L&T builds Offshore Patrol Vessel for Indian Coast Guard|last=Narasimhan|first=T. E.|date=27 October 2017|work=Business Standard India|access-date=28 October 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/companies/vikram-lts-first-patrol-vessel-for-indian-coast-guard-2422029.html|title=Vikram: L&T's first patrol vessel for Indian Coast Guard|website=Moneycontrol|language=en-US|access-date=28 October 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/lt-hands-over-offshore-patrol-vessel-to-coast-guard/articleshow/61270590.cms|title=L&T hands over offshore patrol vessel to Coast Guard|date=27 October 2017|work=The Economic Times|access-date=28 October 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==History==
In March 2015, L&T Shipbuilding was awarded a {{INRConvert|1432|c}} contract by the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] to build seven offshore vessel patrol vessels for the Indian Coast Guard.<ref>{{cite news|title=L&T bags Rs 1,432 cr defence order|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/lampt-bags-rs-1432-cr-defence-order/article7053292.ece|work=The Hindu Business Line|agency=Press Trust of India|date=31 March 2015|language=en}}</ref>

The last ship ''Vigraha'' was commissioned by Defence Minister [[Rajnath Singh]] on 28 August 2021.<ref name="pib-vigraha">{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1749896|title=Raksha Mantri Shri Rajnath Singh dedicates to the Nation Indigeneously built Indian Coast Guard Ship 'Vigraha'|publisher=PIB|date=2021-08-28}}</ref>

In December 2023, a merchant ship was escorted back by ICGS ''Vikram'' to Indian waters after suffering a drone attack off the Arabian coast.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-24 |title=Merchant ship, which came under 'drone' attack, being escorted back to Indian shores by ICGS Vikram |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/merchant-ship-which-came-under-drone-attack-being-escorted-back-to-indian-shores-by-icgs-vikram/articleshow/106247711.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-04-19 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

{{Ship|ICGS|Veera}} also forms a part of the [[1st Training Squadron]] (1TS) of the [[Indian Navy]] and was part of the [[1st Training Squadron#2024|2024 Long Range Training Deployment (LRTD)]] flotilla to the Middle East.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=2024-10-13 |title=VISIT OF FIRST TRAINING SQUADRON TO BAHRAIN AND UAE |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2064549 |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>

''Vigraha'' conducted an operational visit to [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]] between 2 and 5 December 2025 while the personnel will undertake bilateral activities with [[Indonesian Maritime Security Agency|Indonesian Coast Guard]] (Bakamla).<ref>{{Cite press release |title=ICGS Vigraha undertakes operational visit to Indonesia as part of its overseas deployment to ASEAN countries |date=2025-12-03 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2198144&reg=3&lang=1 |access-date=2025-12-03}}</ref>

==Specification==
The class is {{convert|97|m|ftin}} long, {{convert|15|m|ftin}} wide, with a {{convert|3.6|m|ftin|adj=on}} [[Draft (hull)|draught]] and has a [[Displacement (ship)|displacement]] of 2,140 tonnes. It is capable of maximum speed of {{convert|26|kn|lk=in}} with a range of {{convert|5,000|nmi|lk=in}} at a cruising speed of {{convert|12|to|14|kn}}. The class will be armed with a {{convert|30|mm|in|abbr=on|2}} [[CRN 91 Naval Gun]], two {{convert|12.7|mm|in|abbr=on|2}} heavy machine guns with fire control system, a helicopter for various operational, surveillance, and [[search and rescue]] missions. It also has modern radar; navigation and communication systems; front propulsion pods providing high maneuverability. It has been indigenously designed and has undergone dual certification from the [[American Bureau of Shipping]] and [[Indian Register of Shipping]]. The ships would be tasked with the roles of policing maritime zones, control and surveillance, search and rescue, pollution response, anti-smuggling and anti-piracy in the [[Exclusive economic zone|economic zones]] of the country.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2017/oct/28/coast-guard-planning-new-aviation-units-in-thoothukudi-and-puducherry-1685289.html|title=Coast Guard planning new aviation units in Thoothukudi and Puducherry|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=29 October 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/vikram-ready-to-set-sail/article19939198.ece|title=Vikram ready to set sail|date=28 October 2017|work=The Hindu|access-date=29 October 2017|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="ICGS Vikram-TOI" />

==Ships==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name || Pennant number|| Keel laid || Launched || Commissioned || Status|| Home Port
|-
|''Vikram''
|33
|{{dts|format=dmy|2016|03}}<ref name="ICGS Vikram-TOI">{{cite web|author=V. Ayyappan|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/indigenously-developed-offshore-patrol-vessel-icgs-vikram-commissioned/articleshow/63715877.cms|title=Indigenously developed offshore patrol vessel ICGS Vikram commissioned|work=The Times of India|date=11 April 2018}}</ref>
|{{dts|format=dmy|2017|10|27}}<ref name=":0" />
|{{dts|format=dmy|2018|04|11}}<ref>{{cite web|last=Rahmat|first=Ridzwan|url=http://www.janes.com/article/79172/india-commissions-first-new-vikram-class-opv|title=India commissions first new Vikram-class OPV|work=Jane's Navy International|date=10 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411174703/https://www.janes.com/article/79172/india-commissions-first-new-vikram-class-opv|archive-date=11 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ICGS Vikram-TOI" />
|rowspan="7"|Active
|[[New Mangalore Port|New Mangalore]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://twitter.com/IndiaCoastGuard/status/983961301478076416|title=Indian Coast Guard on Twitter|work=Twitter|access-date=11 April 2018|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Vijaya''
|34
|
|{{dts|format=dmy|2018|01|20}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/lt-shipyard-launches-2nd-coast-guard-offshore-patrol-vessel-2487601.html|title=L&T Shipyard launches 2nd Coast Guard offshore patrol vessel|agency=Press Trust of India|work=Moneycontrol.com|date=20 January 2018|access-date=21 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2018/jan/21/second-coast-guard-offshore-patrol-vessel-launched-in-tamil-nadu-1759949.html|title=Second Coast Guard offshore patrol vessel launched in Tamil Nadu|work=The New Indian Express|date=20 January 2018|access-date=21 January 2018}}</ref>
|{{dts|format=dmy|2018|09|14}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/coast-guard-commissions-patrol-vessel-vijaya/articleshow/65810060.cms|title=Coast Guard commissions patrol vessel 'Vijaya'|work=The Economic Times|agency=Press Trust of India|date=14 September 2018}}</ref>
|[[Paradip Port|Paradip]]
|-
|{{ICGS|Veera||2}}
|35
|
|{{dts|format=dmy|2018|08|28}}<ref>{{cite news|author=V. Ayyappan|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/coast-guard-offshore-patrol-vessel-launched-at-lt-shipyard-in-chennai/articleshow/65578533.cms|title=Coast Guard offshore patrol vessel launched at L&T Shipyard in Chennai|work=The Times of India|date=28 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/third-patrol-vessel-for-coast-guard-launched/articleshow/65578943.cms|title=Third patrol vessel for Coast Guard launched|work=The Economic Times|agency=Press Trust of India|date=28 August 2018}}</ref>
|{{dts|format=dmy|2019|04|15}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Will be carrying out joint exercises with Coast Guards: Army Chief|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/will-be-carrying-out-joint-exercises-with-coast-guards-army-chief/articleshow/68889786.cms|website=ET|date=15 April 2019|access-date=15 April 2019|archive-date=3 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603002349/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/will-be-carrying-out-joint-exercises-with-coast-guards-army-chief/articleshow/68889786.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|
|-
|''Varaha''
|41
|
|{{dts|format=dmy|2018|11|02}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/offshore-patrol-vessel-icgs-varaha-launched/articleshow/66479033.cms|title=Offshore patrol vessel ICGS Varaha launched|date=2018-11-02}}</ref>
|{{dts|format=dmy|2019|09|25}}<ref name="varaha">{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/sep/25/icgs-varaha-commissioned-by-defence-minister-rajnath-singh-2038887.html |title=ICGS Varaha commissioned by Defence Minister Rajnath Singh |publisher=NewIndianExpress|access-date=25 September 2019}}</ref>
|[[New Mangalore Port|New Mangalore]]<ref name="varaha"/>
|-
|''Varad''
|40
| rowspan="2" |{{dts|format=dmy|2018|07|03}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/defence/lt-fast-tracks-coast-guard-ships-production-lays-keel-of-two-offshore-petrol-vessels/articleshow/64840943.cms|title=L&T fast-tracks Coast Guard ships production; lays keel of two offshore petrol vessels|date=3 July 2018|work=The Economic Times|access-date=3 July 2018}}</ref>
|{{dts|format=dmy|2019|08|31}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/coast-guard-patrol-vessel-launched-at-lt-shipyard-in-ennore/article29309407.ece|title=Coast Guard patrol vessel launched at L&T Shipyard in Ennore|date=2019-08-31}}</ref>
|{{dts|format=dmy|2020|02|28}}<ref>{{cite tweet|user=IndiaCoastGuard|number=1233220299585273857|title=IndiaCoastGuard ship ‘Varad’, fifth in series of seven off shore patrol vessels indigenously designed & built by M/s L&T on lines of PM’s vision @makeinindia will be commissioned today at Chennai |date=28 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/offshore-patrol-vessel-icgs-varad-commissioned-lt/article30941272.ece|title=Offshore patrol vessel ICGS Varad commissioned|publisher=The Hindu|access-date=28 February 2020}}</ref>
|[[Paradip Port|Paradip]]
|-
|''Vajra''
|37
|{{dts|format=dmy|2020|02|27}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/offshore-patrol-vessel-vajra-to-enhance-coastal-security-launched/articleshow/74336944.cms|title=Offshore patrol vessel "VAJRA" to enhance coastal security launched|work=The Economic Times|agency=Press Trust of India|date=27 February 2020}}</ref>
|{{dts|format=dmy|2021|03|24}}<ref name="vajra-240321">{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/indian-coast-guard-ship-vajra-commissioned-to-strengthen-coastal-security-2350080.html|title=Indian Coast Guard ship 'Vajra' commissioned, to strengthen coastal security|publisher=Zee News|date=24 March 2021}}</ref>
|[[Tuticorin Port|Tuticorin]]
|-
|''Vigraha''
|39
|
|{{dts|format=dmy|2020|10|06}}<ref>{{cite tweet|user=IndianCoastGuard|number=1313376484371828736|title=OPV Vigraha launched by Mrs Hema Somanathan, wife of Dr TV Somanathan, IAS, Secy(Exp), MoF in presence of Director General K Natarajan #ICG & other dignitaries of Central & State Govt today at #L&T #Chennai|date=6 October 2020}}</ref>
|{{dts|format=dmy|2021|08|28}}<ref name="pib-vigraha"/>
|[[Vishakapatnam]]
|-
|}

==Gallery==

{{Gallery
|title=Samart-class ships at sea
|width=160 | height=170
|File:ABG-class fast interceptor C-148.jpg
|An [[ABG fast interceptor craft|ABG-class]] fast interceptor with the OPV ICGS ''Varaha'' during a rescue exercise
|File:ICGS Vikram, commissioned in 2018, from Vikram-class offshore patrol vessel (2017).jpg
|ICGS ''Vikram'' at sea
|File:ICGS Vikram (33) during a rescue mission.jpg
|''Vikram'' during a rescue mission.
}}

==See also==
* {{sclass|Samarth|offshore patrol vessel|1}}

==References==
{{Commons category|Vikram-class offshore patrol vessels (2017)}}

{{reflist|30em}}

{{Ship classes of the Indian Coast Guard}}

[[Category:Patrol ship classes]]
[[Category:Ships of the Indian Coast Guard]]
[[Category:Larsen & Toubro]]

Karamvir Singh Boudh

2026-04-25T06:06:58Z

UteCansler: creating bio - done

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Karamvir Singh Boudh
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start = 10 April 2026
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Ram Chander Jangra]]
| constituency = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Haryana|Haryana]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse =
| occupation = Politician
| website =
| alma_mater =
| footnotes =
| source =
| term =
}}

'''Karamvir Singh Boudh''' is an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[Rajya Sabha]], the upper house of [[Indian Parliament]], from Haryana as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] in March 2026.<ref name="w448">{{cite web | last=Mudgal | first=Aryan | title=Rajya Sabha election 2026 result: Full list of winners from Bihar, Odisha and Haryana | website=Hindustan Times | date=17 March 2026 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rajya-sabha-election-2026-result-full-list-of-winners-from-bihar-odisha-and-haryana-101773717538125.html | access-date=19 March 2026}}</ref><ref name="n524">{{cite web | title=BJP's Sanjay Bhatia, Congress' Karamvir Singh elected for RS from Haryana | website=Business Standard | date=17 March 2026 | url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/bjp-s-sanjay-bhatia-congress-karamvir-singh-elected-for-rs-from-haryana-126031700066_1.html | access-date=19 March 2026}}</ref><ref name="t771">{{cite web | title=Congress' Karamvir Singh Baudh, BJP's Sanjay Bhatia win one seat each in Haryana Rajya Sabha polls | website=Lokmat Times | date=17 March 2026 | url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/national/congress-karamvir-singh-baudh-bjps-sanjay-bhatia-win-one-seat-each-in-haryana-rajya-sabha-polls/ | access-date=19 March 2026}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Haryana]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Markapuram Assembly constituency

2026-04-24T04:49:17Z

UteCansler: new a pg

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Markapuram
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (111-Markapuram highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Markapuram Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| mla = [[Kandula Narayana Reddy]]
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Markapuram district|Markapuram]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Ongole Lok Sabha constituency|Ongole]]
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 111
| established = 1951
| electors = 209,753
| type = SLA
}}

'''Markapuram Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[Markapuram district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref> It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Ongole Lok Sabha constituency]].

[[Kandula Narayana Reddy]] is the current [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Telugu Desam Party]]. As of 2019, there are a total of 209,753 electors in the constituency.<ref name="electors">{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|format=PDF|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>{{update after|2024|6}} The constituency was established in 1951, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1951)''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf
|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=11 October 2014|page=22}}</ref>

== Mandals ==
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Kambham
|-
| Konakanamitla
|-
| Podili
|-
| Markapuram
|-
| Tarlupadu
|}

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| [[1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| N. Venkatayya
| {{Full party name with color|Krishikar Lok Party}}
|-
| [[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election|1955]]
|[[Kandula Obul Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Krishikar Lok Party}}
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|[[Kandula Obul Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| C. Vengaiah
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| M. Nasar Baig
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| Poola Subbaiah
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| V.V. Narayana Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan=2 |[[Kunduru Pedda Konda Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
| Janke Venkata Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| rowspan=2 |[[Kunduru Pedda Konda Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[Kandula Narayana Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| Janke Venkata Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[Kunduru Nagarjuna Reddy]]
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Kandula Narayana Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Markapur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Kandula Narayana Reddy]]
|votes = 99,005
|percentage = 51.85
|change = +10.44
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Anna Venkata Rambabu]]
|votes = 85,026
|percentage = 44.53
|change = -7.33
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = None Of The Above
|votes = 1,327
|percentage = 0.7
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 13,979
|percentage = 7.32
|change = -3.08
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,90,930
|percentage = 87.53
|change = +2.33
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Markapur<ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11673-andhra-pradesh-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 14 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Kunduru Nagarjuna Reddy]]|votes=92,680|percentage=51.86|change=+1.09}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Kandula Narayana Reddy]]|votes=74,013|percentage=41.41|change=-3.32}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Janasena Party|candidate=Emmadi Kasinadh|votes=5506|percentage=3.10|change=N/A}}{{Election box majority||votes=18,667|percentage=10.44|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=178,712|percentage=85.20|change=+4.89}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = YSRCP
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Markapur<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4055-andhra-pradesh-2014/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 14 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Janke Venkata Reddy]]
|votes = 82,411
|percentage = 50.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Kandula Narayana Reddy]]
|votes = 72,609
|percentage = 44.73
|change = -4.2
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Dr.Eluri Ramachandrareddy]]
|votes = 1956
|percentage = 1.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 9,802
|percentage = 6.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 162,328
|percentage = 81.63
|change = +4.89
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Markapur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Kandula Narayana Reddy]]
|votes = 69,744
|percentage = 48.93
|change = +18.54
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Pedda Konda Reddy Kunduru]]
|votes = 60,690
|percentage = 42.58
|change = -4.68
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Praja Rajyam Party
|candidate = [[Javed Hussain Baig Mirja]]
|votes = 6,108
|percentage = 4.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 9,054
|percentage = 6.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 142,545
|percentage = 76.74
|change = +2.76
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Markapur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Pedda Konda Reddy Kunduru]]
|votes = 58,108
|percentage = 47.26
|change = -4.82
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Kandula Narayana Reddy]]
|votes = 37,370
|percentage = 30.39
|change = -16.30
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 20,738
|percentage = 16.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 122,964
|percentage = 73.98
|change = +0.84
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1999===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Markapur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Kunduru Pedda Konda Reddy]]|party= Indian National Congress |votes=62,625|percentage=52.08% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Janke Venkata Reddy]] |party= Telugu Desam Party |votes=56,504 |percentage=46.99% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,121 |percentage=5.09% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=123,402|percentage=75.07% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 164,386|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Indian National Congress |loser= Independent politician |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1994===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Markapur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[ Janke Venkata Reddy]]|party= Independent politician |votes=60,328 |percentage=55.01% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[ Kunduru Pedda Konda Reddy]] |party= Indian National Congress |votes=39,487|percentage=38.95% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=20,841 |percentage=19.00% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=111,903 |percentage=76.01% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 147,212 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Independent politician |loser= Indian National Congress|swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Markapur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[ Kunduru Pedda Konda Reddy]]|party= Indian National Congress |votes=52,247 |percentage=51.24% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[ Janke Venkata Reddy]] |party= Telugu Desam Party |votes=49,616 |percentage=48.76% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,531 |percentage=2.49% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=106,030|percentage=71.49% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 148,307|change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner= Indian National Congress|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1985===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Markapur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[ Kunduru Pedda Konda Reddy]] |party= Indian National Congress |votes=41,333 |percentage=49.42% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[ Poola Subbaiah]] |party= Communist Party of India |votes=34,326|percentage=41.04% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,007 |percentage=8.38% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=85,052 |percentage=69.61% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 122,179 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Indian National Congress |loser= Telugu Desam Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1983===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Markapur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[ V.V. Narayana Reddy]]|party= Telugu Desam Party |votes=40,302 |percentage=55.71% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[ Dodda Chalama Reddy]] |party= Indian National Congress |votes=20,949|percentage=28.96% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=19,353 |percentage=26.75% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=73,641 |percentage=65.87% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 111,795 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Telugu Desam Party|loser= Communist Party of India |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1978===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Markapur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[ Poola Subbaiah]]|party= Communist Party of India |votes=36,693 |percentage=38.51% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Venna Venkata Narayana Reddy]] |party= Janata Party |votes=27,947 |percentage=38.39% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=83 |percentage=0.11% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=74,507 |percentage=72.46% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 102,828 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Communist Party of India ||loser= Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1972===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Markapur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[M Nasar Baig]]|party= Indian National Congress |votes=29,500 |percentage=62.36% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Adapala Kuppu Swamy]] |party= Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=16,343 |percentage=34.55% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,157 |percentage=27.81% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=48,225 |percentage=60.43% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 79,798 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Indian National Congress ||loser= Independent politician |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Markapur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[ C Vengaiah]]|party= Independent politician |votes=27,335 |percentage=50.06% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kandula Obula Reddy]] |party= Indian National Congress |votes=24,535 |percentage=44.93% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,800 |percentage=5.13% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=56,832 |percentage=77.32% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 73,498 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Independent politician ||loser= Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Markapur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Kandula Obula Reddy]]|party= Indian National Congress |votes=25,786 |percentage=66.32% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[ Muthakapalli Moorthi Reddy]] |party= Independent politician |votes=13,093 |percentage=33.68% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,693 |percentage=32.65% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=40,727 |percentage=64.53% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 63,018 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Indian National Congress ||loser= Krishikar Lok Party|swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1955===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1955 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Markapur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[ Kandula Obula Reddy]]|party= Krishikar Lok Party |votes=23,463|percentage=60.38% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[ Poola Subbaiah]] |party= Communist Party of India |votes=15,394 |percentage=39.62% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,069 |percentage=20.77% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=38,857 |percentage=59.91% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 64,859 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner= Krishikar Lok Party ||loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election]]: Markapur<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Venkatayya |party=Krishikar Lok Party |votes=11,957 |percentage=32.91% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yekkali Ramaiah |party=Independent politician |votes=6,758 |percentage=18.60% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Mahaboob Baig |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,118 |percentage=14.09% |change=14.09% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Viswanatha Rao |party=Independent politician |votes=4,543 |percentage=12.50% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Khasim Sahib |party=Independent politician |votes=4,477 |percentage=12.32% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. Raghaviah |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=3,480 |percentage=9.58% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,199 |percentage=14.31% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=36,333 |percentage=51.45% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 70,623 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner= |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite web | title= AP Past Election Statistics |url=https://eci.gov.in/past-elections-statistics/| access-date=17 Jan 2020 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{coord|15.75|79.27|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Markapuram district]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Ravindra Vasantrao Chavan

2026-04-20T09:51:16Z

UteCansler: put up a bio needs work

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{distinguish|Ravindra Chavan}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ravindra Chavan
| image =
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency1 = [[Nanded Lok Sabha constituency|Nanded]]
| predecessor1 = [[Vasantrao Balwantrao Chavan]]
| successor1 =
| term_start1 = 23 November 2024
| term_end1 =
| birth_date = 9 December 1981
| birth_place = Naigaon
| death_date =
| death_place =
| parents = [[Vasantrao Balwantrao Chavan|Vasantrao B. Chavan Patil]] Sundarbai V.B. Chavan
| education = Msc agri
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse =
| source =
| parliament = Indian
}}

'''Ravindra Vasantrao Chavan Patil''' is an Indian politician from Maharashtra serving as a member of the [[Lok Sabha]] for [[Nanded Lok Sabha constituency|Nanded constituency]], elected in a by-poll in November 2024 with a slim margin of 1,457 votes.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-11-23 |title=Priyanka wins Wayanad Lok Sabha seat by huge margin, Congress retains Nanded too |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/priyanka-wins-wayanad-lok-sabha-seat-by-huge-margin-congress-retains-nanded-too/article68902809.ece |access-date=2024-11-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-24 |title=Maharashtra Assembly poll results 2024: Congress manages to keep Nanded Lok Sabha seat with a slender margin |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/maharashtra-congress-manages-to-keep-nanded-lok-sabha-seat-9686807/lite/ |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Political career==
Chavan was a public figure in his hometown of [[Naigaon]] from a young age, as politics runs in his family. His grandfather was an [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]], while his father was his father was an MLA twice and an [[Member of the Legislative Council (India)|MLC]] once, as well as the [[Member of Parliament (India)|MP]] of the Nanded district. Chavan is the one of the youngest MPs in Maharashtra.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-lwr}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Vasantrao Balwantrao Chavan]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for [[Nanded (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nanded]] |years=2024 – present}}
{{s-aft|after=present}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chavan, Vasantrao Ravindra}}
[[Category:People from Nanded district]]
[[Category:Marathi politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1981 births]]

{{Maharashtra-INC-politician-stub}}

Sahila Chaddha

2026-04-20T00:04:34Z

UteCansler: Created a entry initial version

{{short description|Indian film actress|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sahila Chadha
| image =
| caption = Chadha In 2024
| birth_date =
| birth_place = India
| spouse = [[Nimai Bali]]
| children = 1
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 1985–2014
| notable_works = [[Bol Radha Bol]] [[Shatranj]] [[Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!]]
| height =
}}

'''Sahila Chadha''' (Chaddha is an alternative spelling for the surname ''Chadha''<ref name="punjabrevenue">{{cite web |url=http://punjabrevenue.nic.in/gaz_asr9.htm |website=punjabrevenue.nic.in |title=(c) RELIGIONS AND CASTES |access-date=9 September 2017}}</ref>) is an Indian former actress and [[beauty pageant]] titleholder.

==Personal life==
Sahila is married to actor [[Nimai Bali]],<ref name="dnaindia">{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-sahila-nimai-win-best-couple-award-1082131 |title=Sahila-Nimai win best couple award | Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis |website=dnaindia.com |access-date=9 September 2017}}</ref> with whom she has a daughter.<ref name="timesofindia">{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/mumbai/Amit-Ashish-Mishras-dance-party/articleshow/7004981.cms |title=Amit, Ashish Mishra's dance party! |website=Times of India |access-date=9 September 2017}}</ref>

==Career==
Sahila was crowned [[Miss India International|Miss India]] and won 25 contests before becoming a Miss India.<ref>''[[India Today]]'', Volume 11, p. 92. 1986. "Chaddha, crowned Miss India "</ref><ref name="hindu">{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/01/01/stories/2005010106200400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050117223937/http://www.hindu.com/2005/01/01/stories/2005010106200400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 January 2005 |website=[[The Hindu]] |title=Karnataka News : Briefly |date=1 January 2005 |access-date=9 September 2017}}</ref> She played the character of Rita in the film ''[[Hum Aapke Hain Koun]]'' and has featured alongside many superstars, including [[Shahrukh Khan]], [[Salman Khan]], [[Govinda]], and [[Sanjay Dutt]].

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Language
|-
| 1985 || ''I Love You'' || || Hindi
|-
| rowspan="2"|1986 || ''Nasamajh'' || || Hindi
|-
| ''[[Africadalli Sheela]]'' || Sheela || Kannada
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1987 || ''[[Kizhakku Africavil Sheela]]''|| Sheela || Tamil
|-
| ''[[Sheela (1987 film)|Sheela]]'' || Sheela || Hindi<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://iprmentlaw.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/ordjud-2021-04-22T075459.007.pdf|title=IN THE HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE AT BOMBAY ORDINARY ORIGINAL CIVIL JURISDICTION IN ITS COMMERCIAL DIVISION INTERIM APPLICATION (L) NO 4402 OF 2021 IN COMM (I.P.) SUIT NO. 4398 OF 2021|work=[[Bombay High Court|High Court of Judicature at Bombay]]|date=21 April 2021|access-date=19 April 2026}}</ref>
|-
| ''Dagabaaz Balma'' || Chanda || Bhojpuri
|-
| 1988 || ''[[Veerana]]'' || Sahila || Hindi
|-
| rowspan="6"|1989 || ''[[Nache Nagin Gali Gali]]'' || Roop || Hindi
|-
| ''Sau Saal Baad'' || || Hindi
|-
| ''Ajnabi Saaya'' || || Hindi
|-
| ''Beauty Queen'' || || Hindi
|-
| ''Jawani Ke Gunah'' || || Hindi
|-
| ''Ab Meri Baari'' || || Hindi
|-
| rowspan="5"|1990 || ''[[Sailaab (1990 film)|Sailaab]]'' || Monty's Wife || Hindi
|-
| ''Pyasi Nigahen'' || Disco Dancer Sonu || Hindi
|-
| ''Karishma Kismat Ka'' || || Hindi
|-
| ''Jaan Lada Denge'' || || Hindi
|-
| ''Awaragardi'' || || Hindi
|-
| rowspan="4"|1991 || ''[[Bhabhi (1991 film)|Bhabhi]]'' || Sonia || Hindi
|-
| ''[[Dharam Sankat]]'' || Son Kanwar (Sona Daaku) || Hindi
|-
| ''[[Aaj Ka Samson]]'' || Juliet || Hindi
|-
| ''[[Khooni Raat]]'' || || Hindi
|-
|rowspan="3"|1992 || ''[[Maa (1992 Hindi film)|Maa]]'' || Mona || Hindi
|-
|''[[Daulat Ki Jung]]'' || Special appearance in the song "Hai Daiya Jhumke" || Hindi
|-
|''[[Bol Radha Bol]]'' || Special appearance in the song "Deewana Dil Beqarar Tha" || Hindi
|-
|rowspan="3"|1993 ||''[[Game (1993 film)|Game]]'' || Special appearance in the song "Macho Man" || Hindi
|-
|''[[Kayda Kanoon]]'' || Special appearance in the song "Tadpane Do Tadpane Do" || Hindi
|-
|''[[Shatranj (1993 film)|Shatranj]]'' || Supporting role, Kader Khan's love interest || Hindi
|-
|rowspan="3"|1994 ||''[[Chaand Kaa Tukdaa|Chaand Ka Tudka]]'' ||Special appearance in the song "Aaja Deewane" || Hindi
|-
|''[[Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!]]'' || Rita || Hindi
|-
|''[[Ganga Aur Ranga]]'' || Gangaa || Hindi
|-
|1995 || ''[[Ab Insaf Hoga]]'' || Sabina B. Khan || Hindi
|-
|1996 || ''[[Namak (film)|Namak]]'' || Asha K. Sharma || Hindi
|-
| 1997 || ''Lakha'' || || Hindi
|-
|rowspan="2"|1998 || ''[[Tirchhi Topiwale]]'' || || Hindi
|-
|''[[Aunty No. 1]]'' || || Hindi
|-
|rowspan="2"|2001 || ''[[Badla Aurat Ka]]'' || || Hindi
|-
|''[[One 2 Ka 4]]'' || Bipasha || Hindi
|-
|2004 || ''Ganga Ke Paar Saiyan Hamar'' || || Bhojpuri
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Jai Santoshi Maa]]'' || Bhabhi || Hindi
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Tulsi (film)|Tulsi]]'' || || Hindi
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|1397524}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chadha, Sahila}}
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian beauty pageant winners]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Female models from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Unjha Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:26:38Z

UteCansler: Created the article w/ refs

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Unjha
| mla = [[Patel Kiritkumar Keshavlal (K. K. Patel)]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Mahesana district|Mahesana]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Mahesana Lok Sabha constituency|Mahesana]]
| established = 1962
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:232996}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 21
}}

'''Unjha''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Mahesana district|Mahesana]] district, numbered as 21-Unjha and is one of the seven Vidhan Sabha segments which fall under [[Mahesana Lok Sabha constituency]].

==List of segments==
This assembly seat represents the following segments,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent|date=12 December 2006|website=Election Commission of India|publisher=Delimitation Commission of India|pages=2–31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=|access-date=12 February 2017}}</ref>

# Unjha Taluka
# Vadnagar Taluka (Part) Villages – Jaska, Sundhiya, Hajipur, Shekhpur (Khe), Badarpur, Molipur, Sulipur, Kesimpa, Jagapura, Bajpura, Babipura, Khatoda, Kamalpur, Malekpur, Chandpur, Shekhpur (Vad), Kahipur, Chhabaliya, Transvad, Vadnagar (M).

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
!Picture
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1962 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Ambalal Mohanlal Patel
|
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1967 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|P. S. Mohanlal
|
|{{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
|[[1972 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Shankerlal Mohanlal Guru
|
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1975 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1975]]
|Kantilal Manilal Patel
|
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[1980 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Kanjibhai Lalludas Patel
|
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1985 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Chimanbhai Patel]]
|
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1990 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1995 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| rowspan="5" | Narayanbhai Patel || rowspan="5" |
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
|[[1998 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1998]]

|-
|[[2002 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2002]]

|-
|[[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2007]]

|-
|[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]]

|-
|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Asha Patel]]<ref name="election2017" /> || rowspan="2" |
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|2019 Bypoll<ref name="BJP wins all 4 assembly bypolls in Gujarat, tally crosses 100">{{cite news|last1=The Economic Times|title=BJP wins all 4 assembly bypolls in Gujarat, tally crosses 100|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/bjp-wins-all-4-assembly-bypolls-in-gujarat-tally-crosses-100/articleshow/69478626.cms?from=mdr|accessdate=2 October 2023|date=24 May 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002181015/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/bjp-wins-all-4-assembly-bypolls-in-gujarat-tally-crosses-100/articleshow/69478626.cms?from=mdr|archivedate=2 October 2023}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party | rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| Patel Kiritkumar Keshavlal (K K Patel) ||
|}

==Election results==
=== 2022 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly election, 2022]]: Unjha Assembly constituency }}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Patel Kiritkumar Keshavlal (K. K. Patel)
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 88561
|percentage = 59.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Patel Arvind Amrutlal (Bhuro)
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 37093
|percentage = 25.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Urvishkumar Babubhai Patel
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = 18461
|percentage = 12.46
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 1775
|percentage = 1.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage = 34.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:232870}}
|ref=<ref name="Gujarat Elections ECI">{{cite web |title=Gujarat Legislative Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

=== 2019 by-poll ===
{{Election box begin | title=By-election, 2019: Unjha}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Asha Patel|Dr. Ashaben Dwarkadas Patel]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 77,459
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Patel Kantibhai Muljidas
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 54,387
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Natvarji Babuji Thakor
|party =Nationalist Congress Party
|votes =5,620
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 23,072
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,48,448
|percentage =67.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: Unjha<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Asha Patel|Dr. Ashaben Dwarkadas Patel]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 74,438
|percentage = 54.23%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Narayanbhai Patel]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 55,053
|percentage = 40.11%
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 19,385
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2012]]}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat |access-date=9 June 2014 |archive-date=26 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126215052/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Narayanbhai Patel
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 75708
|percentage = 55.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Asha Patel|Dr. Ashaben Dwarkadas Patel]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 51507
|percentage = 37.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 24201
|percentage = 17.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 135887
|percentage = 70.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|loser = Indian National Congress
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Mahesana district]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat|state=expanded}}
{{Gujarat elections|state=collapsed}}
{{Mehasana}}
{{coord|23.81|72.39|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Mehsana district]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Gujarat]]

Urmila Thakur

2026-04-13T00:23:14Z

UteCansler: Created the post added tags...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Urmila Thakur
| office = [[Legislative council|Member]] of [[Bihar Legislative Council]]
| constituency = ''elected by legislative members''
| term_start = 7 May 2024
| term_end =
| party = [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| birth_date = 1968
| birth_place = Dunhi, Garhpura, [[Begusarai district|Begusarai]], [[Bihar]], India
| died =
| death_place =
| spouse = Ashok Kumar
| father = Awadhesh Thakur
| alma_mater = [[Bhupendra Narayan Mandal University|B.N.M.U]] (M.Sc. (Chemistry), Ph.D.,
LLB, B.T.)
| profession = [[Politician]], Social worker
}}

'''Urmila Thakur''' is an Indian politician currently serving as the member of the [[Bihar Legislative Council]] and the member of the [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/bihar/begusarai/bihar-know-rjd-mlc-candidate-urmila-thakur-on-whom-lalu-yadav-expressed-confidence/articleshow/108335858.cms|title=बिहार: राजद की MLC उम्मीदवार उर्मिला ठाकुर को जानिए, जिन पर लालू यादव ने जताया भरोसा|publisher= nabharattimes.indiatimes. com}}</ref><ref name="Urmila Thakur">{{cite web|url=https://ceobihar.nic.in/election/Bihar_council_2024/Urmila%20Thakur.pdf|title=Information of Urmila Thakur|publisher=ceobihar.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/muzaffarpur/story-joy-in-barber-community-on-making-urmila-thakur-a-candidate-9493462.html|title=Joy in barber community on making Urmila Thakur a candidate - उर्मिला ठाकुर को उम्मीदवार बनाने पर नाई समाज में खुशी, मुजफ्फरपुर न्यूज}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/bihar/patna-rjd-officially-announced-mlc-candidates-rabri-devi-abdul-bari-siddiqui-urmila-thakur-faisal-ali-8131542.html|title=राजद ने आधिकारिक रूप से MLC उम्मीदवारों का ऐलान किया, भाकपा माले के एक कैंडिडेट की भी घोषणा|date=8 March 2024|website=News18 हिंदी}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abplive.com/states/bihar/election-strategy-names-of-rabri-devi-urmila-thakur-and-faisal-ali-announced-in-rjd-mlc-candidate-list-ann-2633738|title=MLC कैंडिडेट के सहारे जातीय समीकरण को RJD ने किया बैलेंस, चर्चा में हैं उर्मिला ठाकुर और फैसल|first=परमानंद|last=सिंह|date=8 March 2024|website=www.abplive.com}}</ref><ref name="CM Nitish Kumar, RJD leader Rabri Devi among 11 elected unopposed to Bihar Legislative Council">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=14 March 2024 |title=CM Nitish Kumar, RJD leader Rabri Devi among 11 elected unopposed to Bihar Legislative Council |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nitish-rabri-among-11-elected-unopposed-to-bihar-legislative-council/article67950467.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251125132709/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nitish-rabri-among-11-elected-unopposed-to-bihar-legislative-council/article67950467.ece |archive-date=25 November 2025 |access-date=25 November 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Early life==
Thakur was born in 1968 to Awadhesh Thakur.<ref name="Urmila Thakur"/>

==Personal life==
She is married to Ashok Kumar.<ref name="Urmila Thakur"/>

==Education==
Thakur completed her master's degree in (M.Sc. (Chemistry), Ph.D., LLB, B.T.) from [[Bhupendra Narayan Mandal University|B.N.M.U]], [[Madhepura]], [[Bihar]], India.<ref name="Urmila Thakur"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thakur, Urmila}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:People from Begusarai district]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Women in Bihar politics]]

{{Bihar-RJD-politician-stub}}

2022 Kanpur road accident

2026-04-07T19:09:41Z

UteCansler: Starting data.

{{Short description|Road incident in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Infobox event
|date = 1 October 2022
|location = [[Kannur district]], [[India]]
|type = vehicle accident
|reported deaths = 27
|reported injuries = 9
}}
On October 1, 2022, a tractor carrying pilgrims overturned and fell into a pond near Bhadeuna village in [[Kannur district|Kanpur district]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. 27 people died in the accident, while 9 others were injured. Most of the victims were women and children.<ref name=indiatoday>{{cite news |last1=Srivastava |first1=Samarth |title=Tractor-trolley driver was drunk, say survivors of Kanpur road accident that killed 26 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kanpur-road-accident-cm-yogi-meets-survivors-uttar-pradesh-2007448-2022-10-02 |publisher=[[India Today]] |date=October 2, 2022}}</ref>

After the incident, the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] banned the use of tractor-trolleys for traveling in the state.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ensure tractor trolleys not used for travel: UP CM |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/ensure-tractor-trolleys-not-used-for-travel-up-cm-101664739406970.html |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=October 3, 2022}}</ref>
== Background ==
According to the 2019 annual report of India's [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]], Kanpur is the fifth-highest road accident fatalities and the highest crash severity in India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Fifth-highest number of road mishap deaths in India last year took place in Kanpur |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/fifth-highest-number-of-road-mishap-deaths-in-india-last-year-took-place-in-kanpur/story-J2QqhTsiDYc9NlHxrHZknN.html |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=October 24, 2020}}</ref> In September 2022, ten people died as a tractor-trolley carrying 47 fell into a pond in [[Itaunja]] town of [[Lucknow]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Pathikrit |title=10 women killed as tractor-trolley carrying 47 falls into pond on Lucknow outskirts |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/nine-killed-after-tractor-trolley-carrying-35-falls-into-pond-in-lucknow/articleshow/94450122.cms |publisher=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
== Accident ==
A tractor-trolley carrying 40 or 50 passengers was on to [[Ghatampur]] after attending a [[Mundan ceremony]] at the Chandrika Devi temple in [[Fatehpur district|Fatehpur]]. The tractor-trolley overturned and fell into a pond leading to the deaths of 27 people and many injured. The accident survivors alleged that the driver was drunk and speeding.<ref name=indiatoday/> The accident occurred near Bhadeuna village, in the [[Kannur district|Kanpur district]], under the Saadh police station.<ref name=indiatoday/>

== Response ==
Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]], President of India [[Droupadi Murmu]] and Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh [[Yogi Adityanath]] have expressed grief over the incident.<ref name=indiaatoday>{{cite news |last1=Chawla |first1=Simer |title=31 dead in two separate road accidents in Kanpur within 24 hours |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/speeding-truck-rams-into-loader-tempo-in-kanpur-2007294-2022-10-02 |publisher=[[India Today]] |date=October 2, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=President Murmu condoles loss of lives in road accident in Kanpur |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/president-murmu-condoles-loss-of-lives-in-road-accident-in-kanpur-122100100944_1.html |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |publisher=[[Business Standard]] |date=October 2, 2022}}</ref> The Indian government has announced an ex-gratia amount of {{INR}}2 lakh each to the next of kin of the deceased and {{INR}}50,000 for the injured.<ref name=indiaatoday/>

The [[Uttar Pradesh Police]] and district administration in the state ran a ten-day special drive against traveling in tractor-trolleys and other goods carriers.<ref>{{cite news |title=Drive against travel in tractor-trolleys, goods carriers soon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/drive-against-travel-in-tractor-trolleys-goods-carriers-soon/articleshow/94609754.cms |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |date=October 3, 2022}}</ref> The government also issued a circular mentioning penalty of {{INR}}10,000 for those who found using tractor-trolleys for traveling purposes.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bajpai |first1=Namita |title=Day after accident, Kanpur village in mourning |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/oct/03/day-after-accident-kanpur-village-in-mourning-2504439.html |publisher=[[New Indian Express]] |date=October 3, 2022}}</ref>
== See also ==
* [[Traffic collisions in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Disasters in India in 2022}}
{{Road incidents in 2022}}

[[Category:2020s in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Disasters in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Kanpur Nagar district]]
[[Category:2022 road incidents in Asia]]
[[Category:2022 disasters in India]]
[[Category:October 2022 in India]]

Adapur

2026-04-06T14:05:04Z

UteCansler: Starting info

{{use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Adapur
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = Adapur Village.jpg
| image_alt = Adapur Railway Station
| image_caption = Adapur Railway Station
| nickname =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Bihar
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|26.92530300|N|84.94236200|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[East Champaran district]]
| subdivision_type3 = District Headquarter
| subdivision_name3 = [[Motihari]]
| subdivision_type4 = Block
| subdivision_name4 = Adapur
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 88
| population_total = 20351
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_metro =
| population_demonym =
| population_note =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Regional
| demographics1_info2 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
| demographics1_title3 = Additional
| demographics1_info3 = [[English language|English]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 845301
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +06255
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#BR.E2.80.94Bihar|BR]]-05
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest town
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Raxaul]], [[Motihari]], [[Sugauli]], [[Sitamarhi]], [[Darbhanga]], [[Samastipur]], [[Muzaffarpur]], [[Birgunj]]
| website = {{URL|eastchamparan.bih.nic.in}}
}}

'''Adapur''' is a block in [[East Champaran district]] of [[Bihar]], India. Adapur railway station is located {{convert|40|km|mi|0}} north of [[Motihari]], the district headquarters. The state capital [[Patna]] is {{convert|175|km}} in south. Adapur is located on the India-Nepal border.
== Demographics ==
According to the 2011 census, Adapur has a population of 20,351 people. The sex ratio is 949 females per 1000 males. The literacy rate is 41.12%.

[[File:Adapur Station Road.jpg|thumb|Mumbai Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Antyodaya Express Standing at Adapur Railway Station]]
[[File:Adapur Sky At Night.jpg|thumb|Adapur Sky At Night]]
[[File:Raxaul Sadbhawana Express Standing at Adapur Station.jpg|thumb|Raxaul Sadbhawana Express Standing At Adapur Railway Station]]

== Transportation ==

Adapur is well connected to the major towns of Bihar by road and rail. Raxaul is the near major junction to connect metro cities Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata and Hyderabad, by rail. Currently{{when?|date=November 2025}} only local trains stop here towards Raxaul- Narkatiaganj and Sitamarhi- Darbhanga route.

===Air===
Nearest airport is located in Nepal at [[Simara Airport]], about {{convert|38|km}} from Adapur. Another airport at [[Raxaul Airport]], about 13 km away, is drafted to be operational in the future.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140723/jsp/bihar/story_18642657.jsp#.VPMJBHyUdlg |title=Funds boon for three low-cost airports |website=www.telegraphindia.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402174229/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140723/jsp/bihar/story_18642657.jsp |archive-date=2015-04-02}}</ref> [[Jay Prakash Narayan International Airport]] Patna is the operational airport.

===Railways===
Adapur has a railway station on the [[Broad gauge]] Raxaul-Sitamarhi line. The station code of this railway station is ''ADX''. All the rail lines are electrified but both electric and diesel engines runs for better connectivity. There are 3 platforms in the railway station and 4 rail lines.
[[File:Ticket Counter Adapur.jpg|thumb|Ticket office - One can purchase unserved tickets here.]]
{| class="wikitable"
|+Trains at Adapur Railway Station
|+Towards Sitamarhi Junction (SMI)
!Train Number
!Train Name
!Departure from Raxaul
!Arrival at Adapur
!Arrival at Sitamarhi
|-
|63374
|Raxaul-Darbhanga MEMU
|4:00 AM
|4:17 AM
|6:30 AM
|-
|15515
|Danapur MEMU Express
|6:00 AM
|6:14 AM
|8:00 AM
|-
|75230
|Raxaul-Darbhanga DEMU
|10:35 AM
|10:50 AM
|1:30 PM
|-
|55581
|Raxaul-Sitamarhi Passenger
|11:40 AM
|11:57 AM
|2:25 PM
|-
|15501
|Raxaul-Jogbani Express
|12:40 PM
|12:54 PM
|2:48 PM
|-
|55578
|Raxaul-Samastipur Passenger
|6:50 PM
|7:06 PM
|9:30 PM
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Towards Raxaul Junction (RXL)
!Train Number
!Train Name
!Departure from Chauradano
!Arrival at Adapur
!Arrival at Raxaul Junction
|-
|55577
|Samastipur-Raxaul Passenger
|9:04 AM
|9:15 AM
|10:00 AM
|-
|15502
|Jogbani-Raxaul Express
|9:58 AM
|10:38 AM
|11:15 AM
|-
|75229
|Darbhanga-Raxaul DEMU
|2:43 PM
|2:56 PM
|4:00 PM
|-
|55582
|Sitamarhi-Raxaul Passenger
|5:02 PM
|5:17 PM
|6:15 PM
|-
|15516
|Sugauli MEMU Express
|8:02 PM
|8:11 PM
|8:55 PM
|-
|63373
|Darbhanga-Raxaul MEMU
|10:49 PM
|11:02 PM
|11:40 PM
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Adapur}}
[[Category:Cities and towns in East Champaran district]]

Devika Sanjay

2026-04-03T16:18:32Z

UteCansler: Bio

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=August 2024}}

{{Indian name|Devika|Sanjay}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Devika Sanjay
| image = Devika Sanjay.jpg
| caption = Devika Sanjay in 2022
| birth_name = Devika
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Koyilandy]], [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]], [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2018{{endash}}present
}}

'''Devika Sanjay''' is an Indian actress who works mainly in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam films]]. Her first feature film was ''[[Njan Prakashan]]'' in 2018.<ref>{{cite news|title=Devika Sanjay's impressive debut in Malayalam cinema|newspaper=The Hindu |date=21 December 2018 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/devika-sanjay-makes-an-impressive-debut-in-malayalam-cinema/article25858271.ece|access-date=23 August 2024 |last1=M |first1=Athira }}</ref> She is best known for her role in the film ''[[Makal]]'' (2022).

==Early life==
Devika was born to Sanjay and sreelath[[koyilandi|Koyilandy]], in Kozhikode district.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}} She was educated at Kendriya Vidyalaya, Kozhikode.<ref>{{cite web|title=Devika Sanjay scored goodmark in sslc|url=https://www.vanitha.in/celluloid/gossips/devika-sanjay-scored-good-mark-in-sslc.|access-date=23 August 2024}}</ref>

==Career==
Devika made her screen debut as an actress, her 2018 film "[[Njan Prakashan]]", where she plays Teenamol a girl suffering from a cancerous brain cyst and facing death. At one point in the film, Prakashan, portrayed by [[Fahadh Faasil]], joins Teenamol in her house as a home nurse.

There is a rumor that she was going to play the female lead in [[Panja Vaisshnav Tej]]’s [[Uppena]], but [[Krithi Shetty]] ended up playing that role.<ref>{{cite news|title=Teenage Beauty Devika Sanjay in talks for Vaishnav Tej's film|newspaper=The Times of India |date=17 April 2019 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/teenage-beauty-devika-sanjay-in-talks-for-vaishnav-tejs-film/articleshow/68922388.cms|access-date=23 August 2024}}</ref>

Later in 2022, Devika played a prominent role in [[Sathyan Anthikkad]]'s Makal as the daughter of [[Meera Jasmine]] and [[Jayaram]].<ref>{{cite web|title=ചിരിക്കാനും ചിന്തിപ്പിക്കാനും മീരയും ജയറാമും; മകള്‍ ട്രെയ്‌ലര്‍| date=14 April 2022 |url = https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/makal-movie-trailer-sathyan-anthikkad-jayaram-meera-jasmine-devika-sanjay-naslen-1.7434107|access-date=23 August 2024}}</ref> In 2024, she did the female lead in [[Once Upon a Time in Kochi]] written by Raffi and directed by [[Nadirshah]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Once Upon a Time in Kochi' hit theatres today| date =31 May 2024| url =https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/once-upon-a-time-in-kochi-hit-theatres-today-1.9600673|access-date=23 August 2024}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{{Pending films key}}
*''All films are in Malayalam unless otherwise noted.''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes !! class="unsortable" | Ref.
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Njan Prakashan]]'' || Teenamol || Debut ||<ref>{{cite web|title=മോഹിച്ചത് ഫഹദിനെ കാണാൻ മാത്രം; പക്ഷേ, ദേവിക നായികയായി|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2018/12/28/devika-sanjay-heroine-of-the-film-njan-prakashan.|access-date=23 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
| 2022 ||''[[Makal]]''|| Aparna (Appu) || ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Sathyan Anthikad's next to star Jayaram, Meera Jasmine and Devika|date=14 April 2021 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/Apr/14/sathyan-anthikads-next-to-star-jayaram-meera-jasmine-anddevika-2289694.html|access-date=23 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Devika Sanjay turns emotional as 'Makal' opens to positive reviews|newspaper=The Times of India |date=30 April 2022 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/devika-sanjay-turns-emotional-as-makal-opens-to-positive-reviews/articleshow/91202563.cms|access-date=23 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Once Upon a Time in Kochi]]'' || Janaki Jayan || ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Prakashan's Tina Mol is now the heroine; Devika Sanjay gained attention in 'Once Upon a Time in Kochi| date =3 June 2024| url =https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/once-upon-a-time-in-kochi-devika-sanjay-njan-prakashan-1.9608861|access-date=23 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title="'Once Upon A Time In Kochi' teaser: Arjun Ashokan's cop investigates Devika Sanjay, Mubin M Rafi in a drug case"|newspaper=The Hindu |date=27 May 2024 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/once-upon-a-time-in-kochi-teaser-arjun-ashokans-cop-investigates-devika-sanjay-mubin-m-rafi-in-a-drug-case/article68220656.ece|access-date=23 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
| 2026 || ''Sukhamano Sukhamanu'' || Charu|| ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=From ‘Sukhamano Sukhamanu’ to ‘Pennum Porattum’: What’s releasing in theatres this Friday |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2026/02/11/movies-hitting-theatres-this-weekend-febrary-13-malayalam-hindi-english-films.html |access-date=2026-02-13 |website=@onmanorama |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sanjay, Devika}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian actresses]]

Aamshya Padavi

2026-04-01T02:21:31Z

UteCansler: Starting new stub.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Aamshya Padavi
| native_name = आमश्या पाडवी
| image =
| office = Member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 23 November 2024
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Kagda Chandya Padvi]]
| successor =
| office1 = Member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Council]]
| term_start1 = 8 July 2022
| term_end1 = 23 November 2024
| successor1 = [[Chandrakant Raghuwanshi]]
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Mumbai, India]]
| party = [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]]
| spouse =
| relatives =
| alma_mater =
| website =
| constituency = [[Akkalkuwa Assembly constituency|Akkalkuwa]]
}}

'''Aamshya Phulji Padavi''' (born 1968)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Aamshya Phulji Padvi(SHS):Constituency- AKKALKUWA (ST)(NANDURABAR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/maharashtra2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=1190 |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Nandurbar]] district, [[Maharashtra]]. He is current member of [[Maharashtra Legislative Council]].<ref name="Maharashtra Legislative Council polls: Of 10 seats, BJP gets 5, NCP and Shiv Sena bag 2 each, Congress 1">{{cite news |last1=The Indian Express |title=Maharashtra Legislative Council polls: Of 10 seats, BJP gets 5, NCP and Shiv Sena bag 2 each, Congress 1 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/285-maharashtra-assembly-members-vote-council-polls-counting-5pm-7980318/ |access-date=24 November 2024 |date=20 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124052846/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/285-maharashtra-assembly-members-vote-council-polls-counting-5pm-7980318/ |archive-date=24 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/maharashtra/nandurbar/aamshya-padvi-on-legislative-council-election-2022/videoshow/92345194.cms |title= सामान्य शिवसैनिक विधान परिषदेत पोहोचला, आमश्या पाडवींच्या समर्थकांनी केली आतीषबाजी}}</ref> After unsuccessfully contesting the assembly polls from the [[Akkalkuwa Assembly constituency|Akkalkuwa assembly]] segment in [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]], [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]], he won the [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]] Assembly election by a margin of 2,904 votes.<ref name="Akkalkuwa Election Result: Shiv Sena's Amshya Padvi Wins">{{cite news |last1=TimelineDaily |title=Akkalkuwa Election Result: Shiv Sena's Amshya Padvi Wins |url=https://timelinedaily.com/elections/akkalkuwa-election-result-shiv-senas-amshya-padavi-wins |access-date=24 November 2024 |date=24 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124052138/https://timelinedaily.com/elections/akkalkuwa-election-result-shiv-senas-amshya-padavi-wins |archive-date=24 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Akkalkuwa">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |date=23 November 2024 |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Akkalkuwa |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S131.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124055026/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S131.htm |archive-date=24 November 2024 |access-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Padavi is from Akkalkuwa, Nandurbar District, Maharashtra. He is the son of Phulji Thoblaya Padvi. He passed Class 4 at Yashwantrao Chavan Open University, Nashik.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Padavi first contested as an MLA on Shiv Sena ticket in the [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] and could finish only fourth receiving 10,349 votes behind the winner [[Kagda Chandya Padvi]] of the Indian National Congress. He contested unsuccessfully again on Shiv Sena seat in the [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019 Assembly election]] but fared much better losing by a narrow margin of 2096 votes to the same candidate. However, he turned the tables on the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] candidate and sitting MLA in his third attempt winning the 2024 Assembly election representing Shiv Sena and beat Padvi by a margin of 2,904 votes. Earlier in May 2024, he left SS (UBT) and joined the Shinde faction.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-17 |title=Shiv Sena (UBT) MLC Aamshya Padvi joins Shinde Sena |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/shiv-sena-ubt-mlc-aamshya-padvi-joins-shinde-sena/articleshow/108566855.cms |access-date=2024-12-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Positions held==
* 2014: Appointed [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] zilla pramukh of [[Nandurbar district]]<ref name="Shiv Sena (UBT) MLC Aamshya Padvi joins Shinde Sena">{{cite news |last1=The Times of India |title=Shiv Sena (UBT) MLC Aamshya Padvi joins Shinde Sena |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/shiv-sena-ubt-mlc-aamshya-padvi-joins-shinde-sena/articleshow/108566855.cms |access-date=24 November 2024 |date=17 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124051746/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/shiv-sena-ubt-mlc-aamshya-padvi-joins-shinde-sena/articleshow/108566855.cms |archive-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>
* 2022: Elected to [[Maharashtra Legislative Council]]<ref name="Two candidates each of Shiv Sena, NCP, and 4 of BJP win Maha Council polls">{{cite news |title=Two candidates each of Shiv Sena, NCP, and 4 of BJP win Maha Council polls |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/two-candidates-each-of-shiv-sena-ncp-and-4-of-bjp-win-maha-council-polls-122062001215_1.html |access-date=24 November 2024 |date=20 June 2022 |archive-date=}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Shiv Sena}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Padavi, Aamshya}}

[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Shiv Sena politicians]]
[[Category:Shiv Sena (UBT) politicians]]
[[Category:People from Nandurbar district]]

{{Maharashtra-SS-politician-stub}}

Heracles

2026-03-29T08:03:12Z

UteCansler: expanded content

{{Short description|Divine hero in Greek mythology}}
{{About|the Greek divine hero|the similar figure in Roman mythology|Hercules}}
{{Redirect|Herakles|other uses|Herakles (disambiguation)|and|Heracles (disambiguation)}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{pp-move}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Greek
| name = Heracles
| image = Herakles Farnese MAN Napoli Inv6001 n01.jpg
| alt =
| birth_place = [[Thebes, Greece|Thebes]], [[Boeotia]], Greece
| death_place = [[Mount Oeta]], [[Phocis]], Greece
| caption = One of the most famous depictions of Heracles, ''[[Farnese Hercules]]'', Roman marble statue on the basis of an original by [[Lysippos]], 216 CE. [[National Archaeological Museum, Naples|National Archaeological Museum]], [[Naples]], Italy
| god_of = God of strength and heroes Divine protector of mankind and the patron of the [[gymnasium (ancient Greece)|gymnasium]]
| abode = [[Mount Olympus]]
| symbol = [[Club (weapon)|Club]], [[Nemean Lion|lion skin]]
| consort = [[Megara (mythology)|Megara]], [[Omphale]], [[Deianira]], [[Hebe (mythology)|Hebe]]
| parents = [[Zeus]] and [[Alcmene]]
| siblings = maternal: [[Iphicles]], [[Laonome]]; paternal: [[Apollo]], [[Artemis]], [[Athena]], [[Dionysus]], [[Helen of Troy]], [[Perseus]] and [[Zeus#Offspring|many others]]
| children = [[Alexiares and Anicetus]], [[Telephus]], [[Hyllus]], [[Tlepolemus]]
| mount =
| Roman_equivalent = [[Hercules]]
| canaanite_equivalent = [[Melqart]]<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.academia.edu/42964040 | title=Herakles/Melqart, the Greek façade of a Phoenician deity | journal=Revista Hélade: Dossiê Fenícios | date=January 2019 | last1=Lima | first1=Rodrigo Araújo de }}</ref>
}}
{{Greek mythology sidebar}}
{{Ancient Greek religion}}
[[File:Hercules Nessus MAN Napoli Inv9001.jpg|thumb|right|Heracles carrying his son [[Hyllus]] looks at the centaur [[Nessus (centaur)|Nessus]], who is about to carry [[Deianira]] across the river on his back. Antique fresco from [[Pompeii]].]]
'''Heracles''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|ɛr|ə|k|l|i:|z|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-Heracles.wav}} {{langx|grc|Ἡρακλῆς||glory/fame of [[Hera]]}}), born '''Alcaeus'''<ref name="DGRBM2">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Schmitz |first=Leonhard |title=Alceides |editor=[[William Smith (lexicographer)|William Smith]] |encyclopedia=[[Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology]] |volume=1 |pages=98 |publisher=[[Little, Brown and Company]] |location=Boston |year=1867 |url=http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0107.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527153935/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0107.html |archive-date=27 May 2008 }}</ref> ({{lang|grc|Ἀλκαῖος}}, ''Alkaios'') or '''Alcides'''<ref>''[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Bibliotheca]]'' ii. 4. § 12</ref> ({{lang|grc|Ἀλκείδης}}, ''Alkeidēs''), was a [[Divinity|divine]] [[hero]] in [[Greek mythology]], the son of [[Zeus]]<ref name="1.9.16">Apollodorus, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+1.9.16&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022:boo=0:chapter=0&highlight=Hercules 1.9.16]</ref> and [[Alcmene]], and the foster son of [[Amphitryon]].<ref name="Alcides">By his adoptive descent through Amphitryon, Heracles receives the epithet '''Alcides''', as "of the line of [[Alcaeus (mythology)|Alcaeus]]", father of Amphitryon. Amphitryon's own, mortal son was [[Iphicles]].</ref> He was a descendant of [[Perseus]], another son of Zeus.

He was the greatest of the Greek heroes, the ancestor of royal clans known as [[Heracleidae]] ({{lang|grc|Ἡρακλεῖδαι}}), and a champion of the [[Twelve Olympians|Olympian order]] against [[chthonic]] monsters. In [[Roman mythology|Rome]] and the [[modernity|modern]] [[western world|West]], he is known as [[Hercules]], with whom the later [[Roman emperor]]s, in particular [[Commodus]] and [[Maximian]], often identified themselves. Details of his [[cult (religion)|cult]] were adapted to Rome as well.

{{TOC limit|3}}

==Origin==
Many popular stories were told of his life, the most famous being the twelve [[Labours of Hercules]]; [[Alexandria]]n poets of the [[Hellenistic age]] drew his mythology into a high poetic and tragic atmosphere.<ref name="Burkert">Burkert 1985, pp. 208–09</ref> His figure, which initially drew on Near Eastern motifs such as the lion-fight, was widely known.

Heracles was the greatest of Hellenic [[chthonic]] heroes, but unlike other Greek heroes, no tomb was identified as his. Heracles was both hero and god, as [[Pindar]] says ''heros theos''; at the same festival sacrifice was made to him, first as a hero, with a chthonic [[libation]], and then as a god, upon an altar: thus he embodies the closest Greek approach to a "[[demi-god]]".<ref name="Burkert" />

The core of the story of Heracles has been identified by [[Walter Burkert]] as originating in Neolithic hunter culture and traditions of [[shaman]]istic crossings into the netherworld.<ref>Burkert 1985, pp. 208–12.</ref> It is possible that the myths surrounding Heracles were based on the life of a real person or several people whose accomplishments became exaggerated with time.<ref>Loewen, Nancy: ''Hercules'', p. 15</ref>

===Hero or god===
Heracles's role as a culture hero, whose death could be a subject of mythic telling (see below), was accepted into the [[Twelve Olympians|Olympian Pantheon]] during Classical times. This created an awkwardness in the encounter with [[Odysseus]] in the episode of ''[[Odyssey]]'' XI, called the [[Nekuia]], where Odysseus encounters Heracles in [[Hades]]:

{{Blockquote|<poem>And next I caught a glimpse of powerful Heracles—
His ghost I mean: the man himself delights
in the grand feasts of the deathless gods on high ...
Around him cries of the dead rang out like cries of birds
scattering left and right in horror as on he came like night ...<ref>[[Robert Fagles]]'s translation, 1996:269.</ref></poem>}}

Ancient critics were aware of the problem of the aside that interrupts the vivid and complete description, in which Heracles recognizes Odysseus and hails him, and some modern critics deny that the verse's beginning, in Fagles's translation ''His ghost I mean ...'', was part of the original composition: "once people knew of Heracles's admission to Olympus, they would not tolerate his presence in the underworld", remarks [[Friedrich Solmsen]],<ref>{{cite journal |first=Friedrich |last=Solmsen |title=The Sacrifice of Agamemnon's Daughter in Hesiod's Ehoeae |journal=[[The American Journal of Philology]] |volume=102 |issue=4 |year=1981 |pages=353–58 [355] |doi=10.2307/294322 |jstor=294322 }}</ref> noting that the interpolated verses represent a compromise between conflicting representations of Heracles.

==Cult==
The ancient Greeks celebrated the festival of the ''[[Heracleia (festival)|Heracleia]]'', which commemorated the death of Heracles, on the second day of the month of [[Metageitnion]] (which would fall in late July or early August). What is believed to be an [[Egypt]]ian Temple of Heracles in the [[Bahariya Oasis]] dates to 21 BCE. A reassessment of [[Ptolemy]]'s descriptions of the island of [[Malta]] attempted to link the site at [[Ras ir-Raħeb]] with a temple to Heracles,<ref>[[Ptolemy|Ptol.]] iv. 3. § 37</ref> but the arguments are not conclusive.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ventura|first=F.|title=Ptolemy's Maltese Co-ordinates|journal=Hyphen|date=1988|volume=V|issue=6|pages=253–69}}</ref> Several ancient cities were named [[Heraclea (disambiguation)|Heraclea]] in his honor. A very small island close to the island of [[Lemnos]] was called Neai (Νέαι), from νέω, which means "I dive/swim", because Heracles swam there.<ref>[https://www.cs.uky.edu/~raphael/sol/sol-entries/nu/103 Suda, nu,103]</ref> According to the Greek legends, the [[Herculaneum]] in Italy was founded by him.<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0064%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DH%3Aentry+group%3D4%3Aentry%3Dherculaneum-geo Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854), Herculaneum]</ref>

Several ''poleis'' provided two separate sanctuaries for Heracles, one recognizing him as a god, the other only as a hero.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The "Sacred History" of Euhemerus of Messene|last=Winiarczyk|first=Marek|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|year=2013|isbn=978-3110278880|page=30}}</ref> Sacrifice was made to him as a hero and as a god within the same festival.<ref>Burkert 1985, p. 208.</ref> This ambiguity helped create the Heracles cult especially when historians (e.g. [[Herodotus]]) and artists encouraged worship such as the painters during the time of the [[Peisistratos]], who often presented Heracles entering Olympus in their works.<ref name=":0" />

Some sources explained that the [[Greek hero cult]] of Heracles persisted because of the hero's ascent to heaven and his suffering, which became the basis for festivals, ritual, rites, and the organization of mysteries.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Ancient Mystery Cults|last=Burkert|first=Walter|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1987|isbn=978-0674033870|location=Cambridge|pages=75–76}}</ref> There is the observation, for example, that sufferings (''pathea'') gave rise to the rituals of grief and mourning, which came before the joy in the mysteries in the sequence of cult rituals.<ref name=":1" /> Also, like the case of Apollo, the cult of Heracles had been sustained through the years by absorbing local cult figures such as those who share the same nature.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=The Oxford Companion to Classical Civilization|last1=Hornblower|first1=Simon|last2=Spawforth|first2=Antony|last3=Eidinow|first3=Esther|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-0198706779|location=Oxford|page=367}}</ref> He was also constantly invoked as a patron for men, especially the young ones. For example, he was considered the ideal in warfare so he presided over gymnasiums and the ''ephebes'' or those men undergoing military training.<ref name=":2" />

There were ancient towns and cities that also adopted Heracles as a patron deity, contributing to the spread of his cult. There was the case of the royal house of Macedonia, which claimed lineal descent from the hero,<ref>{{Cite book|title=King and Court in Ancient Macedonia: Rivalry, Treason and Conspiracy|last=Carney|first=Elizabeth|publisher=The Classical Press of Wales|year=2015|isbn=978-1910589083|location=Swansea|page=66}}</ref> primarily for purposes of divine protection and legitimator of actions.

The earliest evidence that shows the worship of Heracles in popular cult was in 6th century BCE (121–122 and 160–165) via an ancient inscription from [[Phaleron]].<ref name=":2" /> After the 4th century BCE, Heracles became identified with the Phoenician God [[Melqart]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Cartwright |first1=Mark |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Melqart/|title=Melqart|website=World History Encyclopedia |date=6 May 2016 }}</ref>

[[Oitaeans]] worshiped Heracles and called him Cornopion (Κορνοπίων) because he helped them get rid of [[locust]]s (which they called ''cornopes''), while the citizens of [[Erythrae]] at [[Karaburun|Mima]] called him Ipoctonus (ἰποκτόνος) because he destroyed the vine-eating ''ips'' (ἀμπελοφάγων ἰπῶν), a kind of [[cynips]] wasp, there.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0197:book=13:chapter=1:section=64|title=Strabo, Geography, Book 13, chapter 1, section 64|website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=ko/rnoy|title=Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, κόρνοψ|website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=i)pokto/nos|title=Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, ἰποκτόνος|website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref>

Near the town of [[Bura (Achaea)|Bura]] in [[Achaea]], there was a statue of Heracles on the River [[Buraicus]] and an oracle in a cave. People who consulted this oracle first prayed before the statue, then threw four dice from a mound that was always kept ready onto a table. These dice were marked with certain characters, the significance of which was elucidated by an artwork shown in the cave. Because of this town Heracles had the epithet Buraicus (Βουραϊκός).<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DB%3Aentry+group%3D10%3Aentry%3Dburaicus-bio-1 A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology, Buraicus]</ref>

[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]] wrote that at [[Thebes, Greece|Thebes]] there was a statue of Heracles, called Nose-docker (Ῥινοκολούστης) because, according to the ancient Thebans, he cut off the noses of the heralds sent from [[Orchomenus (Boeotia)|Orchomenus]] to demand tribute, intending to insult them.<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160%3Abook%3D9%3Achapter%3D25%3Asection%3D4 Pausanias, Description of Greece, 9.25.4]</ref>

==Character==

[[File:Eurytios Krater Louvre E635 n1.jpg|thumb|left|Greek mythology influenced the [[Etruscan Civilization|Etruscans]]. This vase at [[Caere]] shows [[King Eurytus of Oechalia]] and Heracles in a symposium. Krater of corinthian columns called 'Krater of Eurytion', {{circa|600 BCE}}]]

Heracles used his wits on several occasions when his strength did not suffice, such as when laboring for the king [[Augeas]] of [[Ancient Elis|Elis]], wrestling the giant [[Antaeus]], or tricking [[Atlas (mythology)|Atlas]] into taking the sky back onto his shoulders. Together with [[Hermes]] he was the patron and protector of [[Gymnasium (ancient Greece)|gymnasia]] and [[palaestra]]e.<ref>[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], ''Guide to Greece'', 4.32.1</ref> His iconographic attributes are the [[Nemean Lion|lion skin]] and the [[Club (weapon)|club]]. These qualities did not prevent him from being regarded as a playful figure who used games to relax from his labors and played a great deal with children.<ref>Aelian, ''Varia Historia'', 12.15</ref> By conquering dangerous archaic forces he is said to have "made the world safe for mankind" and to be its benefactor.<ref>Aelian, ''Varia Historia'', 5.3</ref> Heracles was an extremely passionate and emotional individual, capable of doing both great deeds for his friends (such as wrestling with [[Thanatos]] on behalf of Prince [[Admetus]], who had regaled Heracles with his hospitality, or restoring his friend [[Tyndareus]] to the throne of [[Sparta]] after he was overthrown) and being a terrible enemy who would wreak horrible vengeance on those who crossed him, as Augeas, [[Neleus]], and [[Laomedon]] all found out to their cost. There was also a coldness to his character, which was demonstrated by Sophocles's depiction of the hero in ''[[Women of Trachis|The Trachiniae]]''. Heracles threatened his marriage with his desire to bring two women under the same roof; one of them was his wife [[Deianira|Deianeira]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Facts on File Companion to Classical Drama|url=https://archive.org/details/factsonfilecompa00ejoh_975|url-access=limited|last=Thorburn|first=John|publisher=Facts on File, Inc.|year=2005|isbn=978-0816052028|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/factsonfilecompa00ejoh_975/page/n563 555]}}</ref>

In the works of [[Euripides]] involving Heracles, his actions were partly driven by forces outside rational human control. By highlighting the divine causation of his madness, Euripides problematized Heracles's character and status within the civilized context.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Heracles and Euripidean Tragedy|url=https://archive.org/details/heracleseuripide00papa|url-access=limited|last=Papadopoulou|first=Thalia|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2005|isbn=9780521851268|location=Cambridge, MA|page=[https://archive.org/details/heracleseuripide00papa/page/n94 81]}}</ref> This aspect is also highlighted in ''[[Hercules (Seneca)|Hercules Furens]]'' where [[Seneca the Younger|Seneca]] linked the hero's madness to an illusion and a consequence of Heracles's refusal to live a simple life, as offered by [[Amphitryon]]. It was indicated that he preferred the extravagant violence of the heroic life and that its ghosts eventually manifested in his madness and that the hallucinatory visions defined Heracles's character.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Self-representation and Illusion in Senecan Tragedy|last=Littlewood|first=Cedric|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|isbn=978-0199267613|location=Oxford|page=94}}</ref>

==Mythology==

===Birth and childhood===

[[File:Herakles strangling snakes Louvre G192.jpg|thumb|Heracles strangling [[snake]]s (detail from an Attic red-figured stamnos, c. 480–470 BCE)]]

A major factor in the well-known tragedies surrounding Heracles is the hatred that the [[goddess]] [[Hera]], wife of [[Zeus]], had for him. Heracles was the son of the affair Zeus had with the mortal woman [[Alcmene]]. When Zeus desired Alcmene, he decided to make one night last three by ordering [[Helios]], the god of the sun, not to rise for three days, so he would have more time with Alcmene.<ref>Pseudo-Apollodorus, ''[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Library]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022%3Atext%3DLibrary%3Abook%3D2%3Achapter%3D4%3Asection%3D8 2.4.8]; [[Seneca the Younger|Seneca]], ''[[Hercules (Seneca)|Hercules Furens]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2007.01.0003 24]; ''[[Argonautica Orphica]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/549#113 113]; [[Lucian]], ''[[Dialogues of the Gods]]'' [https://pt.calameo.com/read/000107044fc0f01286992 Hermes and Helios]</ref> Zeus made love to her after disguising himself as her husband, [[Amphitryon]], home early from war (Amphitryon did return later the same night, and Alcmene became pregnant with his son at the same time, a case of heteropaternal [[superfecundation]], where a woman carries twins sired by different fathers).<ref>Compare the two pairs of twins born to [[Leda (mythology)|Leda]] and the "double" parentage of [[Theseus]].</ref> Thus, Heracles's very existence proved at least one of Zeus's many illicit affairs, and Hera often conspired against Zeus's mortal offspring as revenge for her husband's infidelities. His twin mortal brother, son of Amphitryon, was [[Iphicles]], father of Heracles's charioteer [[Iolaus]].

[[File:Jacopo Tintoretto - The Origin of the Milky Way - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|left|''[[The Origin of the Milky Way]]'' by [[Jacopo Tintoretto]]]]

On the night Heracles and Iphicles were to be born, Hera, knowing of her husband Zeus's adultery, persuaded Zeus to swear an oath that the child born that night to a member of the House of [[Perseus]] would become High King. Hera did this knowing that while Heracles was to be born a descendant of Perseus, so too was [[Eurystheus]]. Once the oath was sworn, Hera hurried to Alcmene's dwelling and slowed the birth of Heracles and Iphicles by forcing [[Ilithyia]], goddess of childbirth, to sit cross-legged with her clothing tied in knots, thereby causing the twins to be trapped in the womb. Meanwhile, Hera caused Eurystheus to be born prematurely, making him High King in place of Heracles. She would have permanently delayed Heracles's birth had she not been fooled by [[Galanthis]], Alcmene's servant, who lied to Ilithyia, saying that [[Alcmene]] had already delivered the baby. Upon hearing this, she jumped in surprise, loosing the knots and inadvertently allowing Alcmene to give birth to Heracles and Iphicles.

[[File:Herakles snake Musei Capitolini MC247.jpg|thumb|Heracles as a boy strangling a snake (marble, Roman artwork, 2nd century CE). [[Capitoline Museums]] in [[Rome]], Italy]]

Fear of Hera's revenge led Alcmene to [[Infant exposure|expose]] the infant Heracles, but he was taken up and brought to Hera by [[Athena]], who played an important role as protectress of heroes. Hera did not recognize Heracles and [[Milk of Hera|nursed him out of pity]]. Heracles suckled so strongly that he caused Hera pain, and she pushed him away. Her milk sprayed across the heavens and there formed the [[Milky Way (mythology)|Milky Way]]. Athena brought the infant back to his mother, and he was subsequently raised by his parents.<ref>Diodorus Siculus's ''[[Bibliotheca Historica]]'' ([https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/4B*.html Book IV, Ch. 9])</ref>

The child was originally given the name Alcides by his parents; it was only later that he became known as Heracles.<ref name="Alcides" /> He and his twin were just eight months old when Hera sent two giant snakes into the children's chamber. Iphicles cried from fear, but his brother grabbed a snake in each hand and strangled them. He was found by his nurse playing with them on his cot as if they were toys. Astonished, Amphitryon sent for the seer [[Tiresias]], who prophesied an unusual future for the boy, saying he would vanquish numerous monsters.

===Youth===
[[File:Terracotta kantharos (drinking cup) in the form of the heads of Herakles and of a woman MET DP118168.jpg|thumb|left|Side of terracotta [[kantharos]] in the form of the head of Heracles, [[Athens]], c. 470 BCE]]
[[File:CarracciHercules.jpg|thumb|The choice of Hercules by [[Annibale Carracci]]]]
After killing his music tutor [[Linus of Thrace|Linus]] with a [[lyre]], he was sent to tend cattle on a mountain by his foster father Amphitryon. Here, according to an allegorical [[parable]], "[[Hercules at the crossroads|The Choice of Heracles]]", invented by the sophist [[Prodicus]] (c. 400 BCE) and reported in [[Xenophon]]'s ''[[Memorabilia (Xenophon)|Memorabilia]]'' 2.1.21–34, he was visited by two allegorical figures—Vice and Virtue—who offered him a choice between a pleasant and easy life or a severe but glorious life: he chose the latter. This was part of a pattern of "ethicizing" Heracles over the 5th century BCE.<ref>Andrew Ford, ''Aristotle as Poet'', Oxford, 2011, p. 208 n. 5, citing, in addition to Prodicus/Xenophon, [[Antisthenes]], [[Herodorus]] (esp. [[FGrHist]] 31 F 14), and (in the 4th century) [[Plato]]'s use of "Heracles as a figure for Socrates' life (and death?): ''Apology'' 22a, cf. ''Theaetetus'' 175a, ''Lysis'' 205c."</ref>

Later, in [[Thebes, Greece|Thebes]], Heracles married King [[Creon of Thebes|Creon]]'s daughter, [[Megara (mythology)|Megara]].

===Labours of Heracles===
{{Main|Labours of Hercules}}
[[File:Mosaic with the Labors of Hercules, 3rd century AD, found in Lliria (Valencia), National Archaeological Museum of Spain, Madrid (15457108142).jpg|thumb|All 12 labours of Heracles, Mosaic of Llíria (Valencia, Spain)]]
In a fit of madness, induced by Hera, Heracles killed his children and Megara. After his madness had been cured with [[hellebore]] by Antikyreus, the founder of [[Anticyra|Antikyra]],<ref>Pausanias Χ 3.1, 36.5. [[Ptolemy|Ptolemaeus]], ''[[Geography|Geogr. Hyph.]]'' ΙΙ 184. 12. Stephanus of Byzantium, s.v. "Ἀντίκυρα"</ref> he realized what he had done and fled to the [[Delphi|Oracle of Delphi]]. Unbeknownst to him, the Oracle was guided by Hera. He was directed to serve King [[Eurystheus]] for ten years and perform any task Eurystheus required of him. Eurystheus decided to give Heracles ten labours, but after completing them, Heracles was cheated by Eurystheus when he added two more, resulting in the Twelve Labors of Heracles. If he succeeded, he would be purified of his sin and, as myth says, he would become a god, and be granted immortality.

Other traditions place Heracles's madness at a later time and relate the circumstances differently.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography And Mythology|publisher=Little, Brown, and Company|year=1870|editor-last=Smith|editor-first=W.|location=Boston|pages=393–394|id=ark:/13960/t9f47mp93}}</ref> In some traditions, there was only a divine reason for Heracles's twelve labours: Zeus, in his desire not to leave Heracles the victim of Hera's jealousy, made her promise that, if Heracles executed twelve great works in the service of Eurystheus, he should become immortal.<ref name=":3" /> In the play ''[[Herakles (Euripides)|Herakles]]'' by [[Euripides]], Heracles is driven to madness by Hera and kills his children after his twelve labours.

Despite the difficulty, Heracles accomplished these tasks, but Eurystheus in the end did not accept the success the hero had with two of the labours: the cleansing of the Augean stables, because Heracles was going to accept pay for the labour; and the killing of the Lernaean Hydra, as Heracles's nephew, [[Iolaus]], had helped him burn the stumps of the multiplying heads.

Eurystheus set two more tasks, fetching the Golden Apples of Hesperides and capturing [[Cerberus]]. In the end, with ease, the hero successfully performed each added task, bringing the total number of labours up to twelve.

Not all versions and writers give the labours in the same order. The ''[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Bibliotheca]]'' (2.5.1–2.5.12) gives the following order:

;1. Slay the [[Nemean lion|Nemean Lion]]: Heracles defeated a lion that was attacking the city of [[Nemea]] with his bare hands. After he succeeded he wore the skin as a cloak to demonstrate his power over the opponent he had defeated.
;2. Slay the nine-headed [[Lernaean Hydra]]: [[File:Mosaico_Trabajos_Hércules_(M.A.N._Madrid)_02.jpg|thumb|Heracles slaying the Lernaean Hydra]]A fire-breathing monster with multiple serpent heads. When one head was cut off, two would grow in its place. It lived in a swamp near [[Lerna]]. Hera had sent it in hopes it would destroy Heracles's home city because she thought it was invincible. With help from his nephew [[Iolaus]], he defeated the monster and dipped his arrows in its poisoned blood, thus envenomizing them.
[[File:Palermo-Museo-Archeologico-bjs-08.jpg|thumb|Heracles and Ceryneian Hind by [[Lysippos]]]]
;3. Capture the [[Ceryneian Hind]]: Heracles was to capture a deer, sacred to [[Artemis]], without allowing it to die. In the ''Bibliotheca'''s version, he pursued the animal for a year, eventually stopping it with an arrow.<ref>Hard, p. 259.</ref> When confronted by Artemis and her brother [[Apollo]], Heracles evaded their wrath by attributing the blame to Eurystheus,<reF>Aston, p. 63.</ref> to whom he then presented the deer.<ref>Hard, p. 259.</ref> [[Diodorus Siculus]] mentions other versions, in which Heracles captured the animal by means of nets or by chasing it to exhaustion.<reF>Aston, p. 63.</ref>
;4. Capture the [[Erymanthian Boar]]: A fearsome marauding boar on the loose. Eurystheus set Heracles the Labour of catching it, and bringing it to [[Mycenae]]. Again, a time-consuming task, but the tireless hero found the beast, captured it, and brought it to its final spot. Patience is the heroic quality in the third and fourth Labours.
;5. Clean the [[Augeas|Augean]] stables in a single day: The Augean stables were the home of 3,000 cattle with poisoned faeces which Augeas had been given by his father [[Helios]]. Heracles was given the near impossible task of cleaning the stables of the diseased faeces. He accomplished it by digging ditches on both sides of the stables, moving them into the ditches, and then diverting the [[Alfeios|rivers Alpheios]] and [[Pineios (Peloponnese)|Pineios]] to wash the ditches clean.
;6. Slay the [[Stymphalian birds|Stymphalian Birds]]: These aggressive man-eating birds were terrorizing a forest near [[Lake Stymphalia]] in northern Arcadia. Heracles scared them with a rattle given to him by Athena, to frighten them into flight away from the forest, allowing him to shoot many of them with his bow and arrow and bring back this proof of his success to Eurystheus.
;7. Capture the [[Cretan Bull]]: The harmful bull, father of the [[Minotaur]], was laying waste to the lands round [[Knossos]] on [[Crete]]. It embodied the rage of [[Poseidon]] at having his gift (the Bull) to [[Minos]] diverted from the intention to sacrifice it to himself. Heracles captured it, and carried it on his shoulders to Eurystheus in [[Tiryns]]. Eurystheus released it, when it wandered to [[Marathon, Greece|Marathon]] which it then terrorized, until killed by [[Theseus]].
;8. Steal the [[Mares of Diomedes]]: Stealing the horses from [[Diomedes of Thrace|Diomedes]]'s stables that had been trained by their owner to feed on human flesh was his next challenge. Heracles's task was to capture them and hand them over to Eurystheus. He accomplished this task by feeding King Diomedes to the animals before binding their mouths shut.
;9. Obtain the belt of [[Hippolyta]], Queen of the [[Amazons]]: Hippolyta was an Amazon queen and she had a belt given to her by her father [[Ares]]. Heracles had to retrieve the belt and return it to Eurystheus. He and his band of companions received a rough welcome because, ordered by Hera, the Amazons were supposed to attack them; however, against all odds, Heracles completed the task and secured the belt for Eurystheus.
;10. Obtain the cattle of the monster [[Geryon]]: The next challenge was to capture the herd guarded by a two-headed dog called [[Orthrus]], which belonged to Geryon; a giant with three heads and six arms who lived in [[Erytheia]]. While travelling to Erytheia, he passed through the Libyan desert and was so annoyed by the heat he shot an arrow at Helios, the sun. Helios, impressed, lent him his giant cup which Heracles used to find Orthrus, the herdsman Erytion and the owner, Geryon. He killed the first two with his club and the third with a poisoned arrow. Heracles then herded the cattle and, with difficulty, took them to Eurystheus.
;[[File:Mosaico_Trabajos_Hércules_(M.A.N._Madrid)_11.jpg|thumb|Hercules stealing the golden apples from the Garden of the Hesperides]]11. Steal the golden apples of the [[Hesperides]]: These sacred fruits were protected by Hera who had set [[Ladon (mythology)|Ladon]], a fearsome hundred-headed dragon as the guardian. Heracles had to first find where the garden was; he asked [[Nereus]] for help. He came across [[Prometheus]] on his journey. Heracles shot the eagle eating at his liver, and in return he helped Heracles with knowledge that his brother would know where the garden was. His brother [[Atlas (mythology)|Atlas]] offered him help with the apples if he would hold up the heavens while he was gone. Atlas tricked him and did not return. Heracles returned the trickery and managed to get Atlas taking the burden of the heavens once again, and returned the apples to Mycenae.:
;12. Capture and bring back [[Cerberus]]:His last labour and undoubtedly the riskiest. Eurystheus was so frustrated that Heracles was completing all the tasks that he had given him that he imposed one he believed to be impossible: Heracles had to go down into the underworld of [[Hades]] and capture the ferocious three-headed dog Cerberus who guarded the gates. He used the souls to help convince Hades to hand over the dog. He agreed to give him the dog if he used no weapons to obtain him. Heracles succeeded and took the creature back to Mycenae, causing Eurystheus to be fearful of the power and strength of this hero.

===Further adventures===
After completing these tasks, Heracles fell in love with Princess [[Iole]] of [[Oechalia (Thessaly)|Oechalia]]. [[King Eurytus of Oechalia]] promised his daughter, [[Iole]], to whoever could beat his sons in an archery contest. Heracles won but Eurytus abandoned his promise. Heracles's advances were spurned by the king and his sons, except for one: Iole's brother [[Iphitus of Oechalia|Iphitus]]. Heracles killed the king and his sons—excluding Iphitus—and abducted Iole. Iphitus became Heracles's best friend. However, once again, Hera drove Heracles mad and he threw Iphitus over the city wall to his death. Once again, Heracles purified himself through three years of servitude—this time to Queen [[Omphale]] of [[Lydia]].

===Omphale===
{{Main|Omphale}}
[[File:Affresco romano - eracle ed onfale - area vesuviana.JPG|thumb|Heracles and [[Omphale]], Roman fresco, [[Pompeian Styles|Pompeian Fourth Style]] (45–79 CE), [[Naples National Archaeological Museum]], Italy]]

[[Omphale]] was a queen or princess of [[Lydia]]. As penalty for a murder, imposed by [[Xenoclea]], the [[Pythia|Delphic Oracle]], Heracles was to serve as her slave for a year. He was forced to do women's work and to wear women's clothes, while she wore the skin of the [[Nemean Lion]] and carried his [[olive|olive-wood]] club. After some time, Omphale freed Heracles and married him. Some sources mention a son born to them who is variously named. It was at that time that the [[cercopes]], mischievous wood spirits, stole Heracles's weapons. He punished them by tying them to a stick with their faces pointing downward.

===Hylas===
While walking through the wilderness, Heracles was set upon by the [[Dryopes]]. In [[Apollonius of Rhodes]]'s ''[[Argonautica]]'', it is recalled that Heracles had mercilessly slain their king, [[Theiodamas]], over one of the latter's bulls, and made war upon the Dryopes "because they gave no heed to justice in their lives".<ref>Richard Hunter, translator, ''Jason and the Golden Fleece'' (Oxford:Clarendon Press), 1993, pp. 31f.</ref> After the death of their king, the Dryopes gave in and offered him Prince [[Hylas]]. He took the youth on as his weapons bearer. Years later, Heracles and Hylas joined the crew of the ''[[Argo]]''. As Argonauts, they only participated in part of the journey. In [[Mysia]], Hylas was kidnapped by the nymphs of a local spring. Heracles searched for a long time but Hylas had fallen in love with the nymphs and never showed up again. In other versions, he simply drowned. Either way, the ''Argo'' set sail without them.

===Rescue of Prometheus===
[[Hesiod]]'s ''[[Theogony]]'' and [[Aeschylus]]'s ''[[Prometheus Unbound (Aeschylus)|Prometheus Unbound]]'' both tell that Heracles shot and killed the eagle that tortured [[Prometheus]] (which was his punishment by Zeus for stealing fire from the gods and giving it to mortals). Heracles freed the [[Titan (mythology)|Titan]] from his chains and his torments. Prometheus then made predictions regarding further deeds of Heracles.

===Heracles's constellation===
On his way back to [[Mycenae]] from [[Erytheia]], having obtained the Cattle of [[Geryon]] as his [[The Twelve Labours|tenth labour]], Heracles came to [[Liguria]] in North-Western [[Italy]] where he engaged in battle with two giants, [[Alebion|Albion]] and [[Bergion]] or Dercynus, sons of [[Poseidon]]. The opponents were strong; Heracles was in a difficult position so he prayed to his father [[Zeus]] for help. Under the aegis of Zeus, Heracles won the battle. It was this kneeling position of Heracles when he prayed to his father Zeus that gave the name [[Engonasin#History|Engonasin]] (''"Εγγόνασιν"'', derived from "εν γόνασιν"), meaning "on his knees" or "the Kneeler",
to the constellation known as [[Hercules (constellation)|Heracles's constellation]]. The story, among others, is described by [[Dionysius of Halicarnassus]].<ref>[[Dionysius of Halicarnassus]], i. 41</ref>

===Heracles's sack of Troy===
[[File:College of the Augustali (7254063590).jpg|thumb|A fresco from [[Herculaneum]] depicting Heracles and [[Achelous]] from [[Greek mythology|Greco]]-[[Roman mythology]], 1st century CE]]
Before [[Homer]]'s Trojan War, Heracles had made an expedition to Troy and sacked it. Previously, Poseidon had sent a sea monster (Greek: kētŏs, Latin: [[cetus (mythology)|cetus]]) to attack [[Troy]]. The story is related in several digressions in the ''Iliad'' (7.451–53; 20.145–48; 21.442–57) and is found in pseudo-Apollodorus's [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Bibliotheke]] (2.5.9). This expedition became the theme of the Eastern pediment of the [[Temple of Aphaea#Eastern pediment|Temple of Aphaea]]. [[Laomedon]] planned on sacrificing his daughter [[Hesione]] to Poseidon in the hope of appeasing him. Heracles happened to arrive (along with [[Telamon]] and [[Oicles]]) and agreed to kill the monster if Laomedon would give him the horses received from Zeus as compensation for Zeus's kidnapping [[Ganymede (mythology)|Ganymede]]. Laomedon agreed. Heracles killed the monster, but Laomedon went back on his word. Accordingly, in a later expedition, Heracles and his followers attacked Troy and sacked it. Then they slew all Laomedon's sons present there save [[Priam|Podarces]], who was renamed Priam, who saved his own life by giving Heracles a golden veil Hesione had made. Telamon took Hesione as a war prize and they had a son, [[Teucer]].

===Colony at Sardinia===
After Heracles had performed his Labours, gods told him that before he passed into the company of the gods, he should create a colony at [[Sardinia]] and make his sons, whom he had with the daughters of [[Thespius]], the leaders of the settlement. When his sons became adults, he sent them together with [[Iolaus]] to the island.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2008.01.0540:book=4:chapter=29|title=Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica, Books I–V, book 4, chapter 29|website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2008.01.0540:book=4:chapter=29:section=3|title=Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica, Books I–V, book 4, chapter 29, section 3|website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref>

===Other adventures===

[[File:NAMA Héraclès & Busiris.jpg|thumb|right|Heracles fighting the servants of the Egyptian King
[[Busiris (Greek mythology)|Busiris]], Attic ''[[Pelike]]'', c. 470 BCE]]
* Heracles defeated the [[Bebryces]] (ruled by King [[Mygdon of Phrygia|Mygdon]]) and gave their land to Prince [[Lycus (son of Dascylus)|Lycus]] of [[Mysia]], son of [[Dascylus]].
* He killed the robber [[Termerus]].
* Heracles visited [[Evander (philosopher)|Evander]] with Antor, who then stayed in Italy.
* Heracles killed King [[Amyntor (son of Ormenus)|Amyntor]] of [[Ormenium]] for not allowing him into his kingdom. He also killed King [[Emathion]] of [[Arabia]].
* Heracles kills the Egyptian King [[Busiris (Greek mythology)|Busiris]] and his followers after they attempt to sacrifice him to the gods.
* Heracles killed [[Lityerses]] after beating him in a contest of harvesting.
* Heracles killed [[Periclymenus]] at [[Pylos]].
* Heracles killed [[Syleus (mythology)|Syleus]] for forcing strangers to hoe a vineyard.
* Heracles rivaled with [[Lepreus (mythology)|Lepreus]] and eventually killed him.
* Heracles founded the city [[Taranto|Tarentum]] (modern [[Taranto]] in Italy).
* Heracles learned music from [[Linus (mythology)|Linus]] (and [[Eumolpus]]), but killed him after Linus corrected his mistakes and caned him with rods. He learned how to wrestle from [[Autolycus]]. He killed the famous boxer [[Eryx (king of Sicily)|Eryx]] of [[Sicily]] in a match.
* Heracles was an [[Argonauts|Argonaut]].<ref name="1.9.16"/> He killed [[Alastor]] and his brothers.
[[File:Herakles och Antaios, Nordisk familjebok.png|thumb|Heracles killing the giant, [[Antaeus]]]]
* When [[Hippocoon (king of Sparta)|Hippocoon]] overthrew his brother, [[Tyndareus]], as King of [[Sparta]], Heracles reinstated the rightful ruler and killed Hippocoon and his sons. The Lacedaemonians were the only Greeks who give Hera the title "Goat-eater" (Αἰγοφάγος) and offer her goats in sacrifice. According to tradition, Heracles established her sanctuary and was the first to make such offerings. This was because, during his battle against Hippocoon and his sons, Hera did not interfere unlike in his other labors, where he believed she worked against him. Lacking other animals to offer, Heracles sacrificed goats.<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160%3Abook%3D3%3Achapter%3D15%3Asection%3D9 Pausanias, Description of Greece, 3.15.9]</ref>
* Heracles killed [[Cycnus (son of Ares)|Cycnus]], the son of [[Ares]]. The expedition against Cycnus, in which Iolaus accompanied Heracles, is the ostensible theme of a short epic attributed to [[Hesiod]], ''[[Shield of Heracles]]''.
* When Ares tried to avenge Cycnus, Heracles defeated him, with the help of [[Athena]].
* Heracles killed the [[Giants (Greek mythology)|Giants]] [[Alcyoneus]] and [[Porphyrion]].
* Heracles killed [[Antaeus]] the giant who was immortal while touching the earth, by picking him up and holding him in the air while strangling him.
* [[Pygmy (Greek mythology)|Pygmies]] tried to kill Heracles because they were brothers of Antaeus and wanted to avenge Antaeus's death, but failed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://topostext.org/work/225#2.22.1|title=ToposText|website=topostext.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1600.tlg001.perseus-grc2:2.22.1/|title=Scaife Viewer | Imagines, Flavii Philostrati Opera Volume II|website=scaife.perseus.org}}</ref>
* Heracles went to war with [[Augeias]] after he denied him a promised reward for clearing his stables. Augeias remained undefeated due to the skill of his two generals, the Molionides, and after Heracles fell ill, his army was badly beaten. Later, however, he was able to ambush and kill the Molionides, and thus march into Elis, sack it, and kill Augeias and his sons.
* Heracles visited the house of [[Admetus]] on the day Admetus's wife, [[Alcestis]], had agreed to die in his place. Admetus, not wanting to turn Heracles away, nor wanting to burden him with his sadness, welcomes him and instructs the servants not to inform Heracles of what has occurred. Heracles, thus unaware of Alcestis's fate, enjoys the hospitality of Admetus's house, drinking and revelling, which angers the servants, who wish to mourn as is their right. One scolds the guest and Heracles is ashamed of his actions. By hiding beside the grave of Alcestis, Heracles was able to surprise Death when he came to collect her, and by squeezing him tight until he relented, was able to persuade Death to return Alcestis to her husband.
* Heracles challenged wine god [[Dionysus]] to a drinking contest and lost, resulting in his joining the [[Thiasus]] for a period.
* Heracles also appears in [[Aristophanes]]'s ''[[The Frogs]]'', in which Dionysus seeks out the hero to find a way to the underworld. Heracles is greatly amused by Dionysus's appearance and jokingly offers several ways to commit suicide before finally offering his knowledge of how to get to there.
* Heracles appears as the ancestral hero of Scythia in Herodotus's text. While Heracles is sleeping out in the wilderness, a half-woman, half-snake creature steals his horses. Heracles eventually finds the creature, but she refuses to return the horses until he has sex with her. After doing so, he takes back his horses, but before leaving, he hands over his belt and bow, and gives instructions as to which of their children should found a new nation in Scythia.
* In the fifth book of the ''New History'', ascribed by [[Photius]] to [[Ptolemy Hephaestion]], mention that Heracles did not wear the skin of the Nemean lion, but that of a certain Lion giant killed by Heracles whom he had challenged to single combat.<ref>[http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/photius_copyright/photius_05bibliotheca.htm Ptolemy Hephaestion, New History Book 5] "Heracles did not wear the skin of the Nemean lion, but that of a certain Lion, one of the giants killed by Heracles whom he had challenged to single combat."</ref>
* Heracles fought and killed [[Cacus]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2008.01.0572:book=1:chapter=39:section=2|title=Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Antiquitates Romanae, Books I-XX, book 1, chapter 39, section 2|website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0007.tlg113.perseus-grc1:18|title=Plutarch, Amatorius, section 18|website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref>
* Heracles fought with the [[Sicani]] people, killing many including the famous [[Leucaspis]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0060.tlg001.perseus-grc1:4.23|title=Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica, Books I-V, book 4, chapter 23|website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref>
* Heracles encountered [[Scylla]] during a journey to Sicily and slew her.

===Death===

[[File:Muerte de Hércules, por Zurbarán.jpg|thumb|left|''[[The Death of Hercules|Death of Hercules]]'' (painting by [[Francisco de Zurbarán]], 1634, Museo del Prado)]]

This is described in [[Sophocles]]'s ''[[Trachiniae]]'' and in [[Ovid]]'s ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' Book IX. Having wrestled and defeated [[Achelous]], god of the Acheloos river, Heracles takes [[Deianira]] as his wife. Travelling to [[Tiryns]], a [[centaur]], [[Nessus (centaur)|Nessus]], offers to help Deianira across a fast flowing river while Heracles swims it. However, Nessus is true to the archetype of the mischievous centaur and tries to steal Deianira away while Heracles is still in the water. Angry, Heracles shoots him with his arrows dipped in the poisonous blood of the [[Lernaean Hydra]]. Thinking of revenge, Nessus gives Deianira his [[Shirt of Nessus|blood-soaked tunic]] before he dies, telling her it will "excite the love of her husband".<ref>Ovid, ''Metamorphoses'', IX l.132–33</ref>

Several years later, [[rumor]] tells Deianira that she has a rival for the love of Heracles. Deianira, remembering Nessus's words, gives Heracles the bloodstained shirt. Lichas, the herald, delivers the shirt to Heracles. However, it is still covered in the Hydra's blood from Heracles's arrows, and this poisons him, tearing his skin and exposing his bones. Before he dies, Heracles throws [[Lichas]] into the sea, thinking he was the one who poisoned him (according to several versions, Lichas turns to stone, becoming a rock standing in the sea, named for him). Heracles then uproots several trees and builds a [[Pyre of Herakles|funeral pyre]] on [[Mount Oeta]], which [[Poeas]], father of [[Philoctetes]], lights. As his body burns, only his immortal side is left. Through Zeus's [[apotheosis]], Heracles rises to Olympus as he dies.

No one but Heracles's friend [[Philoctetes]] ([[Poeas]] in some versions) would light his funeral pyre (in an alternative version, it is [[Iolaus]] who lights the pyre). For this action, Philoctetes or Poeas received Heracles's bow and arrows, which were later needed by the Greeks to defeat Troy in the Trojan War.

Philoctetes confronted [[Paris (mythology)|Paris]] and shot a [[poisoned arrow]] at him. The Hydra poison subsequently led to the death of Paris. The Trojan War, however, continued until the [[Trojan Horse]] was used to defeat [[Troy]].

According to [[Herodotus]], Heracles lived 900 years before Herodotus's own time (c. 1300 BCE).<ref>[[Herodotus]], ''[[Histories (Herodotus)|Histories]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+2.145 II.145]</ref>

=== Godhood ===
After his death in the pyre, Heracles [[apotheosis|ascended]] to Olympus as a god, and having finally reconciled with Hera, he got her daughter [[Hebe (mythology)|Hebe]] as his fourth and final wife. They had two sons together, [[Alexiares and Anicetus]].

When [[Typhon]] attacked Olympus, all gods transformed into animals and ran terrified to Egypt; Heracles became a fawn.<ref>[[Antoninus Liberalis]] [https://topostext.org/work/216#28 18]</ref>

In the ''[[Dialogues of the Gods]]'', a satirical work by [[Lucian]] of [[Samsat|Samosata]], Heracles and another recently deified mortal, [[Asclepius]], fight over which gets the most prestigious seat on the table of the gods, each arguing that they are the one who deserve it. Zeus intervenes, and rules in favour of Asclepius, reasoning that the best seat should go to the one who became a god first.<ref>[[Lucian]], ''[[Dialogues of the Gods]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/lucian-dialogues_gods/1961/pb_LCL431.313.xml?result=2&rskey=dQhSx2 15]</ref>

Heracles also appears to [[Philoctetes]], stranded and abandoned by the other Greeks on [[Lemnos]] island, and through his ''[[deus ex machina]]'' intervention, Philoctetes is convinced to join the other Greeks at [[Troy]], where he kills [[Paris (mythology)|Paris]] with Heracles's arrows.<ref>{{cite book | title = Sophocles' Philoctetes and the Great Soul Robbery | first = Norman | last = Austin | page = [https://books.google.com/books?id=2DE0_YEcsisC&pg=PA191 191] | publisher = [[University of Wisconsin Press]] | year = 2011 | isbn = 978-0-299-28274-5 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2DE0_YEcsisC}}</ref>

=== Christian chronology ===
In Christian circles, a [[Euhemerism|Euhemerist]] reading of the widespread Heracles cult was attributed to a historical figure who had been offered cult status after his death. Thus [[Eusebius of Caesarea|Eusebius]], ''[[Preparation of the Gospel]]'' (10.12), reported that [[Clement of Alexandria|Clement]] could offer historical dates for Heracles as a king in Argos: "from the reign of Heracles in [[Argos, Peloponnese|Argos]] to the [[wikt:deification|deification]] of Heracles himself and of [[Asclepius]] there are comprised thirty-eight years, according to [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]] the chronicler: and from that point to the deification of [[Castor and Pollux]] fifty-three years: and somewhere about this time was the capture of [[Troy]]."

[[File:Agrigent Heraklestempel.jpg|thumb|225px|[[Temple of Heracles, Agrigento|Temple to Heracles]] in [[Agrigento]], [[Sicily]], Italy]]

Readers with a literalist bent, following Clement's reasoning, have asserted from this remark that, since Heracles ruled over [[Tiryns]] in Argos at the same time that [[Eurystheus]] ruled over [[Mycenae]], and since at about this time [[Linus (mythology)|Linus]] was Heracles's teacher, one can conclude, based on [[Jerome]]'s date—in his [[Universal history (genre)|universal history]], his ''Chronicon''—given to Linus's notoriety in teaching Heracles in 1264 BCE, that Heracles's death and deification occurred 38 years later, in approximately 1226 BCE.

==Lovers==

===Women===

====Marriages====

During the course of his life, Heracles married four times.

* Heracles waged a victorious war against the kingdom of Orchomenus in Boeotia and married his first wife [[Megara (wife of Heracles)|Megara]], daughter of Creon, king of Thebes. But he killed their children in a fit of madness sent by Hera and, consequently, was obliged to become the servant of Eurystheus. According to Pseudo-Apollodorus (Bibliotheca, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+2.4.12&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022 2.4.12]) Megara was unharmed. According to Hyginus (Fabulae, 32), Heracles also killed Megara.
[[File:HeraclesLocoObraTeatral.jpg|thumb|263x263px|An insane Heracles is depicted killing his son while Megara stands horrified on the right side of the scene ([[National Archaeological Museum, Madrid]], c. 350–320 B.C.E.)]]
* His second wife was [[Omphale]], the [[Lydia]]n queen to whom he was delivered as a slave (Hyginus, Fabulae, 32).
* His third marriage was to [[Deianira]], for whom he had to fight the river god [[Achelous]] (upon Achelous's defeat, Heracles removed one of his horns and gave it to some nymphs who turned it into the [[cornucopia]]). Soon after they wed, Heracles and Deianira had to cross a river, and a [[centaur]] named [[Nessus (centaur)|Nessus]] offered to help Deianira across but then attempted to [[rape]] her. Enraged, Heracles shot the centaur from the opposite shore with a poisoned arrow (tipped with the Lernaean Hydra's blood) and killed him. As he lay dying, Nessus plotted revenge, told Deianira to gather up his blood and spilled semen and, if she ever wanted to prevent Heracles from having affairs with other women, she should apply them to his vestments. Nessus knew that his blood had become tainted by the poisonous blood of the Hydra, and would burn through the skin of anyone it touched. Later, when Deianira suspected that Heracles was fond of [[Iole]], she soaked a shirt of his in the mixture, creating the poisoned [[shirt of Nessus]]. Heracles's servant, [[Lichas]], brought him the shirt and he put it on. Instantly he was in agony, the cloth burning into him. As he tried to remove it, the flesh ripped from his bones. Heracles chose a voluntary death, asking that a [[pyre]] be built for him to end his suffering. After death, the gods transformed him into an immortal, or alternatively, the fire burned away the mortal part of the demigod, so that only the god remained. After his mortal parts had been incinerated, he could become a full god and join his father and the other Olympians on [[Mount Olympus (Mountain)|Mount Olympus]].
* His fourth marriage was to [[Hebe (mythology)|Hebe]], his last wife.

====Affairs====

An episode of his female affairs that stands out was his stay at the palace of [[Thespius]], king of [[Thespiae]], who wished him to kill the [[Lion of Cithaeron]]. As a reward, the king offered him the chance to perform [[sexual intercourse]] with all fifty of his daughters in one night. Heracles complied and they all became pregnant and all bore sons. This is sometimes referred to as his Thirteenth Labour.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hercules |url=https://public.wsu.edu/~hughesc/Hercules_labours.html |access-date=27 April 2024 |website=public.wsu.edu}}</ref> Many of the kings of ancient Greece traced their lines to one or another of these, notably the kings of [[Sparta]] and [[Macedon]].

Yet another episode of his female affairs that stands out was when he carried away the oxen of [[Geryon]], he also visited the country of the [[Scythians]]. Once there, while asleep, his horses suddenly disappeared. When he woke and wandered about in search of them, he came into the country of [[Hylaea (geography)|Hylaea]]. He then found the [[Drakaina (mythology)|dracaena]] of [[Scythia]] (sometimes identified as [[Echidna (mythology)|Echidna]]) in a cave. When he asked whether she knew anything about his horses, she answered, that they were in her own possession, but that she would not give them up, unless he would consent to stay with her for a time. Heracles accepted the request, and became by her the father of [[Agathyrsus]], [[Gelonus]], and [[Scythes (mythology)|Scythes]]. The last of them became king of the Scythians, according to his father's arrangement, because he was the only one among the three brothers that was able to manage the bow which Heracles had left behind and to use his father's girdle.<ref>[[Herodotus]], [[Histories (Herodotus)|Histories]] IV. 8–10.</ref>

[[Dionysius of Halicarnassus]] writes that Heracles and Lavinia, daughter of [[Evander of Pallene|Evander]], had a son named Pallas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0081.tlg001.perseus-grc1:1.32.1|title=Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Antiquitates Romanae, Books I–XX, book 1, chapter 32, section 1|website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref>

===Men===
[[File:Hercules and Iolaus mosaic - Anzio Nymphaeum.jpg|thumb|Heracles and [[Iolaus]] (Fountain mosaic from the [[Anzio]] Nymphaeum)]]
Many myths were later 'homosexualized' after the development of the ancient Greek practice of [[pederasty]] and athletic nudity c. 630 BC.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Verstraete |first=Beert C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ejPZu3Ktu5cC&pg=PA17 |title=Same-sex Desire and Love in Greco-Roman Antiquity and in the Classical Tradition of the West |date=2005 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-1-56023-604-7 |language=en}}</ref> [[Plutarch]], in his ''Eroticos,'' maintains that Heracles's male lovers were beyond counting. Of these, the one most closely linked to Heracles is the [[Thebes, Greece|Theban]] [[Iolaus]]. According to a myth thought to be of ancient origins, Iolaus was Heracles's charioteer and squire. Heracles in the end helped Iolaus find a wife. Iolaus's status as a beloved (eromenos) was probably a later interpretation of the original myth, as in the case of [[Achilles and Patroclus]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hubbard|first=ThomasK.|title=Homosexuality in Greece and Rome: a Sourcebook of Basic Documents. |publisher=University of California Press.|year=2003|isbn=0520234308}}</ref> Plutarch reports that down to his own time, male couples would go to Iolaus's tomb in Thebes to swear an oath of loyalty to the hero and to each other.<ref>Plutarch, ''Erotikos,'' 761d.The tomb of Iolaus is also mentioned by Pindar.</ref><ref>Pindar, ''Olympian Odes,'' 9.98–99.</ref> He also mentions [[Admetus]], known in myth for assisting the [[Calydonian boar hunt]], as one of Heracles's male lovers.<ref>[[Plutarch]], ''Erotikos,'' 761e.</ref><ref name=advo>{{cite news |url= https://www.advocate.com/arts-entertainment/art/2013/08/14/golden-age-denial-hercules-bisexual-demigod?pg=8 |title= The Golden Age of Denial: Hercules, the Bisexual Demigod |date=14 August 2013 | publisher= Advocate | author= Christopher Harrity | access-date= 6 February 2021}}</ref>

One of Heracles's male lovers, and one represented in ancient as well as modern art, is [[Hylas]], who sailed with Heracles on the [[Argo]].<ref>[[Theocritus]], ''Idyll'' 13; [[Apollonius of Rhodes]], ''Argonautica,'' 1.1177–1357.</ref><ref name=advo/>

Another male lover of Heracles is Elacatas, who, according to [[Sosibius]], gave his name to a sanctuary in [[Sparta]] called the Elacataeon where the Spartans would hold games known as the Elacatia in his honor.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bernard |first=Sergent |year=1986 |title=Homosexuality in Greek Myth |chapter=Traces |location=Boston, MA |publisher=Beacon Press Book |translator-last1=Goldhammer |translator-first1=Arthur |pages=163-66 |isbn=0-8070-5700-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/homosexualitying0000serg |access-date=2025-12-23}}</ref>

[[Abdera, Thrace|Abdera]]'s eponymous hero, [[Abderus]], was another of Heracles's lovers. He was said to have been entrusted with—and slain by—the carnivorous mares of Thracian [[Mares of Diomedes|Diomedes]]. Heracles founded the city of Abdera in [[Thrace]] in his memory, where he was honored with athletic games.<ref>[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]] 2.5.8; [[Ptolemaeus Chennus]], 147b, in [[Photios I of Constantinople|Photius]]'s ''Bibliotheca''</ref>

Another myth is that of [[Iphitus]].<ref>Ptolemaeus Chennus, in Photius's ''Bibliotheca''</ref>

Another story is the one of his love for [[Nireus]], who was "the most beautiful man who came beneath Ilion" (''[[Iliad]]'', 673). But Ptolemy adds that certain authors made Nireus out to be a son of Heracles.<ref>Ptolemaeus Chennus, 147b.</ref>

[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]] makes mention of [[Sostratus of Dyme|Sostratus]], a youth of Dyme, [[Achaea]], as a lover of Heracles. Sostratus was said to have died young and to have been buried by Heracles outside the city. The tomb was still there in historical times, and the inhabitants of Dyme honored Sostratus as a [[hero]].<ref>[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], ''Description of Greece'', 7. 17. 8</ref> The youth seems to have also been referred to as [[Polystratus]].

A series of lovers are only known in later literature. Among these are [[Eurystheus]], the giver of Heracles' labors,<ref> Tzetzes, ''On Lycophron'', p. 38 and 662-3. Cited in Graves, Robert (1988) [1955]. ''The Greek Myths.'' Vol. 2. Moyer Bell Limited. p. 101.</ref> [[Adonis]],<ref name="PC">[http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/photius_copyright/photius_05bibliotheca.htm#190 Ptolemaeus Chennus, ''New History''], as summarized in [[Bibliotheca (Photius)]]</ref> [[Corythus]],<ref name="PC" /> [[Argus (Greek myth)|Argus]],<ref>[[Photius]], ''Bibliotheca'' excerpts, [https://topostext.org/work/237#190.14 190.14]</ref> and [[Nestor (mythology)|Nestor]] who was said to have been loved for his wisdom. In the account of [[Ptolemaeus Chennus]], Nestor's role as lover explains why he was the only son of [[Neleus]] to be spared by the hero.<ref>Ptolemaeus Chennus, 147e; [[Philostratus III|Philostratus]], ''Heroicus'' 696, per Sergent, 1986, p. 163.</ref><ref name=hapo>{{cite web |url= https://gh.ciwanekurd.net/4177-who-were-hercules-male-lovers.html |title= Who were Hercules' male lovers? |date= | publisher= History and archeology news portal | author= |work= Who were Hercules' male lovers? - Collections|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203035147/https://gh.ciwanekurd.net/4177-who-were-hercules-male-lovers.html |archive-date=3 December 2024 |access-date= 14 December 2025}}</ref>

A [[scholia]]st commenting on [[Apollonius of Rhodes|Apollonius]]'s ''[[Argonautica]]'' lists the following male lovers of Heracles: "Hylas, [[Philoctetes]], [[Diomus (mythology)|Diomus]], [[Perithoas]], and [[Phrix]], after whom a city in [[Libya]] was named".<ref>[[Scholia]] on [[Apollonius Rhodius]], ''Argonautica'', 1. 1207</ref> Diomus is also mentioned by Stephanus of Byzantium as the eponym of the [[deme]] [[Diomeia]] of the Attic [[phyle]] Aegeis: Heracles is said to have fallen in love with Diomus when he was received as guest by Diomus's father Collytus.<ref>[[Stephanus of Byzantium]] s. v. ''Diomeia''</ref> Perithoas and Phrix are otherwise unknown, and the only mention of Philoctetes as a lover of Heracles is in [[scholia]] on the ''[[Argonautica]]''.<ref>[[Scholia]] on [[Apollonius Rhodius]], ''Argonautica'', 1. 1207</ref>

==Children==
{{Main|Heracleidae}}
[[File:Herakles and Telephos Louvre MR219.jpg|thumb|upright|Heracles and his son [[Telephus]]. (Marble, Roman copy of the 1st or 2nd century CE)]]

All of Heracles's marriages and almost all of his affairs resulted in births of a number of sons and at least four daughters.
One of the most prominent is [[Hyllus]], the son of Heracles and [[Deianeira]] or [[Melite (naiad)|Melite]]. The term ''Heracleidae'', although it could refer to all of Heracles's children and further descendants, is most commonly used to indicate the descendants of Hyllus, in the context of their lasting struggle for return to Peloponnesus, out of where Hyllus and his brothers—the children of Heracles by Deianeira—were thought to have been expelled by Eurystheus.

The children of Heracles by Megara are collectively well known because of their ill fate, but there is some disagreement among sources as to their number and individual names. Apollodorus lists three, Therimachus, Creontiades and Deicoon;<ref>Apollodorus, ''Bibliotheca'', 2. 4. 11 = 2. 7. 8</ref> to these Hyginus<ref>''Fabulae'' 162</ref> adds Ophitus and, probably by mistake, Archelaus, who is otherwise known to have belonged to the Heracleidae, but to have lived several generations later. A scholiast on [[Pindar]]' s odes provides a list of seven completely different names: Anicetus, Chersibius, Mecistophonus, Menebrontes, Patrocles, Polydorus, Toxocleitus.<ref>Scholia on Pindar, Isthmian Ode 3 (4), 104</ref>

Other well-known children of Heracles include [[Telephus]], king of [[Mysia]] (by [[Auge]]), and [[Tlepolemus]], one of the Greek commanders in the [[Trojan War]] (by Astyoche).

According to [[Herodotus]], a line of 22 [[List of Kings of Lydia|Kings of Lydia]] descended from Heracles and Omphale. The line was called Tylonids after his Lydian name.

The divine sons of Heracles and [[Hebe (mythology)|Hebe]] are [[Alexiares and Anicetus]].

===Consorts and children===

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
# [[Megara (mythology)|Megara]]
## Therimachus
## Creontiades
## Ophitus
## Deicoon
# [[Omphale]]
## [[Agelaus]]
## [[Maleus]]<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DM%3Aentry+group%3D5%3Aentry%3Dmaleus-bio-1 A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology, Maleus]</ref>
## [[Tyrsenus]]
# [[Deianira]]
## [[Hyllus]]
## [[Ctesippus]]
## Glenus
## Oneites
## [[Macaria (daughter of Heracles)|Macaria]]
## [[Onites (myth)|Onites]]<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Statius |first1=Publius Papinius |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54liAAAAMAAJ&q=onites+son+of+heracles |title=Statius, Thebaid 12: Introduction, Text and Commentary |last2=Pollmann |first2=Karla |date=2004 |publisher=Schöningh |isbn=978-3-506-71783-2 |pages=210 |language=en}}</ref>
# [[Hebe (mythology)|Hebe]]
## [[Alexiares and Anicetus|Alexiares]]
## [[Alexiares and Anicetus|Anicetus]]
# [[Astydameia]], daughter of [[Ormenus]] or [[Amyntor (son of Ormenus)|Amyntor]]
## [[Ctesippus]]
# [[Astyoche]], daughter of [[Phylas]]
## [[Tlepolemus]]
# [[Auge]]
## [[Telephus]]
# [[Autonoe (mythology)|Autonoë]], daughter of Piraeus / [[Iphinoe (mythology)|Iphinoe]], daughter of [[Antaeus]]
## [[Palaemon (Greek myth)|Palaemon]]
# Baletia, daughter of Baletus
## Brettus<ref>[[Stephanus of Byzantium]] s. v. ''Brettos''</ref>
# Barge
## [[Bargasus]]<ref>[[Stephanus of Byzantium]] s. v. ''Bargasa''</ref>
# [[Bolbe]]
## [[Olynthus (mythology)|Olynthus]]
# [[Celtine]]
## [[Celtus]]
# [[Chalciope]]
## [[Thessalus]]
# Chania, nymph
## Gelon<ref>[[Maurus Servius Honoratus|Servius]] on [[Virgil]]'s ''Georgics'' 2. 115</ref>
# The [[Scythia]]n [[Drakaina (mythology)|dracaena]] or [[Echidna (mythology)|Echidna]]
## [[Agathyrsi|Agathyrsus]]
## [[Gelonians|Gelonus]]
## [[Gelonians|Scythes]]
# [[Epicaste]]
## Thestalus
# Lavinia, daughter of [[Evander of Pallene|Evander]]<ref name="Dion. Hal. 1. 43">[[Dionysius of Halicarnassus]], ''Roman Antiquities'', 1. 43. 1</ref>
## Pallas
# [[Maliya#Greek attestations|Malis]], a slave of Omphale
## Acelus<ref>Stephanus of Byzantium s. v. Akelēs</ref>
# [[Meda (mythology)|Meda]]
##[[Antiochus (mythology)|Antiochus]]
# [[Melite (heroine)]]
# [[Melite (naiad)]]
## Hyllus (possibly)
# [[Myrto (mythology)|Myrto]]
## [[Eucleia]]
# Palantho of [[Hyperborea]]<ref>[[Gaius Julius Solinus|Solinus]], ''De mirabilia mundi'', 1. 15</ref>
## Latinus<ref name="Dion. Hal. 1. 43" />
# [[Parthenope (mythology)|Parthenope]], daughter of [[Stymphalus (son of Elatus)]]
## [[Everes (mythology)]]
# [[Phialo]]
## Aechmagoras
# [[Psophis (mythology)|Psophis]]
## [[Echephron]]
## [[Promachus]]
# [[Pyrene (daughter of Bebryx)|Pyrene]]
## none known
# Rhea, Italian priestess
## [[Aventinus (mythology)|Aventinus]]<ref>[[Virgil]], ''[[Aeneid]]'', 7. 655 ff</ref>
# [[Thebe (daughter of Adramys)]]
# [[Tinjis|Tinge]], wife of Antaeus
##[[Sufax|Sophax]]<ref>[[Plutarch]], Life of [[Sertorius]], 9. 4</ref>
# 50 daughters of Thespius
## 50 sons, see [[Thespius#Daughters and grandchildren]]
# Unnamed [[Celts|Celtic]] woman
## Galates<ref>[[Diodorus Siculus]], ''Library of History'', 5. 24. 2</ref>
# Unnamed female slave of [[Iardanus (father of Omphale)|Iardanus]]
## [[Alcaeus (mythology)|Alcaeus]] / [[Cleodaeus]]
# Unnamed daughter of Syleus (Xenodoce?)<ref>So [[Conon (mythographer)|Conon]], ''Narrationes'', 17. In Pseudo-Apollodorus, ''Bibliotheca'' 2. 6. 3 a daughter of Syleus, Xenodoce, is killed by Heracles</ref>
# Unnamed daughter of Aphra
## Diodorus <ref>Flavius Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews I, 15:1</ref><ref>[http://The%20Jews%20of%20Sparta:%20Diplomatic%20Origins%20of%20Religious%20Synchronizationhttps://discoveringancienthistory.wordpress.com/2017/10/24/the-jews-of-sparta-diplomatic-origins-of-religious-synchronization/ The Jews of Sparta: Diplomatic Origins of Religious Synchronization].</ref>
# Unknown consorts
## Agylleus<ref>[[Statius]], ''Thebaid'', 6. 837, 10. 249</ref>
## [[Amathes|Amathous]]<ref>[[Stephanus of Byzantium]] s. v. ''Amathous''</ref>
## Azon<ref>[[Stephanus of Byzantium]] s. v. ''Gaza''</ref>
## [[Chromis (mythology)|Chromis]]<ref>[[Statius]], ''Thebaid'', 6. 346</ref>
## Cyrnus<ref>[[Maurus Servius Honoratus|Servius]] on [[Virgil]]'s Eclogue 9. 30</ref>
##[[Dexamenus]]<ref>[[Dionysius of Halicarnassus]], ''Roman Antiquities'', 1. 50. 4</ref>
## Leucites<ref>Hyginus, ''[[Fabulae]]'', 162</ref>
## [[Manto (mythology)|Manto]]
## [[Pandaie]]
## [[Phaistos#Iron Age|Phaestus]] ''or'' Rhopalus<ref>In Stephanus of Byzantium s. v. ''Phaistos'', Rhopalus is the son of Heracles and Phaestus his own son; in [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], ''Description of Greece'', 2. 6. 7, vice versa (Phaestus son, Rhopalus grandson)</ref>
{{div col end}}

==Heracles around the world==

===Rome===
{{Main|Hercules in ancient Rome}}
[[File:Tesoro di hildesheim, argento, I sec ac-I dc ca., piatto da parata con ercole bambino e i serpenti 01.JPG|thumb|A Roman gilded silver bowl depicting the boy [[Hercules]] strangling two serpents, from the [[Hildesheim Treasure]], 1st century CE, [[Altes Museum]]]]

In Rome, Heracles was honored as ''Hercules'', and had a number of distinctively Roman myths and practices associated with him under that name.

===Egypt===
[[Herodotus]] connected Heracles to the [[Egypt]]ian god [[Shu (Egyptian deity)|Shu]]. Also he was associated with [[Khonsu]], another Egyptian god who was in some ways similar to Shu. As Khonsu, Heracles was worshipped at the now sunken city of [[Heracleion]], where a large temple was constructed.

Most often the Egyptians identified Heracles with [[Heryshaf]], transcribed in [[Greek language|Greek]] as ''Arsaphes'' or ''Harsaphes'' (Ἁρσαφής).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Heryshef {{!}} Ancient Egypt Online |url=https://ancientegyptonline.co.uk/heryshef/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |language=en-GB}}</ref> He was an ancient [[Ram (sheep)|ram]]-[[god]] whose cult was centered in [[Herakleopolis Magna]].

===Other cultures===
{{See also|Heracles in popular culture}}
<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
Bistoon Kermanshah.jpg|Hellenistic-era depiction of the [[Zoroastrian]] divinity [[Verethragna|Bahram]] as Hercules carved in 153 BCE at [[Kermanshah]], Iran.
Museum für Indische Kunst Dahlem Berlin Mai 2006 015.jpg|The protector [[Vajrapani]] of the [[Buddha]] is another incarnation of Heracles ([[Gandhara]], 1st century CE).
Buddha-Vajrapani-Herakles.JPG|Heracles as protector of Buddha, [[Vajrapani]], 2nd-century [[Gandhara]].
Mathura Herakles.jpg|The [[Mathura Herakles]], strangling the [[Nemean lion]] ([[Kolkata]] [[Indian Museum]]).<ref>The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent, James C. Harle, Yale University Press, 1994 [https://books.google.com/books?id=LwcBVvdqyBkC&pg=PA67 p. 67]</ref>
File:Gandhara Herakles, Asia, G33 South Asia.jpg|Herakles under his lion skin and holding thunder ([[vajra]]), with Buddhist monks, [[art of Gandhara]], [[British Museum]]
</gallery>
Via the [[Greco-Buddhist]] culture, Heraclean symbolism was transmitted to the Far East. An example remains to this day in the [[Nio (Buddhism)|Nio]] guardian deities in front of Japanese Buddhist temples.

[[Herodotus]] also connected Heracles to [[Phoenicia]]n god [[Melqart]].

[[Sallust]] mentions in his work on the [[Jugurthine War]] that the Africans believe Heracles to have died in [[Spain]] where, his multicultural army being left without a leader, the [[Medes]], [[Persian people|Persians]], and [[Armenians]] who were once under his command split off and populated the Mediterranean coast of Africa.<ref>{{Cite book|title = The Jugurthine War/The Conspiracy of Catiline|last = Sallust|publisher = Penguin Books|year = 1963|page = 54|others = Translated by S.A. Handford}}</ref>

Temples dedicated to Heracles abounded all along the Mediterranean coastal countries. For example, the temple of ''Heracles Monoikos'' (i.e. the lone dweller), built far from any nearby town upon a promontory in what is now the [[Côte d'Azur]], gave its name to the area's more recent name, [[Monaco]].

The gateway to the Mediterranean Sea from the Atlantic Ocean, where the southernmost tip of Spain and the northernmost of Morocco face each other is, classically speaking, referred to as the [[Pillars of Hercules|Pillars of Hercules/Heracles]], owing to the story that he set up two massive spires of stone to stabilise the area and ensure the safety of ships sailing between the two landmasses.

==Uses of Heracles as a name==

In various languages, variants of Heracles's name are used as a male given name, such as Iraklis ({{langx|el|Ηρακλής}}) in Modern Greek and [[Irakli]] ({{lang-ka|ირაკლი|tr}}) in Georgian.

There are many teams around the world that have this name or have Heracles as their symbol. The most popular in [[Greece]] is [[G.S. Iraklis Thessaloniki]].

''[[Heracleum (plant)|Heracleum]]'' is a genus of flowering plants in the carrot family [[Apiaceae]]. Some of the species in this genus are quite large. In particular, the giant hogweed (''[[Heracleum mantegazzianum]]'') is exceptionally large, growing up to 5 m tall.

==Genealogy==

; Source<nowiki>:</nowiki><ref>Morford, M. P. O.; Lenardon R. J. (2007). ''Classical Mythology''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 865.</ref>

{{tree chart/start}}

{{tree chart|boxstyle=background:#c6c9ff;| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ZEU |v| DAN |ZEU=[[Zeus]]|DAN=[[Danaë]]}}
{{tree chart|boxstyle=background:#c6c9ff;| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!|}}
{{tree chart|boxstyle=background:#c6c9ff;| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | PERSE |v| ANDRO|PERSE=[[Perseus]]|ANDRO=[[Andromeda (mythology)|Andromeda]]}}
{{tree chart|boxstyle=background:#c6c9ff;| |,|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|^|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.|}}
{{tree chart|boxstyle=background:#c6c9ff;|PER | | | ALC |v| HIP | | | | | | ELE |v| ANA | | STH |v| MEN | |MES|PER=Perses|ALC=Alcaeus|HIP=Hipponome|ELE=[[Electryon]]|ANA=Anaxo|STH=Sthenelus|MEN=Menippe|MES=Mestor}}
{{tree chart|boxstyle=background:#c6c9ff;| | | | |,|-|-|-|^|.| | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|.| | | | |!|}}
{{tree chart|boxstyle=background:#c6c9ff;| | | | ANA | | | AMP |v| ALC |v|ZEU | | | | LYC | | | EUR |AMP=[[Amphitryon]]|ALC=[[Alcmene]]|ZEU=[[Zeus]]|LYC=Licymnius|ANA=Anaxo|EUR=[[Eurystheus]]}}
{{tree chart|boxstyle=background:#c6c9ff;| | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|'| | | |`|-|-|-|-|-|.|,|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| }}
{{tree chart|boxstyle=background:#c6c9ff;| | | | | IPH | | | | | | | | | | MEG |v| HER |v| DEI | | HEB |IPH=[[Iphicles]]|HER='''Heracles'''|MEG=[[Megara (mythology)|Megara]]|DEI=[[Deianira]]|HEB=[[Hebe (mythology)|Hebe]]}}
{{tree chart|boxstyle=background:#c6c9ff;| | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|'|,|-|-|^|v|-|-|-|.|}}
{{tree chart|boxstyle=background:#c6c9ff;| | | | | IOL | | | | | | | | DRI | | | HYL | | MAC | | AND |IOL=[[Iolaus]]|DRI=Three Children|HYL=[[Hyllus]]|MAC=[[Macaria (daughter of Heracles)|Macaria]]|AND=Others}}

{{tree chart/end}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Ancient Greece|Religion}}
;Figures resembling Heracles in other mythological traditions
* [[Agilaz]]
* [[Beowulf]]
* [[Cú Chulainn]]
* [[Gilgamesh]]
* [[Lugalbanda]]
* [[Melqart]]
* [[Samson]]
* [[Thor]]
* [[David of Sassoun]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* Aston, Emma, "Labor III: The Cerynean Hind", in ''The Oxford Handbook of Heracles'', edited by Daniel Ogden, Oxford University Press, 2021. {{ISBN|978-0-190-65101-5}}.
* [[Walter Burkert|Burkert, Walter]], (1977) 1985. ''Greek Religion'' (Harvard University Press).
* Hard, Robin, ''The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology: Based on H.J. Rose's "Handbook of Greek Mythology"'', London and New York, Routledge, 2004. {{ISBN|020344633X}}. {{doi|10.4324/9780203446331}}.
* {{cite book | last=Kerenyi | first=Karl | author-link=Károly Kerényi | title=The Heroes of the Greeks | publisher=Thames and Hudson | location=New York/London | year=1959 }}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |last1=Bär |first1=Silvio |title=Herakles im griechischen Epos : Studien zur Narrativität und Poetizität eines Helden |date=2018 |publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag |location=Stuttgart |isbn=978-3-515-12206-1}}
* Brockliss, William. 2017. "The Hesiodic ''Shield of Heracles'': The Text as Nightmarish Vision." ''Illinois Classical Studies'' 42.1: 1–19. {{doi|10.5406/illiclasstud.42.1.0001}}. {{JSTOR|10.5406/illiclasstud.42.1.0001}}.
* Burkert, Walter. 1982. "Heracles and the Master of Animals." In ''Structure and History in Greek Mythology and Ritual'', 78–98. Sather Classical Lectures 47. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.
* {{cite book |last1=Frade |first1=Sofia |title=Heracles and Athenian propaganda: politics, imagery and drama |date=2015 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing Ltd |location=London |isbn=9781472505590}}
* Haubold, Johannes. 2005. "Heracles in the Hesiodic Catalogue of Women." In ''The Hesiodic Catalogue of Women: Constructions and Reconstructions.'' Edited by Richard Hunter, 85–98. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
*Karanika, Andromache. 2011. "The End of the Nekyia: Odysseus, Heracles, and the Gorgon in the Underworld." ''Arethusa'' 44.1: 1–27.
* Padilla, Mark W. 1998. "Herakles and Animals in the Origins of Comedy and Satyr Drama". In ''Le Bestiaire d'Héraclès: IIIe Rencontre héracléenne'', edited by [[Corinne Bonnet]], Colette Jourdain-Annequin, and Vinciane Pirenne-Delforge, 217–30. Kernos Suppl. 7. Liège: Centre International d'Etude de la Religion Grecque Antique.
* Padilla, Mark W. 1998. "The Myths of Herakles in Ancient Greece: Survey and Profile". Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America.
* Papadimitropoulos, Loukas. 2008. "Heracles as Tragic Hero." Classical World 101.2: 131–38. {{doi|10.1353/clw.2008.0015}}
* Papadopoulou, Thalia. 2005. ''Heracles and Euripidean Tragedy.'' Cambridge Classical Studies. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press.
* Segal, Charles Paul. 1961. "The Character and Cults of Dionysus and the Unity of the ''Frogs''." ''Harvard Studies in Classical Philology'' 65:207–42. {{doi|10.2307/310837}}. {{JSTOR|310837}}.
* Stafford, Emma. 2012. ''Herakles. Gods and Heroes of the Ancient World.'' New York: Routledge.
* Strid, Ove. 2013. "The Homeric Prefiguration of Sophocles' Heracles." ''Hermes'' 141.4: 381–400. {{JSTOR|43652880}}.
* Woodford, Susan. 1971. "Cults of Herakles in Attica." In ''Studies Presented to George M. A. Hanfmann.'' Edited by David Gordon Mitten, John Griffiths Pedley, and Jane Ayer Scott, 211–25. Monographs in Art and Archaeology 2. Mainz, Germany: Verlag Philipp von Zabern.
* Euripides. The Children of Herakles. New York: Oxford University Press, 1981.
* Euripides. Heracles. England: [[Shirley Barlow|Shirley A. Barlow]], 1996. Greek Version: Oxford University Press, 1981.

===Primary sources===
*[[Homer]], ''Odyssey'', 12.072 (7th century BCE)
*[[Sophocles]], ''[[Women of Trachis]]'' ({{Circa|450 BCE}})
*[[Euripides]], ''[[Herakles (Euripides)|Herakles]]'' (416 BCE)
*[[Theocritus]], ''Idylls'', 13 (350–310 BCE)
*[[Callimachus]], ''Aetia (Causes)'', 24. Thiodamas the Dryopian, Fragments, 160. Hymn to Artemis (310–250? BCE)
*[[Apollonios Rhodios]], ''Argonautika'', I. 1175–1280 ({{Circa|250 BCE}})
*[[Pseudo-Apollodorus]], ''[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Bibliotheca]]'' 1.9.19, 2.7.7 (140 BCE)
*[[Sextus Propertius]], ''Elegies'', i.20.17ff (50–15 BCE)
*[[Ovid]], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' (8 CE)
*[[Ovid]], ''Ibis'', 488 (8–18 CE)
*[[Gaius Valerius Flaccus]], ''Argonautica'', I.110, III.535, 560, IV.1–57 (1st century)
*Hyginus, ''[[Fabulae|Fables]]'', 14. Argonauts Assembled (1st century)
* [[Lucian]]. Dialogues of the Dead. Dialogues of the Sea-Gods. Dialogues of the Gods. Dialogues of the Courtesans. Translated by M. D. MacLeod. Loeb Classical Library 431. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1961.
*[[Philostratus the Elder]], ''Images'', ii.24 Thiodamas (170–245)
*[[First Vatican Mythographer]], 49. Hercules et Hylas

==External links==
* [http://homepage.mac.com/cparada/GML/Heracles1.html Heracles, Greek Mythology Link]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20031203111032/http://www.insecula.com/contact/A004087.html Heracles (in French)]
* [https://iconographic.warburg.sas.ac.uk/category/vpc-taxonomy-000067 Warburg Institute Iconographic Database (ca 2950 images of Heracles)]
* {{Commons category-inline}}
{{Library resources box |by=no |onlinebooks=yes |others=yes |about=yes |label=Heracles |viaf= |lccn= |lcheading= |wikititle= }}

{{Greek religion}}
{{Greek mythology (deities)}}
{{Labours of Heracles}}
{{Hercules media}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Agricultural gods]]
[[Category:Argonauts]]
[[Category:Characters in the Argonautica]]
[[Category:Sons of Zeus]]
[[Category:Deeds of Apollo]]
[[Category:Deeds of Artemis]]
[[Category:Deeds of Athena]]
[[Category:Deeds of Hera]]
[[Category:Divine twins]]
[[Category:Dragonslayers]]
[[Category:Filicide in mythology]]
[[Category:Greek gods]]
[[Category:Greek mythological heroes]]
[[Category:Health gods]]
[[Category:Helios in mythology]]
[[Category:Heracles| ]]
[[Category:Katabasis in classical mythology]]
[[Category:Kings of Argos]]
[[Category:Kings of Tiryns]]
[[Category:LGBTQ themes in Greek mythology]]
[[Category:Lion gods]]
[[Category:Mythology of Argos, Peloponnese]]
[[Category:Odyssean gods]]
[[Category:Olympian deities]]
[[Category:Oracular gods]]
[[Category:Perseids (mythology)]]
[[Category:Savior gods]]
[[Category:Shapeshifters in Greek mythology]]
[[Category:Sports gods]]
[[Category:Suicides in Greek mythology]]
[[Category:Mythological Thebans]]
[[Category:Progenitors in Greek mythology]]

Hubli Airport

2026-03-28T15:43:52Z

UteCansler: minor edit

{{short description|Airport serving Hubballi-Dharwad, Karnataka, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox airport
| name = Hubli Airport
| image = Hubballi Airport new Terminal.jpg
| image-width = 250
| caption =
| IATA = HBX
| ICAO = VOHB
| type = Public
| operator = [[Airports Authority of India]]
| owner-oper =
| city-served = [[Hubballi]], [[Dharwad]]
| location = Gandhi Nagar, Hubballi, [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| opened = {{start date and age|1974|||df=y|p=n|br=n}}
| focus_city =
| elevation-f = 2,171
| elevation-m = 662
| coordinates = {{coord|15|21|42|N|075|05|05|E|type:airport|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India
| pushpin_label = '''HBX'''
| website = [https://www.aai.aero/en/airports/hubli Hubli Airport]
| metric-rwy =
| r1-number = 08/26
| r1-length-f = 8,500
| r1-length-m = 2600
| r1-surface = [[Asphalt concrete|Asphalt]]/[[Concrete]]
| stat-year = April 2024 - March 2025
| stat1-header = Passengers
| stat1-data = 346,405 ({{decrease}} 3.5%)
| stat2-header = Aircraft movements
| stat2-data = 4,334 ({{decrease}} 18.1%)
| stat3-header = Cargo tonnage
| stat3-data = 284 ({{increase}} 78.2%)
| footnotes = Source: [[Airports Authority of India|AAI]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure III – Passenger Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex3.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=29 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure II – Aircraft Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex2.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=29 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure IV – Freight Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex4.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=29 April 2025}}</ref>
}}

'''Hubli Airport''' {{airport codes|HBX|VOHB}} is a [[domestic airport]] serving the twin cities of [[Hubballi]] and [[Dharwad]] in the state of [[Karnataka]], India. It is situated in Gandhi Nagar, {{cvt|8|km}} from Hubballi and {{cvt|20|km}} from Dharwad. It is connected with 10 destinations throughout the country. The airport has been made self-reliant in terms of electricity generation, with the commissioning of an 8 megawatt (MW) ground-mounted grid-connected photovoltaic solar plant in April 2021.<ref name="auto">{{cite news |title=One step towards renewable energy: Solar plant at Hubli airport to generate power by April 2021 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/good-news/2020/dec/04/one-step-towards-renewable-energy-solar-plant-at-hubballi-airport-to-generate-power-by-april-2021-2231723.html |access-date=9 January 2021 |work=The New Indian Express |date=4 December 2020}}</ref>

Beside the existing terminal, a new, larger terminal is being constructed to meet the rapidly rising traffic and demands. Its [[Cornerstone|foundation stone]] was laid by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] in March 2024, and construction began in the same month.<ref>{{cite news|title=PM inaugurates, lays foundation stone of new terminal buildings of 15 airports|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/pm-inaugurates-lays-foundation-stone-of-new-terminal-buildings-of-15-airports-1503277917.html|work=The Statesman|date=10 March 2024|access-date=29 April 2025|language=en}}</ref> It is slated to be completed by the end of 2026.<ref>{{cite news|title=New Domestic Terminal Building for Hubballi Airport|url=https://mysuruinfrahub.com/new-domestic-terminal-building-for-hubballi-airport/|work=Mysuru Infra Hub|date=7 October 2023|access-date=29 April 2025|language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
The need for an Airport at Hubli was felt way back in 1954 when the region was under the Mumbai (then Bombay) presidency. Due to [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956|States Reorganisation Act]], Hubli shifted from being a part of Bombay presidency to the newly formed [[Karnataka]] state. Consequently, land acquisition was delayed and done only by 1974. The construction and development of the airport was carried out by the Public Works Department (PWD) of Karnataka. Airport Authority of India took over the airport from Karnataka PWD during 1996 and flight operations resumed in the 2003 by Air Deccan. Kingfisher Airlines soon joined followed and operated flights to Bangalore and Mumbai. [[Spicejet]] operated from the airport from 2014 to 2019 during the time which it had to suspend operations twice respectively due to Runway repairs and aircraft overrun before permanently ending flights in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bangaloreaviation.com/2018/04/spicejet-to-relaunch-flights-to-hubli.html|title=Spicejet to relaunch flights to Hubli|date=11 April 2018|website=bangaloreaviation.com|access-date=9 January 2021}}</ref> [[IndiGo]] started operating flights to the airport from July 2018 and is the biggest airline operating out of the airport.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2018/jun/26/air-connectivity-to-hubballi-gets-udan-push-indigo-begins-ops-1833731.html|title = Air connectivity to Hubballi gets UDAN push, IndiGo begins ops| date=26 June 2018 }}</ref>

== Expansion ==
The [[Government of Karnataka]] signed a [[memorandum of understanding]] (MoU) with the [[Airports Authority of India]] (AAI) in January 2013 to develop the airport.<ref>{{cite news|title=Karnataka govt signs MoU for Hubli-Dharwad airport expansion |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report_karnataka-govt-signs-mou-for-hubli-airport-expansion_1792216 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date= 24 January 2013 | access-date= 1 February 2013}}</ref> Accordingly, {{convert|55|acre|km2|abbr=on}} of land were acquired by the State Government and handed over to the AAI.<ref name = "BS2">{{cite news|title=Expansion and Facelift of Belgaum, Hubli-Dharwad and Mysore Airports |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/government-press-release/expansion-and-facelift-of-belgaum-hubli-and-mysore-airports-116111701146_1.html |work=[[Business Standard]] |date= 17 November 2016 |access-date=8 January 2017}}</ref>

The area of the airfield was increased to {{Convert|369|acre|}} and the runway was extended to {{Convert|8500|ft|}}. A new taxiway, roofing, car parking, fire station and a new terminal building were also part of the upgrade project that would enable the operation of larger aircraft like the [[Boeing 737]] and the [[Airbus A320]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Hubli-Dharwad airport to be ready for Boeing in 2 yrs |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/306910/hubli-Dharwad-airport-ready-boeing-2.html |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date= 22 January 2013 | access-date= 1 February 2013}}</ref> AAI constructed a new DVOR building and NDB building in 2016 and commenced the work on extension, strengthening and widening of the runway, taxiways and the isolation bay.<ref name = "BS2"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Hubli Airport expansion takes off after seven years |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-05-03/news/31558859_1_hubli-airport-expansion-project-aai |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516105133/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-05-03/news/31558859_1_hubli-airport-expansion-project-aai |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 May 2012 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date= 3 May 2012 |access-date=4 July 2012}}</ref> A new ATC tower, technical block, fire station, a new apron for parking three aircraft, a 12.8 km. security wall with 17 security watch towers and a sewage treatment plant were constructed.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/646873/muhurtha-fixed-upgraded-airport-opening.html |title = Muhurtha fixed for upgraded airport opening, Mumbai flight service|date = 7 December 2017}}</ref> On 12 December 2017 Union Civil Aviation Minister P. Ashok Gajapathi Raju inaugurated the upgraded airport terminal and other ancillary facilities. Minister of State for Civil Aviation Jayant Sinha and senior Airports Authority of India officials were also present on the occasion.<ref>{{cite news|author=ANI |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/karnataka-s-hubballi-city-gets-new-airport-terminal-117121300444_1.html |title=Karnataka's Hubballi city gets new airport terminal | Business Standard News |newspaper=Business Standard India |publisher=Business-standard.com |date=13 December 2017 |access-date=18 April 2018}}</ref>

In order to cater with more traffic and future demands in the coming years due to the rapid expansion of population and urbanisation in the Hubballi-[[Dharwad]] metropolis, a new passenger terminal will be built on the north-western area of the airport, which will cover an area of 20,000 sq.m. with two levels, will be equipped with modern facilities and amenities and will have three [[Jet bridge|aerobridges]]. It will be able to handle 1,400 passengers (700 arrivals and 700 departures) during peak hours. Other works included as part of the expansion is a new apron and a taxiway connecting to the runway, along with runway expansion to cater for larger aircraft like the [[Airbus A320]] and [[Boeing 737]], which at present operate on a limited scale due to the short length of the runway. The expansion project will be undertaken at a cost of around ₹ 275 crore and will be completed in two years, i.e., by 2025. Once completed, it will help the metropolis to be connected not only with domestic destinations but also with international destinations, which is a long pending demand of the people of northern Karnataka to make it the third international airport after [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bangalore]] and [[Mangalore International Airport|Mangalore]] airports, as well as to reduce dependencies on both the airports.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kattimani|first=Basavaraj|title=AAI gives nod for Hubballi airport terminal expansion|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hubballi/aai-gives-nod-for-hubballi-airport-terminal-expansion/articleshow/100952285.cms|work=The Times of India|date=13 June 2023|access-date=9 July 2023|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Centre releases ₹275 crore for expansion of Hubballi Airport Terminal|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/centre-releases-275-crore-for-expansion-of-hubballi-airport-terminal/article67041405.ece|work=The Hindu|date=4 July 2023|access-date=9 July 2023|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=H. Kumar|first=Pavan|title=Hubballi takes one step closer towards international airport|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/hubballi-dharwad/hubballi-takes-one-step-closer-towards-international-airport-1177467.html|work=Deccan Herald|date=3 January 2023|access-date=9 July 2023|language=en}}</ref>

==Facilities==
===Runway===
Hubli Airport has one [[runway]] in use.
* Runway 08/26: {{convert|2600|x|45|m}}, CAT I [[Instrument landing system|ILS]] equipped and in future will be equipped with [[Required navigation performance|RNP]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Now, Hubballi Airport gets Instrument Landing System |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/now-hubballi-airport-gets-instrument-landing-system/article32708520.ece |access-date=31 January 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=27 September 2020 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Tripathi |first1=Neha LM |title=By December, 45 airports to use global navigation satellite system for safe landing in poor visibility |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/by-december-45-airports-to-have-global-navigation-satellite-system-for-safe-landing-in-poor-visibility/story-DsKlGsUpK7Hti3dRKvQckM.html |access-date=31 January 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=27 August 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

===Terminals ===
The old terminal could handle only 3 ATR-72 sized aircraft.<ref>{{cite web|author=MIG |url=https://mediaindia.eu/aai-focus/ambitious-infrastructure-development-plans/ |title=Ambitious Infrastructure Development Plans | Media India Group |publisher=Mediaindia.eu |date= 17 July 2017|access-date=20 April 2018}}</ref> The apron could handle only three Code A/B sized aircraft.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/hubli_technicalinfo.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616090021/http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/hubli_technicalinfo.jsp |archive-date=16 June 2017 |title=Airports Authority of India |access-date=6 August 2018}}</ref> The old terminal was closed down and flight operations shifted to the new terminal after its inauguration.

The new terminal covers an area of 3600 square meters and is centrally air-conditioned. It can handle 300 passengers at a time during peak hours, i.e., 150 arrivals & 150 departures. The airport has passenger-friendly amenities like public address system, check-in counters, fire alarm, HVAC (heating ventilation and air conditioning), elevator, firefighting, CCTV, baggage scanners and car parking. It is also eco-friendly as the terminal has a skylight system for energy savings and a standing seam double insulated roofing system.<ref>{{cite news|author=ANI |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/karnataka-s-hubballi-city-gets-new-airport-terminal-117121300444_1.html |title=Karnataka's Hubballi city gets new airport terminal | Business Standard News |newspaper=Business Standard India |publisher=Business-standard.com |date=13 December 2017 |access-date=20 April 2018}}</ref> The apron can now handle three A320/B737 or five ATR-72 sized aircraft at a time.<ref>{{cite news|author=Hubballi Infra |url=https://hubballidharwadinfra.com/about-hubballi-airport/ |title=Overview of Hubballi Airport (HBX); Hubballi Infra}}</ref>

===Cargo terminal===
The cargo terminal is located east of the passenger terminal. It covers 65 square metres (700 sq ft). The Old Terminal Building was converted into Domestic Cargo Complex and started operations in March 2021. On completion it became north Karnataka's first dedicated domestic air cargo terminal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2021/mar/15/outbound-cargo-service-start-from-hubballi-airport-to-boost-perspectives-of-farmers-and-businessmen-2276637.html|title=Outbound cargo service start from Hubballi airport, to boost perspectives of farmers and businessmen|date=15 March 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Conversion Of Old Terminal Building Into Domestic Cargo Complex At Hubli Airport |url=https://www.aai.aero/en/node/185638 |website=aai.aero |access-date=31 January 2021}}</ref>

== Airlines and destinations ==

{{Airport-dest-list

| [[IndiGo]]| [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]], [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]],<ref>{{cite news|title=IndiGo starts Hubballi to Delhi direct flight|url=https://hubballidharwadinfra.com/indigo-starts-hubballi-to-delhi-direct-flight/|work=Hubballi Infra|date=14 November 2022|access-date=14 November 2022|language=en}}</ref> [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]], [[Navi Mumbai International Airport|Mumbai-Navi]] (begins 29 March 2026),<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/navi-mumbai-airport-to-connect-46-domestic-destinations-from-april-11270518|title=New flights to Navi Mumbai}}</ref> [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai-Shivaji]], [[Pune Airport|Pune]]<ref>{{cite news|title=IndiGo to start Hubballi Pune direct flight from February 5|url=https://hubballidharwadinfra.com/indigo-to-start-hubballi-pune-direct-flight-from-february-4/|work=Hubballi Infra|date=10 January 2023|access-date=16 January 2023|language=en|archive-date=24 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324162536/https://hubballidharwadinfra.com/indigo-to-start-hubballi-pune-direct-flight-from-february-4/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

}}

== Statistics ==

{{Airport-Statistics|iata=HBX}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Hubli Airport passenger traffic statistics<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aai.aero/traffic_news/Mar2k16annex3.pdf|title=2015-16 Statistics|publisher=[[Airports Authority of India]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527102138/http://www.aai.aero/traffic_news/Mar2k16annex3.pdf|archive-date=27 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aai.aero/traffic_news/Mar2k15annex3.pdf|title=2014-15 Statistics|publisher=[[Airports Authority of India]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518083223/http://www.aai.aero/traffic_news/mar2k15annex3.pdf|archive-date=18 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aai.aero/traffic_news/Mar2k17annex3.pdf|title=2016-17 Statistics|publisher=[[Airports Authority of India]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428052950/http://www.aai.aero/traffic_news/Mar2k17annex3.pdf|archive-date=28 April 2017}}</ref>
!Year
!Rank
!Passengers
!Growth
!Rank change
|-
|2019-20
|49
|475,218
|{{Increase}} 3.2%
|{{Decrease}} 4
|-
|2018-19
|45
|460,462
|{{Increase}} 835.4%
|{{Increase}}19
|-
|2017-18
|64
|49,227
|{{Increase}} 89.9%
|{{Decrease}} 1
|-
|2016-17
|63
|25,928
|{{Decrease}} 33.5%
|{{Increase}} 1
|-
|2015-16
|64
|38,973
|
|
|}
{{See also|List of busiest airports in India}}

==Other facilities==

===Solar power plant===
A 8 megawatt (MW) ground-mounted grid-connected photovoltaic solar plant has been built by [[Airports Authority of India|AAI]] at the airport. Hubli airport has been made self-reliant in terms of electricity generation with the commissioning of the plant in April 2021. Solar power generated here is being supplied to Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation's (KPTC) grid and then on to other airports including [[Gulbarga]], [[Mysore]], and Bangalore's [[HAL Airport]]. The project is located in about 38 acres of land on south of the runway. Over 400 solar panels have been installed in 24 acres of the land whereas the remaining portion has been used to set up transformers, rooms, and for other purposes. The solar plant will generate about 140 lakh units annually.<ref name="auto"/>

===Airport hotel===
Fortune Park Airport Road Hubballi owned by [[ITC Hotels]] is strategically located opposite to Hubli airport. The hotel also encompasses 2 restaurants.<ref>{{cite news |title=Fortune Hotels opens new property in Hubballi |url=https://www.businesstraveller.com/business-travel/2021/04/20/fortune-hotels-opens-new-property-in-hubballi/ |access-date=16 February 2022 |work=Business Traveller |date=20 April 2021}}</ref>

== Connectivity ==
=== Road ===
The airport is connected to the city by Gokul Road. The [[National Highway 48 (India)|National Highway 48]] passes right next to the airport. The [[North Western Karnataka Road Transport Corporation|NWKRTC]] operates air conditioned bus services from Hubli Railway Station to the airport and a mini-bus service between Hubli Central Bus Terminus (C.B.T.) and the airport. The AC buses make ten trips a day and mini-buses 24 trips a day.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hubballi/ac-bus-service-to-hubballi-airport-launched/articleshow/66297779.cms|title=AC bus service to Hubballi airport launched - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=21 October 2018}}</ref>

=== Rail ===
The nearest railway station is Unkal railway station which is located 7.5 km from the airport whereas the nearest major railway [[junction (rail)|junction]] is [[Hubli Junction railway station]], which is located 8 km from the airport.

==Accidents and incidents==

*On 9 March 2015, a Spicejet [[Bombardier Dash 8]], operating flight SG-1085 from [[Bangalore]] with 74 passengers and 4 crew, landed on Hubli's runway in heavy rain, veered off the runway and came to a halt on soft ground with the left main gear collapsed. There were no injuries but the aircraft received substantial damage to the left hand main landing gear, propeller and engine.<ref>{{cite news|title=SpiceJet plane skids at Hubli airport, no one hurt, Spicejet closed Hubli operations and now operates its flights from Belgaum|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/spicejet-plane-skids-at-hubli-no-one-hurt-115030800787_1.html |publisher=[[Business Standard]] |date= 8 March 2015 | access-date= 11 March 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Aviation}}
* [[List of airports in Karnataka]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.aai.aero/en/airports/hubli Hubli Airport] at the [[Airports Authority of India]] website

{{Airports in India}}

[[Category:Airports in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Transport in Hubli-Dharwad]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Hubli-Dharwad]]
[[Category:Airports established in 1954]]
[[Category:1954 establishments in Mysore State]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]
[[Category:Airports Authority of India]]

List of current Indian deputy chief ministers

2026-03-26T17:45:50Z

UteCansler: updated page

{{short description|Deputy chief ministers of the Indian states and union territories}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{For|definition|Chief minister (India)#Deputy Chief Minister}}{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Deputy Chief Minister
| body =
| native_name = 
| insignia =
| insigniasize =
| insigniacaption =
| insigniaalt =
| flag =
| flagsize =
| flagalt =
| flagborder =
| flagcaption =
| image =
| imagesize =
| alt =
| imagecaption =
| incumbent =
| acting =
| incumbentsince =
| department =
| style = *Honourable (Inside India)
*His/Her Excellency (Outside India)
| type = Deputy Head of the State Government
| status =
| abbreviation = '''DYCM'''
| member_of = *Member of the Legislative Assembly & Council of Respective States and Union Territories of India
*Cabinet of Respective States and Union Territories of India
| reports_to =
| residence =
| seat =
| nominator = Governor of Respective States and Union Territories of India
| appointer =
| appointer_qualified =
| termlength =
| termlength_qualified =
| constituting_instrument =
| precursor =
| inaugural =
| formation =
| first =
| last =
| abolished =
| superseded_by =
| succession =
| unofficial_names =
| deputy =
| salary =
| website = 
| footnotes =
}}

The '''deputy chief minister''' is a member of the [[State governments of India|state government]] and usually the second highest ranking executive officer of their state's council of ministers. While not a [[Constitution of India|constitutional]] office, it seldom carries any specific powers.<ref name="dpmconsti">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/of-deputy-chief-ministers-and-the-constitution/article3632410.ece|title=Of Deputy Chief Ministers and the Constitution|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=13 July 2012 |access-date=7 November 2017|last1=Rajendran |first1=S. }}</ref> A deputy chief minister usually also holds a [[Cabinet (government)|cabinet]] portfolio such as [[home minister]] or [[List of current Indian finance ministers|finance minister]]. In the [[parliamentary system]] of government, the chief minister is treated as the "first among equals" in the cabinet; the position of deputy chief minister is used to bring political stability and strength within a [[coalition government]].

Currently, only 17 states and 1 union territory (out of [[States and union territories of India|25 states]] and [[Union territory|3 union territories]]) have deputy chief ministers. Out of these, [[Bihar]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Maharashtra]],[[Manipur]] , [[Meghalaya]], [[Nagaland]], [[Odisha]], [[Rajasthan]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]] have two deputy chief ministers each. No other state and union territory has more than one deputy chief minister in office.

The [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] has seventeen incumbents, the [[Indian National Congress]] has three, the [[Naga People's Front]] and the [[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]] have two incumbents, the [[Jana Sena Party]], [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]], [[Nationalist Congress Party]], [[Shiv Sena (2022-present)|Shiv Sena]] and the [[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]] has one incumbent each. Of the 28 incumbents, four are [[List of female deputy chief ministers in India|woman]] —
[[Sunetra Pawar]] in [[Maharashtra]],
[[Nemcha Kipgen]] in [[Manipur]],[[Pravati Parida]] in [[Odisha]] & [[Diya Kumari]] in [[Rajasthan]]. The longest-serving incumbent deputy chief minister is [[Chowna Mein]], who has served as the deputy chief minister of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] since 17 July 2016 (for {{age in years and days|2016|7|17}}). As of {{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}, one state ([[Uttarakhand]]) and one union territory ([[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]) have never had a deputy chief minister.

==Current Indian deputy chief ministers==
{{update|date=November 2025}}
[[File:Deputy Chief Minister of India.png|thumb|Map shows the parties of the incumbent deputy chief ministers of Indian states]]
{|class="toccolours" style="width:50em"
!Colour key for parties
|-
|{{legend|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|outline=grey}}
{{legend|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]]|outline=grey}}
{{legend|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|outline=grey}}{{legend|{{party color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}|[[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]]|outline=grey}}
{{legend|{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}|[[Janata Dal (United)]]|outline=grey}}
{{legend|{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}|[[Telugu Desam Party]]|outline=grey}}
{{legend|{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party }}|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]|outline=grey}}
{{legend|{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}|[[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]]|outline=grey}}
{{legend|{{party color|Naga People's Front}}|[[Naga People's Front]]|outline=grey}}
{{legend|{{party color|Shiv Sena}}|[[Shiv Sena (2022-present)|Shiv Sena]]|outline=grey}}
{{legend|{{party color|Janasena Party }}|[[Janasena Party ]]|outline=grey}}
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!scope=col| State {{small|(past deputy chief ministers)}}
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Portrait
! scope="col" | Name
!scope=col| Took office {{small|(tenure length)}}
!scope=col colspan=2| Party
! colspan="2" scope="col" | Chief Minister
!scope=col colspan=2| Alliance
!scope=col class=unsortable| Ref
|-
|[[Andhra Pradesh]] {{small|([[List of deputy chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh|list]])}}
|[[File:Shri Konidela Pawan Kalyan.jpg|100px]]
![[Konidala Pawan Kalyan]]
|12 June 2024 ({{age in years and days|2024|6|12}})
|[[Janasena Party]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Janasena Party}}"|
|[[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}"|
| rowspan="7" | [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|rowspan="7" bgcolor="{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |
|
|-
|[[Arunachal Pradesh]] {{small|([[List of deputy chief ministers of Arunachal Pradesh|list]])}}
|[[File:Chowna Mein.jpg|border|center|140x140px]]
![[Chowna Mein]]
|16 July 2016 ({{age in years and days|2016|07|16}})
| rowspan="6" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="6" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Pema Khandu]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|<ref>[http://www.arunachalpradesh.gov.in/cabinet-ministers/ Arunachal Pradesh Cabinet Ministers]</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Bihar]] {{small|([[Deputy Chief Minister of Bihar|list]])}}
|[[File:Samratchoudhary.jpg|100px]]
![[Samrat Chaudhary]]
|rowspan="2"|28 January 2024 ({{age in years and days|2024|1|28}})
| rowspan="2" |[[Nitish Kumar]]
|rowspan="2" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}"|
|rowspan="2"|
|-
|[[File:Shri Vijay Kumar Sinha.jpg|100x100px]]
![[Vijay Kumar Sinha]]
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Chhattisgarh]] {{small|([[Deputy Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh|list]])}}
|[[File:Arun Sao BJP.jpg|center|100px]]
![[Arun Sao]]
|rowspan="2"|13 December 2023 ({{age in years and days|2023|12|13}})
| rowspan="2" |[[Vishnu Deo Sai]]
|rowspan="3" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.livemint.com/elections/assembly-elections/chhattisgarh-government-vishnu-singh-arun-sao-and-vijay-sharma-as-deputy-cms-raman-singh-as-speaker-11702214450287.html| title=Chhattisgarh likely to have two Deputy CMS, Raman Singh as Speaker: Report| date=10 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Vijay Sharma BJP.jpg|center|100px]]
![[Vijay Sharma (politician)|Vijay Sharma]]
|-
|[[Gujarat]] {{small|([[List of deputy chief ministers of Gujarat|list]])}}
|[[File:Harsh Sanghavi.jpg|center|100px]]
![[Harsh Sanghavi]]
|17 October 2025 ({{age in years and days|2025|10|17}})
|[[Bhupendrabhai Patel]]
|
|-
|[[Himachal Pradesh]] {{small|([[List of deputy chief ministers of Himachal Pradesh|list]])}}
|[[File:Mukesh Agnihotri (cropped).jpg|border|center|100px]]
![[Mukesh Agnihotri]]
|11 December 2022 ({{age in years and days|2022|12|11}})
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|rowspan="3"| [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}" |
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/shimla/sukhvinder-singh-sukhu-likely-to-be-next-himachal-cm-8317280/ | title=Congress turns the page in Himachal: Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu is CM | date=10 December 2022 }}</ref>
|-
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] {{small|([[List of deputy chief ministers of Jammu and Kashmir|list]])}}
|[[File:Surinder Kumar Choudhary.jpg|100px]]
![[Surinder Kumar Choudhary]]
|16 October 2024 ({{age in years and days|2024|10|16}})
|[[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}"|
|[[Omar Abdullah]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}"|
|
|-
|[[Karnataka]] {{small|([[List of deputy chief ministers of Karnataka|list]])}}
|[[File:D. K. Shivakumar.jpg|center|100px]]
![[D. K. Shivakumar]]
|20 May 2023 ({{age in years and days|2023|05|20}})
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Siddaramaiah]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Madhya Pradesh]]
([[List of deputy chief ministers of Madhya Pradesh|list]])
|[[File:DCM Rajendra Sukula.jpeg|border|center|100px]]
![[Rajendra Shukla (politician)|Rajendra Shukla]]
|rowspan="2"|{{dts|format=dmy|2023|12|13}} ({{ayd|2023|12|13}})
|rowspan="2"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| rowspan="2" |[[Mohan Yadav]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| rowspan="14" |[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|rowspan="14" bgcolor="{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}"|
|
|-
|[[File:DCM Jagdish Dewda.jpeg|border|center|100px]]
![[Jagdish Devda]]
|
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Maharashtra]] {{small|([[List of deputy chief ministers of Maharashtra|list]])}}
| [[File:Shri Eknath Sambhaji Shinde.jpg|border|center|100px]]
![[Eknath Shinde]]
|5 December 2024 ({{age in years and days|2024|12|5}})
|[[Shiv Sena (2022-present)|Shiv Sena]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
| rowspan="2" |[[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|rowspan=2 width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|rowspan="2"|<ref>[https://www.news18.com/news/politics/maharashtra-cabinet-expansion-ajit-pawar-ncp-shiv-sena-uddhav-thackeray-congress-sharad-pawar-2439487.html Maharashtra Cabinet Expansion]</ref>
|-
|
![[ Sunetra Pawar]]
|31 January 2026 ({{age in years and days|2026|1|31}})
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|Nationalist Congress Party]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party }}"|
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Manipur]] {{small|([[List of deputy chief ministers of Manipur|list]])}}
||
![[Nemcha Kipgen]]
|rowspan="2"|4 February 2026 ({{age in years and days|2026|02|04}})
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|rowspan="2"|[[Y. Khemchand Singh]]
|rowspan=2 width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|
|-
|
![[Losii Dikho]]
|[[Naga People's Front]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Naga People's Front}}"|
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Meghalaya]] {{small|([[List of deputy chief ministers of Meghalaya|list]])}}
|[[File:A delegation from North Eastern States led by the Minister General Administration Home (Civil Defence And Home Guards) Public Health Engineering Relief And Rehabilitation (cropped).jpg|border|center|100px]]
![[Prestone Tynsong]]
|6 March 2018 ({{age in years and days|2018|03|06}})
|rowspan="2"|[[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}"|
| rowspan="2" |[[Conrad Sangma]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}"|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/politicians/prestone-tynsong-13625.html|title=Prestone Tysong}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:DCM Sniawbhalang Dhar.jpg|100px]]
![[Sniawbhalang Dhar]]
|7 March 2023 ({{age in years and days|2023|03|07}})
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Nagaland]] {{small|([[List of deputy chief ministers of Nagaland|list]])}}
|[[File:The Nagaland Home Minister, Shri Yanthungo Patton meeting the Minister of State for Home Affairs, Shri Hansraj Gangaram Ahir, in New Delhi on November 09, 2016 (cropped).jpg|border|center|100px]]
![[Yanthungo Patton]]
|9 March 2018 ({{age in years and days|2018|03|09}})
|rowspan="1"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| rowspan="2" |[[Neiphiu Rio]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Naga People's Front}}"|
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bjp-to-get-deputy-cm-post-in-nagaland/articleshow/63179941.cms|title=BJP to get deputy cm in Nagaland|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=6 March 2018 }}</ref>
|-
|[[File:The Chief Minister of Nagaland, Shri T.R. Zeliang meeting the Union Minister for Human Resource Development, Smt. Smriti Irani, in New Delhi on December 08, 2015 (1) (cropped).jpg|border|center|100px]]
![[T. R. Zeliang]]
|7 March 2023 ({{age in years and days|2023|03|07}})
|[[Naga People's Front]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Naga People's Front}}"|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Odisha]] {{small|([[List of deputy chief ministers of Odisha|list]])}}
|[[File:Dy CM KV Singh Deo.jpg|center|110x110px]]
![[Kanak Vardhan Singh Deo]]
| rowspan="2" |12 June 2024 ({{age in years and days|2024|06|12}})
| rowspan="4" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| rowspan="2" |[[Mohan Charan Majhi]]
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|
|-
|[[File:Pravati Parida in 2025.jpg|border|center|131x131px]]
![[Pravati Parida]]
|
|-
|
|[[File:Prem Chand Bairwa (cropped).jpg|border|center|100px]]
![[Prem Chand Bairwa]]
|
|
|
|-
|[[Rajasthan]] {{small|([[List of deputy chief ministers of Rajasthan|list]])}}
|
![[Diya Kumari]]
| {{dts|format=dmy|2023|12|15}} ({{ayd|2023|12|15}})
| [[Bhajan Lal Sharma]]
|
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu]] {{small|([[Deputy Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu#List|list]])}}
|[[File:Udhaya.jpg|100px]]
![[Udhayanidhi Stalin]]
|28 September 2024 ({{age in years and days|2024|09|28}})
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
|[[M. K. Stalin]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
|rowspan=2|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}" |
|<ref>[https://indianexpress.com/article/india/stalins-son-udhayanidhi-elevated-as-tamil-nadu-deputy-cm-9593373/]</ref>
|-
|[[Telangana]] {{small|([[List of deputy chief ministers of Telangana|list]])}}
|[[File:Portrait of Telangana Deputy CM Bhatti Vikramarka Mallu (4 July 2024).png|center|100px]]
![[Mallu Bhatti Vikramarka]]
|7 December 2023 ({{age in years and days|2023|12|7}})
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Revanth Reddy]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Uttar Pradesh]] {{small|([[List of deputy chief ministers of Uttar Pradesh|list]])}}
|[[File:Shri Keshav Prasad Maurya (cropped).jpg|Shri Keshav Prasad Maurya (cropped)|border|center|100px]]
![[Keshav Prasad Maurya]]
|19 March 2017 ({{age in years and days|2017|03|19}})
|rowspan=2| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| rowspan="2" | [[Yogi Adityanath]]
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|rowspan="2"|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}"|
|
|-
|[[File:Brajesh_Pathak.jpg|alt=Brajesh Pathak|frameless|100px]]
![[Brajesh Pathak]]
|25 March 2022 ({{age in years and days|2022|03|25}})
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/lucknow/story-sindhi-punjabi-society-congratulates-deputy-chief-minister-brajesh-pathak-6112405.html|title=Sindhi Punjabi society congratulates Deputy Chief Minister Brajesh Pathak}}</ref> |
|}

==See also==
* [[List of current Indian governors]]
* [[List of current Indian lieutenant governors and administrators]]
* [[List of current Indian chief ministers]]
* [[List of current Indian legislative speakers and chairpersons]]
* [[List of current Indian opposition leaders]]
* [[List of current Indian chief justices]]
* [[List of female deputy chief ministers in India]]
* [[Deputy Prime Minister of India|List of deputy prime ministers of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Deputy Chief Ministers of Indian states}}

[[Category:Deputy chief ministers of Indian states| ]]
[[Category:Lists of current office-holders in India]]
[[Category:Lists of deputy chief ministers of Indian states| ]]

Syad Muhammad Latif

2026-03-23T06:48:29Z

UteCansler: Created basic stub from scratch

{{Short description|British Indian historian (1851–1902)}}

{{Infobox historian
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Syed Muhammad Latif
| image = Syad Muhammad Latif.jpeg
| caption =
| honorific_suffix = [[Khan Bahadur]] [[Shamsul Ulama|Shams-ul-Ulema]]
| other_names =
| birth_date = 1851
| birth_place = [[Lahore]], [[British Punjab]]
| death_date = 1902 (aged 51)
| death_place = Lahore
| children =
| parents = Syed Muhammad Azeem
| era = 19th-century
| school_tradition =
| main_interests = [[History]], [[Urdu poetry]]
| alma_mater = [[Calcutta University]]
| influences = [[Sir Syed Ahmed Khan]]
| influenced =
| awards =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| signature_size =
| website = 
}}
'''Syed Muhammad Latif''' (1851–1902) was a 19th-century [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] scholar and historian. Due to his works on the [[history of Punjab]], he is also known as the "Historian of the Punjab".{{sfnp|Kaur|2024}}

==Biography==
Muhammad Latif was born at [[Lahore]] in 1851, two years after the annexation of Punjab into the [[British Raj]] following the [[second Anglo-Sikh war]]. He belonged to an educated family {{snd}} his father Syed Muhammad Azeem (1815–1885) founded ''[[Lahore Chronicle|The Lahore Chronicle]]'' in 1850, a pioneering English-language newspaper of [[British Punjab]]. Latif received a western-style education at [[Calcutta University]] which helped him to pursue a career in judiciary.{{sfnp|Shafique|2018}}{{sfnp|Alam|1987}}

Latif started as a translator, and subsequently reader, in the [[Lahore High Court#Chief Court of the Punjab Lahore High Court|Punjab Chief Court]]. He rose to the position of [[assistant commissioner]] of [[Hoshiarpur]] in 1880, and then also held the judicial charges of [[Lahore]], [[Multan]], [[Jalandhar]], [[Gujranwala]], [[Jhang]] and [[Gurdaspur]], working in almost all notable places in Punjab. He was given the title of ''[[Khan Bahadur]]'' in 1892 as well as ''[[Shamsul Ulama|Shams-ul-Ulema]]'' in 1897 for his "History of the Punjab".{{sfnp|Shafique|2018}}

Latif was married to a niece of [[Syed Ahmed Khan]] in 1875.{{sfnp|Alam|1987}}

==Academic career==
Latif was a member of various associations, including Amjuman-i-Punjab and [[Asiatic Society of Bengal|Bengal Asiatic Society]]. He was also a fellow of [[University of the Punjab]], Lahore. He was a polyglot, and knew [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[English language|English]] and [[Urdu]].{{sfnp|Shafique|2018}}{{sfnp|Alam|1987}}

==Works==
Latif's [[Diwan (poetry)|Diwan]] was published in 1870. However, he is mainly known for his works on history. His ''Tarikh-i-Panjab Mah-halaat-i-Shar Lahore'' was published in 1888 in Urdu. Notable English works of Latif include:
* {{Cite book|author=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RzBAAQAAMAAJ|title= History of the Panjáb: From the Remotest Antiquity to the Present Time|year=1891|publisher=
Calcutta Central Press Company, Limited|location=Calcutta|oclc=8385986}}
* {{Cite book|author=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RWsTAAAAQAAJ|title= Lahore: Its History, Architectural Remains and Antiquities|year=1892|publisher=
New Imperial Press|location=Lahore|oclc=28302540}}
* {{Cite book|author=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mEBuAAAAMAAJ|title= Agra, Historical & Descriptive: With an Account of Akbar and His Court and of the Modern City of Agra|year=1896|publisher=
Calcutta Central Press Company, Limited|location=Calcutta|oclc=15937007}}
* {{Cite book| orig-date=1891|author=|editor=Minhaj-ud-Din, Syed Muhammad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L71HAAAAMAAJ|title= Early History of Multan|year=1963|edition=second|publisher= People's Publishing House
|location=Lahore|oclc=28302543}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{Cite journal |last=Shafique |first=Muhammad |date=2018 |title=Syed Muhammad Latif: A Pioneer Man of Regional Historiography of Punjab |url=https://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/indianStudies/PDF/1_v4_1_18.pdf |journal=Journal of Indian Studies |location=Lahore |publisher=[[University of the Punjab]]|issn=2520-7288|volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=7–15}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Alam |first=Humera |title=S. M. Latif {{snd}} A Pioneer Muslim Scholar in the Field of History, Archaeology & Architecture |url=https://www.academia.edu/39122259|journal=The Proceedings of the Hijra Celebration Symposium on Islamic Art, Calligraphy, Architecture and Archaeology, March 1–6, 1981 |publisher=[[University of Peshawar]]|location=Peshawar|year=1987|volume=2|issue=2|pages=347–359|oclc=24824620}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Kaur |first=Dr Daljit |date=2024 |title=Revisiting Sikh history through prism of Persian Chronicles |url=https://ijirt.org/Article?manuscript=169096 |journal=International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology |language=en |volume=11 |issue=6 |pages=511–515 |issn=2349-6002}}

{{morecat|date=October 2025}}
[[Category:1851 births]]
[[Category:1902 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian historians]]
[[Category:Indian poets]]
[[Category:19th-century historians]]
[[Category:19th-century poets]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]

Humid subtropical climate

2026-03-21T22:14:53Z

UteCansler:

{{short description|Transitional climatic zone}}
{{pp-move}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2020}}
[[File:Koppen World Map Cwa Cfa.png|thumb|right|upright=1.8|''Warm temperate with hot summer climate'' zones of the world according to a modified Köppen climate classification that uses a threshold of {{cvt|0|°C}} for the coldest month
{{legend|#C6FF4E|Humid subtropical climate (Cfa)}}
{{legend|#96FF96|Monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate (Cwa)}}]]

A '''humid subtropical climate''' is a [[temperate climate]] type, characterized by long and hot summers, and cool to mild winters. These climates normally lie on the southeast side of all continents (except Antarctica), generally between [[latitude]]s 25° and 40° and are located poleward from adjacent tropical climates, and equatorward from either [[humid continental climate|humid continental]] (in North America and Asia) or [[oceanic climate]]s (in other continents). It is also known as '''warm temperate climate''' in some climate classifications.<ref name="britannica">{{Cite web |title=Humid subtropical climate {{!}} climatology |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/humid-subtropical-climate |access-date=2022-04-12 |website=Britannica |language=en}}</ref>

Under the [[Köppen climate classification]], '''''Cfa''''' and '''''Cwa''''' climates are either described as humid subtropical climates or warm temperate climates. This climate features mean temperature in the coldest month between {{convert|-3|°C}} (or {{convert|0|°C}}) and {{convert|18|°C}} and mean temperature in the warmest month {{convert|22|°C}} or higher. However, while some climatologists have opted to describe this climate type as a "humid subtropical climate",<ref name="Service">{{cite web|url=https://www.weather.gov/jetstream/climate_max|title=NWS JetStream MAX - Addition Köppen Climate Subdivisions|first=US Department of Commerce, NOAA, National Weather|last=Service|website=www.weather.gov|access-date=3 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224025419/https://www.weather.gov/jetstream/climate_max|archive-date=24 December 2018}}</ref> Köppen himself never used this term. The humid subtropical climate classification was officially created under the [[Trewartha climate classification]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2023}} In this classification, climates are termed humid subtropical when they have at least 8 months with a mean temperature above {{convert|10|C}}.

While many subtropical climates tend to be located at or near coastal locations, in some cases, they extend inland, most notably in [[China]] and the [[United States]],<ref name="Service"/> where they exhibit more pronounced seasonal variations and sharper contrasts between summer and winter, as part of a gradient between the hotter tropical climates of the southern coasts and the colder continental climates to the north and further inland. As such, the climate can be said to exhibit somewhat different features depending on whether it is found inland, or in a maritime position.

==Characteristics==
[[File:Tianfeng Tower.jpg|thumb|left|Tianfeng Tower, in [[Ningbo]], a humid subtropical climate in China.]]
[[File:East Battery Street Charleston Aug2010.jpg|thumb|[[Charleston, South Carolina]], a humid subtropical climate in the US]]
In a humid subtropical climate, summers are typically long, hot and humid. A deep current of tropical air dominates the humid subtropics at the time of high sun, and daily intense (but brief) [[Convection|convective]] [[Air-mass thunderstorm|thundershowers]] are common. Monthly mean temperatures in winter are normally mild, however they may be cold at the northern edges of the humid subtropical zone.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Belda|first1=M|last2=Holtanová|first2=E|last3=Halenka|first3=T|last4=Kalvová|first4=J|date=4 February 2014|title=Climate classification revisited: from Köppen to Trewartha|journal=Climate Research|language=en|volume=59|issue=1|pages=1–13|doi=10.3354/cr01204|bibcode=2014ClRes..59....1B|issn=0936-577X|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Portillo |first=Germán |date=2018-12-03 |title=Characteristics of the humid subtropical climate or Chinese climate |url=https://www.meteorologiaenred.com/en/chinese-weather.html |access-date=2022-04-12 |website=Meteorología en Red |language=en}}</ref>

Rainfall often shows a summer peak in most humid subtropical climates, especially where there is a well developed monsoon (seasonal reversal of winds) such as in [[Monsoon of South Asia|South Asia]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Subtropical Monsoon Climate |date=2020 |work=Dictionary of Geotourism |page=593 |editor-last=Chen |editor-first=Anze |place=Singapore |publisher=Springer |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-981-13-2538-0_2376 |isbn=978-981-13-2538-0 |s2cid=240959129 |editor2-last=Ng |editor2-first=Young |editor3-last=Zhang |editor3-first=Erkuang |editor4-last=Tian |editor4-first=Mingzhong}}</ref> Most summer rainfall occurs during [[Air-mass thunderstorm|thunderstorms]] that build up due to the intense surface heating and strong subtropical sun angle. Weak [[tropical low]]s that move in from adjacent warm tropical oceans, as well as occasional [[tropical cyclone]]s often contribute to summer seasonal rainfall peaks such as occurs in the [[Florida]] in the United States and eastern [[Australia]]. Normally, winter is a drier season in most humid subtropical climates, however, some higher latitude subtropical climates in North America, East Asia, and Europe, also have modest precipitation in winter as well.

Under the [[Holdridge life zones]] classification, the subtropical climates have a biotemperature between the frost or critical temperature line, {{convert|16|to|18|C}} (depending on locations in the world) and {{convert|24|°C}}, and these climates are humid (or even perhumid or superhumid) when the [[potential evapotranspiration]] (PET) ratio (= PET / Precipitation) is less than 1.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://reddcr.go.cr/sites/default/files/centro-de-documentacion/holdridge_1966_-_life_zone_ecology.pdf |title=''LIFE ZONE ECOLOGY by L. R. Holdridge'' |access-date=2020-02-12 |archive-date=2016-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005035018/http://reddcr.go.cr/sites/default/files/centro-de-documentacion/holdridge_1966_-_life_zone_ecology.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-original-life-zone-chart-of-Holdridge-4_fig2_264499178 ''The climate of Carpathian Region in the 20th century based on the original and modified Holdridge life zone system'']</ref> In the Holdridge classification, the humid subtropical climates of the Koppen system coincide more or less with the subtropical ''and'' warm temperate life zones.

=== Breakdown of letters ===
'''''Cfa''''': '''''C''''' = Mild temperate '''''f''''' = Fully humid '''''a''''' = Hot summer

'''''Cwa''''': '''''C''''' = Mild temperate '''''w''''' = Dry winter '''''a''''' = Hot summer <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hanschen.org/koppen/|title=Köppen climate classification|last=Hans Chen|website=hanschen.org|language=en|access-date=15 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814145617/http://hanschen.org/koppen/|archive-date=14 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chen|first1=Deliang|last2=Chen|first2=Hans Weiteng|date=April 2013|title=Using the Köppen classification to quantify climate variation and change: An example for 1901–2010|journal=Environmental Development|language=en|volume=6|pages=69–79|doi=10.1016/j.envdev.2013.03.007|bibcode=2013EnvDe...6...69C }}</ref>

==Locations==
===Africa===
{{climate chart|[[Durban]], [[South Africa]]|21.1|27.8|134
|21.1|28.0|113
|20.2|27.7|120
|17.4|26.1| 73
|13.8|24.5| 59
|10.6|23.0| 38
|10.5|22.6| 39
|12.5|22.8| 62
|15.3|23.3| 73
|16.8|24.0| 98
|18.3|25.2|108
|20.0|26.9|102
|float=right
|clear=none
|source=<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saexplorer.co.za/south-africa/climate/durban_climate.asp|title=Durban climate|website=SA Explorer|access-date=16 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528123755/http://www.saexplorer.co.za/south-africa/climate/durban_climate.asp|archive-date=28 May 2019}}</ref>
}}

In Africa, humid subtropical climates are primarily found in the southeastern part of the continent. The ''Cwa'' climate is found over a large portion of the interior of the [[Central Africa|Middle]] and [[East Africa|Eastern African]] regions. This area includes central [[Angola]], northeastern [[Zimbabwe]], the [[Niassa Province|Niassa]], [[Manica Province|Manica]] and [[Tete Province|Tete]] provinces of [[Mozambique]], the southern [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congo]] provinces, southwest [[Tanzania]], and the majority of [[Malawi]], and [[Zambia]]. Some lower portions of the [[Ethiopian Highlands]] also have this climate.

The climate is also found in the narrow coastal sections of southern and eastern [[South Africa]], primarily in [[KwaZulu-Natal]] and the [[Eastern Cape]] provinces. South Africa's version of this climate features heavy oceanic influences resulting in generally milder temperatures. This is particularly evident in its winters when temperatures do not drop as low as in many other regions within the humid subtropical category.

===Asia===
====East Asia====
{{climate chart
| [[Tokyo]], Japan
| 0.9 | 9.6 | 52.3
| 1.7 | 10.4 | 56.1
| 4.4 | 13.6 | 117.5
| 9.4 | 19.0 | 124.5
| 14.0 | 22.9 | 137.8
| 18.0 | 25.5 | 167.7
| 21.8 | 29.2 | 153.5
| 23.0 | 30.8 | 168.2
| 19.7 | 26.9 | 209.9
| 14.2 | 21.5 | 197.8
| 8.3 | 16.3 | 92.5
| 3.5 | 11.9 | 51.0
| source = [http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/nml_sfc_ym.php?prec_no=44&prec_ch=%93%8C%8B%9E%93s&block_no=47662&block_ch=%93%8C%8B%9E&year=&month=&day=&elm=normal&view= Japan Meteorological Administration]
| float = left
| clear = none
}}
{{climate chart
|[[Guangzhou]], [[China]]
|10.6|18.7|51.1
|12.5|20.0|56.1
|15.5|22.3|101.0
|19.6|26.4|193.8
|23.1|30.0|329.0
|25.1|32.0|364.9
|25.8|33.3|242.6
|25.5|33.2|270.3
|24.2|32.0|203.2
|20.9|29.3|67.3
|16.7|25.3|37.4
|11.9|20.7|33.4
|source = [https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps China Meteorological Administration]
|float = left
|clear = none
}}
In [[East Asia]], this climate type is found in the southeastern quarter of [[China]] from Hong Kong north to Nanjing, the northern half of [[Taiwan]], southern and central Japan ([[Kyushu]], [[Shikoku]] and half of [[Honshu]]), and the most southern regions of Korea (the south and east Central and Southern [[Gyeongsang Province]] and [[Jeju island]]). Cities near the equatorward boundary of this zone include [[Hong Kong]] and [[Taichung]]; while [[Sendai]], [[Gwangju]] - [[Daegu]] - [[Gangneung]] of Korea and [[Qingdao]] are near the northern boundary.

The influence of the strong [[Siberian anticyclone]] in East Asia brings colder winter temperatures than in the humid subtropical zones in The Americas, South Asia, and Australia. The {{convert|0|C}} isotherm reaches as far south as the valleys of the [[Yellow River|Yellow]] and [[Wei River|Wei]] rivers, roughly [[34th parallel north|latitude 34° N]]. At [[Hainan Island]] and in Taiwan, the climate transitions from subtropical into tropical. In most of this region, the winter monsoon is very well developed, as such eastern Asian humid subtropical zones have a strong winter dry season and heavy summer rainfall.

Only in inland areas below the Yangtze River and coastal areas between approximately the [[Huai River]] and the beginning of the coast of [[Guangdong]] is there sufficient winter rainfall to produce a ''Cfa'' climate; even in these areas, rainfall and [[runoff (water)|streamflow]] display a highly pronounced summer peak, unlike other regions of this climate type. [[Drought]] can be severe and often catastrophic to agriculture in the ''Cwa'' zone.

The only area where winter precipitation equals or even exceeds the summer rain is around the [[San'in region]] at the western coast of Japan, which during winter is on the windward side of the westerlies. The winter precipitation in these regions is usually produced by low-pressure systems off the east coast that develop in the onshore flow from the Siberian high. Summer rainfall comes from the East Asian Monsoon and from frequent [[typhoon]]s. Annual rainfall is generally over {{convert|1,000|mm}}, and in areas below the Himalayas can be much higher still.

====South Asia====
{{climate chart|[[New Delhi]], [[India]]
|7.1|20.4|19
|10.2|23.4|20
|15.3|29.2|15
|21.2|36.0|21
|24.7|39.2|25
|27.4|38.8|70
|26.8|34.7|237
|26.3|33.6|235
|24.7|34.2|113
|19.4|33.0|17
|13.2|28.3|9
|8.5|22.9|9
|source=[ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-II/IN/42182.TXT NOAA]
|float=left
|clear=none}}
{{climate chart
|[[Chandigarh]], [[India]]
|7.2|18.2|37.8
|10.4|22.6|37.3
|14.7|28.0|27.4
|20.3|34.6|17.5
|24.7|38.6|26.8
|26.7|37.7|146.7
|26.9|34.1|275.6
|26.2|33.2|273.0
|24.4|32.9|154.6
|18.4|32.0|14.2
|12.3|27.0|5.2
|8.0|22.1|22.3
|source=[https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/6.6/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/India/CSV/CHANDIGARH_42105.csv NOAA]
|float=left
|clear=none
}}
Humid subtropical climates can also be found in the [[Indian subcontinent]], predominantly in the northern regions. However, the [[humid subtropical]] climates exhibited here typically differ markedly from those in [[East Asia]] (and, for that matter, much of the globe). Winters (December–February) are typically cool to mild (sometimes reaching {{convert|0|C}},<ref>{{cite web |title=Visibility dips to zero in several areas as Delhi records lowest minimum temperature of the season |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-records-lowest-minimum-temperature-of-the-season-9109288/ |website=The Indian Express |access-date=24 July 2024 |language=en |date=14 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Why despite touching 1 degree Celsius in Delhi, mercury won't touch zero-mark |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/cities/delhi/story/delhi-sees-record-winter-temperature-drop-imd-1759412-2021-01-15 |website=India Today |access-date=24 July 2024 |language=en |date=15 January 2021}}</ref> and ranging from humid and foggy in December to dry in February. These winters are followed by a mild spring (March–April), often accompanied by [[hail]] in the [[Northwest India|northwestern regions]]. Summers tend to be relatively longer and very hot, starting from mid-April and peaking in June, with high temperatures often exceeding {{convert|40|C}}. Summers usually begin dry, complete with [[dust storm]]s, traits typically associated with [[arid climate|arid]] or [[semi-arid climate]]s, before eventually transforming into a more humid and stormy June. This is followed by the cooler but still hot and extremely humid [[monsoon]] season (July–September), where the region experiences heavy rains almost daily, with humidity usually above 90%. The autumn season (October–November), which immediately follows the monsoon and precedes winter, usually experiences a pleasant climate. Cities such as [[New Delhi]], [[Dehradun]], [[Lucknow]], [[Kanpur]] and [[Chandigarh]], among others, exhibit this atypical version of the climate in India. In Pakistan, the cities of [[Islamabad]], [[Sialkot]], [[Gujranwala]] and [[Rawalpindi]], among others, feature this weather pattern. [[Lahore]] and [[New Delhi]] are humid subtropical with some [[semi-arid]] influences as they receive slightly less annual rainfall compared to a typical humid subtropical climate at 747 mm and 790 mm respectively.

In [[Bangladesh]], humid subtropical climates are commonly present in the northern half (north of [[Dhaka]]). Cities like [[Rajshahi, Bangladesh|Rajshahi]], [[Rangpur, Bangladesh|Rangpur]], [[Saidpur, Bangladesh|Saidpur]] and [[Dinajpur]] in the [[North Bengal|northern region]] feature the monsoon variant (''Cwa''), where rainfall peaks at the monsoon season. Closely resembling the climate patterns of the neighboring [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]]s, this region shows a distinct three-season pattern: a relatively dry and very hot summer (March–May), extremely wet, cooler [[monsoon]] season (June–September), and mild, foggy winter (December–February), with a post-monsoon/[[autumn]] transition season (October–November)

Humid subtropical climates can also be found in [[Nepal]]. However, the Nepalese version of the climate generally does not feature the extreme hot spells that are commonplace for many other South Asian locations with this climate. In Nepal cities such as [[Kathmandu]], [[Pokhara]], [[Butwal]], [[Birgunj]] and [[Biratnagar]] feature this iteration of the climate.

In South Asia, humid subtropical climates generally border on [[continental climates]] as altitude increases, or on a [[Mediterranean climate]] in western areas of Pakistan and northwestern India (e.g. [[Peshawar]] in northwestern Pakistan or [[Srinagar]] in the [[Kashmir Valley]] in India, where the primary precipitation peak occurs in March, not July or August). Further east, in highland areas with lengthier monsoons such as Nepal, seasonal temperature variation is lower than in the lowlands. Further west, moving closer to the [[Bagar (region)|Bagar]] and [[Thar Desert|Great Indian Desert]], the climate begins to shift towards a [[Semi-arid climate|hot semi-arid climate]].

==== Southeast Asia ====
{{climate chart
| [[Hanoi]], [[Vietnam]]
|14.4|19.4|22.5
|15.8|20.4|24.6
|18.4|23.2|47.0
|21.9|27.7|91.8
|24.8|31.9|185.4
|26.4|33.4|253.3
|26.5|33.4|280.1
|26.1|32.6|309.4
|25.2|31.5|228.3
|22.8|29.2|140.7
|19.3|25.7|66.7
|15.8|22.0|20.2
|float=right
|clear=none
|source = Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibst.vn/DATA/nhyen/QCVN%2002-2009%20BXD%20So%20lieu%20tu%20nhien.pdf |title=Vietnam Building Code: Natural Physical & Climatic Data for Construction |publisher=ibst.vn |date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722172120/http://ibst.vn/DATA/nhyen/QCVN%2002-2009%20BXD%20So%20lieu%20tu%20nhien.pdf |access-date=2022-05-25|archive-date=22 July 2018 }}</ref>
}}
In [[Southeast Asia]], about 90% of the region has a [[tropical climate]]; but humid [[subtropical climate]]s can also be seen here, such as in [[Northern Vietnam]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worlddata.info/asia/vietnam/climate.php |title=Vietnam Climate |website=WorldData.info |access-date=2023-11-24}}</ref>

Southeast Asian locations with these climates can feature cool temperatures, with lows reaching {{convert|10|C}} during the months of December, January, and February. Unlike a good portion of East Asian locations with this climate however, most of Southeast Asia seldom experiences snowfall. These areas tend to feature hot and wet summers and cool and dry [[winter]]s, with mean temperatures varying between {{convert|25|and|30|C|F}} in summer.

====Western Asia====
{{climate chart
| [[Kutaisi]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]
| 1.2 | 7.7 | 106
| 1.8 | 8.9 | 129
| 4.6 | 13.1 | 100
| 7.7 | 18.2 | 112
| 12.4 | 23.3 | 85
| 15.9 | 26.4 | 105
| 18.9 | 28.1 | 106
| 19.5 | 28.9 | 86
| 16.1 | 25.8 | 116
| 11.9 | 21.3 | 108
| 7.5 | 15.2 | 141
| 3.5 | 10.3 | 139
| source =<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_373950_kt.pdf |title=Data |website=www.dwd.de |access-date=25 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221151116/https://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_373950_kt.pdf |archive-date=21 December 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| float = right
| clear = none
}}

Although humid subtropical climates in Asia are mostly confined to the southeastern quarter of the continent, there are two narrow areas along the coast of the [[Caspian Sea]] and [[Black Sea]] with humid subtropical climates. Summers in these locations are cooler than typical humid subtropical climates and snowfall in winter is relatively common, but is usually of a short duration.

In [[Western Asia]], the climate is prevalent in the [[Gilan]], [[Māzandarān]] and [[Golestan Province|Golestan]] Provinces of [[Iran]], in parts of the [[Caucasus]], in [[Azerbaijan]] and in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] wedged between the [[Caspian Sea|Caspian]] and [[Black Sea|Black]] seas and coastal ([[Black Sea]]) Turkey, albeit having more oceanic influence.

Annual rainfall ranges from around {{convert|600|mm}} at [[Gorgan]] to over {{convert|1830|mm}} at [[Bandar-e Anzali]], and is heavy throughout the year, with a maximum in October or November when Bandar-e Anzali can average {{convert|330|mm}} in one month. Temperatures are generally moderate in comparison with other parts of Western Asia. During winter, the coastal areas can receive snowfall, which is usually of a short duration.

In [[Rasht]], the average temperature in July and August is around {{convert|25|C}} but with near-saturation [[humidity]], whilst in January and February it is around {{convert|7|C}}. The heavy, evenly distributed rainfall extends north into the Caspian coastal strip of [[Azerbaijan]] up to its northern border but this climate in Azerbaijan is, however, a ''Cfb''/''Cfa'' (''Oceanic climate''/''Humid subtropical climate'') borderline case.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.azhydromet.com/SRIH/Water+Resurs.html|title=Water Resources of the Azerbaijan Republic|last=Mahmudov|first=Rza|date=4 June 2003|website=Hydromet Azerbaijan|publisher=Scientific Research Institute of Hydrometeorology, [[Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources (Azerbaijan)|Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of Azerbaijan Republic]]|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012193627/http://www.azhydromet.com/SRIH/Water%20Resurs.html|archive-date=12 October 2007|access-date=22 August 2018}}</ref>

Western [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] ([[Batumi]] and [[Kutaisi]]) in the [[Colchis|Kolkheti Lowland]] and the northeast coast of [[Turkey]] ([[Giresun]]), have a climate similar to that of Gilan and Mazandaran in Iran and very similar to that of southeastern and northern Azerbaijan. Temperatures range from {{convert|22|C}} in summer to {{convert|5|C}} in winter and rainfall is even heavier than in Caspian Iran, up to {{convert|2300|mm}} per year in [[Hopa]] (Turkey). These climates are a ''Cfb''/''Cfa'' (''Oceanic climate''/''Humid subtropical climate'') borderline case.

===North America===
{{climate chart
| [[Houston]], [[United States]]
| 6.2 | 17.2 | 85.9
| 8.1 | 19.1 | 81.3
| 11.4 | 22.8 | 86.6
| 15.2 | 26.4 | 84.1
| 19.8 | 30.2 | 129.3
| 23.1 | 33.0 | 150.6
| 23.9 | 34.3 | 96.3
| 23.8 | 34.7 | 95.5
| 21.0 | 32.1 | 104.6
| 16.1 | 27.8 | 144.8
| 11.2 | 22.5 | 110.2
| 7.0 | 17.9 | 95.0
| source =<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weather.gov/hgx/climate_iah|title=Houston IAH Climate Data|website=NOAA, National Weather Service|publisher=US Department of Commerce|access-date=22 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822113552/https://www.weather.gov/hgx/climate_iah|archive-date=22 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
| float = left
| clear = none
}}
{{climate chart
| [[Washington, D.C.]], United States
| -1.1 | 7.1 | 73
| -0.1 | 9.1 | 67
| 3.7 | 13.6 | 89
| 9.1 | 20.0 | 82
| 14.4 | 24.7 | 100
| 19.7 | 29.5 | 107
| 22.4 | 32.0 | 110
| 21.7 | 31.0 | 83
| 17.8 | 27.1 | 100
| 11.2 | 20.8 | 93
| 5.3 | 14.6 | 74
| 1.4 | 9.3 | 87
| source =<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USW00013743&format=pdf
|publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
|title = Summary of Monthly Normals 1991–2020
|access-date = May 4, 2021
}}</ref>
| float = left
| clear = none
}}
In North America, humid subtropical climates are found in the American Gulf and lower East Coast states, including [[Alabama]], [[Arkansas]], [[Florida]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], [[Louisiana]], [[Mississippi]], [[North Carolina]], [[Oklahoma]], [[South Carolina]], [[Tennessee]], and [[Texas]]. On the Florida peninsula, the humid subtropical climate gives way to the [[tropical climate]] of [[South Florida]] and the [[Florida Keys]].

Under Köppen's climate classification, this zone includes locations further north, primarily [[Virginia]], [[Kentucky]], the lower elevations of [[West Virginia]], [[Maryland]], [[Delaware]], [[Washington, D.C.]], southeastern [[Pennsylvania]], central and southern portions of [[New Jersey]], and [[Downstate New York]]. It can also be found in the lower Midwest, primarily in the central and southern portions of [[Kansas]] and [[Missouri]] and the southern portions of [[Illinois]], [[Indiana]] and [[Ohio]].

In [[Mexico]], there are small areas of ''Cfa'' and ''Cwa'' climates. The climate can be found in small areas scattered around the northeastern part of the country, in proximity to the [[Gulf of Mexico]]. Other areas where the climate can be found is in the high elevations of Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt and Sierra Madre Oriental. Despite being located at higher elevations, these locations have summers that are too warm to qualify as a subtropical highland climate. [[Guadalajara]]'s climate is a major example of this.

Outside of isolated sections of Mexico, the southernmost limits of this climate zone in [[North America]] lie just north of South Florida and around southern coastal Texas. Cities at the southernmost limits, such as Tampa and Orlando and along the Texas coast around [[Corpus Christi, Texas|Corpus Christi]] down toward [[Brownsville, Texas|Brownsville]] generally feature warm weather year-round and minimal temperature differences between seasons. In contrast, cities at the northernmost limits of the climate zone such as New York, Philadelphia and [[Louisville, Kentucky|Louisville]] feature hot, humid summers and chilly winters. These areas have average winter temperatures at the coldest limit of climates classed as humid subtropical. The climate can also be found in small areas scattered around the northeastern part Mexico, in proximity to the [[Gulf of Mexico]].

[[Snowfall]] varies greatly in this climate zone. In locations at the southern limits of this zone and areas around the [[Gulf Coast]], cities such as [[Orlando, Florida|Orlando]], [[Tampa, Florida|Tampa]], [[Houston]], [[New Orleans]], and [[Savannah, Georgia|Savannah]] rarely see snowfall, which occurs, at most, a few times per generation. In cities farther north or inland, such as [[Atlanta, Georgia|Atlanta]], [[Charlotte, North Carolina|Charlotte]], [[Dallas, Texas|Dallas]], [[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]], [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]], and [[Raleigh, North Carolina|Raleigh]], snow only occasionally falls and is usually three inches or less. However, for the majority of the winter here, temperatures remain above or well above freezing.<ref name="Weather Atlas">{{cite web |url=https://www.weather-us.com/en/north-carolina-usa/raleigh-climate |title=Raleigh, North Carolina, USA - Monthly weather forecast and Climate data |publisher=Weather Atlas |access-date=24 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629142801/https://www.weather-us.com/en/north-carolina-usa/raleigh-climate |archive-date=29 June 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://www.intellicast.com/Local/History.aspx?location=USVA0652|title=Historic Weather Averages in Richmond Virginia|website=Intellicast|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917111719/http://www.intellicast.com/Local/History.aspx?location=USVA0652|archive-date=17 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.currentresults.com/Weather/Georgia/annual-snowfall.php|title=Average Annual Snowfall Totals in Georgia|website=Current Results|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124092759/https://www.currentresults.com/Weather/Georgia/annual-snowfall.php|archive-date=24 January 2020|access-date=11 February 2020}}</ref> At the northernmost limits of this zone, cities such as [[New York City]], [[Philadelphia]], [[Baltimore]], [[Washington, D.C.]], and [[Louisville]] typically see snowfall during the winter, with occasional heavy snowstorms. Still, average temperatures during a typical winter hover just above freezing at these locations.<ref name="auto" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.currentresults.com/Weather/Virginia/annual-snowfall.php|title=Average Annual Snowfall Totals in Virginia|website=Current Results|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206195552/https://www.currentresults.com/Weather/Virginia/annual-snowfall.php|archive-date=6 February 2020|access-date=11 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.currentresults.com/Weather/North-Carolina/annual-snowfall.php|title=Average Annual Snowfall Totals in North Carolina|website=Current Results|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427045857/https://www.currentresults.com/Weather/North-Carolina/annual-snowfall.php|archive-date=27 April 2019|access-date=11 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.currentresults.com/Weather/Maryland/annual-snowfall.php|title=Average Annual Snowfall Totals in Maryland|website=Current Results|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202024404/https://www.currentresults.com/Weather/Maryland/annual-snowfall.php|archive-date=2 February 2020|access-date=11 February 2020}}</ref>

Precipitation is plentiful in North America's humid subtropical climate zone – but with significant variations in terms of wettest/driest months and seasons. Locations on the northern edge of the zone such as the [[Jersey Shore]], and [[Northern Kentucky]] typically features relatively consistent precipitation patterns throughout the course of the year. In contrast, much of the [[Upland South|interior Southern United States]], including Tennessee, sections of Kentucky, and the northern halves of Mississippi and Alabama, tends to have a winter or spring (not summer) precipitation maximum. Closer to the [[Atlantic]] and Gulf coasts, there is a summer maximum, with July or August usually the wettest month – such as in [[Jacksonville, Florida|Jacksonville]], [[Charleston, South Carolina|Charleston]], [[Mobile, Alabama|Mobile]], New Orleans, and Virginia Beach. A semblance of a monsoon pattern (dry winters/wet summers) is evident along the Atlantic coast from the [[Chesapeake Bay]] region and the [[Outer Banks]] south to Florida. The seasonal monsoon is much stronger on the Florida peninsula, as most locations in Florida have dry winters and wet summers.

In addition, areas in Texas that are slightly inland from the Gulf of Mexico, such as Austin and San Antonio that border the [[semi-arid climate]] zone, generally see a peak of precipitation in May, a drought-like nadir in mid-summer and a secondary, if not equal, precipitation peak in September or October. Areas further south along [[South Texas]]' Gulf Coast (Brownsville), which closely border [[Tropical climate|tropical climate classification]], typically have a strong September precipitation maximum, and a tendency toward dry conditions in winter with rain increasing in spring, with December or January often the driest months.

===Central America===
{{climate chart
| [[Siguatepeque]], Honduras
| 14.2 | 21.8 | 60.0
| 16.3 | 25.3 | 31.0
| 16.6 | 28.9 | 27.0
| 19.0 | 30.9 | 52.0
| 20.5 | 30.6 | 94.2
| 20.5 | 30.0 | 100.4
| 20.3 | 30.1 | 122.1
| 18.4 | 28.9 | 107.5
| 17.8 | 28.8 | 103.4
| 17.7 | 25.8 | 100.4
| 16.1 | 23.0 | 100.4
| 13.6 | 21.5 | 89.5
| source = WeatherSpark(https://es.weatherspark.com/y/13741/Clima-promedio-en-El-Socorro-Honduras-durante-todo-el-a%C3%B1o)
| float = left
| clear = none
}}
In [[Central America]] there are small areas of ''Cfa'' and ''Cwa'' climates. Areas where the climate can be found is in the high elevations of Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt and Sierra Madre Oriental. Despite being located at higher elevations, these locations have summers that are too warm to qualify as a subtropical highland climate. These highland areas feature summer temperatures that are warm enough to fall outside the subtropical highland climate category Cw.

===South America===

{{climate chart|[[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]]
|20.1|30.1|139
|19.2|28.7|127
|17.7|26.8|140
|13.8|22.9|119
|10.7|19.3| 92
| 8.1|16.0| 59
| 7.4|15.3| 61
| 8.8|17.7| 64
|10.3|19.3| 72
|13.3|22.7|127
|15.9|25.6|117
|18.4|28.5|119
|float=right
|clear=none
|source=[https://ssl.smn.gob.ar/dpd/observaciones/estadisticas.txt National Meteorological Service]
}}
Humid subtropical climates are found in a sizable portion of southeastern South America. The climate extends over a few states of southern Brazil, including [[Paraná (state)|Paraná]], into sections of [[Paraguay]], all of [[Uruguay]] and central Argentina (Pampas region). Major cities such as [[São Paulo]], [[Asunción]], [[Buenos Aires]], [[Porto Alegre]] and [[Montevideo]] have a humid subtropical climate, generally in the form of hot and humid summers, and mild to cool winters. These areas, which include the [[Pampas]], generally feature a ''Cfa'' climate categorization. At [[38th parallel south|38°S]], the Argentine city of [[Bahía Blanca]] lies on the southern limit of the humid subtropical zone.

The ''Cwa'' climate occurs in parts of tropical highlands of [[Minas Gerais]], [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio de Janeiro]], [[Mato Grosso do Sul]] and near the [[Andean highland]] in northwestern [[Argentina]]. These highland areas feature summer temperatures that are warm enough to fall outside the [[subtropical highland climate]] category.

{{clear}}

===Australia===
{{climate chart|[[Brisbane]], [[Queensland]]
|21|30|154
|21|30|161
|20|29|139
|17|27|91
|14|25|78
|12|22|69
|10|22|54
|11|23|44
|14|26|44
|16|27|78
|19|28|99
|20|29|130
|float=left
|clear=none
|source=<ref>{{BoM Aust stats|site_ref = cw_040214|site_name = Brisbane Regional Office|access-date =2 August 2011 }}</ref>
}}

The humid subtropical climate dominates a few major cities in Australia, namely [[Sydney]], [[Brisbane]], and the [[Gold Coast, Queensland|Gold Coast]]. This climate zone predominantly lies in eastern Australia, which begins from the coastal strip of [[Mackay, Queensland]] and stretches down the coast to just south of Sydney, where it transitions into the cooler, oceanic climates.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Donohue|first1=Randall J.|last2=McVICAR|first2=Tim R.|last3=Roderick|first3=Michael L.|date=2009|title=Climate-related trends in Australian vegetation cover as inferred from satellite observations, 1981–2006|journal=Global Change Biology|language=en|volume=15|issue=4|pages=1025–1039|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01746.x|bibcode=2009GCBio..15.1025D|s2cid=83849128 |issn=1365-2486}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=1971|editor-last=Gentilli|editor-first=Joseph|title=Climates of Australia and New Zealand|url=https://archive.org/details/climatesofaustra0013unse|journal=World Survey of Climatology|location=Amsterdam|publisher=Elsevier|volume=13|isbn=978-0-444-40827-3|url-access=registration}}</ref>

From [[Newcastle, New South Wales|Newcastle]], 117km northeast of Sydney, the ''Cfa'' zone would extend to inland [[New South Wales]], excluding the highland regions (which have an oceanic climate), stretching towards [[Dubbo]] to the northwest and [[Wagga Wagga]] to the south, ending at the [[New South Wales]]/[[Victoria, Australia|Victoria]] border ([[Albury-Wodonga]]).<ref name="SpechtRundel2012">{{cite book|author=R.L. Specht |author2=Philip Rundel |author3=W.E. Westman |author4=P.C. Catling |author5=Jonathan Majer |author6=Penelope Greenslade |title=Mediterranean-type Ecosystems: A data source book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j93qCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA95|date=6 December 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-94-009-3099-5|page=95}}</ref> To note, these places would have characteristics of the semi-arid and/or Mediterranean climates. Furthermore, the inland ''Cfa'' climates generally have drier summers, or at least summers with low humidity.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Stern|first1=Harvey|last2=de Hoedt|first2=Graham|last3=Ernst|first3=Jeneanne|date=2000|title=Objective classification of Australian climates|url=http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/f1e4/ba8fda48101e2e7d614a58e8c8675e5d4fc4.pdf|journal=Australian Meteorological Magazine|volume=49|pages=87–96|s2cid=308424|access-date=11 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190309021034/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/f1e4/ba8fda48101e2e7d614a58e8c8675e5d4fc4.pdf|archive-date=9 March 2019}}</ref>

Extreme heat is more often experienced in Sydney than in other large cities in Australia's ''Cfa'' zone, especially in the [[Greater Western Sydney|western suburbs]], where highs over {{convert|40|C}} are not uncommon. Frost is prevalent in the more inland areas of Sydney, such as [[Richmond, New South Wales|Richmond]]. Average annual rainfall in the Sydney region ranges between {{convert|800|and|1200|mm|in}}.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Colls|first1=Keith|title=The Australian Weather Book|last2=Whitaker|first2=Richard|publisher=Reed New Holland|year=2001|isbn=1-876334-68-1|edition=2nd|location=Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.|oclc=48404958}}</ref>

There is usually a distinct summer rainfall maximum that becomes more pronounced moving northwards. In Brisbane, the wettest month (February) receives five times the rainfall of the driest month (September). Temperatures are very warm to hot but are not excessive: the average maximum in February is usually around {{convert|29|C}} and in July around {{convert|21|C}}. Frosts are extremely rare except at higher elevations, but temperatures over {{convert|35|C}} are not common on the coast.

North of the ''Cfa'' climate zone there is a zone centred upon [[Rockhampton]] which extends north to the Köppen ''Cwa'' classified climate zone of the Atherton Tablelands region. This region has a very pronounced dry winter period, with often negligible rainfall between June and October. Winter temperatures generally only fall slightly below {{cvt|18|C}}, which would classify the region as a tropical savanna, or ''Aw'', climate.

Annual rainfall within Australia's humid subtropical climate zone can reach as high as {{convert|2000|mm|in}} in coastal locations and is generally {{convert|1000|mm|in}} or above. The most intense 2–3 day rainfall periods that occur in this coastal zone however are the outcome of [[Australian east coast low|east coast low]]s forming to the north of a [[anticyclone|large high pressure system]]. There can be great variation in rainfall amounts from year to year as a result of these systems. In the past century, the annual rainfall total in Sydney has recorded a low of 624.8mm in 1968<ref>{{cite web |title=Monthly rainfall Sydney (Observatory Hill) |url=https://reg.bom.gov.au/jsp/ncc/cdio/weatherData/av?p_nccObsCode=139&p_display_type=dataFile&p_startYear=&p_c=-677772846&p_stn_num=066062 |website=Bureau of Meteorology |publisher=Australian Government}}</ref> to a high of 2530.0mm in 2022<ref>{{cite web |title=Monthly rainfall Sydney (Observatory Hill) |url=https://reg.bom.gov.au/jsp/ncc/cdio/weatherData/av?p_nccObsCode=139&p_display_type=dataFile&p_startYear=&p_c=-677772846&p_stn_num=066214 |website=Bureau of Meteorology |publisher=Australian Government}}</ref>
The climate of [[Lord Howe Island]] and [[Norfolk Island]] to the east of Australia is also ''Cfa'', as is the climate of the [[Kermadec Islands]] to the northeast of [[New Zealand]]. Strong Pacific influences on these islands prevent extreme heat despite very mild winters.

===Europe===
{{climate chart
| [[Milan]], [[Italy]]
|-0.38|7.34| 37.05
| 0.57| 10.15| 38.22
| 4.39 | 15.46 | 42.20
| 8.41 | 19.33 | 57.65
| 12.81| 23.90 | 70.34
| 17.17| 28.14 | 67.42
| 19.33| 30.71| 44.23
| 18.83| 29.94| 59.36
| 14.90| 25.51| 73.83
| 10.16| 18.92| 82.04
| 5.24| 12.42 | 104.19
| 0.57| 7.47 | 45.91
| source =<ref>{{Cite web |title=Index of /data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/6.6/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Italy/CSV |url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/6.6/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Italy/CSV/ |access-date=2025-09-25 |website=www.ncei.noaa.gov}}</ref>
| float = right
| clear = none
}}
As the continent does not have a large ocean to its east as the case in many other continents within the climate zone, humid subtropical climates in Europe are limited to relatively small areas on the margins of the Mediterranean and Black Sea basins. ''Cfa'' zones are generally transitional between the [[Mediterranean climate]] zones along the coast and oceanic and humid continental zones to the west and north where rainfall in the warmer months is too high for a Mediterranean classification, while temperatures (either in the summer and/or winter) are too warm to qualify as oceanic or humid continental. Summer humidity is generally not as high here as in other continents within this climatic zone.

The [[Po Valley]], in [[Northern Italy]], including major cities such as [[Milan]], [[Turin]], [[Bologna]], and [[Verona]], has a humid subtropical climate, featuring hot, humid summers with frequent thunderstorms; winters are foggy, damp and chilly, with sudden bursts of frost. Places along the shores of [[Lake Maggiore]], [[Lake Lugano]], [[Lake Como]] ([[Como]] and [[Verbania]] in [[Italy]] and [[Lugano]] and [[Locarno]] in [[Switzerland]]) have a humid subtropical climate with a distinctively high amount of rainfall during summer. In France, the climate is found in parts of the [[Garonne|Garonne Valley]] (city of [[Toulouse]]) and in the [[Rhône Valley]], including the cities of [[Lyon]] and [[Valence (city)|Valence]]. Due to climate change, some cities on the Balkan peninsula and in the [[Pannonian Basin]] such as [[Belgrade]], [[Novi Sad]], [[Niš]] and [[Budapest]] are now just warm enough to be categorized as such. At [[48th parallel north|48°N]], the urban core of [[Vienna]], in [[Austria]] and [[Bratislava]], in [[Slovakia]], lie on the northern limit of the humid subtropical zone.

The coastal areas in the northern half of the [[Adriatic Sea]] also fall within this climate zone. The cities include [[Trieste]], [[Venice]], and [[Rimini]] in [[Italy]], [[Rijeka]] and [[Split, Croatia|Split]] in [[Croatia]], [[Koper]] in [[Slovenia]] and [[Kotor]] in [[Montenegro]]. Other Southern European areas in the ''Cfa'' zone include the central valleys and coast of [[Catalonia]] of [[Girona]] and [[Barcelona]] in [[Spain]], some on the north-east of Spain ([[Huesca]]), [[West Macedonia]] in [[Greece]] ([[Kozani]]).

Along the [[Black Sea]] coast of [[Bulgaria]] ([[Varna, Bulgaria|Varna]]), coast of [[Romania]] ([[Constanța]] and [[Mamaia]]), [[Sochi, Russia]] and [[Crimea]], have summers too warm (>{{convert|22|C}} mean temperature in the warmest month) to qualify as oceanic, no freezing month, and enough summer precipitation and sometimes humid conditions, where they would be fit to be classed under ''Cfa'', though they closely border the [[Humid continental climate|humid continental]] zone due to colder winters. All these areas are subject to occasional, in some cases repeated snowfalls and freezes during winter.

In [[Central Europe]], a small area of humid subtropical climates are located in transitional areas between the oceanic and continental climates in areas where higher summer temperatures do not quite qualify it for inclusion in the Oceanic climate schema and mild winters do not allow their inclusion into continental climates. Average summer temperatures in areas of [[Europe]] with this climate are generally not as hot as most other subtropical zones around the world.<ref name="britannica"/> Urban examples include [[Bratislava]], [[Budapest]], and the [[Innere Stadt]] of [[Vienna]].

In the [[Azores]], some islands have this climate, with very mild and rainy winters (>{{convert|13|C}}) and no snowfall, warm summers (>{{convert|21|C}}) but with no dry season during the warmest period, which means that they can neither be classified as [[oceanic climate|oceanic]], nor as [[Mediterranean climate|Mediterranean]], only as humid subtropical, as with [[Corvo Island]].

In many other climate classification systems outside of the Köppen, most of these locations would not be included in the humid subtropical grouping. The higher summer precipitation and poleward flow of tropical air-masses in summer are not present in Europe as they are in eastern Australia or the southern United States. Many of these locations in Central and Southern Europe are considered [[oceanic climate|oceanic]] by Trewartha's classification.

==See also==
*[[Subtropics]]
*[[Subtropical ridge]]
*[[List of locations with a subtropical climate]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Koppen}}

[[Category:Köppen climate types]]
[[Category:Subtropics]]

Langa voni

2026-03-19T22:07:18Z

UteCansler: formatting fix

{{Short description|Traditional South Asian dress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2014}}
A '''langa voni''' (also called "''pavadai daavani''" in Tamil or "''laṅga davaṇi''" in Kannada) is a [[traditional dress]] worn in [[South India]] by girls between [[puberty]] and [[marriage]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Banerjee |first1=Shayoni |name-list-style=amp |last2=Bhardwaj |first2=Sunit |date=2020 |url=http://maitreyi.ac.in/Datafiles/cms/2020/magzine/Samvedena%20July%202020/E2.pdf |title=The Feminine 'Nature' in the Indian Texts and Tradition |work=Samvedana |volume=2 |issue=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BUcODAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Langa+voni%22+-Bharatpedia&pg=PT68|isbn=9781482870961|title=Anti-Aging Secrets on the Highway|date=20 April 2016|publisher=Partridge}}</ref> It is also known as the ''two-piece [[sari]]'' or ''half sari''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tamilnadu.com/fashion/pavadai-dhavani.html|title=Pavadai Dhavani|publisher=Tamilnadu.com|date=26 January 2013|access-date=21 February 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411214910/http://tamilnadu.com/fashion/pavadai-dhavani.html|archive-date=11 April 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Girls younger than this may wear it on special occasions.

It comprises a ''[[Lehenga|langa]]'' or ''paavadai'', a skirt which is tied around the waist using string, and a [[Voni (garment)|''voni'']], ''oni'', or ''daavani'', which is a cloth usually {{convert|2|to|2.5|m}} in length. The ''voni'' is draped diagonally over a ''[[choli]]'' (a tight fitting blouse, the same as that worn with a sari). Usually, the garment is woven with cotton or silk. A variant of this is the ''[[ghagra choli]]'' of [[North India]] (the difference between the two being the direction of draping the ''voni'' or ''dupatta''). The modern day "[[lengha-style sari|lehenga-style sari]]", worn by Indians across the subcontinent mainly for special occasions, is inspired by the langa voni.

==Dress==
[[File:Langaoni.JPG|thumb|A woman wearing langa voni]]
The half sari facilitates the transition from the childhood ''paavadai'' (skirt) ''sattai'' (blouse) to the ''sari'', the more complicated drape worn by adult women. Usually the langa (paavadai) and voni are brightly colored and contrasting to each other. At a glance, the half sari outfit can look similar to southern styles of sari because the drape travels in the same direction: tucked into the front of the skirt, then wrapped around the waist, and then draped over the opposite shoulder. However, the voni is shorter, and the wearer is not required to manually pleat the cloth, as is done when draping the sari. In addition, the voni is less restrictive, allowing the wearer to move her legs freely.

==Modern day==
The influence of western culture and the perception of the dress as inconvenient has led to the decline of the half sari as daily wear, in favor of the [[shalwar kameez]] or [[History of Western fashion|Western clothes]]. However, the langa voni has inspired the modern day "lengha-style sari" and has seen a comeback.

In recent years, however, the langa voni is gaining popularity among girls and young women as occasional wear due to attention in media and fashion. Once very simple, they can now be seen with extravagant embroidery, mirror or [[zari]] work, and bold colors like black and grey which were once considered inauspicious. There is also a greater diversity of fabrics being used in addition to the usual silk or cotton, including [[chiffon (fabric)|chiffon]], [[georgette (fabric)|georgette]], [[Crêpe (textile)|crepe]] and [[nylon]]. Full saris are sometimes woven so that the fabric, when worn, changes color or pattern at the hip, in order to give the visual effect of a langa voni.

==Significance in coming of age ceremony==
{{main|Ritu Kala Samskaram}}

In [[South India]], coming of age ceremonies or rites of passage ({{langx|te|లంగా వోణి|langa voni}}; {{langx|ta|பட்டு பாவாடை|pattu pavadai}}; {{langx|kn|ಲಂಗ ದಾವಣಿ|langa davani}}) are celebrated when a girl reaches puberty. She wears a langa voni given by her maternal grandparents, which is worn during the first part of the ceremony and then she is given her first [[sari]] by her paternal grandparents, which she wears during the second half of the ceremony. This marks her transition into womanhood.

The tradition of presenting a langa voni from the maternal grandparents in some communities begins with the girl's first [[naming ceremony]] ([[namakaran]]) and her first rice-feeding ceremony ([[annaprashana]]). She receives her last one at her coming of age ceremony.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Group of Tamil girls.jpg|The girl on the left is wearing the langa voni. The other two are wearing saris. The jewelled head-dress of the girl in the center is traditionally worn at marriage ceremonies or at rite-of-passage ceremonies performed when a girl reaches puberty. Tamil Nadu, c. 1870.
File:Pattu Pavadai.jpg|Girl dressed in langa and ravike, or ''pavadai sattai''
File:Langa Dhavani.jpg|Girls dressed in langa and ravike
File:Ugadi Celebrations.jpg|Schoolgirls dressed in langa and ravike for [[Ugadi]]. The woman is wearing a sari. The boys are wearing the [[kurta]].
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Ritu Kala Samskaram]]
*[[Ghagra choli]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{commons category}}
{{Clothing in South Asia}}

[[Category:Indian clothing]]
[[Category:Hindu religious clothing]]
[[Category:Saris]]
[[Category:Culture of South India]]

Mukunda Murari

2026-03-19T08:37:15Z

UteCansler:

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mukunda Murari
| image = Mukunda Murari Kannada Film Poster.jpeg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name =
| director = [[Nanda Kishore]]
| producer = M.N.Kumar Jayashreedevi
| story = [[Umesh Shukla]]
| based_on = ''[[OMG – Oh My God!]]'' "Kanji Virrudh Kanji"
| starring = [[Sudeepa]] [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] [[Ishita Vyas]] [[Nikita Thukral]] [[P. Ravi Shankar]]
| music = [[Arjun Janya]]
| cinematography = Sudhakar S. Raj
| editing = K. M. Prakash
| studio = MNK Movies Kichcha Creations Jayashreedevi Productions
| released = {{film date|df=yes|2016|10|28}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| gross = 
}}

'''''Mukunda Murari''''' is a 2016 Indian [[Kannada|Kannada-language]] devotional [[satire (film and television)|satirical]] [[comedy drama film]] directed by [[Nanda Kishore]]. The film stars [[Sudeep]] in an [[Lord Krishna]] role and [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] playing the role of [[atheist]], teaming up for the first time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Sudeep-and-Uppi-now-Mukunda-Murari/2016/01/27/article3246442.ece|title=Sudeep and Uppi now Mukunda Murari|publisher=The New Indian Express|date=27 January 2016|access-date=1 September 2016|archive-date=29 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160929185746/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Sudeep-and-Uppi-now-Mukunda-Murari/2016/01/27/article3246442.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref> The film, a remake of [[Bollywood|Hindi]] film ''[[OMG - Oh My God!]]'' (2012),<ref>{{cite web|last=Karthik|first=Janani|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/oh-my-god-becomes-mukunda-murari-kannada-sudeep-upendra-starrer-takes-off-666580|title=Oh My God' becomes 'Mukunda Murari' in Kannada; Sudeep, Upendra-starrer takes off|publisher=[[IB Times]]|date=11 February 2016|accessdate= 1 September 2016}}</ref> which in turn was based on a [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] stage play ''Kanji Virrudh Kanji'', is produced by M.N. Kumar along with B. Jayashree Devi. The rest of the cast includes [[Nikita Thukral]], [[Ishita Vyas]], Kaavya Shah, [[P. Ravishankar]], [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] among others. The film has cinematography by Sudhakar S. Raj. The soundtrack and film score are composed by [[Arjun Janya]].

The film released in over 250 screens on 28 October 2016<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/mukunda-murari-box-office-collection-sudeep-upendra-starrer-grosses-over-rs-10-crore-first-week-702655|title=Mukunda Murari box office collection: Sudeep, Upendra-starrer grosses over Rs 10 crore in first week|date=5 November 2016}}</ref> and ran for 50 days in theatres.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/news/14118-mukunda-murari-and-santhu-straight-forward-completes-50-days.html|title=Mukunda Murari And Santhu Straight Forward Completes 50 Days|work=Chitrolka|date=16 December 2016|access-date=8 February 2017|archive-date=26 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126111234/https://www.chitraloka.com/news/14118-mukunda-murari-and-santhu-straight-forward-completes-50-days.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film follows the story of an atheist, Mukunda, who sues God after losing his shop in an earthquake. Religious organizations revolt against him, and Murari visits him as his human guide.

Atheist shop owner Mukunda ([[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]]) talks about selling bulk statues of [[Hinduism|Hindu]] gods, and later tricks a devotee from [[Andhra Pradesh]] into buying a statue by claiming it is famous. The lack of respect, as his family sees it, makes his wife sad, and she makes their son write the name of [[Rama]] for at least ten pages. After that, he criticises the practices of his son and wife. On the night of [[Krishna Janmashtami]], he openly mocks a guru named Siddeshwara Swami [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] who was encouraging his son and wife to walk on fire and pierce their tongues with a [[Trishula]]. However, after a dangerous [[earthquake]] in his market in [[Mysore]], his antique shop was destroyed and had many financial liabilities. His in-laws' family had separated his wife and son from him.

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Sudeepa]] as Murari / [[Krishna]]
* [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] as Mukunda
* [[Nikita Thukral]] as Mukunda's wife
* [[P. Ravi Shankar]] as Leeladhara Swamy
* [[Devaraj]] as a retired advocate
* [[Prakash Belawadi]] as advocate
* [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] as Siddeshwara Swami
* [[Malavika Avinash]] as TV interviewer
* [[Ishita Vyas]] as Gopika Mathe
* Kaavya Shah as a news reporter
* [[Tabla Nani]] as Mukunda's assistant
* [[Shivaram]] as Swamiji
* [[Kuri Prathap]] as Insurance Company Official
* [[Dingri Nagaraj]]
* [[Bullet Prakash]]
* K. S. Shridhar as priest
* Mohan Juneja
* [[Rachita Ram]]
* [[Bhavana (actress)|Bhavana]]
* [[Sathish Ninasam]]
* [[Mimicry Dayanand]]
* Vasu
* Swapna Raj
* Kuri Sunil
* Rockline Sudhakar
{{div col end}}

==Production==
===Development===
In January 2016, it was reported that director [[Nanda Kishore]] was in preparation to remake the hit Bollywood film ''[[OMG - Oh My God!]]'', retaining the basic plot and giving it a native touch. Initially, the film was titled 'Kiccha!! Nee Begane Baaro', 'Brahma Vishnu', 'Sri Krishanrjuna Vijaya', 'Super Star Mattu Bigg Boss' and the makers roped in two of the biggest stars [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] and [[Sudeepa]] to reprise the roles played by [[Paresh Rawal]] and [[Akshay Kumar]] respectively in the original version. Later, the title was altered as the makers thought the earlier one was quite a common name. To bring the uniqueness to the title, it was renamed to ''Mukunda Murari''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cineloka.co.in/latest-news/krishna-nee-begane-baaro-is-now-mukunda-murari.html|title='Krishna Nee Begane Baaro' is Now 'Mukunda Murari'|publisher=Cineloka|date=27 January 2016|accessdate=1 September 2016|archive-date=24 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924081805/http://www.cineloka.co.in/latest-news/krishna-nee-begane-baaro-is-now-mukunda-murari.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Casting===
After having roped in Upendra and Sudeepa to play the protagonist roles, the makers were on the search for the female lead and approached actress [[Prema (actress, born 1977)|Prema]], hoping to bring her back to the screen after a long hiatus. Later [[Priyanka Upendra]]'s name was also considered for this role. However, actress [[Nikita Thukral]] was finalized to play the wife role to Upendra.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2016/nikita-thukral-to-play-wife-of-upendra-in-multistarrer-mukunda-murari-216009.html|title=Nikita Thukral To Play Wife Of Upendra In Multi-Starrer 'Mukunda Murari'|publisher=Filmibeat|date=17 February 2016}}</ref> Further, actresses' names such as [[Ramya Krishnan]], [[Sadha]], and [[Nidhi Subbaiah]] were reported to play key supporting roles. Since none of these actresses were available, [[Ishita Vyas]] and Kaavya Shah were roped in to play those roles. The director went on to cast [[P. Ravi Shankar]] and [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] to play other key roles.

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Mukunda Murari
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Arjun Janya]]
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt =
| caption = Soundtrack cover
| released = {{Start date|2016|10|16|df=yes}}
| recorded = 2016
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 17:58
| label = D Beats
| language = [[Kannada]]
| producer = [[Arjun Janya]]
| prev_title = [[Kalpana 2]]
| prev_year = 2016
| next_title = [[Hebbuli]]
| next_year = 2017
}}

[[Arjun Janya]] had composed the soundtrack and score for the film collaborating with [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] for the third time after [[Super Ranga]] (2014), [[Kalpana 2]] (2016) and [[Sudeep]] for fourth time after [[Kempe Gowda (film)|Kempe Gowda]] (2011), [[Varadanayaka]] (2013) and [[Maanikya]] (2014). A total of four songs and one instrumental track were composed by him.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/news/13889-mukunda-murari-audio-release-on-sunday.html|title=Mukunda Murari Audio Release On Sunday|publisher=Chitraloka|date=15 October 2016|access-date=20 October 2016|archive-date=21 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921144422/http://www.chitraloka.com/news/13889-mukunda-murari-audio-release-on-sunday.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The audio was officially released on 16 October 2016 through the D Beats Music label.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://123music.site/mukunda-murari-2016-kannada-songs/|title=Mukunda Murari (2016) Kannada Songs|publisher=Filmibeat|accessdate=5 August 2016|date=29 July 2016}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 17:58
| title1 = Gopala Baa
| lyrics1 = [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]
| extra1 = [[Vijay Prakash]], [[Palak Muchhal]], [[Chintan Vikas]]
| length1 = 3:39
| title2 = Mukunda Murari
| lyrics2 = V. Nagendra Prasad
| extra2 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| length2 = 5:21
| title3 = I Am God God is Great
| lyrics3 = [[Yogaraj Bhat]]
| extra3 = [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]]
| length3 = 4:00
| title4 = Sri Krishna Flute
| lyrics4 = Instrumental
| extra4 = Kamlakar (Flute)
| length4 = 2:03
| title5 = Mukunda Theme
| lyrics5 = Various
| extra5 = Various
| length5 = 2:45
|note1=|writer1=|note2=|writer2=|note3=|writer3=|note4=|writer4=}}

==Release==
The film was released in over 250 screens on 28 October 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/mukunda-murari-box-office-collection-sudeep-upendra-starrer-grosses-over-rs-10-crore-first-week-702655|title=Mukunda Murari box office collection: Sudeep, Upendra-starrer grosses over Rs 10 crore in first week|date=5 November 2016}}</ref>

===Box office===
The film was released on the occasion of [[Diwali|Deepavali]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/mukunda-murari-box-office-collection-sudeep-upendra-starrer-grosses-over-rs-10-crore-first-week-702655|title=Mukunda Murari box office collection: Sudeep, Upendra-starrer grosses over Rs 30 crore in first week|date=5 November 2016}}</ref> The film ran for 50 days in theaters.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/news/14118-mukunda-murari-and-santhu-straight-forward-completes-50-days.html|title=Mukunda Murari And Santhu Straight Forward Completes 50 Days|work=Chitrolka|date=16 December 2016|access-date=8 February 2017|archive-date=26 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126111234/https://www.chitraloka.com/news/14118-mukunda-murari-and-santhu-straight-forward-completes-50-days.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==

'''[[IIFA Utsavam]] :-'''
* ''Best Villain Kannada'' (2016) - [[P. Ravishankar]] - '''Nominated'''
* ''Best Lyricist Kannada'' (2016) - [[V. Nagendra Prasad]] for the song "Neene Raama Neene Shyama" - '''Nominated'''

'''[[64th Filmfare Awards South]] :-'''
* ''[[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Kannada|Best Lyrics - Kannada]]'' (2016) - [[V. Nagendra Prasad]] for the song "Neene Raama Neene Shyama" - '''Nominated''' <ref>Filmfare Awards South 2016:
* {{cite web|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/news/14840-which-films-are-there-for-filmfare-nominations.html|title=ಈ ವರ್ಷದ ಫಿಲ್ಮ್ಫೇರ್ ನಾಮಿನೇಷನ್ನಲ್ಲಿ ಯಾರ್ಯಾರಿದ್ದಾರೆ?|publisher=chitraloka.com}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2017/kannada/nominations/best-lyrics|title=NOMINATIONS FOR Filmfare Awards South 2017 - Best Lyrics|publisher=filmfare.com}}</ref>
* ''[[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Kannada|Best Male Playback Singer – Kannada]]'' (2016) - [[Shankar Mahadevan]] for the song "Neene Raama Neene Shyama" - '''Nominated''' <ref>Filmfare Awards South 2016:
* {{cite web|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/news/14840-which-films-are-there-for-filmfare-nominations.html|title=ಈ ವರ್ಷದ ಫಿಲ್ಮ್ಫೇರ್ ನಾಮಿನೇಷನ್ನಲ್ಲಿ ಯಾರ್ಯಾರಿದ್ದಾರೆ?|publisher=chitraloka.com}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2017/kannada/nominations/best-playback-singer-male|title=NOMINATIONS FOR Filmfare Awards South 2017 - Best Playback Singer (Male)|publisher=filmfare.com}}</ref>

'''[[6th South Indian International Movie Awards]] :-'''
* ''Best Actress In A Supporting Role - Kannada'' (2016) - Kaavya Sha - '''Nominated''' (result pending)
* ''Best Actor In A Negative Role - Kannada'' (2016) - [[P. Ravishankar]] - '''Nominated''' (result pending)
* ''Best Lyricist - Kannada'' (2016) - [[V. Nagendra Prasad]] for the song "Neene Raama Neene Shyama" - '''Nominated''' (result pending)
* ''Best Music Director - Kannada'' (2016) - [[Arjun Janya]] - '''Nominated''' (result pending)

==See also==
* ''[[OMG - Oh My God!]]''
* ''[[Gopala Gopala (2014 film)|Gopala Gopala]]''
* ''[[The Man Who Sued God]]''
* [[Religious satire]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|5465216}}

{{Nanda Kishore}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukunda Murari}}
[[Category:2016 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2010s fantasy comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian satirical films]]
[[Category:Films about lawsuits against God]]
[[Category:Indian courtroom films]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian religious comedy films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Arjun Janya]]
[[Category:Films directed by Nanda Kishore]]
[[Category:2016 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:Films about Krishna]]
[[Category:Hinduism in popular culture]]
[[Category:Films with atheism-related themes]]
[[Category:Hindu mythology in popular culture]]

Nandshankar Mehta

2026-03-16T15:50:01Z

UteCansler: new a details!

{{Short description|Indian Gujarati novelist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Nandshankar Mehta
| honorific_prefix = [[Rao Bahadur]]
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Mehta Nandshankar Tuljashankar
| birth_date = {{birth date|1835|4|21|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Surat]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1905|7|17|1835|4|21|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Surat]], [[British India]]
| occupation = Novelist, social reformer
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| nationality = [[India]]n
| education =
| alma_mater =
| period =
| movement =
| notablework = ''[[Karan Ghelo]]'' (1866)
| spouse = Nandagauri
| children = [[Manubhai Mehta]] Vinayak Mehta
| relatives = [[Hansa Jivraj Mehta]] (granddaughter) 
[[Sumant Mehta]] (grandson)
| signature =
| years_active =
}}
'''Nandshankar Tuljashankar Mehta''' (21 April 1835 – 17 July 1905) was an Indian [[Gujarati language]] author and social reformer. He is known for ''[[Karan Ghelo]]'', the first original novel in Gujarati.<ref name="wg">{{Cite web|title=પહેલી ગુજરાતી નવલકથા 'કરણ ઘેલો' : ઉંમર વર્ષ ૧૫૦|url=http://webgurjari.in/2016/01/24/1st-gujarati-novel-karan-ghelo-is-now-i50-years-old/|language=gu|date=24 January 2016|access-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330120206/http://webgurjari.in/2016/01/24/1st-gujarati-novel-karan-ghelo-is-now-i50-years-old/|archive-date=30 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=પહેલી ગુજરાતી નવલકથાના લેખક|url=http://bombaysamachar.com/frmStoryShow.aspx?sNo=46568|access-date=5 March 2016|language=gu|work=[[Mumbai Samachar]]|archive-date=1 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401055404/http://bombaysamachar.com/frmStoryShow.aspx?sNo=46568|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="dna">{{Cite web|title=Book Review: 'Karan Ghelo'– Gujarat's 'Game of Thrones'|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-book-review-karan-ghelo-gujarat-s-game-of-thrones-2097459|date=21 June 2015|access-date=5 March 2016}}</ref>

== Life ==
Nandshankar Mehta was born on 21 April 1835 at [[Surat]] to [[Nagar Brahmin]] family of Gangalaxmi and Tuljashankar Mehta. He started his studies in English medium school at the age of ten. After marriage to Nandagauri in 1855, he joined the same school as an assistant master.<ref name="VM2016">{{cite web | last1=Vatsal | first1=Tulsi | last2=Mukherji | first2=Aban | title='Karan Ghelo': Translating a Gujarati classic of love and passion, revenge and remorse | website=Scroll.in | date=15 March 2016 | url=http://scroll.in/article/764549/karan-ghelo-translating-a-gujarati-classic-of-love-and-passion-revenge-and-remorse | access-date=18 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315212752/http://scroll.in/article/764549/karan-ghelo-translating-a-gujarati-classic-of-love-and-passion-revenge-and-remorse|archive-date=15 March 2016}}</ref>

In 1858, he became the first Indian headmaster of the school. Later he was appointed the principal of the Teachers’ Training College in Surat where he served till 1867. Sir [[Theodore Hope]], a member of Government Textbooks’ Committee who had joined the [[Surat Municipal Corporation|Surat Municipality]] convinced Mehta to join [[Indian Civil Service]]. He joined the Revenue Department as a Mamlatdar of [[Ankleshwar]]. He also served as the  [[Dewan]] of [[Cutch State]] in 1880 and the Assistant Political Agent at [[Godhra]] in 1883.<ref name="wg"/><ref name="VM2016"/> He was awarded [[Rao Bahadur]] in 1877.

He was a social and religious reformer who was educated in western academics. He was closely associated with several social organisations which were involved in education of women; widow remarriage; abolishing caste ban on foreign travel; opposition of [[untouchability]], superstitions and supernatural. He, along with other reformers like [[Durgaram Mehta]], [[Dalpatram]] and two other colleagues; established the [[Manav Dharma Sabha]] dedicated to social and religious reforms. He was also a member of the Buddhivardhak Sabha which was established in [[Bombay]] in 1851.<ref name="VM2016"/>

After retirement in 1890, he worked with several organisations. He died on 17 July 1905 in Surat.<ref name="VM2016"/> He was the father of [[Manubhai Mehta]] and the grandfather of [[Hansa Jivraj Mehta|Hansa Mehta]].<ref name="Gujarati Vishwakosh">{{cite book |last=Trivedi |first=Shraddha |title=Gujarati Vishwakosh (Gujarati Encyclopedia) |volume=15 |year=2002 |location=Ahmedabad |publisher=[[Gujarati Vishwakosh|Gujarati Vishwakosh Trust]] |page=540 |oclc=248968453}}</ref> He was also maternal grandfather of [[Sumant Mehta]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/news/MGUJ-VAD-HMU-MAT-latest-vadodara-news-040502-2092817-NOR.html|title=૨૦મા સૈકાના ગુજરાતનો અરીસો : ડો.સુમંત મહેતા (1877-1968)|last=Vaghela|first=Arun|date=2018-07-01|website=[[Divya Bhaskar]]|language=gu|trans-title=The Mirror 20th Century Gujarat: Dr. Sumant Mehta (1877-1968)|access-date=2019-02-21}}</ref>

== Works ==
He wrote his only novel ''[[Karan Ghelo]]'' which he started in 1863 and completed in 1866. The novel depicts [[Karna (Vaghela dynasty)|Karan Vaghela]], the last Rajput ruler of Gujarat (c.1296 - 1304) who was defeated by the Turkish forces of [[Alauddin Khilji]] in 1298.<ref name="wg"/><ref name="VM2016"/><ref name="Das2000">{{cite book|author=Sisir Kumar Das|title=History of Indian Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sHklK65TKQ0C&pg=PA201|year=2000|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-7201-006-5|pages=201, 386}}</ref>

He translated [[R. G. Bhandarkar]]’s ''Sanskrit Margopadeshika'' and an English textbook on [[trigonometry]] into Gujarati. He had written several articles in newspapers. His son, Vinayak Mehta, had written his biography.<ref name="dna"/><ref name="VM2016"/>

==See also==
* [[List of Gujarati-language writers]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{GujLit author}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mehta, Nandshankar}}
[[Category:Gujarati-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:1835 births]]
[[Category:People from Surat]]
[[Category:1905 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian reformers]]
[[Category:Rai Bahadurs]]
[[Category:Indian historical novelists]]
[[Category:Novelists from British India]]
[[Category:People from Bombay Presidency]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:Novelists from Gujarat]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Mehta family|Nandshankar]]

Rajendra Shah (poet)

2026-03-14T19:22:58Z

UteCansler: put up the entry nd citations!

{{Short description|Indian lyrical poet and author}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{for|the Indian cricketer|Rajendra Shah (cricketer)}}
{{Infobox writer
|imagesize = 180px
| name = Rajendra Shah
| image = RajendraShahPic.jpg
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1913|1|28|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kapadvanj]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2010|1|2|1913|1|28|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| occupation = Author
| nationality = Indian
| period = 1947-2003
| alma_mater = [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda|MSU Baroda]]
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
|notableworks ={{plainlist|
* ''Dhvani'' (1951)
* ''Shant Kolahal'' (1962)
}}
|awards ={{plainlist|
* [[Kumar Chandrak]] (1947)
* [[Ranjitram Suvarna Chandrak]] (1956)
* [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (1963)
* [[Sahitya Gaurav Puraskar]] (1992)
* [[Narsinh Mehta Award]] (1999)
* [[Jnanpith Award]] (2001)
}}
| signature =
| website =
}}

'''Rajendra Keshavlal Shah''' (28 January 1913 – 2 January 2010) was an Indian [[Gujarati language|Gujarati-language]] poet from [[Gujarat]], India. Born in [[Kapadvanj]], he authored more than 20 collections of poems and songs, mainly on the themes of the beauty of nature, and about the everyday lives of indigenous peoples and fisherfolk communities. In his poems using Sanskrit metrics, he was influenced by [[Rabindranath Tagore]]. He is considered one of the giants of the post-[[Gandhism|Gandhi]] era in [[Gujarati literature]].<ref name="frontline">{{cite journal
| url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2016/stories/20030815000807900.htm
| title=In love with the world
| author=Mehta, Deepak B.
| journal=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]
|date=August 2003
| volume=20
| issue=16}}</ref>

Among his various professions, Shah was also a publisher in [[Mumbai]], where he launched the poetry magazine ''[[Kavilok]]'' in 1957.<ref name="akademi">{{cite encyclopedia | title=Shah, Rajendra Keshavlal
| encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature
| publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]
| editor=Lal, Mohan
| year=1992
| volume=5
| edition=2001
| location=[[Delhi]]
| pages=3944–45}}</ref> The press itself became an important Sunday meeting-place for Gujarati poets. Apart from writing poetry, Shah also translated into Gujarati Tagore's poetry collection ''Balaaka''; [[Jayadeva|Jayadeva]]'s ''[[Gita Govinda]]''; [[Samuel Taylor Coleridge|Coleridge]]'s ''[[The Rime of the Ancient Mariner]]''; and [[Dante]]'s ''[[The Divine Comedy]]''.<ref name="outlook">{{cite interview
| url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?220853
| title='I Write What My Inner Voice Says'
| date=25 July 2003
| access-date=9 January 2013
| last=Shah
| first=Rajendra Keshavlal
| interviewer=Darshan Desai
| work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]}}</ref> Shah received the [[Jnanpith Award]] for 2001.

==Biography==
Shah was born in 1913 in [[Kapadvanj]], a town in the erstwhile [[Bombay Presidency]] of [[British India]] (in present-day [[Kheda district]] of [[Gujarat]], India). After attending [[Wilson College, Mumbai|Wilson College]] in [[Mumbai]], he graduated with a degree in philosophy from the [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]]. Shah's first poem came in print in ''Wilsonian'', the college magazine of the Wilson College, in 1933.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Oza |first1=Nandini |title=His poetry is from 'within' |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/july27/sl6.asp |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=22 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031227093355/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/july27/sl6.asp |archive-date=27 December 2003 |date=27 July 2003}}</ref>

In 1930, he discontinued from the study, as he was arrested in [[Civil disobedience movement]] and sentenced to the jail. In 1931, he married Manjula Agrawal.<ref name=SahityAkademi>{{cite web
|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/library/meettheauthor/rajendra_shah.pdf
|title=Meet the Author: Rajendra Shah
|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]
|access-date=19 September 2017}}</ref>
Later, in 1934, he earned his bachelor's degree in [[philosophy]] from The [[Maharaja Sayajirao University]] of [[Baroda]], and thereafter, started his career by teaching school students in [[Ahmedabad]].<ref name="Kothari">{{cite book
| title=Modern Gujarati Poetry: A Selection
| publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]
| author=Suguna Ramanathan and Rita Kothari
| year=1998
| location=[[New Delhi]]
| page=85
| isbn=81-260-0294-8}}</ref>

He died on 2 January 2010 in Mumbai.<ref name="DeshGujarat News from Gujarat 2010">{{cite web | title=Gujarati poet Rajendra Shah(97) passes away | website=DeshGujarat News from Gujarat | date=2010-01-03 | url=http://deshgujarat.com/2010/01/03/gujarati-poet-rajendra-shah97-passes-away/ | access-date=2017-02-09}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==

=== Poetry collections ===
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* ''Dhvani'' (1951)
* ''Andolan'' (1952)
* ''Shruti'' (1957)
* ''Morpinchh'' (1959)
* ''Shant Kolahal'' (1962)
* ''Chitrana'' (1967)
* ''Kshan je Chirantan'' (1968)
* ''Vishadne Saad'' (1968)
* ''Madhyama'' (1978)
* ''Ikshana'' (1979)
* ''Udgiti'' (1979)
* ''Patralekha'' (1981)
* ''Prasang Saptak'' (1982)
* ''Dwasupama'' (1983)
* ''Panch Parva'' (1983)
* ''Vibhavan'' (1983)
* ''Chandan Bhini and Anamik'' (1987)
* ''Aranyak'' (1992)<ref name="hindu">{{cite news
| url=https://www.thehindu.com/2003/07/18/stories/2003071803681200.htm
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030918132847/http://www.thehindu.com/2003/07/18/stories/2003071803681200.htm
| url-status=dead
| archive-date=18 September 2003
| title=Third Gujarati to win Jnanpith
| newspaper=[[The Hindu]]
| date=18 July 2003
| access-date=12 October 2018
| location=[[New Delhi]]}}</ref>
* ''Smritisamvedana'' (1998)
* ''Virahmadhuri'' (1999)
* ''Vrajvaikunthe'' (2002)
* ''Ha... Hu Sakshi Chhu''' (2003)
* ''Premno Paryay'' (2004)
* ''Aa Gagan'' (2005)
{{div col end}}

== Awards ==
[[File:Poet Rajendra Keshavlal Shah Library Ahmedabad.jpg|thumb|Kavi Rajendra Keshavlal Shah Library located near Himmatlal Park in Ahmedabad]]
He won [[Kumar Chandrak]] in 1947, [[Ranjitram Suvarna Chandrak]] in 1956.
He received [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (1963) for his book ''Shant Kolahal''.<ref name="akademi2">{{cite encyclopedia | title=Shant Kolahal| encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature| publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]| author = Jani, Jyotish| editor=Lal, Mohan| year=1992|volume=5| edition=2001| location=[[Delhi]]| pages=3972}}</ref> He is also a recipient of Aurobindo Suvarna Chandrak presented (1980) by [[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]], [[Sahitya Gaurav Puraskar]] (1992) and [[Narsinh Mehta Award]] (1999). He received [[Jnanpith Award]], considered to be India's highest literary award, in 2001. The judges noted, "his intensity of emotion and innovation in form and expression which set him apart as a poet of great significance. The mystical tone of his poetry stems from the tradition of great medieval masters like [[Narsinh Mehta]], [[Kabir]] and [[Akho]]."<ref name="toi">{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-07-19/india/27209303_1_poems-printing-press-award|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216065724/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-07-19/india/27209303_1_poems-printing-press-award|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 February 2013|title=At 90, Jnanpith winner Rajendra creative as ever|author=Mehta, Harit|date=19 July 2003|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=9 January 2013|location=[[Ahmedabad]]}}</ref><ref name="outlook"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Gujarati Vishwakosh}}

{{Jnanpith Award}}
{{SahityaAkademiFellowship}}
{{Sahitya Akademi Award for Gujarati}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shah, Rajendra Keshavlal}}
[[Category:1913 births]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language poets]]
[[Category:Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:Indian editors]]
[[Category:Writers from Gujarat]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Jnanpith Award]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ranjitram Suvarna Chandrak]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Gujarati]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]]
[[Category:Translators of Dante Alighieri]]

Ministry of Woman and Child Development (Maharashtra)

2026-03-07T10:57:23Z

UteCansler:

{{Short description|Government department of Maharashtra, India}}{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Ministry Woman and Child Development
 [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| nativename = '''मंत्रालय महिला व बालविकास विभाग महाराष्ट्र शासन '''
| nativename_a =
| nativename_r =
| type =
| seal = File:Seal of Maharashtra.svg
| seal_width = 200
| seal_caption = [[Emblem of Maharashtra|Seal of the state of Maharashtra]]
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| picture = File:Mantralay of Mumbai, Administrative Headquarters 03.jpg
| picture_width =
| picture_caption = Building of Administrative Headquarters of Mumbai
| formed = {{Start date and age|1960}}
| preceding1 = Department of School Education
| preceding2 = 
| dissolved =
| jurisdiction = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]]
| headquarters = [[Mantralaya, Mumbai]]
| coordinates =
| motto =
| employees =
| budget = State budget of Government of Maharashtra
| minister1_name = '''[[Aditi Sunil Tatkare]]'''
| minister1_pfo = [[Government of Maharashtra|Cabinet Minister]]
| deputyminister2_name = '''[[Meghana Bordikar]]'''
| deputyminister2_pfo = [[Government of Maharashtra|Minister of State]] 
| chief1_name = -
| chief1_position = Principal Secretary
| chief2_name = -
| chief2_position = Joint Secretary
| chief3_name = -
| chief3_position = Deputy Secretary
| chief4_name =
| chief4_position =
| chief5_name =
| chief5_position =
| chief6_name =
| chief6_position =
| chief7_name =
| chief7_position =
| chief8_name =
| chief8_position =
| chief9_name =
| chief9_position =
| parent_department =
| parent_agency =
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency = 
| keydocument1 = 
| website =
| map =
| map_width =
| map_caption =
| footnotes =
| agency_type =
}}

{{Renewable energy}}
'''Ministry of Woman and Child Development Department, Maharashtra''' is a Ministry of [[Government of Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women & Child Welfare Department {{!}} Thane District, Govt. of Maharashtra {{!}} India |url=https://thane.nic.in/en/women-child-welfare-department/ |access-date=2026-03-01 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-14 |title=Women and child ministry steps up efforts to address malnutrition across Maharashtra |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/women-and-child-ministry-steps-up-efforts-to-address-malnutrition-across-maharashtra-6596144/ |access-date=2026-03-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

The Ministry is headed by a [[Government of Maharashtra|cabinet level minister]]. '''[[Aditi Sunil Tatkare]]''' is the current Minister of Woman and Child Development.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tirodkar |first=Amey |date=2024-12-02 |title=How Maharashtra’s Ladki Bahin Scheme Transformed Women’s Political Power {{!}} Aditi Tatkare Interview |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/politics/maharashtra-assembly-election-2024-ladki-bahin-scheme-women-empowerment-aditi-tatkare-interview/article68937937.ece |access-date=2026-03-01 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-08 |title=Guardian minister post just a small part, says Aditi Tatkare |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolhapur/guardian-minister-post-just-a-small-part-says-aditi-tatkare/articleshow/123174030.cms |access-date=2026-03-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Head office==
{{Infobox political post
| insignia = Seal of Maharashtra (1).svg
| insigniasize = 150px
| insigniacaption = [[Emblem of India]]
| department = '''Ministry of Woman and Child Development (Maharashtra)'''
| style = [[The Honourable]]
| post = {{big|Minister of Woman and Child Development}} '''मंत्री महिला व बालविकास विभाग'''
|image=
| incumbent = [[Aditi Sunil Tatkare]]
| member_of = State Cabinet
| reports_to = '''[[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]''', 
'''[[Maharashtra Legislature]]'''
| seat = [[Mantralaya, Mumbai]]
| appointer = '''[[Governor of Maharashtra|Governor]]''' on the advice of the '''[[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]'''
| termlength = 5 years
| inaugural = '''Niramala Raje Bhosale''' 
(1960-1962)
| precursor = '''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' 
(2024-2024)
| deputy =
* '''[[Meghana Bordikar]]'''
| formation = 1 May 1960
| body =
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| flagsize = 110px
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]
| flagborder = yes
| website =
| abbreviation = Cabinet Minister
| incumbentsince = 21 December 2024
}}

==Cabinet Ministers==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Minister {{small|(Constituency)}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2"| Ministry
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Chief Minister
|-
!style="width:6em"| From
!style="width:6em"| To
!Period
|-
!colspan="10"| Minister of Woman and Child Development
|-
|01
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''D. S. Palaspagar''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 19 - [[Bhandara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|01 May}} 1960
|{{small|07 March}} 1962
!{{ayd|1960|05|01|1962|03|07}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Yashwantrao Chavan ministry (Maharashtra)|'''Yashwantrao I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Yashwantrao Chavan 2010 stamp of India.jpg|75px]] [[Yashwantrao Chavan]]
|-
|02
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Niramala Raje Bhosale''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Satara Constituency No. 268]]- [[Satara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|08 March}} 1962
|{{small|19 November}} 1962
!{{ayd|1962|03|08|1962|11|19}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Yashwantrao Chavan ministry|'''Yashwantrao II''']]
|-
|03
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Shantilal Shah]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Vile Parle Assembly constituency|Vile Parle Constituency No. 177]]- [[Mumbai Suburban District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|20 November}} 1962
|{{small|24 November}} 1963
!{{ayd|1962|11|20|1963|11|24}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Kannamwar ministry|'''Kannamwar l''']]
|[[Marotrao Kannamwar]]
|-
|04
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[P. K. Sawant]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Chiplun Assembly constituency|Chiplun Constituency No. 265]]- [[Ratnagiri District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Interim Chief Minister)
|{{small|25 November}} 1962
|{{small|04 December}} 1963
!{{ayd|1962|11|25|1962|12|04}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[P. K. Sawant ministry|'''Sawant''']]
|[[P. K. Sawant]]
|-
|05
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| '''Niramala Raje Bhosale''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Satara Constituency No. 268]]- [[Satara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|05 December}} 1963
|{{small|01 March}} 1967
!{{ayd|1963|12|05|1967|03|01}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao I''']]
|rowspan="6" |[[File:Vasantrao Naik portrait.jpg|75px]] [[Vasantrao Naik]]
|-
|06
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Sadashiv Govind Barve]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Shivajinagar, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Shivajinagar Constituency No. 209]]- [[Pune District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|01 March}} 1967
|{{small|27 October}} 1969
!{{ayd|1967|03|01|1969|10|27}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao II''']]
|-
|07
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Nirmala Raje Bhosale''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Satara Constituency No. 268]]- [[Satara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|27 October}} 1969
|{{small|13 March}} 1972
!{{ayd|1969|10|27|1972|03|13}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|08
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Anant Namjoshi]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Girgaon Assembly constituency|Girgaon Constituency No. 185]]- [[Mumbai City District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|13 March}} 1972
|{{small|04 April}} 1973
!{{ayd|1972|03|13|1973|04|14}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="3" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao III''']]
|-
|09
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Hari Govindrao Vartak]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Bassein-Vasai Constituency No. 180]]- [[Palghar district|Palghar District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|04 April}} 1973
|{{small|17 Match}} 1974
!{{ayd|1973|04|04|1974|03|17}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|10
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:The President of India, Smt. Pratibha Patil.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Pratibha Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Jalgaon City Assembly constituency|Jalgaon City Constituency No. 13]]- [[Jalgaon District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|17 Match}} 1974
|{{small|21 February}} 1975
!{{ayd|1974|03|17|1975|02|21}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|11
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:The President of India, Smt. Pratibha Patil.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Pratibha Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Jalgaon City Assembly constituency|Jalgaon City Constituency No. 13]]- [[Jalgaon District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|21 February}} 1975
|{{small|23 February}} 1976
!{{ayd|1975|02|21|1976|02|23}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Shankarrao Chavan ministry|'''Shankarrao I''']]
|rowspan="2"| [[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India.jpg|75px]] [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|-
|12
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Prabha Rau.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Prabha Rau]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pulgaon Assembly constituency|Pulgaon Constituency No. 41]]- [[Wardha District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|23 February}} 1976
|{{small|16 April}} 1977
!{{ayd|1976|02|23|1977|04|16}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|13
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Nashikrao Tirpude]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Bhandara Assembly constituency|Bhandara Constituency No. 61]]- [[Bhandara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|17 April }} 1977
|{{small|07 March}} 1978
!{{ayd|1977|04|17|1979|03|07}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#88CEEB"|[[First Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]] [[Vasantdada Patil]]
|-
|14
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Purushottam Dekate''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Umred Assembly constituency|Umred Constituency No. 51]]- [[Nagpur District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|07 March}} 1978
|{{small|18 July}} 1978
!{{ayd|1978|03|07|1978|07|18}}
|[[Indian National Congress (Indira)]]
| bgcolor="#A3A3FF"|[[Second Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada II''']]
|-
|15
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian Congress (Socialist)}}"|
|
|'''[[Govindrao Adik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Vaijapur Assembly constituency|Vaijapur Constituency No. 112]]- [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|18 July}} 1978
|{{small|17 February}} 1980
!{{ayd|1978|07|18|1980|02|17}}
|[[Indian Congress (Socialist)]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#66FF66"| [[First Pawar ministry|'''Pawar I''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:The Union Minister for Agriculture and Food Processing Industries, Shri Sharad Pawar addressing at the launch of the Sahana Group’s New Marathi Channel “Jai Maharashtra”, in Mumbai on April 27, 2013 (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|16
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Shalini Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Koregaon Assembly constituency|Koregaon Constituency No. 257]]- [[Satara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|09 June}} 1980
|{{small|21 January}} 1982
!{{ayd|1980|06|09|1982|01|21}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Antulay ministry|'''Antulay''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:A. R. Antulay with Shivraj Patil (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[A. R. Antulay|Abdul Rahman Antulay]]
|-
|17
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Sharadchandrika Suresh Patil''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Chopda Assembly constituency|Chopda Constituency No. 10]]- [[Jalgaon District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|21 January}} 1982
|{{small|02 February}} 1983
!{{ayd|1982|01|21|1983|02|02}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Bhosale ministry|'''Bhosale''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Babasaheb Bhosale.png|75px]] [[Babasaheb Bhosale]]
|-
|18
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Sudhakarrao Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad Constituency No. 81]]- [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|07 February}} 1983
|{{small|05 March}} 1985
!{{ayd|1983|02|07|1985|03|05}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada III''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]] [[Vasantdada Patil]]
|-
|19
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Surupsingh Hirya Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Navapur Assembly constituency|Navapur Constituency No. 04]]- [[Nandurbar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|12 March}} 1985
|{{small|03 June}} 1985
!{{ayd|1985|03|12|1985|06|03}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Fourth Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada IV''']]
|-
|20
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:SHRI SHIVAJIRAO BAPUSAHEB DESHMUKH.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Shivajirao Deshmukh]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 18 - [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|03 June}} 1985
|{{small|12 March}} 1986
!{{ayd|1985|06|03|1986|03|12}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Nilangekar ministry|'''Nilangekar''']]
|[[Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar]]
|-
|21
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Balachandra Bhai Sawant''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 09 - [[Ratnagiri District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|12 March}} 1986
|{{small|26 June}} 1988
!{{ayd|1986|03|12|1988|06|26}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1"bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Shankarrao Chavan ministry|'''Shankarrao II''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|-
|22
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Latur City Assembly constituency|Latur City Constituency No. 235]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|26 June}} 1988
|{{small|03 March}} 1990
!{{ayd|1988|06|26|1990|03|03}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Pawar ministry|'''Pawar II''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|23
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vijaysinh Mohite Patil 2014-05-19 00-16.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vijaysinh Mohite-Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Malshiras Assembly constituency|Malshiras Constituency No. 254]]- [[Solapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|04 March }} 1990
|{{small|25 June}} 1991
!{{ayd|1990|03|04|1991|06|25}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Pawar ministry|'''Pawar III''']]
|-
|24
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Pushpatai Hirey''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Malegaon Outer Assembly constituency|Dabhadi Constituency No. 74]]- [[Nashik District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|25 June}} 1991
|{{small|22 February}} 1993
!{{ayd|1991|06|25|1993|02|22}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Sudhakarrao Naik ministry|'''Sudhakarrao''']]
|rowspan="1" | [[Sudhakarrao Naik]]
|-
|25
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Pushpatai Hirey''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Malegaon Outer Assembly constituency|Dabhadi Constituency No. 74]]- [[Nashik District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|06 March}} 1993
|{{small|14 March}} 1995
!{{ayd|1993|03|06|1995|03|14}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Fourth Pawar ministry|'''Pawar IV''']]
|[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|26
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Shobhatai Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Saoli Assembly constituency|Saoli Constituency No. 82 ]]- [[Chandrapur district]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|14 March}} 1995
|{{small|01 February}} 1999
!{{ayd|1995|03|14|1999|02|01}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Manohar Joshi ministry|'''Joshi''']]
|rowspan="1" | [[File:Manohar Joshi cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Manohar Joshi]]
|-
|27
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|
|'''[[Chandrakant Khaire]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Aurangabad West Assembly constituency|Aurangabad West Constituency No. 108]]- [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Chhatrapati Sambhaji Nagar District]] Also Previously Known [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|01 February}} 1999
|{{small|11 May}} 1999
!{{ayd|1999|02|01|1999|05|11}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Narayan Rane ministry|'''Rane''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Narayan Rane (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Narayan Rane]]
|-
|28
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Shobhatai Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Saoli Assembly constituency|Saoli Constituency No. 82 ]]- [[Chandrapur district]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|11 May 1999}} 1999
|{{small|17 October}} 1999
!{{ayd|1999|05|11|1999|10|17}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|-
|29
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| '''[[Jaywantrao Awale]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Vadgaon Maval Constituency No. 192]]- [[Pune District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|19 October}} 1999
|{{small|09 September}} 2001
!{{ayd|1999|10|19|2001|09|09}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Deshmukh ministry|'''Deshmukh I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]] [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
|-
|30
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}"|
|
| '''[[Ganpatrao Deshmukh]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Sangola Assembly constituency|Sangola Constituency No. 235]]- [[Solapur District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|09 September}} 2001
|{{small|16 January}} 2003
!{{ayd|2001|09|09|2003|01|16}}
|[[Peasants and Workers Party of India]]
|-
|31
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Ranjeet Deshmukh.jpeg|80px]]
| '''[[Ranjeet Deshmukh]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 16 - [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|18 January}} 2003
|{{small|01 November}} 2004
!{{ayd|2003|01|11|2004|11|01}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Sushilkumar Shinde ministry|'''Sushilkumar''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Shri Sushilkumar Shinde, in New Delhi on August 06, 2009 (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Sushilkumar Shinde]]
|-
|32
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:R. R. Patil.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[R. R. Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Tasgaon-Kavathe Mahankal Assembly constituency|Tasgaon-Kavathe Mahankal Constituency No. 287]]- [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Deputy Chief Minister)
|{{small|01 November}} 2004
|{{small|09 November}} 2004
!{{ayd|2004|11|01|2004|11|09}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Deshmukh ministry|'''Deshmukh II''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]] [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
|-
|33
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|
| '''[[Ramraje Naik Nimbalkar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Phaltan Assembly constituency|Phaltan Constituency No. 255]]- [[Satara District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|09 November}} 2004
|{{small|01 December}} 2008
!{{ayd|2004|11|09|2008|12|01}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
|34
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Independent politician}}"|
|
| '''[[Madan Patil|Madan Vishwanath Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Sangli Assembly constituency|Sangli Constituency No. 285]]- [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|08 December}} 2008
|{{small|06 November}} 2009
!{{ayd|2008|12|08|2009|11|06}}
|[[Independent politician|Independent]] Supported party ([[Indian National Congress]])
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Ashok Chavan ministry|'''Ashok I''']]
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Ashok Chavan With Coat.jpeg|80px]] [[Ashok Chavan]]
|-
|35
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| '''[[Subhash Zanak]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Risod Assembly constituency|Risod Constituency No. 33]]- [[Washim District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|07 November}} 2009
|{{small|10 November}} 2010
!{{ayd|2009|11|07|2010|11|10}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Ashok Chavan ministry|'''Ashok II''']]
|-
|36
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| '''[[Varsha Gaikwad]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Dharavi Assembly constituency|Dharavi Constituency No. 178]]- [[Mumbai City District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|11 November}} 2010
|{{small|26 September}} 2014
!{{ayd|2010|11|11|2014|09|26}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Prithviraj Chavan ministry|'''Prithviraj''']]
|rowspan="1"| [[File:Prithviraj Chavan - India Economic Summit 2011.jpg|80px]] [[Prithviraj Chavan]]
|-
|37
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Pankja Gopinath Munde.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Pankaja Munde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Parli Assembly constituency|Parli Constituency No. 233]]- [[Beed District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|31 October}} 2014
|{{small|12 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2014|10|31|2019|11|12}}
|rowspan="1"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[First Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|38
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister) ''(In Charge)''
|{{small|23 November}} 2019
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|23|2019|11|28}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Second Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis II''']]
|-
|39
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Nitin Raut.jpeg|75px]]
|'''[[Nitin Raut]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur North Assembly constituency|Nagpur North Constituency No. 57]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|28|2019|12|30}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Thackeray ministry|'''Thackeray''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|-
|40
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Yashomati Chandrakant Thakur]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Teosa Assembly constituency|Teosa Constituency No. 39]]- [[Amravati District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
|{{small|29 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2019|12|30|2022|06|29}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|41
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}"|
| [[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Eknath Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kopri-Pachpakhadi Assembly constituency|Kopri-Pachpakhadi Constituency No. 147]]- [[Thane District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister) ''(In Charge)''
|{{small|30 June}} 2022
|{{small|14 August}} 2022
!{{ayd|2022|06|30|2022|08|14}}
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)]]
|rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Eknath Shinde ministry|'''Eknath''']]
|rowspan="3" |[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Eknath Shinde]]
|-
|42
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Mangal Prabhat Lodha.webp|75px]]
|'''[[Mangal Lodha]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Malabar Hill Assembly constituency|Malabar Hill Constituency No. 185]]- [[Mumbai City District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|14 August}} 2022
|{{small|14 July}} 2023
!{{ayd|2022|08|14|2023|07|14}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|43
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Aditi Sunil Tatkare]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Shrivardhan Assembly constituency|Shrivardhan Constituency No. 193]]- [[Raigad District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|14 July}} 2023
|{{small|26 November}} 2024
!{{ayd|2023|07|14|2024|11|26}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
|44
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief_Minister) ''In Charge''
|{{small|05 December}} 2024
|{{small|21 December}} 2024
!{{ayd|2024|12|05|2024|12|21}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Third Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis III''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|45
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Aditi Sunil Tatkare]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Shrivardhan Assembly constituency|Shrivardhan Constituency No. 193]]- [[Raigad District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|21 December}} 2024
|''Incumbent''
!{{ayd|2024|12|21}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|}

==Ministers of State ==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Deputy Minister {{small|(Constituency)}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2"| Ministry
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Minister
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Chief Minister
|-
!style="width:6em"| From
!style="width:6em"| To
!Period
|-
!colspan="11"| Deputy Minister of Woman and Child Development.
|-
!colspan="04"| ''''' Vacant'''''
|{{small|23 November}} 2019
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|23|2019|11|28}}
|NA
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Second Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis II''']]
|[[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|01
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Prahar Janshakti Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Omprakash Babarao Kadu]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Achalpur Assembly constituency|Achalpur Constituency No. 42]]- [[Amravati District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
|{{small|27 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2019|12|30|2022|06|27}}
|[[Prahar Janshakti Party]] Supported Party ([[Shiv Sena]])
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Thackeray ministry|'''Thackeray''']]
| rowspan="2"|[[Yashomati Chandrakant Thakur]]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|-
|02
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:Shri._Sanjay_Bansode.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Sanjay Bansode]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Udgir Assembly constituency|Udgir Constituency No. 237]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} ''Additional_Charge''
|{{small|27 June}} 2022
|{{small|29 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2022|06|27|2022|06|29}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
!colspan="04"| '''''Vacant'''''
|{{small|30 June}} 2022
|{{small|26 November}} 2024
!{{ayd|2022|06|30|2024|11|26}}
|NA
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Eknath Shinde ministry|'''Eknath''']]
|
*[[Eknath Shinde]] (2022 - 2022)
*[[Mangal Lodha]] (2022 - 2023)
*[[Aditi Sunil Tatkare]] (2023 - 2024)
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Eknath Shinde]]
|-
|03
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Meghana Bordikar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Jintur Assembly constituency|Jintur Constituency No. 95]]- [[Parbhani District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|21 December}} 2024
|''incumbent''
!{{ayd|2024|12|21}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Third Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis III''']]
| rowspan="1"| [[Aditi Sunil Tatkare]] (2024 – Present)
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{State agencies of Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Government ministries of Maharashtra]]

Maudgalyayana

2026-03-05T20:43:01Z

UteCansler: reworked details to improve readability and cleaned formatting

{{short description|One of the Buddha's foremost disciples}}
{{good article}}
{{Infobox religious biography |background = #FFD068 |name = |image=File:目連バストアップ.jpg|caption = 13th century sculpture of Maudgalyayana at Daihō’onji Temple, [[Kyoto]], [[Japan]] |alias = |dharma name = (Mahā) Moggallāna Thera, Maudgalyāyana Sthavira |birth_date = c. 6th-5th century BCE<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tobden Dorje |first1=Choying |title=The Complete Nyingma Tradition from Sutra to Tantra, Book 13: Philosophical Systems and Lines of Transmission |date=2017 |publisher=Shambhala Publications |isbn=9781559394604 |page=463 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pTA7DwAAQBAJ&q=Maudgalyāyana+6th+century}}</ref> |birth_place = Kolita village, [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] (today in the Indian State of [[Bihar]]) |death_date = c. 6th-5th century BCE |death_place = Kālasilā Cave, [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] |religion = [[Buddhism]] |school =all |lineage = |title = {{plainlist|
* Foremost disciple, left hand side chief disciple of [[Gautama Buddha]]
* Second chief disciple of Gautama Buddha
}} |location = |education = |teacher = [[Gautama Buddha]] |reincarnation of = |predecessor = |successor = |students = many, including [[Rāhula]] Thera or Rāhula Sthavira |parents = Mother: Moggalī, father: name unknown |spouse = |children = |website = }}
{{Buddhist term | title=''Maudgalyayana'' | pi= Moggallāna Thera | si= මහමුගලන් මහ රහතන් වහන්සේ | my=ရှင်မဟာမောဂ္ဂလာန်| sa= Maudgalyāyana Sthavira|zh=目連/摩诃目犍乾连 | zh-Latn=Mùlián/Móhēmùjiānqiánlián | ja=目犍連 | ja-Latn=Mokuren/Mokkenren | ko-Latn=Mongryŏn/Mokkŏllyŏn|ko=摩訶目犍連/目連| km=ព្រះមោគ្គលាន |km-Latn=Preah Mokkealean|ta=முகிலண்ணர்|ta-Latn= Mukilannar||th=พระโมคคัลลานะ|th-Latn=Phra Mokkhanlana|vi=Mục-kiền-liên|ti=Madgaliyani|mn=Molun Toyin|bo=མོའུ་འགལ་གྱི་བུ་ |bo-Latn=Mo'u 'gal gy i bu chen po|my-Latn=ʃɪ̀ɴməhàmaʊʔɡəlàɴ}}

'''Maudgalyāyana''' ({{langx|pi|'''Moggallāna'''}}), also known as '''Mahāmaudgalyāyana''' or by his birth name '''Kolita''', was one of [[Gautama Buddha|the Buddha]]'s closest disciples. Described as a contemporary of disciples such as [[Subhuti]], [[Śāriputra]] (''{{Langx|pi|Sāriputta}}''), and [[Mahākāśyapa]] ({{langx|pi|Mahākassapa}}), he is considered the second of the Buddha's two foremost male disciples, together with [[Śāriputra]]. Traditional accounts relate that Maudgalyāyana and Śāriputra become spiritual wanderers in their youth. After having searched for spiritual truth for a while, they come into contact with the Buddhist teaching through verses that have become widely known in the Buddhist world. Eventually they meet the Buddha himself and [[upasampada|ordain as monks]] under him. Maudgalyāyana attains [[Enlightenment in Buddhism|enlightenment]] shortly after that.

Maudgalyayana and Śāriputra have a deep spiritual friendship. They are depicted in [[Buddhist art]] as the two disciples that accompany the Buddha, and they have complementing roles as teachers. As a teacher, Maudgalyayana is known for his psychic powers, and he is often depicted using these in his teaching methods. In many early Buddhist canons, Maudgalyāyana is instrumental in re-uniting the [[sangha|monastic community]] after [[Devadatta]] causes a schism. Furthermore, Maudgalyāyana is connected with accounts about the making of the first Buddha image. Maudgalyāyana dies at the age of eighty-four, killed through the efforts of a rival sect. This violent death is described in Buddhist scriptures as a result of Maudgalyāyana's [[Karma in Buddhism|karma]] of having killed his own parents in a previous life.

Through post-canonical texts, Maudgalyāyana became known for his [[filial piety in Buddhism|filial piety]] through a popular account of him transferring his [[merit (Buddhism)|merits]] to his mother. This led to a tradition in many Buddhist countries known as the [[Ghost Festival|ghost festival]], during which people [[Merit transfer|dedicate their merits]] to their ancestors. Maudgalyāyana has also traditionally been associated with [[Buddhist meditation|meditation]] and sometimes [[Abhidharma]] texts, as well as the [[Dharmaguptaka]] school. In the nineteenth century, [[Relics of Sariputta and Moggallana|relics]] were found attributed to him, which have been widely venerated. His female counterpart was [[Uppalavanna|Utpalavarṇā]] ({{langx|pi|Uppalavaṇṇā}}).

== Person ==
In the [[Pali Canon]], it is described that Maudgalyāyana had a skin color like a blue lotus or a rain cloud. Oral tradition in Sri Lanka says that this was because he was born in [[Hell (Buddhism)|hell]] in many lifetimes {{see below|{{section link||Death}}}}.{{Sfn|Malalasekera|1937}}{{sfn|Karaluvinna|2002|p=452}} Sri Lankan scholar Karaluvinna believes that originally a {{em|dark}} skin was meant, not blue.{{sfn|Karaluvinna|2002|p=452}} In the [[Mahāsāṃghika]] Canon, it is stated that he was "beautiful to look at, pleasant, wise, intelligent, full of merits ...", as translated by [[André Migot|Migot]].{{sfn|Migot|1954|p=433}}

In some Chinese accounts, the clan name ''Maudgalyāyana'' is explained as referring to a legume, which was eaten by an ancestor of the clan.{{sfn|Teiser|1996|p=119}} However, the Indologist [[Ernst Windisch]] linked the figure of Maudgalyayana to the figure of Maudgalya (Mugdala) who appears in the Sanskrit epic [[Mahabharata]], which would explain the name. Windisch believed the account of the diviner Maudgalya had influenced that of Maudgalyayana, since both relate to a journey to heaven. Author [[Edward J. Thomas]] considered this improbable, though. Windisch {{em|did}} consider Maudgalyāyana a historical person.{{sfn|Thomas|1908|p=50}}

== Life ==
=== Meeting the Buddha ===

{{See also|Ye Dharma Hetu}}
According to [[Buddhist texts]], Maudgalyāyana is born in a family of the village Kolita (also known as Kulika, earlier thought to be modern day Kul{{sfn|Schumann|2004|p=94}} in [[Silao, Nalanda|Silao]] but now identified as Juafardih<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Ray|first1=Purnima|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GCxoS4dBto4C&q=%22Juafardih+can+be+identified+with+Kolita+or+Kulika+,+the+village+from+where+Maudgalyayana+had+originally+hailed%22|title=Remembering Stalwarts: Biographical Sketches of Scholars from Archaeological Survey of India|last2=Patil|first2=C. B.|date=2014|publisher=Director General, Archaeological Survey of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author1 =Saran, S.C. | author2 =Nikoshey, N.G. | author3 =Nayan, S. | author4 =Arif, A. | author5 =Saxena, N. | date =2008 | title = Excavations at Juafardih and its Identification with Kulika. | journal=Purātattva | volume= 38 |pages= 59–73}}</ref> near [[Nalanda]]), after which he is named. His mother is Mogallāni, and his father is the village chief.{{sfn|Malalasekera|1937}}{{sfn|Schumann|2004|p=94}} Kolita is born on the same day as Upatiṣya (''{{langx|pi|Upatissa}}''; later to be known as Śāriputra), and the two are friends from childhood.{{sfn|Malalasekera|1937}}<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MH4EAAAAYAAJ|title=Buddha and Buddhist synods in India and abroad|last=Thakur|first=Amarnath|page=66|year=1996|publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=9788170173175}}</ref>{{sfn|Rhys Davids|1908|pp=768–9}} Kolita and Upatiṣya develop an interest in the spiritual life when they are young. One day while they are watching a festival a [[samvega|sense of disenchantment and spiritual urgency]] overcomes them: they wish to leave the worldly life behind and start their spiritual life under the mendicant wanderer [[Sanjaya Belatthiputta|Sañjaya Vairatiputra]] (''{{langx|pi|Sañjaya Belatthiputta}}'').{{refn|According to some Chinese accounts, Maudgalyāyana waits until after his mother has died, and only after having mourned her for three years. But this may be a [[Confucian]] addition to the story.{{sfn|Ditzler|Pearce|Wheeler|2015|p=9}}|group=note}} In the [[Theravada|Theravāda]] and Mahāsāṃghika canons, Sañjaya is described as a teacher in the [[Philosophical skepticism#Ancient Indian skepticism|Indian Sceptic]] tradition, as he does not believe in knowledge or logic, nor does he answer speculative questions. Since he cannot satisfy Kolita and Upatiṣya's spiritual needs, they leave.{{sfn|Harvey|2013|p=14}}{{sfn|Buswell|Lopez|2013|pp=1012–3}}{{sfn|Migot|1954|p=434}} In the [[Mūlasarvāstivāda]] Canon, the [[Chinese Buddhist Canon]] and in [[Tibetan canon|Tibetan accounts]], however, he is depicted as a teacher with admirable qualities such as [[Abhinna|meditative vision]] and religious zeal. He falls ill though, and dies, causing the two disciples to look further. In some accounts, he even goes so far to predict the coming of the Buddha through his visions.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Lamotte|first=E.|title=La légende du Buddha|author-link=Étienne Lamotte|language=fr|trans-title=The legend of the Buddha|journal=Revue de l'histoire des religions|volume=134|issue=1–3|year=1947|doi=10.3406/rhr.1947.5599|pages=65–6}}</ref>{{sfn|Migot|1954|pp=430–2, 440, 448}}

Regardless, Kolita and Upatiṣya leave and continue their spiritual search, splitting up in separate directions. They make an agreement that the first to find the [[Amrita|"ambrosia" of the spiritual life]] will tell the other. What follows is the account leading to Kolita and Upatiṣya taking refuge under the Buddha, which is considered an ancient element of the textual tradition.{{sfn|Migot|1954|p=426}} Upatiṣya meets a Buddhist monk named [[Assaji|Aśvajit]] (''{{langx|pi|Assaji}}''), one of the first five disciples of the Buddha, who is walking to receive [[Alms#Buddhism|alms]] from devotees.{{sfn|Malalasekera|1937}}{{sfn|Schumann|2004|p=94}} In the Mūlasarvāstivāda version, the Buddha has sent him there to teach Upatiṣya.{{sfn|Migot|1954|p=432}} Aśvajit's serene deportment inspires Upatiṣya to approach him and learn more.{{sfn|Malalasekera|1937}}{{sfn|Skilling|2003|p=273}} Aśvajit tells him he is still newly ordained and can only teach a little. He then expresses the essence of the Buddha's teaching in these words:{{sfn|Rhys Davids|1908|p=768}}{{sfn|Buswell|Lopez|2013|p=77}}{{refn|group=note|Some schools, such as the [[Mahīśāsaka]] school, relate this verse differently, with one line about the [[emptiness (Buddhism)|emptiness]] of the Dharma.{{sfn|Migot|1954|pp=429, 439}}}}

{{cquote|Of all phenomena sprung from a cause
The Teacher the cause hath told;

And he tells, too, how each shall come to its end,

For such is the word of the Sage.|author=Translated by [[T. W. Rhys Davids]]{{sfn|Rhys Davids|1908}}}}

These words help Upatiṣya to attain [[Sotāpanna|the first stage on the Buddhist spiritual path]]. After this, Upatiṣya tells Kolita about his discovery and Kolita also attains the first stage. The two disciples, together with Sañjaya's five hundred students, go to [[Upasampada|ordain as monks]] under the Buddha in Veṇuvana (''[[Pali]]: {{lang|pi|Veḷuvana}}'').{{sfn|Skilling|2003|p=273}}{{sfn|Buswell|Lopez|2013|p=499}} From the time of their ordination, Upatiṣya and Kolita become known as Śāriputra and Maudgalyāyana, respectively, ''Maudgalyāyana'' being the name of Kolita's [[Gotra|clan]].{{sfn|Migot|1954|pp=412, 433}} After having ordained, all except Śāriputra and Maudgalyāyana attain ''[[arhat]]'' (''[[Pali]]'': ''{{lang|pi|arahant}}''; last stage of [[Enlightenment (Buddhism)|enlightenment]]).{{sfn|Rhys Davids|1908|p=768}}{{sfn|Buswell|Lopez|2013|p=499}} Maudgalyāyana and Śāriputra attain enlightenment one to two weeks later, Maudgalyāyana in [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]], in a village called Kallavala.{{sfn|Buswell|Lopez|2013|p=499}}{{sfn|Migot|1954|pp=451–3}} At that time, drowsiness is obstructing him from attaining further progress on the path. After he has a vision of the Buddha advising him how to overcome it, he has a breakthrough and attains enlightenment.{{sfn|Rhys Davids|1908|p=768}}{{sfn|Buswell|Lopez|2013|p=499}} In some accounts, it is said that he meditates on the [[Skandha#Eighteen Dhātus and Four Paramatthas|elements]] in the process.{{sfn|Migot|1954|pp=435, 438, 451}} In the [[Atthakatha|Commentary]] to the Pali [[Dhammapada]], the question is asked why the two disciples attain enlightenment more slowly than the other former students of Sañjaya. The answer given is that Śāriputra and Maudgalyāyana are like kings, who require a longer time to prepare for a journey than commoners. In other words, their attainment is of greater depth than the other students and therefore requires more time.{{sfn|Migot|1954|pp=451–3}}

Aśvajit's brief statement, known as the ''[[Ye Dharma Hetu]]'' stanza ("Of all phenomena..."), has traditionally been described as the essence of the Buddhist teaching, and is the most inscribed verse throughout the Buddhist world.{{sfn|Skilling|2003|p=273}}{{sfn|Rhys Davids|1908|p=768}}{{sfn|Buswell|Lopez|2013|p=77}} It can be found in all Buddhist schools,{{sfn|Schumann|2004|p=94}} is engraved in many materials, can be found on many Buddha statues and ''[[stupa|stūpas]]'' (structures with relics), and is used in their consecration rituals.{{sfn|Skilling|2003|p=273}}{{sfn|Carus|1905|p=180}} According to Indologist [[Hermann Oldenberg|Oldenberg]] and translator [[Thanissaro Bhikkhu]], the verses were recommended in one of [[Edicts of Ashoka|Emperor Asoka's edicts]] as subject of study and reflection.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Bhikkhu|first1=Thanissaro|author-link1=Thanissaro Bhikkhu|title=That the True Dhamma Might Last a Long Time: Readings Selected by King Asoka|url=http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/thanissaro/asoka.html|website=[[Access to Insight]] (Legacy Edition)|access-date=19 February 2017|date=1993|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028112019/https://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/thanissaro/asoka.html|archive-date=28 October 2017}}</ref>{{sfn|Migot|1954|p=413}}{{refn|Most scholars lean towards the interpretation that Emperor Asoka referred to the text ''Sariputta Sutta'' instead. However, this consensus is still considered tentative.{{sfn|Neelis|2011|pp=89–90 n72}}<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Wilson|title=Buddhist Inscription of King Priyadarśi: Translation and Observations|journal=[[Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland]]|date=1856|volume=16|pages=363–4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ugjW79P7gbIC|publisher=John W. Parker and Son|location=West Strand}}</ref>|group=note}} The role of the stanza is not completely understood by scholars. Apart from the complex nature of the statement, it has also been noted it has not anywhere been attributed to the Buddha in this form, which indicates it was Aśvajit's own summary or paraphrasing.<ref>{{cite journal|last=De Casparis|first=J.G.|year=1990|title=Expansion of Buddhism into South-east Asia|journal=Ancient Ceylon|issue=14|url=https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/sites/silkroad/files/knowledge-bank-article/expansion_of_buddhism_into_southeast_asia_0.pdf|page=2|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220171256/https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/sites/silkroad/files/knowledge-bank-article/expansion_of_buddhism_into_southeast_asia_0.pdf|archive-date=2017-02-20}}</ref>{{sfn|Skilling|2003|p=273}} Indologist [[T.W. Rhys Davids]] believed the brief poem may have made a special impression on Maudgalyāyana and Sariputta, because of the emphasis on causation typical for Buddhism.{{sfn|Rhys Davids|1908|p=768}} Philosopher [[Paul Carus]] explained that the stanza was a bold and [[iconoclastic]] response to [[Brahmanic]] traditions, as it "repudiates miracles of supernatural interference by unreservedly recognising the law of cause and effect as irrefragable",{{sfn|Carus|1905|p=180}} whereas Japanese Zen teacher [[D. T. Suzuki|Suzuki]] was reminded of the experience that is beyond the intellect, "in which one idea follows another in sequence finally to terminate in conclusion or judgment".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Suzuki|first1=D. T.|author-link1=D. T. Suzuki|title=Essays in Zen Buddhism|date=2007|publisher=[[Grove Atlantic]]|isbn=978-0-8021-9877-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dbSXGGG1HdwC}}</ref>{{sfn|Migot|1954|p=449}}

Although in the Pali tradition, Maudgalyāyana is described as an ''arhat'' who will no longer be reborn again, in the [[Mahayana|Mahayāna]] traditions this is sometimes interpreted differently. In the [[Lotus Sutra]], Chapter 6 (Bestowal of Prophecy), the Buddha is said to predict that the disciples [[Mahākāśyapa|Mahākasyapa]], [[Subhuti]], [[Katyayana (Buddhist)|Mahakatyayana]], and Maudgalyāyana will become [[Buddhahood|Buddhas]] in the future.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.bdkamerica.org/digital/dBET_T0262_LotusSutra_2007.pdf|title=The Lotus Sutra|last=Tsugunari|first=Kubo|publisher=Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research|year=2007|edition=revised 2nd|location=Berkeley, California|pages=109–11|translator-last=Akira|translator-first=Yuyama|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150521183528/http://www.bdkamerica.org/digital/dBET_T0262_LotusSutra_2007.pdf|archive-date=21 May 2015|isbn=978-1-886439-39-9}}</ref>{{sfn|Buswell|Lopez|2013|p=499}}

=== Śāriputra and Maudgalyāyana ===
[[File:Sariputra and Maudgalyayana become disciples of Buddha Roundel 31 buddha ivory tusk.jpg|left|thumb|upright=0.9|[[Śāriputra]] and Maudgalyāyana, together with Sañjaya's five hundred students, went to [[Upasampada|ordain as monks]] under the Buddha in Veṇuvana (''[[Pali]]: {{lang|pi|Veḷuvana}}'').{{sfn|Buswell|Lopez|2013|p=499}}]]
On the day of Maudgalyāyana's ordination, the Buddha allows him and Śāriputra to take the seats of the chief male [[Savaka|disciples]].{{sfn|Malalasekera|1937}} According to the Pali [[Buddhavamsa|Buddhavaṃsa]] text, each [[Buddha (title)|Buddha]] has had such a pair of chief disciples.{{sfn|Shaw|2013|p=455}} As they have just ordained, some other monks feel offended that the Buddha gives such honor to them. The Buddha responds by pointing out that seniority in the monkhood is not the only criterion in such an appointment, and explains his decision further by relating a story from the past.{{sfn|Malalasekera|1937}}<ref>{{cite news|last1=Epasinghe|first1=Premasara|title=Why Navam Poya is important?|url=http://www.island.lk/2010/01/29/features1.html|access-date=1 May 2017|work=[[The Island (Sri Lanka)]]|date=29 January 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170213053537/http://www.island.lk/2010/01/29/features1.html|archive-date=13 February 2017}}</ref> He says that both disciples [[Praṇidhāna|aspired]] many lifetimes ago to become chief disciples under him. They made such a resolution since the age of the previous [[Anomadassi Buddha|Buddha Aṇomadassī]], when Maudgalyāyana was a layman called Sirivadha. Sirivaddha felt inspired to become a chief disciple under a future Buddha after his friend, Śāriputra in a previous life, recommended that he do so. He then invited Buddha Aṇomadassī and the [[Sangha|monastic community]] (Saṃgha) to have food at his house for seven days, during which he made his resolution to become a chief disciple for the first time. Afterwards, he and Śāriputra continued to do good deeds for many lifetimes, until the time of [[Sakyamuni Buddha]].{{sfn|Malalasekera|1937}} After the Buddha appoints Maudgalyāyana as chief disciple, he becomes known as "Mahā-Maudgalyāyana", ''mahā'' meaning 'great'.{{sfn|Migot|1954}} This epithet is given to him as an honor, and to distinguish him from others of the same name.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://online.sfsu.edu/rone/Buddhism/maudgalyayana.htm#_ftn2|title=Mahāmaudgalyāyana Visits Another Planet: A Selection from the Scripture Which Is a Repository of Great Jewels|first=Ron|last=Epstein|journal=Religion East and West|issue=5|date=October 2005|at=note 2|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170502051513/http://online.sfsu.edu/rone/Buddhism/maudgalyayana.htm#_ftn2|archive-date=2017-05-02}}</ref>

Post-canonical texts describe Maudgalyāyana as the second chief male disciple, next to Śāriputra. The early canons agree that Śāriputra is spiritually superior to Maudgalyāyana, and their specializations are described as [[Iddhi|psychic powers]] (''{{langx|sa|ṛddhi}}, {{langx|pi|iddhi}}'') for Maudgalyāyana and [[Pañña|wisdom]] for Śāriputra.{{sfn|Migot|1954|pp=510–1}}{{Refn|Contradicting the fact that the canons state Śāriputra was spiritually the superior of Maudgalyāyana, in the popular traditions of China, Maudgalyāyana was actually more popular than Śāriputra, Maudgalyāyana often being depicted as a sorcerer.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uM8eAgAAQBAJ|last1=Mair|first1=Victor H.|editor1-last=Kieschnick|editor1-first=John|editor2-last=Shahar|editor2-first=Meir|encyclopedia=India in the Chinese imagination|title=Transformation as Imagination|date=2014|publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press]]|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-8122-0892-4|page=221 n.16|edition=1st}}</ref>|group=note}} In [[Buddhist art]] en [[Buddhist literature|literature]], Buddhas are commonly depicted with two main disciples (''[[Japanese language|Japanese]]'': {{transliteration|ja|niky ōji}}, ''[[Classical Tibetan]]'': {{transliteration|bo|mchog zung}}) at their side—in the case of Sakyamuni Buddha, the two disciples depicted are most often Maudgalyāyana and Śāriputra. Although there are different perspectives among different [[Buddhist texts|Buddhist canons]] as to the merits of each disciple, in all Buddhist canons, Maudgalyāyana and Śāriputra are recognized as the two main disciples of the Buddha. This fact is also confirmed by iconography as discovered in archaeological findings, in which the two disciples tend to be pictured attending their master.{{sfn|Migot|1954|pp=407, 416–7}} Moreover, Maudgalyāyana is often included in traditional lists of 'four great disciples' ({{zh|p=sida shengwen}}){{sfn|Buswell|Lopez|2013|pp=287, 456}} and eight ''arhats''.{{sfn|Shaw|2013|p=452}} Despite these widespread patterns in both scripture and archaeological research, it has been noted that in later iconography, [[Ānanda]] and Mahākasyapa are depicted much more, and Maudgalyāyana and Śāriputra are depicted much less.{{sfn|Migot|1954|pp=417–9, 477, 535}}

The lives of Maudgalyāyana and Śāriputra are closely connected. Maudgalyāyana and Śāriputra are born on the same day, and die in the same period. Their families have long been friends. In their student years, Maudgalyāyana and Śāriputra are co-pupils under the same teacher.{{sfn|Karaluvinna|2002|p=448}}{{sfn|Migot|1954|pp=433, 475}} After having helped each other to find the essence of the spiritual life, their friendship remains. In many ''[[sutra]]s'' they show high appreciation and kindness to one another.{{sfn|Malalasekera|1937}} For example, when Śāriputra falls ill, it is described that Maudgalyāyana used his psychic powers to obtain medicine for Śāriputra.{{sfn|Migot|1954|p=478}} Śāriputra is considered the wisest disciple of the Buddha, but Maudgalyāyana is second to him in wisdom.{{sfn|Malalasekera|1937}}{{sfn|Karaluvinna|2002|p=450}} The one thing that gives them a strong bond as spiritual friends is the love for the Buddha, which both express often.{{sfn|Karaluvinna|2002|p=451}}

=== Role in the community ===
Several teachings in the Pali Canon are traditionally ascribed to Maudgalyāyana, including several verses in the [[Theragatha]] and many ''sutras'' in the [[Samyutta Nikaya]]. Besides these, there are many passages that describe events in his life. He is seen as learned and wise in ethics, philosophy and meditation. When comparing Śāriputra with Maudgalyāyana, the Buddha uses the metaphor of a woman giving birth to a child for Śāriputra, in that he establishes new students in the first attainment on the spiritual path (''{{langx|pi|sotāpanna}}''). Maudgalyāyana, however, is compared with the master who trains the child up, in that he develops his students further along the path to enlightenment.{{sfn|Malalasekera|1937}}{{sfn|Rhys Davids|1908|p=769}}

[[File:SHAKA GOICHIDAIKI ZUE 1839 Maudgalyayana and Devadatta in hell.jpg|thumb|Maudgalyāyana and Devadatta in hell.Illustration by [[Hokusai]]]]
The Buddha is described in the texts as placing great faith in Maudgalyāyana as a teacher.{{sfn|Malalasekera|1937}} He often praises Maudgalyāyana for his teachings, and sometimes has Maudgalyāyana teach in his place.{{sfn|Karaluvinna|2002|p=250}}{{sfn|Schumann|2004|p=232}} Maudgalyāyana is also given the responsibility to train [[Rahula]], the Buddha's son. On another occasion, the Buddha has Maudgalyāyana announce a ban on a group of monks living in Kitigara, whose problematic behavior has become widely known in the area.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Brekke|first=Torkel|year=1997|title=The Early Saṃgha and the Laity|journal=Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies|volume=20|issue=2|page=28|url=https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/jiabs/article/viewFile/8863/2770|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506125319/https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/jiabs/article/viewFile/8863/2770|archive-date=2017-05-06}}</ref> Furthermore, Maudgalyāyana plays a crucial role during the [[Schism#Buddhism|schism]] caused by the disciple [[Devadatta]]. Through his ability to communicate with ''[[Deva (Buddhism)|devas]]'' (god-like beings), he learns that Devadatta was acting inappropriately. He obtains information that Devadatta is enjoining Prince [[Ajatashatru|Ajātasattu]] ({{langx|pi|link=no |Ajātasattu}}) for help, and the two form a dangerous combination. Maudgalyāyana therefore informs the Buddha of this.{{sfn|Schumann|2004|p=233}}{{sfn|Bareau|1991|p=93}} Later, when Devadatta has successfully created a split in the Buddhist community, the Buddha asks Maudgalyāyana and Śāriputra to convince Devadatta's following to reunite with the Buddha, which in the Pali account they are able to accomplish.{{sfn|Malalasekera|1937}}{{sfn|Mrozik|2004|p=487}}{{refn|group=note|In the [[Dharmaguptaka]], [[Sarvāstivāda]] and [[Mūlasarvāstivāda]] canons, it is their own proposal to go, for which they ask the Buddha his permission.{{sfn|Bareau|1991|p=111}}}} Because Devadatta believes they come to join his following, he lets his guard down. They then persuade the other monks to return while Devadatta is asleep. After the split off party has successfully been returned to the Buddha, Maudgalyāyana expresses astonishment because of Devadatta's actions. The Buddha explains that Devadatta had acted like this habitually, throughout many lifetimes. In the Vinaya texts of some canons, the effort at persuading the split off monks is met with obstinacy and fails. French Buddhologist [[André Bareau]] believes this latter version of the account to be historically authentic, which he further supports by the report of the Chinese pilgrim [[Xuan Zang]], twelve centuries later, that Devadatta's sect had still continued to exist.{{sfn|Bareau|1991|pp=92, 103–104, 124}}

=== Teaching through psychic powers ===
[[File:076 The Defeat of Nandopananda (9022032670).jpg|thumb|250px|left|Defeat of Nandopananda. Wat Olak Madu, [[Kedah]].]]
In the [[Anguttara Nikaya|Aṅguttara Nikāya]], Maudgalyāyana is called foremost in psychic powers, a title he shares with his female counterpart [[Uppalavanna|Utpalavarṇā]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Therī|first=Tathālokā|title=The Amazing Transformations of Arahant Theri Uppalavanna|url=http://www.bhikkhuni.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Transformations-of-Arahant-Theri-Uppalavanna1.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017105311/http://www.bhikkhuni.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Transformations-of-Arahant-Theri-Uppalavanna1.pdf|archive-date=2015-10-17|access-date=2019-09-26|website=bhikkhuni.et}}</ref>{{sfn|Karaluvinna|2002|p=449}}{{sfn|Buswell|Lopez|2013|p=498}} In teaching, Maudgalyāyana relies much on such powers. Varying accounts in the Pali Canon show Maudgalyāyana travelling to and speaking with ''[[pretas]]'' (spirits in [[Hell (Buddhism)|unhappy destinations]]) in order to explain to them their horrific conditions. He helps them understand their own suffering, so they can be released from it or come to terms with it. He then reports this to the Buddha, who uses these examples in his teachings.{{sfn|Malalasekera|1937}}{{sfn|Mrozik|2004|p=487}} Similarly, Maudgalyāyana is depicted as conversing with ''devas'' and [[Brahma (Buddhism)|''brahmas'']] (heavenly beings), and asking ''devas'' what deeds they did to be reborn in heaven.{{sfn|Mrozik|2004|p=487}}{{sfn|Gifford|2003|pp=74–5}} In summary, Maudgalyāyana's meditative insights and psychic powers are not only to his own benefit, but benefit the public at large. In the words of historian Julie Gifford, he guides others "by providing a cosmological and karmic map of samsara".{{sfn|Gifford|2003|pp=72, 77}}

Maudgalyāyana is able to use his powers of mind-reading in order to give good and fitting advice to his students, so they can attain spiritual fruits quickly.{{sfn|Gethin|2011|p=222}} He is described as using his psychic powers to discipline not only monks, but also ''devas'' and other beings. One day some monks are making noise as they were sitting in the same building as the Buddha. Maudgalyāyana then shakes the building, to teach the monks to be more restrained.{{sfn|Mrozik|2004|p=487}}{{sfn|Gethin|2011|p=226}} But the most-quoted example of Maudgalyāyana's demonstration of psychic powers is his victory over the [[Nāga|dragon (''naga'')]] Nandopananda, which requires mastery of the [[jhana|''jhānas'']] (states in meditation).{{sfn|Buswell|Lopez|2013|p=499}}{{sfn|Karaluvinna|2002|p=450}} Many of his demonstrations of psychic powers are an indirect means of establishing the Buddha as a great teacher. People ask themselves, if the disciple has these powers, then how spiritually powerful will his teacher be?{{sfn|Gifford|2003|p=74}}, According to this account, Moggallāna used his psychic abilities to travel through space to a distant world system. Upon arrival, he encountered a remarkable sight: a planet inhabited by beings approximately 80 times larger than humans on Earth. When he landed on the rim of a monk's alms bowl, the inhabitants of this world initially mistook him for an insect due to his tiny size by comparison.

The Buddha of that world, named "King of Light" or "Buddha of Light," recognized Moggallāna and explained to his disciples: "Because you are ignorant, you have misunderstood what you are looking at. What is on the rim of the begging bowl is not an insect. East of here, across countless buddha-worlds there is world called Sahā ('innate'). The Shakyamuni Buddha appeared there, and this is his disciple Mùlián (Moggallāna), who is the one among their number with the greatest spiritual ability, according to this account, while he can travel within Buddhism cosmology, but he could travel far off away from Buddhism cosmology and travel like alternative universes while sounds fictional in modern but he can do as he pleases

=== Rescuing his mother ===
{{Main|Mulian Rescues His Mother}}

The account of Maudgalyāyana looking for his mother after her death is widespread. Apart from being used to illustrate the principles of karmic retribution and rebirth,{{sfn|Ladwig|2012|p=128}}{{sfn|Berezkin|2015|loc=sec. 3}} in China, the story developed a new emphasis. There Maudgalyāyana was known as "Mulian", and his story was taught in a mixture of religious instruction and entertainment, to remind people of their duties to deceased relatives.{{sfn|Berezkin|2015|loc=sec. 7}}{{sfn|Ladwig|2012|p=137}} Its earliest version being the Sanskrit [[Ullambana Sutra]],{{sfn|Berezkin|2015|loc=sec. 2}} the story has been made popular in China, Japan, and Korea through edifying folktales such as the Chinese ''[[bianwen]]'' (for example, ''The Transformation Text on Mu-lien Saving His Mother from the Dark Regions'').{{sfn|Berezkin|2015|loc=sec. 6}}{{sfn|Teiser|1996|p=6}} In most versions of the story, Maudgalyāyana uses his psychic powers to look for his deceased parents and see in what world they have been reborn. Although he can find his father in a heaven, he cannot find his mother and asks the Buddha for help. The Buddha brings him to his mother, who is located in a hell realm, but Maudgalyāyana cannot help her. The Buddha then advises him to [[Merit-making|make merits]] on his mother's behalf, which helps her to be reborn in a better place.{{sfn|Teiser|1996|p=6}}{{sfn|Irons|2007|pp=54, 98}}{{sfn|Powers|2015|p=289}} In the Laotian version of the story, he travels to the world of [[Yama (Buddhism)|Yama]], the ruler of the underworld, only to find the world abandoned. Yama then tells Maudgalyāyana that he allows the denizens of the hell to go out of the gates of hell to be free for one day, that is, on the full moon day of the ninth lunar month. On this day, the hell beings can receive [[Transfer of merit|merit transferred]] and be liberated from hell, if such merit is transferred to them.{{sfn|Ladwig|2012|p=127}} In some other Chinese accounts, Maudgalyāyana finds his mother, reborn as a [[hungry ghost]]. When Maudgalyāyana tries to offer her food through an [[ancestral shrine]], the food bursts into flames each time. Maudgalyāyana therefore asks the Buddha for advice, who recommends him to make merit to the Saṃgha and transfer it to his mother. The transfer not only helps his mother to be reborn in heaven, but can also be used to help seven generations of parents and ancestors.{{sfn|Buswell|Lopez|2013|pp=499, 1045}}{{sfn|Teiser|1996|p=7}} The offering was believed to be most effective when collectively done, which led to the arising of the [[ghost festival]].{{sfn|Seidel|1989|p=295}} {{See below|{{section link||Heritage}}}}

Several scholars have pointed out the similarities between the accounts of Maudgalyāyana helping his mother and the account of [[Phra Malai]], an influential legend in Thailand and Laos.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ladwig |first1=Patrice |title=Visitors from hell: transformative hospitality to ghosts in a Lao Buddhist festival|journal=[[Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute]]|date=June 2012a|volume=18 |issue=S1 |pages=S92–S93 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9655.2012.01765.x |url=https://www.academia.edu/1963902|url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170510133041/http://www.academia.edu/1963902/Visitors_from_Hell_Transformative_Hospitality_to_Ghosts_in_a_Lao_Buddhist_festival._Journal_of_the_Royal_Anthropological_Institut_2012_Vol.18_s1_90-102 |archive-date=2017-05-10}}</ref>{{sfn|Gifford|2003|p=76}} Indeed, in some traditional accounts Phra Malai is compared to Maudgalyāyana.{{sfn|Gifford|2003|p=76}} On a similar note, Maudgalyāyana's account is also thought to have influenced the Central Asian [[Epic of King Gesar]], Maudgalyāyana being a model for the king.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Buddhicizing the Warrior-King Gesar in the ''dMyal gling rDzogs pa Chen po'' |first=Natasha L. |last=Mikles |journal=Revue d'Études Tibétaines |issue=37 |date=December 2016 |page=236 |url=http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ret/pdf/ret_37_13.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427102823/http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ret/pdf/ret_37_13.pdf |archive-date=2017-04-27}}</ref>

=== Making the Udāyana image ===

Another account involving Maudgalyayana, related in the [[Chinese Buddhist canon#Translations|Chinese translation]] of the [[Ekottara Agama|Ekottara Agāma]], in the Thai [[Jinakalamali|Jinakālamālī]] and the post-canonical Paññāsajātakā, was the production of what was described as the first Buddha image, the Udāyana Buddha. The account relates that [[Sankassa#Ancient Buddhist events at Sankassa|the Buddha pays a visit to the Trāyastriṃśa Heaven]] ({{langx|pi|Tāvatiṃsa}}) to teach his [[Maya (mother of the Buddha)|mother]]. [[Udayana (king)|King Udāyana]] misses the Buddha so much that he asks Maudgalyāyana to use his psychic powers to transport thirty-two craftsmen to the heaven, and make an image of the Buddha there.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Karlsson|first1=Klemens|title=Tai Khun Buddhism And Ethnic–Religious Identity|journal=Contemporary Buddhism|date=May 2009|volume=10|issue=1|pages=75–83|doi=10.1080/14639940902968939|s2cid=143896245|url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/5288/1/5KarlssonK-Tai_Khun_Buddhism.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|page=371|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X8g8BAAAQBAJ|title=The Oxford Handbook of Religion and the Arts|series=Oxford Handbooks|editor-first=Frank Burch|editor-last=Brown|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2013|isbn=978-0-19-972103-0}}</ref> The image that is eventually made is from sandalwood, and many accounts have attempted to relate it to later Buddha images in other areas and countries.{{sfn|Buswell|Lopez|2013|pp=932-3}}{{sfn|Revire|2017|p=4}} Although the traditional accounts mentioned state that the Udāyana Buddha was the first image, there were probably several Buddha images preceding the Udāyana Buddha, made by both kings and commoners.{{sfn|Huntington|1985|pp=48–49}} It could also be that these accounts originate from the same common narrative about a first Buddha image.{{sfn|Revire|2017|p=8}}

=== Death ===
[[File:moggallana - paranibbana.jpg|thumb]]
According to the Pali tradition, Maudgalyāyana's death comes in November of the same year as the [[Parinirvana|Buddha's passing]], when Maudgalyāyana is traveling in Magadha. He dies at the age of eighty-four.<ref name="hecker">{{cite web |first=Hellmuth |last=Hecker |year=1979 |url=http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/hecker/wheel263.html#ch10 |title=Mahamoggallana |publisher=[[Buddhist Publication Society]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060218222714/http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/hecker/wheel263.html#ch10 |archive-date=2006-02-18 |access-date=2006-07-16 }}</ref> Some accounts put forth that rivaling traditions stone him to death, others say that those people hire robbers. The [[Pali]] tradition states that [[Jain]] monks persuade a group of robbers led by a Samaṇa-guttaka to kill Maudgalyāyana, out of jealousy for his success. Maudgalyāyana often teaches about the visits he has made to [[Heaven (Buddhism)|heaven]] and hell, the fruits of leading a moral life, and the dangers of leading an immoral life. These teachings make the number of followers from rivaling traditions decrease.{{sfn|Karaluvinna|2002|p=452}}{{sfn|Rhys Davids|1908|p=769}} Whoever kills Maudgalyāyana, the general agreement among different accounts is that he is killed in a violent fashion at the Kālasilā Cave, on the Isigili Hill near [[Rajagaha|Rājagaha]],{{sfn|Malalasekera|1937}}{{sfn|Rhys Davids|1908|p=769}} which might be equated with modern Udaya Hill.{{sfn|Schumann|2004|p=244}}

At that time, Maudgalyāyana dwells alone in a forest hut. When he sees the bandits approaching, he makes himself vanish with psychic powers. The bandits find an empty hut, and although they search everywhere, they find nobody. They leave and return on the following day, for six consecutive days, with Maudgalyāyana escaping from them in the same way.{{sfn|McDermott|1976|p=77}}{{sfn|Keown|1996|p=342}} On the seventh day, Maudgalyāyana suddenly loses the psychic powers he has long wielded. Maudgalyāyana realizes that he is now unable to escape. The bandits enter, beat him repeatedly and leave him lying in his blood. Being keen on quickly getting their payment, they leave at once.{{sfn|Malalasekera|1937}}{{sfn|McDermott|1976|p=78}} Maudgalyāyana's great physical and mental strength is such that he is able to regain consciousness and is able to journey to the Buddha.{{sfn|Malalasekera|1937}}{{sfn|Gifford|2003|p=74}} In some accounts, he then returns to Kalasila and dies there, teaching his family before dying. In other accounts, he dies in the Buddha's presence.{{sfn|Buswell|Lopez|2013|p=499}}{{sfn|Migot|1954|p=476}}

It is described that in a previous life, Maudgalyāyana is the only son born to his family. He is dutiful, and takes care of all the household duties. As his parents age, this increases his workload. His parents urge him to find a wife to help him, but he persistently refuses, insisting on doing the work himself. After persistent urging from his mother, he eventually marries.<ref name="jataka">{{cite book|title=Parents and Children: Key to Happiness| author=Weragoda Sarada Maha Thero| isbn=981-00-6253-2| year=1994| publisher=Singapore Buddhist Meditation Centre}}</ref> His wife looks after his elderly parents, but after a short period becomes hostile to them. She complains to her husband, but he pays no attention to this. One day, when he is outside the house, she scatters rubbish around and when he returns, blames it on his blind parents. After continual complaints, he capitulates and agrees to deal with his parents. Telling his parents that their relatives in another region wish to see them, he leads his parents onto a carriage and begins driving the oxen cart through the forest. While in the depths of the forest, he dismounts and walks along with the carriage, telling his parents that he has to watch out for robbers, which are common in the area. He then impersonates the sounds and cries of thieves, pretending to attack the carriage. His parents tell him to fend for himself (as they are old and blind) and implore the imaginary thieves to leave their son. While they are crying out, the man beats and kills his parents, and throws their bodies into the forest before returning home.<ref name="jataka" /><ref>{{cite conference|last1=Hoffman|first1=L.|last2=Patz-Clark|first2=D.|last3=Looney|first3=D.|last4=Knight|first4=S. K.|year=2007|title=Historical perspectives and contemporary needs in the psychology of evil: Psychological and interdisciplinary perspectives|conference=115th Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Association|conference-url=http://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2007/05/convention.aspx|url=https://www.academia.edu/1707083|location=San Francisco, California|page=7|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506125522/https://www.academia.edu/1707083/Historical_perspectives_and_contemporary_needs_in_the_psychology_of_evil_Psychological_and_interdisciplinary_perspectives|archive-date=2017-05-06}}</ref> In another version recorded in the commentary to the Pali [[Jataka|Jātaka]], Maudgalyāyana does not carry the murder through though, touched by the words of his parents.{{sfn|Malalasekera|1937}}{{sfn|Keown|1996|p=341}}

After Maudgalyāyana's death, people ask why Maudgalyāyana had not protected himself, and why a great enlightened monk would suffer such a death. The Buddha then says that because Maudgalyāyana has contracted such karma in a previous life (the murder of one's own parents is one of the five [[Anantarika-karma|heinous acts]] that reap the worst karma), so he could not avoid reaping the consequences. He therefore accepted the results.<ref>{{cite thesis|last=Kong|first=C.F.|year=2006|title=Saccakiriyā: The Belief in the Power of True Speech in Theravāda Buddhist Tradition|url=http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.428120|publisher=[[School of Oriental and African Studies]], [[University of London]]|id=uk.bl.ethos.428120|page=211 n.2|archive-date=2019-10-16|access-date=2018-03-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016060634/https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.428120|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{sfn|Buswell|Lopez|2013|p=499}} Further, the Buddha states that even psychic powers will be of no use in avoiding karma, especially when it is serious karma.<ref name="hecker" />{{sfn|Buswell|Lopez|2013|p=499}} Shortly after having left Maudgalyāyana for dead, the bandits are all executed. Religious Studies scholar James McDermott therefore concludes that there must have been "a confluence" of karma between Maudgalyāyana and the bandits, and cites the killing as evidence that in Buddhist doctrine the karma of different individuals can interact.{{sfn|McDermott|1976|p=78}} Indologist [[Richard Gombrich]] raises the example of the murder to prove another point: he points out that Maudgalyāyana is able to attain enlightenment, despite his heavy karma from a past life. This, he says, shows that the Buddha teaches everyone can attain enlightenment in the here and now, rather than enlightenment necessarily [[Gradualism#Buddhism, Theravada and Yoga|being a gradual process built up through many lifetimes]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gombrich|first1=Richard|author-link1=Richard Gombrich|title=Buddhist karma and social control|journal=[[Comparative Studies in Society and History]]|date=1975|volume=17|issue=2|page=215 n.7|doi=10.1017/S0010417500007751|s2cid=145404006 |url=http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/Articles/Buddhist%20Karma%20and%20Social%20Control_Gombrich_1975.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930042759/http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/Articles/Buddhist%20Karma%20and%20Social%20Control_Gombrich_1975.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 30, 2017|issn=1475-2999}}</ref>

Gifford speculates that Maudgalyāyana believes he is experiencing heavy karma from a past life. This awareness leads him to want to prevent others from making the same mistakes and leading an unethical life. This may be the reason why he is so intent on teaching about the law of karmic retribution.{{sfn|Gifford|2003|p=82}}

After Maudgalyāyana's and Śāriputra's death, the Buddha states the monastic community has now become less, just like a healthy tree has some branches that have died off. Then he adds to that all [[Saṅkhāra|impermanent things]] must perish.{{sfn|Schumann|2004|p=244}} In some accounts of Maudgalyāyana's death, many of his students fall ill after his death, and die as well.{{sfn|Migot|1954|p=475}}

== Legacy ==
[[File:Chinese floating lotus lanterns.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Floating lanterns made from lotus leaves: people [[make merit]]s and [[Transfer of merit|transfer merit]] through several ceremonies, so the [[Hungry ghost|spirits]] may be reborn in a better rebirth.{{sfn|Harvey|2013|pp=262–3}}]]
In Buddhist history, Maudgalyāyana has been honored for several reasons. In some canons such as the Pali Tipiṭaka, Maudgalyāyana is held up by the Buddha as an example which monks should follow.{{sfn|Malalasekera|1937}}{{sfn|Karaluvinna|2002|p=449}} The Pali name Moggallāna was used as a [[monastic name]] by Buddhist monks up until the twelfth century C.E.{{sfn|Rhys Davids|1908|p=769}}

In East Asia, Maudgalyāyana is honored as a symbol of filial piety and psychic powers.{{sfn|Mrozik|2004|p=488}}{{sfn|Irons|2007|p=335}} Maudgalyāyana has had an important role in many Mahāyāna traditions. The ''Ullambana Sutra'' is the main [[Mahāyāna sūtra]] in which Maudgalyāyana's rescue of his mother is described {{See above|{{section link||Rescuing his mother}}}}.{{sfn|Mrozik|2004|p=487}}{{sfn|Harvey|2013|p=263}} The ''sutra'' was highly influential, judging from the more than sixty commentaries that were written about it.{{sfn|Berezkin|2015|loc=sec. 2}} Although the original Sanskrit ''sutra'' already encouraged [[filial piety]], later Chinese accounts inspired by the ''sutra'' emphasized this even more. Furthermore, Chinese accounts described merit-making practices and filial piety as two inseparable sides of the same coin.{{sfn|Ditzler|Pearce|Wheeler|2015|p=13}} The ''sūtra'' became popular in [[Buddhism in china|China]], [[Buddhism in Japan|Japan]], and Korea, and led to the ''[[Ghost Festival|Yulan Hui]]'' (China) and ''[[Obon]]'' (Japan) festivals.<ref name="Wu 2004">{{cite encyclopedia|title=China: Popular Religion|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of religious rites, rituals, and festivals|publisher=[[Routledge]]|location=New York|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre00sala/page/82|date=2004|edition=new|page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre00sala/page/82 82]|isbn=0-415-94180-6|last1=Wu|first1=Fatima|editor1-last=Salamone|editor1-first=Frank A.}}</ref>{{sfn|Berezkin|2015|loc=sec. 6}}{{sfn|Harvey|2013|p=262}} This festival probably spread from China to Japan in the seventh century,{{sfn|Irons|2007|p=54}} and similar festivals have been observed in India (''Avalamba''), Laos and Vietnam.<ref name="Wu 2004" /><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3zdJ1kHIkxEC|title=Buddhist funeral cultures of Southeast Asia and China|last2=Ladwig|first2=Patrice|date=2012|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-1-107-00388-0|location=Cambridge|page=8|last1=Williams|first1=Paul|author-link1=Paul Williams (philosopher)}}</ref> The festival is celebrated on the seventh lunar month (China; originally only on the full moon, on the [[Pavarana|Pravāraṇa]] Day{{sfn|Ashikaga|1951|p=71 n.2}}), or from 13 to 15 July (Japan). It is believed that in this period ancestors reborn as ''pretas'' or hungry ghosts wander around.<ref name="Wu 2004" />{{sfn|Harvey|2013|pp=262–3}}{{sfn|Powers|2015|p=290}} In China, this was the time when the yearly ''[[vassa|varṣa]]'' for monastics came to an end (normally translated as ''rains retreat'', but in China this was a Summer Retreat).{{sfn|Teiser|1996|pp=7, 20–1}} It was a time that the monastics completed their studies and meditation, which was celebrated.{{sfn|Ashikaga|1951|p=72}} Up until the present day, people make merits and transfer merit through several ceremonies during the festival, so the spirits may be reborn in a better rebirth.{{sfn|Harvey|2013|pp=262–3}}{{sfn|Powers|2015|p=290}} The festival is also popular among non-Buddhists,{{sfn|Harvey|2013|pp=262–3}} and has led [[Taoist]]s to integrate it in their own funeral services.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Popularization of Stories and Parables on Filial Piety in China|first=Guang|last=Xing|year=2010|journal=Journal of Buddhist Studies|issue=8|issn=1391-8443|url=https://www.academia.edu/3484920|page=131|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120175418/http://www.academia.edu/3484920/Popularization_of_Stories_and_Parables_on_Filial_Piety_in_China|archive-date=2015-01-20}}</ref>{{sfn|Seidel|1989|p=268}}

The festival has striking similarities to [[Confucian]] and [[Neo-Confucian]] ideals, in that it deals with filial piety.{{sfn|Ditzler|Pearce|Wheeler|2015|p=5}} It has been observed that the account of rescuing the mother in hell has helped Buddhism to integrate into Chinese society. At the time, due to the Buddhist emphasis on the renunciant life, Buddhism was criticized by Confucianists. They felt Buddhism went against the principle of filial piety, because Buddhist monks did not have offspring to make offerings for [[ancestor worship]].{{sfn|Berezkin|2015|loc=sec. 2}}{{sfn|Seidel|1989|p=295}} Maudgalyāyana's account helped greatly to improve this problem, and has therefore been raised as a textbook example of the adaptive qualities of Buddhism.{{sfn|Ditzler|Pearce|Wheeler|2015|pp=6, 13}} Other scholars have proposed, however, that the position of Buddhism in India versus China was not all that different, as Buddhism had to deal with the problem of filial piety and renunciation in India as well.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Strong|first=John|year=1983|title=Filial piety and Buddhism: The Indian antecedents to a "Chinese" problem|url=http://userwww.sfsu.edu/rone/Buddhism/BuddhismParents/StrongFilial.pdf|editor1-last=Slater|editor1-first=P.|editor2-last=Wiebe|editor2-first=D.|encyclopedia=Traditions in contact and change: selected proceedings of the XIVth Congress of the International Association for the History of Religions|volume=14|publisher=[[Wilfrid Laurier University Press]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506125507/http://userwww.sfsu.edu/rone/Buddhism/BuddhismParents/StrongFilial.pdf|archive-date=2017-05-06}}</ref> Another impact the story of Maudgalyāyana's had was that, in East Asia, the account helped to shift the emphasis of filial piety towards the mother, and helped redefine motherhood and femininity.{{sfn|Berezkin|2015|loc=sec. 2}}

Apart from the Ghost Festival, Maudgalyāyana also has an important role in the celebration of [[Magha Puja|Māgha Pūjā]] in Sri Lanka. On Māgha Pūjā, in Sri Lanka called Navam Full Moon Poya, Maudgalyāyana's appointment as a chief disciple of the Buddha is celebrated by various merit-making activities, and a pageant.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Dias|first1=Keshala|title=Today is Navam Full Moon Poya Day|url=http://newsfirst.lk/english/2017/02/today-navam-full-moon-poya-day/161591|access-date=1 May 2017|work=[[News First]]|date=10 February 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170927155420/http://newsfirst.lk/english/2017/02/today-navam-full-moon-poya-day/161591|archive-date=27 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The Majestic Navam Perahera of Gangaramaya|url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/105755/The-Majestic-Navam-Perahera-of-Gangaramaya|access-date=1 May 2017|work=[[Daily Mirror (Sri Lanka)|Daily Mirror]]|date=22 February 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170927181324/http://www.dailymirror.lk/105755/The-Majestic-Navam-Perahera-of-Gangaramaya|archive-date=27 September 2017}}</ref>

There are several canonical and post-canonical texts that are traditionally connected to the person of Maudgalyāyana. In the Theravāda tradition, the [[Vimanavatthu|Vimānavatthu]] is understood to be a collection of accounts related by Maudgalyayana to the Buddha, dealing with his visits to heavens.{{sfn|Buswell|Lopez|2013}} In the [[Sarvastivada|Sarvāstivāda]] tradition, Maudgalyāyana is said to have composed the [[Abhidharma]] texts called the [[Dharmaskandha]] and the Prajñāptibhāsya,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Prebish|first1=Charles S.|title=Buddhism: A Modern Perspective|date=2010|publisher=[[Penn State Press]]|isbn=978-0-271-03803-2|page=284|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cILDj-pXQVYC}}</ref>{{sfn|Buswell|Lopez|2013|pp=7, 252}} although in some Sanskrit and Tibetan scriptures the former is attributed to Śāriputra.{{sfn|Migot|1954|p=520}} Scholars have their doubts on whether Maudgalyāyana was really the author of these works.{{sfn|Migot|1954|p=520}} They do believe, however, that Maudgalyāyana and some other main disciples compiled lists (''{{langx|sa|mātṛkā}}, {{langx|pi|mātikā}}'') of teachings as [[mnemonic]] devices. These lists formed the basis for what later became the Abhidharma.{{sfn|Buswell|Lopez|2013|p=535}} Despite these associations with Abhidharma texts, pilgrim Xuan Zang reports that during his visits in India, Śāriputra was honored by monks for his ''Abhidharma'' teachings, whereas Maudgalyāyana was honored for his ''meditation'', the basis for psychic powers.{{sfn|Gifford|2003|p=78}}<ref name="Strong 1994" /> French scholar André Migot has proposed that in most text traditions Maudgalyāyana was associated with meditation and psychic powers, as opposed to Śāriputra's specialization in wisdom and Abhidharma.<ref name="Strong 1994">{{cite book|isbn=978-81-208-1154-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bKq7k2DegjcC|title=The Legend and Cult of Upagupta: Sanskrit Buddhism in North India and Southeast Asia|first=John S.|last=Strong|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass Publishers]]|year=1994|page=143}}</ref>{{sfn|Migot|1954|pp=509, 514, 517}}

Traditions have also connected Maudgalyāyana with the symbol of the [[Wheel of Becoming]] ({{langx|sa|bhavacakra}}, {{langx|pi|bhavacakka}}). Accounts in the Mūlasarvāstivāda [[Vinaya]] and the [[Divyavadana|Divyāvadāna]] relate that Ānanda once told the Buddha about Maudgalyāyana's good qualities as a teacher. Maudgalyayana was a very popular teacher, and his sermons with regard to afterlife destinations were very popular. The Buddha said that in the future, a person like him would be hard to find. The Buddha then had an image painted on the gate of the Veluvaḷa monastery to honor Maudgalyāyana, depicting the Wheel of Becoming. This wheel showed the [[Buddhist cosmology|different realms of the cycle of existence]], the [[three poisons]] in the mind (greed, hatred and delusion), and the teaching of [[dependent origination]]. The wheel was depicted as being in the clutches of Māra, but at the same time included the symbol of a white circle for [[Nirvana]]. The Buddha further decreed that a monk be stationed at the painting to explain the law of karma to visitors.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Huber|first=E.|title=Etudes de littérature bouddhique|trans-title=Studies in Buddhist literature|journal=[[Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient]]|volume=6|year=1906|pages=27–8 |doi=10.3406/befeo.1906.2077|language=fr}}</ref>{{sfn|Thomas|1953|pp=68–9}}{{sfn|Teiser|2008|p=141}} Images of the Wheel of Becoming are widespread in Buddhist Asia, some of which confirm and depict the original connection with Maudgalyāyana.{{sfn|Teiser|2008|pp=145–6}}

Finally, there was also an entire tradition that traces its origins to Maudgalyayana, or to a follower of him, called Dharmagupta: this is the [[Dharmaguptaka]] school, one of the [[early Buddhist schools]].{{sfn|Irons|2007|p=158}}{{sfn|Buswell|Lopez|2013|p=245}}

== Relics ==
{{Quote box
|quote=A shaft was sunk in the centre of this Tope, and after a few hours' labour we came to a large slab upwards of 5 feet in length, lying in a direction from north to south. On raising this slab we saw two large stone boxes each bearing a short inscription on its lid. That to the south bore Sariputasa, "[relics] of SARIPUTRA"; that to the north bore Maha Mogalanasa, "[relics] of MAHA MOGALANA".
|source=The Bhilsa topes<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cunningham|first1=Alexander|author-link1=Alexander Cunningham |title=The Bhilsa topes, or, Buddhist monuments of central India|date=1854|publisher=[[Smith, Elder & Co.]] |location=London |page=191 |url=https://archive.org/download/cu31924022980571/cu31924022980571.pdf}}</ref>
|align = right
|width = 40%
| tstyle = text-align:left;
|qalign = left
|quoted = 1
| author = [[Alexander Cunningham|Sir Alexander Cunningham]]
}}
{{Main|Relics of Sariputta and Moggallana}}
In a Pali Jātaka account, the Buddha is said to have had the ashes of Maudgalyāyana collected and kept in a ''stūpa'' in the gateway of the Veluvaḷa.{{sfn|Malalasekera|1937}}{{sfn|Brekke|2007|p=275}} In two other accounts, however, one from the Dharmaguptaka and the other from the Mūlasarvāstivāda tradition, [[Anathapindika|Anāthapiṇḍika]] and other laypeople ''requested'' the Buddha to build a ''stūpa'' in honor of Maudgalyāyana.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bareau|author-link=André Bareau|first=André|title=La construction et le culte des ''stūpa'' d'après les Vinayapitaka|language=fr|trans-title=The construction and cult of the ''stūpa'' after the Vinayapitaka|journal=Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient|volume=50|issue=2|year=1962|doi=10.3406/befeo.1962.1534|page=264}}</ref> According to the Divyāvadāna, emperor [[Ashoka]] visited the ''stūpa'' and made an [[Offering (Buddhism)|offering]], on the advice of [[Upagupta]] Thera.{{sfn|Karaluvinna|2002|p=452}} During the succeeding centuries, Xuan Zang and other Chinese pilgrims reported that a ''stūpa'' with Maudgalyāyana's relics could be found under the Indian city [[Mathura]], and in several other places in Northeast India. However, {{as of|1999|post=,|lc=y}} none of these had been confirmed by archaeological findings.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Higham|first1=Charles F.W.|author-link=Charles Higham (archaeologist)|title=Encyclopedia of ancient Asian civilizations|date=2004|publisher=[[Facts On File]]|location=New York|isbn=0-8160-4640-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/Encyclopedia-of-ancient-asian-civilzations/page/n239 215]|url=https://archive.org/details/Encyclopedia-of-ancient-asian-civilzations}}</ref>{{sfn|Daulton|1999|p=104}}

[[File:Alexander Cunningham of the ASI 02.jpg|left|thumb|upright=0.75|In the 19th century, archaeologist [[Alexander Cunningham]] discovered bone fragments attributed to Maudgalyāyana and [[Sariputta|Śāriputra]].{{sfn|Rhys Davids|1908|p=769}}{{sfn|Migot|1954|p=416}}]]
An important archaeological finding was made elsewhere, however. In the nineteenth century, archaeologist [[Alexander Cunningham]] and Lieutenant Fred. C. Maisey discovered bone fragments in caskets, with Maudgalyāyana's and Śāriputra's names inscribed on it, both in the [[Sanchi]] Stūpa and at the ''stūpas'' at Satdhāra, India.{{sfn|Rhys Davids|1908|p=769}}{{sfn|Migot|1954|p=416}} The caskets contained pieces of bone and objects of reverence, including sandalwood which Cunningham believed had once been used on the funeral pyre of Śāriputra.{{sfn|Brekke|2007|p=274}} The finding was important in several ways, and was dated from the context to the second century BCE.{{sfn|Daulton|1999|p=107}}

Initially, Cunningham and Maisey divided the shares of the discovered items and had them shipped to Britain. Since some of Cunningham's discovered items were lost when one ship sank, some scholars have understood that the Sanchi relics were lost.{{sfn|Daulton|1999|p=108}} However, in a 2007 study, the historian Torkel Brekke used extensive historical documents to argue that it was Maisey who took all the relics with him, not Cunningham. This would imply that the relics reached Britain in their entirety. After the relics reached Britain, they were given to the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]] in London in 1866.{{sfn|Brekke|2007|pp=273–78}}{{refn|At the time, the museum was still called the [[South Kensington Museum]].{{sfn|Brekke|2007|p=78}} Already in 1917, [[Louis Finot (archeologist)|archeologist Louis Finot]] stated that Cunningham had no interest in the relics, only in the caskets.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Finot|first=Louis|author-link=Louis Finot (archeologist)|title=Annual Report of the Archaeological Survey of India, Part I, 1915–1916; Archaeological Survey of India, Annual Report, 1913–1914|journal=Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient|volume=17|year=1917|url=http://www.persee.fr/doc/befeo_0336-1519_1917_num_17_1_5332|page=12}}</ref>|group=note}} When the relics were given to the V&A Museum, pressure from Buddhists to return the relics to their country of origin arose. Although at first the museum dismissed the complaints as coming from a marginal community of English Buddhists, when several Buddhist societies in India took notice, as well as societies in other Asian countries, it became a serious matter. Eventually, the museum was pressured by the British government to return the relics and their original caskets, for diplomatic reasons. After many requests and much correspondence, the museum had the relics brought back to the Sri Lankan Maha Bodhi Society in 1947.{{sfn|Brekke|2007|pp=277–95}}{{sfn|Daulton|1999|pp=108–13}} They were formally re-installed into a shrine at Sanchi, India, in 1952, after it had been agreed that Buddhists would continue to be their caretaker, and a long series of ceremonies had been held to pay due respect. The relics were paraded through many countries in South and Southeast Asia, in both Theravāda and Mahāyāna countries.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Book review of ''The Visit of the Sacred Relics of the Buddha and the Two Chief Disciples to Tibet at the Invitation of the Government''|publisher=The Government of Tibet|first=Roy Andrew |last=Miller|journal=[[The Far Eastern Quarterly]]|volume=13|issue=2|pages=223–225|date=February 1954|jstor=2942082|doi=10.2307/2942082}}</ref>{{sfn|Daulton|1999|pp=108–13}} At the same time, Indian Prime Minister [[Nehru]] used the opportunity to propagate a message of unity and religious tolerance, and from a political perspective, [[Legitimacy (political)|legitimate]] state power.{{sfn|Brekke|2007|pp=295–7, 301}} Indeed, even for other countries, such as Burma, in which the relics were shown, it helped to legitimate the government, create unity, and revive religious practice: "those tiny pieces of bone moved not only millions of devotees worldwide, but national governments as well", as stated by art historian Jack Daulton. For these reasons, Burma asked for a portion of the relics to keep there. In ceremonies attended by hundred of thousands people, the relics were installed in the [[Kaba Aye Pagoda]], in the same year as India.{{sfn|Daulton|1999|pp=115–20}}

Sri Lanka also obtained a portion, kept at the [[Maha Bodhi Society]], which is annually exhibited during a celebration in May.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Santiago|first1=Melanie|title=Sacred Relics of Lord Buddha brought to Sirasa Vesak Zone; thousands gather to pay homage|url=http://newsfirst.lk/english/2015/05/sacred-relics-of-lord-buddha-brought-to-sirasa-vesak-zone-thousands-gather-to-pay-homage/92904|access-date=1 May 2017|work=[[News First]]|date=3 May 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930084139/http://newsfirst.lk/english/2015/05/sacred-relics-of-lord-buddha-brought-to-sirasa-vesak-zone-thousands-gather-to-pay-homage/92904|archive-date=30 September 2017}}</ref> In 2015, the Catholic world was surprised to witness that the Maha Bodhi Society broke with tradition by showing the relics to [[Pope Francis]] on a day outside of the yearly festival. Responding to critics, the head of the society stated that no pope had set foot inside a Buddhist temple since 1984, and added that "religious leaders have to play a positive role to unite [their] communities instead of dividing".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Akkara|first1=Anto|title=Buddhist center breaks tradition, shows pope revered relic|url=http://catholicphilly.com/2015/01/news/world-news/buddhist-center-breaks-tradition-shows-pope-revered-relic/|access-date=1 May 2017|work=Catholic Philly|agency=[[Catholic News Service]]|date=15 January 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930084024/http://catholicphilly.com/2015/01/news/world-news/buddhist-center-breaks-tradition-shows-pope-revered-relic/|archive-date=30 September 2017}}</ref> As for the original Sanchi site in India, the relics are shown every year on the annual international Buddhist festival in November. As of 2016, the exhibition was visited by hundred thousands visitors from over the world, including Thai princess [[Sirindhorn]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Santosh|first1=Neeraj|title=Relics of the Buddha's chief disciples exhibited in Sanchi|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bhopal/relics-of-the-buddha-s-chief-disciples-exhibited-in-sanchi/story-sW6fxcZbeejiZj9e0Q0J5L.html|access-date=1 May 2017|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=27 November 2016|location=Bhopal|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506125557/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bhopal/relics-of-the-buddha-s-chief-disciples-exhibited-in-sanchi/story-sW6fxcZbeejiZj9e0Q0J5L.html|archive-date=6 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Thai princess visits Sanchi|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bhopal/thai-princess-visits-sanchi/story-oaut6cRlkr1vQneeQHkKLI.html|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=22 November 2016|location=Bhopal|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506125602/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bhopal/thai-princess-visits-sanchi/story-oaut6cRlkr1vQneeQHkKLI.html|archive-date=6 May 2017}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[The ten principal disciples]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== Citations ==
{{reflist|20em}}

== References ==
{{refbegin |30em}}
*{{Citation|last1=Ashikaga|first1=Ensho|title=Notes on Urabon ("Yü Lan P'ên, Ullambana")|journal=[[Journal of the American Oriental Society]]|date=1 January 1951|volume=71|issue=1|pages=71–75|doi=10.2307/595226|jstor=595226}}
*{{Citation|last=Bareau|first=André|author-link=André Bareau|title=Les agissements de Devadatta selon les chapitres relatifs au schisme dans les divers Vinayapitaka|language=fr|trans-title=Devadatta's deeds according to the chapters relating the schism in the various ''Vinayapitakas''|journal=Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient|volume=78|pages=87–132|year=1991|doi=10.3406/befeo.1991.1769}}
* {{Citation|last1=Berezkin|first1=Rostislav|title=Pictorial Versions of the Mulian Story in East Asia (Tenth–Seventeenth Centuries): On the Connections of Religious Painting and Storytelling|journal=Fudan Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences|date=21 February 2015|volume=8|issue=1|pages=95–120|doi=10.1007/s40647-015-0060-4|s2cid=146215342}}
* {{Citation|last1=Brekke|first1=Torkel|title=Bones of Contention: Buddhist Relics, Nationalism and the Politics of Archaeology|journal=[[Numen (journal)|Numen]]|date=1 September 2007|volume=54|issue=3|pages=270–303 |doi=10.1163/156852707X211564}}
* {{Citation|last1=Buswell|first1=Robert E. Jr.|last2=Lopez|first2=Donald S. Jr.|author2-link=Donald S. Lopez Jr.|title=Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism.|date=2013|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|location=Princeton, NJ|isbn=978-0-691-15786-3|url=http://www.daophatngaynay.com/vn/files/file-nen/Princeton_Dictionary_of_Buddhism_890707662.pdf}}
* {{Citation|last1=Carus|first1=Paul|author-link1=Paul Carus|title=Ashvajit's Stanza and Its Significance|journal=[[Open Court Publishing Company|Open Court]]|date=1905|volume=3|issue=6|url=http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1862&context=ocj}}
* {{Citation|last=Daulton|first=J.|year=1999|title=Sariputta and Moggallana in the Golden Land: The Relics of the Buddha's Chief Disciples at the Kaba Aye Pagoda|journal=Journal of Burma Studies|volume=4|issue=1|pages=101–128|url=https://www.niu.edu/burma/publications/jbs/vol4/Abstract4_DaultonOpt.pdf|doi=10.1353/jbs.1999.0002|s2cid=161183926|access-date=2019-09-24|archive-date=2019-12-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229082004/https://www.niu.edu/burma/publications/jbs/vol4/Abstract4_DaultonOpt.pdf|url-status=dead}}
* {{citation|date=May 2015|last1=Ditzler|first1=E.|last2=Pearce|first2=S.|last3=Wheeler|first3=C.|title=The Fluidity and Adaptability of Buddhism: A Case Study of Maudgalyāyana and Chinese Buddhist identity|url=https://www.academia.edu/22966513}}
*{{citation|last1=Gethin|first1=Rupert|author-link1=Rupert Gethin|editor1-last=Twelftree|editor1-first=Graham H.|encyclopedia=The Cambridge companion to miracles|series=Cambridge Companions to Religions|title=Tales of miraculous teachings: miracles in early Indian Buddhism|date=2011|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-89986-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NfGlUHU9bCMC}}
* {{Citation|url=http://www.khamkoo.com/uploads/9/0/0/4/9004485/constituting_communities_-_theravada_buddhism_and_the_religious_cultures_of_south_and_southeast_asia.pdf|last1=Gifford|first1=Julie|editor1-last=Holt|editor1-first=John Clifford|editor2-last=Kinnard|editor2-first=Jacob N.|editor3-last=Walters|editor3-first=Jonathan S.|encyclopedia=Constituting communities Theravada Buddhism and the religious cultures of South and Southeast Asia|title=The Insight Guide to Hell|date=2003|publisher=[[State University of New York Press]]|location=Albany|isbn=0-7914-5691-9|access-date=2017-05-05|archive-date=2020-04-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414082807/http://www.khamkoo.com/uploads/9/0/0/4/9004485/constituting_communities_-_theravada_buddhism_and_the_religious_cultures_of_south_and_southeast_asia.pdf|url-status=dead}}
* {{Citation|last1=Harvey|first1=Peter|title=An introduction to Buddhism: teachings, history and practices|date=2013|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|location=New York|isbn=978-0-521-85942-4|edition=second|url=https://toleratedindividuality.files.wordpress.com/2015/10/an-introduction-to-buddhism-teachings-history-and-practices.pdf}}
* {{cite book |last=Huntington |first=J.C. |author-link=J.C. Huntington |chapter=The Origin of the Buddha Image: Early Image Traditions and the Concept of Buddhadarsanapunya |editor-last=Narain |editor-first=A. K. |year=1985 |title=Studies in Buddhist Art of South Asia |location=Delhi |publisher=Kanak Publications |url=http://huntingtonarchive.org/resources/downloads/jchArticles/5_14%20Origin%20of%20the%20Buddha%20Image.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111041935/http://huntingtonarchive.org/resources/downloads/jchArticles/5_14%20Origin%20of%20the%20Buddha%20Image.pdf |archive-date=2017-11-11 |url-status=live }}
* {{Citation|last1=Irons|first1=Edward|title=Encyclopedia of Buddhism|date=2007|publisher=[[Facts on File]]|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8160-5459-6|url=http://www.khamkoo.com/uploads/9/0/0/4/9004485/encyclopedia_of_buddhism.pdf|access-date=2017-03-02|archive-date=2017-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517061902/http://www.khamkoo.com/uploads/9/0/0/4/9004485/encyclopedia_of_buddhism.pdf|url-status=dead}}
* {{Citation|last1=Karaluvinna|first1=M.|editor1-last=Malalasekera|editor1-first=G. P.|editor2-last=Weeraratne|editor2-first=W. G.|editor1-link=G. P. Malalasekera|title=Mahā-Moggallāna|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Buddhism|date=2002|publisher=[[Government of Sri Lanka]]|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/283217522/Enceylopaedia-of-Buddhism-Vol-Vi|volume=6}}{{dead link|date=August 2020 }}
* {{Citation|last=Keown|first=D.|author-link=Damien Keown|year=1996|title=Karma, character, and consequentialism|journal=The Journal of Religious Ethics|issue=24}}
* {{Citation|editor-last1=Williams|editor-first1=Paul|editor-last2=Ladwig|editor-first2=Patrice|editor-link1=Paul Williams (philosopher)|author-last1=Ladwig|author-first1=Patrice|encyclopedia=Buddhist funeral cultures of Southeast Asia and China|title=Feeding the dead: ghosts, materiality and merit|date=2012|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-1-107-00388-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3zdJ1kHIkxEC}}
* {{Citation|last1=Malalasekera|author-link=G P Malalasekera|first1=G.P.|title=Dictionary of Pāli proper names|volume=2|year=1937|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass Publishers]]|location=Delhi|isbn=81-208-3022-9|edition=1st Indian|url=http://palikanon.de/english/pali_names/maha/maha_moggallana_th.htm}}
* {{Citation|last1=McDermott|first1=James P.|title=Is There Group Karma in Theravāda Buddhism?|journal=[[Numen (journal)|Numen]]|date=1 January 1976|volume=23|issue=1|pages=67–80|doi=10.2307/3269557|jstor=3269557}}
* {{Citation|last1=Migot|first1=André|author-link=André Migot|title=Un grand disciple du Buddha: Sāriputra. Son rôle dans l'histoire du bouddhisme et dans le développement de l'Abhidharma|trans-title=A great disciple of the Buddha: Sāriputra, his role in Buddhist history and in the development of Abhidharma|journal=Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient|date=1954|volume=46|issue=2|pages=405–554|doi=10.3406/befeo.1954.5607|url=http://www.persee.fr/docAsPDF/befeo_0336-1519_1954_num_46_2_5607.pdf|language=fr}}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{citation|last1=Mrozik|first1=Suzanne|editor1-last=Buswell|editor1-first=Robert E.|title=Mahāmaudgalyāyana|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Buddhism|date=2004|publisher=Macmillan Reference USA, [[Thomson Gale]]|location=New York [u.a.]|isbn=0-02-865720-9|url=http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/Encyclopedia%20of%20Buddhism_2%20Vols_%20Buswell.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912051354/http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/Encyclopedia%20of%20Buddhism_2%20Vols_%20Buswell.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 12, 2015|pages=487–8}}
* {{cite book |last1=Neelis |first1=Jason |date=2011 |title=Early Buddhist transmission and trade networks: mobility and exchange within and beyond the northwestern borderlands of South Asia |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |location=Leiden |isbn=978-90-04-18159-5 |series=Dynamics in the History of Religions |volume=2 |url=http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/Early%20Buddhist%20Transmission%20and%20Trade%20Networks_%20Neelis_2011.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220095005/http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/Early%20Buddhist%20Transmission%20and%20Trade%20Networks_%20Neelis_2011.pdf |archive-date=2017-02-20 }}
* {{Citation|last1=Powers|first1=John|title=The Buddhist World|series=Routledge Worlds|date=2015|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-317-42017-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p-uoCgAAQBAJ}}
*{{Cite conference |conference=From Xianghuan to Ceylon: The Life and Legacy of the Chinese Buddhist Monk Faxian (337–422) |location=[[Changzhi]] |date=March 2017 |title="Please Be Seated": Faxian's Account and Related Legends Concerning the First Buddha Image |url=https://www.academia.edu/31692553 |first=Nicolas |last=Revire }}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{Citation|last1=Rhys Davids|first1=T.W.|author-link=T. W. Rhys Davids|title=Moggallāna|editor1-last=Hastings|editor1-first=James|editor1-link=James Hastings|editor2-last=Selbie|editor2-first=John Alexander|editor3-last=Gray|editor3-first=Louis H.|editor3-link=Louis Herbert Gray|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of religion and ethics|volume=8|date=1908|publisher=[[T. & T. Clark]]|location=Edinburgh|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofr08hastuoft}}
* {{Citation|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0ByQR06AzKZizWHJUM1FaV0pNSFE|last1=Schumann|first1=H.W.|translator-first=M. O' C.|translator-last=Walshe|title=Der Historische Buddha|trans-title=The historical Buddha: the times, life, and teachings of the founder of Buddhism|date=2004|orig-year=1982|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]]|location=Delhi|isbn=81-208-1817-2|language=de}}
* {{Citation|last=Seidel|first=Anna|title=Chronicle of Taoist Studies in the West 1950–1990|journal=[[Cahiers d'Extrême-Asie]]|volume=5|pages=223–347|year=1989|doi=10.3406/asie.1989.950|language=en}}
* {{Citation|url=http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/A%20Companion%20to%20Buddhist%20Philosophy_Emmanuel.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316084217/http://ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/A%20Companion%20to%20Buddhist%20Philosophy_Emmanuel.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 16, 2015|last1=Shaw|first1=Sarah|editor1-last=Emmanuel|editor1-first=Steven M.|encyclopedia=A companion to Buddhist philosophy|title=Character, Disposition, and the Qualities of the ''Arahats'' as a Means of Communicating Buddhist Philosophy in the ''Suttas''|date=2013|publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]]|location=Chichester, West Sussex|isbn=978-0-470-65877-2|edition=first}}
*{{Citation|last=Skilling|first=Peter|title=Traces of the Dharma|journal=Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient|volume=90|issue=1|pages=273–287|year=2003|doi=10.3406/befeo.2003.3615}}
*{{citation|last1=Teiser|first1=Stephen F.|author-link=Stephen F. Teiser|title=The ghost festival in medieval China|date=1996|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|location=Princeton, N.J.|isbn=0-691-02677-7|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=anGlBZDWWLwC}}
*{{citation|last=Teiser|first=Stephen F.|author-link = Stephen F. Teiser|title=The Wheel of Rebirth in Buddhist Temples|journal=Arts Asiatiques|volume=63|pages=139–153|year=2008|doi=10.3406/arasi.2008.1666|language=en}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|last=Thomas|first=Edward J.|author-link=Edward J. Thomas|title=Saints and martyrs (Buddhist)|editor1-last=Hastings|editor1-first=James|editor1-link=James Hastings|editor2-last=Selbie|editor2-first=John Alexander|editor3-last=Gray|editor3-first=Louis H.|editor3-link=Louis Herbert Gray|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Encyclopedia_of_Religion_and_Ethics_Volume_11.pdf|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of religion and ethics|volume=11|location=Edinburgh|publisher=[[T. & T. Clark]]|date=1908|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925153134/http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Encyclopedia_of_Religion_and_Ethics_Volume_11.pdf|archive-date=2013-09-25|url-status=live}}
* {{Citation|title=The History of Buddhist Thought|first=Edward J.|last=Thomas|author-link=Edward J. Thomas|location=London|publisher=[[Routledge and Kegan Paul]]|edition=2nd|year=1953|series=History of Civilization|url=https://archive.org/download/historyofbuddhis031559mbp/historyofbuddhis031559mbp.pdf}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.nst.com.my/news/2016/08/169084/salvation-dead Vivid report about Ghost festival in Singapore]

{{Buddhism topics}}
{{Gautama Buddha}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Foremost disciples of Gautama Buddha]]
[[Category:Arhats]]
[[Category:5th-century BC Indian monks]]
[[Category:Buddhist mythology]]
[[Category:Indian Buddhist monks]]
[[Category:Buddhist martyrs]]
[[Category:5th-century BC Buddhist monks]]
[[Category:People from Magadha]]

Iruvar Ullam (1963 film)

2026-03-04T05:16:27Z

UteCansler: creating new stub - done

{{short description|1963 film by L. V. Prasad}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Iruvar Ullam
| image = Iruvar Ullam 1963 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[L. V. Prasad]]
| screenplay = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| based_on = {{based on|''Pen Manam''|[[Lakshmi (writer)|Lakshmi]]}}
| producer = Anand
| starring = [[Sivaji Ganesan]] [[B. Saroja Devi]]
| cinematography = [[K. S. Prasad]]
| editing = A. Sanjeevi
| music = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| studio = Prasad Movies
| distributor = [[Sivaji Productions|Sivaji Films]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1963|3|29}}
| runtime = 165 minutes{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=376}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Iruvar Ullam''''' ({{translation|Couple's Heart}}) is a 1963 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romance film]], directed by [[L. V. Prasad]] and written by [[M. Karunanidhi]]. Based on Lakshmi's novel ''Pen Manam'', the film stars [[Sivaji Ganesan]] and [[B. Saroja Devi]], while [[M. R. Radha]], [[S. V. Ranga Rao]], [[T. R. Ramachandran]], [[T. P. Muthulakshmi]], Sandhya and [[Padmini Priyadarshini]] play supporting roles. It is a remake of 1961 [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Bharya Bhartalu]]''.

The music was composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]], while the lyrics were written by [[Kannadasan]]. [[K. S. Prasad]] and A. Sanjeevi handled cinematography and editing respectively. The filming was held in places like [[Kodaikanal]], [[Kanyakumari]] and [[Bangalore]].

''Iruvar Ullam'' was released on 29 March 1963 and became a box office success. Clips of the film were used to portray the younger Ganesan and Saroja in the 1997 film ''[[Once More (1997 film)|Once More]]'', which Saroja Devi considered a sequel to ''Iruvar Ullam''.

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=July 2021}}
Selvam, the younger son of a prosecutor Neethimanickam, is a medical student studying in Bangalore. Unlike his righteous father, he is a [[Playboy lifestyle|playboy]]. Vasanthi, a scheming woman, tries to blackmail Selvam into marriage. On his refusal, she writes to his father. Selvam's uncle Gnanasigamani, another lawyer, arrives in Bangalore and pays {{INR}}10,000 to Vasanthi to silence her.

Selvam stops studying and arrives in Madras. He takes over the responsibility of managing his uncle's company. He eventually sees Shanta, a teacher, on the road and pursues her. Shanta dislikes Selvam's continuing old habits, but he eventually transforms and wants to live prosperously with her, yet she continues disliking him.

Shanta is eventually forced by her parents to marry Selvam. When Vasanthi is murdered by her other lover Paramathma, Selvam is wrongfully convicted; this brings the couple closer. Shantha later exposes Paramathma, and Selvam is released.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Sivaji Ganesan]] as Selvam{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=376}}
*[[B. Saroja Devi]] as Shanta{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=376}}
*[[M. R. Radha]] as Gnanasigamani<ref name="Radha" />
*[[S. V. Ranga Rao]] as Neethimanickam<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pandian |first=A.T.S |date=3 July 2021 |title=எஸ்வி.ரங்கா ராவ்.. அவருக்கு நிகர் வேறு யார்? |trans-title=S. V. Ranga Rao.. Who else is equal to him? |url=https://patrikai.com/sv-ranga-rao-who-one-else-is-equal-to-him/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706051907/https://patrikai.com/sv-ranga-rao-who-one-else-is-equal-to-him/ |archive-date=6 July 2021 |access-date=6 July 2021 |website=Patrikai |language=ta}}</ref>
*[[T. R. Ramachandran]] as Sri Paramathma<ref name="hindutamil" />
*[[T. P. Muthulakshmi]] as Kannamma<ref>{{Cite web |last=ஜீவசுந்தரி |first=பா. |date=16 March 2018 |title=செல்லுலாய்ட் பெண்கள் {{!}} அதான் எனக்குத் தெரியுமே... டி.பி. முத்து லட்சுமி |trans-title=Celluloid women {{!}} I already know that... T. P. Muthulakshmi |url=http://kungumam.co.in/ThArticalinnerdetail.aspx?id=4621&id1=84&issue=20180316 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709105144/http://kungumam.co.in/ThArticalinnerdetail.aspx?id=4621&id1=84&issue=20180316 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |access-date=9 July 2021 |website=[[Kungumam (magazine)|Kungumam]] |language=ta}}</ref>
*Sandhya as Nagammal<ref name="hindutamil" />
*[[Padmini Priyadarshini]] as Vasanthi{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=376}}
*[[K. Balaji]] as Minor Manickam<ref name="hindutamil" />
*S. Rama Rao as Gurusamy, Shanta's father
*[[A. Karunanidhi]] as Soda Subbaiah, Gurusamy's father-in-law
*R. Balasubramanian as Nagamma's brother
*Lakshmi Rajyam as Gurusamy's second wife
*Radha Bai as School Headmistress
}}

== Production ==
''Iruvar Ullam'' was directed by [[L. V. Prasad]] and produced by A. Anand under Prasad Movies.{{sfn |Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|page=376}} The film is based on [[Lakshmi (writer)|Lakshmi]]'s novel ''Pen Manam'', which was previously adapted into the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Bharya Bhartalu]]'' (1961).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=28 April 2016 |title=Bharya Bharthalu (1961) |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/bharya-bharthalu-1961/article8532431.ece |url-status=live |access-date=26 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221085810/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/bharya-bharthalu-1961/article8532431.ece |archive-date=21 December 2016}}</ref> However Lakshmi's name was not credited in the opening titles.<ref name="iruvar" /> The screenplay was written by [[M. Karunanidhi]],{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=123}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 August 2018 |title=Excerpts from a special article written by Karunanidhi |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/cinema-for-a-cause/article24639454.ece |url-status=live |access-date=15 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109030219/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/cinema-for-a-cause/article24639454.ece |archive-date=9 November 2020}}</ref> who received a salary of {{INRConvert|20000|year=1963}}.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 September 2012 |title=கருணாநிதி சொத்து கணக்கு இந்த நூற்றாண்டின் இணையற்ற நகைச்சுவை: ஜெயலலிதா |language=ta |trans-title=Karunanidhi's property account is an unparalleled joke of the century: Jayalalithaa |work=[[Dinamani]] |url=https://www.dinamani.com/tamilnadu/2010/dec/04/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%88-%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE-277740.html |url-status=live |access-date=15 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715115317/https://www.dinamani.com/tamilnadu/2010/dec/04/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%88-%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE-277740.html |archive-date=15 July 2021}}</ref> Cinematography was handled by [[K. S. Prasad]] and the editing by A. Sanjeevi.<ref name="released" /> The filming was held in places like [[Kodaikanal]], [[Kanyakumari]] and [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 March 1963 |title=''Iruvar Ullam'', a romantic social |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19630329&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=11 November 2018 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

One scene in the film called for an aggressive performance by [[B. Saroja Devi]]. [[Sivaji Ganesan]] sought to outdo her acting in the scene. While it was being filmed, Prasad stopped filming and told Ganesan that he should not upstage Saroja Devi as the scene required her to dominate, and if Ganesan did so it would ruin the film. Ganesan complied, and at Prasad's request, underplayed his role.{{sfn|Ganesan|Narayana Swamy|2007|pp=181–182}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 April 2017 |title=செலுலாய்ட் சோழன் சிவாஜி தொடர் 171– சுதாங்கன் |trans-title=Celluloid king Sivaji Part 171 – Sudhangan |url=http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/25989 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709095120/http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/25989 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |access-date=9 July 2021 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |location=Nellai |language=ta}}</ref> ''Iruvar Ullam'' was the final Tamil film directed by Prasad.{{sfn|Pillai|2015|page=10}} The final length of the film was 35,441 feet (4,543 m).<ref>{{Cite web |title=1963 – இருவர் உள்ளம் – பிரசாத் மூவிஸ் |trans-title=1963 – Iruvar Ullam – Prasad Movies |url=http://lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1963-cinedetails8.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181111103333/http://lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1963-cinedetails8.asp |archive-date=11 November 2018 |access-date=11 November 2018 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The film's soundtrack and background score were composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]], while the lyrics for the songs were written by [[Kannadasan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 December 1963 |title=Iruvar Ullam (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/iruvar-ullam-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1329137202 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726080003/https://music.apple.com/in/album/iruvar-ullam-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1329137202 |archive-date=26 July 2019 |access-date=26 July 2019 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Iruvar Ullam Tamil Film EP Vinyl Record by K V Mahadevan |url=https://mossymart.com/product/iruvar-ullam-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-k-v-mahadevan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221054812/https://mossymart.com/product/iruvar-ullam-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-k-v-mahadevan/ |archive-date=21 December 2022 |access-date=21 December 2022 |website=Mossymart}}</ref> [[A. L. Raghavan]] initially sang the song "Buddhi Sigamani", picturised on [[M. R. Radha]], in a manner that would match Radha's hoarse voice, but Prasad did not accept this and told Raghavan to sing with a melodious voice. When Radha objected to Prasad's decision, Prasad said he would have the song recorded with a melodious voice, and if Radha did not like the final recording, it would be excluded from the film; after listening to the final recording, Radha approved.<ref name="Radha" />
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Singer's
|-
| "Paravaigal Palavitham" ||[[T. M. Soundararajan]]
|-
| "Idayaveenai" || [[P. Susheela]]
|-
| "Azhagu Sirikkindrathu" ||T. M. Soundararajan, P. Susheela
|-
| "Nadhi Engey Pogirathu" ||T. M. Soundararajan, P. Susheela
|-
| "Yean Azuthai" || T. M. Soundararajan
|-
| "Kanneya Kanneya Urangatheya"|| P. Susheela
|-
| "Buddhi Sigamani" || [[A. L. Raghavan]], [[L. R. Eswari]]
|-
| "Kannethire Thondrinal" || T. M. Soundararajan
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Iruvar Ullam'' was released on 29 March 1963, and distributed by [[Sivaji Productions|Sivaji Films]].<ref name="released" /> It was promoted as a "newspaper cutting that featured pencil sketches of two hearts", each displaying the name of the lead actor and actress.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jeshi |first=K. |date=27 March 2014 |title=Just like that |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/just-like-that/article5836683.ece |url-status=live |access-date=26 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705113732/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/just-like-that/article5836683.ece |archive-date=5 July 2021}}</ref> On 9 April, ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote that it "has one significant and rare virtue. Its basic dramatic design is of a lightly pleasant variety, with the sweet underlining of a playful romance".<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 April 1963 |title=''Iruvar Ullam'' offers wholesome fare |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19630409&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=26 November 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> On 21 April, the magazine ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' positively reviewed the film, praising Saroja Devi for delivering a very natural performance.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=காந்தன் |date=21 April 1963 |title=இருவர் உள்ளம் |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1963/apr/21-04-1963/p53.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220724045219/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1963/apr/21-04-1963/p53.jpg |archive-date=24 July 2022 |access-date=2 December 2021 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=53 |language=ta}}</ref> The film was a commercial success, running for over 100 days in theatres.{{sfn|Ganesan|Narayana Swamy|2007|p=241}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=தீனதயாளன் |first=பா. |date=27 May 2016 |title=சரோஜா தேவி: 6. அழுமூஞ்சி...! |language=ta |trans-title=Saroja Devi: 6. Crying face...! |work=[[Dinamani]] |url=https://www.dinamani.com/junction/kanavukkannigal/2016/may/28/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BE-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF-6.-%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF...-2516292.html |url-status=live |access-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503054643/https://www.dinamani.com/junction/kanavukkannigal/2016/may/28/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BE-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF-6.-%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF...-2516292.html |archive-date=3 May 2021}}</ref> Lakshmi who saw the film was shocked with the twist of the protagonist being blamed for the murder as she felt the film completely deviated from her novel.<ref name="iruvar" />

== Legacy ==
Film journalist Sujatha Narayanan considers ''Iruvar Ullam'' a trendsetter for "all following films that dealt with post-marriage narratives" in Tamil cinema.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narayanan |first=Sujatha |date=28 October 2018 |title=Thamizh Talkies: The forgotten trendsetters |work=[[Cinema Express]] |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/columns/2018/oct/28/thamizh-talkies-the-forgotten-trendsetters-8511.html |url-status=live |access-date=10 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707062934/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/columns/2018/oct/28/thamizh-talkies-the-forgotten-trendsetters-8511.html |archive-date=7 July 2019}}</ref> Clips of the film were used to portray the younger Ganesan and Saroja Devi in the 1997 film ''[[Once More (1997 film)|Once More]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 July 2008 |title=Her last years in the industry |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/jul/01slide8.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119141551/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/jul/01slide8.htm |archive-date=19 November 2018 |access-date=26 July 2019 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> which Saroja Devi considered a sequel to ''Iruvar Ullam''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 May 1998 |title=There is no such thing as right talent |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://www.goldentamilcinema.net/index.php/sarojadevi/articles-2/15-now-i-have-fans-among-youngsters-too-2 |url-status=live |access-date=26 July 2019 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190726064056/http://www.goldentamilcinema.net/index.php/sarojadevi/articles-2/15-now-i-have-fans-among-youngsters-too-2 |archive-date=26 July 2019}}</ref>

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="Radha">{{Cite web |last=முகில் |date=28 June 2015 |title=எம்.ஆர். ராதா - கலகக்காரனின் கதை! (20) |trans-title=M. R. Radha – The story of a rebel! (20) |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/malarkal/vara-malar-weekly-magazine/mr-radha---the-rebels-story-20/25687 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709104718/https://www.dinamalar.com/supplementary_detail.asp?id=25687&ncat=2 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |access-date=9 July 2021 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref>
<ref name="hindutamil">{{Cite news |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=29 March 2019 |title=இருவர் உள்ளம் – அப்பவே அப்படி கதை – இருவர் உள்ளம் படத்துக்கு 56 வயது! |trans-title=''Iruvar Ullam'' – Then itself such a story – The film ''Iruvar Ullam'' turns 56! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/157994-56.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705112551/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/157994-56.html |archive-date=5 July 2021 |access-date=5 July 2021 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref>
<ref name="released">{{Cite news |date=29 March 1963 |title=Iruvar Ullam |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19630329&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=11 November 2018 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=10 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
<ref name="iruvar">{{Cite magazine |last=அசோக்குமார் |date=22 June 1980 |title=நாவல் படமான போது.. |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki1980-06-22/kalki1980-06-22.pdf |access-date=10 April 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=60–62 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

</references>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last1=Ganesan |first1=Sivaji |title=Autobiography of an Actor: Sivaji Ganesan, October 1928 – July 2001 |title-link=Autobiography of an Actor |last2=Narayana Swamy |first2=T. S. |publisher=Sivaji Prabhu Charities Trust |year=2007 |oclc=297212002 |author-link=Sivaji Ganesan |orig-date=2002}}
* {{Cite book |last=Pillai |first=Swarnavel Eswaran |title=Madras Studios: Narrative, Genre, and Ideology in Tamil Cinema |publisher=[[SAGE Publishing|SAGE Publications]] |year=2015 |isbn=9789351502128}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |author-link2=Paul Willemen |orig-date=1994}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|tt0255263}}
{{L. V. Prasad}}
[[Category:1963 Indian films]]
[[Category:1960s romance films]]
[[Category:1963 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1963 films]]
[[Category:Films based on Tamil novels]]
[[Category:Films directed by L. V. Prasad]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by M. Karunanidhi]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian romance films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romance films]]

Raman (film)

2026-03-03T21:32:40Z

UteCansler: put up the stub added tags!

{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Raman
| image =
| caption =
| director = Dr. Biju
| producer =
| writer = Dr. Biju
| based_on =
| starring = Anoop Chandran Avantika Akerkar
| music = [[Ramesh Narayan]]
| cinematography = Kannan
| editing = Vijayakumar
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2008|11|30|STEPS International Film Festival|2009|01|16|Kerala|df=y}}
| runtime = 80 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = {{INRConvert|4|m}}
| gross =
}}
'''''Raman''''' (English: ''Travelogue of Invasion'') is a 2008 [[Malayalam]] film written and directed by Dr. Biju.<ref>[http://www.cinemaofmalayalam.net/bijukumar.html Dr. Biju: Raman (Travelogue of Invasion)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100618231607/http://cinemaofmalayalam.net/bijukumar.html |date=18 June 2010 }}</ref> A controversial and much debated-over socio-political film, it shows two variants of invasion by [[imperialism|imperialist]] forces—of [[Iraq]] and [[Kerala]]. The film was an official selection for eight international film festivals including the prestigious [[Cairo International Film Festival]].<ref name=Cairo>[http://www.outlookindia.com/printarticle.aspx?262991 Al Hind: A Relook] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025161322/http://www.outlookindia.com/printarticle.aspx?262991 |date=25 October 2012 }}</ref>

According to the director, the film "shows how economic, cultural and military invasion by the U.S. ends up annihilating third-world countries like India and Iraq."<ref name=Release>[https://archive.today/20130125152858/http://www.hindu.com/2009/01/16/stories/2009011659691100.htm ‘Raman’ to be released in the State today]</ref> [[George W. Bush]] has been described as a "political terrorist" in the film.<ref name=Cairo/>

==Plot==
''Raman'' tells the story of Raman (Anoop Chandran), a village tea-shop assistant in Kerala and Diya Raman (Avantika Akerkar), wife of the US Defence Secretary. A media activist, she is trying to make a documentary about the adverse impact of [[American imperialism]], worldwide. The film has two parallel tracks, one set in India shows how [[globalisation]] creates economic and cultural imbalances in developing nations, the other is about the US's violent invasion of Iraq.

==Cast==
* [[Anoop Chandran]] as Raman
* Avantika Akerkar
* Thazhava Sahadeven
* Seenath
* S. Saji
* Chayansarkar

==Production==
The film was made with a shoestring budget of {{INRConvert|4|m}} and was shot in [[Kerala]] and [[Rajasthan]].<ref name=Release/>

==Release==
The film had its world premiere on 30 November 2008 at the STEPS International Film Festival.<ref>[http://www.cetalife.com.ua/eng/program2008.htm STEPS IFF 2008]</ref> The film had a limited theatrical release in Kerala on 16 January 2009. It was released at a theatre each in [[Kozhikode]], [[Thrissur]] and [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref name=Release/>

The film was shown at at least 8 international film festivals including the following.<ref>[http://www.dff.nic.in/59thNFAOfficialCatalouge%20Part%20-III.pdf 59thNFAOfficialCatalouge]</ref>

* November 2008: STEPS International Film Festival – "Kiev" Cinema section
* December 2008: 7th [[Chennai International Film Festival]]
* November 2009: [[33rd Cairo International Film Festival]] – "Incredible India" section
* December 2009: 14th [[International Film Festival of Kerala]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Dr. Biju}}
[[Category:2008 films]]
[[Category:2008 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2008 drama films]]
[[Category:Films about terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Dr. Biju]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thrissur]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Films shot in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Iraq War films]]
[[Category:Films about globalization]]

Romeo (2014 film)

2026-03-03T17:53:50Z

UteCansler: expanded content

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Romeo 2014 poster.jpg
| writer = [[Puri Jagannadh]]
| starring = [[Sairam Shankar]] Adonika
| caption = Poster
| director = Gopiganesh Pattabhi
| cinematography = [[P. G. Vinda]]
| producer = Dorai Swamy
| editing = [[Naveen Nooli]]
| distributor =
| country = India
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2014|10|10}}
| runtime =
| language = Telugu
| music = [[Sunil Kashyap]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Romeo''''' (Telugu: రోమియో) is a 2014 Telugu drama film starring [[Sairam Shankar]] and Adonika in the lead, directed by Gopiganesh Pattabhi. Valluripalli Ramesh produced this movie under the Maharshi Cinema Banner and Sunil Kashyap provided the music for the film. The film released after much delay.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2014-10-10/Puri-Jagannadhs-Romeo-Telugu-movie-review/111018 | title=Puri Jagannadh's Romeo Telugu movie review | date=10 October 2014 }}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Sairam Shankar]] as Kittu
* Adonika as Madhoo
* [[Subbaraju]]
* [[Pragathi (actress)|Pragathi]]
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]]
* [[Ravi Teja]] as himself (cameo appearance)

==Production==
The film is set in Verona, the same place where Shakespeare's drama ''Romeo and Juliet'' was set.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/sairam-shankars-romeo-to-release-soon/263798-71-216.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030011156/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/sairam-shankars-romeo-to-release-soon/263798-71-216.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 October 2012|title=Sairam Shankar's "Romeo" to release soon|publisher=IBN Live|accessdate=2 June 2012  }}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The songs are composed by [[Sunil Kashyap]]. Lyrics by Viswa, [[Bhaskarabhatla]], Paidisetty Ram and Sunil Kashyap.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://moviegq.com/movie/romeo-7693/songs | title=Romeo 2014 Telugu Movie Songs, Romeo Music Director Lyrics Videos Singers & Lyricists }}</ref>
*"Aajaa Aajaa" - Sravana Bhargavi
*"Ee Ammaiyil Antha" - Sunil Kashyap
*"Pranamaa" - Sunil Kashyap
*"Neelo Neelo" - Alfans
*"Naalo Cheragani" - [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]]
*"Romeo Rocks" - Sunil Kashyap

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "Ten minutes into the story, there are hints that the film is beyond redemption and it continues to tumble down the rabbit hole".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/romeo/movie-review/44775116.cms|title=Romeo Movie Review {2/5}: Critic Review of Romeo by Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=Romeo review: Romeo (Telugu) Movie Review - fullhyd.com | url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/romeo/telugu/romeo-movie-reviews-6303-2.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014203435/http://movies.fullhyderabad.com:80/romeo/telugu/romeo-movie-reviews-6303-2.html | access-date=2025-02-27 | archive-date=2014-10-14}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2014 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]
[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]

O (2022 film)

2026-03-03T12:10:13Z

UteCansler: put up some details first draft!

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Short description|2022 Indian horror thriller film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = O
| image = O (2022 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Mahesha C. Ammalidoddy
| producer = Kiran T. G.
| writer = Mahesha C. Ammalidoddy (Dialogues)
| screenplay = Mahesha C. Ammalidoddy
| story = Kiran T. G.
| based_on =
| starring = {{plainlist| * [[Milana Nagaraj]]
* [[Amrutha Iyengar]]
* [[Siddu Moolimani]]
}}
| narrator =
| music = {{Ubl
| '''Songs:'''
| Kiran Ravindranath
|'''Score''':
| Satish Babu
}}
| cinematography = Dilip Chakravarthy
| editing = Srikant
| studio = Ekaakshara Films
| distributor = Jayanna Films
| released = {{film date|2022|11|11|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = 
| gross =
}}
'''''O''''' is a 2022 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[horror thriller]] film written and directed by Mahesha C. Ammalidoddy.<ref>{{cite news |title=O - Official Trailer {{!}} Kannada Movie News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/kannada/o-official-trailer/amp_videoshow/95137846.cms |access-date=12 August 2024 |work=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=12 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240812154924/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/kannada/o-official-trailer/amp_videoshow/95137846.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> The story of the film is written by Kiran T. G., who also produced the film under the banner Ekaakshara Films.<ref>{{cite news |title=ಸಸ್ಪೆನ್ಸ್ ಹಾರರ್ ಕಥೆಯನ್ನೊಳಗೊಂಡ ಮಿಲನಾ ನಾಗರಾಜ್, ಅಮೃತಾ ಅಯ್ಯಂಗಾರ್ ನಟನೆಯ ಚಿತ್ರ 'ಓ' |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/milana-nagaraj-amrutha-iyengar-starrer-v-movie-release-on-november-11th/articleshow/95399595.cms |access-date=12 August 2024 |work=[[Vijaya Karnataka]] |language=kn |archive-date=12 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240812182230/https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/milana-nagaraj-amrutha-iyengar-starrer-v-movie-release-on-november-11th/amp_articleshow/95399595.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> The film stars [[Milana Nagaraj]], [[Amrutha Iyengar]], and [[Siddu Moolimani]]<ref>{{cite news |title=I am blessed to be part of Paaru, says Siddu Moolimani |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/i-am-blessed-to-be-part-of-paaru-says-siddu-moolimani/articleshow/80301708.cms |access-date=12 August 2024 |work=The Times of India |archive-date=12 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240812150223/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/i-am-blessed-to-be-part-of-paaru-says-siddu-moolimani/amp_articleshow/80301708.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> with [[Suchendra Prasad]], Sangeetha Anil, Ramesh Pandith, and Vinay Krishnaswamy in supporting roles.

The film was released theatrically on 11 November 2022.

== Cast ==
* [[Milana Nagaraj]] as Nikitha
* [[Amrutha Iyengar]] as Nisha
* [[Siddu Moolimani]] as Chethan
* [[Suchendra Prasad]]
* Sangeetha Anil
* Ramesh Pandith
* Vinay Krishnaswamy
* Alaap

== Production ==
[[Milana Nagaraj]] and [[Amrutha Iyengar]], who previously collaborated in ''[[Love Mocktail]]'' (2020), collaborate again in this film as sisters.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A. |title=Milana Nagaraj's transition from glamour to content |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2019/Mar/19/milana-nagarajs-transition-from-glam-to-content-10633.html |access-date=12 August 2024 |work=Cinema Express |date=11 March 2019 |language=en |archive-date=12 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240812150223/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/amp/story/stories/interviews/2019/Mar/19/milana-nagarajs-transition-from-glam-to-content-10633.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2019, it was announced that Milana had completed filming fifty percent of her schedule.<ref>{{cite news |title=With O, Milana Nagaraj makes her first attempt at horror |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2019/Mar/20/with-o-milana-nagaraj-makes-her-first-attempt-at-horror-1953223.html |access-date=12 August 2024 |work=The New Indian Express |date=20 March 2019 |language=en |archive-date=7 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807150836/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2019/Mar/20/with-o-milana-nagaraj-makes-her-first-attempt-at-horror-1953223.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The songs of the film were composed by Kiran Ravindranath,<ref>{{cite web |title=O (Kannada) [Original Motion Picture Soundtrack] - EP by Kiran Ravindranath on Apple Music |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/o-kannada-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1644271941 |website=[[Apple Music]] |access-date=12 August 2024 |date=11 October 2022 |archive-date=12 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240812180345/https://music.apple.com/in/album/o-kannada-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1644271941 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=O (Kannada) [Original Motion Picture Soundtrack] |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/5egXLnvm84m0xmtYHTei0a |website=[[Spotify]] |access-date=12 August 2024 |language=en |date=11 October 2022 |archive-date=12 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240812180343/https://open.spotify.com/album/5egXLnvm84m0xmtYHTei0a |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=O (Kannada) [Original Motion Picture Soundtrack] Songs: O (Kannada) [Original Motion Picture Soundtrack] MP3 Kannada Songs by Kiran Ravindranath Online Free on Gaana.com |url=https://gaana.com/album/o-kannada-original-motion-picture-soundtrack |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]] |access-date=12 August 2024 |language=en |archive-date=12 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240812180327/https://gaana.com/album/o-kannada-original-motion-picture-soundtrack |url-status=live}}</ref> and the background score was by Satish Babu.<ref>{{cite news |title=ಹಾರರ್ ಸಿನಿಮಾದಲ್ಲಿ ಅಕ್ಕ-ತಂಗಿಯಾದ ಜೋ & ನಿಧಿಮಾ; ಈ ಚಿತ್ರದಲ್ಲಿದೆ ಅಪ್ಪು ಹಾಡಿರುವ ಸಾಂಗ್ |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/milana-nagaraj-amrutha-iyengar-siddu-moolimani-starrer-o-movie-trailer-released/articleshow/94699786.cms |access-date=12 August 2024 |work=[[Vijaya Karnataka]] |language=kn |archive-date=12 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240812182239/https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/milana-nagaraj-amrutha-iyengar-siddu-moolimani-starrer-o-movie-trailer-released/amp_articleshow/94699786.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> The song "Yeno Ondhu Jaadhu" was sung by [[Puneeth Rajkumar]].<ref>{{cite news |title=O: ಸಿದ್ದು ಮೂಲಿಮನಿ, ಅಮೃತಾ ಅಯ್ಯಂಗಾರ್, ಮಿಲನಾ ನಾಗರಾಜ್ ಚಿತ್ರದಲ್ಲಿ ಪುನೀತ್‌ರ ರೊಮ್ಯಾಂಟಿಕ್ ಹಾಡು |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/siddu-moolimani-milana-nagaraj-amrutha-iyengar-starrer-o-kannada-movie/articleshow/95110671.cms |access-date=12 August 2024 |work=[[Vijaya Karnataka]] |language=kn |archive-date=12 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240812182232/https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/siddu-moolimani-milana-nagaraj-amrutha-iyengar-starrer-o-kannada-movie/amp_articleshow/95110671.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Yeno Ondhu Jaadhu
| length1 = 3:14
| lyrics1 = [[Chethan Kumar (director)|Chethan Kumar]]
| extra1 = [[Puneeth Rajkumar]], [[Anuradha Bhat]]
| title2 = Aa Modavu Karagalu
| length2 = 4:36
| lyrics2 = Hrudayashiva
| extra2 = [[Vijay Prakash]]
| title3 = Ee Vismaya
| length3 = 4:00
| lyrics3 = [[Jayanth Kaikini]]
| extra3 = [[Sanjith Hegde]], Anuradha Bhat
| title4 = Hetthavara Mundhae
| length4 = 3:37
| lyrics4 = Mahesha C. Ammalidoddy
| extra4 = [[R. P. Patnaik]]
| title5 = O Remix Title Song
| length5 = 1:33
| lyrics5 = {{mdash}}
| extra5 = Saicharan Bhaskaruni, Harini, Lokesh, Tejaswini
| total_length = 17:00
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film three out of five stars and wrote, "Director Mahesh has tried to dish out a thriller drama with a simple storyline, blended with gripping narration. However, he succeeds in parts."<ref>{{cite news |title=O Movie Review : An edge-of-the-seat thriller which tests sibling bonding |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/o/movie-review/95469598.cms |access-date=12 August 2024 |work=The Times of India |archive-date=7 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807150831/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/o/movie-review/95469598.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> A Sharadhaa of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave it two-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote, "''O'' is a novel attempt that does leave a few aspects unanswered, but if you are a fan of the horror and suspense genre, this one is perfect for you."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A. |title=O Movie Review: Raises the horror bar…a bit |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/review/2022/Nov/12/o-movie-review-raises-the-horror-barhellipa-bit-36547.html |access-date=12 August 2024 |work=Cinema Express |date=12 November 2022 |language=en |archive-date=7 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807150833/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/review/2022/Nov/12/o-movie-review-raises-the-horror-barhellipa-bit-36547.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Swaroop Kodur of ''[[OTTplay]]'' gave it two out of five stars and wrote, "''O'' is not the most innovative horror film out there and nor is it original in its conception. The film, like many of its kind, depends heavily on post-production and less on a solid script which eventually becomes its undoing."<ref>{{cite news |title='O' Kannada movie review: Few genuine scares but far too many cliches |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/o-kannada-movie-review-milana-nagaraj-amrutha-iyengar-film-has-a-few-scares-but-way-too-many-cliches/16266aeb0966 |access-date=12 August 2024 |work=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> Y. Maheswara Reddy of ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' rated the film three out of five stars and wrote that "''O'' is worth a watch for those who get their thrills from horror."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Y |first1=Maheswara Reddy |title=O Movie Review: It's a black magic show, folks |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/o-movie-review-its-a-black-magic-show-folks/articleshow/95479559.cms |access-date=12 August 2024 |work=Bangalore Mirror |language=en |archive-date=7 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807150831/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/o-movie-review-its-a-black-magic-show-folks/articleshow/95479559.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt19731306}}

[[Category:2022 Indian films]]
[[Category:2022 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian horror films]]
[[Category:Indian horror thriller films]]

Mahabharat (2013 film)

2026-03-02T10:01:48Z

UteCansler: adjust structure as per guidelines

{{Short description|2013 Indian animated film by Amaan Khan}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mahabharat
| image = Mahabharat 3d.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Amaan Khan
| producer = {{unbulleted list| Kushal Kantilal Gada| Dhaval Gada}}
| writer =
| starring = {{unbulleted list|
[[Amitabh Bachchan]]|
[[Sunny Deol]]|
[[Anil Kapoor]]|
[[Ajay Devgn]]|
[[Vidya Balan]]|
[[Shatrughan Sinha]]|
[[Manoj Bajpayee]]|
[[Jackie Shroff]]|
[[Anupam Kher]]|
[[Deepti Naval]]|[[Vrajesh Hirjee]]}}
| music = Rajendra Shiv
| cinematography = Satyajit Pande (Setu)
| editing =
| studio = [[Pen Studios]]
| distributor = Pen Studios
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|12|27}}
| runtime = 125 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INRConvert|50|c}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-mahabharat-loses-box-office-battle-to-dhoom-3-1942936 |title='Mahabharat' loses box office battle to 'Dhoom: 3' – Entertainment – DNA |publisher=Dnaindia.com |access-date=3 January 2014}}</ref>
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INRConvert|1.5|c}}<ref name=IBN3daygross />
}}

'''''Mahabharat''''' is a 2013 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Computer animation|animated]] film, directed by Amaan Khan and based on the Hindu epic [[Mahabharata]] by [[Veda Vyasa]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-it-took-7-years-to-make-mahabharat-amaan-khan-1940058 |title=It took 7 years to make 'Mahabharat': Amaan Khan – Entertainment – DNA |publisher=Dnaindia.com |access-date=3 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/animation-film-mahabharats-movie-trailer-out-217968-2013-11-18 |title=Animation film Mahabharat's movie trailer out : Bollywood, News – India Today |publisher=Indiatoday.intoday.in |date=19 November 2013 |access-date=25 November 2013}}</ref> The film is produced by Kushal Kantilal Gada and Dhaval Jayantilal Gada.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-amitabh-ajay-devgn-vidya-balan-in-mahabharat/20131120.htm |title=Amitabh, Madhuri Dixit Ajay Devgn, Vidya Balan in Mahabharat – Rediff.com Movies |work=Rediff.com |date=20 November 2013 |access-date=25 November 2013}}</ref> The film was a [[Christmas]] release on 27 December 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Mahabharat-in-120-min-was-a-daunting-task-Director/articleshow/27649892.cms |title=Mahabharat in 120 min was a daunting task: Director |work=The Times of India |date=20 December 2013 |access-date=3 January 2014}}</ref> Several actors like [[Amitabh Bachchan]],
[[Sunny Deol]], [[Anil Kapoor]], [[Ajay Devgn]], [[Vidya Balan]], [[Shatrughan Sinha]],
[[Manoj Bajpayee]], [[Jackie Shroff]], [[Anupam Kher]], [[Deepti Naval]], and [[Vrajesh Hirjee]] were signed up for the characters in the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/photo/anil-kapoor-at-the-trailer-launch-of-3d-mahabharat-370983-2013-11-17 |title=Anil Kapoor at the trailer launch of Mahabharat – | Photo1 | India Today | |publisher=Indiatoday.intoday.in |date=25 October 2013 |access-date=25 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/anupam-kher-lends-voice-to-shakuni-mama-in-mahabharat/431414-8-66.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103002125/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/anupam-kher-lends-voice-to-shakuni-mama-in-mahabharat/431414-8-66.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 November 2013 |title=Anupam Kher lends voice to 'Shakuni mama' in 'Mahabharat |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |date=30 October 2013 |access-date=25 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/anil-kapoor-recommended-jackie-shroff-for-mahabharat/428265-8-66.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014085551/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/anil-kapoor-recommended-jackie-shroff-for-mahabharat/428265-8-66.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 October 2013 |title=Anil Kapoor recommended Jackie Shroff for 'Mahabharat' |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |date=14 October 2013 |access-date=25 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/news/ni56416499/|title=Would Salman Khan turn Krishna in Mahabharat 3D?|publisher=IMDb|access-date=17 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/news/ni56393743/|title=Mahabharat-3D: Amitabh Bachchan to launch first look; Slb's Ram-leela to carry promo : Trade News|publisher=IMDb|access-date=17 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Photos IndiaMoviesCricketSportsTechAutoWorld |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/14542.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131009031920/http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/14542.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 October 2013 |title=Then and now: How Mahabharat has got more slick and grand|Movies News Photos-IBNLive |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |date=7 October 2013 |access-date=25 November 2013}}</ref> It is touted as the most expensive animated film in Bollywood.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/mahabharat-movie-trailer-know-what-the-film-has-in-store-for-you_146522.html |title='Mahabharat' movie trailer: Know what the film has in store for you |publisher=Zeenews.india.com |access-date=25 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Sunny-Deol-as-Bheem-in-Mahabharat/articleshow/23890202.cms?referral=PM | title=Sunny Deol as Bheem in Mahabharat | work=The Times of India | date=10 October 2013 | access-date=3 January 2014 | author=TNN }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=महाभारत: सूतपुत्र कर्ण के इन कुकर्मो को जान के आप भी कहेंगे उसे खलनायक...|url=https://www.therednews.com/777-karna-was-an-pure-villain-in-mahabharata|access-date=2021-11-22|website=therednews.com}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{Long plot|date=January 2022}}
Two brothers come across a magic coin and fight for it. A bird appears from the coin and begins reciting the Mahabharata as a message for all of mankind.

She sings the summary of the war's origins. [[Durvasa|Sage Durvasa]] visits Princess [[Kunti]]'s palace and blesses her that she will obtain sons from the gods. Kunti asks for a son from the sun god but becomes ridiculed for being an unwed mother, so she leaves him in a basket to float away in River Ganga. She marries [[Pandu|Pāndu]] and has 3 sons: [[Yudhishthira|Yudhiṣṭhira]], [[Bhima|Bhīma]] and [[Arjuna]]. Pandu's second wife, [[Madri]], gives birth to [[Nakula]] and [[Sahadeva]]. Pandu's sons are known as the [[Pandava]]s. Pandu's blind brother, [[Dhritarashtra|Dhṛtarāṣṭra]], has 100 sons, the [[Kaurava]]s, with his wife [[Gandhari (Mahabharata)|Gāndhari]]. The eldest Kaurava is [[Duryodhana]]. The Pandavas and Kauravas learn under Sage [[Drona|Dronā]]charya and develop animosity between one another, which sparks the Mahabharata.

In [[Hastinapur]], grandsire [[Bhishma|Bhīṣma]] arrives at the exhibition of the Pāndavas' and Kauravas' weapon skills. [[Karna|Karṇa]], Kunti's first son that she gave away, arrives to challenge Arjuna as the best archer. He is originally not allowed to participate in the challenge because he is not royalty, but Duryodhana declares him the King of Aṅga, eager to see Karṇa defeat Arjuna. Seeing them duel each other, Dronacharya declares Karṇa and Arjuna as equally skillful warriors. Yudhiṣthira is declared the King of Hastināpura, which makes Duryodhana jealous. His uncle, [[Shakuni]], helps him devise a plan that will burn the Pāndavas to ashes. They plan to burn their palace, but [[Vidura]], another uncle, tells Bhīma of the plan beforehand. Everyone believes that the Pāndavas and Kunti have been burned alive, but with the help of Vidura, they use an underground escape route to flee the burning palace. Vidura advises them to live undercover in the forest for some time to build their strength and supporters, telling them that [[Krishna]] will guide them.

King Drupada holds a competition to find a husband for his daughter, [[Draupadi|Draupadī]]. The Pandavas arrive in the disguise of Brahmaṇas to partake, and Arjuna wins the competition. When Arjuna comes to tell Kunti the news, without hearing what happened, Kunti orders Arjuna to share whatever he has won amongst all five brothers. Krishna arrives and explains how in her past life, Draupadī had asked for a husband five times, and [[Shiva]] had granted this request.

The Pāndavas create a palace of illusions and invite Duryodhana, where Draupadī insults him out of vengeance. Duryodhana leaves feeling humiliated and angry. Duryodhana sets up a gambling match, where Yudhiṣṭhira loses his kingdom and all of his possessions. He gambles away Draupadī, who Duṣṣāsana publicly disrobes. Draupadī prays to Krishna, who uses his divine power to protect her dignity. To atone for their sins of gambling and not protecting Draupadī, the Pāndavas go into exile again.

Krishna warns the Kauravas against starting war, but they do not pay heed. Arjuna tells Krishna he cannot fight against his family, but Krishna tells him this is a war of right and wrong, and he must fight for the truth. Krishna reminds him that souls are immortal, so he should not worry about killing his family members' bodies. The Pāndavas realize that they can't win until Bhīṣma is on the battlefield because he has a boon that he cannot die. Arjuna reluctantly shoots him with many arrows to incapacitate him. The Pāndavas send Arjuna's son [[Abhimanyu]] to the battlefield to break Dronācharya's labyrinth. Duryodhana and Shakuni trap Abhimanyu in the labyrinth formation and stab him from the back.

Kunti visits Karṇa and tells her that she is his mother, begging him to spare the Pāndavas. He promises not to kill any of the Pāndava brothers except for Arjuna. On the battlefield, Duryodhana gets angry with Karan for not shooting the Pāndavas when they are easy targets. Instead, while Karṇa is fixing his stuck wheel, Krishna tells Arjuna to shoot him, and Karṇa sacrifices himself for the sake of his mother. Seeing his army being defeated, Duryodhan sits in the ocean to meditate and Bhīma follows him. They engage in a duel until Bhīma hits him in the thigh and kills him, ending the war. Kunti reveals to everyone that Karṇa was her eldest son and that he sacrificed himself for her to remove the stigma against him. Yudhiṣṭhira is crowned king and the Pāndavas rule Hastināpura.

The storytelling bird tells the boys that they should never forget the lessons from the Mahabhārata, such as respecting elders and living in unity.

== Voice cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Amitabh Bachchan]] as [[Bhishma]]
*[[Sunny Deol]] as [[Bheema]]
*[[Anil Kapoor]] as [[Karna]]
*[[Ajay Devgn]] as [[Arjuna]]
*[[Vidya Balan]] as [[Draupadi]]
*[[Shatrughan Sinha]] as [[Krishna in the Mahabharata|Krishna]]
*[[Manoj Bajpayee]] as [[Yudhishthira]]
*[[Jackie Shroff]] as [[Duryodhana]]
*[[Anupam Kher]] as [[Shakuni]]
*[[Deepti Naval]] as [[Kunti]]
*[[Vrajesh Hirjee]] as [[Dushasana]]
*[[Rohini Hattangadi]] as the old bird
*Ajay Chaddha as [[Dhritarashtra]]
*Meena Nahata as [[Gandhari (Mahabharata)|Gāndhari]]
*Dharmesh Tiwari as [[Dronacharya]]
*Shiva Banerjee as [[Abhimanyu]]
}}

==Production==

===Filming===
[[Amitabh Bachchan]] lent his baritone voice and sombre expressions to Bheeshma Pitamah, which coincidentally is the first time he dubbed for an animated character in his 51-year+ film career since 1969.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Amitabh-Bachchan-lends-his-voice-for-animated-Bheeshma-Pitamah/articleshow/25988556.cms?referral=PM | title=Amitabh Bachchan lends his voice for animated Bheeshma Pitamah | work=The Times of India | date=19 November 2013 | access-date=25 November 2013}}</ref> [[Sunny Deol]] lent his voice and mannerism for Bheem.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sunny-deol-bheem-mahabharat/articleshow/23890202.cms | title= Sunny Deol as Bheem in Mahabharat | work=The Times of India | date=10 October 2013 | access-date=10 October 2013}}</ref> [[Anil Kapoor]] dubbed for Karna while he was given an option to dub for any one of the characters of Karna and Arjuna.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Das|first=Anirban|date=11 October 2013|title=Anil Kapoor chooses Karna over Arjun|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/anil-kapoor-chooses-karna-over-arjun/story-cl5KeafImvx2v3WsncXrmM.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122124856/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/anil-kapoor-chooses-karna-over-arjun/story-cl5KeafImvx2v3WsncXrmM.html|archive-date=22 January 2022|access-date=25 January 2022|website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> He took 15 days to complete his work while [[Manoj Bajpayee]] finished the dubbing for his character in just four days in Future Works Studio in Andheri, Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web |author=IANS |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-01/news-interviews/42573569_1_anil-kapoor-manoj-bajpayee-mahabharat |title=Anil, Manoj voiceovers for 3D 'Mahabharat' |date=1 October 2013 |access-date=25 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203011411/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-01/news-interviews/42573569_1_anil-kapoor-manoj-bajpayee-mahabharat |archive-date=3 December 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/anil-kapoor-as-karna-vidya-balan-as-draupadi-in-mahabharat/425501-8-66.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002082543/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/anil-kapoor-as-karna-vidya-balan-as-draupadi-in-mahabharat/425501-8-66.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 October 2013 |title=Anil Kapoor as Karna, Vidya Balan as Draupadi in 'Mahabharat' |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |date=30 September 2013 |access-date=25 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/news/ni56242133/|title=Anil, Manoj voiceovers for 3D 'Mahabharat'|publisher=IMDb|access-date=17 February 2016}}</ref> The trailer of the film was unveiled on 16 November 2013. Besides the launch of the trailer there were three audiovisuals that introduced the animated characters of Balan, Kapoor and Devgn.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/anil-kapoor-vidya-balan-other-stars-launch-animated-film/article1-1151532.aspx |title=Anil Kapoor, Vidya Balan, other stars, launch animated film |work=Hindustan Times|date=15 November 2013 |access-date=25 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131117030338/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/anil-kapoor-vidya-balan-other-stars-launch-animated-film/article1-1151532.aspx |archive-date=17 November 2013 }}</ref> Jackie Shroff lent his voice for Duryodhan. Lord Krishna's voice is dubbed by [[Shatrughan Sinha]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Vickey Lalwani|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Duryodhan-gets-his-voice-from-Jackie-Shroff/articleshow/23395594.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005110815/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-02/news-interviews/42615094_1_animation-film-sunny-deol-manoj-bajpayee |url-status=live |archive-date=5 October 2013 |title=Duryodhan gets his voice from Jackie Shroff |date=2 October 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=25 November 2013}}</ref> None of the A-listers charged any remuneration for lending their voices to the characters in the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-12-16/news-interviews/45216827_1_manoj-bajpayee-anil-kapoor-bheeshma |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220031201/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-12-16/news-interviews/45216827_1_manoj-bajpayee-anil-kapoor-bheeshma |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 December 2013 |title=Superstars dub for free for Mahabharat |date=16 December 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=3 January 2014}}</ref> Film producers gave Shatrughan Sinha an option to choose any of the roles to lend his voice to. Sinha selected the role of Krishna. ''Mahabharat'' has an insurance cover of {{INR|50}} crore, thus becoming the highest insured Bollywood production film, beating ''[[My Name Is Khan]]'' (2010), which was insured for {{INR|46}} crore.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-12-17/news-interviews/45256951_1_insurance-cover-mahabharat-bheeshma |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220031204/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-12-17/news-interviews/45256951_1_insurance-cover-mahabharat-bheeshma |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 December 2013 |title=At Rs 50 crore, Mahabharat is the highest insured film |date=17 December 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=3 January 2014}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
#"Dharamkshetra" – [[Kailash Kher]]
#"Kaal Kyon" – [[Zubin Garg]]
#"Koi Na Jaane" – [[Shankar Mahadevan]], Rajendra Shiv,
#Naar Naveli" – [[Alka Yagnik]], [[Raja Hassan]]
#"Suno Sunao" – [[Sadhana Sargam]], Anupam Amod, Vijayaa Shanker

==Critical reception==
The film received mixed reviews. Subhash K. Jha said, "If you were hoping that animation films would come of age with this purported epic, you are in for a disappointment. Though the characters from the ''Mahabharat'' have faces and voices of the biggest stars, the images do not add up to a compelling canvas. Not by a wide margin."<ref>{{cite web|last=Jha|first=Subhash K.|date=7 March 2014|title=Mahabharat 3D: Animation movie review|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/mahabharat-3d-animation-movie-review-909|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130210253/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/mahabharat-3d-animation-movie-review-909|archive-date=30 November 2020|access-date=17 February 2016|work=NDTVMovies.com}}</ref> ''[[India TV]]'' said, "The presentation is epic in intent, yes. Alas, the execution, packaging and projection leave the epic undernourished and over-emphasized." and rated it 2 out of 5 stars.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/mahabharat-3d-movie-review-11064.html/?maneref=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.co.in%2F|title=Mahabharat 3D Movie Review: Animation Arrested Mobile Site|author=indiatvnews|date=28 December 2013|work=India TV News|access-date=17 February 2016}}</ref>

Meena Iyer of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated it three and half out of five, saying "Amitabh Bachchan's bartitone is used for the stellar Bheeshma Pitamah. Although the Big B doesn't have muscular arms like his animated counterpart, their faces match. A superlative list of actors like Sunny Deol (Bhīma), Ajay Devgn (Arjuna), Anil Kapoor (Karṇa), Jackie Shroff (Duryodhana), Manoj Bajpayee (Yudhiṣṭhira), Anupam Kher (Shakuni) and Vidya Balan (Draupadī) have also infused life into the computer generated characters with their inimitable voices." and concluded, "On the flip side, the animation effort itself is immature and several notches below those of Hollywood films. Yet the dub effort by the Bollywood superstars uplifts this epic, making it enjoyable."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/movie-review/mahabharat/movie-review/27975205.cms|title=Mahabharat Movie Review|work=The Times of India|access-date=17 February 2016}}</ref>

Deepanjana Pal of ''[[Firstpost]]'' said, "The artwork in ''Mahabharat'' is appalling and the animation is worse. From the movements of the characters to the visual effects – like two arrows going at each other – it looks like a pirated and outdated version of MS Paint was used to create the film." and added, "The movements of the characters are awkward and jerky, making it look like the mythical heroes learned how to walk from Godzilla. The battle scenes are not only badly drawn and animated, they're also boring." and concluded, "This new ''Mahabharata'' isn't so much a kid-friendly version as one made for dummies, by dummies."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/mahabharat-review-made-for-dummies-by-dummies-1309337.html|title=Mahabharat review: Made for dummies, by dummies|work=Firstpost|access-date=17 February 2016}}</ref>

[[Taran Adarsh]] of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' rated the film 3 out of 5 stars, saying "The USP of ''Mahabharat'' is that the characters in the film bear a strong resemblance to the actors lending them their voices. The film should work for two more reasons: the riveting story and the superior quality animation [a handful of scenes notwithstanding]. Besides, minute detailing has gone into the costumes, effects and the overall look." and concluded, "The one flaw that stands out is the lip sync of the characters with the voiceovers, which seems to go out of place in a few sequences.".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/545711 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228000248/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/545711 |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 December 2013 |title=Mahabharat (2013) | Hindi Movie Critic Review By Bollywood Hungama News Network |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=3 January 2014}}</ref>

== Box office ==
''Mahabharat'' grossed Rs 1.5 crore from 185 screens in domestic circuit in the first weekend.<ref name=IBN3daygross>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/aamir-khans-dhoom-3-beats-mahabharat-in-box-office-battle/442484-8-66.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102204202/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/aamir-khans-dhoom-3-beats-mahabharat-in-box-office-battle/442484-8-66.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 January 2014 |title=Aamir Khan's 'Dhoom 3' wins Box Office battle against 'Mahabharat' |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |access-date=3 January 2014}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of Bollywood films of 2013]]
*[[Kochadaiiyaan]]
*[[Delhi Safari]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{BH movie|mahabharat-3}}
* {{Facebook|MahabharatFilm|''Mahabharat''}}
* {{IMDb title}}

{{India Animation Industry}}
{{Works based on the Mahabharata}}

[[Category:Indian animated films]]
[[Category:Indian 3D films]]
[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2013 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]
[[Category:2013 computer-animated films]]
[[Category:Indian epic films]]
[[Category:Indian war drama films]]
[[Category:2013 3D films]]
[[Category:Animated films based on the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:2013 war drama films]]
[[Category:Rotoscoped films]]
[[Category:Films using motion capture]]
[[Category:Pen Studios films]]
[[Category:Films distributed by PVR Inox Pictures]]

Chaldean Syrian Church

2026-03-01T15:01:10Z

UteCansler: Improved article clarity and structure

{{Short description|Eastern Christian Church based in Thrissur, India}}
{{About|the church in India in communion with the [[Assyrian Church of the East]]|the Eastern Catholic church in communion with the Holy See|Chaldean Catholic Church}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Christian denomination
| icon =
| icon_width = 25px
| icon_alt =
| name = Chaldean Syrian Church Archdiocese of India of the Holy Apostolic Catholic Assyrian Church of the East
| native_name = {{lang|syc|ܥܕܬܐ ܕܡܕܢܚܐ ܕܐܬܘܖ̈ܝܐ}} {{lang|ml|കൽദായ സുറിയാനി സഭ}}
| native_name_lang =
| image = Nasrani cross.jpg
| imagewidth =
| alt = The Mar Thoma Sleeva / The Saint Thomas Cross
| caption = The Mar Thoma Sleeva or The Saint Thomas Cross, the symbol of the Church
| abbreviation =
| type =
| main_classification = [[Christianity|Christian]]
| orientation = [[Syriac Christianity|Syriac]]
| scripture =
| theology = East Syriac theology
| polity =
| governance =
| structure =
| leader_title = [[List of Patriarchs of the Church of the East|Catholicos- Patriarch]]
| leader_name = [[Awa III|Mar Awa III]]
| leader_title1 = [[Metropolitan and Gate of All India|Metropolitan of India]]
| leader_name1 = [[Mar Awgin Kuriakose]]
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| leader_title3 =
| leader_name3 =
| fellowships_type =
| fellowships =
| fellowships_type1 =
| fellowships1 =
| division_type =
| division =
| division_type1 =
| division1 =
| division_type2 =
| division2 =
| division_type3 =
| division3 =
| associations =
| area = [[India]], [[diaspora]]
| language = [[Syriac language|Syriac]], [[Malayalam]]
| liturgy = [[East Syriac Rite]]
| headquarters = [[Marth Mariam Cathedral]] [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| origin_link =
| founder = [[Thomas the Apostle|Saint Thomas the Apostle]]
| founded_date = [[Apostolic Era]]
| founded_place =
| branched_from = [[Church of the East]] in [[India (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)|India]]
| merger =
| absorbed =
| merged_into =
| defunct =
| congregations_type =
| congregations =
| members = 27,568<ref name="censusindia1">{{cite web |title=Census of India |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Social_and_cultural/Religion.aspx?cki=MJPdz8hYMlF |access-date=2009-04-12}}</ref> 45,000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oikoumene.org/en/member-churches/holy-apostolic-catholic-assyrian-church-of-the-east|title=Holy Apostolic Catholic Assyrian Church of the East — World Council of Churches|website=Oikoumene.org|date=January 1948 |access-date=20 March 2019}}</ref>{{sfn|Vadakkekara|2007|p=103}}
| ministers_type =
| ministers =
| missionaries =
| churches =
| hospitals =
| nursing_homes =
| aid =
| primary_schools =
| secondary_schools =
| tax_status =
| tertiary =
| other_names =
| publications =
| website = {{URL|1=http://www.churchoftheeastindia.org|2=Official website}}
| slogan =
| logo =
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Chaldean Syrian Church of India''' ({{Langx|syc|ܥܕܬܐ ܕܡܕܢܚܐ ܕܐܬܘܖ̈ܝܐ}}; {{Langx|ml|കൽദായ സുറിയാനി സഭ|Kaldaya Suriyani Sabha}}), or the '''Archdiocese of India and Southern Gulf Countries''', is an [[Eastern Christianity|Eastern Christian]] denomination, based in [[Thrissur]], in [[India]]. It is part of the greater [[Assyrian Church of the East]] and is organised a singular Metropolitan (Archdiocese) See of India, and represents the part of traditional Christian communities that follow the [[East Syriac Rite]] in the [[Malabar region]] of India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.churchoftheeastindia.org/index.php|title=CHURCH OF THE EAST - INDIA|website=www.churchoftheeastindia.org|accessdate=5 March 2023}}</ref> It is headed by [[Mar (title)|Mar]] [[Awgin Kuriakose]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/mar-awgin-kuriakose-ordained-as-metropolitan-of-the-chaldean-syrian-church-of-the-east/article66353689.ece|title=Mar Awgin Kuriakose ordained as Metropolitan of the Chaldean Syrian Church of the East|first=The Hindu|last=Bureau|newspaper=The Hindu |date=8 January 2023|accessdate=5 March 2023|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.churchoftheeastindia.org/Mar-Awgin-Kuriakose.php|title=CHURCH OF THE EAST - INDIA|website=www.churchoftheeastindia.org|accessdate=5 March 2023}}</ref>

The church uses the [[East Syriac Rite]], and employs the [[Liturgy of Addai and Mari|Divine Liturgy of Saints Addai and Mari]].{{sfn|Brown|1956|p=281}} Its members constitute a traditional community among [[Saint Thomas Christians]] (also known as ''Nasrani''), who trace their origins to the evangelistic activity of [[Thomas the Apostle]] in the 1st century. They are based mostly in the state of [[Kerala]], numbering some 15,000 members in the region.{{sfn|Vadakkekara|2007|p=101-103}}

The Chaldean Syrian Church is a modern-day continuation of the historical [[India (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)|ecclesiastical province of India]], that was active in continuity until the 16th century, as part of the ancient [[Church of the East]].{{sfn|Mooken|2003|p=49–51, 65, 70}} After the long period of internal schisms and struggles, that lasted from the end of the 16th to the beginning of the 20th century, the Church was consolidated during the tenure of Mar [[Abimalek Timotheus]] (d. 1945), who is revered as a [[Christian saint|saint]] by the Church of the East.{{sfn|Mooken|1975|p=}}

==History==

===Early history===
{{Main|Saint Thomas Christians}}
[[File:Branches & Denominations of Saint Thomas Christians.svg|thumb|left|upright=1.35|[[Saint Thomas Christians]]]]
{{Nasrani people}}
[[Christianity in India]] traditionally traces its origin to [[Thomas the Apostle]], who is believed to have evangelized in [[India]] in the 1st century. Honoring that tradition, Christians in India became known as [[Saint Thomas Christians]]. By the 3rd century, relations between Christian communities in India and neighbouring [[Persian Empire of the Sassanids|Persian Empire]] were well established, thus enabling [[Patriarchs of Seleucia-Ctesiphon]], as heads of the [[Church of the East]], to establish their jurisdiction over India. Since the [[East Syriac Rite]] was the principal [[liturgical rite]] of the Church of the East, that rite was also used by the Christian communities of India, located mostly along the [[Malabar Coast]]. In the 7th century [[India (East Syrian Ecclesiastical Province)|India]] was designated as its own [[ecclesiastical province]], headed by [[metropolitan bishops]]. Throughout the entire [[medieval]] period, Metropolitans of India belonged to the ecclesiastical hierarchy of the Church of the East.{{sfn|Baum|Winkler|2003|p=51-58}}

In 1490–1491, Patriarch [[Shemon IV]] responded to the request of Christians from India, and appointed two bishops, Mar Yohannan and Mar Awgin, dispatching them to India. These bishops, were followed by Mar Yahballaha, Mar Dinkha and Mar [[Yaqob Abuna|Yaqob]]in 1503–1504. They were later followed by Metropolitan [[Abraham of Angamaly|Abraham]], who died in 1597. By that time, Christians of the Malabar Coast were facing new challenges, caused by the establishment of [[Portuguese India|Portuguese presence in India]].{{sfn|Wilmshurst|2000|p=20, 347, 398, 406-407}}{{sfn|Baum|Winkler|2003|p=106-111}}

===Period of internal schisms and struggles===
{{Christianity in India sidebar}}

The arrival of Portuguese in India, and gradual establishment of their presence along the [[Malabar Coast]], was consequently followed by the missionary activity of the [[Catholic Church]]. Portuguese authorities used intimidation to force local Christians into becoming [[Eastern Catholics]], though under the jurisdiction of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Goa]]. The archbishops of Goa, backed by the Portuguese and the [[Jesuites]], claimed full jurisdiction over the local Christians of the Malabar Coast. In the process, the local liturgical rite was [[Latin liturgical rites|Latinized]], holy books were burned under the suspicion of [[Nestorianism]], and connection with the [[Church of the East]] in Mesopotamia was denounced at the [[Synod of Diamper]] (1599).{{sfn|Brown|1956|p=32}}{{sfn|Baum|Winkler|2003|p=115}}

Coercive actions of the Portuguese ''[[padroado]]'' system ultimately caused resistance, and in 1653 a traditionalist faction of the local Christian community decided to follow Archdeacon [[Thoma I|Mar Thoma I]] in a rebellion, which became known as the [[Coonan Cross Oath]].{{sfn|Brown|1956|p=100}}{{sfn|Baum|Winkler|2003|p=115-116}} As a response to these events, Rome sent [[Carmelites]] from the "[[Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples]]" to the Malabar Coast. They first arrived in 1655, and began to deal directly with the Archdeacon Mar Thoma I. Although they were unable to sway the Archdeacon, Carmelites gained the support of other local leaders, including [[Palliveettil Chandy]], [[Kadavil Chandy|Alexandar Kadavil]] and the Vicar of Muttam, the three councilors of Mar Thoma i.{{sfn|Brown|1956|p=103}}

As a result of this, between 1661 and 1662, out of the 116 churches, the Carmelites reclaimed eighty-four churches, leaving Mar Thoma I with thirty-two churches. The eighty-four churches and their congregations were the body from which the later [[Syro-Malabar Church]] and the Chaldean Syrian Church have descended, while the other thirty-two churches and their congregations represented the nucleus of the ''[[Malankara Church|Puthenkoor]]'', which was eventually turned into the [[Malankara Church]], after the introduction of the [[West Syriac Rite]]. That process was initiated in 1665, when Mar [[Gregorios Abdal Jaleel]], a bishop sent by the [[Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch and All the East|Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch]], arrived in India. The dissident group under the leadership of Mar Thoma I welcomed him, apparently mistaking him for a bishop of [[East Syriac Rite]] sent by the [[Church of the East]].{{sfn|Brown|1956|p=111-112}}{{sfn|Baum|Winkler|2003|p=116}}

Though most of the Saint Thomas Christians gradually relented in their strong opposition to the Catholic influence, the arrival of the Mar Gregorios marked the new step towards permanent schism. Those who accepted new liturgical practices (West Syriac Rite) and theology of the Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch became known as the "New Party" (''[[Malankara Church|Puthenkuttukar]]'', also known as the [[Syriac Orthodox Church#Name and dentity|Jacobites]]), while the remaining pro-Catholic fraction became known as "Old Party" (''[[Paḻayakūṟ|Pazhayakuttukar]]''), later forming the [[Syro-Malabar Church|Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]].{{sfn|Neill|2004|p=327-328}}

[[File:Mar Gabriel of Ardishai.jpg|thumb|Mar Gabriel]]
A minority within the Christian community tried to preserve the traditional use of the East Syriac Rite and re-establish ties with patriarchs of the Church of the East, who occasionally sent emissaries to India. At the very beginning of the 18th century ({{circa}} 1708), bishop Mar Gabriel (d. {{circa}} 1733) arrived to India, sent by the sitting patriarch. He succeeded in reviving the traditionalist community, but was faced with rivalry both from West Syriac (Jacobite) and pro-Catholic party.{{sfn|Brown|1956|p=115-117}}{{sfn|Mooken|1977|p=50-51}}{{sfn|Mooken|1983|p=25-26}}{{sfn|Neill|2002|p=62-65}}

===Revival of the East Syriac rites===
The Chaldean Syrian Church's former Metropolitan, Mar [[Aprem Mooken]], has argued that the church represents a continuation of the ancient Church of the East hierarchy in India.{{sfn|Mooken|2003|p=49–51, 65, 70}} In 1862, an attempt was made to reestablish direct ties between the community in India and the Patriarch [[Shimun XVIII Rubil|Shimun XVIII]], who consecrated an Indian born Mar Abdisho Thondanat (d. 1900) as Metropolitan of India, but his task proved to be very difficult and challenging.{{sfn|Mooken|1987|p=}}

In order to place Christians of the East Syriac Rite in India under his authority, [[Chaldean Catholic Church|Chaldean Catholic]] Patriarch [[Joseph Audo]] sent a request to [[Pope Pius IX]], asking for confirmation of his jurisdiction. Without waiting for a reply, he dispatched Mar [[Elias Mellus]], Bishop of [['Aqra]], to India in July 1874. Mar Mellus had substantial success convincing local Christian communities in Thrissur District, and also some churches in Kottayam District, to recognize him as their bishop. Although the churches were called by the name Syro-Malabar (also known as Chaldean Syrians at that time), the actual situation was that from Irinjalakuda to northwards and south of Bharathapuzha River, and in some churches in Meenachil taluk, the Syro-Malabarians (also known as Chaldean Syrians at that time) were half Catholic and half Nestorian, with an [[East Syriac Rite|East Syriac liturgy]]. Nevertheless, by 1877, 24,000 followers had joined his group, based in Our Lady of Dolours Church (now [[Marth Mariam Cathedral]]) in the parish of [[Thrissur]]. In response, the Pope dispatched Latin Catholic leaders to remove Mar Mellus from the country and sent him back to Mesopotamia in 1882.{{sfn|Vadakkekara|2007|p=102}}

After 1882, the majority of Mellus' followers returned to the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]], but some 8,000 Christians maintained their demand for restoration of traditional ecclesiastical order. In order to answer those requests, Mar Abdisho Thondanat revived his activity, fulfilling the aspirations of local Christians of the East Syriac Rite for the full reestablishment of traditional ecclesiastical structure. Until his death in 1900, he partially succeeded in organizing the local church, that was named the Chaldean Syrian Church.{{sfn|Mooken|1987|p=}}

After his death, local Christians appealed to Mar [[Shimun XIX Benyamin|Shimun XIX]], Patriarch of the [[Assyrian Church of the East]] in [[Qochanis]] who was forthcoming, and in December 1907 consecrated Mar [[Abimalek Timotheus]] as [[metropolitan bishop]] for India. He reached his diocese in February 1908, and took over the administration.{{sfn|Mooken|1975|p=11-26}}

Mar Abimalek Thomotheus organized ecclesiastical order and revived East Syriac rites and teachings in the local Thrissur church. These reforms caused some followers to break away and rejoin the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church, but through the reforms, the original East-Syriac oriented Church of India was revived, as it was prior to the [[Synod of Diamper]] in 1599.{{sfn|Vadakkekara|2007|p=103}}

===Modern schism and reconciliation===
[[File:With other prelates.JPG|thumb|left|Metropolitan Mar [[Aprem Mooken]], with his two bishops, Mar [[Yohannan Yoseph]] (left) and Mar Awgin Kuriakose (right)]]
[[File:Inside view of Thrissur Marth Mariam Big church.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Inside view of Thrissur [[Marth Mariam Cathedral]]]]
[[File:Marth Mariam Cathedral.jpg|thumb|right|Marth Mariam Valiyapalli, Thrissur]]
In June 1952, Patriarch [[Shimun XXI Eshai|Shimun XXI]] appointed [[Thoma Darmo]] as new [[Metropolitan bishop|Metropolitan]] of [[India (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)|India]], based at [[Trichur]]. During his tenure, several churches were built, preparation of new clergy was organized, and the Mar Narsai Press was established. In January 1964, a dispute broke out, and Thoma Darmo was suspended from the metropolitan office by the Patriarch.{{sfn|Mooken|1974|p=57, 64-65}}{{sfn|Mooken|2003|p=169}}

Emerging dispute had several causes, including issues related to hereditary [[apostolic succession|succession]] and proposed reform of [[church calendar]]. Thoma Darmo did not submit to the suspension, and the community became divided, splitting in two fractions, with one following the Metropolitan, and other remaining loyal to the Patriarch. In 1968, Thoma Darmo left for Iraq, to become head of the newly formed [[Ancient Church of the East]]. He appointed [[Aprem Mooken]] as new Metropolitan of India, for the fraction that joined the Ancient Church of the East. In the same time, the other part of community, that remained within the Assyrian Church of the East, were led by their own administrators and hierarchs, appointed by Patriarch Shimun XXI. First of them was Mar [[Dinkha Khanania]], at that time Bishop of Iran, who was appointed Patriarchal delegate for India, in 1967.{{sfn|Mooken|2004|p=32}}

In October 1971, Patriarch Shimun XXI appointed Mar Timotheus II (d. 2001) as new Metropolitan for India.{{sfn|Mooken|2003|p=180}} During the following years, several attempts were made to heal the schism. In 1995, under new Patriarch [[Dinkha IV]] of the Assyrian Church of the East, an agreement with Metropolitan Aprem Mooken was reached, thus initiating the process of reconciliation. On that occasion, the validity of ordinations performed by Thoma Darmo after the suspension of 1964 was recognized, and in 1997 the suspension itself was annulled by the Holy Synod of the Assyrian Church of the East.{{sfn|Mooken|2004|p=90-92}} This marked the end of the schism between the Metropolitan faction and the Patriarch faction in the Archdiocese of India and the church was united. Even so, the schism with [[Ancient Church of the East]] still continues after several attempts at reconciliation failed.

===Post reconciliation===
The post reconciliation stage marked substantial growth for the church, with multiple new parishes being built. The Holy Synod of the Assyrian Church of the East was convened between 13 and 19 January 2010 at the Metropolitan's palace in Thrissur, marking the third patriarchal visit by Mar [[Dinkha IV]] to India and the consecration of two new bishops. This marked both the first Synod to held by the Assyrian Church in India, and the very first episcopal consecration in India. Archdeacon Joju Anto was consecrated as Mar [[Yohannan Yoseph]] Episcopa and Archdeacon Shaju Paulose as Mar Awgin Kuriakose Episcopa. On 29 September 2019, Mar [[Abimalek Timotheus]] was officially canonised as a saint, his tomb is located in the Grave Chapel of the [[Marth Mariam Cathedral|Metropolitan Cathedral]] in [[Thrissur]]. Mar Aprem remained the Metropolitan of India until September 2021, when he retired due to issues related to age, becoming the Metropolitan Emeritus, marking almost 53 years as the Metropolitan. After his retirement, Mar Awgin was appointed as the Patriarchal Administrator of Archdiocese of India and UAE and later on 8 January 2023 he was installed as the new Metropolitan of India and the Southern Gulf.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/mar-awgin-kuriakose-ordained-as-metropolitan-of-the-chaldean-syrian-church-of-the-east/article66353689.ece|title=Mar Awgin Kuriakose ordained as Metropolitan of the Chaldean Syrian Church of the East|first=The Hindu|last=Bureau|newspaper=The Hindu |date=8 January 2023|accessdate=5 March 2023|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.churchoftheeastindia.org/Mar-Awgin-Kuriakose.php|title=CHURCH OF THE EAST - INDIA|website=www.churchoftheeastindia.org|accessdate=5 March 2023}}</ref> Mar Aprem died on 7 July 2025 at the age of 85.

The Chaldean Syrian Church in India now constitutes one of the four archbishoprics of the Assyrian Church of the East. Its followers number around 45,000.{{sfn|Vadakkekara|2007|p=103}} The Metropolitan See based in [[Thrissur]] City, with the seat being the [[Marth Mariam Cathedral]].

===Institutions===
*Educational
** [[Chaldean Syrian Higher Secondary School, Thrissur]]
** Mar Thimotheous High School, Kuriachira, Thrissur
** Chaldean Syrian Lower Primary School, Thrissur
** Mar Thimotheous Lower Primary School, Kuriachira, Thrissur
** Chaldean Syrian Church School (Lower Primary), Nellangara, Thrissur
*Social
**Mar Thimotheous Memorial Orphanage, Kalathode, Thrissur
**Mar Thimotheous Charitable Hospital, Ollukkara, Thrissur
*Cultural
**Mathaka Museum of the East, Thrissur
**Chaldean Center, Thrissur

==References==
{{Reflist|20em}}

==Sources==
{{Refbegin|2}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Baum|first1=Wilhelm|author-link1=Wilhelm Baum (historian)|last2=Winkler|first2=Dietmar W.|title=The Church of the East: A Concise History|year=2003|location=London-New York|publisher=Routledge-Curzon|isbn=9781134430192|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CnSCAgAAQBAJ}}
* {{Cite book|last=Brown|first=Leslie W.|title=The Indian Christians of St Thomas: An Account of the Ancient Syrian Church of Malabar|year=1956|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H9gYAAAAIAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|last=Frykenberg|first=Robert E.|title=Christianity in India: From Beginnings to the Present|year=2008|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780198263777|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mXgSDAAAQBAJ}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Mingana|first=Alphonse|author-link1=Alphonse Mingana|title=The Early Spread of Christianity in India|journal=Bulletin of the John Rylands Library|year=1926|volume=10|number=2|pages=435–514|doi=10.7227/BJRL.10.2.7|url=https://www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk/api/datastream?publicationPid=uk-ac-man-scw:1m1200&datastreamId=POST-PEER-REVIEW-PUBLISHERS-DOCUMENT.PDF}}
* {{Cite book|last=Mooken|first=Aprem|author-link=Aprem Mooken|title=Mar Thoma Darmo: A Biography|year=1974|location=Trichur|publisher=Mar Narsai Press|url=https://archive.org/details/marthomadarmobio0000mara}}
* {{Cite book|last=Mooken|first=Aprem|author-link=Aprem Mooken|title=Mar Abimalek Timotheus: A Biography|year=1975|location=Trichur|publisher=Mar Narsai Press|url=https://archive.org/details/marabimalektimot0000mara}}
* {{Cite book|last=Mooken|first=Aprem|author-link=Aprem Mooken|title=The Chaldean Syrian Church in India|year=1977|location=Trichur|publisher=Mar Narsai Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QwkuAAAAYAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|last=Mooken|first=Aprem|author-link=Aprem Mooken|title=The Chaldean Syrian Church of the East|year=1983|location=Delhi|publisher=National Council of Churches in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HMoP4lsmGXoC}}
* {{Cite book|last=Mooken|first=Aprem|author-link=Aprem Mooken|title=Indian Christian: Who is Who|year=1983x|location=Bombay|publisher=Bombay Parish|url=https://archive.org/details/indianchristianw0000mara}}
* {{Cite book|last=Mooken|first=Aprem|author-link=Aprem Mooken|title=Mar Abdisho Thondanat: A Biography|year=1987|location=Trichur|publisher=Mar Narsai Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZxKAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|last=Mooken|first=Aprem|author-link=Aprem Mooken|title=The History of the Assyrian Church of the East in the Twentieth Century|year=2003|location=Kottayam|publisher=St. Ephrem Ecumenical Research Institute|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofassyria0018mara}}
* {{Cite book|last=Mooken|first=Aprem|author-link=Aprem Mooken|title=Patriarch Mar Dinkha IV: The Man and His Message|year=2004|location=Trichur|publisher=Mar Narsai Press|isbn=9788190220507 |url=https://archive.org/details/patriarchmardink0000mara}}
* {{Cite book|last=Moraes|first=George M.|title=A History of Christianity in India: From Early Times to St. Francis Xavier: A. D. 52-1542|year=1964|location=Bombay|publisher=Manaktalas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dM_YAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|last=Mundadan|first=Mathias|author-link=Mathias Mundadan|title=The Arrival of the Portuguese in India and the Thomas Christians Under Mar Jacob, 1498-1552|year=1967|location=Bangalore|publisher=Dharmaram College|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UqEhAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|last=Mundadan|first=Mathias|author-link=Mathias Mundadan|title=Sixteenth century traditions of St. Thomas Christians|year=1970|location=Bangalore|publisher=Dharmaram College|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zI4hAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|last=Mundadan|first=Mathias|author-link=Mathias Mundadan|title=Indian Christians: Search for Identity and Struggle for Autonomy|year=1984|location=Bangalore|publisher=Dharmaram College|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VdXUAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|last=Neill|first=Stephen|author-link=Stephen Neill|title=Colonialism and Christian Missions|year=1966|orig-year=1984|location=New York|publisher=McGraw-Hill|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WgdLAAAAIAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|last=Neill|first=Stephen|author-link=Stephen Neill|title=A History of Christianity in India: The Beginnings to AD 1707|year=2004|orig-year=1984|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521548854|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RH4VPgB__GQC}}
* {{Cite book|last=Neill|first=Stephen|author-link=Stephen Neill|title=A History of Christianity in India: 1707-1858|year=2002|orig-year=1985|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521893329|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xi-tvrYbYxMC}}
* {{Cite book|last=Vadakkekara|first=Benedict|title=Origin of Christianity in India: A Historiographical Critique|year=2007|location=Delhi|publisher=Media House|isbn=9788174952585|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7f3YAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|last=Wilmshurst|first=David|title=The Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318–1913|year=2000|location=Louvain|publisher=Peeters Publishers|isbn=9789042908765|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jB8ir0ek8bgC}}
* {{Cite book|last=Wilmshurst|first=David|title=The martyred Church: A History of the Church of the East|year=2011|location=London|publisher=East & West Publishing Limited|isbn=9781907318047|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zfxNtwAACAAJ}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
* [https://www.churchoftheeastindia.org/ Church of the East – India]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050910232213/http://www.cired.org/ace_india.html Current Organization of the Church of the East in India]
* [https://bethkokheh.assyrianchurch.org/articles/169 Aprem Mooken: Assyrian Church of the East in Trichur, India]
* [http://www.nestorian.org/church_of_the_east_in_india.html Aprem Mooken: Assyrian Church of the East in India]

{{Dioceses of the Church of the East}}
{{Churches in India}}
{{Syriacs}}
{{Christianity in Kerala}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Chaldean Syrian Church| ]]
[[Category:Assyrian Church of the East]]
[[Category:1st-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:Church of the East in India]]
[[Category:Affiliated institutions of the National Council of Churches in India]]

Maddisetty Venugopal

2026-02-21T04:19:15Z

UteCansler:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
'''Maddisetty Venugopal Rao''' (born 1967) is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He is an MLA of [[YSR Congress Party]] from [[Darsi Assembly constituency|Darsi Assembly Constituency]] in [[Prakasam district|Prakasam District]]. He won the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Darsi Assembly Election 2024: Darsi Election Winning Candidates List, Election Date, Results, Vote Share New-IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/andhra-pradesh/darsi-constituency-result-1103 |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Venugopal is born in Laxinarsimhapuram village of [[Pamuru mandal|Pamuru Mandal]], [[Prakasam district|Prakasam District]]. His father's name is Srinivasulu. He did his MBA from Newport University, Bangalore in 1994. He is an entrepreneur who started the PACE group of companies.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-02 |title=Maddisetty Venugopal {{!}} MLA {{!}} Darsi {{!}} Prakasam {{!}} Andhra Pradesh |url=https://theleaderspage.com/maddisetty-venugopal/ |access-date=2024-05-22 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==
He started his political career with [[Praja Rajyam Party]]. Later, he shifted to YSRCP and won the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]] defeating [[Kadiri Baburao]] of Telugu Desam Party by a margin of 39,057 votes. He worked for the region which has seen development in his tenure.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-01-20 |title=Andhra Pradesh: MLA Maddisetty Venugopal transforms Darsi constituency in Prakasam district |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/andhra-pradesh-mla-maddisetty-venugopal-transforms-darsi-constituency-in-prakasam-district/articleshow/80366554.cms |access-date=2024-05-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> However, Venugopal was dropped for the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024 Assembly Election]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-13 |title=Jagan drops 10 more MLAs in the third candidate list |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jagan-drops-10-more-mlas-in-the-third-candidate-list-101705088457495.html |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ilyas |first=md |date=2024-03-24 |title=Jagan Leads Party Without Much Revolt Despite Refusal of Tickets and Change of Constituencies |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/jagan-leads-party-without-much-revolt-despite-refusal-of-tickets-and-change-of-constituencies-886379 |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Venugopal Rao, Maddisetty}}
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:YSR Congress Party politicians]]
[[Category:People from Prakasam district]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]

Nupur Chaudhuri

2026-02-09T04:59:11Z

UteCansler: put up basic data w/ sources

{{Short description|Indian historian}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nupur Chaudhuri
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = Nupur Das Gupta
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1943}} 
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]], [[British Raj]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = historian
| years_active = 1974–present
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}
'''Nupur Chaudhuri''' (born 1943) is an Indian academic who has lived and worked in the United States since 1963. She was one of the early members of the [[Coordinating Council for Women in History]] and served as editor of its newsletter from 1975 to 1980; as executive secretary and treasurer from 1981 to 1987, and president from 1995 to 1998. Chaudhuri drafted the guidelines to increase diversity and inclusion and eliminate racism and sexism for the [[National Women's Studies Association]] in 1979. She was elected to membership in the teaching division of the [[American Historical Association]] in 1997. Since 2010, the Coordinating Council for Women in History annually awards a prize in her honor.

==Early life and education==
Nupur Das Gupta{{#tag:ref|Kent Donovan, a reporter for ''The Manhattan Mercury'' gives her name as Nupur Dar Gupta Chaudhuri.{{sfn|Donovan|1989|p=22}} Searches under that name yield nothing, but the ''Smith College Bulletin'' and her master's thesis at Kansas State show her maiden surname was Das Gupta.{{sfn|''Smith College Bulletin''|1966|p=207}}{{sfn|Das Gupta|1967}}|group="Notes"}} was born in 1943 in [[New Delhi]], in [[British Raj|British India]].{{sfn|Chaudhuri|1999|p=121}} Her father was a high-ranking civil servant. The family was involved in both political and social activism. Her mother was a member of Mahila Samiti, a women's association, that was both active in charitable works and promoted non-violence and nationalism in the [[Indian independence movement]]. As a child her brothers taught her the sayings of the [[Quit India Movement]] and one of her older brothers was involved in the [[Direct Action Day|1946 riots and strikes]] in [[Calcutta]]. As a child Das Gupta learned Bengali, English, and Hindi. In late 1952, the family moved from New Delhi to Calcutta,{{sfn|Chaudhuri|1999|p=122}} where she completed her elementary and secondary education.{{sfn|Chaudhuri|1999|p=123}}

Her mother encouraged her to enroll in literary studies, while her father insisted she study history. Das Gupta took a double major in the fields, studying first at [[Shri Shikshayatan College]] and then at [[Jogamaya Devi College]], where she earned her [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree in 1962. She began studying for a master's degree, when she received notification that she had been accepted at [[Smith College]] in [[Northampton, Massachusetts]].{{sfn|Chaudhuri|1999|p=123}} Das Gupta immigrated from Calcutta in 1963, at the insistence of her parents who wanted her to study in the United States.{{sfn|Chaudhuri|1999|p=121}}{{sfn|''The Manhattan Mercury''|1976|p=2}} She earned a [[Master of Arts in Teaching]] from Smith in 1965, and then transferred to [[Kansas State University]] in [[Manhattan, Kansas]], where she completed a second master's degree in history 1967.{{sfn|''Smith College Bulletin''|1966|p=207}}{{sfn|Das Gupta|1967}} She chose Kansas because she loved to travel and it was located in the center of the country.{{sfn|Chaudhuri|1999|p=124}} In 1969, Das Gupta married Sambhudas "Sam" Chaudhuri, a geologist at Kansas State.{{sfn|Chaudhuri|1999|p=126}}{{sfn|''The Manhattan Mercury''|1969|p=2}} In 1974, Chaudhuri earned a PhD in history from Kansas State University.{{sfn|''The Manhattan Mercury''|1976|p=2}}

==Career==
In 1974, Chaudhuri joined the [[Coordinating Committee on Women in the Historical Profession]] (CCWHP) an activist organization for historians and its Conference Group on Women's History (CGWH) which worked to increase scholarship on women.{{sfn|Chaudhuri|1999|p=126}}{{sfn|Boris|Chaudhuri|1999|p=xiv}} The CCWHP was formed in 1969 to create the field of women's history, to lobby against sexism and racism in the profession, and to recruit women to join the academic field of history.{{sfn|Murphy|Torres|2011|p=4}}{{sfn|Schulz|Turner|2004|p=7}} Chaudhuri served as editor of the CGWG newsletter from 1975 to 1980. From 1981 to 1987, she was the executive secretary and treasurer of the organization.{{sfn|Chaudhuri|1999|p=126}} In 1976, she was involved in the event planning of the Manhattan-Area [[International Women's Year]] Commission celebrations for the inaugural year of the [[United Nations Decade for Women]].{{sfn|''The Manhattan Mercury''|1976|p=2}}

In 1977, she attended the founding conference of the [[National Women's Studies Association]] and their first national conference in 1979 held in [[Lawrence, Kansas]]. Because of the frustrations she experienced, Chaudhuri wrote, ''A Third World Woman's View of the Convention'', lamenting the devaluation and lack of representation experienced by immigrant women, women of color, and the men present at the conference.{{sfn|Schultz|Sharistanian|1979|p=5}} As a result and in an attempt to restructure the conference for better inclusion, the NWSA created the ''Third World Caucus'', which later became the ''Women of Color Caucus''. Chaudhuri was elected as one of the coordinating council members of the caucus and she drafted guidelines, which from 1980 informed conference development for eliminating racism and sexism.{{sfn|NWSA|2019|p=43}}

During that time, Chaudhuri had difficulty securing a position in academia and was often invisible because of her race and gender, and status as an immigrant.{{sfn|Chaudhuri|1999|pp=124–126}} For example, in 1982, she was one of three people selected to participate in a pilot program to assist PhD graduates of Kansas State. Though it did not provide a paid faculty position or any other monetary assistance, it offered graduates an affiliation as an associate with the university, allowing them to participate in professional seminars, gaining exposure inside and outside of the university.{{sfn|''The Manhattan Mercury''|1982|p=1}} The article which announced Chaudhuri's participation was titled ''Program Links to Idle History Minds'' and labeled her as a "faculty wife".{{sfn|''The Manhattan Mercury''|1982|p=1}} A few days after the announcement, Joseph M. Hawes, the chair of the history department and director of the program, wrote to ''[[The Manhattan Mercury]]'' that the associates were neither idle nor inept, that all three were published in the field and that Chaudhuri was "especially distinguished", having earned a [[Newberry Library|Newberry Fellowship]], served as the editor of the CCWHP's newsletter, and was the current executive secretary of the national organization.{{sfn|Hawes|1982|p=5}}

In 1983, when the Douglas Community Center launched a project in conjunction with the Kansas Committee for the Humanities to collect oral histories of the Black community of Manhattan, Chaudhuri was hired as its director. The goal was to reconstruct the history of non-white experiences in Manhattan between 1879 and 1940 to document their little-known history.{{sfn|''The Manhattan Mercury''|1983|p=8}}{{sfn|''The Manhattan Mercury''|1984|p=27}} She still had no permanent employment at Kansas State in 1989, and in 1990, Chaudhuri left for France.{{sfn|Donovan|1989|p=22}}{{sfn|Lignitz|1990|p=1}} She returned in 1993 and was giving the lecture ''Introduction to Women's Studies'' in the faculty of Arts and Sciences.{{sfn|''The Manhattan Mercury''|1993|p=53}} In 1995, the CCWHP-CGWH changed its name to the Coordinating Council for Women in History (CCWH), uniting both the lobbying efforts and academic goals of the group.{{sfn|Boris|Chaudhuri|1999|p=xiv}} Chaudhuri was elected as the executive director and a co-president of the CCWH in 1995,{{sfn|SIEFAR|2014}} and served from 1996 through 1998.{{sfn|Tune|1996|p=99}}{{sfn|Tune|Bell|1998|p=111}}

Chaudhuri was elected to membership in the teaching division of the [[American Historical Association]] in 1997.{{sfn|Chaudhuri|1999|p=126}}{{sfn|Zilversmit|1997}} In 1999, she moved to Texas, taking a post to teach history as a professor at [[Texas Southern University]].{{sfn|Tune|Schulkin|1999|p=118}}{{sfn|Mintz|1999|p=10}} Between 2005 and 2007, she was the president of the Western Association of Women Historians, located in [[Pasadena, California]]. Her collaborative work, ''Contesting Archives: Finding Women in the Sources'' (2010) won the Barbara "Penny" Kanner Prize of the Western Association of Women Historians. In 2010 the CCWH launched the "Nupur Chaudhuri First Article Award" in her honor.{{sfn|Dawson|Essington|2012|p=8}} In 2020, she presented a memoir,''"Just Because Your Husband or Dad Has a Ph.D., We Have to Give You a Ph.D": An Indian Woman’s Journey towards the Ph.D.'' at the [[Organization of American Historians]]' annual meeting as part of a series the group commissioned to document women's status in the historical profession.{{sfn|Castillo-Muñoz|2020}} In 2021, she was awarded the Rachel Fuchs Memorial Award of the CCWH for her mentorship of the LGBTQIA community and women in the history profession.{{sfn|''Department of History Portfolio''|2021|p=3}}

==Selected works==
*{{cite thesis |last1=Das Gupta |first1=Nupur |title=Naval Architecture: 1815–1893 |url=https://krex.k-state.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/2097/26219/LD2668T41967D385.pdf%3Bjsessionid%3DC0CF650A403D79532FDB87E814E042AF?sequence=1 |type=master's |date=1967 |publisher=[[Kansas State University]] |location=Manhattan, Kansas |oclc=34300618}}
*{{cite journal |ref=none |last1=Chaudhuri |first1=Nupur |title=A Third World Woman's View of the Convention |journal=[[Women's Studies Quarterly]] |date=July 1979 |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=5–6 |url=https://academicworks.cuny.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1513&context=wsq |publisher=[[Feminist Press]] |location=Old Westbury, New York |issn=0363-1133 |oclc=5547220250}}
*{{cite journal |ref=none |last1=Chaudhuri |first1=Nupur |title=Memsahibs and Motherhood in Nineteenth-Century Colonial India |journal=[[Victorian Studies]] |date=Summer 1988 |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=517–535 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3827855 |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |location=Bloomington, Indiana |jstor=3827855 |issn=0042-5222 |oclc=115738752}}{{sfn|Dawson|Essington|2012|p=8}}
*{{cite book |ref=none |editor1-last=Chaudhuri |editor1-first=Nupur |editor2-last=Strobel |editor2-first=Margaret |title=Western Women and Imperialism: Complicity and Resistance |date=1992 |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |location=Bloomington, Indiana |isbn=978-0-253-31341-6}}{{sfn|Dawson|Essington|2012|p=8}}
*{{cite journal |ref=none |last1=Chaudhuri |first1=Nupur |title=Memsahibs and their Servants in Nineteenth Century |journal=[[Women's History Review]] |date=December 1994 |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=549–562 |doi=10.1080/09612029400200071 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |location=London |issn=0961-2025 |oclc=4649325876|doi-access=free }}{{sfn|Dawson|Essington|2012|p=8}}
*{{cite book |ref=none |editor1-last=Pierson |editor1-first=Ruth Roach |editor2-last=Chaudhuri |editor2-first=Nupur |editor3-last=McAuley |editor3-first=Beth |title=Nation, Empire, Colony: Historicizing Gender and Race |date=1998 |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |location=Bloomington, Indiana |isbn=978-0-253-33398-8}}{{sfn|Dawson|Essington|2012|p=8}}
*{{cite book |editor-last1=Boris |editor-first1=Eileen |editor-last2=Chaudhuri |editor-first2=Nupur |title=Voices of Women Historians: The Personal, the Political, the Professional |url=https://archive.org/details/voicesofwomenhis0000unse/page/n15/mode/1up |date=1999 |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |location=Bloomington, Indiana |isbn=978-0-253-33494-7}}{{sfn|Dawson|Essington|2012|p=8}}
*{{cite book |ref=none |editor1-last=Chaudhuri |editor1-first=Nupur |editor2-last=Katz |editor2-first=Sherry J. |editor3-last=Perry |editor3-first=Mary Elizabeth |title=Contesting Archives: Finding Women in the Sources |date=2010 |publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]] |location=Urbana, Illinois |isbn=978-0-252-07736-4}}{{sfn|Dawson|Essington|2012|p=8}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=Notes}}

==References==
===Citations===
{{reflist|20em}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin|30em}}
*{{cite web |last1=Castillo-Muñoz |first1=Veronica |title=Structural Racism and Isolation in Academia, 1970–2020 |url=https://www.oah.org/meetings-events/oah20/view-meeting-session/3638 |website=OAH.org |publisher=[[Organization of American Historians]] |access-date=19 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410111829/https://www.oah.org/meetings-events/oah20/view-meeting-session/3638 |archive-date=10 April 2021 |location=Bloomington, Indiana |date=2 April 2020 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last1=Chaudhuri |first1=Nupur |editor-last1=Boris |editor-first1=Eileen |editor-last2=Chaudhuri |editor-first2=Nupur |title=Voices of Women Historians: The Personal, the Political, the Professional |url=https://archive.org/details/voicesofwomenhis0000unse/page/n15/mode/1up |date=1999 |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |chapter=Bahupath Perie: The Long Trek |pages=120–133 |location=Bloomington, Indiana |isbn=978-0-253-33494-7}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Dawson |first1=Sandra Trudgen |last2=Essington |first2=Amy |title=Dear Friend |journal=The Networker |date=Fall 2012 |volume=XLII |issue=2 |page=8 |url=http://wawh.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/WAWHNewsletterFall2012.pdf |access-date=19 April 2022 |publisher=Western Association of Women Historians |location=Pasadena, California |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927074430/http://wawh.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/WAWHNewsletterFall2012.pdf |archive-date=27 September 2020 |oclc=15789478 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite news |last1=Donovan |first1=Kent |title=Classic on Tap at Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/100001458/donovan-kent-classic-on-tap-at-union/ |access-date=18 April 2022 |work=[[The Manhattan Mercury]] |date=3 November 1989 |location=Manhattan, Kansas |page=22 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}
*{{cite news |last1=Hawes |first1=Joseph M. |title=Thanks, but by the Way |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/98295835/the-manhattan-mercury/ |access-date=18 April 2022 |work=[[The Manhattan Mercury]] |date=11 May 1982 |location=Manhattan, Kansas |page=5 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}
*{{cite news |last1=Lignitz |first1=Amy E. |title=Minority Member Needed for Panel |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/100001372/lignitz-amy-e-minority-member-needed/ |access-date=18 April 2022 |work=[[The Manhattan Mercury]] |date=1 October 1990 |location=Manhattan, Kansas |page=1 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}
*{{cite news |last1=Mintz |first1=Yvonne |title=Kosovo Lecture Set for History Museum |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/98297253/the-facts/ |access-date=18 April 2022 |work=[[Brazosport Facts|The Facts]] |date=18 April 1999 |location=Clute, Texas |page=10 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}
*{{cite web |last1=Murphy |first1=Mary O. |last2=Torres |first2=Camille |title=Records of the Coordinating Committee on Women in the Historical Profession, 1966–2009 |url=https://hollisarchives.lib.harvard.edu/repositories/8/resources/7004/hvd_pdf |website=[[Schlesinger Library]], Radcliffe Institute |publisher=[[Harvard University]] |access-date=16 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416171418/https://hollisarchives.lib.harvard.edu/repositories/8/resources/7004/hvd_pdf |archive-date=16 April 2022 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |date=July 2011 |id=MC 692; T-401 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Schultz |first1=Elizabeth |last2=Sharistanian |first2=Janet |title=Some Thoughts on the Integration of Diversity |journal=[[Women's Studies Quarterly]] |date=July 1979 |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=5 |url=https://academicworks.cuny.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1513&context=wsq |access-date=19 April 2022 |publisher=[[Feminist Press]] |location=Old Westbury, New York |issn=0363-1133 |oclc=5547187606}}
*{{cite book |editor-last1=Schulz |editor-first1=Constance B. |editor-last2=Turner |editor-first2=Elizabeth Hayes |title=Clio's Southern Sisters: Interviews with Leaders of the Southern Association for Women Historians |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4dUimp35j1wC&pg=PA7 |date=2004 |publisher=[[University of Missouri Press]] |location=Columbia, Missouri |isbn=978-0-8262-6428-2}}
*{{cite book |editor-last1=Tune |editor-first1=Sharon K. |title=Program of the American Historical Association's One Hundred Tenth Annual Meeting January 4–7, 1996, Atlanta |url=https://www.historians.org/Documents/Annual/1996%20Annual%20Meeting%20Program.pdf |date=1996 |publisher=[[American Historical Association]] |location=Washington, DC |oclc=954543632}}
*{{cite book |editor-last1=Tune |editor-first1=Sharon K. |editor-last2=Bell |editor-first2=Amy Smith |title=Program of the American Historical Association's 112th Annual Meeting January 8–11, 1998, Seattle |url=https://www.historians.org/Documents/Annual/1998%20Annual%20Meeting%20Program.pdf |date=1998 |publisher=[[American Historical Association]] |location=Washington, DC}}
*{{cite book |editor-last1=Tune |editor-first1=Sharon K. |editor-last2=Schulkin |editor-first2=Andrew |title=Program of the American Historical Association's 113th Annual Meeting, January 7–10, 1999, Washington, DC |url=https://www.historians.org/Documents/Annual/1999%20Annual%20Meeting%20Program.pdf |date=1999 |publisher=[[American Historical Association]] |location=Washington, DC}}
*{{cite web |last1=Zilversmit |first1=Arthur |title=Nominating Committee Annual Report |url=https://www.historians.org/about-aha-and-membership/aha-history-and-archives/annual-reports/annual-report-1997/nominating-committee-1997 |website=AHA |publisher=[[American Historical Association]] |access-date=18 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170514071531/https://www.historians.org/about-aha-and-membership/aha-history-and-archives/annual-reports/annual-report-1997/nominating-committee-1997 |archive-date=14 May 2017 |location=Washington, DC |date=1997 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |ref={{harvid|NWSA|2019}}|author= |title=NWSA's 40th Annual Conference: "Protest, Justice, and Transnational Organizing", 14–17 November 2019, San Francisco, California |url=https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.nwsa.org/resource/resmgr/pastprograms/2019_program.pdf |publisher=[[National Women's Studies Association]] |access-date=19 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617075926/https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.nwsa.org/resource/resmgr/pastprograms/2019_program.pdf |archive-date=17 June 2021 |location=Chicago, Illinois |chapter=A Brief (and Incomplete) History of the NWSA Women of Color Caucus |page=43 |date=2019 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite news |ref={{harvid|''The Manhattan Mercury''|1993}}|author= |title=College of Arts and Sciences |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/100002650/the-manhattan-mercury/ |access-date=18 April 2022 |work=[[The Manhattan Mercury]] |date=10 December 1993 |location=Manhattan, Kansas |page=53 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|SIEFAR|2014}}|author= |title=Coordinating Council for Women in History |url=http://siefar.org/coordinating-council-for-women-in-history/ |website=SIEFAR |publisher={{ill|International Society for the Study of Women of the Ancien Régime|fr|Société Internationale pour l'Etude des Femmes de l'Ancien Régime}} |access-date=16 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324173504/http://siefar.org/coordinating-council-for-women-in-history/ |archive-date=24 March 2022 |location=Paris, France |date=2014 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite journal |ref={{harvid|Department of History Portfolio|2021}}|author= |title=Dr. Nupur Chaudhuri Wins Award |url=http://www.tsu.edu/academics/colleges-and-schools/colabs/history/pdf/history-dept-portfolio-spring2021.pdf |date=Spring 2021 |journal=Department of History Portfolio |publisher=[[Texas State University]] |access-date=19 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419171110/http://www.tsu.edu/academics/colleges-and-schools/colabs/history/pdf/history-dept-portfolio-spring2021.pdf |archive-date=19 April 2022 |location=Houston, Texas |url-status=live}}
*{{cite news |ref={{harvid|''The Manhattan Mercury''|1983}}|author= |title=History's in the Making, If Funds Come in |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/98296245/the-manhattan-mercury/ |access-date=18 April 2022 |work=[[The Manhattan Mercury]] |date=25 May 1983 |location=Manhattan, Kansas |page=8 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}
*{{cite news |ref={{harvid|''The Manhattan Mercury''|1976}}|author= |title=IWY |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/98295733/the-manhattan-mercury/ |access-date=18 April 2022 |work=[[The Manhattan Mercury]] |date=22 January 1976 |location=Manhattan, Kansas |page=2 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}
*{{cite book |ref={{harvid|''Smith College Bulletin''|1966}}|author= |title=Smith College Bulletin, 1965–1966 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/smithcat6566smit/page/n216/mode/1up? |date=1966 |publisher=[[Smith College]] |location=Northampton, Massachusetts |page=207 |chapter=M. A. T. (Master of Arts in Teaching) |oclc=607344091}}
*{{cite news |ref={{harvid|''The Manhattan Mercury''|1969}}|author= |title=New NSF Grant Goes to Geology |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/99994414/new-nsf-grant-goes-to-geology/ |access-date=18 April 2022 |work=[[The Manhattan Mercury]] |date=27 May 1969 |location=Manhattan, Kansas |pages=2 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}
*{{cite news |ref={{harvid|''The Manhattan Mercury''|1982}}|author= |title=Program Links to Idle History Minds |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/98296052/pt1/ |access-date=18 April 2022 |work=[[The Manhattan Mercury]] |date=25 April 1982 |location=Manhattan, Kansas |pages=[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/98296052/pt1/ 1], [https://www.newspapers.com/clip/98296087/pt-2/ 8] |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}
*{{cite news |ref={{harvid|''The Manhattan Mercury''|1984}}|author= |title=The Story of Ruth |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/98296318/the-manhattan-mercury/ |access-date=18 April 2022 |work=[[The Manhattan Mercury]] |date=12 February 1984 |location=Manhattan, Kansas |page=27 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}
{{refend}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chaudhuri, Nupur}}
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from New Delhi]]
[[Category:Jogamaya Devi College alumni]]
[[Category:Smith College alumni]]
[[Category:Kansas State University alumni]]
[[Category:Texas Southern University faculty]]
[[Category:Indian women historians]]
[[Category:Women's studies academics]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate academics in the United States]]
[[Category:American people of Bengali descent]]

Pyaar Ko Ho Jaane Do

2026-02-08T16:41:57Z

UteCansler: put up a stub basic info

{{Short description|Indian soap opera}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2013}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Pyaar Ko Ho Jaane Do.png
| caption = Title-card
| genre = [[Drama]] [[Romance film|Romance]] [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
| creator = [[Ekta Kapoor]]
| writer = Siddharth Kumar [[Adhir Bhat]] [[Nivedita Basu]], Harneet Singh, [[Deepti Rawal]] Ankush Nagpal
| creative_director = [[Tanushree Dasgupta]] [[Nimisha Pandey]]
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| theme_music_composer = [[lalit Sen]]
| open_theme =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 73
| producer = [[Ekta Kapoor]] [[Shobha Kapoor]]
| editor = Vikas Sharma [[Vishal Sharma (editor)|Vishal Sharma]]
| cinematography =
| location = [[Mumbai]], India
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = Approx. 42 minutes
| company = [[Balaji Telefilms]]
| network = [[Sony TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2015|10|20|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2016|01|29|df=yes}}
}}

'''''Pyaar Ko Ho Jaane Do''''' ({{Translation|''Let Love Happen''}}) is an [[Indian soap opera]] that premiered on 20 October 2015. It was aired Monday through Friday at 9 pm on [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]]. The show stars [[Mohammed Iqbal Khan|Iqbal Khan]] and [[Mona Singh]] as the protagonists.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-09-19 |title=Iqbal Khan excited about 'homecoming' with Ekta Kapoor's new show |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/iqbal-khan-excited-about-homecoming-with-ekta-kapoors-new-show/ |access-date=2024-10-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=IBTimes |date=2015-09-22 |title=Mona Singh's new show 'Pyar Ko Ho Jane Do' to replace Rajeev Khandelwal-Kritika Kamra's 'Reporters' |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/mona-singhs-new-show-pyar-ko-ho-jane-do-replace-rajeev-khandelwal-kritika-kamras-reporters-647592 |access-date=2024-10-20 |website=www.ibtimes.co.in |language=en}}</ref> The show is produced by [[Ekta Kapoor]] under her banner [[Balaji Telefilms]]. The show marks the comeback of various television actors. Due to low TRPs, the show aired its final episode on 29 January 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=BestMediaInfo |title=Sony to beef up prime time with new fiction show, 'Pyaar Ko Ho Jaane Do' |url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2015/09/sony-to-beef-up-prime-time-with-new-fiction-show-pyaar-ko-ho-jaane-do/ |access-date=2024-10-20 |website=bestmediainfo.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==

The show is the story of a very well-to-do, modern Punjabi family, the Hoodas. The backbone of this loving family is Ishaan ([[Mohammed Iqbal Khan]]) and his wife Preet ([[Mona Singh]]). Though Ishaan is Mr Hooda’s brother’s son, he (Mr Hooda) and his wife accepted Ishaan with open arms when the latter lost his entire family, including his wife, in a tragedy. Ishaan then went on to marry Preet, who too lost her family. Ishaan is the perfect son, the best brother, a doting father and an excellent friend. But underneath his perfect facade lies a terrible truth that Ishaan has been hiding from everyone, the truth about his real identity. Ishaan has constantly been in touch with a girl which led to the belief that he has an extra marital affair. The truth, however, is much further away from that. Ishaan, in fact, is a spy from a neighbouring country [[Pakistan]], Rizwaan Ahmed Khan, who is brainwashed into thinking that his parents were killed by Indian agents.

The real Ishaan died, like the rest of his family, in the same tragedy. Given that Mr Hooda had not seen his brother or his family in years because of a clash the two had, there was no way they would have known what their nephew looked like. Using this to their advantage, the enemy IA sent their spy posing as Ishaan.
Ishaan/Rizwan and Preet put up a facade of being a happy married couple while doting on the real Ishaan's daughter Kavya (who survived the tragedy). Ishaan and Preet are gradually drawn to each other during the four years of their marriage. Rizwan aka Ishaan tries to fight his attraction to Preet but eventually consummates his marriage with her. By the time Preet discovers Rizwan's truth, she realizes she is pregnant with his child. Eventually, she takes the help of a RAW agent called Shergill to try to stop Rizwan. On 26 January, before Rizwan can complete his mission, Preet tells him Baba's truth with the help of Sana. They hug each other and die in the bomb blast. Later a grown up Kavya writes a book named ''A Tale of Two Countries'' which was based on the story of Riwzan-Preet.

==Cast==
* [[Mohammed Iqbal Khan]] as Rizwan Ahmed Khan/Ishaan Hooda
* [[Mona Singh]] as Preet Ishaan Hooda (née Singh)/Preet Rizwan Khan
* [[Micky Makhija]] as Amardeep Hooda
* [[Jyothi D Tommaar]] as Alka Hooda
* [[Mansi Sharma]] as Trisha Hooda
* [[Pushtiie Shakti]] as Neeti Khurana (née Hooda)
* [[Lavin Gothi]] as Siddharth "Sid" Hooda
* [[Melanie Pais]] as Sana (antagonist/later turned protagonist)
* [[Mohit Abrol]] as Atif
* [[Parag Tyagi]] as Kiku Khurana
* [[Arjit Taneja]] as Bilal Khan
* Hayat Asif as Baba (main antagonist)
* [[Arun Bali]] as Ustad Rehmat Ali Khan
* [[Shikha Singh]] as Shabina Khan
* [[Aryan Bhatia]] as Tinku Khurana
* [[Mahesh Shetty]] as Raw Agent Jai Shergill
* [[Amit Dolawat]] as Vikrant
* Shiny Dixit as Naina

==Awards==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Event
! Category
! Recipient
! Result
! Citation
|-
| rowspan="12"|2016
| rowspan="12"|Garv Television Honours
| Best Concept
| [[Ekta Kapoor]]
| rowspan="12" {{won}}
| rowspan="12"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://garvtelevisionhonours.weebly.com/garv-winners-2016.html|title=Garv Winners 2016}}</ref>
|-
| Best Story
| [[Ekta Kapoor]] & Sonali Jaffer
|-
| Best Direction
| Muzammil Desai & Gautam Sobti
|-
| Best Actor - Jury
| rowspan="3"|[[Mohammed Iqbal Khan]]
|-
| Rocking Comeback - Jury
|-
| Face of the Year - Male (Jury)
|-
| Best Actress - Jury
| rowspan="2"|[[Mona Singh]]
|-
| Face of the Year - Female (Jury)
|-
| Best Actress in Comic Role - Jury
| Pushti Seth
|-
| Best New Drama Series - Jury
| rowspan="3"|[[Ekta Kapoor]]
|-
| Best Drama Series - Jury
|-
| Best New Serial - Popular
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.setindia.com/in-en/shows/pyar-ko-ho-jaane-do Official website]
* [http://www.sonyliv.com/watch-pyaar-ko-ho-jaane-do-online SonyLIV site]

{{Sony Entertainment Television India Shows}}
{{Balaji Telefilms}}

[[Category:Balaji Telefilms television series]]
[[Category:Sony Entertainment Television original programming]]
[[Category:2015 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2016 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]

Flag Officer Commanding Goa Naval Area

2026-01-18T09:48:00Z

UteCansler: Stub

{{Short description|Area Commander of the Indian Navy}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Flag Officer Commanding Goa Naval Area (FOGA)
| body =
| native_name =
| insignia =
| insigniasize =
| insigniacaption =
| flag = File:Rear_Admiral_ensign_of_Indian_Navy.svg
| flagsize = 150
| flagborder = yes
| flagcaption = Flag of the FOGA (Rear Admiral's flag)
| image = File:RADM_AJAY_D_THEOPHILUS.jpg
| imagesize = 150
| alt =
| imagecaption =
| incumbent = [[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] [[Ajay D. Theophilus]]
| acting =
| incumbentsince = 1 August 2023
| department = [[Indian Navy]]
| style =
| type =
| status =
| abbreviation = FOGA
| member_of =
| reports_to = [[Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Western Naval Command]]
| residence =
| seat = [[Goa]]
| nominator =
| appointer =
| appointer_qualified =
| termlength =
| termlength_qualified =
| constituting_instrument =
| precursor =
| formation =
| first = [[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] [[R. H. Tahiliani]]
| last =
| abolished =
| succession =
| unofficial_names =
| deputy =
| salary =
| website =
}}
'''Flag Officer Commanding Goa Naval Area (FOGA)''' is a senior appointment in the [[Indian Navy]]. One of the five Area Commanders of the Indian Navy, the FOGA is a [[Two-star rank|two star]] admiral holding the rank of [[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]]. The FOGA is responsible for the operations and administration of all units and establishments in the state of [[Goa]]. Since 1987, the FOGA dual-hats as the [[Flag Officer Naval Aviation (India)|Flag Officer Naval Aviation]]. The current FOGA is [[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] [[Ajay D. Theophilus]], who assumed office on 1 August 2023.

==History==
After the [[Liberation of Goa]] and its absorption into the Indian Union in 1961, a naval detachment was established at [[Vasco da Gama, Goa|Vasco]] in January 1962. This detachment grew and was commissioned as INS Gomantak in March 1964. In June that year, the [[naval air station]] [[INS Hansa]] moved from [[Sulur]] to [[Dabolim]]. With the development of establishments and naval infrastructure, the post of Naval Officer-in-Charge Goa (NOIC Goa) was created.{{sfn|Singh|1992}}<ref>{{cite web |title=INS HANSA MARKS DIAMOND JUBILEE ON 05 SEP 21 |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1752311 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=7 May 2025}}</ref>

In 1977, the appointment of NOIC Goa was upgraded to [[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] and re-designated Flag Officer Commanding Goa Naval Area (FOGA). Rear Admiral [[R. H. Tahiliani]], [[AVSM]] took over as the first FOGA on 30 December 1977.{{sfn|Hiranandani|2000}}

In 1986, it was proposed to rationalise the command and control of the [[Indian Naval Air Arm|naval air arm]] by creating the appointment of Flag Officer Naval Aviation (FONA). The FONA would be responsible for all aviation training and maintenance activity and act as the class authority for all aviation matters. The operational deployment of all aviation units would continue to be controlled and directed by the respective commanders-in-chief. With Goa being the home of the naval air arm, FOGA was the natural choice to also serve as the FONA. In March 1986, the serving FOGA Rear Admiral R. V. Singh assumed the appointment of FONA as well. Since then the FOGA has dual-hatted as the FONA.{{sfn|Hiranandani|2005}}{{sfn|Hiranandani|2009}}

==Organisation==
The FOGA is assisted by the NOIC (Goa) and the Chief Staff Officer at Headquarters Goa Naval Area (HQGNA), both [[one-star rank|one-star]] appointments. The FOMA reports to the [[Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Western Naval Command]]. The establishments under the FOGA include:<ref>{{cite web |title=WNC Authorities & Units {{!}} Indian Navy |url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/node/5184 |website=www.indiannavy.nic.in |access-date=22 September 2023}}</ref>
* Headquarters Goa Naval Area (HQGNA)
* The base depot ship INS Gomantak
* The naval air station [[INS Hansa]]
* The naval hospital INHS Jeevanti
* [[Sagar Prahari Bal]], Goa

==List of Commanders==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! scope="col" style="width: 20px;"|S.No.
! scope="col" style="width: 350px;" | Name
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Assumed office
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Left office
! scope="col" style="width: 500px;" | Notes
|-
|1
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] [[R. H. Tahiliani]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM}}}}
|30 December 1977
|28 February 1979
|First FOGA. Later [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ex-Chief of Naval Staff Adm RH Tahiliani passes away |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/ex-chief-of-naval-staff-adm-rh-tahiliani-passes-away-115101401467_1.html |website=business-standard.com |access-date=7 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Admiral Radhakrishna Hariram Tahiliani – Indian Navy |url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/navy/personnel/chiefs/rh-tahiliani/ |website=bharat-rakshak.com |access-date=7 May 2025}}</ref>
|-
|2
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] K. K. Nayyar {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM}}}}
|1 March 1979
|4 January 1980
|Later [[Vice Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Naval Staff]].
|-
|3
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] Subir Paul {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|VrC}}}}
|12 October 1980
|31 July 1983
|
|-
|4
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] S. C. Chopra {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|NM}}}}
|31 July 1983
|8 February 1985
|[[Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Eastern Naval Command]].<ref>{{cite web |title=NEW VICE CHIEF, FOC-IN-C (EAST) AND FOC-IN-C (SOUTH) FOR NAVY |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1989-JAN-JUNE-DEFENCE-I/PDF/DEF-1989-02-20_065.pdf |website=archive.pib.gov.in |access-date=7 May 2025}}</ref>
|-
|5
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] H. Johnson {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|VSM}}}}
|9 February 1985
|4 March 1986
|Later [[Vice Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Naval Staff ]].<ref>{{cite web |title=NEW VICE CHIEF FOR NAVY |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1990-JAN-JUNE-MIN-OF-DEFENCE-VOL-I/PDF/DEF-1990-06-13_158.pdf |website=archive.pib.gov.in |access-date=7 May 2025}}</ref>
|-
|6
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] R. V. Singh {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM}}}}
|4 March 1986
|31 December 1987
|
|-
|7
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] S. Ramsagar {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|VrC|NM}}}}
|11 June 1988
|27 December 1989
|
|-
|8
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] P. A. Debrass {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM|NM}}}}
|27 December 1989
|30 November 1993
|
|-
|9
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] [[Vinod Pasricha]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|NM}}}}
|27 December 1993
|4 January 1995
|Later [[Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Eastern Naval Command]] and [[Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Western Naval Command]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Vice-admiral Vinod Pasricha gives three-dimensional view of Indian Navy |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/offtrack/story/20030414-vice-admiral-vinod-pasricha-gives-three-dimensional-view-of-indian-navy-792940-2003-04-13 |website=India Today |access-date=7 May 2025 |language=en |date=14 April 2003}}</ref>
|-
|10
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] [[Sureesh Mehta]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM}}}}
|4 January 1995
|9 May 1997
|Later [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Anchored here in Goa |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/anchored-here-in-goa/articleshow/45084094.cms#:~:text=Once%20in%20the%20army%2C%20Mehta,with%20Pakistan%20in%202001%2D2002. |website=The Times of India |access-date=7 May 2025 |date=9 November 2014}}</ref>
|-
|11
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] K. V. Bharathan {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|VSM}}}}
|10 May 1997
|6 November 1998
|Later [[Vice Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Naval Staff]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Ordinary Ship: A Success Story |url=https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1998/march/ordinary-ship-success-story |website=U.S. Naval Institute |access-date=7 May 2025 |language=en |date=1 March 1998}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=V Bharatan is new Vice Chief of Naval Staff |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/v-bharatan-is-new-vice-chief-of-naval-staff/articleshow/1281065.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=7 May 2025 |date=31 October 2005}}</ref>
|-
|12
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] Yashwant Prasad {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM|NM}}}}
|6 November 1998
|16 July 1999
|Later [[Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Southern Naval Command]] and [[Vice Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Naval Staff]].<ref>{{cite web |title=National Defence College |url=https://ndc.nic.in/about/from-commandants-desk/former-commandants |website=ndc.nic.in |access-date=7 May 2025}}</ref>
|-
|13
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] K. Mohanan
|16 July 1999
|28 September 2001
|
|-
|14
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] S. K. Damle {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|NM|VSM}}}}
|28 September 2001
|16 April 2004
|Later [[Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Southern Naval Command]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Sunil K Damle to retire on Aug 31 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2009/Aug/24/sunil-k-damle-to-retire-on-aug-31-79945.html |website=The New Indian Express |access-date=7 May 2025 |language=en |date=15 May 2012}}</ref>
|-
|15
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] [[Shekhar Sinha]] {{small|[[Nao Sena Medal|NM]] [[Medal bar|&bar]]}}
|16 April 2004
|23 February 2006
|Later [[Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Western Naval Command]]
|-
|16
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] S. M. Vadgaokar {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|NM}}}}
|23 February 2006
|28 January 2009
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Russian MIG-29K aircraft to be inducted in Navy |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2006/03/28/russian-mig-29k-aircraft-to-be-inducted-in-navy-next-year-1143538482.html |website=www.oneindia.com |access-date=7 May 2025 |language=en |date=28 March 2006}}</ref>
|-
|17
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] Sudhir Pillai {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|NM}}}}
|29 January 2009
|27 May 2012
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Rear Admiral Pillai new Chief of Staff of Andaman Command |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/rear-admiral-pillai-new-chief-of-staff-of-andaman-command-112052900427_1.html |website=business-standard.com |access-date=7 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Navy honours martyrs on Dec 19 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/navy-honours-martyrs-on-dec-19/articleshow/7135974.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=7 May 2025 |date=21 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Navy gets two fast attack craft |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2010/Sep/22/indian-navy-gets-two-fast-attack-craft-189131.html |website=The New Indian Express |access-date=7 May 2025 |language=en |date=16 May 2012}}</ref>
|-
|18
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] Balvinder Singh Parhar {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|NM}}}}
|28 May 2012
|26 March 2015
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Defence Minister Shri Manohar Parrikar Visits INS Hansa at Goa |url=https://www.business-standard.com/amp/article/government-press-release/defence-minister-shri-manohar-parrikar-visits-ins-hansa-at-goa-114111401484_1.html |website=business-standard.com |access-date=7 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=INS Saryu commissioned into Indian Navy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/ins-saryu-commissioned-into-indian-navy/articleshow/18124392.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=7 May 2025 |date=22 January 2013}}</ref>
|-
|19
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] [[Ravneet Singh (admiral)|Ravneet Singh]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|NM}}}}
|27 March 2015
|5 October 2015
|Later [[Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Vice Admiral Ravneet Singh AVSM, NM assumes charge as Deputy Chief of Naval Staff |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1723375 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=7 May 2025}}</ref>
|-
|20
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] [[Puneet Kumar Bahl]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|VSM}}}}
|6 October 2015
|9 February 2018
|Later [[Commandant of Indian Naval Academy]].<ref>{{cite web |agency=Press Trust of India |title=Rear Admiral Puneet Bahl is new Flag Officer Goa Area |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/rear-admiral-puneet-bahl-is-new-flag-officer-goa-area-115100600880_1.html |website=Business Standard India |date=6 October 2015}}</ref>
|-
|21
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] [[Philipose George Pynumootil]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM|NM}}}}
|10 February 2018
|30 April 2022
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Rear Admiral Philipose George Pynumootil, NM Takes Over as Flag Officer Naval Aviation (FONA) |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1520223 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=7 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Goa: With blood & bravery, Naval Aviation earns President’s Colour |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/with-blood-bravery-naval-aviation-earns-prezs-colour/articleshow/85960398.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=7 May 2025 |date=6 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
|22
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] [[Vikram Menon]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|VSM}}}}
|1 May 2022
|31 July 2023
|Current [[Joint secretary to the Government of India|Joint Secretary]] (Navy & Defence Staff) at the [[Department of Military Affairs]].<ref>{{cite web |title=REAR ADMIRAL VIKRAM MENON TAKES OVER AS FOGA |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1821619 |website=www.pib.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|23
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] [[Ajay D. Theophilus]]
|1 August 2023
|Present
|Current FOGA.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rear Admiral Ajay D Theophilus assumed charge as FOGA |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1944823 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=11 August 2023}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[INS Hansa]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{citation|first1=Satyindra|last1=Singh|title=Blueprint To Bluewater - The Indian Navy 1951-1965|year=1992|isbn=81-7062-148-8|publisher=Lancer Publishers}}
*{{citation|last1=Hiranandani|first1=Gulab Mohanlal|year=2000|title=Transition To Triumph - Indian Navy 1965-1975|publisher=Lancer Publishers LLC|isbn=1-897829-72-8}}
*{{citation|first1=Gulab Mohanlal|last1=Hiranandani|title=Transition to eminence : The Indian Navy 1976-1990|year=2005|isbn=978-8170622666|publisher=Lancer Publishers}}
*{{citation|last1=Hiranandani|first1=Gulab Mohanlal|year=2009|title=Transition to Guardianship: The Indian Navy, 1991–2000|publisher=Lancer Publishers LLC|isbn=978-1-935501-66-4}}
{{Indian Navy}}

[[Category:Indian Navy]]
[[Category:Indian military appointments]]
[[Category:Indian Navy appointments]]

1970 North Indian Ocean cyclone season

2026-01-14T07:35:03Z

UteCansler: Starting a stub.

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2012}}
{{Good article}}
{{Infobox tropical cyclone season
| Track = 1970 North Indian Ocean cyclone season summary.jpg
| Basin = NIO
| Year = 1970
| First storm formed = May 2, 1970
| Last storm dissipated = November 29, 1970
| Strongest storm name = [[1970 Bhola cyclone|Thirteen]]
| Strongest storm winds = 100
| Strongest storm pressure = 960
| Total disturbances = 15
| Total depressions = 11
| Total storms = 7
| Total hurricanes = 3
| Fatalities = 500,805+ (Deadliest [[tropical cyclone]] season on record)
| Damages = 86.4
| five seasons = [[1968 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1968]], [[1969 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1969]], '''1970''', [[1971 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1971]], [[1972 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1972]]
| Atlantic season = 1970 Atlantic hurricane season
| East Pacific season = 1970 Pacific hurricane season
| West Pacific season = 1970 Pacific typhoon season
}}

The '''1970 North Indian Ocean cyclone season''' was an extremely devastating North Indian cyclone season. It saw a total of seven cyclonic storms, of which three developed into severe cyclonic storms. The [[Bay of Bengal]] was more active than the [[Arabian Sea]] during 1970, with all of the three severe cyclonic storms in the season forming there. Unusually, none of the storms in the Arabian Sea made [[landfall]] this year. The most significant storm of the season was the [[1970 Bhola cyclone|Bhola cyclone]], which formed in the Bay of Bengal and hit [[Bangladesh]] on November 12. The storm killed at least 500,000, making it the deadliest tropical cyclone in recorded history.<ref name="cbc.ca">[https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/the-world-s-worst-natural-disasters-1.743208 The world's worst natural disasters Calamities of the 20th and 21st centuries] CBC News. Retrieved 2010-10-29.</ref> The season was also the deadliest tropical cyclone season globally, with 500,805 fatalities, mostly due to the aforementioned Bhola cyclone.

__TOC__
{{Clear|right}}

== Season summary ==
<div style="text-align: center;">
<timeline>
ImageSize = width:800 height:200
PlotArea = top:10 bottom:80 right:20 left:20
Legend = columns:3 left:30 top:58 columnwidth:270
AlignBars = early
DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy
Period = from:01/05/1998 till:31/12/1998
TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal
ScaleMinor = grid:black unit:month increment:1 start:01/05/1998

Colors =
id:canvas value:gray(0.88)
id:GP value:red
id:TD value:rgb(0,0.52,0.84) legend:Depression_(31–50_km/h)
id:DD value:rgb(0.43,0.76,0.92) legend:Deep_Depression_(51–62_km/h)
id:TS value:rgb(0.3,1,1) legend:Cyclonic_Storm_(63–88_km/h)
id:ST value:rgb(0.75,1,0.75) legend:Severe_Cyclonic_Storm_(89–117_km/h)
id:VS value:rgb(1,0.85,0.55) legend:Very_Severe_Cyclonic_Storm_(118–165_km/h)
id:ES value:rgb(1,0.45,0.54) legend:Extremely_Severe_Cyclonic_Storm_(166–220_km/h)
id:SU value:rgb(0.55,0.46,0.9) legend:Super_Cyclonic_Storm_(≥221_km/h)

Backgroundcolors = canvas:canvas
BarData =
barset:Hurricane
bar:Month

PlotData=
barset:Hurricane width:10 align:left fontsize:S shift:(4,-4) anchor:till
from:02/05/1998 till:07/05/1998 color:VS text:"One (VSCS)"
from:23/05/1998 till:24/05/1998 color:TD text:"Two (D)"
from:28/05/1998 till:02/06/1998 color:ST text:"Three (SCS)"
from:07/06/1998 till:11/06/1998 color:TS text:"Four (CS)"
from:29/06/1998 till:03/07/1998 color:DD text:"Five (DD)"
from:06/07/1998 till:08/07/1998 color:DD text:"Six (DD)"
from:17/08/1998 till:19/08/1998 color:TD text:"Seven (D)"
barset:break
from:02/09/1998 till:13/09/1998 color:TS text:"Eight (CS)"
from:08/09/1998 till:18/09/1998 color:DD text:"Nine (DD)"
from:21/09/1998 till:23/09/1998 color:TD text:"Ten (D)"
from:11/10/1998 till:13/10/1998 color:TD text:"Eleven (D)"
from:18/10/1998 till:24/10/1998 color:VS text:"Twelve (VSCS)"
from:08/11/1998 till:13/11/1998 color:ES text:"[[1970 Bhola Cyclone | Thirteen (ESCS)]]"
from:19/11/1998 till:20/11/1998 color:DD text:"Fourteen (DD)"
barset:break
from:22/11/1998 till:29/11/1998 color:TS text:"Fifteen (CS)"

bar:Month width:5 align:center fontsize:S shift:(0,-20) anchor:middle color:canvas
from:01/05/1998 till:01/06/1998 text:May
from:01/06/1998 till:01/07/1998 text:June
from:01/07/1998 till:01/08/1998 text:July
from:01/08/1998 till:01/09/1998 text:August
from:01/09/1998 till:01/10/1998 text:September
from:01/10/1998 till:01/11/1998 text:October
from:01/11/1998 till:01/12/1998 text:November
from:01/12/1998 till:31/12/1998 text:December

</timeline>
</div>

== Systems ==
=== Severe Cyclonic Storm One ===
{{Infobox tropical cyclone small
| Basin = NIO
| Image = 03B 1970-05-04 0536Z.png
| Track = 03B 1970 track.png
| Formed = May 2
| Dissipated = May 7
| 3-min winds = 80
| Pressure = 975
}}
A low-pressure area that developed over the southern [[Andaman Sea]] late in April moved north into the [[Bay of Bengal]], becoming the first depression of the year on May 2. The depression intensified under the influence of a high-level anticyclone and became a cyclonic storm the next day. The storm then turned to the northeast and strengthened into a severe cyclonic storm on May 4. Soon after this, it peaked with winds of {{convert|150|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}} and a well-defined [[eye (cyclone)|eye]] formed. The storm made its [[landfall]] near [[Cox's Bazar]] in easternmost [[East Pakistan]] (now [[Bangladesh]]) early in the morning of May 7 and dissipated over western [[Burma]] that evening.

The cyclone brought widespread rain to the [[Andaman Islands|Andaman]] and [[Nicobar Islands]], before it moved clear of them on May 3. Effects in East Pakistan are unknown, but [[Akyab]] in western Burma reported winds of {{convert|55|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}} as the cyclone approached land.<ref name="1970 AR">{{cite report|url=ftp://ftp.library.noaa.gov/docs.lib/htdocs/rescue/cd024_pdf/005ED281.pdf|title=India Weather Review Annual Summary — Part-C: Storms and Depressions 1970|publisher=India Meteorological Department|year=1971|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190614112938/ftp://ftp.library.noaa.gov/docs.lib/htdocs/rescue/cd024_pdf/005ED281.pdf|archive-date=2019-06-14|url-status=dead|access-date=May 26, 2020}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

=== Depression Two ===
{{Infobox tropical cyclone small
| Basin = NIO
| Image = 02B 1970-05-23 0522Z.png
| Track = 02B 1970 track.png
| Formed = May 23
| Dissipated = May 24
| 3-min winds = 25
}}
A depression formed in the northeast of the Bay of Bengal during the morning of May 23, near the [[East Pakistan]] coast. It moved towards the coast and made landfall to the south of [[Cox's Bazar]] that night, before dissipating over southern [[Assam]] on the next day.<ref name="1970 AR"/> Any effects on land are unknown.
{{Clear}}

=== Cyclonic Storm Three ===
{{Infobox tropical cyclone small
| Basin = NIO
| Image = 01A 1970-05-29 0609Z.png
| Track = 01A 1970 track.png
| Formed = May 28
| Dissipated = June 2
| 3-min winds = 50
| Pressure = 986
}}
A low-pressure area developed off the [[Karnataka]]–[[Goa]] coastline in the [[Arabian Sea]] on May 27, and developed into a depression on the next day. The system developed further into a cyclonic storm on May 29 as it moved to the north. The storm reached its peak with {{convert|95|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}; soon after this, as it turned to the west, but soon degenerated into a deep depression over the northern Arabian Sea on May 31. The depression continued to move westward, weakening to a remnant low shortly afterward, as it made landfall on the [[Arabian Peninsula]], on June 2. The remnant low dissipated over southern [[Saudi Arabia]] on the next day.<ref name="1970 AR"/>
The cyclone itself had minimal effects on land, but the monsoon advanced into western India in late May in association with the system. As the cyclone moved to the west away from the subcontinent, the incursion of moist air from the Arabian Sea persisted over northwestern India for the first three days of June. This brought moderate rainfall to regions of [[Gujarat]], Rajasthan and western [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref name="1970 AR"/>
{{Clear}}

=== Cyclonic Storm Four ===
{{Infobox tropical cyclone small
| Basin = NIO
| Image = 04B 1970-06-10 0554Z.png
| Track = 04B 1970 track.png
| Formed = June 7
| Dissipated = June 11
| Prewinds = ≥
| 3-min winds = 35
| Pressure = 986
}}
A low-pressure area developed in the northern Bay of Bengal on June 6 and developed into a depression on the next day, as it drifted to the north, moving over the south of the [[Ganges Delta]]. The depression reversed its course overland, reemerging into the Bay of Bengal on June 8. Once over open water, the depression intensified into a cyclonic storm on the morning of June 9. The cyclone's motion shifted to the northwest and it made a second landfall near [[Balasore]] in northern [[Orissa, India|Orissa]] that night. The cyclone quickly weakened to a deep depression overland and tracked to the west over central India, where it degenerated into a broad area of low pressure on June 11.<ref name="1970 AR"/>
Sustained winds of {{convert|65|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}} were recorded at Sandheads on June 9, while the cyclone was at its peak offshore. High levels of rain affected much of Orissa and [[West Bengal]], with over {{convert|100|mm|in|abbr=on}} falling over large areas of both states. As the storm dissipated overland, it brought severe rain to [[Vidarbha]] and southern [[Madhya Pradesh]]. The highest recorded rainfall was at [[Khandwa]] were {{convert|280|mm|in|abbr=on}} fell on June 13 alone. The rains led to localised flooding in parts of Vidarbha and disrupted road transport in the region.<ref name="1970 AR"/>
{{Clear}}

=== Deep Depression Five ===
{{Infobox tropical cyclone small
| Basin = NIO
| Image = Temporary cyclone north new.svg
| Track = 05B 1970 track.png
| Formed = June 29
| Dissipated = July 3
| Prewinds = ≥
| 3-min winds = 28
}}
A low-pressure area that had developed over the northern [[Bay of Bengal]] on June 28 organized into a depression early on June 29. The depression intensified as it moved to the northwest, becoming a deep depression shortly before it crossed the [[Orissa, India|Orissa]] coast. After landfall, the storm continued to move to the northwest, weakening to a depression again on July 2, over northeast [[Madhya Pradesh]]. It degenerated into a remnant low over central [[Uttar Pradesh]] during the evening of July 3.<ref name="1970 AR"/>
The depression brought intense monsoon conditions to Orissa, Madhya Pradesh and [[Vidarbha]] during its life. Over {{convert|210|mm|in|abbr=on}} of rain and winds of {{convert|85|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}} were recorded in [[Paradip]] as the depression made landfall on June 30. Inland, the heavy rains caused some rivers in Orissa to overflow and flooded rice paddies in [[Cuttack District]]. Further west, the [[Wainganga River]] overflowed its banks in places. Road transport in Madhya Pradesh was disrupted and there was damage to crops in the [[Raipur]] area. Raipur recorded the highest 24-hour rains associated with the depression, with {{convert|230|mm|in|abbr=on}} falling there on July 2.<ref name="1970 AR"/>
{{Clear}}

=== Deep Depression Six ===
{{Infobox tropical cyclone small
| Basin = NIO
| Image = Temporary cyclone north new.svg
| Track = 06B 1970 track.png
| Formed = July 6
| Dissipated = July 8
| 3-min winds = 30
| Prepressure = ≤
| Pressure = 992
}}
A low-pressure area moved to the west, off the [[Burma|Burmese]] coast on July 5, and developed into a depression on the next day, in the north-central [[Bay of Bengal]]. The depression intensified as it moved to the northwest, becoming a deep depression on July 7. The system made landfall on the [[Orissa, India|Orissa]] coast during the morning of July 8, and rapidly degenerated into a broad area of low pressure overland. The remnant low moved north over western [[Bihar]] and it persisted there until July 12, when it was absorbed by the [[monsoon trough]].<ref name="1970 AR"/>
Winds of {{convert|55|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}} were recorded offshore at Sandheads when the system was at its peak. The depression brought isolated heavy rains to many places throughout [[East India]], with rains in excess of {{convert|100|mm|in|abbr=on}} falling each day from the depression's landfall until the absorption of the storm's remnant low.<ref name="1970 AR"/>
{{Clear}}

=== Depression Seven ===
{{Infobox tropical cyclone small
| Basin = NIO
| Image = 07B 1970-08-17 0541Z.png
| Track = 07B 1970 track.png
| Formed = August 17
| Dissipated = August 19
| 3-min winds = 25
}}
A low-pressure area that lay over [[Burma]] on August 15, moved to the west across the [[Bay of Bengal]] and developed into a depression on the evening of August 17, when it was {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} southeast of [[Gopalpur-on-Sea]]. The depression moved to the northwest and made landfall near Gopalpur-on-Sea, and turned to the west overland. The depression had weakened into a remnant low by August 20, when it was over western [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref name="1970 AR"/>
The depression and associated weather brought widespread rain to much of south and central India, with heavy rain falling in some locations. The heavy rain in [[Maharashtra]] disrupted road transport in many areas, especially in the east of the state. The [[Godavari River]] inundated parts of [[Bhadrachalam]] and many villages in regions of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. The rains also damaged rice paddies and disrupted transport in [[Telangana]]. Rains associated with the depression reached as far west as [[Bombay]] with {{convert|200|mm|in|abbr=on}} falling there on August 19.<ref name="1970 AR"/>
{{Clear}}

=== Cyclonic Storm Eight ===
{{Infobox tropical cyclone small
| Basin = NIO
| Image = 10B 1970-09-11 0757Z.png
| Track = 10B 1970 track.png
| Formed = September 2
| Dissipated = September 13
| 3-min winds = 34
}}
A low-pressure area that was centred over [[West Bengal]] on August 31 organized into a depression on September 2, when it was {{convert|50|km|mi|abbr=on}} to the east of [[Midnapore]]. It intensified as it moved to the west, becoming a deep depression on the next day, about {{convert|50|km|mi|abbr=on}} east of [[Ranchi]]. The system continued to move west across India, before weakening into a depression on September 7, near [[Ahmedabad]], Gujarat. The depression then turned northward and entered southwest [[Rajasthan]].<ref name="1970 AR"/> On September 8, the system turned to the southwest and emerged into the [[Arabian Sea]] on the following evening. Over open water, it intensified again, becoming a cyclonic storm by the evening of September 10. The cyclone developed a short-lived [[eye (cyclone)|eye]] on September 11, as it drifted slowly to the west, before degenerating into a broad area of low pressure as it neared the [[Oman]] coast, on September 14.<ref name="1970 AR"/>
This system brought widespread rains to a wide swathe of India during its existence. Some heavy rains in West Bengal flooded vast areas of many districts and resulted in some fatalities, whilst in parts of neighbouring [[Orissa, India|Orissa]] the floodwaters damaged fields. {{convert|390|mm|in|abbr=on}} of rain fell on [[Bardhaman]] over two days as the depression passed overhead. Several thousand people were made homeless in West Bengal. Both the [[Narmada River|Narmada]] and [[Tapti River]]s inundated parts of [[Madhya Pradesh]] and Gujarat. The floods in Gujarat took many lives and caused severe damage to crops and other properties. Between 300 and 400 people were washed away in two villages in [[Bharuch district]].<ref name="1970 AR"/> {{convert|260|mm|in|abbr=on}} of rain fell on [[Surat]] on July 7 and a further {{convert|80|mm|in|abbr=on}} on [[Kutch District]] as the cyclone moved out to sea.<ref name="1970 AR"/>
{{Clear}}

=== Deep Depression Nine ===
{{Infobox tropical cyclone small
| Basin = NIO
| Image = 09B 1970-09-11 0610Z.png
| Track = 09B 1970 track.png
| Formed = September 8
| Dissipated = September 18
| 3-min winds = 30
| Pressure = 990
}}
A low-pressure area moved from [[Burma]] to the [[Bay of Bengal]] on September 8, where it developed into a depression. The depression strengthened as it moved to the northwest and became a deep depression on the next day, when it was {{convert|150|km|mi|abbr=on}} southeast of [[Calcutta]]. The system crossed the [[West Bengal]] coast later and moved to the northwest across the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]]. The depression stalled over [[Uttar Pradesh]] on September 12, and remained near [[Lucknow]] until September 14. The depression then turned to the east and weakened into a remnant low over northern [[Bihar]], on September 18.<ref name="1970 AR"/>
The depression brought widespread rain to West Bengal, [[Orissa, India|Orissa]], Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, and [[Madhya Pradesh]] during its lifespan, with rains of {{convert|140|mm|in|abbr=on}} as far west as Lucknow. The rains in Uttar Pradesh caused severe property damage and flooding, with some 150 people losing their lives in the state. The [[Ganges]] flooded in northern Bihar, inundating parts of [[Munger District]], whilst the [[Gandaki River]] flooded parts of [[Motihari]]. The rains worsened floods in south Bengal, increasing the death toll from the floods there to 80 and affecting 8 million people, with considerable damage done to crops and housing. [[Jaleswar]] in Orissa was entirely flooded.<ref name="1970 AR"/>
{{Clear}}

=== Depression Ten ===
{{Infobox tropical cyclone small
| Basin = NIO
| Image = 08B 1970-09-21 0538Z.png
| Track = 08B 1970 track.png
| Formed = September 21
| Dissipated = September 23
| 3-min winds = 25
}}
A well-defined low-pressure area formed over the west central [[Bay of Bengal]] on September 20, and developed into a depression on the next morning about {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} south-east of [[Visakhapatnam]]. The depression then moved overland, and after crossing [[Vidarbha]], weakened into a remnant low over [[Gujarat]] on September 23.<ref name="1970 AR"/>
The depression brought widespread rain to northern [[South India]] as it passed over the country, and its remnants brought scattered rain to Gujarat over the following week. Over a period of four hours, heavy rain fell on [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]] and [[Secunderabad]], destroying many houses in the two cities. About {{convert|130|mm|in|abbr=on}} of rain fell on [[Bombay]] as the system dissipated. The heavy rains claimed about 75 lives.<ref name="1970 AR"/>
{{Clear}}

=== Depression Eleven ===
{{Infobox tropical cyclone small
| Basin = NIO
| Image = Temporary cyclone north new.svg
| Track = 11A 1970 track.png
| Formed = October 11
| Dissipated = October 13
| 3-min winds = 25
}}
A low-pressure area that developed in the Bay of Bengal passed over the southern [[Indian subcontinent]] and developed into a depression in the Arabian Sea, off the southern [[Maharashtra]] coast on October 11. The depression did not develop further as it drifted westward, and it degenerated into an area of low pressure on October 13, as it was approaching the [[Arabian Peninsula]]. The depression brought widespread rains to southern Maharashtra and [[Karnataka]] states, with {{convert|40|mm|in}} of rain recorded in [[Karwar]]. Scattered heavy rain was also reported in the [[Laccadives]].<ref name="1970 AR"/>
{{Clear}}

=== Severe Cyclonic Storm Twelve ===
{{Infobox tropical cyclone small
| Basin = NIO
| Image = 12B 1970-10-21 0554Z.png
| Track = 12B 1970 track.png
| Formed = October 18
| Dissipated = October 24
| 3-min winds = 70
| Pressure = 980
}}
A depression formed on October 18 in the central [[Bay of Bengal]], and moved to the north. It gradually intensified and turned to the northeast, becoming a cyclonic storm on October 20. The storm became the second severe cyclonic storm of the season on the following day, and turned onto a more northerly track towards the [[Ganges Delta]]. The storm peaked with winds of {{convert|130|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}} before it made [[landfall]] near the [[West Bengal]]–[[East Pakistan]] border, during the morning of October 23. The storm then crossed over East Pakistan, before dissipating over southern [[Assam]] on October 24.<ref name="1970 AR"/>

This cyclone brought widespread rain to [[Tamil Nadu]] as it formed, and to the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] as it moved over the Bay of Bengal. After its landfall, it brought severe rains to West Bengal, Assam, and East Pakistan. The highest recorded rainfall in India was at [[Shillong]], where {{convert|220|mm|in|abbr=on}} fell on October 24. A gust of {{convert|105|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}} was recorded in [[Calcutta]] as the storm passed by to the east, where it caused the failure of the power supply.<ref name="1970 AR"/>

The cyclone claimed between 200 and 300 lives in East Pakistan, with the worst of the damage occurring in [[Khulna District]].<ref name="1970 AR"/> Over 200 villages were destroyed in the district, leaving several thousand people homeless, and there was extensive damage to crops.<ref name="OctoberNews">{{cite news|author=Staff writer |agency=Reuters |title=125 Die In Hurricane In Pakistan |url=https://newspaperarchive.com/other-articles-clipping-oct-27-1970-4479675/|date=October 27, 1970 |access-date=May 21, 2024 |page=15|work=[[The Daily Gleaner]]|via=NewspaperArchive}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

=== Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm Thirteen ===
{{Infobox tropical cyclone small
| Basin = NIO
| Image = 15B 1970-11-12 0956Z.png
| Track = 15B 1970 path.png
| Formed = November 8
| Dissipated = November 13
| 3-min winds = 100
| 1-min winds = 130
| Pressure = 960
}}
{{Main|1970 Bhola cyclone}}
On the morning of November 8, a depression formed in the south-central Bay of Bengal. It moved very slowly to the north, becoming a cyclonic storm on the next day. The cyclone continued to intensify as it approached the head of the Bay, becoming the third severe cyclonic storm of the season on November 11. That evening, it reached its peak intensity, with 3-min sustained winds of {{convert|185|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}, and 1-min sustained winds of {{convert|240|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}},<ref name="Mariners Weather Log January, 1971">{{cite journal|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|last=Schwerdt|first=Richard|title=Worst Cyclone of the Century Batters East Pakistan|journal=Mariners Weather Log|date=January 1971|volume=15|issue=1|page=19|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/imgsrv/download/pdf?id=msu.31293201280298;orient=0;size=100;seq=21;attachment=0|access-date=May 19, 2016|archive-date=May 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517223918/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/imgsrv/download/pdf?id=msu.31293201280298;orient=0;size=100;seq=21;attachment=0|url-status=live}}</ref> having a well-developed [[eye (cyclone)|eye]], becoming the strongest storm of the season. On November 11 the Indian 5500 tonne freighter the Mahajagmitra reported wind speeds of 180 miles an hour and relayed a distress signal before it sank off the East Coast of India with 50 people on board.<ref>SAARC ftp://rammftp.cira.colostate.edu/ftpguest/SAARC_report.doc</ref> The vortex then made [[landfall]] on the coast of [[East Pakistan]] during the night of November 12. The cyclone weakened rapidly as it moved inland and dissipated on the next day, over south [[Assam]].<ref name="1970 AR"/>

This cyclone brought a devastating [[storm surge]] of up to {{convert|10|m|ft|abbr=off}} high to the [[Ganges Delta]]. Largely as a result of this surge, somewhere between 300,000 and 500,000 people lost their lives, making this storm the deadliest [[tropical cyclone]] ever recorded and one of the deadliest [[natural disaster]]s of modern times.<ref name="cbc.ca" /><ref name="IWM">{{cite web|url=http://www.iwmbd.org/html/PUBS/publications/P024.PDF|title=Cyclonic Storm Surge Modelling for Design of Coastal Polder|author=Kabir, M. M.|author2=Saha B. C.|author3= Hye, J. M. A.|access-date=April 15, 2007|publisher=[[Institute of Water Modeling]]|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070622000638/http://www.iwmbd.org/html/PUBS/publications/P024.PDF |archive-date = June 22, 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> The total damage from the storm exceeded $85 million (1970 USD, $480 million 2008 USD), and much of the agricultural and fishing capacity of the region was wiped out. A total of some 3.6 million people suffered direct effects from this cyclone.{{EM-DAT}}

The Pakistani government was severely criticized for its handling of the relief operations following the storm, both by local political leaders in East Pakistan and in the international media. In the December national elections, the opposition [[Awami League]] gained a [[landslide victory]], gaining 160 of the 162 East Pakistani seats. Continuing unrest between East Pakistanis and the central government trigged the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]], which concluded with the creation of the state of [[Bangladesh]]. This is one of the first times that a natural event helped to trigger a civil war in the modern era.<ref name="USAID">{{cite web|url=http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/humanitarian_assistance/disaster_assistance/publications/ofda_cjanalysis_02_21-2005.pdf |access-date=April 15, 2007 |date=February 21, 2005 |title=A Critical Juncture Analysis, 1964–2003 |last=Olson |first=Richard |publisher=[[USAID]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919235143/http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/humanitarian_assistance/disaster_assistance/publications/ofda_cjanalysis_02_21-2005.pdf |archive-date=September 19, 2009 |url-status=dead |df=mdy }}</ref>
{{Clear}}

=== Deep Depression Fourteen ===
{{Infobox tropical cyclone small
| Basin = NIO
| Image = 14B 1970-11-20 0607Z.png
| Track = 14B 1970 track.png
| Formed = November 19
| Dissipated = November 20
| Prewinds = ≥
| 3-min winds = 28
}}
A low-pressure are that had developed over the south [[Andaman Sea]] moved west across the southern [[Bay of Bengal]], and organized into a depression on the morning of November 19, when it was situated about {{convert|600|km|mi|abbr=on}} southeast of [[Madras]]. The system intensified further into a deep depression, as it moved west-northwestward, and made landfall on [[Tamil Nadu]] on the following day. The depression subsequently weakened into a remnant low over Tamil Nadu.<ref name="1970 AR"/>
The depression brought widespread rain to much of Tamil Nadu, with heavy rain impacting the coastal regions. Low-lying coastal regions from [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]] to Atirampattinam. There was damage to crops and housing in [[Thanjavur District]] and the rains left thousands homeless in Madras. [[Cuddalore]] experienced exceptionally heavy rains with over {{convert|440|mm|in|abbr=on}} falling there, of which {{convert|310|mm|in|abbr=on}} fell on November 20 alone.<ref name="1970 AR"/>
{{Clear}}

=== Cyclonic Storm Fifteen ===
{{Infobox tropical cyclone small
| Basin = NIO
| Image = 13A 1970-11-27 0757Z.png
| Track = 13A 1970 track.png
| Formed = November 22
| Dissipated = November 29
| 3-min winds = 40
}}
The remnant low of a [[#Deep Depression Fourteen|depression]] emerged into the [[Arabian Sea]] off [[Kerala]] late on November 21, and developed into a new depression on the next day, as it moved westward. The depression moved further west, and gradually turned toward the southwest, intensifying as it did so. It became a cyclonic storm on November 28, to the southeast of [[Socotra]], and reached its peak intensity with winds of {{convert|75|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}} soon after. The cyclone continued to move west-southwestward, and rapidly weakened into a remnant low-pressure area off the [[Somalia]] coast on the next day, ending the season.<ref name="1970 AR"/>
The cyclone brought widespread rain to the [[Laccadives]] from November 22 to 24, with {{convert|60|mm|in|abbr=on}} recorded on [[Amini, India|Amini]] on November 23.<ref name="1970 AR"/>
{{Clear}}

== Season effects ==
This is a table of all storms in the 1970 North Indian Ocean cyclone season. It mentions all of the season's storms and their names, durations, peak intensities (according to the IMD storm scale), areas affected, damages, and death totals. Damage and death totals include the damage and deaths caused when that storm was a precursor wave or extratropical low, and all of the damage figures are in 1970 USD.

{{North Indian Ocean areas affected (Top)}}
|-
| One || {{sort|19700502|May 2–7, 1970}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|VSCS}}|{{Sort|5|Very severe cyclonic storm}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|VSCS}}| {{sort|150|{{convert|150|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|VSCS}}|{{convert|975|hPa|inHg|sigfig=4|abbr=on}} || Bangladesh, Myanmar || || ||<ref name="1970 AR"/>
|-
| Two || {{Sort|19700523|May 23–24, 1970}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|D}}|{{Sort|1|Depression}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|D}}|{{Sort|45|Not specified}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|D}}|{{Sort|999|Not specified}}|| Bangladesh, Myanmar || || ||<ref name="1970 AR"/>
|-
| Three || {{sort|19700528|May 28 – June 2, 1970}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|SCS}}|{{sort|4|Severe Cyclonic Storm}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|SCS}}|{{sort|095|{{convert|95|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|SCS}}|{{convert|986|hPa|inHg|sigfig=4|abbr=on}} || Saudi Arabia || || ||<ref name="1970 AR"/>
|-
| Four || {{sort|19700607|June 7–8, 1970}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|CS}}|{{sort|3|Cyclonic Storm}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|CS}}|{{sort|065|{{convert|65|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|CS}}|{{convert|982|hPa|inHg|sigfig=4|abbr=on|sortable=on}} || West Bengal, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh || || ||<ref name="1970 AR"/>
|-
| Five || {{Sort|19700629|June 29 – July 3, 1970}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|DD}}|{{Sort|2|Deep Depression}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|DD}}|{{Sort|55|Not specified}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|DD}}|{{Sort|45|Not specified}} || Orissa || || ||<ref name="1970 AR"/>
|-
| Six || {{Sort|19700706|July 6–8, 1970}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|DD}}|{{Sort|2|Deep Depression}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|DD}}|{{Sort|55|Not specified}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|DD}}|{{Sort|45|Not specified}} || Burma, Orissa || || ||<ref name="1970 AR"/>
|-
| Seven || {{Sort|19700817|August 17–19, 1970}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|DD}}|{{Sort|2|Deep Depression}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|DD}}|{{Sort|55|Not specified}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|DD}}|{{Sort|45|Not specified}} || Burma, Orissa || || ||<ref name="1970 AR"/>
|-
| Eight || {{sort|19700910|September 2–13, 1970}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|CS}}|{{sort|3|Cyclonic Storm}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|CS}}|{{sort|100|Not specified}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|CS}}|{{sort|1050|Not specified}} || West Bengal, Orissa, Coastal Arabia || || ||<ref name="1970 AR"/>
|-
| Nine || {{Sort|19700908|September 8–18, 1970}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|DD}}|{{Sort|2|Deep Depression}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|DD}}|{{Sort|55|Not specified}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|DD}}|{{Sort|45|Not specified}} || Burma, West Bengsl || || ||<ref name="1970 AR"/>
|-
| Ten || {{Sort|19700921|September 21–23, 1970}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|D}}|{{Sort|1|Depression}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|D}}|{{Sort|45|Not specified}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|D}}|{{Sort|1010|Not specified}}|| Andra Pradesh || || ||<ref name="1970 AR"/>
|-
| Eleven || {{Sort|19701011|October 11–13, 1970}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|D}}|{{Sort|1|Depression}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|D}}|{{Sort|45|Not specified}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|D}}|{{Sort|1010|Not specified}}|| Saudi Arabia || || ||<ref name="1970 AR"/>
|-
| Twelve || {{sort|19701018|October 18–22, 1970}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|VSCS}}|{{sort|5|Very Severe Cyclonic Storm}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|VSCS}}|{{sort|130|{{convert|130|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|VSCS}}|{{convert|980|hPa|inHg|sigfig=4|abbr=on}} || Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Bangladesh || ||{{sort|250|200-300}} ||<ref name="1970 AR"/>
|-
| [[1970 Bhola cyclone|Thirteen]] || {{sort|19701108|November 8–13, 1970}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|ESCS}}|{{sort|6|Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|ESCS}}|{{sort|185|{{convert|185|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|ESCS}}|{{convert|966|hPa|inHg|sigfig=4|abbr=on}} || India, Bangladesh ||  || 300,000–500,000 ||<ref name="1970 AR"/><ref name="Mariners Weather Log January, 1971">{{cite journal|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|last=Schwerdt|first=Richard|title=Worst Cyclone of the Century Batters East Pakistan|journal=Mariners Weather Log|date=January 1971|volume=15|issue=1|page=19|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/imgsrv/download/pdf?id=msu.31293201280298;orient=0;size=100;seq=21;attachment=0|access-date=May 19, 2016|archive-date=May 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517223918/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/imgsrv/download/pdf?id=msu.31293201280298;orient=0;size=100;seq=21;attachment=0|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Fourteen || {{Sort|19701119|November 19–20, 1970}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|DD}}|{{Sort|2|Deep Depression}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|DD}}|{{Sort|55|Not specified}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|DD}}|{{Sort|45|Not specified}} || Tamil Nadu || || ||<ref name="1970 AR"/>
|-
| Fifteen || {{sort|19701122|November 22–29, 1970}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|CS}}|{{sort|3|Cyclonic Storm}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|CS}}|{{sort|075|{{convert|75|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|CS}}|{{sort|1050|Not specified}} || Somalia || || ||<ref name="1970 AR"/>
|-
{{TC Areas affected (Bottom)|TC's=15 systems|dates=May 2 – November 29, 1970|winds={{sort|150|{{convert|150|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}}} || |pres={{convert|975|hPa|inHg|sigfig=4|abbr=on}}|damage=Unknown|deaths=≥302,000|Refs=}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones}}
* [[North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone]]
* [[List of tropical cyclone records]]
* [[1970 Atlantic hurricane season]]
* [[1970 Pacific hurricane season]]
* [[1970 Pacific typhoon season]]
* Australian cyclone seasons: [[1969–70 Australian region cyclone season|1969–70]], [[1970–71 Australian region cyclone season|1970–71]]
* South Pacific cyclone seasons: [[1969–70 South Pacific cyclone season|1969–70]], [[1970–71 South Pacific cyclone season|1970–71]]
* South-West Indian Ocean cyclone seasons: [[1969–70 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season|1969–70]], [[1970–71 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season|1970–71]]

== References ==

{{reflist|30em}}

{{TC Decades|Year=1970|basin=North Indian Ocean|type=cyclone}}
{{Tropical cyclone season|1970}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1970 North Indian Ocean Cyclone Season}}
[[Category:1970 North Indian Ocean cyclone season| ]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in India]]
[[Category:1970 in India]]

Intertrappean Beds

2026-01-07T05:13:40Z

UteCansler: creating new article

{{Short description|Geologic formation in India}}
{{Infobox rockunit
| name = Intertrappean Beds
| image =
| caption =
| type = [[Geologic unit|Unit]]
| age = [[Maastrichtian]]-[[Ypresian]], {{fossilrange|67.7|56}}
| period = Maastrichtian
| prilithology =
| otherlithology =
| namedfor =
| namedby =
| region = [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Telangana]], [[Gujarat]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Karnataka]]<ref name=":7" />
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates ={{coord|17.2|N|77.9|E|display=inline}}
| unitof = [[Deccan Traps]]
| subunits =
| underlies =
| overlies = [[Infratrappean Beds]]
| thickness =
| extent =
| area =
| map = {{Location map+ | India
| relief = 1
| width = 250
| float = center
| places =
{{Location map~ | India
| lat_deg = 17.2
| lon_deg = 77.9
| mark = Lightgreen pog.svg
| marksize = 10
}}
}}
| map_caption =
|paleocoordinates={{coord|28.0|S|59.0|E|display=inline}}}}

The '''Intertrappean Beds''' are a [[Late Cretaceous]] and early [[Paleogene]] [[geologic unit]] in India. These [[Bed (geology)|beds]] are found as [[Interbedding|interbeds]] between [[Deccan Traps]] layers, including the slightly older [[Lameta Formation]]. They consist a number of different subgroups and [[Geological formation|formations]], and span the [[Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Khosla |first1=Ashu |last2=Verma |first2=Omkar |last3=Kania |first3=Sachin |last4=Lucas |first4=Spencer |date=2023 |title=Microbiota from the Late Cretaceous-Early Palaeocene Boundary Transition in the Deccan Intertrappean Beds of Central India |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-28855-5 |journal=Topics in Geobiology |volume=54 |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-031-28855-5 |isbn=978-3-031-28854-8 |issn=0275-0120|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Wilson Mantilla |first1=Gregory P. |last2=Renne |first2=Paul R. |last3=Samant |first3=Bandana |last4=Mohabey |first4=Dhananjay M. |last5=Dhobale |first5=Anup |last6=Tholt |first6=Andrew J. |last7=Tobin |first7=Thomas S. |last8=Widdowson |first8=Mike |last9=Anantharaman |first9=S. |last10=Dassarma |first10=Dilip Chandra |last11=Wilson Mantilla |first11=Jeffrey A. |date=2022-04-01 |title=New mammals from the Naskal intertrappean site and the age of India's earliest eutherians |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S003101822200027X |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |volume=591 |article-number=110857 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2022.110857 |bibcode=2022PPP...59110857W |issn=0031-0182|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Many mostly fragmentary fossils, especially of small vertebrates, are known from the formation.<ref name=":16">{{Citation |last1=Prasad |first1=Guntupalli V.R. |title=Vertebrate fauna from the Deccan volcanic province: Response to volcanic activity |date=2014 |work=Volcanism, Impacts, and Mass Extinctions: Causes and Effects |url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/674/chapter/3807838 |access-date=2024-04-03 |publisher=Geological Society of America |language=en |doi=10.1130/2014.2505(09) |isbn=978-0-8137-2505-5 |last2=Sahni |first2=Ashok|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Indeterminate [[theropod]] and [[pterosaur]] remains have been recovered from the formation, as well as [[dinosaur egg]]s.<ref name="dinosaurdistribution">Weishampel, et al. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution." Pp. 517-607.</ref><ref name=":4">{{Citation |last1=Barrett |first1=P.M |title=Pterosaur distribution in time and space: an atlas. |url=https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/12007/1/zitteliana_2008_b28_05.pdf |journal=Flugsaurier: Pterosaur Papers in Honour of Peter Wellnhofer. 2008. Hone, D.W.E., and Buffetaut, E. (Eds). Zitteliana B, 28. 264pp. |language=en |last2=Edwards |first2=N.P. |last3=Milner |first3=A.R. |last4=Butler |first4=R.J.}}</ref> The mammal genera ''[[Deccanolestes]]'', ''[[Sahnitherium]]'', ''[[Bharattherium]]'', ''[[Indoclemensia]], [[Indotriconodon]]'' and'' [[Kharmerungulatum]]'' have been recovered from several localities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://home.arcor.de/ktdykes/basepi.htm |title=MESOZOIC MAMMALS; Basal Eutheria Two, an internet directory |access-date=2008-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607225340/http://home.arcor.de/ktdykes/basepi.htm |archive-date=2011-06-07 }}</ref> The [[Ypresian|Early Eocene]]-aged<ref name=":20">{{Cite journal |last1=Shah |first1=Nishi H. |last2=Patel |first2=Satish J. |date=2024-12-01 |title=A new superfamily of freshwater mussels Deccanoidea nov. (Mollusca: Unionida) from an intertrappean deposit of Saurashtra province (Gujarat state, western India): An example of disjunct distribution |journal=Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India |language=en |volume=69 |issue=2 |pages=121–146 |doi=10.1177/05529360241269345 |issn=0552-9360|doi-access=free }}</ref> [[Bamanbore|Bamanbor]] locality in Gujarat preserves articulated freshwater fish specimens.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":13" /> A rich plant flora is known from the formation.

== Stratigraphy ==
Although often thought of as a contemporaneous unit that was formed in a single rapid eruption event, more studies that date the age of the volcanic beds indicate that the Deccan Traps did not erupt all at once. Instead, different portions appear to have erupted during different periods of time. This means that the Intertrappean Beds are best understood as a group of different volcanic-associate formations of varying ages.<ref name=":18">{{Cite journal |last1=Kale |first1=Vivek S. |last2=Dole |first2=Gauri |last3=Shandilya |first3=Priyanka |last4=Pande |first4=Kanchan |date=2019-06-18 |title=Stratigraphy and correlations in Deccan Volcanic Province, India: Quo vadis? |url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-abstract/132/3-4/588/571703/Stratigraphy-and-correlations-in-Deccan-Volcanic?redirectedFrom=fulltext |journal=GSA Bulletin |volume=132 |issue=3–4 |pages=588–607 |doi=10.1130/B35018.1 |issn=0016-7606|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

=== Divisions ===
Kale ''et al'' (2020) divided the group into the following provinces:<ref name=":18" />

* '''Sahyadri Group''' or '''Western Province''' (age: Late [[Maastrichtian]] to [[Danian]], ~67.5 to 62.5 mya)
* '''Satpura Group''' or '''Central Province'''
* '''Malwa Group''' (age: Late Maastrichtian, ~67.7 mya; likely the oldest group)
* '''Amarkantak Group''' or '''Mandla Province''' (age: early [[Paleogene]], ~64.5 mya - unknown)

Mittal ''et al'' (2021) divided the group into the following provinces:<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mittal |first1=Tushar |last2=Richards |first2=Mark A. |last3=Fendley |first3=Isabel M. |date=2021 |title=The Magmatic Architecture of Continental Flood Basalts I: Observations From the Deccan Traps |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth |language=en |volume=126 |issue=12 |article-number=e2021JB021808 |doi=10.1029/2021JB021808 |issn=2169-9356|doi-access=free }}</ref>

* '''Western Ghats-Central Indian Volcanic Province (WVP)''' (age: Late [[Maastrichtian]] to [[Danian]])
* '''Saurhastra-Kutchh Province''' (age: ?[[Maastrichtian]]<ref name=":18" /> to [[Ypresian|early Eocene]]'''<ref name=":19">{{Cite journal |last1=Patel |first1=Satish J. |last2=Shah |first2=Nishi H. |date=2023-09-01 |title=Lithostratigraphy of the Paleogene Deccan Intra-, Intertrappeans of the Saurashtra, Western India and their Prevalence in Large Igneous Provinces |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12594-023-2452-4 |journal=Journal of the Geological Society of India |language=en |volume=99 |issue=9 |pages=1199–1210 |doi=10.1007/s12594-023-2452-4|url-access=subscription }}</ref>''')
* '''Malwa Plateau Province''' (age: Late Maastrichtian)
* '''Mandla Lobe Province''' (age: early Paleogene)

=== Formations ===

==== Chemostratigraphic definition ====
Kale ''et al'' (2020) divided the group as follows. Subgroups/formations are classified based on oldest to youngest.<ref name=":18" />

* '''Wai Subgroup (youngest)'''
** '''Desur Formation'''
** '''Panhala Formation'''
** '''Mahabaleshwar Formation''' (~63.2 mya)
** '''Ambenali Formation'''
** '''Poladpur Formation'''
* '''Lonavala Subgroup'''
** '''Bushe Formation'''
** '''Khandala Formation'''
* '''Kalsubai Subgroup''' (oldest, ~67.5 mya)
** '''Bhimashankar Formation'''
** '''Thakurwadi Formation'''
** '''Neral Formation'''
** '''Igatpuri Formation'''
** '''Jawhar Formation'''

==== Lithostratigraphic definition ====
Kale ''et al'' (2020) divided the group as follows. Subgroups/formations are classified based on oldest to youngest.<ref name=":18" />

* '''Sahyadri''' '''Group''':
** '''Bombay Subgroup''' (~62.5 mya)
*** '''Borivali Formation'''
*** '''Elephanta Formation'''
** '''Khandala Subgroup''' (~67.5 to 63.2 mya)
*** '''Mahabaleshwar Formation''' (~63.2 mya)
*** '''Purandargarh Formation'''
*** '''Diveghat Formation'''
*** '''Karla Formation'''
*** '''Indrayani Formation'''
** '''Kalsubai Subgroup''' (oldest: ~67.5 mya)
*** '''Upper Ratangarh Formation'''
*** '''Lower Ratangarh Formation'''
*** '''Salher Formation'''
* '''Satpura Group''':
** '''Karanja Formation''' (youngest)
** '''Buldhana Formation'''
** '''Chikli Formation'''
** '''Ajanta Formation'''
** '''Upper Ratangarh Formation'''
** '''Karanja Formation'''
** '''Buldana Formation'''
** '''Chikli Formation''' (oldest)
* '''Malwa Group''':
** '''Singarchori Formation''' (youngest)
** '''Bargonda Formation'''
** '''Indore Formation'''
** '''Kankaria-Pirukheri Formation'''
** '''Kalisindh Formation'''
** '''Mandleshwar Formation'''
** '''Gaganwara Formation''' (oldest)
* '''Amarkantak Group''':
** '''Kuleru Formation (youngest)'''
** '''Khamla/Kampla Formation'''
** '''Amarwara Formation'''
** '''Multai Formation'''
** '''Linga Formation'''
** '''Pipardehi Formation'''
** '''Dhuma Formation'''
** '''Mandla Formation''' (oldest, ~64.4 mya)
Within the newly defined '''Saurhastra Group''' (age: [[Paleocene]] to early Eocene), the following divisions were found by Patel & Shah (2023):<ref name=":19" />

* '''Ninama Basin''':
** '''Ninama Limestone''' (youngest)
** '''Sukhbhadar Formation''' (oldest)
* '''Chotila Basin:'''
** '''Bamanbor Formation''' (youngest)
** '''Chotila Chert'''
** '''Rangpar Formation''' (oldest)

== Paleobiota ==

{{Paleobiota-key-compact}}
=== Fish ===
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
!Genus
!Species
!Location
!Stratigraphic position
!Material
!Notes
!Images
|-
|''[[Anthracoperca]]''
|''A. bhatiai''
|Naskal, Rangapur
|
|Otolith.
|A percoid otolith.
|
|-
|''[[Apateodus]]''
|''A. striatus''
|Asifabad<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last=Prasad |first=G. V. R. |date=1989-08-01 |title= Vertebrate Fauna from the Infra- and Inter-trappean Beds of Andhra Pradesh: Age Implications|url=https://www.indianjournalofentrepreneurship.com/index.php/jgsi/article/view/66753 |journal= Journal Geological Society of India|language=en |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=161–173 |doi=10.17491/jgsi/1989/340206 |bibcode=1989JGSI...34..161P |issn=0974-6889|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
|
|
|An [[Enchodontoidei|enchodontoid]] [[Aulopiformes|aulopiform]].
|
|-
|[[Ariidae]]
|''[[incertae sedis]]''
|Naskal, Rangapur, Anjar
|
|Otolith.
|An ariid catfish otolith.
|
|-
|?''[[Belonostomus]]''
|''B''. ''indicus''
|Nagpur<ref name=":16" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mineralienatlas - Fossilienatlas |url=https://www.mineralienatlas.de/lexikon/index.php/FossilData?lang=de&fossil=Belonostomus%20indicus |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=www.mineralienatlas.de |language=en}}</ref>
|
|
|An [[Aspidorhynchiformes|aspidorhynchid]].
|
|-
|''[[Coupatezia]]''
|''C.'' sp
|Asifabad<ref name=":10" />
|
|
|An [[eagle ray]].
|
|-
|[[Cyprinidae]]
|''incertae sedis''
|Deothan-Kheri
|
|
|A cyprinid.
|
|-
|''[[Dapalis]]''
|''D. erici''
|Rangapur
|
|Otolith.
|A [[Serranidae|serranid]] otolith.
|
|-
|''"[[Eotrigonodon]]"''
|"''E.''" ''wardhaensis''
|Asifabad<ref name=":10" />
|
|
|Initially described as [[Tetraodontiformes|tetraodontiform]], but likely represent grasping teeth of [[pycnodonts]].<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last1=Verma |first1=Omkar |last2=Khosla |first2=Ashu |last3=Kaur |first3=Jasdeep |last4=Prashanth |first4=M. |date=2017-02-17 |title=Myliobatid and pycnodont fish from the Late Cretaceous of Central India and their paleobiogeographic implications |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08912963.2016.1154954 |journal=Historical Biology |language=en |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=253–265 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2016.1154954 |bibcode=2017HBio...29..253V |issn=0891-2963|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
|
|-
|''[[Enchodus]]''
|''E.'' sp
|Asifabad<ref name=":10" />
|
|
|An enchodontoid aulopiform.
|
|-
|''[[Horaclupea]]''
|''H. intertrappea''
|Bamanbor<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Borkar |first=V. D. |date=1973-10-01 |title=Fossil fishes from the Inter-trappean beds of Surendranagar District, Saurashtra |journal=Proceedings / Indian Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=78 |issue=4 |pages=181–193 |doi=10.1007/BF03045500 |issn=0370-0097}}</ref>
|Early Eocene<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20" />
|Complete skeleton.
|A clupeid.
|
|-
|''[[Igdabatis]]''
|''I. indicus''
|Kisalpuri & Piplanarayanwar<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Khosla |first1=A. |last2=Prasad |first2=G. V. R. |last3=Verma |first3=O. |last4=Jain |first4=A. K. |last5=Sahni |first5=A. |date=2004-08-10 |title=Discovery of a micromammal-yielding Deccan intertrappean site near Kisalpuri, Dindori District, Madhya Pradesh |url=http://cs-test.ias.ac.in/cs/Downloads/article_37788.pdf |journal=Current Science |language=en |volume=87 |issue=3 |pages=380–383 |issn=0011-3891}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Lourembam |first1=Ranjit Singh |last2=Prasad |first2=Guntupalli V. R. |last3=Grover |first3=Pooja |date=2017 |title=Ichthyofauna (Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes) from the Upper Cretaceous intertrappean beds of Piplanarayanwar, Chhindwara District, Madhya Pradesh, India |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/iar.12180 |journal=Island Arc |language=en |volume=26 |issue=1 |doi=10.1111/iar.12180 |bibcode=2017IsArc..26E2180L |issn=1038-4871|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
|
|
|An [[eagle ray]].
|
|-
|''[[Indiaichthys]]''
|''I. bamanborensis''
|Bamanbor<ref name=":13">{{Citation |last1=Arratia |first1=G |title=Late Cretaceous-Paleocene percomorphs (Teleostei) from India - Early radiation of Perciformes |date=2004 |work=Recent advances in the origin and early radiation of vertebrates |pages=635–655 |editor-last=Arratia |editor-first=G |url=https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/en/publications/late-cretaceous-paleocene-percomorphs-teleostei-from-india-early- |access-date=2024-04-03 |publisher=Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, München, Germany |isbn=978-3-89937-052-2 |last2=López-Arbarello |first2=A |last3=Prasad |first3=GVR |last4=Parnar |first4=V |last5=Kriwet |first5=J |editor2-last=Wilson |editor2-first=MVH |editor3-last=Cloutier |editor3-first=R}}</ref>
|Early Eocene<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20" />
|Multiple complete skeletons.
|A possible [[Percoidei|percoid]].<ref name=":14" />
|
|-
|''"[[Indotrigonodon]]"''
|"''I.''" ''ovatus''
|Asifabad<ref name=":10" />
|
|
|Initially described as tetraodontiform, but likely represent grasping teeth of pycnodonts.<ref name=":11" />
|
|-
|"''[[Lepidotes]]''"
|"''L''." ''sp''
|Asifabad<ref name=":10" />
|
|
|A [[Lepisosteiformes|lepisosteiform]].
|
|-
|''[[Lepisosteus]]''
|''[[Lepisosteus indicus|L. indicus]]''
|Kisalpuri & Piplanarayanwar<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" />
|
|
|A [[gar]].
|
|-
|[[Nandidae]]
|''incertae sedis''
|Deothan-Kheri
|
|
|A [[Nandidae|nandid]].
|
|-
|[[Osteoglossidae]]
|''incertae sedis''
|Kisalpuri & Piplanarayanwar<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" />
|
|
|An osteoglossid of uncertain affinities.
|
|-
|''[[Palaeolabrus]]''
|''P. dormaalensis''
|Asifabad<ref name=":10" />
|
|
|A [[Palaeolabridae|palaeolabrid]].
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Palaeopristolepis]]''
|''P. chiplonkari''
| rowspan="2" |Bamanbor<ref name=":12" />
| rowspan="2" |Early Eocene<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20" />
| rowspan="2" |Multiple partial skeletons.
| rowspan="2" |A questionable [[Pristolepididae|leaffish]].<ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last1=Friedman |first1=Matt |last2=V. Andrews |first2=James |last3=Saad |first3=Hadeel |last4=El-Sayed |first4=Sanaa |date=2023-06-16 |title=The Cretaceous–Paleogene transition in spiny-rayed fishes: surveying "Patterson's Gap" in the acanthomorph skeletal record André Dumont medalist lecture 2018 |url=https://popups.uliege.be/1374-8505/index.php?id=7048 |journal=Geologica Belgica |language=en |doi=10.20341/gb.2023.002 |issn=1374-8505|doi-access=free }}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |
|-
|''P. feddeni''
|-
|"''[[Perca (genus)|Perca]]''"
|"''P''." ''angusta''
|Bamanbor<ref name=":12" />
|Early Eocene<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20" />
|Skull.
|A possible [[Percoidei|percoid]], classification very doubtful.<ref name=":14" />
|
|-
|[[Percomorpha]]
|''incertae sedis''
|Bamanbor<ref name=":13" />
|Early Eocene<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20" />
|Partial skeleton.
|A percomorph of uncertain affinities.
|
|-
|''[[Phareodus]]''
|''P.'' sp.
|Asifabad, Naskal & Marepalli<ref name=":10" />
|
|
|A [[Osteoglossidae|bonytongue]].
|
|-
|[[Polycanthidae]]
|''incertae sedis''
|Deothan-Kheri
|
|
|A [[Polycanthid.|polycanthid]].
|
|-
|"''[[Pisdurodon]]''"
|''"P.''" ''spatulatus''
|Asifabad<ref name=":10" />
|
|
|Initially described as tetraodontiform, but likely represent grasping teeth of pycnodonts.<ref name=":11" />
|
|-
|[[Pycnodontidae]]
|''incertae sedis''
|Kisalpuri & Piplanarayanwar<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" />
|
|
|A pycnodontid of uncertain affinities.
|
|-
|"''[[Pycnodus]]''"
|"''P.''" ''lametae''
|Asifabad<ref name=":10" />
|
|
|A [[Pycnodontidae|pycnodontid]].
|
|-
|''[[Raja (fish)|Raja]]''
|''R. sudhakari''
|Asifabad<ref name=":10" />
|
|
|A [[Skate (fish)|skate]].
|
|-
|''[[Rhombodus]]''
|''R.'' sp.
|Asifabad<ref name=":10" />
|
|
|A [[stingray]].
|
|-
|[[Serranidae]]
|''incertae sedis''
|Deothan-Kheri
|
|
|A serranid.
|
|-
|[[Catfish|Siluriformes]]
|''incertae sedis''
|Kisalpuri & Piplanarayanwar<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" />
|
|
|A [[catfish]] of uncertain affinities.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cione |first=Alberto L. |last2=Prasad |first2=G. V. R. |date=2002 |title=The oldest known catfish (Teleostei: Siluriformes) from Asia (India, Late Cretaceous) |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-paleontology/article/abs/oldest-known-catfish-teleostei-siluriformes-from-asia-india-late-cretaceous/7FE282FE4B1AD554886BCFBE53108DEA |journal=Journal of Paleontology |language=en |volume=76 |issue=1 |pages=190–193 |doi=10.1666/0022-3360(2002)076<0190:TOKCTS>2.0.CO;2 |issn=0022-3360|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
|
|-
|''[[Sphenodus]]''
|''S.'' sp.
|Asifabad<ref name=":10" />
|
|
|A [[shark]].
|
|-
|''[[Stephanodus]]''
|''S. lybicus''
|Asifabad & Marepalli<ref name=":10" />
|
|
|A [[Pycnodontidae|pycnodontid]].
|
|}

==== Otolith-based taxa ====
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
!Genus<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nolf |first1=Dirk |last2=Rana |first2=R. S. |last3=Prasad |first3=G. V. R. |date=2008 |title=Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian fish otoliths from the Deccan Intertrappean Beds, India: a revision |url=https://biblio.naturalsciences.be/library-1/rbins-staff-publications/articlereference.2020-03-25.2086036848 |journal=Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Sciences de la Terre |volume=78 |pages=239–259}}</ref>
!Species
!Location
!Stratigraphic position
!Material
!Notes
!Images
|-
|"''[[Ambassidarum]]''"
|''A. cappettai''
|Nagpur
|
|[[Otolith]]
|An [[Ambassidae|ambassid]] otolith.
|
|-
|"''[[Apogonidarum]]''"
|''A. curvatus''
|Naskal, Rangapur
|
|Otolith
|A [[Apogonidae|cardinalfish]] otolith.
|
|-
|"''[[Blenniidarum]]''"
|''B.'' sp
|Rangapur
|
|Otolith
|A [[Blenniiformes|blenny]] otolith.
|
|-
|?"''[[Centropomidarum]]''"
|''C. takliensis''
|Nagpur
|
|Otolith
|A possible [[Centropomus|snook]] otolith.
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |"''[[Clupeidarum]]''"
|''C. valdiyai''
| rowspan="2" |Nagpur, Rangapur
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Otolith
| rowspan="2" |A [[Clupeidae|clupeid]] otolith.
|
|-
|''C. sahnii''
|
|-
|"''[[Gonorhynchidarum]]''"
|''G. rectangulus''
|Nagpur, Rangapur
|
|Otolith
|A [[Gonorynchidae|gonorynchid]] otolith.
|
|-
|"''[[Heterotidinarum]]''"
|''H. heterotoides''
|Naskal
|
|Otolith
|An [[Arapaiminae|arapaimine]] otolith.
|
|-
|"''[[Notopteridarum]]''"
|''N. nolfi''
|Naskal, Rangapur, Cheemalagutta
|
|Otolith
|A [[Notopteridae|notopterid]] otolith.
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |"''[[Osteoglossidarum]]''"
|''O. deccanensis''
| rowspan="2" |Naskal,
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Otolith
| rowspan="2" |An [[Osteoglossidae|osteoglossid]] otolith.
| rowspan="2" |
|-
|''O. intertrappus''
|-
| rowspan="3" |''"[[Percoideorum]]"''
|''P. citreum''
| rowspan="3" |Naskal, Nagpur, Rangapur
| rowspan="3" |
| rowspan="3" |Otolith
| rowspan="3" |Percoid otoliths.
| rowspan="3" |
|-
|''P. nagpurensis''
|-
|''P. rangapurensis''
|-
|?"''[[Pristolepidinarum]]''"
|''P. jaegeri''
|Nag
|
|Otolith
|A possible [[Pristolepis|pristolepid]] otolith.
|
|-
|"''[[Serranidarum]]''"
|''S.'' sp.
|Anjar
|
|Otolith
|A [[Serranidae|serranid]] otolith.
|
|}

=== Amphibians ===
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
!Genus
!Species
!Location
!Stratigraphic position
!Material
!Notes
!Images
|-
|[[Gobiatidae]]
|''incertae sedis''
|Naskal
|
|
|A gobiatid [[frog]].<ref name=":16" /><ref name=":15">{{Citation |last1=Rage |first1=Jean-Claude |title=Anuran Lissamphibian and Squamate Reptiles from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Deccan Intertrappean Sites in Central India, with a Review of Lissamphibian and Squamate Diversity in the Northward Drifting Indian Plate |date=2020 |work=Biological Consequences of Plate Tectonics: New Perspectives on Post-Gondwana Break-up–A Tribute to Ashok Sahni |pages=99–121 |editor-last=Prasad |editor-first=Guntupalli V.R. |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-49753-8_6 |isbn=978-3-030-49753-8 |last2=Prasad |first2=Guntupalli V. R. |last3=Verma |first3=Omkar |last4=Khosla |first4=Ashu |last5=Parmar |first5=Varun |editor2-last=Patnaik |editor2-first=Rajeev}}</ref>
|
|-
|"[[Shovelnose frog|Hemisotidae]]"/"[[Leptodactylidae]]"
|''incertae sedis''
|Naskal
|
|
|A frog of uncertain affinities.<ref name=":16" /><ref name=":15" />
|
|-
|''[[Indobatrachus]]''
|''I. pusillus''
|Worli Hill
|Early Paleocene<ref name=":18" />
|Multiple complete skeletons<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Noble |first=G. K. |date=1930-02-08 |title=The fossil frogs of the intertrappean beds of Bombay, India. |url=https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/3061 |journal=American Museum Novitates |issue=401 |pages=1–13|hdl=2246/3061 }}</ref>
|A frog of uncertain affinities.
|[[File:Indobatrachus.jpg|frameless|102x102px]]
|-
|[[Pelobatidae]]
|''incertae sedis''
|Nagpur
|
|
|A [[pelobatid]] frog.<ref name=":16" />
|
|-
|[[Ranoidea]]
|''incertae sedis''
|Naskal
|
|
|A ranoid frog.<ref name=":16" /><ref name=":15" />
|
|-
|[[Discoglossidae|Costata]]
|''incertae sedis''
|
|
|
|A costatan frog<ref name=":15" />
|
|-
|?[[Caudata]]
|''incertae sedis''
|
|
|
|A possible [[salamander]].<ref name=":15" />
|
|}

=== Reptiles ===

==== Turtles ====
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
!Genus
!Species
!Location
!Stratigraphic position
!Material
!Notes
!Images
|-
|''[[Carteremys]]''
|''C. leithii''
|Worli Hill
|Early Paleocene<ref name=":18" />
|Carapace, plastron, skull and partial mandible
|A turtle of uncertain affinities.
|
|-
|''[[Sankuchemys]]''
|''S. sethnai''
|Amboli Quarry<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Gaffney |first=Eugene S. |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/178196 |title=Sankuchemys, a new side-necked turtle (Pelomedusoides, Bothremydidae) from the late Cretaceous of India |date=2003 |publisher=American Museum of Natural History |location=New York, NY}}</ref>
|
|Skull<ref name=":0" />
|A [[Bothremydidae|bothremydid]] turtle.
|
|}

==== Lepidosaurs ====
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
!Genus
!Species
!Location
!Stratigraphic position
!Material
!Notes
!Images
|-
|[[Acrosphenodontia]]
|''Incertae sedis''
|Naskal<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last1=Anantharaman |first1=S. |last2=DeMar |first2=David G. |last3=Sivakumar |first3=R. |last4=Dassarma |first4=Dilip Chandra |last5=Wilson Mantilla |first5=Gregory P. |last6=Wilson Mantilla |first6=Jeffrey A. |date=2022-06-30 |title=First rhynchocephalian (Reptilia, Lepidosauria) from the Cretaceous–Paleogene of India |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |language=en |volume=42 |issue=1 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2022.2118059 |issn=0272-4634|doi-access=free |bibcode=2022JVPal..42E8059A }}</ref>
|
|Dentary with teeth.<ref name=":8" />
|An indeterminate [[Rhynchocephalia|rhynchocephalian]].
|
|-
|"''[[Agama (lizard)|Agama]]''"
|''A.'' sp.
|Rangapur
|
|
|An indeterminate [[Agamidae|agamid]] lizard.
|
|-
|[[Anguidae]]
|''Incertae sedis''
|Naskal
|
|
|An indeterminate [[Anguidae|anguid]] lizard.<ref name=":15" />
|
|-
|?"''[[Contogenys]]''"
|?"''C.''" sp.
|Nagpur
|
|
|An indeterminate [[Scincomorpha|scincomorph]] lizard.<ref name=":15" />
|
|-
|''[[Deccansaurus]]''
|''D. palaeoindicus''
|Kesavi<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Yadav |first1=Ravi |last2=Bajpai |first2=Sunil |last3=Maurya |first3=A.S. |last4=Čerňanský |first4=Andrej |date=June 2023 |title=The first potential cordyliform (Squamata, Scincoidea) from India (uppermost Cretaceous – lowermost Paleocene): an African lizard clade brings possible implications for Indo-Madagascar biogeographic links |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0195667123001349 |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=150 |language=en |article-number=105606 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105606|bibcode=2023CrRes.15005606Y |url-access=subscription }}</ref>
|Maastrichtian/Early Paleocene
|Jaws & several [[osteoderm]]s.<ref name=":1" />
|A [[Scincoidea|scincoid]] [[lizard]].
|
|-
|?"''[[Exostinus]]''"
|"''E.''" ''estestai''
|Nagpur
|
|
|An indeterminate [[Xenosauridae|xenosaurid]] lizard.<ref name=":15" />
|
|-
|"''[[Eumeces]]''"
|"''E''." sp.
|Rangapur
|
|
|An indeterminate [[scincid]] lizard.<ref name=":15" />
|
|-
|''[[Indophis]]''
|''I. sahnii''
|Naskal<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Rage |first1=Jean-Claude |last2=Prasad |first2=Guntupalli V. R. |date=November 1992 |title=New snakes from the late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of Naskal, India |url=https://www.academia.edu/33857841 |journal=N. Jb. Geol. Palaeont. Abh. |volume=187 |issue=1 |pages=83–97|doi=10.1127/njgpa/187/1992/83 }}</ref>
|
|Over 160 vertebrae.<ref name=":2" />
|A [[Nigerophiidae|nigerophiid]] snake.
|
|-
|"''[[Litakis]]''"
|"''L''." sp.
|Nagpur
|
|
|An indeterminate lizard.
|
|-
|"''[[Pristiguana]]''"
|"''P.''" sp.
|Nagpur
|
|
|An indeterminate [[Iguanidae|iguanid]] lizard.
|
|-
|[[Serpentes]]
|''Incertae sedis''
|Naskal<ref name=":2" />
|
|A trunk vertebra & left [[dentary]].<ref name=":2" />
|A snake.
|
|-
|[[Serpentes]]<ref name=":15" />
|''Incertae sedis''
|
|
|
|Possibly a primitive form,
|
|-
|[[Madtsoiidae]]<ref name=":15" />
|''Incertae sedis''
|
|
|Three individuals.
|Madsoid snakes.
|
|-
|''cf. [[Indophis]]''<ref name=":15" />
|''cf. I. sahnii''
|
|
|
|[[Nigerophiidae]] snake.
|
|-
|[[Booidea]]<ref name=":15" />
|''Incertae sedis''
|
|
|
|Possibly a Booid snake.
|
|}

==== Crocodyliforms ====
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
!Genus
!Species
!Location
!Stratigraphic position
!Material
!Notes
!Images
|-
|[[Crocodile|Crocodylidae]]
|''incertae sedis''
|Worli Hill<ref name=":16" /><ref name=":17">{{Cite journal |last1=Prasad |first1=Guntupalli V. R |last2=de Lapparent de Broin |first2=France |date=2002-01-01 |title=Late Cretaceous crocodile remains from Naskal (India): comparisons and biogeographic affinities |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0753396902010364 |journal=Annales de Paléontologie |volume=88 |issue=1 |pages=19–71 |doi=10.1016/S0753-3969(02)01036-4 |bibcode=2002AnPal..88...19P |issn=0753-3969|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
|
|Teeth and dentary.
|A crocodylid [[Crocodyliformes|crocodyliform]].
|
|-
|[[Dyrosauridae]]
|''incertae sedis''
|Kisalpuri<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Khosla |first1=Ashu |last2=Sertich |first2=Joseph J. W. |last3=Prasad |first3=Guntupalli V. R. |last4=Verma |first4=Omkar |date=2009-12-12 |title=Dyrosaurid remains from the Intertrappean Beds of India and the Late Cretaceous distribution of Dyrosauridae |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1671/039.029.0416 |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |language=en |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=1321–1326 |doi=10.1671/039.029.0416 |bibcode=2009JVPal..29.1321K |issn=0272-4634|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
|
|Partial mandible, frontal, and vertebrae
|A [[Dyrosauridae|dyrosaurid]] crocodyliform.
|
|-
|[[Crocodyliformes]]
|''incertae sedis''
|Naskal<ref name=":17" />
|
|Teeth.
|Shows similarities to ''[[Hamadasuchus]]'' and perhaps ''[[Mahajangasuchus]]''.
|
|}

==== Dinosaurs ====
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
!Genus
!Species
!Location
!Stratigraphic position
!Material
!Notes
!Images
|-
|?"''[[Hypselosaurus]]''"
|"''H''." sp
|Mohgaon Kalan<ref name=":16" />
|
|
|A [[Titanosauria|titanosaurian]] sauropod.
|
|-
|style="background:#f3e9f3;" | ''[[Massospondylus]]''<ref name=DBW90>{{cite book |last=Weishampel |first=David B. |author-link=David B. Weishampel |chapter=Dinosaur distribution |editor=David B. Weishampel |editor2=Peter Dodson |editor3=Halszka Osmólska|title=The Dinosauria |edition=1st |year=1990 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=978-0-520-06727-1 |pages=63–139 }}</ref>
|style="background:#f3e9f3;" | ''M. rawesi''
|style="background:#f3e9f3;" |
|style="background:#f3e9f3;" |
|style="background:#f3e9f3;" | Tooth
|style="background:#f3e9f3;" | Previously thought to be ''[[Massospondylus]]'' now thought to have been an indeterminate [[Theropoda|Theropod]].
|style="background:#f3e9f3;" |
|-
|[[Sauropoda]]
|''Incertae sedis''
|Asifabad, Ranipur, Anjar<ref name=":16" />
|
|
*Bones.
*Anjar specimen consists of tibia, fibula, radius, ulna, femur, scapula, claws, ribs and vertebrae, remains are fragile but well-preserved.<ref>Ghevariya, Z. G. (1988). "Intertrappean Dinosaurian Fossils From Anjar Area, Kachchh District, Gujarat". ''Current Science''. '''57''' (5): 148–151.</ref>
|Indeterminate sauropods.
|
|}

===== Oogenera =====
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
!Genus
!Species
!Location
!Stratigraphic position
!Material
!Notes
!Images
|-
|''[[Megaloolithus]]''
|''baghensis''
|Kisalpuri<ref name=":5" />
|
|Eggshell fragments
|A [[Titanosauridae|Titanosaur]] egg.
|
|-
|''[[Subtiliolithus]]''
|''kachhensis''
|Kisalpuri<ref name=":5" />
|
|Eggshell fragments
|A [[Enantiornithine]] bird egg.
|
|}

==== Pterosaurs ====
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
!Genus
!Species
!Location
!Stratigraphic position
!Material
!Notes
!Images
|-
|[[Pterosaur|Pterosauria]]
|''incertae sedis''
|Sirol-khal locality<ref name=":4" />
|
|
|An indeterminate [[teeth|dentulous]] [[pterosaur]]. May not be from the [[Maastrichtian]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pentland |first1=Adele H. |last2=Poropat |first2=Stephen F. |date=2023-07-01 |title=A review of the Jurassic and Cretaceous Gondwanan pterosaur record |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1342937X23000795 |journal=Gondwana Research |volume=119 |pages=341–383 |doi=10.1016/j.gr.2023.03.005 |bibcode=2023GondR.119..341P |issn=1342-937X|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
|
|}

=== Mammals ===
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
!Genus
!Species
!Location
!Stratigraphic position
!Material
!Notes
!Images
|-
|''[[Bharattherium]]''
|''B. bonapartei''
|Kisalpuri
|
|A fragmentary cheek-tooth.
|A [[Sudamericidae|sudamericid]] [[mammal]].
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |''[[Deccanolestes]]''
|''D. hislopi''
|Naskal microvertebrate site
|
|Molars, calcanea, astralgi, humerus, ulna.
|A [[Eutheria|eutherian]] mammal.
|
|-
|''D. robustus''
|Naskal microvertebrate site
|
|"Dental material and an astragalus".
|A [[eutherian]] mammal.
|
|-
|''D. narmadensis''
|Kisalpuri
|
|"Isolated rear molar."
|A eutherian mammal.
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Indoclemensia]]''
|''I. naskalensis''
|Naskal microvertebrate site<ref name=":7" />
|
|Right second Molar.
||A eutherian mammal.
|
|-
|''I. magnus''
|Naskal microvertebrate site<ref name=":7" />
|
|Left second Molar.
|A eutherian mammal.
|
|-
|''[[Indotriconodon]]''
|''I. magnus''
|Kutch<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bajpai |first1=Sunil |last2=Rautela |first2=Abhay |last3=Yadav |first3=Ravi |last4=Mantilla |first4=Gregory P. Wilson |title=The first eutriconodontan mammal from the Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of India |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |date=29 February 2024 |volume= 43|issue= 4|pages= |doi=10.1080/02724634.2024.2312234 }}</ref>
|
|Single lower Molar.
|A [[eutriconodont]] mammal.
|
|-
|''[[Kharmerungulatum]]''
|''K. vanvaleni''
|Kisalpuri<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Prasad |first1=G. V. R. |last2=Verma |first2=O. |last3=Sahni |first3=A. |last4=Parmar |first4=V. |last5=Khosla |first5=A. |date=2007-11-09 |title=A Cretaceous Hoofed Mammal from India |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1149267 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=318 |issue=5852 |page=937 |doi=10.1126/science.1149267 |pmid=17991854 |bibcode=2007Sci...318..937P |issn=0036-8075|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
|
|Isolated right lower molar.
|A eutherian mammal.
|
|-
|''[[Sahnitherium]]''
|''S. rangapurensis''
|Rangapur microvertebrate site<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rana |first1=Rajendra S. |last2=Wilson |first2=Gregory P. |date=2003 |title=New Late Cretaceous mammals from the Intertrappean beds of Rangapur, India and paleobiogeographic framework |url=https://www.app.pan.pl/article/item/app48-331.html |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=331–348}}</ref>
|
|Upper Molar.
|A eutherian mammal.
|
|}
=== Arthropods ===
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! Genus !! Species !! Material !! Location !! Time Period !! Notes !! Images
|-
| ?[[Buprestidae]]
| Indeterminate
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| A [[Jewel beetle]].
|
|-
| ''[[Lomatus]]''<ref>{{cite web |author=Bellamy, C. L. |date=2013 |title=Fossil Buprestidae |url=https://cerambycids.com/Buprestidae/WorldCat/Classif/fossils.htm |access-date=7 Sep 2021 |work=A Checklist of World Buprestoidea |archive-date=8 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908023945/https://cerambycids.com/Buprestidae/WorldCat/Classif/fossils.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| ''L. hislopi''
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| A [[Jewel beetle]].
|
|-
| ?[[Curculionidae]]
| Indeterminate
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| A [[Snout beetle]].
|
|-
| ''[[Meristos]]''
| ''M. hunteri''
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| A [[Snout beetle]].
|
|-
| [[Ostracoda]]
| Indeterminate
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| An [[Ostracod]].
|
|-
| ''[[Palaeotanymecides]]''
| ''P. hislopi''
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| A [[Snout beetle]].
|
|-
|}

=== Mollusca ===
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
!Genus
!Species
!Location
!Stratigraphic position
!Material
!Notes
!Images
|-
|''[[Bamanboria]]''
|''B. oblongis''
|Bamanbor
|Early Eocene<ref name=":20" />
|Shells
|A [[Deccanoidae|deccanoid]] [[Unionida|freshwater mussel]].<ref name=":20" />
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |''[[Chotilia]]''
|''C. deccanensis''
| rowspan="3" |Bamanbor
| rowspan="3" |Early Eocene<ref name=":20" />
| rowspan="3" |Shells
| rowspan="3" |A deccanoid freshwater mussel.<ref name=":20" />
| rowspan="3" |
|-
|''C. trappeansis''
|-
|''C. tuberculata''
|-
| rowspan="3" |''[[Deccanoida]]''
|''D. aleta''
| rowspan="3" |Bamanbor
| rowspan="3" |Early Eocene<ref name=":20" />
| rowspan="3" |Shells
| rowspan="3" |A deccanoid freshwater mussel.<ref name=":20" />
| rowspan="3" |
|-
|''D. congruis''
|-
|''D. costaria''
|-
|''[[Lymnaea|Limnaea]]''
|sp.
|[[Maharashtra]]
|[[Maastrichtian]]
|
|A [[snail]].
|
|-
|''[[Valvata]]''
|sp.
|Maharashtra
|Maastrichtian
|
|A snail.
|
|-
|''[[Viviparus|Paludina]]''
|sp.
|Maharashtra
|Maastrichtian
|
|A snail.
|
|-
|''[[Physa]]''
|''P. prinsepii''
|Maharashtra
|Maastrichtian
|
|A snail.
|
|}

=== Flora ===
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
!Genus
!Species
!Location
!Stratigraphic position
!Material
!Notes
!Images
|-style="background:#D1FFCF;
|''[[Connaroxylon]]''
|''C. dimorphum''
|Dhagaon, [[Mandla district]]<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Baas |first1=Pieter |last2=Manchester |first2=Steven R. |last3=Wheeler |first3=Elisabeth A. |last4=Srivastava |first4=Rashmi |date=2017-02-13 |title=Fossil wood with dimorphic fibers from the Deccan Intertrappean Beds of India – the oldest fossil Connaraceae? |journal=IAWA Journal |language=en |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=124–133 |doi=10.1163/22941932-20170162 |issn=0928-1541 |s2cid=91159009 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
|
|Wood<ref name=":3" />
|Affinities with [[Connaraceae]].
|
|-style="background:#D1FFCF;
|''[[Euphorbiotheca]]''
|''E. deccanensis''
|
|
|
|Fruit, member of [[Euphorbiaceae]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Reback |first1=Rachel G. |last2=Kapgate |first2=Dashrath K. |last3=Wurdack |first3=Ken |last4=Manchester |first4=Steven R. |date=2022-02-01 |title=Fruits of Euphorbiaceae from the Late Cretaceous Deccan Intertrappean Beds of India |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/717691 |journal=International Journal of Plant Sciences |language=en |volume=183 |issue=2 |pages=128–138 |doi=10.1086/717691 |s2cid=239507275 |issn=1058-5893|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
|
|-style="background:#D1FFCF;
|''[[Hyphaeneocarpon]]''
|
|
|
|
|Fruit, member of palm tribe [[Borasseae]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Matsunaga|first1=Kelly K S|last2=Manchester|first2=Steven R|last3=Srivastava|first3=Rashmi|last4=Kapgate|first4=Dashrath K|last5=Smith|first5=Selena Y|date=2019-06-21|title=Fossil palm fruits from India indicate a Cretaceous origin of Arecaceae tribe Borasseae|url=https://academic.oup.com/botlinnean/article/190/3/260/5518348|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|language=en|volume=190|issue=3|pages=260–280|doi=10.1093/botlinnean/boz019|issn=0024-4074|doi-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
|
|-style="background:#D1FFCF;
|''[[Palmocarpon]]''
|
|
|
|
|Fruit, member of palm tribe [[Cocoseae]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Manchester|first1=Steven R.|last2=Bonde|first2=Suresh D.|last3=Nipunage|first3=Dinesh S.|last4=Srivatava|first4=Rashmi|last5=Mehrotra|first5=Rakesh C.|last6=Smith|first6=Selena Y.|date=2016-07-19|title=Trilocular Palm Fruits from the Deccan Intertrappean Beds of India|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/687290|journal=International Journal of Plant Sciences|volume=177|issue=7|pages=633–641|doi=10.1086/687290|s2cid=88667232 |issn=1058-5893|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
|
|-style="background:#D1FFCF;
|''[[Palmoxylon]]''
|''P. dindoriensis''
|
|
|
|Wood, member of palm subfamily [[Coryphoideae]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Khan|first1=Mahasin Ali|last2=Roy|first2=Kaustav|last3=Hazra|first3=Taposhi|last4=Mahato|first4=Sumana|last5=Bera|first5=Subir|date=2020-01-01|title=A New Coryphoid Palm from the Maastrichtian-Danian Sediments of Madhya Pradesh and its Palaeoenvironmental Implications|journal=Journal of the Geological Society of India|language=en|volume=95|issue=1|pages=75–83|doi=10.1007/s12594-020-1388-1|bibcode=2020JGSI...95...75K |s2cid=210134584 |issn=0974-6889}}</ref>
|
|-style="background:#D1FFCF;
|''[[Pantocarpon]]''
|
|
|
|
|Fruit, member of [[Torricelliaceae]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Manchester|first1=Steven R.|last2=Kapgate|first2=Dashrath K.|last3=Patil|first3=Sharadkumar P.|last4=Ramteke|first4=Deepak|last5=Matsunaga|first5=Kelly K.S.|last6=Smith|first6=Selena Y.|date=2019-10-23|title=Morphology and Affinities of Pantocarpon Fruits (cf. Apiales: Torricelliaceae) from the Maastrichtian Deccan Intertrappean Beds of Central India|journal=International Journal of Plant Sciences|volume=181|issue=4|pages=443–451|doi=10.1086/706856|issn=1058-5893|doi-access=free}}</ref>
|
|-style="background:#D1FFCF;
|''[[Phyllanthocarpon]]''
|''P. singpurensis''
|
|
|
|Fruit, member of [[Phyllanthaceae]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kapgate|first1=Dashrath|last2=Manchester|first2=Steven R.|last3=Stuppy|first3=Wolfgang|date=2017-06-01|title=Oldest fruit of Phyllanthaceae from the Deccan Intertrappean Beds of Singpur, Madhya Pradesh, India|url=http://archive.sciendo.com/ACPA/acpa.2017.57.issue-1/acpa-2017-0004/acpa-2017-0004.pdf|journal=Acta Palaeobotanica|volume=57|issue=1|pages=33–38|doi=10.1515/acpa-2017-0004|issn=2082-0259|doi-access=free}}</ref>
|
|-style="background:#D1FFCF;
|''[[Rhizopalamoxylon]]''
|
|
|
|
|Palm rhizome, close affinities to ''[[Nypa fruticans|Nypa]].''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kathal|first1=P. K.|last2=Srivastava|first2=Rashmi|last3=Mehrotra|first3=R. C.|last4=Alexander|first4=P. O.|date=2017-03-29|title=Rhizopalmoxylon nypoides – a new palm root from the Deccan Intertrappean beds of Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, India|journal=Journal of Earth System Science|language=en|volume=126|issue=3|page=35|doi=10.1007/s12040-017-0815-1|bibcode=2017JESS..126...35K |issn=0973-774X|doi-access=free}}</ref>
|
|-style="background:#D1FFCF;
| ''[[Pediastrum]]''
|
|
|
|
| [[Algae]].<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last1=Samant |first1=Bandana |last2=Puranik |first2=Sumedha |last3=Kapgate |first3=D. K. |last4=Mohabey |first4=D. M. |last5=Dhobale |first5=Anup |date=2022-11-01 |title=Palynoflora from an Upper Cretaceous freshwater paleolake in central India: paleoecological implications |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667122001665 |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=139 |article-number=105302 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2022.105302 |bibcode=2022CrRes.13905302S |issn=0195-6671|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
|
|-style="background:#D1FFCF;
| ''[[Lecaniella]]''
|
|
|
|
| [[Algae]].<ref name=":9" />
|
|-style="background:#D1FFCF;
| ''[[Pierceites]]''
| ''P. deccanensis''
|
|
|
| A [[Dinocyst]].<ref name=":9" />
|
|-style="background:#D1FFCF;
| ''[[Aulacoseira]]''
|
|
|
|
| A [[Diatom]].<ref name=":9" />
|
|-style="background:#D1FFCF;
| ''[[Azolla]]''
|
|
|
|
| Member of [[Salviniaceae]].<ref name=":9" />
|
|-style="background:#D1FFCF;
|''[[Crybelosporites]]''
|
|
|
|
| Member of [[Marsileaceae]].<ref name=":9" />
|
|-style="background:#D1FFCF;
| ''[[Sparganiaceaepollenites]]''
|
|
|
|
| [[Pollen grains]], Member of <ref name=":9" />[[Sparganiaceae]]/[[Typhaceae]].
|
|-style="background:#D1FFCF;
| ''[[Marsilea ]]''
|
|
|
|
| Member [[Marsileaceae]].<ref name=":9" />
|
|-style="background:#D1FFCF;
| ''[[Regnellidium]]''
|
|
|
|
| Member of [[Marsileaceae]].<ref name=":9" />
|
|-style="background:#D1FFCF;
| ''[[Nymphaeaceae]] indet.''<ref name=":9" />
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-style="background:#D1FFCF;
| ''[[Typhaceae]] indet.''<ref name=":9" />
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-style="background:#D1FFCF;
| ''[[Liliaceae]] indet.''<ref name=":9" />
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-style="background:#D1FFCF;
| ''[[Acanthaceae]] indet.''<ref name=":9" />
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-style="background:#D1FFCF;
| ''[[Pontederiaceae]] indet.''<ref name=":9" />
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-style="background:#D1FFCF;
| ''[[Ovoidites]]''
|
|
|
|
| Member of [[Zygnemataceae]].<ref name=":9" />
|
|-style="background:#D1FFCF;
| ''[[Gabonisporis]]''
|
|
|
|
| Pollen grains, member of [[Marsileaceae]].<ref name=":9" />
|
|-
|}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Earth sciences|Paleontology|Dinosaurs}}
*[[Lameta Formation]]
* [[List of dinosaur-bearing rock formations]]
** [[List of stratigraphic units with indeterminate dinosaur fossils]]
* [[List of pterosaur-bearing stratigraphic units]]

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. 861 pp. {{ISBN|0-520-24209-2}}.

[[Category:Geologic formations of India]]
[[Category:Maastrichtian Stage]]
[[Category:Danian Stage]]
[[Category:Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary]]
[[Category:Ooliferous formations]]

1989 Indian general election in Delhi

2025-12-26T05:02:16Z

UteCansler: Made A Page - done

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1989 Indian general election in Delhi
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 1984 Indian general election in Delhi
| previous_year = 1984
| next_election = 1991 Indian general election in Delhi
| next_year = 1991
| election_date = {{Start date|1989|11|22}}
| seats_for_election = 7 seats
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Lalkrishna Advani.jpg|bSize=110|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=06|oTop=04}}
| leader1 = '''[[L. K. Advani]]'''
| party1 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| leaders_seat1 =
| seats1 = '''4'''
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 4
| popular_vote1 = 798,003
| percentage1 = 26.19%
| swing1 = {{increase}} 7.34
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Rajiv Gandhi (1987).jpg|bSize=110|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=06|oTop=04}}
| leader2 = [[Rajiv Gandhi]]
| leaders_seat2 =
| party2 = Indian National Congress
| seats2 = 2
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}} 5
| popular_vote2 = '''1,322,876'''
| percentage2 = '''43.41%'''
| swing2 = {{decrease}} 25.31
| map_image = File:1989delhi.png
| map_size = 200px
| map_caption =
| turnout = 54.3%
| image3 = {{CSS image crop|Image=V. P. Singh (cropped).jpg|bSize=110|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=06|oTop=04}}
| leader3 = [[V. P. Singh]]
| party3 = Janata Dal
| seats3 = 1
| seat_change3 = ''New''
| popular_vote3 = 496,007
| percentage3 = 16.28%
| swing3 = ''New''
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| posttitle = Prime Minister after election
| before_election = [[Rajiv Gandhi]]
| before_party = Indian National Congress
| after_election = [[V. P. Singh]]
| after_party = Janata Dal
}}

The [[1989 Indian general election]] in [[Delhi]] was held to elect representatives of the 7 seats of the [[NCT of Delhi]] in the Lok Sabha.

The [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] won 4 of the 7 seats in Delhi, with its opposition, the [[Indian National Congress]] winning 2 seats, and the [[Janata Dal]] at third place with one seat. Although the BJP won most of the seats, the Congress led in terms of votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes PC: Party-wise performance for 1989 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/pc/party_list/57/www.indiavotes.com/pc/party_list/57/9 |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2018 |title=General Election, 1989 (Vol I, II) |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4120-general-election-1989-vol-i-ii/ |access-date=12 November 2023 |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>

== Parties and alliances==

=== {{legend2|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]}} ===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! No.
! Party
! Flag
! Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white"|'''1.'''
| style="text-align:center| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[File:BJP flag.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|50px]]
| style="text-align:center|[[L. K. Advani]]
| style="text-align:center| 5
|}

=== {{legend2|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]]}} ===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! No.
! Party
! '''Flag'''
! Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};color:white"|'''1.'''
| style="text-align:center| [[Indian National Congress]]
|[[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|50px]]
| [[File:INC Logo.png|50px]]
| style="text-align:center| [[Rajiv Gandhi]]
| style="text-align:center| 7
|}

=== {{legend2|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|[[Janata Dal]]}} ===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! No.
! Party
! '''Flag'''
! Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Janata Dal}};color:white"|'''1.'''
| style="text-align:center| [[Janata Dal]]
|[[File:Janata Dal symbol.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Blank.svg|50px]]
| style="text-align:center| [[V. P. Singh]]
| style="text-align:center| 3
|}
==List of Candidates==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Constituency
| colspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| colspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| colspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|-
!colspan="3"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|'''BJP''']]
!colspan="3"|[[Indian National Congress|'''INC''']]
!colspan="3"|[[Janata Dal|'''JD''']]
|-
!1
|[[New Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|New Delhi]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[L. K. Advani]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[V. Mohini Giri]]
|style="background:white;"|
|colspan=2|''Did not contest''
|-

!2
|[[South Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|South Delhi]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Madan Lal Khurana]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Subhash Chopra]]
|style="background:white;"|
|colspan=2|''Did not contest''
|-

!3
|[[Outer Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|Outer Delhi]]
|style="background:white;"|
|colspan=2|''Did not contest''
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Bharat Singh
|{{Party name with colour|Janata Dal}}
| [[Tarif Singh]]
|-

!4
|[[East Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|East Delhi]]
|style="background:white;"|
|colspan=2|''Did not contest''
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[H. K. L. Bhagat]]
|{{Party name with colour|Janata Dal}}
| [[Kishore Lal]]
|-

!5
|[[Chandni Chowk Lok Sabha constituency|Chandni Chowk]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Satish Khandelwal]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Jai Prakash Aggarwal]]
|{{Party name with colour|Janata Dal}}
| Mirza Saadiq Ali
|-

!6
|[[Delhi Sadar Lok Sabha constituency|Delhi Sadar]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Vijay Kumar Malhotra]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Jagdish Tytler]]
|style="background:white;"|
|colspan=2|''Did not contest''
|-

!7
|[[Karol Bagh Lok Sabha constituency|Karol Bagh (SC)]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Kalka Dass]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Dharam Dass Shastri]]
|style="background:white;"|
|colspan=2|''Did not contest''
|-
|}

== Results ==
=== Results by Party/Alliance ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | Party Name
! colspan="3" | Popular vote
! colspan="3" | Seats
|-
! Votes
! %
! ±[[Percentage point|pp]]
! Contested
! Won
! '''+/−'''
|-
| {{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| colspan="3"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 7,98,003
| 26.19
| {{increase}} 7.34
| 5
| 4
| {{increase}} 4
|-
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| colspan="3"|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 13,22,876
| 43.41
| {{decrease}} 25.31
| 7
| 2
| {{decrease}} 5
|-
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| colspan="3"|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 4,96,007
| 16.28
| {{Steady}}
| 3
| 1
| {{increase}} 1
|-
| {{Party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| colspan="3"|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
| 1,11,269
| 3.65
| {{Steady}}
| 5
| 0
| {{Steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Other}}
| colspan="3" | Others
| 33,472
| 1.09
| {{steady}}
| 38
| 0
| {{steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
| colspan="3" | [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
| 2,85,689
| 9.38
| {{increase}} 5.72
| 179
| 0
| {{steady}}
|-
! colspan="4" | Total
! 30,47,316
! 100%
! -
! 237
! 7
! -
|}

== List of elected MPs ==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Constituency
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner-up
! colspan="2" |Margin
|-
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
! data-sort-type=number | %
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
!data-sort-type=number | Votes
!data-sort-type=number | %
!data-sort-type=number | Votes
!data-sort-type=number | %
|-
!1
|[[New Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|New Delhi]]
|Lal Krishna Advani
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|129,256
|55.54
|V. Mohini Giri
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|97,415
|41.85
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|31,841
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|13.69
|-

!2
|[[South Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|South Delhi]]
|Madan Lal Khurana
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|282,904
|59.42
|Shubash Chopra
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|177,910
|37.37
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|104,994
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|22.05
|-

!3
|[[Outer Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|Outer Delhi]]
|Tarif Singh
|{{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|384,076
|49.46
|Bharat Singh
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|331,743
|42.72
|style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}} ; color:white;"|52,333
|style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}} ; color:white;"|6.74
|-

!4
|[[East Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|East Delhi]]
|H. K. L. Bhagat
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|359,602
|49.79
|Chand Ram
|{{Party color cell|Independent}}
|[[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|183,603
|25.42
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|175,999
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|24.37
|-

!5
|[[Chandni Chowk Lok Sabha constituency|Chandni Chowk]]
|Jai Prakash Aggarwal
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|89,891
|35.91
|Satish Chander Khandelwal
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|80,460
|32.14
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|9,431
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|3.77
|-

!6
|[[Delhi Sadar Lok Sabha constituency|Delhi Sadar]]
|Vijay Kumar Malhotra
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|163,524
|53.75
|Jagdish Tytler
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|131,425
|43.20
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|32,099
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|10.55
|-

!7
|[[Karol Bagh Lok Sabha constituency|Karol Bagh]] (SC)
|Kalka Dass
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|141,859
|49.74
|Dharam Dass Shastri
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|134,890
|47.30
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|6,969
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|2.44
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Delhi elections}}

[[Category:1989 Indian general election by state or union territory|D]]
[[Category:Indian general elections in Delhi]]
[[Category:1980s in Delhi]]
[[Category:1990s in Delhi]]

Sri Sai Janmasthan Temple, Pathri

2025-12-21T01:05:04Z

UteCansler: minor edit

{{Short description|Temple in Pathri, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Sri Sai Janmasthan Temple, Pathri
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| map_type = India Maharashtra
| map_type_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
|coordinates = {{coord|19.25|N|76.45|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
|other_names =
|proper_name =
|country = India
|state = [[Maharashtra]]
|district = [[Parbhani district|Parbhani]]
|locale = [[Pathri]]
|elevation_m =
|deity = [[Sai baba of Shirdi]]
|festivals =
|architecture =
|temple_quantity =
|monument_quantity =
|inscriptions =
|established = 1999
|year_completed =
|creator =
|temple_board =
|website = [http://www.saijanmasthanpathri.com/home.html Official Website]
}}
'''Sri Sai Janmasthan Temple''' (Sai Baba Birth Temple) is a temple in [[Pathri]] city of [[Parbhani district]] of Maharashtra, India. It has been claimed that Pathri is the real birthplace of Sai Baba, which has been subject to controversy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-21 |title=Controversy over birthplace of Sai Baba ends after CM Uddhav Thackeray’s intervention |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/controversy-over-birthplace-of-sai-baba-to-end-after-cm-s-intervention/story-y10tZpXmWaCy82NBVf1KvK.html |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
In 1970s, a field research claimed that Shri [[Sai Baba of Shirdi|Sai Baba]] was born in [[Pathri]] village. ''Sri Sai Smarak Samiti'' (Sai Memorial committee) was then formed in Pathri. A committee purchased land for temple on site of Sai Baba's house and construction of the temple was started in 1994. In 1999 the temple was inaugurated to the public.<ref name="Desai2003">{{cite book|author=Sonavi Desai|title=Spiritual Masters: Sai Baba|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o6pPD-gz7IQC&pg=PA195|year=2003|publisher=Indus Source|isbn=978-81-87967-64-4|page=195}}</ref><ref name="Ruhela">{{cite book|author=Dr. S. P. Ruhela|title=Divine Grace of Shri Shirdi Sai Baba|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D7WkoO4L2f0C&pg=PA67|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd.|isbn=978-81-7182-047-4|page=67}}</ref><ref name="Ruhela1997">{{cite book|author=Dr. S. P. Ruhela|title=Shirdi Sai The Supreme|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vvitetdJA8YC&pg=PA18|year=1997|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd.|isbn=978-81-7182-040-5|page=18}}</ref><ref name="Kher1991">{{cite book|author=V. B. Kher|title=Sai Baba of Shirdi (English)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcEJn3MLjcIC&pg=PA314|date=1 January 1991|publisher=Jaico Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7224-030-1|page=314}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shirdisaibabatemples.org/2008/10/shri-sai-janamsthan-mandir-pathri.html|title=Shri Sai Janamsthan Mandir-Pathri|first=Manisha Rautela|last=Bisht|website=Shirdisaibabatemples.org|accessdate=11 August 2017}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Sai Baba of Shirdi]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Tourist attractions in Parbhani district]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Sai Baba of Shirdi]]

{{Dharmic-reli-stub}}

National Action Plan for Climate Change

2025-12-16T10:29:58Z

UteCansler: new new post

{{Short description|2008 scheme of the Government of India}}
{{About|India's plan|China's plan| National Action Plan on Climate Change}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox project
| logo =
| image =
| caption =
| country = India
| primeminister = [[Manmohan Singh]], [[Narendra Modi]]
| launched = 2008
| budget =
| current_status = Active
| website =
}}
'''National Action Plan for Climate Change''' ('''NAPCC''') is a [[Government of India|Government of India's]] programme launched in 2008 to mitigate and adapt to the adverse [[effects of climate change|impact of climate change]]. The action plan is designed and published under the guidance of Prime Minister's Council on Climate Change (PMCCC). The 8 sub-missions aimed at fulfilling India's developmental objectives with focus on reducing [[emission intensity]] of its economy.<ref>{{cite journal|title=India's National Action Plan on Climate Change|first=Harshal T.|last=Pandve|journal=Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine|year=2009|volume=13|issue=1|pages=17–19|doi=10.4103/0019-5278.50718|pmid=20165607|pmc=2822162 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The plan will rely on the support from the developed countries with the prime focus of keeping its carbon emissions below the developed economies at any point of time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.climateaction.org/news/summary_indias_national_action_plan_on_climate_change|title=National Action Plan on Climate Change|website=climateaction.org|accessdate=2020-09-21}}</ref>
The 8 missions under NAPCC are as follows:
* [[National Solar Mission]]
* National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency
* National Mission on Sustainable Habitat
* National Water Mission
* National Mission for Sustaining Himalayan Ecosystem
* Green India Mission
* National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture
* National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change

==National Solar Mission==
[[National Solar Mission]] was launched as [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] National Solar Mission in 2010. It has been revised two times since then. The Mission was launched with a target of producing 20,000 Megawatts of solar power in three phases of (2010–2013); (2013–2017); and (2017–2022). In 2015 Budget speech, a revised target of 100,000 Megawatts was fixed, which is to be achieved till 2022. The [[Ministry of New and Renewable Energy]] has also set up a target of producing 40 Gigawatts of solar power by 'Rooftop Solar Power Projects' while the rest 60 Gigawatts is planned to be obtained from large and medium scale grid connected solar power projects.<ref name=Down>{{cite web|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/energy/modi-government-sets-revised-solar-mission-target-at-100-gw-50236|title=Modi government sets revised solar mission target at 100 GW|website=DownToEarth|accessdate=2020-09-12}}</ref>

The Ministry will provide capital subsidy in the form of viability gap funding to the [[Solar Energy Corporation of India]] (SECI). The Government of India also planned to leverage the funding from bilateral donors like [[Green Climate Fund]] under [[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change]] (UNFCCC), as the solar power production could reduce greenhouse gas emissions from coal based power plants.<ref name=Down/> The target of 100 GW solar energy capacity generation was part of production of 175 GW of power through renewable sources by 2022. In 2019, speaking at the United Nations Secretary General's Climate Action Summit, Prime Minister, [[Narendra Modi]] announced the target of 175 GW renewable energy production to be extended beyond its ceiling to reach an ambitious target of 450 GW till 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/prime-minister-narendra-modi-addresses-the-un-climate-summit-in-new-york/article29492091.ece|title=PM Modi vows to more than double India's non-fossil fuel target to 450 GW by 2022|website=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=2020-09-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://thewire.in/environment/parliamentary-committee-india-solar-power-target|title=Parliamentary Committee Concerned Whether India Will Achieve Its Solar Power Target|website=The wire|accessdate=2020-09-12}}</ref>

To fulfill the targets set up under the mission, the Government launched several schemes in order to promote solar power and reduce dependency on the traditional power sources. One such scheme called Kisan Urja Suraksha Evam Uthhan Mahabhiyan (KUSUM) was approved by Cabinet Committee on Economic affairs in 2019. The program aims for installation of off-grid solar pumps in rural areas and reducing dependence on grid in grid connected areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/budget-2020-major-focus-on-pm-kusum-scheme-to-help-farmers-generate-income-from-solar-power/73832492|title=Budget 2020: Major focus on PM KUSUM scheme to help farmers generate income from solar power|website=Economic Times|accessdate=2020-09-12}}</ref> The ''Domestic Content Requirement'' provision for the procurement of component used in the solar power projects has remained a disputed step for foreign players who have often complained of discrimination against their manufacturers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/energy/india-us-renewable-energy-dispute-reaches-wto-again-55628|title=India-US renewable energy dispute reaches WTO yet again|website=DownToEarth|accessdate=2020-09-12}}</ref>

==National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency==
The National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency (NMEEE) was developed from the Energy Conservation Act of 2001.<ref name="energy">{{Cite web |date=2020-12-04 |title=Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Power |url=https://powermin.nic.in/en/content/energy-efficiency |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204181141/https://powermin.nic.in/en/content/energy-efficiency |archive-date=2020-12-04 |access-date=2022-02-25 }}</ref> The Mission document, which was approved in 2010, established the immense [[Efficient energy use|energy efficiency]] potential of India, which was about Rs. 74,000 crores.<ref name="energy"/> The Mission, upon its complete execution, aims to achieve total avoided capacity addition of 19,598 MW, fuel savings of around 23 million tonnes per year and green house gas emissions reductions of 98.55 million tonnes per year.<ref name="energy"/> A 2016 [[World Bank]] study has estimated the country's energy efficiency market to be at 1.6 lakh crores.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=155458|title=World Bank Study pegs India's Energy Efficiency Market at Rs. 1.6 Lakh Crores|last=|first=|date=|work=|access-date=2022-02-25|archive-url=|archive-date=}}</ref> India has fifth lowest energy efficiency in the world, and has a poor ratio of [[GDP]] to energy consumption. NMEEE addresses sustainable economic growth and a reduction in energy and carbon intensity.

NMEEE has four components:
* Perform, Achieve, Trade (PAT)
* Energy Efficiency Financing Platform
* Market Transformation For Energy Efficiency (MTEE)
* Framework For Energy Efficiency Economic Development<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/what-is-national-mission-for-enhanced-energy-efficiency-1525336782-1|title=What is National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency|website=Jagranjosh|accessdate=2020-09-18}}</ref>

The Perform Achieve and Trade (PAT) component assigns targets to energy-intensive industries and also allots energy saving certificates (Escerts). These certificates are tradable amongst the candidates who have either breached their targets or remained unsuccessful in achieving them. As of 2021 it remains unclear whether PAT is doing enough to lower India's carbon footprint.<ref>{{Cite news |title=PSPCL top discom in energy efficiency |language=en |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/pspcl-top-discom-in-energy-efficiency-299103 | newspaper=The Tribune | location=India | date=19 August 2021 |access-date=2022-02-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Dharmala |first=Nikhilesh |title=The Role of Carbon Capture and Storage in India's 'Hard To Abate' Industries – The Wire Science |language=en-GB |url=https://science.thewire.in/economy/energy/what-role-does-carbon-capture-and-storage-play-in-indias-climate-puzzle/ |access-date=2022-02-25}}</ref>

The Energy Efficiency Financing Platform encourages financial institutions and investors to support energy efficiency initiatives.

The Framework For Energy Efficiency Economic Development promotes energy efficient initiatives by hedging against investment risks.

The Market Transformation For Energy Efficiency component promotes the use and adoption of energy efficient equipment. One 2009 campaign, "Bachat Lamp Yojna", was designed to replace incandescent lightbulbs with the [[Compact fluorescent lamp|CFL bulbs]]. CFL bulbs were distributed at reduced prices, and the government was able to recover the cost through sale of Certified Emission reduction certificates.

"Bachat Lamp Yojna" was later replaced by the "Unnat Jyoti Affordable LED for All" (UJALA) scheme in 2015, in which LED bulbs were distributed to replace the comparatively more efficient CFL bulbs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/ujala-promoting-use-of-energy-efficient-products-2449073.html|title=UJALA: Promoting use of energy efficient products?|website=Oneindia.com|accessdate=2020-09-18}}</ref>

The UJALA scheme is implemented by [[Energy Efficiency Services Limited]] (EESL); which is a joint venture of [[Public Sector Undertaking]]s (PSUs) under power ministry.<ref name="ECOT">{{cite web |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/over-25-crore-led-bulbs-distributed-under-ujala-scheme-eesl/articleshow/59635515.cms |title=UJALA scheme: Over 25 crore LED bulbs distributed under UJALA scheme: EESL - The Economic Times |newspaper=The Economic Times |accessdate=2020-09-18}}</ref>

Under the same component of MTEE, the Government also launched "Super Efficient Equipment Program", which was supported by the [[World Bank]]. The scheme aimed at transfer of the assistance from the World Bank to the energy equipment manufacturers to enable them produce the products that consume less electricity. The "Super Efficient Equipment Program" is implemented by the [[Bureau of Energy Efficiency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/seep-initiative-world-bank-to-help-slash-your-electricity-bills/article23153989.ece|title=Seep-initiative-world-bank-to-help-slash-your-electricity-bills|website=[[The Hindu Business Line]]|accessdate=2020-09-18}}</ref>

In order to hedge the financial institutions providing loans for the energy efficiency projects against credit risks, the [[Bureau of Energy Efficiency]] has also institutionalised two funds namely "Partial Risk Guarantee Fund for Energy Efficiency" and "Venture Capital Fund for Energy Efficiency". Both these funds have been launched under "Framework for Energy Efficient Economic Development" component of the NMEEE.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://beeindia.gov.in/content/prgfee#:~:|title=Partial credit guarantee fund for energy efficiency|website=BEE|accessdate=2020-09-18}}{{Failed verification|date=September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/indias-first-energyefficiency-venture-capital-fund-to-be-launched/article7275177.ece|title=India's-first-energyefficiency-venture-capital-fund-to-be-launched|website=[[The Hindu Business Line]]|accessdate=2020-09-18}}</ref>

==National Mission on Sustainable Habitat==
The transport sector along with urban buildings are major consumers of [[energy in India]] apart from electricity production sector. The National Mission on Sustainable Habitat is an umbrella programme to reduce the energy consumption and hence the risk of [[climate change]] due to the urban settlement pattern. The mission envisages a shift to Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) in the design of new commercial buildings as well as solid and liquid waste management. The mission also covers under its ambit, the water resource management as well as drinking water management. One of the most important plan under the mission is to pave the way for a shift to public transport.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/do-you-know-about-indias-national-mission-on-sustainable-habitat-1525780107-1|title=Do-you-know-about-indias-national-mission-on-sustainable-habitat?|website=Jagranjosh|accessdate=2020-09-18}}</ref> The research and development is an important component of the mission to promote the waste water use and sewage utilisation along with waste management.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cseindia.org/national-mission-on-sustainable-habitat-1977#:|title=national-mission-on-sustainable-habitat|website=Centre for science and environment|accessdate=2020-09-18}}</ref>

National Water Mission is a comprehensive programme for equitable distribution of water across the country as well as for enhancing the capacity building process for the management of over exploited blocs.
It is focused upon tackling the issues related to water availability and pollution which is owed to the global warming and climate change. The mission promotes research and development as well as timely review of National Water Policy is also proposed. The mission while promoting the traditional [[water conservation]] system, also promotes the expeditious implementation of the multipurpose water projects. It has a target of increasing water use efficiency by 20%. The convergence of various water conservation schemes for a better outcome and implementation of water resource management program via the [[MNREGA]] route with participation of the elected representatives of the over exploited water blocs is central theme of the mission.<ref name="pib"/>

The program has focus on decentralised approach which is reflected in its plan of "basin level" integrated water resource management and sensitization of the urban local youths. The National Water Mission also have an identified goal of putting comprehensive water resource database in public domain. The onus of implementation lies on [[Ministry of Jal Shakti]].<ref name="pib">{{cite web|url=http://mowr.gov.in/schemes-projects-programmes/schemes/implementation-of-national-water-mission#:~|title=IMPLEMENTATION OF NATIONAL WATER MISSION|website=Press Information Bureau|accessdate=2020-09-19}}</ref>

==National Mission for Sustainable Himalayan Ecosystem==
The Himalayas are one of the most important ecosystem of India with millions of people depending upon it. The adverse impact of climate change has remained detrimental to the Himalayan Ecosystem which provides a variety of [[Ecosystem Services]]. To ensure the provisions from the Himalayas, the mission has a multi-pronged approach to understand the impact of climate change on the Himalayan Ecosystem for the [[Sustainable Development]] of other part of country. The [[Ministry of Science and Technology]] is the nodal Ministry for its implementation but the collaboration of "Himalayan states" as well as [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]] is instrumentation in the success of the Mission.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nihroorkee.gov.in/major-projects/national-mission-sustaining-himalayan-ecosystem-nmshe#:~:|title=National Mission on Sustainable Himalayan Ecosystem|website=National Institute of Hydrology|accessdate=2020-09-19}}</ref>

One of the primary objective of the mission is to assess the health of Himalayan Ecosystem, for which the scheme was released with an outlay of [[Rupee|Rs]].550 Crores during the [[12th Five-Year Plan (India)|12th "Five Years Plan"]] period.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/cabinet-approves-mission-to-sustain-himalayan-ecosystem/article5736496.ece|title=Cabinet approves mission to sustain Himalayan ecosystem|website=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=2020-09-19}}</ref>

==Green India Mission==
The Green India Mission is aimed at protecting, restoring and enhancing India's green cover in response to the climate change. The mission has a cumulative target of increasing forest cover on 5 million hectares of land while improving the forest cover on additional 5 hectares. The mission also has a target of providing livelihood to 3 million people through the forest based activities and enhancing the provisioning capacity of the Indian forests along with their [[carbon sequestration]] capacity. The scheme was proposed for 10 years with an outlay of 60,000 crores but it has remained grossly underfunded. Due to the investment crunch, the scheme which was planned to be launched in 2012 was delayed for its final launch in 2015. The scheme also has an important goal of fulfilling India's ''Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC)'' target of sequestrating 2.5 Billion tonnes of "Carbon emissions" by 2020–30, which it submitted to [[UNFCCC]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/forests/green-india-mission-grossly-underfunded-parliament-panel-63291|title=Green India Mission grossly underfunded: Parliament panel|website=DownToEarth|accessdate=2020-09-19}}</ref>

==National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture==
National Mission for [[Sustainable agriculture|Sustainable Agriculture]] (NMSA) includes multiple programmes for the sustainable growth of agriculture sector. It includes interventions like [[Soil Health Card Scheme]], Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana, Mission organic value chain development for North-East region, Rainfed Area Development program, National Bamboo Mission and Sub Mission on Agro-Forestry. These programs along with others like "[[Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana]]" are aiming to promote judicious use of natural resources.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1606803#:~:|title=Impact of Climate Change on Farmers|website=Press Information Bureau|accessdate=2020-09-19}}</ref> The NMSA has four components, namely "Rainfed Area Development Program", "On Farm Water Management Program", "Soil Health Management Program" and "Climate Change and Sustainable Agriculture Monitoring, Modeling and Networking Program".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaagronet.com/Government-Agriculture-Schemes/National-Mission-for-Sustainable-Agriculture-NMSA.html|title=National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture|website=IndiaAgronet.in|accessdate=2020-09-19}}</ref>

Under NMSA, the Cabinet Committee on Economic affairs released the restructured "National Bamboo Mission" in 2018 to last till the end of 14th Five Year Plan period. The Mission is a centrally sponsored scheme in which the funding pattern for General states is in 60:40 ratio with the central government while for North-East and hilly areas it is 90:10. The [[Union Territory|Union Territories]] will get 100% funding from the centre. The goal of the scheme is to promote Bamboo cultivation on non-forest government land and on the private lands of farmers in the states where it has social, commercial and economic importance.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1530125|title=Cabinet approves restructured National Bamboo Mission|website=Press Information Bureau|accessdate=2020-09-19}}</ref>

Earlier in 2017, to further its aim of market development and commercial cultivation of Bamboo for the livelihood improvement of the tribals and farmers, the government had amended the ''[[Indian Forest Act, 1927]]'', in order to remove the Bamboo plant from the category of trees to enable its cultivation and felling without permit in non-forest areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/22-bamboo-clusters-unveiled-in-9-states-6-in-maharashtra/articleshow/78008913.cms|title=22 bamboo clusters unveiled in 9 states, 6 in Maharashtra|website=[[Times of India]]|accessdate=2020-09-19}}</ref>

==National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change==
This sub-mission involves formation of knowledge networks among the existing knowledge institutions involved in research and development relating to climate science and facilitating data sharing and exchange through a suitable policy framework and institutional support.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ifmrlead.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/NAPCC/8_NMSKCC%2520Brief_CDF_IFMRLEAD.pdf&ved=|title=National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change|website=ifmrlead.org|accessdate=2020-09-21}}</ref>

==Drawbacks==
As per news reports, the council heading NAPCC has no accountability. There is not much information available in public domain regarding the meetings held or the decisions taken in them. In total 10 ministries are involved in implementation and they took 6 years just to approve the 8 missions. In the period between 2008 and 2014, the Prime Minister's Council on Climate Change (PMCCC) held eight meetings to further develop the eight subsidiary missions within the NAPCC framework. Following Modi entering power in May 2014, the council had only gathered once to discuss the national climate action with the PM in November that year, with no additional meeting arranged ever since. Furthermore, PMCCC only has six full-time staff since 2015, with three of them being scientists responsible for conducting the analysis needed.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dubash |first=NAVROZ |date=16 January 2016 |title=Evolution of Institutions for Climate Policy in India |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44004204 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=51 |issue=3 |pages=47–50|jstor=44004204}}</ref>

In the [[National Solar Mission]], while the original target was to reach 20 GW by the end of 2020, PM Modi revised the plan in 2015 to 100 GW.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ramamurthi |first=Pooja |date=17 September 2016 |title=Political Economy of Renewable Energy Deployment in India: A Case Study of Karnataka |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44003733 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=51 |issue=38 |pages=21–24|jstor=44003733 }}</ref> According to Modi at the Global Climate Ambition Summit 2020, the realized installed capacity was 36 GW.<ref>Modi, Narendra (12 December 2020). "India is not only on track to achieve its Paris Agreement targets but to exceed them beyond expectations." Global Climate Ambition Summit 2020, Virtual. Keynote Address.</ref>

The budget announced by the central government has also failed to meet the promises made. For example, as part of the initiating partners of the Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure, Modi has proposed a $10 billion total investment to the World Solar Bank, yet is only willing to contribute $600 million. Furthermore, an estimation from the Ministry of Environment indicated that India would require $2.5 trillion of investments to fulfill its comprehensive climate goals, yet almost all of the amount needs to be raised from capital markets.<ref name="Chaudhuri">{{Cite journal |last=Chaudhuri |first=Pramit |date=December 2020 |title=A 'Climate Handshake' |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/48630198 |journal=Indian Foreign Affairs Journal |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=330|jstor=48630198 }}</ref>

==Status==

According to news report, It has been hard to track status of different missions. While on one hand the officers are unwilling to give out details, on the other hand the budget heads and schemes are seeing constant changes which makes tracking very difficult. Furthermore, NAPCC never included a proposal that secure the source of investment needed. Lack of financial resources made it difficult for local governments to implement the proposed programs, resulted in meeting none of the targets for renewable energy sources, which include biomass, wind, solar, and small hydro.<ref name="Chaudhuri"/>

The slow progress has also contributed to deteriorating farmer living standard as farmers experiencing frequent climate impacts while lacking the infrastructure and climate-related remedies proposed under NAPCC. As a result, farmers in India have experienced pressure from pressing debts, deteriorated soils, and lowered yields.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Munster |first=Daniel |title=Critical Perspectives on Agrarian Transition: India in the Global Debate |publisher=Routledge |year=2016 |isbn=9781138488311 |edition=1 |pages=227 |language=English}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Energy efficiency]]
[[Category:Energy conservation in India]]
[[Category:Energy efficiency policy]]
[[Category:Climate change in India]]
[[Category:Indian missions]]

2025 HAL Tejas Dubai Airshow crash

2025-12-07T01:12:45Z

UteCansler: Redirect article

#REDIRECT [[Dubai Airshow#2025]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
}}

Denduluru

2025-12-06T02:26:48Z

UteCansler: minor edit

{{Short description|Village in Eluru (Andhra Pradesh), India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Denduluru
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline = File:Denduluru railway station board.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Denduluru railway station signboard
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16.45272|N|81.09511|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Eluru district|Eluru]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Eluru district|Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Denduluru mandal|Denduluru]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/588462-denduluru-andhra-pradesh.html|title=Denduluru Village Population - Denduluru - West Godavari, Andhra Pradesh|publisher=}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.64
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 16
| population_total = 11846
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 534 432
| registration_plate = AP
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Denduluru''' is a village in the [[Eluru district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]].And the ruling MLA is Chintamaneni Prabhakar. It is located on the north-east side of district headquarters [[Eluru]] at a distance of 11 km. It is a member of the [[Eluru revenue division]]. The ''Bhimalingadibba'' or the [[mound]]s are one of the centrally protected [[Monuments of National Importance|monuments of national importance]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Centrally Protected Monuments|url=http://asihyd.ap.nic.in/monuments.html|website=Archeological Survey of India|accessdate=27 May 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626104454/http://asihyd.ap.nic.in/monuments.html|archive-date=26 June 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Demographics ==

{{As of|2011|alt=As of the [[2011 Census of India]]}}, Denduluru has 3405 families residing of population of 11846 of which 5923 are males while 5923 are females. It has 1166 children with age 0-6 which makes up 9.84% of total population of village. The Average Sex Ratio is 1000, which is higher than the Andhra Pradesh state average of 993. The Child Sex Ratio is 902, lower than Andhra Pradesh average of 939. The literacy rate is 72.65%, compared to 67.02% of Andhra Pradesh, with the male literacy rate standing at 77.01%, while the female literacy rate stands at 68.34%.

== Transport ==

[[APSRTC]] runs buses from [[Eluru]] and [[Dwarakatirumala]]. [[Denduluru railway station]] is the nearest railway station which serves the village.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/3373|title=Denduluru Railway Station}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Eluru topics}}

[[Category:Villages in Eluru district]]

Sargachi railway station

2025-10-26T17:32:15Z

UteCansler: refined page per sources

{{Short description|Railway station in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] {{font color|blue|SARAGACHHI}}
| style = Kolkata Suburban Railway
| type = [[Slow and fast passenger trains in India|Passenger train]] and [[Suburban train]] station
| image = Sargachhi railway station 08.jpg
| caption =
| address = Sargachi, [[Murshidabad district]], [[West Bengal]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.017921|88.244325|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{cvt|23|m}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone]]
| line = [[Sealdah–Ranaghat–Krishnanagar–Berhampore–Lalgola line|Sealdah-Lalgola line]]
| platform = 3
| tracks = 3
| other =
| accessible =
| parking = No
| structure = Standard (on ground station)
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = SGV
| zone = [[Eastern Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Sealdah}}
}}
| status = {{color|green|Active}}
| closed =
| former = [[East Indian Railway Company]]
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| passengers =
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| map_type = India West Bengal#India
| map_dot_label = Sargachi
| map_size = 300
| map_caption = Location in West Bengal##Location in India
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Kolkata Suburban Railway|line=Eastern|left=Bhabta|right=New Balarampur Halt|to-left=Krishnanagar City Junction|to-right=Lalgola|type=[[Krishnanagar–Lalgola line]]}}
| map_locator =
| route_map = {{Lalgola and Gede branch lines}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}
'''Saragachhi railway station''' is a railway station of the [[Sealdah–Ranaghat–Krishnanagar–Berhampore–Lalgola line|Sealdah-Lalgola line]] in the [[Eastern Railway zone]] of [[Indian Railways]]. The station is situated beside [[National Highway 34 (India)|National Highway 34]] at Sargachi village in [[Murshidabad district]] in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]]. It serves Sargachi and surroundings village areas. Total 12 trains including Lalogola Passengers and few [[EMU (train)|EMUs]] stop in this station.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/blog/sargachhi-sgv/3255|title=SGV/Sargachhi|publisher=indiarailinfo.com|access-date=25 November 2019}}</ref> The distance between Sargachi and Sealdah is 206 km (128 mi).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://alldistancebetween.com/in/distance-between/sealdah-railway-station-sargachi-railway-station-8a19b8443aba28758e4d4655f9a98172/|title=Distance Summary|access-date=5 March 2019}}</ref>

==Electrification==
The [[Krishnanagar City Junction railway station|Krishnanagar]]–{{stnlnk|Lalgola}} Section, including Sargachi railway station was electrified in 2004. In 2010 the line became double tracked.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://asitsanyal.expertscolumn.com/article/lalgola-sealdah-section-indian-eastern-railway|title=The Lalgola Sealdah Section Of Indian (eastern) Railway|access-date=5 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=4641|title=Railway Electrification|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=5 March 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kolkata Suburban Railway, Eastern}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Murshidabad district]]
[[Category:Sealdah railway division]]
[[Category:Kolkata Suburban Railway stations]]

{{WestBengal-railstation-stub}}

Pauravas

2025-10-25T20:21:13Z

UteCansler: improved structure for consistency and fixed typos after review

{{Short description|Ancient dynasty of the Indian subcontinent}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox former country
| common_name = Pauravas
| conventional_long_name = Pauravas
| image_map = {{South Asia in 150 BCE|center|Location on the Pauravas and contemporary South Asian polities circa 150 CE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=145, map XIV.1 (d) |isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |access-date=16 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224162023/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182 |url-status=dead }}</ref>|{{Annotation|133|77|[[File:Long Rectangle (plain).png|35px]]}}||none}}
| image_map2 = Indian tribes between the Indus and the Ganges.jpg
| map_caption2 = Location of the Pauravas relative to other groups: the [[Audumbaras]], the [[Kuninda]]s, the [[Vemaka]]s, the [[Vrishni]]s, and the [[Yaudheya]]s.
| year_start = 250 BCE
| year_end = 100 BCE
| government_type = [[Monarchy]]
| capital =
| p1 =
| today = [[Pakistan]] [[India]]
| s1 =
| flag_s1 =
}}
The '''Pauravas''' were an [[ancient India|ancient]] tribe in the northern [[Indus River|Indus valley]], to which Raja [[Porus]] may have belonged.{{cn|date=May 2024}}

==Origins==
The origins of the Pauravas are still disputed. The Pauravas may be related to the [[Puru (Vedic tribe)|Puru tribe]], due to the closeness of the names. However, the Pauravas referred to in Indic literature are a much older kingdom, and in a different region geographically.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zQxuAAAAMAAJ|title=Indian History: Ancient and medieval|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica / Popular Prakashan|year=2003|isbn=978-81-7991-067-2|editor=Nonica Datta|page=222|quote=Not known in Indian sources, the name Porus has been conjecturally interpreted as standing for Paurava, that is, the domain of the Purus, a clan known in that region from ancient Vedic times.}}</ref>

== Puru and Alexander story ==
At the time of Alexander's invasion, the Pauravas were apparently situated on or near the [[Jhelum River]], with territory extending to the [[Chenab River|Chenab]] River. This was not only the extent of Puru's kingdom, but also became the eastern limit of the Macedonian Empire.<ref name="Phillips2012" />

The Indus River was [[Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley|incorporated]] into the [[Achaemenid Empire]] by [[Cyrus the Great]] in 535 BCE. In 518 BCE, [[Darius the Great]] invaded [[Punjab]] and conquered the Jhelum River region, designating it the [[Hindush]] [[satrap]]y. Records suggest that the Indus was under Achaemenid control at least until 338 BCE, which is less than ten years before the campaigns of Alexander. This would make Porus a king or chieftain of the recently independent Pauravas at the time of their confrontation with Alexander. The extent of Achaemenid territories is also affirmed by [[Strabo]] in his "Geography" (Book XV), describing the Persian holdings along the Indus:

<blockquote>The geographical position of the tribes is as follows: along the Indus are the [[Paropamisadae]], above whom lies the [[Hindu Kush|Paropamisus mountain]]: then, towards the south, the [[Arachosia|Arachoti]]: then next, towards the south, the [[Gedrosia|Gedroseni]], with the other tribes that occupy the seaboard; and the Indus lies, latitudinally, alongside all these places; and of these places, in part, some that lie along the Indus are held by Indians, although they formerly belonged to the Persians.

— The Geography of Strabo, Book XV, Chapter 2, 9<ref>{{cite web|title=Strabo Geography, Book XV, Chapter 2, 9|url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/15B*.html|website=penelope.uchicago.edu}}</ref></blockquote>

[[Alexander the Great|Alexander]] and Porus fought each other at the [[Battle of the Hydaspes]]. Alexander was initially set on venturing into India, but the battle against Porus curbed his aspirations. His army mutinied when faced with opposing the [[Nanda Empire]] and their subordinate [[Gangaridai]]. According to the Greek historian [[Plutarch]], the previous, costly conflict against Porus's much smaller army contributed significantly to their unease.

{{Quote|text=As for the Macedonians, however, their struggle with Porus blunted their courage and stayed their further advance into India. For having had all they could do to repulse an enemy who mustered only twenty thousand infantry and two thousand horse, they violently opposed Alexander when he insisted on crossing the river Hydaspes also, the width of which, as they learned, was thirty-two furlongs, its depth a hundred fathoms, while its banks on the further side were covered with multitudes of men-at-arms and horsemen and elephants. For they were told that the kings of the Ganderites and Praesii were awaiting them with eighty thousand horsemen, two hundred thousand footmen, eight thousand chariots, and six thousand fighting elephants.|sign=[[Plutarch]]|source=[[Plutarch's Lives]], Plutarch, Alexander, 62|title=}}

Alexander died on his way back from India.<ref name="Phillips2012">{{cite book|author=Graham Phillips|title=Alexander The Great|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6EwrwOjz7-8C&pg=PA129|date=31 March 2012|publisher=Ebury Publishing|isbn=978-0-7535-3582-0|pages=129–131}}</ref> The instability that ensued after Alexander's death resulted in a power struggle and dramatic changes in governance. Porus was soon assassinated by the Macedonian general [[Eudemus (general)|Eudemus.]] By 316 BCE, the Macedonian lands were conquered by [[Chandragupta Maurya]], a young adventurer. After engaging in and winning the [[Seleucid–Mauryan war]] for supremacy over the Indus Valley, Chandragupta gained control of modern-day Punjab and Afghanistan. This was the foundation of the [[Maurya Empire]], which would become the largest empire in the Indian subcontinent.<ref name="MacDonell2014">{{cite book|author=Arthur A. MacDonell|title=A History of Sanskrit Literature (Illustrated)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RL5UCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT331|date=28 March 2014|publisher=Lulu.com|isbn=978-1-304-98862-1|page=331}}</ref>

== Post-Mauryan Empire ==
It appears that the Pauravas were annexed by the militant [[Yaudheya|Yaudheya Republic]].<ref name="auto"/> Following the disintegration of the Mauryan Empire, many regional entities emerged. The Taleshwar [[Indian copper plate inscriptions|copper plates]], found in [[Almora]], stated that Brahmapura Kingdom rulers belonged to the royal lineage of the Pauravas.<ref name="auto">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tK5y4iPArKQC&q=pauravas&pg=PA53|title=Ancient Communities of the Himalaya|last=Saklani|first=Dinesh Prasad|date=1998|publisher=Indus Publishing|isbn=9788173870903|language=en}}</ref> The reinstated Paurava dynasty of Brahmapur was founded by Vishnuverman and flourished in the 7th century AD. It is stated that these kings were brahminical in habit and practices.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GEOwDwAAQBAJ&q=brahmapur+pauravas&pg=PT25|title=A Comprehensive Study of UTTARAKHAND|date=18 September 2019|isbn=9781646506057}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Indian campaign of Alexander the Great]]
*[[Shurasena]]
*[[Yadu]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Uttarakhand}}

[[Category:Ancient Indian monarchies]]
[[Category:History of Punjab]]
[[Category:Former monarchies in Pakistani history]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 2nd century BC]]

Mandoli, Delhi

2025-10-16T23:05:04Z

UteCansler: new new pg

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mandoli
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Delhi
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|Union Territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = Delhi
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Shahdara district|Shahdara]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 120,417
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = Hindi
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Mandoli''' is a town in [[Shahdara district]] in the Indian [[States and union territories of India|territory]] of Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mandoli {{!}} District Shahdara, Government of Delhi {{!}} India |url=https://dmshahdara.delhi.gov.in/mandoli/ |access-date=2025-06-11 |language=en-US}}</ref> It is an early historic site in east Delhi. It is towards east of Yamuna River near Nand Nagari about 14 km from Delhi Railway Station on Delhi-Ghaziabad highway.<ref>https://archaeology.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/inline-files/mandoli_archaeological_excavation_report.pdf{{Dead link | date=August 2025 | fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Its PIN code is 110093.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mandoli Saboli Pin Code {{!}} Postal Code (Zip Code) of Mandoli Saboli, North East Delhi, Delhi, India |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/pincode/delhi/north-east-delhi/mandoli-saboli |access-date=2025-06-11 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref>

Mandoli has one of 3 prison complexes within Delhi, other being [[Tihar Prisons]] and [[Rohini Sub City|Rohini]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Official Website of Central Jail, Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi, India |url=https://tiharprisons.delhi.gov.in/ |access-date=15 August 2022 |website=tiharprisons.delhi.gov.in}}</ref>
==See also==

* [[Tihar Prisons]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Delhi}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in North East Delhi district]]

{{Delhi-geo-stub}}

Realme GT 6T

2025-10-11T18:45:53Z

UteCansler: put up a details basic info

{{advert|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox mobile phone
| name = Realme GT 6T Realme GT Neo6 SE
| brand = [[Realme]]
| manufacturer = [[Oppo]]
| slogan =
| series = [[Realme GT Series|Realme GT]]
| released = {{Start date|2024|05|29}}
| predecessor = Realme GT Neo5 SE
| successor =
| related = Realme GT Neo6
| type = Phablet
| form = Slate
| size =
| weight = 191 g
| os = [[Android (operating system)|Android]] [[Android 14|14]] with Realme UI 5
| soc = [[Qualcomm Snapdragon]] 7+ Gen 3
| cpu =
| gpu = [[Adreno]] 732
| memory = '''GT 6T:''' 8 GB / 12 GB '''GT Neo6 SE:''' 8 GB / 12 GB / 16 GB LPDDR5X
| storage = '''GT 6T:''' 128 GB / 256 GB / 512 GB '''GT Neo6 SE:''' 256 GB / 512 GB UFS 4.0
| battery = 5500 mAh
| charging = SuperVOOC fast charging '''GT 6T:''' 120W '''GT Neo6 SE:''' 100W
| display = 6.78-inch 1.5K LTPO AMOLED, 1264 x 2780 pixels, 120 Hz
| rear_camera = Dual: 50 MP (primary), 8 MP (ultra-wide)
| front_camera = 32 MP
| sound = Stereo speakers
| connectivity = 5G, 4G LTE, Wi-Fi 6, Bluetooth 5.4, USB-C 2.0
| other = Iceberg Vapor Cooling System
}}

The '''Realme GT 6T''' is an upper mid-range [[smartphone]] developed by [[Realme]] as a part of its [[Realme GT Series|Realme GT]] lineup. It was announced on May 22, 2024 and launched on May 29, 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-23 |title=Realme GT 6T — top specs, features, India price, everything else to know |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/technology-realme-gt-6t-top-specs-features-india-price-everything-else-to-know-3498680/ |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=FE Tech Bytes |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-22 |title=Realme GT 6T First Impressions |url=https://www.gadgets360.com/mobiles/reviews/realme-gt-6t-first-impressions-5674995 |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=Gadgets 360 |language=en}}</ref>

On the 11th of April 2024 in [[China]], Realme introduced the '''[[Realme GT Neo 6 SE]]''', which shares similar specifications with the Realme GT 6T, but features a different charging power.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Michail |title=Realme GT Neo6 SE announced with SD 7+ Gen 3 and 100W charging |url=https://www.gsmarena.com/realme_gt_neo6_se_announced_with_sd_7_gen_3_and_100w_charging_-news-62392.php |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=GSMArena.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Yordan |title=Realme GT 6T debuts with Snapdragon 7+ Gen 3, 120W charging |url=https://www.gsmarena.com/realme_gt_6t_arrive_india-news-62967.php |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=GSMArena.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Features ==

=== Display ===
The GT 6T and GT Neo 6 SE feature a 6.78-inch 1.5K LTPO [[AMOLED]] display, which supports a 120[[Hertz|Hz]] refresh rate and offers up to 6000 nits peak brightness. It is protected by Corning [[Gorilla Glass]] Victus 2.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Livemint |date=2024-05-22 |title=Realme GT 6T with Snapdragon 7+ Gen 3 launched in India: Price, specs and more |url=https://www.livemint.com/technology/gadgets/realme-gt-6t-with-snapdragon-7-gen-3-launched-in-india-price-specs-and-more-11716361804908.html |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Ashish |date=2024-05-22 |title=Realme GT 6T review: unmatched display, fast performance {{!}} 91mobiles.com |url=https://www.91mobiles.com/hub/realme-gt-6t-review/ |access-date=2024-05-23 |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Performance ===
GT 6T and GT Neo6 SE are the first smartphones powered by the [[Qualcomm Snapdragon]] 7+ Gen 3 chipset. GT 6T offers configurations up to 12 GB of RAM and 512 GB of storage, supplemented by a cooling system to manage thermal performance.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-22 |title=Realme GT 6T quick review: Deserves your attention |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/technology/reviews/realme-gt-6t-quick-review-deserves-your-attention/articleshow/110320900.cms |access-date=2024-05-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-22 |title=Realme GT 6T launched with India's first Snapdragon 7+ Gen 3 chipset - Find out price and other features |url=https://www.zeebiz.com/technology/mobiles/news-realme-gt-6t-launched-with-india-s-first-snapdragon-7-gen-3-chipset-find-out-price-and-other-features-291269 |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=Zee Business}}</ref>

=== Camera ===
The devices include a dual rear camera setup with a 50MP primary sensor and an 8MP ultra-wide sensor, along with a 32MP front camera. The main rear camera is equipped with Optical Image Stabilization (OIS).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Realme GT 6T: Great battery life and a quality display |url=https://www.theweek.in/review/gadgets/2024/05/22/realme-gt-6t-great-battery-life-and-a-quality-display.html |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/ |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref>

=== Battery and charging ===
They house a 5500 mAh battery supporting 120 W SuperVOOC fast charging in GT 6T, claiming significant charge within minutes,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-22 |title=Realme GT 6T With AMOLED Display And 120W Charging Launched: Price In India, Specifications |url=https://www.news18.com/tech/realme-gt-6t-with-amoled-display-and-120w-charging-launched-price-in-india-specifications-8900305.html |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-22 |title=Realme GT 6T review: A knight in shining armour |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/technology-realme-gt-6t-review-the-knight-in-shining-armour-3497672/ |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=FE Tech Bytes |language=en}}</ref> and 120 W SuperVOOC fast charging in GT Neo6 SE.

=== Software ===
The phones run on [[Realme]] UI 5 based on [[Android 14]], with a promise of three years of major updates and four years of security updates.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-23 |title=Realme GT 6T launched in India: Top specs, features and price |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/news/story/realme-gt-6t-launched-in-india-top-specs-features-and-price-2542857-2024-05-23 |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Sagnik Das |date=2024-05-22 |title=Realme GT 6T Launched in India: Price, Specs and Availability |url=https://beebom.com/realme-gt-6t-launches-india-price-specs-availability/ |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=Beebom |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Critical response==
''Business Standard'' praised the phone's smooth performance and battery life.<ref>{{cite news|title=Realme GT 6T review: Performance-centric smartphone with good battery life|url=https://www.business-standard.com/technology/tech-reviews/realme-gt-6t-review-performance-centric-smartphone-with-good-battery-life-124052900817_1.html|date=29 May 2024|newspaper=Business Standard}}</ref> ''Fonearena'' praised the phone and called it a ''performance champ'' but gave average ratings to its camera.<ref>{{cite web|title=realme GT 6T Review: Performance champ|url=https://www.fonearena.com/blog/424313/realme-gt-6t-review.html|website=Fonearena|date=22 May 2024}}</ref> ''Digit'' gave it 7.2 out of 10 and praised its performance but criticized its design.<ref>{{cite web|title=Realme GT 6T review: Good value, quirky design|url=https://www.digit.in/reviews/realme-gt-6t-review-good-value-quirky-design/|date=29 May 2024|website=digit}}</ref> ''91mobiles'' gave it 8 out of 10 and praised its display and fast performance.<ref>{{cite web|title=Realme GT 6T review: unmatched display, fast performance|url=https://www.91mobiles.com/hub/realme-gt-6t-review/|date=22 May 2024|website=91mobiles}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Oujia Holdings}}

[[Category:Realme mobile phones|GT 6T]]
[[Category:Android (operating system) devices]]
[[Category:Mobile phones introduced in 2024]]
[[Category:Mobile phones with 4K video recording]]
[[Category:Mobile phones with multiple rear cameras]]
[[Category:Phablets]]

Nitu Ghanghas

2025-09-25T11:04:26Z

UteCansler:

{{Short description|Indian boxer (born 2000)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox boxer (amateur)
| name = Nitu Ghanghas
| image = Nitu Ghanghas.jpg
| caption = Ghanghas 2022
| height =1.63 m
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2000|10|19|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Birmingham 2022 Results |url=https://results.birmingham2022.com/#/athlete-details/40837 |access-date=3 August 2022 |work=results.birmingham2022.com |language=en}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Dhanana]], [[Haryana]], India<ref>{{cite news |title=Cinderella's father: Unpaid leave, long absence from office, facing inquiry, quitting job, all to support daughter's boxing career |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/cinderellas-father-nitu-ghanghas-is-indias-bet-for-medal-in-cwg-2022-8037952/ |access-date=3 August 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=19 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Nitu packs a punch, thanks to her father |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/chandigarh/nitu-packs-a-punch-thanks-to-her-father-622908 |access-date=27 September 2022 |newspaper=The Tribune | location=India | first=Deepankar | last=Sharda | date=19 July 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
| show-medals = yes
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|Women's [[amateur boxing]]}}[[File:Boxing pictogram.svg|30px]]
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalComp|[[IBA World Boxing Championships|World Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2023 IBA Women's World Boxing Championships|2023 New Delhi]]|[[2023 IBA Women's World Boxing Championships – Minimumweight|Minimumweight]]}}
{{MedalComp|[[Commonwealth Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2022 Commonwealth Games|2022Birmingham]]|[[Boxing at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Women's minimumweight|Minimumweight]]}}
{{MedalComp|[[Youth World Boxing Championships|Youth World Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2017 AIBA Youth Women's World Boxing Championships|2017 Guwahati]]|[[2017 AIBA Youth Women's World Boxing Championships#Medal winners|Light flyweight]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2018 AIBA Youth World Boxing Championships|2018 Budapest]]|[[2018 AIBA Youth World Boxing Championships#Women|Light flyweight]]}}
{{MedalComp|[[Asian Amateur Boxing Championships|Asian Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|2018 Bangkok|Light flyweight}}
}}
'''Nitu Ghanghas''' (born 19 October 2000) is an Indian [[amateur boxing|boxer]]. She is the [[2023 IBA Women's World Boxing Championships – Minimumweight|2023 World Champion]] in [[2023 IBA Women's World Boxing Championships – Minimumweight|minimumweight category]] and a two-time world youth champion in [[light flyweight]].<ref>{{cite news |date=25 March 2023 |title=Boxing | Nitu Ghanghas becomes world champion |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/boxing-nitu-ghanghas-becomes-world-champion/article66661452.ece |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> She has also won gold medal at the [[2022 Commonwealth Games]] in the [[Boxing at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Women's minimumweight|minimumweight category]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=CWG 2022: Indian Boxer Nitu Ghanghas Dedicates Gold Medal to 'Entire Country'|url=https://www.news18.com/news/sports/cwg-2022-india-boxer-nitu-ghanghas-dedicates-gold-medal-to-entire-country-5707699.html|date=2022-08-07|website=[[News18]]|language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
Nitu Ghanghas was born on 19 October 2000, in the [[Dhanana]] village of [[Haryana|Haryana's]] [[Bhiwani]] district. Her father, Jai Bhagwan, was an employee at the Haryana Rajya Sabha in [[Chandigarh]]. Her mother’s name is Mukesh Devi and Nitu has a younger brother named Akshit Kumar. According to Mukesh Devi, Nitu was a ‘naughty child’ and would often get into fights with her siblings and at school. Her father introduced Nitu to boxing to find a constructive way to channel the energy. Nitu Ghanghas started to formally train by the time she was 12 but she failed to make any inroads in the first couple of years. Frustrated by her lack of progress, Nitu Ghanghas decided to give up on the sport but her father intervened. Her father took a three-year-long unpaid leave from his job to help his daughter realize her dreams of becoming a boxer. He did some farming on a small stretch of land he owned and also took a loan of about six lakh rupees (about US$7500) to take care of the costs. He also oversaw Nitu’s training and diet personally. During this period, Nitu Ghanghas was noticed by renowned coach Jagdish Singh, the founder of the renowned Bhiwani Boxing Club and one of the mentors of [[Vijender Singh]]. Nitu, a BA student at the Sri Guru Gobind Singh College, joined the Bhiwani Boxing Club and used to travel 40 km every day on her father’s scooter to train.<ref>https://olympics.com/en/news/who-is-nitu-ghanghas-india-boxing</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://boxingfederation.in/nitu-48-kg/ | title=NITUBoxing Federation of India }}</ref>

==Career==
===2022 Commonwealth Games===

Nitu won the gold medal for India in the Commonwealth Games 2022 in Birmingham after defeating [[Demie-Jade Resztan]] of England by 5-0 on 7 August 2022 in the 48 category (minimumweight category).

===2023 IBA Women's World Boxing Championships===

She became only the sixth Indian boxer (male or female) to become the World Champion after defeating Lutsaikhany Altantsetseg of [[Mongolia]] by 5-0 on 25th March 2023 in the [[2023 IBA Women's World Boxing Championships – Minimumweight|minimumweight]] category.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/nitu-ghangas-beats-lutsaikhan-altantsetseg-to-hand-india-first-gold-at-world-boxing-c-ships-2023-101679744551820.html | title=Nitu Ghanghas beats Lutsaikhan Altantsetseg to hand India first gold at World Boxing C'ships 2023 | date=25 March 2023 }}</ref>

==Achievements==
{| class="wikitable collapsible" style="text-align: center;"
!colspan=5 style="background: #013A5E; color: #FFFFFF;| International Titles
|-
!style="background: #013A5E; color: #FFFFFF;| Year
!style="background: #013A5E; color: #FFFFFF;| Place
!style="background: #013A5E; color: #FFFFFF;| Weight
!style="background: #013A5E; color: #FFFFFF;| Competition
!style="background: #013A5E; color: #FFFFFF;| Location
|-
|-bgcolor=F7F6A8
| 2017 || {{gold1}} || 48 || Balkan Youth International Boxing Championship || [[Sofia]], [[Bulgaria]]
|-
|-bgcolor=F7F6A8
| 2017 || {{gold1}} || 48 || Women’s Youth World Boxing Championship || [[Guwahati]], [[India]]
|-
|-bgcolor=F7F6A8
| 2018 || {{gold1}} || 48 || Asian Youth Championship ||[[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]]
|-
|-bgcolor=F7F6A8
| 2018 || {{gold1}} || 48 || Golden Glove of Vojvodina Youth Men & Women Boxing Tournament ||[[Serbia]]
|-
|-bgcolor=F7F6A8
| 2018 || {{gold1}} || 48 || Youth Women World Championships || [[Budapest]], [[Hungary]]
|-
|-bgcolor=F7F6A8
| 2022 || {{gold1}} || 48 || Strandja Memorial Boxing Tournament ||[[Sofia]], [[Bulgaria]]
|-
|-bgcolor=F7F6A8
| 2022 || {{gold1}} || 45-48 || XXII Commonwealth Games ||[[Birmingham]], [[England]]
|-
|-bgcolor=F7F6A8
| 2023 || {{gold1}} || 48 || IBA Women's World Boxing Championships ||[[New Delhi]], [[India]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Sports links}}

{{Footer World Womens Amateur Champions Minimumweight}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghanghas, Nitu}}
[[Category:2000 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women boxers]]
[[Category:Light-flyweight boxers]]
[[Category:People from Bhiwani district]]
[[Category:Boxers from Haryana]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Haryana]]
[[Category:IBA Women's World Boxing Championships medalists]]
[[Category:Boxers at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games gold medallists for India]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games gold medallists in boxing]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games boxers for India]]
{{India-boxing-bio-stub}}

Bhusawal taluka

2025-09-11T11:22:08Z

UteCansler: minor enhance references as per guidelines further and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Region of Jalgaon, Maharashtra, India}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:Bhusawal ''taluka''}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bhusawal taluka
| settlement_type = [[Taluka]]
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name1 = Maharashtra
| subdivision_name2 = Jalgaon
| named_for = [[Bhusawal]]
| area_total_km2 = 418.60
| area_note = <ref name=A/>
| population_total = 359461
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name=A/>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = ''Bhusawlkar, Bhusawalvaya''
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
}}

'''Bhusawal taluka''' is a ''[[taluka]]'' in the [[Jalgaon district]] of [[Maharashtra]], India. It is situated in [[North Maharashtra]]. Named after its largest city, [[Bhusawal]], it has 50 villages and four towns.<ref name=A>{{Cite book |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/797/download/2838/DH_2011_2703_PART_B_DCHB_JALGAON.pdf |title=District census handbook Jalgaon |publisher=Directorate of census operation Maharashtra |year=2014 |location=Mumbai |pages= |language=en |access-date=2 September 2023 }}</ref>

==History==
During the [[British Raj]] period of the 1850s-60s, railway tracks were built in the area now known as Bhusawal taluka.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|title= Bombay presidency Gazette 1880}}</ref>

It was officially known as ''Bhusawl peta'' until 1917. It was part of the [[Khandesh]] district until 1906, when it was divided to form [[Dhule district|West Khandesh]] and [[East Khandesh (former district)|East Khandesh]].

Bhusawal and 13 other historical sections known as ''petas''—including Amalner, Parola, and the Edlabad peta (which is now part of [[Muktainagar taluka]])—were once incorporated into the East Khandesh district. In the subsequent restructuring in 1917, Bhusawal, along with other ''petas'' from Khandesh, was elevated to ''taluka'' status. Until 1956 it was part of [[Bombay Presidency]].<ref name=":0" />

In a major administrative overhaul in 1956, the taluka was integrated into the [[Bombay State|Bombay state]]. In 1960, the Bombay state underwent a division based on linguistic lines, leading to the creation of the [[Maharashtra|Maharashtra state]]. As a result, Bhusawal taluka became a part of Maharashtra.<ref name="A" />

In 1993, the first, and so far only, [[First-class cricket|first class cricket]] match held in the taluka was organised at the Central railway ground in Bhusawal, in which [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]] defeated [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu.]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ranji knock out... |url=https://i.imgci.com/link_to_database/ARCHIVE/1992-93/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/KNOCK-OUTS/TN_MAHA_RJI-QF2_19-23FEB1993.html&ved=2ahUKEwj77sCUkZCBAxUsSmwGHVN4ApsQFnoECBEQAQ&usg=AOvVaw1mcjYoSjabOAGvYFFOlSNc }}</ref>

==Geography==
Bhusawal taluka is located in the historical [[Khandesh]] region. It has a population of 359,461. The taluka is bordered by [[Muktainagar taluka]] to the east, [[Jalgaon]] taluka to the west, and by the [[Yawal]] and [[Raver, Maharashtra|Raver]] talukas to the north.

The [[Tapti River|Tapi river]] flows through Bhusawal taluka. The river serves as a natural boundary to the [[Raver, Maharashtra|Raver]] and [[Yawal]] talukas. The Vaghur river on the western border separates it from the Jalgaon taluka.

[[Bhusawal railway station]] and [[Bhusawal railway division]] are also located there. A large thermal [[Bhusawal Thermal Power Station|power plant]] is present at the town of Deepnagar.<ref name="A" />

Nahata College in Bhusawal is the oldest and biggest college in the taluka, and is one of the oldest colleges in Jalgaon district, established in the 1960s. All the colleges in this taluka, as well as those in North Maharashtra, are affiliated with the [[North Maharashtra University]].<ref name="A" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Jalgaon district]]
[[Category:Talukas in Jalgaon district]]

Dhruvi Acharya

2025-09-04T10:40:42Z

UteCansler:

{{short description|Indian artist|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dhruvi Acharya
| honorific_suffix =
| alt = Dhruvi Acharya
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1971}}
| birth_place = India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| alma_mater = [[Sophia Polytechnic]], [[Maryland Institute College of Art]]
| known_for = Painting
| spouse = [[Manish Acharya]]
| children = 2
| website = {{URL|dhruvi.com}}
}}

'''Dhruvi Acharya''' (born in 1971)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Dhruvi Acharya - Biography |url=http://www.artnet.com/artists/dhruvi-acharya/biography |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150311023115/http://www.artnet.com:80/artists/dhruvi-acharya/biography |archive-date=11 March 2015 |access-date=17 October 2019 |website=[[Artnet]]}}</ref> is an [[India|Indian]] artist known for her psychologically complex and visually layered paintings.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2010 |title=Painting, Still Lively - Slide 4 of 13 |url=http://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2010/03/25/arts/20100328-painting-slideshow_4.html?_r=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608034118/http://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2010/03/25/arts/20100328-painting-slideshow_4.html?_r=0 |archive-date=8 June 2021 |access-date=17 October 2019 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> She has recently started creating [[Ceramic|ceramics]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Deodhar |first=Neerja |date=10 December 2023 |title=Ladies first |url=https://www.mid-day.com/sunday-mid-day/article/ladies-first-23324175 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128102733/https://www.mid-day.com/sunday-mid-day/article/ladies-first-23324175 |archive-date=28 January 2024 |access-date=9 June 2024 |work=[[Mid-day]]}}</ref> She is based in [[Mumbai]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agrawal |first=Ravin |date=2009 |title=Transcript of '10 young Indian artists to watch' |url=https://www.ted.com/talks/ravin_agrawal_10_young_indian_artists_to_watch/transcript |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101191630/http://www.ted.com:80/talks/ravin_agrawal_10_young_indian_artists_to_watch/transcript? |archive-date=1 November 2014 |access-date=17 October 2019 |website=[[TED (conference)|TED]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Dhruvi Acharya was born in 1971 in India and she was raised in [[Mumbai]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Khandelwal |first=Payal |date=15 September 2016 |title=People: Dhruvi Acharya |url=http://thefloatingmagazine.com/people-dhruvi-acharya/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812084312/http://thefloatingmagazine.com/people-dhruvi-acharya/ |archive-date=12 August 2020 |access-date=17 October 2019 |website=The Floating Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref> She attended [[Walsingham House School]], a private girls school in Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=The Universality of the Human Experience |url=https://www.magzter.com/articles/32/218501/58f3b7736c567 |url-access=subscription |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017071025/https://www.magzter.com/articles/32/218501/58f3b7736c567 |archive-date=17 October 2019 |access-date=17 October 2019 |website=[[Magzter]]}}</ref>

Acharya received her undergraduate degree in 1993 in Applied Arts at the [[Sophia Polytechnic]] in Mumbai.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhruvi Acharya |url=https://www.saffronart.com/artists/dhruvi-acharya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121145728/https://www.saffronart.com/artists/dhruvi-acharya |archive-date=21 November 2023 |access-date=17 October 2019 |website=Saffronart}}</ref> She went on to receive a [[Master of Fine Arts]] (MFA) degree in 1998 from the Hoffberger School of Painting at [[Maryland Institute College of Art]] (MICA) in [[Baltimore]], [[Maryland]].<ref name=":0" /> At MICA, she studied with painter [[Grace Hartigan]].<ref name=":1" />

She was married to filmmaker [[Manish Acharya]], with whom she had two sons. Manish Acharya died in 2010 in an accident.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Manish D. |date=20 October 2013 |title=Take risks & trust your intuition: Dhruvi Acharya |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-take-risks-trust-your-intuition-dhruvi-acharya-1905993 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121151229/https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-take-risks-trust-your-intuition-dhruvi-acharya-1905993 |archive-date=21 November 2023 |access-date=17 October 2019 |website=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Losing her father and husband in one year, here's how this artist fought back |url=https://elle.in/article/dhruvi-acharya-on-how-her-sense-of-absurd-helped-her/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122014319/https://elle.in/article/dhruvi-acharya-on-how-her-sense-of-absurd-helped-her/ |archive-date=22 November 2023 |access-date=17 October 2019 |website=[[Elle (India)|Elle India]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Work ==
Acharya was featured in [[India Today]] news magazine in January 2005 as one of the 50 Indians under 35 years of age that are on the "fast track to success."<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 2012 |orig-date=31 January 2005 |title=Young guns who represent the changing face of India |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20050131-young-leaders-who-represent-the-changing-face-of-india-788368-2005-01-31 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718114930/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20050131-young-leaders-who-represent-the-changing-face-of-india-788368-2005-01-31 |archive-date=18 July 2018 |access-date=17 October 2019 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref>

She has exhibited with the [[Queens Museum of Art]] in New York, the [[San Jose Museum of Art]], the [[National Gallery of Modern Art]] in Mumbai, the [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya]] museum in Mumbai, [[Griffith University]], [[Webster University]] in St. Louis, Brisbane and the former Spazio Oberdan in Milan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2007 |title=India Arte Oggi - Spazio Oberdan Milano |trans-title=India Art Today - Oberdan Space, Milaan |url=http://1995-2015.undo.net/it/mostra/60772 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121145728/http://1995-2015.undo.net/it/mostra/60772 |archive-date=21 November 2023 |access-date=21 October 2020 |website=1995-2015.undo.net |language=it}}</ref> In 2017 Acharya participated in the panel ''Post-Boom: Artists and Their Practices'' at the [[Asia Society]] India Centre in Mumbai.<ref name="Asia Society">{{cite web |date=November 2017 |title=Post-Boom: Artists and Their Practices |url=https://asiasociety.org/india/events/post-boom-artists-and-their-practices |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206045603/https://asiasociety.org/india/events/post-boom-artists-and-their-practices |archive-date=6 February 2024 |access-date=30 October 2021 |website=[[Asia Society]] |language=en}}</ref>

Acharya's special projects include "painting as performance", with [[Chitra Ganesh]] at the India Art Fair in 2015 and "JSW", a 32-foot mural for the Jindal Steel Works Center, Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Mortimer |date=7 December 2015 |title=There's accounting for taste |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/columnists/mortimer-chatterjee/Theres-accounting-for-taste/articleshow/50071142.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207152338/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/columnists/mortimer-chatterjee/Theres-accounting-for-taste/articleshow/50071142.cms |archive-date=7 February 2024 |access-date=21 October 2020 |website=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |language=en}}</ref> Installation titled "what once was, still is, but isn't..." where Acharya submerged the gallery room with cotton fabrics at Morte gallery, Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2020 |title=Filling a Vacuum |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/dhruvi-acharya-exhibition-permeated-absence-6241626/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206045735/https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/dhruvi-acharya-exhibition-permeated-absence-6241626/ |archive-date=6 February 2024 |access-date=20 March 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Deepak |first=Sukant |date=14 January 2020 |title=Dhruvi Acharya and art of dealing with loss |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/featured/womenia/dhruvi-acharya-and-art-of-dealing-with-loss-597008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206045735/https://www.thehansindia.com/featured/womenia/dhruvi-acharya-and-art-of-dealing-with-loss-597008 |archive-date=6 February 2024 |access-date=20 March 2021 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en}}</ref>

Ever since the lockdown in India during Covid-19 pandemic, Acharya painted compulsively and used her watercolours<ref>{{Cite news |last=Basu |first=Ritupriya |date=28 April 2020 |others=Photography by Chemould Prescott Road |title=Artist Dhruvi Acharya's watercolours, which are up for sale, are helping tide over this crisis |url=https://www.architecturaldigest.in/content/chemould-prescott-road-mumbai-open-sale/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128103326/https://www.architecturaldigest.in/content/chemould-prescott-road-mumbai-open-sale/ |archive-date=28 January 2024 |access-date=9 June 2024 |work=[[Architectural Digest]]}}</ref> to generate funds and resources for those impacted through [[Chemould Prescott Road|Chemould Prescott Road's]] online viewing room and her own social media handles

==Awards==
Acharya has been the recipient of the 2014 YFLO Young Women Achiever's Awards.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2014 |title=YFLO Women Achiever's Awards 2014 -Reimaging India April 3, 2014 |url=http://www.ficciflo.com/events/yflo-women-achievers-awards-2014-reimaging-india-april-3-2014/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024234831/http://www.ficciflo.com/events/yflo-women-achievers-awards-2014-reimaging-india-april-3-2014/ |archive-date=24 October 2020 |access-date=21 October 2020 |website=[[Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.mutualart.com/Artist/Dhruvi-Acharya/33AF414E61E7DF69/Artworks Images of Acharya's art] on MutualArt

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Acharya, Dhruvi}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Indian women painters]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Artists from Mumbai]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women artists]]

List of chief secretaries of Uttarakhand

2025-08-24T02:47:58Z

UteCansler:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = [[Chief secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]]
| body = [[Government of Uttarakhand]]
| incumbent = Anand Bardhan
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| flagsize = 110px
| insignia = File:Seal of Uttarakhand.svg
| insigniasize = 150px
| incumbentsince = 1 April 2025
| style =
| abbreviation = CS
| reports_to = [[List of governors of Uttarakhand|Governor]] and [[List of chief ministers of Uttarakhand|Chief Minister]]
| appointer = [[Chief Minister of Uttarakhand]]
| inaugural = [[Ajay Vikram Singh]] {{small|(2000–2001)}}
| formation = {{Start date and age|2000|11|09|df=y|p=y|br=y}}
}}

The '''Chief Secretary of Uttarakhand''' is the senior-most [[Civil Services of India|civil servant]] in [[Uttarakhand]]. The secretary acts as the [[Ex officio member|ex-officio]] Secretary to the [[Uttarakhand Council of Ministers]], therefore is also known as ''Secretary to the Cabinet.'' The Chief secretary is the Head of the Uttarakhand Cabinet Secretariat Department. The functions include providing secretarial assistance to the cabinet, ensuring the implementation of decisions, acting as the policy coordination centre, serving as a data bank of information, organizing conferences. The [[Chief secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] is an officer of [[Indian Administrative Service]] and is a member of the executive branch of the [[Government of Uttarakhand]]. The Chief Secretary ranks 23rd on the [[Indian order of precedence]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.preservearticles.com/political-science/what-are-the-roles-and-functions-of-chief-secretary-of-a-state/12844|title=What are the Roles and Functions of Chief Secretary of a State?|first=Dnyanesh|last=Kumar|date=October 5, 2011}}</ref>

Anand Bardhan is the incumbent [[Chief secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] of [[Uttarakhand]] since 1 April 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETGovernment.com |title=Anand Bardhan takes charge as chief secretary of Uttarakhand - ET Government |url=https://government.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/governance/anand-bardhan-takes-charge-as-chief-secretary-of-uttarakhand/119848074#:~:text=Governance-,Anand%20Bardhan%20takes%20charge%20as%20chief%20secretary%20of%20Uttarakhand,be%20among%20his%20major%20priorities. |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=ETGovernment.com |language=en}}</ref>

==List of chief secretaries of Uttarakhand==
{| class="wikitable sortable" align="center" style="clear:center"
!No.
!Name
!colspan="3" |Tenure
!Chief Minister
|-
|1
|[[Ajay Vikram Singh]]
|9 November 2000
|31 August 2001
|{{ayd|9 November 2000|31 August 2001}}
||[[Nityanand Swami (politician)|Nityanand Swami]]
|-
|rowspan="3"|2
|rowspan="3"|[[Madhukar Gupta]]
|rowspan="3"|1 September 2001
|rowspan="3"|31 August 2003
|rowspan="3"|{{ayd|1 September 2001|31 August 2003}}
|-
|[[Bhagat Singh Koshyari]]
|-
|rowspan="4"|[[N. D. Tiwari]]
|-
|3
|[[Raghunandan Singh Tolia]]
|1 September 2003
|30 September 2005
|{{ayd|1 September 2003|30 September 2005}}
|-
|4
|[[M. Ramachandran (civil servant)|M. Ramachandran]]
|1 October 2005
|31 October 2006
|{{ayd|1 October 2005|31 October 2006}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|5
|rowspan="2"|[[Surjit Kishor Das]]
|rowspan="2"|1 November 2006
|rowspan="2"|31 August 2008
|rowspan="2"|{{ayd|1 November 2006|31 August 2008}}
|-
|[[B. C. Khanduri]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|6
|rowspan="2"|[[Indu Kumar Pandey]]
|rowspan="2"|1 September 2008
|rowspan="2"|30 November 2009
|rowspan="2"|{{ayd|1 September 2008|30 November 2009}}
|[[B. C. Khanduri]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Ramesh Pokhriyal]]
|-
|7
|[[Nrip Singh Napalchyal]]
|1 December 2009
|31 August 2010
|{{ayd|1 December 2009|31 August 2010}}
|-
|rowspan="3"|8
|rowspan="3"|[[Subhash Kumar]]
|rowspan="3"|1 September 2010
|rowspan="3"|31 May 2012
|rowspan="3"|{{ayd|1 September 2010|31 May 2012}}
|[[Ramesh Pokhriyal]]
|-
|[[B. C. Khanduri]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Vijay Bahuguna]]
|-
|9
|[[Alok Kumar Jain]]
|1 June 2012
|30 April 2013
|{{ayd|1 June 2012|30 April 2013}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|(8)
|rowspan="2"|[[Subhash Kumar]]
|rowspan="2"|1 May 2013
|rowspan="2"|30 September 2014
|rowspan="2"|{{ayd|1 May 2013|30 September 2014}}
|[[Vijay Bahuguna]]
|-
|rowspan="4"|[[Harish Rawat]]
|-
|10
|[[N. Ravishankar (civil servant)|N. Ravishankar]]
|1 October 2014
|31 July 2015
|{{ayd|1 October 2014|31 July 2015}}
|-
|11
|[[Rakesh Sharma (civil servant)|Rakesh Sharma]]
|1 August 2015
|31 October 2015
|{{ayd|1 August 2015|31 October 2015}}
|-
|12
|[[Shatrughna Singh]]
|1 November 2015
|30 November 2016
|{{ayd|1 November 2015|30 November 2016}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|13
|rowspan="2"|[[S. Ramaswamy]]
|rowspan="2"|1 December 2016
|rowspan="2"|24 October 2017
|rowspan="2"|{{ayd|1 December 2016|24 October 2017}}
|[[Harish Rawat]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Trivendra Singh Rawat]]
|-
|14
|[[Utpal Kumar Singh]]
|25 October 2017
|31 July 2020
|{{ayd|25 October 2017|31 July 2020}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|15
|rowspan="2"|[[Om Prakash Singh (civil servant)|Om Prakash Singh]]
|rowspan="2"|1 August 2020
|rowspan="2"|6 July 2021
|rowspan="2"|{{ayd|1 August 2020|6 July 2021}}
|[[Trivendra Singh Rawat]]
|-
|[[Tirath Singh Rawat]]
|-
|16
|[[Sukhbir Singh Sandhu]]
|7 July 2021
|31 January 2024
|{{ayd|7 July 2021|31 January 2024}}
| rowspan="3" |[[Pushkar Singh Dhami]]
|-
|17
|[[Radha Raturi]]
|1 February 2024
|31 March 2025
|{{ayd|1 February 2024|31 March 2025}}
|-
|18
|[[Anand Bardhan]]
|1 April 2025
|[[Incumbent]]
|{{ayd|2025|04|01}}{{Nbsp}}
|}

==See also==
*[[Governor of Uttarakhand]]
*[[Chief Minister of Uttarakhand]]
*[[Cabinet of Uttarakhand]]
*[[List of Uttarakhand ministries]]
*[[List of agencies of the government of Uttarakhand]]
*[[List of departments of the government of Uttarakhand]]
*[[Chief Justice of Uttarakhand]]
*[[List of judges of the Uttarakhand High Court]]
*[[Speaker of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Leader of the Opposition in the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Uttarakhand Public Service Commission]]
*[[Provincial Civil Service (Uttarakhand)]]
* [[Vinod Prasad Raturi]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Uttarakhand}}

[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:Government of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:Uttarakhand-related lists|Chief secretaries]]

Adalat

2025-08-21T17:14:24Z

UteCansler: Starting a data.

{{wikt}}
'''Adalat''' or '''Adaalat''' may refer to:

* [[Adalah (Islam)]], the word for justice in Islam
* Adalat, a brand name for the heart drug [[Nifedipine]]
* [[Adalat (1958 film)|''Adalat'' (1958 film)]], a Bollywood drama
* [[Adalat (1976 film)|''Adalat'' (1976 film)]], a Bollywood action drama
* [[Adaalat (TV series)|''Adaalat'' (TV series)]], an Indian TV courtroom drama anthology series

==See also==
* [[Adalah (disambiguation)]]
* ''[[Aap Ki Adalat]]'', an Indian TV show
* [[Adalat Party]], later the Communist Party of Persia
* ''[[Janta Ki Adalat]]'', a 1994 Indian Hindi-language film
* [[Lok Adalat]], a system of alternative dispute resolution in India
* ''[[Meri Adalat]]'', a 1984 Indian Hindi-language film

{{disambiguation}}

M. Ethirajulu (politician)

2025-08-02T20:34:31Z

UteCansler: expand layout for clarity and improved wording

#REDIRECT [[M. Ethirajulu]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}