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<div>#REDIRECT [[List of Indian Bengali films of the 1980s]]{{Redirect category shell|{{R from merge}}{{R from history}}}}</div>Username123https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thiruvambady_Assembly_constituency&diff=540977Thiruvambady Assembly constituency2026-05-06T19:50:27Z<p>Username123: New.</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Thiruvambady<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| state = Kerala<br />
| constituency_no = 32<br />
| map_image = Thamarassery Churam Pano view.jpg<br />
| map_caption = Thamarassery Churam in Thiruvambady Assembly Constituency<br />
| established = 1977<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| electors = 1,80,289 (2021)<br />
| mla = C K Kasim<br />
| party =<br />
{{legend2|#008000|'''[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]'''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}<br />
| alliance = {{legend2|#0073CF|'''[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]'''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]<br />
| district = [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]]<br />
}} <br />
'''Thiruvambady State assembly constituency''' is one of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]] in southern [[India]]. It is also one of the seven [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies included in [[Wayanad Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web<br />
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/kozhikode.html<br />
|website = www.ceo.kerala.gov.in<br />
|title = State Assembly constituencies in Kozhikode district, Kerala.<br />
}}</ref> As of the [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026 Assembly elections]], the current MLA is C K Kasim of UDF.<br />
<br />
==Local self-governed segments==<br />
Thiruvambady Assembly constituency is composed of the following local self-governed segments:<ref>{{cite web<br />
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/kozhikode.html<br />
|website = www.ceo.kerala.gov.in<br />
|title = Local Self Governments in Assembly Constituencies of Kozhikode District<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"<br />
!width="30px" |Sl no.<br />
!width="100px" |Name<br />
!width="130px" |Status ([[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]/[[Municipality]])<br />
!width="100px" |[[Tehsil|Taluk]]<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|[[Thiruvambady]]<br />
|rowspan=6| Grama panchayat<br />
|rowspan=4| [[Thamarassery]]<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|[[Kodencheri]]<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|[[Koodaranji]]<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|[[Puthuppadi]]<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|[[Karassery]]<br />
|rowspan=3| [[Kozhikode]]<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
|[[Kodiyathur]]<br />
|-<br />
|7<br />
|[[Mukkam]]<br />
|Municipality<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Members of Legislative Assembly ==<br />
The following list contains all members of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] who have represented the constituency:<br />
<br />
'''Key'''<br />
<br />
{{Party index link|Indian National Congress}} {{Party index link|Indian Union Muslim League}} {{Party index link|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} {{Party index link|Indian National Congress (Urs)}} {{Party index link|Independent (politician)}}<br />
{| class="sortable" width="50%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 2px #000000 solid; font-size: x-big;"<br />
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Election<br />
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Niyama<br />
Sabha<br />
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Member<br />
! colspan="2" style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Party<br />
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Tenure<br />
|-<br />
|[[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br />
|5th<br />
| rowspan="3" | [[P. Cyriac John]]<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
|1977 – 1980<br />
|-<br />
|[[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br />
|6th<br />
|[[Indian National Congress (U)|INC(U)]]<br />
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (Urs)}}" |<br />
|1980 – 1982<br />
|-<br />
|[[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]<br />
|7th<br />
|[[Independent (politician)|Ind.]]<br />
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent (politician)}}" |<br />
|1982 – 1987<br />
|-<br />
|[[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]<br />
|8th<br />
|[[P. P. George]]<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
|1987 – 1991<br />
|-<br />
|[[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<br />
|9th<br />
| rowspan="2" | A. V. Abdurahiman<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]<br />
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}" |<br />
|1991 – 1996<br />
|-<br />
|[[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br />
|10th<br />
|1996 – 2001<br />
|-<br />
|[[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]<br />
|11th<br />
|[[C. Moyinkutty|C. Moinkutty]]<br />
|2001 – 2006<br />
|-<br />
|[[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]<br />
|12th<br />
|[[Mathai Chacko|Mathayi Chacko]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]<br />
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |<br />
|2006<br />
|-<br />
|2006*<br />
|12th<br />
|[[George M. Thomas (Indian politician)|George M. Thomas]]<br />
|2006 – 2011<br />
|-<br />
|[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]<br />
|13th<br />
| C. Moinkutty<br />
|[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]<br />
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}" |<br />
|2011 – 2016<br />
|-<br />
|[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<br />
|14th<br />
| George M. Thomas<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]<br />
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |<br />
|2016 – 2021<br />
|-<br />
|[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br />
|15th<br />
|[[Linto Joseph]]<br />
|2021-2026<br />
|-<br />
|[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]<br />
|16th<br />
|CK Kasim<br />
|[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]<br />
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}" |<br />
|Incumbent<br />
|}<br />
<nowiki>*</nowiki>by-election<br />
<br />
== Election results ==<br />
Percentage change (±%) denotes the change in the number of votes from the immediate previous election.<br />
<br />
===2026===<br />
<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Thiruvambady}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|party = Indian Union Muslim League <br />
|candidate = C. K. Kasim<br />
|votes = 77,140<br />
|percentage = 49.23<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = CPI(M)<br />
|candidate = [[Linto Joseph]]<br />
|votes = 70,399<br />
|percentage = 44.93<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Twenty20 Party<br />
|candidate = Sunny Thomas<br />
|votes = 7,380<br />
|percentage = 4.71<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Aam Aadmi Party<br />
|candidate = Sunny V. Joseph<br />
|votes = 812<br />
|percentage = 0.52<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = None of the above<br />
|votes = 458<br />
|percentage = 0.29<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory|<br />
|votes = <br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 156,680<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = Indian Union Muslim League <br />
|loser = CPI(M)<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2021===<br />
There were 1,80,289 registered voters in the constituency for the 2021 election.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kerala election Results 2021 official|first=Kerala election Results 2021 official|title=Kerala election results 2021|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/partywiseresult-S11.htm?st=S11}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Election box begin|title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Thiruvambadi}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[Linto Joseph]]|votes=67,867|percentage=47.46|change={{increase}}1.53|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian Union Muslim League|candidate=C. P Cheriya Muhammed|votes=63,224|percentage=44.21|change={{increase}}0.49|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Baby Ambattu|votes=7,794|percentage=5.45|change=-}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Sunny V Joseph |votes=1,847|percentage=1.29|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=K. P Cheriya Muhammed|votes=1,121|percentage=0.78|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Linto Joseph |votes=579|percentage=0.4|change=-}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=419|percentage=0.17|change={{decrease}}0.29}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Lenilal T. D|votes=80|percentage=0.06|change=-}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=George Mathew Thottathimyalil|votes=78|percentage=0.05|change=-}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory||votes=4,643|percentage=3.25|change={{increase}}1.04|}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,43,009|percentage=79.32|change={{decrease}}1.25}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link||winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|swing={{increase}}1.53}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2016 ===<br />
There were 1,68,412 registered voters in the constituency for the 2016 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Election box begin|title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Thiruvambady}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=George M. Thomas|votes=62,324|percentage=45.93|change={{increase}}0.53|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian Union Muslim League|candidate=V. M. Ummer|votes=59,316|percentage=43.72|change={{decrease}} 4.99|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharath Dharma Jana Sena|candidate=Giri Pambanal|votes=8,749|percentage=6.45|change={{increase}}3.09|}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Welfare Party of India|candidate=Raju Punnakkal|votes=2,226|percentage=1.64|change=-|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=776|percentage=0.57|change=-|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Simon Thonakkara|votes=641|percentage=0.47|change=-|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=T. P. Mohammed|votes=569|percentage=0.42|change={{decrease}}0.26|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Peoples Democratic Party (India)|candidate=Noushad Kodiyathoor|votes=517|percentage=0.38|change=-|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Sibi Valayil|votes=426|percentage=0.31|change=-|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=C. M. Ummer Chokliyil|votes=77|percentage=0.06|change=-}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Ummar Vilangot|votes=65|percentage=0.05|change=-}}{{Election box margin of victory||votes=3,008|percentage=2.21|change=}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,35,686|percentage=80.57|change={{increase}}1.18}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|loser=Indian Union Muslim League|swing=}}{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2011 ===<br />
There were 1,45,763 registered voters in the constituency for the 2011 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|access-date=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Election box begin|title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Thiruvambady}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian Union Muslim League|candidate=C. Moyinkutty|votes=56,386|percentage=48.71|change=|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=George M. Thomas|votes=52,553|percentage=45.40|change=|}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Jose Kappattmala|votes=3,894|percentage=3.36|change=|}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=C. T. Ashraf|votes=790|percentage=0.68|change=|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=K. Moyinkutty|votes=576|percentage=0.50|change=-|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=George Thomas|votes=574|percentage=0.50|change=-|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=K. P. Basheer Haji|votes=541|percentage=0.47|change=-}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Gafoor Puthuppady|votes=440|percentage=0.38|change=-}}{{Election box margin of victory||votes=3,883|percentage=3.35|change=}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,15,754|percentage=79.41|change=}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Indian Union Muslim League|loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|swing=}}{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Thiruvambady]]<br />
* [[Kozhikode district]]<br />
* [[List of constituencies of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]<br />
* [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}<br />
<br />
{{Kerala Niyamasabha elections}}<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:State assembly constituencies in Kozhikode district]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]<br />
[[Category:1977 establishments in Kerala]]</div>Username123https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu&diff=547750Tamil Nadu2026-05-06T18:42:08Z<p>Username123: fixed issues</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|State in southern India}}<br />
{{Good article}}<br />
{{Pp-extended|small=yes}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian state or territory<br />
| name = Tamil Nadu<br />
| image_skyline = {{multiple image<br />
| border = infobox<br />
| total_width = 280<br />
| image_style = <br />
| perrow = 1/2/2/1<br />
| caption_align = center<br />
| image1 = Mamallapuram view.jpg<br />
| caption1 = [[Shore Temple]]<br />
| image2 = Left side view Brihadeeswara.jpg<br />
| caption2 = [[Brihadisvara Temple]]<br />
| image3 = Statue of Thiruvalluvar.jpg<br />
| caption3 = [[Thiruvalluvar Statue]]<br />
| image4 = A Magnificient Evening Sunset With Pamban Railway Bridge and Boat Mail Express Passes Through this Pamban Railway Bridge !-.jpg<br />
| caption4 = [[Pamban Bridge]]<br />
| image5 = Hogenakkal Falls Close.jpg<br />
| caption5 = [[Hogenakkal Falls]]<br />
| image6 = Nilgiri Hills.jpg<br />
| caption6 = [[Nilgiri Mountains]]<br />
| image_alt =}}<br />
| type = State<br />
| image_seal = Emblem of Tamil Nadu.svg<br />
| etymology = Tamil Country<br />
| nickname = "Land of Temples"<br />
| motto = Vāymaiyē Vellum (Truth alone triumphs)<br />
| anthem = "[[Tamil Thai Valthu (Tamil Nadu)|Tamil Thai Valthu]]" <br/><br />
("Invocation to Mother Tamil")<br />
| image_map = IN-TN.svg<br />
| coordinates = {{Coord|11|N|79|E|region:IN-TN_type:adm1st|display=inline,title}}<br />
| region = South India<br />
| before_was = [[Madras State]]<br />
| formation_date4 = 1 November 1956<br />
| capital = Chennai<br />
| largestcity = capital<br />
| metro = Chennai metropolitan area<br />
| districts = [[List of districts of Tamil Nadu|38]]<br />
| Governor = [[Rajendra Arlekar]]<br />
| Chief_Minister = [[M. K. Stalin]]<br />
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]<br />
| Deputy_CM = [[Udhayanidhi Stalin]] ([[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]])<br />
| legislature_type = Unicameral<br />
| assembly = [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| assembly_seats = 234 seats<br />
| rajya_sabha_seats = 18 seats<br />
| lok_sabha_seats = 39 seats<br />
| judiciary = [[Madras High Court]]<br />
| area_total_km2 = 130058<br />
| area_rank = 10th<br />
| length_km = 1076<br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| elevation_max_m = 2,637<br />
| elevation_max_point = [[Doddabetta]]<br />
| elevation_min_m = 0<br />
| elevation_min_point = [[Bay of Bengal]]<br />
| population_footnotes = <ref name="pop">{{cite report|title=Decadal variation in population 1901-2011, Tamil Nadu|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/43366/download/47068/33%20A-2%20Tamil%20Nadu.pdf|publisher=[[Government of India]]|page=2|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=29 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229191706/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/43366/download/47068/33%20A-2%20Tamil%20Nadu.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|title=Primary census abstract (PCA) data, India & States/UTs - State and district level - 2011|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/6191/download/9268/DDW_PCA0000_2011_Indiastatedist.xlsx|publisher=[[Government of India]]|page=2|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=11 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811062646/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/6191/download/9268/DDW_PCA0000_2011_Indiastatedist.xlsx|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
| population_total = 72,147,030<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = 6th<br />
| population_density = 554.7<br />
| population_urban = 48.4%<br />
| population_rural = 51.6%<br />
| population_demonym = {{Hlist|[[Tamilian]]|[[Tamilar]]|}}<br />
| 0fficial_Langs = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<ref name="Lang">{{cite act|url=https://archive.org/details/1956TN39/mode/1up|title=The Tamil Nadu Official Language Act, 1956|legislature=[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]|page=1|date=27 December 1956}}</ref><br />
| additional_official = [[English language|English]]<ref name="Lang"/><br />
| official_script = [[Tamil script|Tamil]]<br />
| GDP_footnotes = <ref>{{cite report|title=Tamil Nadu budget 2025-26|url=https://financedept.tn.gov.in/budget/|work=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=18 March 2025|archive-date=21 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250321192343/https://financedept.tn.gov.in/budget/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://prsindia.org/files/budget/budget_state/tamil-nadu/2025/TN_Budget_Analysis_2025-26.pdf|title=Tamil Nadu state budget analysis 2025-26|work=PRS Legislative Research|access-date=18 March 2025}}</ref><br />
| GDP_total = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|31159.98|b|year=2024}}<br />
| GDP_year = 2024–25<br />
| GDP_rank = 2nd<br />
| GDP_per_capita = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|350695|year=2024}}<br />
| GDP_per_capita_rank = 9th<br />
| HDI = {{Increase}} 0.787 {{color|green|High}}<br />
| HDI_year = 2025<br />
| HDI_rank = 15th<br />
| literacy = 85.5%<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/AnnualReport_PLFS2023-24L2.pdf|title=Annual Report, Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) (July 2023 – June 2024)|date=23 September 2024|publisher=National Sample Survey Office, [[Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation]], [[Government of India]]|pages=A-10|chapter=Appendix-A: Detailed tables, Table (7): Literacy rate (in per cent) of persons of different age groups for each State/UT (aged 7 & above, rural+urban) column 6}}</ref><br />
| literacy_year = 2024<br />
| literacy_rank = 17th<br />
| sex_ratio = 996[[female|♀]]/1000 [[male|♂]]<br />
| sexratio_year = 2011<br />
| sexratio_rank = 3rd<br />
| iso_code = IN-TN<br />
| registration_plate = TN<br />
| website = tn.gov.in<br />
| mammal = [[Nilgiri tahr]]<br />
| bird = [[Emerald dove]]<br />
| butterfly = [[Tamil yeoman]]<br />
| flower = [[Gloriosa (plant)|Gloriosa pily]]<br />
| tree = [[Borassus flabellifer|Asian palm]]<br />
| fruit = [[Jackfruit]]<br />
| image_highway = SH IN-TN.png<br />
| SH_numbers = [[List of state highways in Tamil Nadu|TN SH1 - TN SH223]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Tamil Nadu'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˌ|t|æ|m|ᵻ|l|_|ˈ|n|ɑː|d|uː}}; {{IPA|ta|ˈtamiɻ ˈnaːɽɯ|lang|Tamil Nadu.ogg}}, {{small|abbr.}} '''TN'''}} is the southernmost [[States and union territories of India|state]] of India. The [[List of states and union territories of India by area|tenth largest Indian state by area]] and the [[List of states and union territories of India by population|sixth largest by population]], it is the home of the [[Tamils]], who speak the [[Tamil language]], the state's official language and the first to be recognised as a [[Classical languages of India|classical language]] in India. [[Chennai]] is the state's largest city and capital.<br />
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Located on the south-eastern coast of the [[Indian peninsula]], Tamil Nadu is straddled by the [[Western Ghats]] and [[Deccan Plateau]] in the west, the [[Eastern Ghats]] in the north, the [[Eastern Coastal Plains]] lining the [[Bay of Bengal]] in the east, the [[Gulf of Mannar]] and the [[Palk Strait]] to the south-east, the [[Laccadive Sea]] at the southern [[Cape (geography)|cape]] of the peninsula, with the river [[Kaveri]] bisecting the state. Politically, Tamil Nadu is bound by the Indian states of [[Kerala]], [[Karnataka]], and [[Andhra Pradesh]], and encloses a part of the [[union territory]] of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]. It shares an international [[maritime border]] with the [[Northern Province, Sri Lanka|Northern Province]] of [[Sri Lanka]] at [[Pamban Island]].<br />
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[[Archaeological evidence]] indicates that the Tamil Nadu region could have been inhabited more than 385,000 years ago by [[archaic humans]]. The state has more than 5,500 years of continuous cultural history. [[History of Tamil Nadu|Historically]], the [[Tamilakam]] region was inhabited by Tamil-speaking [[Dravidian people]], who were ruled by several regimes over centuries such as the [[Sangam era]] [[Three Crowned Kings|triumvirate]] of the [[Cheras]], [[Cholas]] and [[Pandyas]], the [[Pallavas]] (3rd–9th century CE), and the later [[Vijayanagara Empire]] (14th–17th century CE). [[Colonial India|European colonisation]] began with establishing trade ports in the 17th century, with the [[British Raj|British controlling]] much of the state as a part of the [[Madras Presidency]] for two centuries. After the [[India's Independence|Indian Independence]] in 1947, the region became the [[Madras State]] of the Republic of India and was further reorganised when [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956|states were redrawn linguistically in 1956]] into its current shape. The state was renamed as Tamil Nadu, meaning "Tamil Country", in 1969. Hence, [[Tamil culture|culture]], [[Tamil cuisine|cuisine]] and [[Architecture of Tamil Nadu|architecture]] have seen multiple influences over the years and have developed diversely.<br />
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{{As of|2023|24}}, Tamil Nadu had an [[economy of Tamil Nadu|economy]] with a gross state domestic product (GSDP) of {{INRConvert|27.22|t|lk=r}}, making it the [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP|second-largest]] economy amongst the 28 states of India. It has the country's [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP per capita|9th-highest GSDP per capita]] of {{INRConvert|315220|lk=r}} and ranks [[List of Indian states and territories by Human Development Index|11th]] in [[human development index]]. Tamil Nadu is also one of the most industrialised states, with the [[manufacturing sector]] accounting for nearly one-third of the state's GDP. With its diverse culture and architecture, long coastline, forests and mountains, Tamil Nadu is home to a number of ancient relics, historic buildings, religious sites, [[beaches]], [[hill stations]], [[forts]], [[waterfalls]] and four [[World Heritage Site]]s. The state's [[Tourism in Tamil Nadu|tourism industry]] is the largest among the Indian states. The state has three [[biosphere reserves]], [[mangrove]] forests, five [[National Parks]], 18 [[wildlife sanctuaries]] and 17 [[bird sanctuaries]]. The [[Tamil film industry]], nicknamed as Kollywood, plays an influential role in the state's popular culture.<br />
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==Etymology==<br />
The name is derived from [[Tamil language]] with ''nadu'' meaning "land" and Tamil Nadu meaning "the land of Tamils". The [[Tamil language#Etymology|origin]] and precise etymology of the word Tamil is unclear with multiple theories attested to it.<ref name="Zvelebil">{{cite book|first=Kamil V.|last=Zvelebil|year=1973|title=The smile of Murugan: on Tamil literature of South India|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|isbn=978-3-447-01582-0|pages=11–12}}</ref> In the ancient [[Sangam literature]], [[Tamilakam]] refers to the area of present-day Tamil Nadu, [[Kerala]] and parts of [[Karnataka]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]]. ''[[Tolkāppiyam]]'' (2nd to 1st century BCE) indicates the borders of Tamilakam as [[Tirumala]] and [[Kanniyakumari]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dinamani.com/weekly-supplements/tamilmani/2011/Jan/02/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-291655.html|title=Venkadam to Kumari|work=[[Dina Mani]]|date=January 2011|language=ta|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> The name ''Tamilakam'' is used in other Sangam era literature such as ''[[Puṟanāṉūṟu]]'', ''[[Patiṟṟuppattu]]'', ''[[Cilappatikaram]]'', and ''[[Manimekalai]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tamilvu.org/courses/degree/a031/a0311/html/a0311332.htm|title=History of Ancient Tamilakam|language=ta|work=[[Tamil Virtual University]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=8 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240508065803/https://www.tamilvu.org/courses/degree/a031/a0311/html/a0311332.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Cilappatikaram'' (5th to 6th century CE) and ''[[Ramavataram]]'' (12th century CE) mention the name ''Tamil Nadu'' to denote the region.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tamilvu.org/slet/l3100/l3100uri.jsp?slno=2700&subid=2700026|title=Cilappatikaram|work=[[Tamil Virtual University]]|language=ta|access-date=24 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/news_detail.php?id=8344|title=Cilappatikaram|work=[[Dinamalar]]|language=ta|access-date=24 February 2023|archive-date=24 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224143527/https://temple.dinamalar.com/news_detail.php?id=8344|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tamilconcordance.in/TABLE-KAMBAN-4-TEXT.html|title=Kambaramayanam|work=Tamil Concordance|language=ta|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=8 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240508064327/http://tamilconcordance.in/TABLE-KAMBAN-4-TEXT.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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== History ==<br />
{{Main|History of Tamil Nadu}}<br />
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=== Prehistory (before 5th century BCE) ===<br />
[[Archaeological evidence]] indicates that the Tamil Nadu region could have been inhabited more than 385,000 years ago by [[archaic humans]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.sciencenews.org/article/sharp-stones-found-india-signal-surprisingly-early-toolmaking-advances|title=Science News : Archaeology – Anthropology: Sharp stones found in India signal surprisingly early toolmaking advances|access-date=9 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209183736/https://www.sciencenews.org/article/sharp-stones-found-india-signal-surprisingly-early-toolmaking-advances|archive-date=9 February 2018|url-status=live|date=31 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2018/02/01/very-old-very-sophisticated-tools-found-in-india-the-question-is-who-made-them/|title= Very old, very sophisticated tools found in India. The question is: Who made them?|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=9 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210201237/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2018/02/01/very-old-very-sophisticated-tools-found-in-india-the-question-is-who-made-them/|archive-date=10 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Artifacts recovered in [[Adichanallur]] by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) indicate a continuous history from more than 3,800 years ago.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/skeletons-dating-back-3800-years-throw-light-on-evolution/articleshow/1354201.cms|title=Skeletons dating back 3,800 years throw light on evolution|access-date=11 June 2008|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=1 January 2006|archive-date=24 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124105726/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-1354201,prtpage-1.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Neolithic]] [[Celt (tool)|celts]] with the [[Indus script]] dated between 1500 and 2000 BCE indicate the use of the [[Harappan language]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=T|first1=Saravanan|date=22 February 2018|title=How a recent archaeological discovery throws light on the history of Tamil script|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/10th-century-ce-oil-press-discovered-near-andipatti-with-a-tamil-script/article22814589.ece|access-date=26 February 2018|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109005047/https://www.thehindu.com/society/10th-century-ce-oil-press-discovered-near-andipatti-with-a-tamil-script/article22814589.ece|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=the eternal harappan script|url=http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/india/the-eternal-harappan-script-tease|date=27 November 2014|work=Open magazine|access-date=24 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324134658/http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/india/the-eternal-harappan-script-tease|archive-date=24 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Excavations at [[Keezhadi excavation site|Keezhadi]] have revealed a large urban settlement, with the earliest artefact dated to 580 BCE, during the time of urbanisation in the [[Indo-Gangetic plain]].<ref>{{cite news|date=21 August 2020|title=Keezhadi sixth phase: What do the findings so far tell us?|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/keezhadi-sixth-phase-what-do-findings-so-far-tell-us-131269|access-date=31 January 2021|newspaper=The News Minute|language=en|archive-date=24 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124023909/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/keezhadi-sixth-phase-what-do-findings-so-far-tell-us-131269|url-status=live|first=Anjana|last=Shekar }}</ref> Further epigraphical inscriptions found at Adichanallur use [[Tamil Brahmi]], a rudimentary script dated to 5th century BCE.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30205148.ece|title=A rare inscription|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=1 July 2009|access-date=1 June 2023|archive-date=22 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922154651/https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30205148.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Potsherds uncovered from Keeladi indicate a script which might be a transition between the Indus Valley script and Tamil Brahmi script used later.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/artefacts-with-tamil-brahmi-script-unearthed-at-keeladi-to-find-a-special-place-in-museum/article66529594.ece|title=Artifacts unearthed at Keeladi to find a special place in museum|date=19 February 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=14 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114173611/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/artefacts-with-tamil-brahmi-script-unearthed-at-keeladi-to-find-a-special-place-in-museum/article66529594.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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=== Sangam period (5th century BCE – 3rd century CE) ===<br />
{{Main|Sangam period|Tamilakam|Sangam landscape}}<br />
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[[File:South India in Sangam Period.jpg|thumb|left|[[Tamilakam]] during the [[Sangam Period]] (500&nbsp;BCE&ndash;300&nbsp;CE)]]<br />
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The [[Sangam period]] lasted for about eight centuries, from 500 BCE to 300 CE with the main source of history during the period coming from the Sangam literature.<ref>{{cite news|last=Jesudasan|first=Dennis S.|date=20 September 2019|title=Keezhadi excavations: Sangam era older than previously thought, finds study|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/keeladi-findings-traceable-to-6th-century-bc-report/article29461583.ece|access-date=12 August 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=3 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603082058/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/keeladi-findings-traceable-to-6th-century-bce-report/article29461583.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Dr. Anjali|title=Social and Cultural History of Ancient India|publisher=OnlineGatha—The Endless Tale|date=2017|location=Lucknow|pages=123–136|isbn=978-9-386-35269-9}}</ref> Ancient [[Tamilakam]] was ruled by a [[Three Crowned Kings|triumvirate]] of monarchical states, [[Cheras]], [[Cholas]] and [[Pandyas]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/three-crowned-kings-tamilakam/|title=Three Crowned Kings of Tamilakam|publisher=National Geographic Society|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=24 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224093728/https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/three-crowned-kings-tamilakam/|url-status=live}}</ref> The Cheras controlled the western part of Tamilkam, the Pandyas controlled the south, and the Cholas had their base in the [[Kaveri]] delta. The kings called ''Vendhar'' ruled over several tribes of ''Velala'' (peasants), headed by the ''[[Velir]]'' chiefs.<ref>{{cite book|title=From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|first=Upinder|last=Singh|year=2008|isbn=978-8-131-71120-0|publisher=Pearson Education|page=425}}</ref> The rulers patronised multiple religions including [[Historical Vedic religion|vedic religion]], [[Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]] and sponsored some of the earliest Tamil literature with the oldest surviving work being [[Tolkāppiyam]], a book of Tamil grammar.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Kamil Zvelebil|title=Comments on the Tolkappiyam Theory of Literature|journal=Archiv Orientální|volume=59|year=1991|pages=345–359}}</ref><br />
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The kingdoms had significant diplomatic and trade contacts with other kingdoms to the north and with the [[Roman Empire|Romans]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Edicts of King Ashoka|url=https://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/ashoka.html|access-date=1 November 2023|publisher=Colorado State University|quote=Everywhere within Beloved-of-the-Gods, King Piyadasi's domain, and among the people beyond the borders, the Cholas, the Pandyas, the [[Velirs|Satyaputras]], the Keralaputras, as far as Tamraparni|archive-date=11 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511083821/http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/ashoka.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Much of the commerce from the Romans and Han China were facilitated via seaports including [[Muziris]] and [[Korkai]] with [[spices]] being the most prized goods along with [[pearls]] and [[silk]].<ref>{{cite book|first=K.A.|last=Neelakanta Sastri|title=A History of South India: From Prehistoric Times To the Fall of Vijayanagar|publisher=Oxford|isbn=978-0-195-60686-7|year=1955|pages=125–127}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://online.ucpress.edu/gastronomica/issue/7/2|title=The Medieval Spice Trade and the Diffusion of the Chile|date=26 October 2021|journal=Gastronomica|volume=7|access-date=31 January 2021|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026111301/https://online.ucpress.edu/gastronomica/issue/7/2|url-status=live}}</ref> From 300&nbsp;CE, the region was ruled by the [[Kalabhras]], warriors belonging to the [[Vellalar]] community, who were once feudatories of the three ancient Tamil kingdoms.<ref>{{cite book|last=Chakrabarty|first=D.K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EIAyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT84|title=The Geopolitical Orbits of Ancient India: The Geographical Frames of the Ancient Indian Dynasties|publisher=Oxford|year=2010|isbn=978-0-199-08832-4|page=84|access-date=23 December 2023|archive-date=4 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004104153/https://books.google.com/books?id=EIAyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT84|url-status=live}}</ref> The Kalabhra era is referred to as the "dark period" of Tamil history, and information about it is generally inferred from any mentions in the literature and inscriptions that are dated many centuries after their era ended.<ref>{{cite book|author=T.V. Mahalingam|title=Proceedings of the Second Annual Conference|year=1981|publisher=South Indian History Congress|pages=28–34}}</ref> The twin Tamil epics [[Cilappatikaram]] and [[Manimekalai]] were written during the era.<ref>{{cite book|title=Ancient Tamil Country: Its Social and Economic Structure|author=S. Sundararajan|publisher=Navrang, 1991|page=233}}</ref> Tamil classic [[Tirukkural]] by [[Thiruvalluvar]], a collection of couplets is attributed to the same period.<ref>{{cite book|title=Tamil Culture as Revealed in Tirukkural|author=Iḷacai Cuppiramaṇiyapiḷḷai Muttucāmi|publisher=Makkal Ilakkia Publications|page=137|year=1994}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Social Philosophy of Tirukkural|first=Subramania|last=Gopalan|publisher=Affiliated East-West Press|page=53|year=1979}}</ref><br />
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=== Medieval era (4th–13th century CE) ===<br />
[[File:Five Rathas - Mahabalipuram.jpg|thumb|[[Rock cut]] monuments in [[Mahabalipuram]] built by the [[Pallavas]]]]<br />
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Around the 7th century CE, the Kalabhras were overthrown by the Pandyas and Cholas, who patronised Buddhism and Jainism before the revival of [[Saivism]] and [[Vaishnavism]] during the [[Bhakti movement]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Sastri|first=K.A. Nilakanta|title=A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar|orig-date=1955|year=2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-0-195-60686-7|page=333}}</ref> Though they existed previously, the period saw the rise of the [[Pallavas]] in the sixth century CE under [[Mahendravarman I]], who ruled parts of [[South India]] with [[Kanchipuram]] as their capital.<ref>{{cite book|last=Francis|first=Emmanuel|title=The Encyclopedia of Ancient History |chapter=Pallavas |date=28 October 2021 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119399919.eahaa00499 |pages=1–4|doi=10.1002/9781119399919.eahaa00499|isbn=978-1-119-39991-9|s2cid=240189630|access-date=23 December 2023|archive-date=28 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328171504/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781119399919.eahaa00499|url-status=live}}</ref> The Pallavas were noted for their patronage of architecture: the massive [[gopuram]], ornate towers at the entrance of temples, originated with the [[Pallava architecture]]. They built the group of [[Rock cut|rock-cut]] monuments in [[Mahabalipuram]] and temples in [[Kanchipuram]].<ref name="UNC"/> Throughout their reign, the Pallavas remained in constant conflict with the Cholas and Pandyas. The Pandyas were revived by [[Kadungon]] towards the end of the 6th century CE and with the Cholas in obscurity in [[Uraiyur]], the Tamil country was divided between the Pallavas and the Pandyas.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Pandya dynasty|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pandya-dynasty|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=5 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005225758/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pandya-dynasty/|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Aparajitavarman|Pallavas]] were finally defeated by Chola prince [[Aditya I]] in the 9th century CE.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Pallavas|first=Gabriel|last=Jouveau-Dubreuil|journal=Asian Educational Services|year=1995|page=83}}</ref><br />
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[[File:Rajendra map new.svg|thumb|left|The [[Chola Empire]] at its greatest extent, during the reign of [[Rajendra Chola I]] in 1030]]<br />
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The Cholas became the dominant kingdom in the 9th century under [[Vijayalaya Chola]], who established [[Thanjavur]] as Chola's new capital with further expansions by subsequent rulers. In the 11th century CE, [[Rajaraja I]] expanded the Chola Empire with conquests of entire Southern India and parts of present-day [[Sri Lanka]] and [[Maldives]], and increased Chola influence across the [[Indian Ocean]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Coins of the Cholas|publisher=Numismatic Society of India|first=Charles Hubert|last=Biddulph|year=1964|page=34}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Atlas of the year 1000|publisher=Harvard University Press|author=John Man|year=1999|page=104|isbn=978-0-674-54187-0}}</ref> Rajaraja brought in administrative reforms including the reorganisation of Tamil country into individual administrative units.<ref>{{cite book|title=From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|first=Upinder|last=Singh|year=2008|isbn=978-8-131-71120-0|publisher=Pearson Education|page=590}}</ref> Under his son [[Rajendra Chola I]], the Chola Empire reached its zenith and stretched as far as [[Bengal]] in the north and across the Indian Ocean.<ref>{{cite book|last=Thapar|first=Romila|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gyiqZKDlSBMC|title=The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300|publisher=Penguin Books|year=2003|isbn=978-0-143-02989-2|location=New Delhi|pages=364–365|language=|orig-date=2002|access-date=23 December 2023|archive-date=28 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328171526/https://books.google.com/books?id=gyiqZKDlSBMC|url-status=live}}</ref> The Cholas built many temples in the [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian]] style with the most notable being the [[Brihadisvara Temple]] at Thanjavur, one of the foremost temples of the era built by Rajaraja, and [[Gangaikonda Cholapuram]], built by Rajendra.<ref name="Great Living Chola Temples">{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/250/|title=Great Living Chola Temples|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=12 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912082313/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/250/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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The Pandyas again reigned supreme early in the 13th century under [[Maravarman Sundara Pandyan|Maravarman Sundara I]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Aiyangar|first=Sakkottai Krishnaswami|title=South India and her Muhammadan Invaders|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1921|place=Chennai|page=44}}</ref> They ruled from their capital of [[Madurai]] and expanded trade links with other maritime empires.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sen|first=Sailendra Nath|title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization|date=1999|publisher=New Age International|isbn=978-8-122-41198-0|page=458|language=en}}</ref> During the 13th century, [[Marco Polo]] mentioned the Pandyas as the richest empire in existence. The Pandyas also built a number of temples including the [[Meenakshi Amman Temple]] at Madurai.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Meenaskshi-Amman-Temple|title=Meenakshi Amman Temple|date=30 November 2023|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=[[Britannica]]|archive-date=23 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223062718/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Meenaskshi-Amman-Temple|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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=== Vijayanagar and Nayak period (14th–17th century CE) ===<br />
In the 13th and 14th centuries, there were repeated attacks from [[Delhi Sultanate]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Cynthia Talbot|title=Precolonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pfAKljlCJq0C&pg=PA281|year=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-198-03123-9|pages=281–282}}</ref> The [[Vijayanagara empire|Vijayanagara kingdom]] was founded in {{CE|1336}}.<ref>{{cite book|first1=David|last1=Gilmartin|first2=Bruce B.|last2=Lawrence|title=Beyond Turk and Hindu: Rethinking Religious Identities in Islamicate South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ZhT5Ilq5kAC&pg=PA321|year=2000|publisher=University Press of Florida|isbn=978-0-813-03099-9|pages=300–306, 321–322}}</ref> The Vijayanagara empire eventually conquered the entire Tamil country by {{circa|1370}} and ruled for almost two centuries until its defeat in the [[Battle of Talikota]] in 1565 by a confederacy of [[Deccan sultanates]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Kanhaiya L|last=Srivastava|title=The position of Hindus under the Delhi Sultanate, 1206–1526|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-cMgAAAAMAAJ|year=1980|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal|page=202|isbn=978-8-121-50224-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|doi=10.1017/CHOL9780521254847.006|chapter=Rama Raya (1484–1565): élite mobility in a Persianized world|title=A Social History of the Deccan, 1300–1761|year=2005|pages=78–104|isbn=978-0-521-25484-7}}</ref><br />
Later, the [[Nayak dynasty|Nayaks]], who were the military governors in the Vijaynagara Empire, took control of the region amongst whom the [[Nayaks of Madurai]] and [[Nayaks of Thanjavur]] were the most prominent.<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Eugene F. Irschick]]|title=Politics and Social Conflict in South India|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|year=1969|page=8|isbn=978-0-520-00596-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Balendu Sekaram|first=Kandavalli|title=The Nayaks of Madurai|date=1975|publisher=Andhra Pradesh Sahithya Akademi|location=Hyderabad|language=English|oclc=4910527}}</ref> They introduced the [[Polygar|palayakkararar]] system and re-constructed some of the well-known temples in Tamil Nadu including the Meenakshi Temple in Madurai.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bayly|first=Susan|title=Saints, Goddesses and Kings: Muslims and Christians in South Indian Society, 1700–1900|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2004|isbn=978-0-521-89103-5|edition=Reprinted|page=48}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Later conflicts and European colonisation (17th to 20th century CE) ===<br />
In the 18th century, the [[Mughal Empire]] administered the region through the [[Nawab of the Carnatic]] with his seat at [[Arcot]], who defeated the Madurai Nayaks.<ref>{{cite book|last=Naravane|first=M.S.|title=Battles of the Honourable East India Company|publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation|year=2014|isbn=978-8-131-30034-3|pages=151, 154–158}}</ref> The [[Marathas]] [[Siege of Trichinopoly (1741)|attacked]] several times and defeated the Nawab after the [[Siege of Trichinopoly (1751–1752)]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Ramaswami|first=N. S.|title=Political history of Carnatic under the Nawabs|publisher=Abhinav Publications|year=1984|isbn=978-0-836-41262-8|pages=43–79}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Tony Jaques|title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: F-O|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dh6jydKXikoC|year=2007|publisher=Greenwood|isbn=978-0-313-33538-9|pages=1034–1035|access-date=23 December 2023|archive-date=16 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116054856/https://books.google.com/books?id=Dh6jydKXikoC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Subramanian|first=K. R.|title=The Maratha Rajas of Tanjore|year=1928|publisher=K. R. Subramanian|place=Madras|pages=52–53}}</ref> This led to a short-lived [[Thanjavur Maratha kingdom]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Contributions of Thanjavur Maratha Kings|first=Pratap Sinh Serfoji Raje|last=Bhosle|year=2017|isbn=978-1-948-23095-7|publisher=Notion press|page=3}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Fort Dansborg.JPG|thumb|[[Fort Dansborg]] at [[Tharangambadi]], built by the [[Danes]]]]<br />
<br />
Europeans started to establish trade centres from the 16th century along the eastern coast. The [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portuguese]] arrived in 1522 and built a port named [[São Tomé de Meliapore|São Tomé]] near present-day [[Mylapore]] in Madras.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iias.asia/the-newsletter/article/rhythms-portuguese-presence-bay-bengal|title=Rhythms of the Portuguese presence in the Bay of Bengal|publisher=Indian Institute of Asian Studies|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=7 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207042633/https://www.iias.asia/the-newsletter/article/rhythms-portuguese-presence-bay-bengal|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1609, the [[Dutch people|Dutch]] established a settlement in [[Pulicat]] and the [[Danes]] had their establishment in [[Tharangambadi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://chennaicorporation.gov.in/gcc/about-GCC/about-chennai/origin-and-growth/|title=Origin of the Name Madras|work=Corporation of Madras|access-date=25 January 2023|archive-date=6 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406202458/https://chennaicorporation.gov.in/gcc/about-GCC/about-chennai/origin-and-growth/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Danish flavour|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2622/stories/20091106262211800.htm|access-date=5 August 2013|newspaper=Frontline|date=6 November 2009|location=India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060423/http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2622/stories/20091106262211800.htm|archive-date=21 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> On 20 August 1639, Francis Day of the [[British East India Company]] met with the Vijayanager emperor [[Peda Venkata Raya]] and obtained a grant for land on the Coromandel coast for their trading activities.<ref>{{cite book|title=Symbols of Substance: Court and State in Nayaka Period Tamilnadu|publisher=Oxford University Press, Delhi|year=1998|first1=Velcheru Narayana|last1=Rao|first2=David|last2=Shulman|first3=Sanjay|last3=Subrahmanyam|isbn=978-0-195-64399-2|page=xix, 349 p., [16] p. of plates: ill., maps; 22&nbsp;cm}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3HCbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA583|title=Facets of Contemporary History|last1=Thilakavathy|first1=M.|last2=Maya|first2=R. K.|date=5 June 2019|publisher=MJP Publisher|page=583|access-date=23 December 2023|archive-date=3 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603082111/https://books.google.com/books?id=3HCbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA583#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mXgSDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA180|title=Christianity in India: From Beginnings to the Present|last=Frykenberg|first=Robert Eric|date=26 June 2008|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-198-26377-7|access-date=23 December 2023|archive-date=3 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603082100/https://books.google.com/books?id=mXgSDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA180#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> A year later, the company built [[Fort St. George]], the first major English settlement in India, which became the nucleus of the [[British Raj]] in the region.<ref>{{cite book|title=A short history of the world|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3QZXvUhGwhAC|publisher=Helicon publishing Ltd.|page=277|year=1997|author=Roberts J. M.|isbn=978-0-195-11504-8|access-date=11 August 2020|archive-date=3 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603081944/https://books.google.com/books?id=3QZXvUhGwhAC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Wagret|first=Paul|title=Nagel's encyclopedia-guide|publisher=Nagel Publishers|location=Geneva|year=1977|series=India, Nepal|page=556|isbn=978-2-826-30023-6|oclc=4202160}}</ref> By 1693, the [[French people|French]] established trading posts at [[Pondichéry]]. In September 1746, the French captured Madras during the [[Battle of Madras]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Keay |first=John |title=The Honourable Company: A History of the English East India Company |publisher=Harper Collins|year=1993|pages=31–36}}</ref> The British regained control of Madras in 1749 through the [[Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)|Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle]] and resisted a [[Siege of Madras|French siege attempt]] in 1759.<ref>{{cite news|title=Madras Miscellany: When Pondy was wasted|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/Madras-Miscellany-When-Pondy-was-wasted/article15719768.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=21 November 2010|last=S.|first=Muthiah|access-date=28 December 2022|archive-date=1 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501074741/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/Madras-Miscellany-When-Pondy-was-wasted/article15719768.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=A global chronology of conflict|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h5_tSnygvbIC&pg=PA756|publisher=ABC—CLIO|page=756|year=2010|first=Spencer C.|last=Tucker|isbn=978-1-851-09667-1|access-date=23 December 2023|archive-date=3 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603082105/https://books.google.com/books?id=h5_tSnygvbIC&pg=PA756|url-status=live}}</ref> The British and French competed to expand the trade which led to [[Battle of Wandiwash]] in 1760 as part of the [[Seven Years' War]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historynet.com/seven-years-war-battle-of-wandiwash.htm|title=Seven Years' War: Battle of Wandiwash|work=History Net: Where History Comes Alive – World & US History Online|access-date=16 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518102613/http://www.historynet.com/seven-years-war-battle-of-wandiwash.htm|archive-date=18 May 2015|url-status=live|date=21 August 2006}}</ref> The Nawabs of the Carnatic surrendered much of their territory to the British East India Company in the north and bestowed tax revenue collection rights in the South, which led to constant conflicts with the Palaiyakkarars known as the [[Polygar Wars]]. [[Puli Thevar]] was one of the earliest opponents, joined later by [[Rani Velu Nachiyar]] of [[Sivagangai]] and [[Kattabomman]] of Panchalakurichi in the first series of Polygar wars.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=108691|title=Velu Nachiyar, India's Joan of Arc|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 January 2024|archive-date=27 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727120955/https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=108691|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Yang|first=Anand A|title=Bandits and Kings:Moral Authority and Resistance in Early Colonial India|doi=10.1017/S0021911807001234|jstor=20203235|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|volume=66|issue=4|pages=881–896|year=2007 | issn = 0021-9118 }}</ref> The [[Maruthu brothers]] along with [[Oomaithurai]], the brother of Kattabomman, formed a coalition with [[Dheeran Chinnamalai]] and Kerala Varma [[Pazhassi Raja]], which fought the British in the Second Polygar War.<ref>{{cite book|last=Caldwell|first=Robert|title=A Political and General History of the District of Tinnevelly, in the Presidency of Madras|publisher=Government Press|date=1881|pages=195–222}}</ref> In the later 18th century, the [[Mysore kingdom]] captured parts of the region and engaged in constant fighting with the British which culminated in the four [[Anglo-Mysore War]]s.<ref>{{cite book|title=History of Modern India: 1707 A.D. to 2000 A.D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MS_jrForJOoC&pg=PA94|publisher=Atlantic Publishers and Distributors|page=94|year=2002|author=Radhey Shyam Chaurasia|isbn=978-8-126-90085-5|access-date=23 December 2023|archive-date=3 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603082104/https://books.google.com/books?id=MS_jrForJOoC&pg=PA94#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Fort St. George, Chennai.jpg|left|thumb|An 18th-century coloured [[engraving]] of [[Fort St. George]] and Madras]]<br />
<br />
By the 18th century, the British had conquered most of the region and established the [[Madras Presidency]] with Madras as the capital.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Madras-Presidency|title=Madras Presidency|encyclopedia=Britannica|access-date=12 October 2015|archive-date=17 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017071545/https://www.britannica.com/place/Madras-Presidency|url-status=live}}</ref> After the defeat of Mysore in the [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]] in 1799 and the British victory in the second Polygar war in 1801, the British consolidated most of southern India into what was later known as the [[Madras Presidency]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Naravane|first=M. S.|title=Battles of the Honourable East India Company: Making of the Raj|place=New Delhi|publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation|year=2014|isbn=978-8-131-30034-3|pages=172–181}}</ref> On 10 July 1806, the [[Vellore mutiny]], which was the first instance of a large-scale mutiny by Indian sepoys against the British East India Company, took place in [[Vellore Fort]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article/july-1806-vellore/231918|title=July, 1806 Vellore|date=17 July 2006|work=Outlook|access-date=16 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904023012/http://www.outlookindia.com/article/july-1806-vellore/231918|archive-date=4 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/624875/Vellore-Mutiny|first=Kenneth|last=Pletcher|title=Vellore Mutiny|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=16 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501053701/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/624875/Vellore-Mutiny|archive-date=1 May 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> After the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], the [[British Parliament]] passed the [[Government of India Act 1858]], which transferred the governance of India from the East India Company to the British crown, forming the [[British Raj]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Adcock|first=C.S.|title=The Limits of Tolerance: Indian Secularism and the Politics of Religious Freedom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DvMVDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA23|pages=23–25|year=2013|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-199-99543-1}}</ref><br />
<br />
Failure of the summer monsoons and administrative shortcomings of the [[Ryotwari]] system resulted in two severe famines in the Madras Presidency, the [[Great Famine of 1876–1878]] and the [[Indian famine of 1896–1897]] which killed millions and the migration of many Tamils as bonded labourers to other British countries eventually forming the present [[Tamil diaspora]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/the-great-famine-of-madras-and-the-men-who-made-it/article5045883.ece|title=The great famine of Madras and the men who made it|first=B.|last=Kolappan|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=22 August 2013|access-date=9 May 2021|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509042855/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/the-great-famine-of-madras-and-the-men-who-made-it/article5045883.ece|url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Indian Independence movement]] gathered momentum in the early 20th century with the formation of the [[Indian National Congress]], which was based on an idea propagated by the members of the [[Theosophical Society]] movement after a Theosophical convention held in Madras in December 1884.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sitaramayya|first=Pattabhi|year=1935|title=The History of the Indian National Congress|publisher=Working Committee of the Congress|page=11}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/73b4862g?display=all|title=Theosophy and the Origins of the Indian National Congress|last=Bevir|first=Mark|journal=International Journal of Hindu Studies|publisher=University of California|year=2003|volume=7|issue=1–3|pages=14–18|doi=10.1007/s11407-003-0005-4|s2cid=54542458|quote="Theosophical Society provided the framework for action within which some of its Indian and British members worked to form the Indian National Congress."|access-date=23 December 2023|archive-date=30 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630205548/http://escholarship.org/uc/item/73b4862g?display=all|url-status=live}}</ref> Tamil Nadu was the base of various contributors to the Independence movement including [[V. O. Chidambaram Pillai]], [[Subramaniya Siva]] and [[Bharatiyar]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/subramania-bharati-the-poet-and-the-patriot/article37912151.ece|title=Subramania Bharati: The poet and the patriot|date=9 December 2019|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=14 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614110344/https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/subramania-bharati-the-poet-and-the-patriot/article37912151.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The Tamils formed a significant percentage of the members of the [[Indian National Army]] (INA), founded by [[Subhas Chandra Bose]].<ref>{{cite news|date=7 November 2023|title=An inspiring saga of the Tamil diaspora's contribution to India's freedom struggle|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/an-inspiring-saga-of-the-tamil-diasporas-contribution-to-indias-freedom-struggle/article67510190.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=15 November 2023|archive-date=31 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331152818/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/an-inspiring-saga-of-the-tamil-diasporas-contribution-to-indias-freedom-struggle/article67510190.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Post-Independence (1947–present) ===<br />
After the [[Independence of India]] in 1947, the Madras Presidency became [[Madras state]], comprising present-day Tamil Nadu and parts of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Karnataka]] and [[Kerala]]. [[Andhra state]] was split from the state in 1953 and the state was further reorganised when states were redrawn linguistically in [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956|1956]] into the current shape.<ref>{{cite act|url=https://lddashboard.legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1953-30_0.pdf|title=Andhra State Act, 1953|date=14 September 1953|legislature=[[Madras Legislative Assembly]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite act|url=https://interstatecouncil.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/states_reorganisation_act.pdf|title=States Reorganisation Act, 1956|date=14 September 1953|legislature=[[Parliament of India]]|access-date=1 May 2024}}</ref> On 14 January 1969, Madras state was renamed Tamil Nadu, meaning "Tamil country".<ref>{{cite news |date=6 July 2023 |title=Tracing the demand to rename Madras State as Tamil Nadu |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tracing-the-demand-to-rename-madras-state-as-tamil-nadu/article66347708.ece |access-date=1 December 2023 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228032145/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tracing-the-demand-to-rename-madras-state-as-tamil-nadu/article66347708.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Sundari|first1=S.|year=2007|title=Migrant women and urban labour market: concepts and case studies|page=105|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uMlVGtjbcSIC&q=madras+state+became+Tamilnadu&pg=PA105|isbn=978-8-176-29966-4|access-date=20 October 2020|archive-date=22 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822035218/https://books.google.com/books?id=uMlVGtjbcSIC&q=madras+state+became+Tamilnadu&pg=PA105|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1965, [[Anti-Hindi agitations|agitations]] against the [[imposition of Hindi]] and in support of continuing English as a medium of communication arose which eventually led to English being retained as an official language of India alongside Hindi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Chennai says it in Hindi|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/chennai-says-it-in-hindi/|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=14 August 2011|author=V. Shoba|access-date=28 December 2022|archive-date=30 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430174614/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/chennai-says-it-in-hindi/|url-status=live}}</ref> After independence, the economy of Tamil Nadu conformed to a [[socialist]] framework, with strict governmental control over [[private sector]] participation, [[foreign trade]], and [[foreign direct investment]]. After experiencing fluctuations in the decades immediately after Indian independence, the economy of Tamil Nadu consistently exceeded national average growth rates from the 1970s, due to [[Economic reforms in India|reform-oriented]] economic policies.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.icrier.org/pdf/wp144.pdf|title=Economic Growth in Indian States|publisher=Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations|first=K.L.|last=Krishna|date=September 2004|access-date=22 July 2015|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032647/http://www.icrier.org/pdf/wp144.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In the 2000s, the state has become one of the most urbanised states in the country with a higher [[List of Indian states and union territories by Human Development Index|Human Development Index]] compared to national average.<ref name="DG"/><br />
<br />
== Environment ==<br />
=== Geography ===<br />
{{Main|Geography of Tamil Nadu}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Tamil Nadu topo deutsch mit Gebirgen.png|thumb|Topographic map of Tamil Nadu]]<br />
<br />
Tamil Nadu covers an area of {{convert|130058|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}} and is the tenth-largest state in India.<ref name="DG"/> Located on the south-eastern coast of the [[Indian peninsula]], Tamil Nadu is straddled by the [[Western Ghats]] and [[Deccan Plateau]] in the west, the [[Eastern Ghats]] in the north, the [[Eastern Coastal Plains]] lining the [[Bay of Bengal]] in the east, the [[Gulf of Mannar]] and the [[Palk Strait]] to the south-east, and the [[Laccadive Sea]] at the southern [[Cape (geography)|cape]] of the peninsula.<ref>{{cite book|title=Chambers's Concise Gazetteer of the World|page=353|year=1907|publisher=W.& R.Chambers|first=David|last=Patrick}}</ref> Politically, Tamil Nadu is bound by the Indian states of [[Kerala]], [[Karnataka]], and [[Andhra Pradesh]], and the [[union territory]] of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]. It shares an international [[maritime border]] with the [[Northern Province, Sri Lanka|Northern Province]] of [[Sri Lanka]] at [[Pamban Island]]. The [[Palk Strait]] and the chain of low sandbars and islands known as [[Rama's Bridge]] separate the region from [[Sri Lanka]], which lies off the southeastern coast.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Adam's bridge|url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9003680|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|year=2007|access-date=1 January 2016|archive-date=13 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080113002452/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9003680|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/srilanka.pdf|title=Map of Sri Lanka with Palk Strait and Palk Bay|publisher=UN|access-date=1 January 2016|archive-date=17 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117132426/http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/srilanka.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The southernmost tip of mainland India is at [[Kanyakumari]] where the Indian Ocean meets the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/tamil-nadu/kanyakumari-cape-comorin|title=Kanyakumari alias Cape Comorin|publisher=Lonely Planet|access-date=1 January 2016|archive-date=3 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103130726/https://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/tamil-nadu/kanyakumari-cape-comorin|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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[[File:Western Ghats Gobi.jpg|thumb|left|[[Western Ghats]] traverse along the western border of Tamil Nadu]]<br />
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The Western Ghats run south along the western boundary with the highest peak at [[Doddabetta]] ({{convert|2636|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}) in the [[Nilgiri Hills]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v403/n6772/fig_tab/403853a0_T6.html|title=Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities|journal=Nature|year=2000|doi=10.1038/35002501|access-date=16 November 2013|last1=Myers|first1=Norman|last2=Mittermeier|first2=Russell A.|last3=Mittermeier|first3=Cristina G.|last4=Da Fonseca|first4=Gustavo A. B.|last5=Kent|first5=Jennifer|volume=403|issue=6772|pages=853–858|pmid=10706275|bibcode=2000Natur.403..853M|s2cid=4414279|archive-date=9 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131009072333/http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v403/n6772/fig_tab/403853a0_T6.html|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Southern India: its history, people, commerce, and industrial resources|last1=Playne|first1=Somerset|last2=Bond|first2=J. W|last3=Wright|first3=Arnold|year=2004|publisher=Asian Educational Service|oclc=58540809|page=417}}</ref> The [[Eastern Ghats]] run parallel to the Bay of Bengal along the eastern coast and the strip of land between them forms the [[Coromandel Coast|Coromandel]] region.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Eastern-Ghats|title=Eastern Ghats|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=2 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702092046/https://www.britannica.com/place/Eastern-Ghats|url-status=live}}</ref> They are a discontinuous range of mountains intersected by [[Kaveri river]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the World's Biomes|year=2020|isbn=978-0-128-16097-8|publisher=Elsevier Science|first1=Dominick A.|last1=DellaSala|first2=Michael I.|last2=Goldstei|page=546|location=Amsterdam}}</ref> Both mountain ranges meet at the [[Nilgiris (mountains)|Nilgiri]] mountains which run in a crescent approximately along the borders of Tamil Nadu with northern Kerala and Karnataka, extending to the relatively low-lying hills of the Eastern Ghats on the western portion of the Tamil Nadu–Andhra Pradesh border.<ref>{{cite book|last=Eagan|first=J. S. C|title=The Nilgiri Guide And Directory|url=https://archive.org/details/nilgiriguideandd031416mbp|publisher=S.P.C.K. Press|location=Chennai|isbn=978-1-149-48220-9|year=1916|page=30}}</ref> The [[Deccan Plateau]] is the elevated region bound by the mountain ranges and the plateau slopes gently from west to east resulting in major rivers arising in the Western Ghats and flowing east into the Bay of Bengal.<ref>{{cite book|title=Indian Journal of Earth Sciences|publisher=Indian Journal of Earth Sciences|first=Mihir|last=Bose|year=1977|page=21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://era-india.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/ERA-East-Deccan-Moist-Deciduous-forests.pdf|title=Eastern Deccan Plateau Moist Forests|publisher=Ecological Restoration Alliance|access-date=5 January 2007|archive-date=3 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603083113/https://era-india.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/ERA-East-Deccan-Moist-Deciduous-forests.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Jadoan|first=Atar Singh|title=Military Geography of South-East Asia|publisher=Anmol Publications|date=September 2001|isbn=978-8-126-11008-7}}</ref> The [[coastline of Tamil Nadu]] is {{convert|1076|km|abbr=on}} long, and is the second longest state [[coastline]] in the country after [[Gujarat]].<ref name=Info>{{cite web|url=http://iomenvis.nic.in/index3.aspx?sslid=882&subsublinkid=111&langid=1&mid=1|title=Centre for Coastal Zone Management and Coastal Shelter Belt|publisher=Institute for Ocean Management, Anna University Chennai|access-date=22 March 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402110439/http://iomenvis.nic.in/index3.aspx?sslid=882&subsublinkid=111&langid=1&mid=1|url-status=live}}</ref> There are [[coral reef]]s located in the Gulf of Mannar and Lakshadweep islands.<ref>{{cite book|title=Coral Reefs of the World: Indian Ocean, Red Sea and Gulf|year=1988|page=84|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme|first1=Martin|last1=Jenkins}}</ref> Tamil Nadu's coastline was permanently altered by the [[Indian Ocean tsunami]] in 2004.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.gdrc.org/uem/disasters/disenvi/tsunami.html|title=The Indian Ocean Tsunami and its Environmental Impacts|publisher=Global Development Research Center|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=11 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211164107/http://www.gdrc.org/uem/disasters/disenvi/tsunami.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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=== Geology ===<br />
Tamil Nadu falls mostly in a region of low seismic hazard with the exception of the western border areas that lie in a low to moderate hazard zone; as per the 2002 Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) map, Tamil Nadu falls in Zones II and III.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asc-india.org/maps/hazard/haz-tamil-nadu.htm|title=Tamil Nadu Hazard Zone map|publisher=Amateur Seismic Centre, Pune|date=30 March 2007|access-date=10 September 2012|archive-date=17 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717015554/http://asc-india.org/maps/hazard/haz-tamil-nadu.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The volcanic [[basalt]] beds of the Deccan plateau were laid down in the massive [[Deccan Traps]] eruption, which occurred towards the end of the [[Cretaceous]] period, between 67 and 66 million years ago.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://newsoffice.mit.edu/2014/volcanic-eruption-dinosaur-extinction-1211|title=What really killed the dinosaurs?|publisher=MIT|first1=Jennifer|last1=Chu|date=11 December 2014|access-date=28 August 2023|archive-date=26 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226120208/http://newsoffice.mit.edu/2014/volcanic-eruption-dinosaur-extinction-1211|url-status=live}}</ref> Layer after layer was formed by the volcanic activity that lasted many years and when the volcanoes became extinct, they left a region of highlands with typically vast stretches of flat areas on top like a table.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/154969/Deccan|title=Deccan Plateau|encyclopedia=Britannica|access-date=1 January 2016|archive-date=1 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501005236/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/154969/Deccan|url-status=live}}</ref> The predominant soils of Tamil Nadu are [[red soil|red loam]], [[laterite]], [[chernozem|black]], [[alluvial]] and [[saline soil|saline]]. Red soil, with a higher iron content, occupies a larger portion of the state and all the inland districts. Black soil is found in [[Kongu Nadu|western Tamil Nadu]] and parts of the southern coast. Alluvial soil is found in the fertile Kaveri delta region, with laterite soil found in pockets, and saline soil across the coast where the evaporation is high.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://dolr.gov.in/sites/default/files/TAMILNADU%20STATE%20PERSPECTIVE%20%26%20STRATEGIC%20PLAN.pdf|title=Strategic plan, Tamil Nadu perspective|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|page=20|archive-date=9 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309100229/https://dolr.gov.in/sites/default/files/TAMILNADU%20STATE%20PERSPECTIVE%20%26%20STRATEGIC%20PLAN.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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=== Climate ===<br />
[[File:Koppen-Geiger Map IND present.svg|thumb|Climatic zones of India]]<br />
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The region has a [[tropical climate]] and depends on monsoons for rainfall.<ref>{{cite book|last1=McKnight|first1=Tom L|last2=Hess|first2=Darrel|year=2000|chapter=Climate Zones and Types: The Köppen System|title=Physical Geography: A Landscape Appreciation|pages=[https://archive.org/details/physicalgeographmckn/page/205 205–211]|location=Upper Saddle River, NJ|publisher=Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-130-20263-5|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/physicalgeographmckn|url=https://archive.org/details/physicalgeographmckn/page/205}}</ref> Tamil Nadu is divided into seven agro-climatic zones: northeast, northwest, west, southern, high rainfall, high altitude hilly, and [[Kaveri]] delta.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://farmech.dac.gov.in/FarmerGuide/TN/Introduction.htm|title=Farmers Guide, introduction|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=26 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626154923/https://farmech.dac.gov.in/FarmerGuide/TN/Introduction.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> A [[tropical wet and dry climate]] prevails over most of the inland peninsular region except for a semi-arid [[rain shadow]] east of the Western Ghats. Winter and early summer are long dry periods with temperatures averaging above {{convert|18|°C|°F|0}}; summer is exceedingly hot with temperatures in low-lying areas exceeding {{convert|50|°C|°F|0}}; and the rainy season lasts from June to September, with annual rainfall averaging between {{convert|750|and|1500|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} across the region. Once the dry northeast monsoon begins in September, most precipitation in India falls in Tamil Nadu, leaving other states comparatively dry.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1994174.stm|title=India's heatwave tragedy|work=[[BBC News]]|date=17 May 2002|access-date=20 March 2016|archive-date=31 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331152820/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1994174.stm|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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[[File:India_southwest_summer_monsoon_onset_map_en.svg|thumb|left|Tamil Nadu gets most of the rains from the [[monsoon]]]]<br />
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A [[hot semi-arid climate]] predominates in the land east of the Western Ghats which includes inland south and south central parts of the state and gets between {{convert|400|and|750|mm|1}} of rainfall annually, with hot summers and dry winters with temperatures around {{convert|20|–|24|C|F}}. The months between March and May are hot and dry, with mean monthly temperatures hovering around {{convert|32|C|F}}, with {{convert|320|mm|in|0}} precipitation. Without artificial irrigation, this region is not suitable for agriculture.<ref>{{cite book|last=Caviedes|first=C. N.|title=El Niño in History: Storming Through the Ages|edition=1st|publisher=University Press of Florida|date=18 September 2001|isbn=978-0-813-02099-0}}</ref><br />
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The [[southwest monsoon]] from June to September accounts for most of the rainfall in the west of the region. The Arabian Sea branch of the southwest monsoon hits the Western Ghats from Kerala and moves northward along the [[Konkan coast]], with precipitation on the western region of the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wgbis.ces.iisc.ac.in/biodiversity/sahyadri/wgbis_info/climate.htm|title=Climate of Western Ghats|publisher=Indian Institute of Science|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=21 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521124321/https://wgbis.ces.iisc.ac.in/biodiversity/sahyadri/wgbis_info/climate.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The lofty Western Ghats prevent the winds from reaching the Deccan Plateau; hence, the leeward region (the region deprived of winds) receives very little rainfall.<ref>{{NatGeo ecoregion|id=im0209|name=South Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests|access-date=5 January 2005}}</ref><ref>{{WWF ecoregion|id=im0209|name=South Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests|access-date=5 January 2005}}</ref> The Bay of Bengal branch of the southwest monsoon heads toward northeast India, picking up moisture from the Bay of Bengal. The Coramandel coast does not receive much rainfall from the southwest monsoon, due to the shape of the land.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Indian-monsoon|title=Indian monsoon|publisher=Britannica|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=1 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801140005/https://www.britannica.com/science/Indian-monsoon|url-status=live}}</ref> The northern and eastern parts of Tamil Nadu receive most of their rains from the [[northeast monsoon]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdchennai.gov.in/northeast_monsoon.htm|title=North East Monsoon|publisher=[[Indian Meteorological Department]]|access-date=1 January 2016|archive-date=29 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151229133725/http://www.imdchennai.gov.in/northeast_monsoon.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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The northeast monsoon takes place from November to early March, when the surface [[high-pressure system]] is strongest.<ref>{{cite book|title=Climatology|first1=Robert V.|last1=Rohli|first2=Anthony J.|last2=Vega|page=204|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers|year=2007|isbn=978-0-763-73828-0}}</ref> The [[North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone]]s occur throughout the year in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea, bringing devastating winds and heavy rainfall.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/climatology/annualcd.pdf|title=Annual frequency of cyclonic disturbances over the Bay of Bengal (BOB), Arabian Sea (AS) and land surface of India|publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]]|access-date=1 January 2023|archive-date=23 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623160147/https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/climatology/annualcd.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/cyclone.html|title=The only difference between a hurricane, a cyclone, and a typhoon is the location where the storm occurs|publisher=NOAA|access-date=1 October 2014|archive-date=11 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111165427/https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/cyclone.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The annual rainfall of the state is about {{convert|945|mm|in|abbr=on}} of which 48 per cent is through the northeast monsoon, and 52 per cent through the southwest monsoon. The state has only 3% of the water resources nationally and is entirely dependent on rains for recharging its water resources. Monsoon failures lead to acute [[water scarcity]] and [[2016–17 Drought in Tamil Nadu|severe drought]].<ref>{{cite report|title=Assessment of Recent Droughts in Tamil Nadu|url=https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1057&context=droughtnetnews|publisher=Water Technology Centre, Indian Agricultural Research Institute|date=October 1995|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=23 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223140326/https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1057&context=droughtnetnews|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://dolr.gov.in/sites/default/files/TAMILNADU%20STATE%20PERSPECTIVE%20%26%20STRATEGIC%20PLAN.pdf|title=Strategic plan, Tamil Nadu perspective|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|page=3|archive-date=9 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309100229/https://dolr.gov.in/sites/default/files/TAMILNADU%20STATE%20PERSPECTIVE%20%26%20STRATEGIC%20PLAN.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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=== Flora and fauna ===<br />
{{Main|Wildlife of Tamil Nadu|List of birds of Tamil Nadu}}<br />
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[[File:9113jpg.jpg|thumb|Tamil Nadu has one of the largest population of [[Asian elephant]]s]]<br />
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Forests occupy an area of {{convert|22,643|km2|abbr=on}} constituting 17.4% of the geographic area.<ref name="TNAU"/> There is a wide diversity of plants and animals in Tamil Nadu, resulting from its varied climates and geography. [[South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests|Deciduous forests]] are found along the Western Ghats while [[South Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests|tropical dry forests]] and [[Deccan thorn scrub forests|scrub lands]] are common in the interior.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://fsi.nic.in/isfr19/vol2/isfr-2019-vol-ii-tamilnadu.pdf|title=Forest Survey of Tamil Nadu|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 May 2024|year=2019}}</ref> The southern Western Ghats have rain forests located at high altitudes called the [[South Western Ghats montane rain forests]].<ref>{{cite report|url=https://era-india.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/South-Western-Ghats-Montane-Rainforest.pdf|title=South Western Ghats montane rain forests|publisher=Ecological Restoration Alliance|access-date=15 April 2006|archive-date=9 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309224923/https://era-india.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/South-Western-Ghats-Montane-Rainforest.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The Western Ghats eco-region is one of the eight hottest [[biodiversity hotspot]]s in the world and a UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1342/multiple%3D1%26unique_number%3D1921|title=Western Ghats|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|access-date=21 February 2014|archive-date=18 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130118010253/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1342/multiple%3D1%26unique_number%3D1921|url-status=live}}</ref> There are about 2,000 species of wildlife that are native to Tamil Nadu, 5,640 species of [[angiosperm]]s (including 1,559 species of [[medicinal plant]]s, 533 [[endemic]] species, 260 species of wild relatives of cultivated plants, 230 [[red-listed]] species), 64 species of [[gymnosperm]]s (including four indigenous species and 60 introduced species) and 184 species of [[pteridophyte]]s apart from [[bryophyte]]s, [[lichen]], [[fungi]], [[algae]], and [[bacteria]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tnenvis.nic.in/tnenvis_old/forest.htm|title=Forests of Tamil Nadu|publisher=Environmental Information System (ENVIS)|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=24 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201224000441/http://tnenvis.nic.in/tnenvis_old/forest.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Common plant species include the state tree: [[Borassus flabellifer#Cultural symbolism|palmyra palm]], [[eucalyptus]], rubber, [[cinchona]], clumping bamboos (''[[Bambusa]] arundinacea''), [[Tectona grandis|common teak]], ''[[Anogeissus latifolia]]'', [[Terminalia tomentosa|Indian laurel]], [[grewia]], and blooming trees like [[Indian laburnum]], [[ardisia]], and [[solanaceae]]. Rare and unique plant life includes ''Combretum ovalifolium'', [[ebony]] (''Diospyros nilagrica''), ''[[Habenaria]] rariflora'' (orchid), ''[[Cyathea sect. Alsophila|Alsophila]]'', ''[[Impatiens]] elegans'', ''[[Ranunculus]] reniformis'', and [[Osmunda regalis|royal fern]].<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.environment.tn.gov.in/Document/archives/Biodiversity.pdf|title=Biodiversity, Tamil Nadu Dept. of Forests|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=10 September 2012|archive-date=29 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629090946/https://www.environment.tn.gov.in/Document/archives/Biodiversity.pdf}}</ref><br />
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[[File:A courting male in Eravikulam NP AJTJohnsingh DSCN2997.jpg|thumb|left|[[Nilgiri tahr]], an [[endangered]] animal found only in the [[Nilgiris]], is the state animal]]<br />
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Important ecological regions of Tamil Nadu are the [[Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve]] in the [[Nilgiri Hills]], the [[Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve]] in the [[Agastya Mala]]-[[Cardamom Hills]] and [[Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park|Gulf of Mannar]] coral reefs.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://moef.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/biosphere.pdf|title=Biosphere Reserves in India|publisher=[[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]], [[Government of India]]|date=2019|access-date=5 February 2020|archive-date=5 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205222104/http://moef.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/biosphere.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve]] covers an area of {{cvt|10500|km2}} of ocean, islands and the adjoining coastline including [[coral reef]]s, [[salt marsh]]es and mangroves. It is home to [[endangered]] aquatic species, including [[dolphin]]s, [[dugong]]s, [[whale]]s and [[sea cucumbers]].<ref>{{cite book|page=10|title=Environment impact assessment|first1=J.|last1=Sacratees|first2=R.|last2=Karthigarani|publisher=APH Publishing|year=2008|isbn=978-8-131-30407-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Conservation and Sustainable-use of the Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve's Coastal Biodiversity|date=5 April 2001 |url=https://www.thegef.org/projects-operations/projects/634|publisher=Global Environment Facility|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225102135/https://www.thegef.org/projects-operations/projects/634|url-status=live}}</ref> Bird sanctuaries, including [[Thattekad]], [[Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary|Kadalundi]], [[Vedanthangal]], [[Ranganathittu]], [[Kumarakom Bird Sanctuary|Kumarakom]], [[Neelapattu Sanctuary|Neelapattu]], and [[Pulicat Lake|Pulicat]], are home to numerous migratory and local birds.<ref>{{cite book|title=The birds of southern India, including Madras, Malabar, Travancore, Cochin, Coorg and Mysore|first1=H.R.|last1=Baker|first2=Chas. M.|last2=Inglis|year=1930|publisher=Superintendent, Government Press|place=Chennai}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Birds of Southern India|first1=Richard|last1=Grimmett|first2=Tim|last2=Inskipp|date=30 November 2005|publisher=A&C Black}}</ref><ref name="ENVIS"/><br />
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[[File:Tiger_Drinking_Pond_Mudumalai_Mar21_DSC01310.jpg|thumb|[[Bengal tiger]] at [[Mudumalai National Park]]]]<br />
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Protected areas cover an area of {{convert|3305|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, constituting 2.54% of the geographic area and 15% of the {{convert|22643|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} recorded forest area of the state.<ref name="TNAU">{{cite web|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|url=https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/forestry/forest_wildlife_resources_index.html|title=Forest Wildlife resources|access-date=1 February 2023|archive-date=29 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129055829/https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/forestry/forest_wildlife_resources_index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary]], established in 1936, was India's first [[List of wildlife sanctuaries of India|wildlife sanctuary]].<ref>{{cite web|work=Bird life international|title=Vedanthangal and Karikili Bird Sanctuary|url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/vedanthangal-and-karikili-bird-sanctuary-iba-india|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=18 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318164345/http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/vedanthangal-and-karikili-bird-sanctuary-iba-india|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Mudumalai National Park]] was established later in 1940.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Hegde, R.|author2=Enters, T.|title=Forest products and household economy: a case study from Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary, Southern India|date=2000|journal=Environmental Conservation|volume=27|issue=3|pages=250–259|doi=10.1017/S037689290000028X|bibcode=2000EnvCo..27..250H |s2cid=86160884|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231857621}}</ref> The protected areas are administered by the [[Ministry of Environment and Forests]] of the government of India and the [[Tamil Nadu Forest Department]]. [[Pichavaram]] consists of a number of islands interspersing the [[Vellar River|Vellar]] estuary in the north and [[Coleroon]] estuary in the south with [[mangrove]] forests. The Pichavaram mangrove forests is one of the largest mangrove forests in India covering {{cvt|45|km2}} and supports the existence of rare varieties of economically important shells, fishes and migrant birds.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5446/|title=Pichavaram|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=3 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003014529/https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5446/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.walkthroughindia.com/walkthroughs/top-5-largest-mangrove-and-swamp-forest-in-india|title=Top 5 Largest Mangrove and Swamp Forest in India|date=7 January 2014|publisher=Walk through India|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=16 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816063146/http://www.walkthroughindia.com/walkthroughs/top-5-largest-mangrove-and-swamp-forest-in-india/|url-status=live}}</ref> The state has five [[National parks of India|National Parks]] covering {{convert|307.84|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}{{ndash}}[[Indira Gandhi National Park|Anamalai]], Mudumalai, [[Mukurthi National Park|Mukurthi]], [[Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park|Gulf of Mannar]], a marine national park and [[Guindy National Park|Guindy]], an urban national park within Chennai.<ref name="ENVIS"/> Tamil Nadu has 18 [[Protected areas of India#Wildlife sanctuaries|wildlife sanctuaries]].<ref name="ENVIS"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2023/mar/21/tamil-nadus-18th-wildlife-sanctuary-to-come-up-in-erode-2558036.html|title=Tamil Nadu's 18th wildlife sanctuary to come up in Erode|date=21 March 2023|access-date=24 August 2023|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|archive-date=24 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824135751/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2023/mar/21/tamil-nadus-18th-wildlife-sanctuary-to-come-up-in-erode-2558036.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Tamil Nadu is home to one of the largest populations of endangered [[Bengal tigers]] and [[Indian elephants]] in India.<ref>{{cite book|last=Panwar|first=H. S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YdC-wfyZwZEC&pg=PA110|title=Project Tiger: The reserves, the tigers, and their future|publisher=Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, N.J.|pages=110–117|year=1987|isbn=978-0-815-51133-5|access-date=23 December 2023|archive-date=31 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331152818/https://books.google.com/books?id=YdC-wfyZwZEC&pg=PA110|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Mysore/Project_elephant_status_for_Bhadra_sanctuary/articleshow/4066438.cms|title=Project Elephant Status|date=2 February 2009|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|access-date=24 February 2009|archive-date=2 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140802102040/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Mysore/Project_elephant_status_for_Bhadra_sanctuary/articleshow/4066438.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> There are five declared elephant sanctuaries in Tamil Nadu as per [[Project Elephant]]{{ndash}}Agasthyamalai, [[Anamalai Tiger Reserve|Anamalai]], [[Coimbatore Elephant Reserve|Coimbatore]], Nilgiris and [[Srivilliputhur-Megamalai Tiger Reserve|Srivilliputtur]].<ref name="ENVIS">{{cite web|title=Bio-Diversity and Wild Life in Tamil Nadu|url=http://tnenvis.nic.in/Database/SoilResources_1171.aspx|publisher=ENVIS|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-date=10 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180410055618/http://tnenvis.nic.in/Database/SoilResources_1171.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> Tamil Nadu participates in [[Project Tiger]] and has five declared [[tiger reserves]]{{ndash}}Anamalai, [[Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve|Kalakkad-Mundanthurai]], [[Mudumalai]], [[Sathyamangalam Wildlife Sanctuary|Sathyamangalam]] and Megamalai.<ref name="ENVIS"/><ref name="MOEF">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=44799|title=Eight New Tiger Reserves|date=13 November 2008|work=Press Release|publisher=Ministry of Environment and Forests, Press Information Bureau, Govt. of India|access-date=2009-10-31|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303193258/http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=44799|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Kumar|first=B. Aravind|date=6 February 2021|title=Srivilliputhur–Megamalai Tiger Reserve in TN approved|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/srivilliputhurmegamalai-tiger-reserve-in-tn-approved/article33766578.ece|access-date=28 May 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=19 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419202157/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/srivilliputhurmegamalai-tiger-reserve-in-tn-approved/article33766578.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> There are seventeen declared bird sanctuaries in Tamil Nadu.<ref name="ENVIS"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Migratory birds flock to Vettangudi Sanctuary|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=9 November 2004|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/migratory-birds-flock-to-vettangudi-sanctuary/article27715325.ece|access-date=25 August 2023|archive-date=25 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825122713/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/migratory-birds-flock-to-vettangudi-sanctuary/article27715325.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Kazhuveli wetland in Tamil Nadu declared bird sanctuary|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=7 December 2021|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/tamil-nadu-kazhuveli-wetland-bird-sanctuary-7660209/|access-date=25 August 2023|archive-date=25 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825130556/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/tamil-nadu-kazhuveli-wetland-bird-sanctuary-7660209/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Pichavaram_1.jpg|thumb|left|[[Mangrove]] forests at [[Pichavaram]]]]<br />
<br />
There is one conservation reserve at [[Tiruvidaimarudur Conservation Reserve|Tiruvidaimarudur]] in [[Thanjavur district]]. There are two [[List of protected areas in India#Zoos|zoos]] recognised by the [[Central Zoo Authority of India]] namely [[Arignar Anna Zoological Park]] and [[Madras Crocodile Bank Trust]], both located in [[Chennai]].<ref name="ENVIS"/> The state has other smaller zoos run by local administrative bodies such as [[VOC park and zoo|Coimbatore Zoo]] in [[Coimbatore]], [[Amirthi Zoological Park]] in [[Vellore]], Kurumpampatti Wildlife Park in [[Salem district|Salem]], Yercaud Deer Park in [[Yercaud]], Mukkombu Deer Park in [[Tiruchirapalli district|Tiruchirapalli]] and Ooty Deer Park in [[Nilgiris district|Nilgiris]].<ref name="ENVIS"/> There are five crocodile farms located at [[Amaravathi Dam#Crocodiles|Amaravati]] in [[Coimbatore district]], [[Hogenakkal (village)|Hogenakkal]] in [[Dharmapuri district]], Kurumbapatti in [[Salem district]], [[Madras Crocodile Bank Trust]] in [[Chennai]] and [[Sathanur Reservoir|Sathanur]] in [[Tiruvannamalai district]].<ref name="ENVIS"/> Threatened and endangered species found in the region include the [[grizzled giant squirrel]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tamilnadutourism.com/wildlife/grizzled-squirrel-sanctuary.php|title=Grizzled Squirrel Wildlife Sanctuary|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=2 February 2023|archive-date=8 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208034129/https://www.tamilnadutourism.com/wildlife/grizzled-squirrel-sanctuary.php|url-status=live}}</ref> [[grey slender loris]],<ref>{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=M.|last2=Lindburg|first2=D.G.|last3=Udhayan|first3=A.|last4= Kumar|first4=M.A.|last5=Kumara|first5=H.N.|year=1999|title=Status survey of slender loris Loris tardigradus lydekkerianus|publisher=Oryx|pages=31–37}}</ref> [[sloth bear]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Daroji-an ecological destination|last=Kottur|first=Samad|publisher=Drongo|year=2012|isbn=978-9-3508-7269-7}}</ref> [[Nilgiri tahr]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/nilgiri-tahr-population-over-3000-wwfindia/article7717561.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|title=Nilgiri tahr population over 3,000: WWF-India|date=3 October 2015|access-date=19 March 2016|archive-date=8 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208090051/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/nilgiri-tahr-population-over-3000-wwfindia/article7717561.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Nilgiri langur]],<ref>{{cite report|last1=Malviya|first1=M.|last2=Srivastav|first2=A.|last3=Nigam|first3=P.|last4=Tyagi|first4=P.C.|title=Indian National Studbook of Nilgiri Langur (''Trachypithecus johnii'')|url=https://www.cza.nic.in/Nilgiri%20Langur%20studbook.pdf|year=2011|publisher=[[Wildlife Institute of India]], Dehradun and [[Central Zoo Authority]], New Delhi|access-date=19 March 2016|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023432/http://www.cza.nic.in/Nilgiri%20Langur%20studbook.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> [[lion-tailed macaque]],<ref>{{cite iucn|author=Singh, M.|author2=Kumar, A.|author3=Kumara, H.N.|date=2020|title=''Macaca silenus''|volume=2020|article-number=e.T12559A17951402|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T12559A17951402.en|access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref> and the [[Indian leopard]].<ref>{{cite iucn|author=Stein, A.B.|author2=Athreya, V.|author3=Gerngross, P.|author4=Balme, G.|author5=Henschel, P.|author6=Karanth, U.|author7=Miquelle, D.|author8=Rostro-Garcia, S.|author9=Kamler, J.F.|author10=Laguardia, A.|author11=Khorozyan, I.|author12=Ghoddousi, A.|date=2020|title=''Panthera pardus''|volume=2020|article-number=e.T15954A163991139|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T15954A163991139.en|access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:left;" style="font-size: 85%"<br />
|+Symbols of Tamil Nadu<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wiienvis.nic.in/KidsCentre/state_symbols_india_8411.aspx|title=State Symbols of India|publisher=Ministry of Environment, Forests & Climate Change, Government of India|access-date=30 August 2023|archive-date=22 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922102907/https://wiienvis.nic.in/KidsCentre/state_symbols_india_8411.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tnbb.tn.gov.in/state-symbol.php|title=Symbols of Tamil Nadu|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=12 August 2023|archive-date=31 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331152841/https://tnbb.tn.gov.in/state-symbol.php|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
!Animal<br />
!Bird<br />
!Butterfly <br />
!Tree<br />
!Fruit<br />
!Flower<br />
|-<br />
|[[Nilgiri tahr]] (''Nilgiritragus hylocrius'')<br />
|[[Emerald dove]] (''Chalcophaps indica'')<br />
|[[Tamil Yeoman]] (''Cirrochroa thais'')<br />
|[[Borassus flabellifer|Palmyra palm]] (''Borassus flabellifer'')<br />
|[[Jackfruit]] (''Artocarpus heterophyllus'')<br />
|[[Gloriosa superba|Glory lily]] (''Gloriosa superba'')<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Administration and politics ==<br />
=== Administration ===<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="float:right; clear:right; margin-right:1em"<br />
|+ Administrative officials<br />
|-<br />
!Title<br />
!Name<br />
|-<br />
|[[Governor of Tamil Nadu|Governor]]<br />
|[[Rajendra Arlekar]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/new-governors-in-states-ut-tns-ravi-replaces-bose-in-bengal-ahead-of-polls-hasnain-for-bihar-sandhu-gets-delhi-10566960/|title=New Governors in states, UT: TN’s Ravi replaces Bose in Bengal ahead of polls, Hasnain for Bihar, Sandhu gets Delhi|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=6 March 2026|access-date=6 March 2026}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|Chief minister]]<br />
|[[M. K. Stalin]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/mk-stalin-sworn-in-as-chief-minister-of-tamil-nadu/article34504106.ece|title=MK Stalin sworn in as Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|access-date=23 June 2021|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=7 May 2021|archive-date=23 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623181732/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/mk-stalin-sworn-in-as-chief-minister-of-tamil-nadu/article34504106.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Madras High Court|Chief Justice]]<br />
|[[S. A. Dharmadhikari]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/centre-notifies-appointment-of-justice-sa-dharmadhikari-as-madras-high-court-chief-justice-525367|title=Centre Notifies Appointment Of Justice SA Dharmadhikari As Madras High Court Chief Justice|work=Live Law|date=5 March 2026|access-date=6 March 2026}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
{{Further|Local government in Tamil Nadu|List of departments of the government of Tamil Nadu}}<br />
Chennai is the capital of the state and houses the [[Government of Tamil Nadu|state executive]], [[legislative]] and [[High Courts of India|head of judiciary]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Tamil-Nadu|title=Tamil Nadu|publisher=[[Britannica]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=20 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120141242/https://www.britannica.com/place/Tamil-Nadu|url-status=live}}</ref> The administration of the state government functions through various secretariat departments. There are 43 departments of the state and the departments have further sub-divisions which may govern various undertakings and boards.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/department|title=List of Departments|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=31 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331152823/https://www.tn.gov.in/department|url-status=live}}</ref> The state is divided into 38 [[Districts of Tamil Nadu|districts]], each of which is administered by a [[District Collector]], who is an officer of the [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) appointed to the district by the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]. For land revenue administration, the districts are further subdivided into 87 revenue divisions administered by [[Sub-divisional magistrate|Revenue Divisional Officers]] (RDO) which comprise 310 [[taluks]] administered by [[Tehsildar|Tehsildars]].<ref name="AS" /> The taluks are divided into 1349 [[revenue block]]s called ''[[Firka|Firkas]]'' which consist of 17,680 [[Revenue Village|revenue villages]].<ref name="AS">{{cite web|url=https://www.tn.gov.in/government|title=Government units, Tamil Nadu|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 January 2023|archive-date=7 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207162622/https://www.tn.gov.in/government|url-status=live}}</ref> <br />
<br />
The [[Administrative divisions of India|local administration]] consists of a single tier system for urban areas, which are governed by either of the three types of urban bodies&ndash;[[municipal corporation]], [[municipality]], or [[town panchayat]], based on revenue and population.<ref name="PR">{{cite web|url=https://www.tn.gov.in/dtp/introduction.htm|title=Town panchayats|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 January 2023|archive-date=19 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219001439/https://www.tn.gov.in/dtp/introduction.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2026}}, there are 25 [[City Municipal Corporations of Tamil Nadu|municipal corporations]], 138 [[Template:Municipalities of Tamil Nadu|municipalities]] and 528 town panchayats in the state.<ref name="LG" /><ref name="AS" /> The [[Greater Chennai Corporation]], established in 1688, is the second oldest in the world and <ref>{{cite web|author=Sriram V.|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chennai-the-2nd-oldest-corporation-in-the-world/article5180124.ece|title=Chennai - the 2nd oldest Corporation in the world|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=29 September 2013|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/04/02/stories/2003040200100300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040128034716/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/04/02/stories/2003040200100300.htm|archive-date=28 January 2004|title=The first corporation |date=2 April 2003|access-date=14 April 2012|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai}}</ref> Tamil Nadu was the first state to establish town panchayats as a new administrative unit.<ref name="PR"/><ref name="LG">{{cite web|url=https://knowindia.india.gov.in/profile/local-government.php|title=Local Government|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 January 2023|page=1|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004071216/https://knowindia.india.gov.in/profile/local-government.php|url-status=live}}</ref> The rural administration consists of a three-tier [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayati Raj]] system with the [[District council (India)|district panchayats]] at the district level, [[Panchayat samiti|panchayat unions]] at the intermediate (block) level, and [[Gram panchayat|village panchayats]] at the village level.<ref name="PR"/> {{As of|2026}}, there are 36 district panchayats, 288 panchayat unions and 12,525 village panchayats, administered by village administrative officers.<ref name="LG" /><ref name="AS" /><ref>{{cite report|url=https://mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Statistical_year_book_india_chapters/ch42.pdf|title=Statistical year book of India|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 January 2023|page=1|archive-date=16 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316170002/https://mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Statistical_year_book_india_chapters/ch42.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> <br />
<br />
=== Legislature ===<br />
[[File:Fort_St._George,_Chennai_2.jpg|thumb|[[Fort St. George]] is the seat of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]]]<br />
<br />
In accordance with the [[Constitution of India]], the [[Governor of Tamil Nadu|governor]] is a state's ''[[de jure]]'' head and appoints the [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|chief minister]] who has the ''[[de facto]]'' executive authority.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://interstatecouncil.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/CHAPTERI.pdf|title=Chapter I, Constitution of India|date=June 2015|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 May 2024|page=5}}{{Dead link|date=February 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=[[Durga Das Basu]]|title=Introduction to the Constitution of India|year=2011|edition=22|pages=241, 245|publisher=[[University of Michigan]]|isbn=978-81-8038-559-9}}</ref> The [[Indian Councils Act 1861]] established the Madras Presidency legislative council with four to eight members but was a mere advisory body to the governor of the presidency. The strength was increased to twenty in [[Indian Councils Act of 1892|1892]] and fifty in [[Indian Councils Act 1909|1909]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indian-Councils-Act-1892-India|title=Indian Councils Act|publisher=Britannica|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=1 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201040438/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indian-Councils-Act-1892-India|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indian-Councils-Act-of-1909|title=Indian Councils Act, 1909|publisher=Britannica|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=26 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226203954/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indian-Councils-Act-of-1909|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Council|Madras legislative council]] was set-up in 1921 by the [[Government of India Act 1919]] with a term of three years and consisted of 132 Members of which 34 were nominated by the Governor and the rest were elected.<ref name="SL">{{cite web|url=https://assembly.tn.gov.in/history/statelegislature.php|title=History of state legislature|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 January 2023|archive-date=10 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110150502/https://assembly.tn.gov.in/history/statelegislature.php|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Government of India Act 1935]] established a [[bicameral legislature]] with the creation of a new [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Council|legislative council]] with 54 to 56 members in July 1937.<ref name="SL"/><br />
<br />
The [[1st Madras Assembly|first legislature]] of Madras state under the [[Constitution of India]] was constituted on 1 March 1952 after the [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952 elections]]. The number of seats post the reorganisation in 1956 was 206, which was further increased to 234 in 1962.<ref name="SL"/> In 1986, the state moved to a [[unicameral legislature]] with the abolition of the Legislative Council by the Tamil Nadu Legislative Council (Abolition) act, 1986.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/little-hope-for-revival-of-tns-legislative-council/articleshow/84956355.cms|title=Little hope for revival of Tamil Nadu's legislative council|date=2 August 2021|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=24 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224105455/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/little-hope-for-revival-of-tns-legislative-council/articleshow/84956355.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly is housed in the [[Fort St. George]] in Chennai.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://assembly.tn.gov.in/history/history_fort.php|title=History of fort|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 January 2023|archive-date=3 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603082644/https://assembly.tn.gov.in/history/history_fort.php|url-status=live}}</ref> The state elects 39 [[Member of Parliament (India)|members]] to the [[Lok Sabha]] and 18 to the [[Rajya Sabha]] of the [[Indian Parliament]].<ref>{{cite report|title=Electoral statistics|url=https://www.mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Statistical_year_book_india_chapters/ELECTROAL%20STATISTICS-WRITEUP.pdf|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 June 2024|page=2|archive-date=3 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603082518/https://www.mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Statistical_year_book_india_chapters/ELECTROAL%20STATISTICS-WRITEUP.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Law and order ===<br />
[[File:A building in Chennai.JPG|thumb|[[Madras High Court]], the highest judicial authority in the state]]<br />
<br />
The [[Madras High Court]] was established on 26 June 1862 and is the highest judicial authority of the state with control over all the civil and criminal courts in the state.<ref name="HC">{{cite web|url=https://ecommitteesci.gov.in/division/high-court-of-madras/|title=History of Madras High Court|publisher=[[Supreme Court of India]]|access-date=1 January 2023|archive-date=15 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815125725/https://ecommitteesci.gov.in/division/high-court-of-madras/|url-status=live}}</ref> It is headed by a [[Chief Justice]] and has a bench at Madurai since 2004.<ref name="HC"/><br />
<br />
The [[Tamil Nadu Police]], established as Madras state police in 1859, operates under the [[Department of Home, Prohibition and Excise|home ministry]] of the Government of Tamil Nadu and is responsible for maintaining law and order in the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tnpmcbe.in/history.html|title=Tamil Nadu Police-history|publisher=[[Tamil Nadu Police]]|access-date=1 January 2023|archive-date=17 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217150604/https://tnpmcbe.in/history.html|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2023}}, it consists of more than 132,000 police personnel, headed by a [[Director General of Police]].<ref>{{cite report|url=https://cms.tn.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/police_e_pn_2023_24.pdf|title=Tamil Nadu Police-Policy document 2023-24|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 January 2023|page=3|archive-date=5 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105161838/https://cms.tn.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/police_e_pn_2023_24.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://eservices.tnpolice.gov.in/CCTNSNICSDC/OrganisationChart|title=Tamil Nadu Police-Organizational structure|publisher=[[Tamil Nadu Police]]|access-date=1 January 2023|archive-date=8 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208193015/https://eservices.tnpolice.gov.in/CCTNSNICSDC/OrganisationChart|url-status=live}}</ref> Women form 17.6% of the police force and specifically handle [[violence against women in Tamil Nadu|violence against women]] through 222 special all-women police stations.<ref name="PS"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/data/women-police-personnel-face-bias-says-report/article7554550.ece?theme=true|title=Women police personnel face bias, says report|author=Rukmini S.|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=29 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016041856/http://www.thehindu.com/data/women-police-personnel-face-bias-says-report/article7554550.ece?theme=true|archive-date=16 October 2015|url-status=live|date=19 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://womenpoliceindia.org/state/tamil-nadu|title=Tamil Nadu, women in police|publisher=Women police India|access-date=1 January 2023|archive-date=29 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629230940/http://womenpoliceindia.org/state/tamil-nadu|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2023}}, the state has 1854 police stations, the highest in the country, including 47 railway and 243 traffic police stations.<ref name="PS">{{cite report|url=https://cms.tn.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/police_e_pn_2023_24.pdf|title=Tamil Nadu Police-Policy document 2023-24|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 January 2023|page=5|archive-date=5 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105161838/https://cms.tn.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/police_e_pn_2023_24.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/2023-02/PSRanking2022EngliishFinal_16022023.pdf|title=Police Ranking 2022|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 September 2023|page=12|archive-date=28 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328173137/https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/2023-02/PSRanking2022EngliishFinal_16022023.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The traffic police under different district administrations are responsible for the traffic management in the respective regions.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/tcp/acts_rules/Town_Country_Planning_Act_1971.pdf|title=The Tamil Nadu Town and Country Planning Act, 1971 (Tamil Nadu Act 35 of 1972)|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 September 2015|archive-date=16 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616025502/http://www.tn.gov.in/tcp/acts_rules/Town_Country_Planning_Act_1971.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The state is consistently ranked as one of the [[Indian states ranking by safety of women|safest for women]] with a crime rate of 22 per 100,000 in 2018.<ref>{{cite report|title=Crime in India 2019 - Statistics Volume 1|url=https://ncrb.gov.in/sites/default/files/CII%202019%20Volume%201.pdf|access-date=12 September 2021|publisher=[[Government of India]]|archive-date=28 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528004416/https://ncrb.gov.in/sites/default/files/CII%202019%20Volume%201.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> <br />
<br />
=== Politics ===<br />
{{Main|Elections in Tamil Nadu|Politics of Tamil Nadu}}<br />
<br />
[[File:K_Kamaraj_1976_stamp_of_India_(cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|[[K. Kamaraj]] served as the [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|chief minister]] from 1954 to 1963]]<br />
<br />
Elections in India are conducted by the [[Election Commission of India]], an independent body established in 1950.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/about/about-eci/the-setup-r1/|title=Setup of Election Commission of India|date=26 October 2018|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=24 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124025555/https://eci.gov.in/about/about-eci/the-setup-r1/|url-status=live}}</ref> Politics in Tamil Nadu was dominated by national parties till the 1960s. Regional parties have ruled ever since. The [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]] and [[Swaraj Party]] were the two major parties in the erstwhile Madras Presidency.<ref name="encyclopp">{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Political Parties|last=Ralhan|first=O.P.|year=2002|publisher=Print House|pages=180–199|isbn=978-8-1748-8287-5}}</ref> During the 1920s and 1930s, the [[Self-Respect Movement]], spearheaded by [[Theagaroya Chetty]] and [[E. V. Ramaswamy]] (commonly known as Periyar), emerged in the Madras Presidency and led to the formation of the Justice party.<ref>{{cite book|title=Political and Social Conflict in South India; The non-Brahmin movement and Tamil Separatism, 1916–1929|last=Irschick|first=Eugene F.|year=1969|oclc=249254802|publisher=[[University of California Press]]}}</ref> The Justice Party eventually lost the [[1937 Madras Presidency legislative assembly election|1937 elections]] to the [[Indian National Congress]] and [[Chakravarti Rajagopalachari]] became the chief minister of the Madras Presidency.<ref name="encyclopp"/> In 1944, Periyar transformed the Justice party into a social organisation, renaming the party [[Dravidar Kazhagam]], and withdrew from electoral politics.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/75-years-of-carrying-the-legacy-of-periyar/article29255010.ece|title=75 years of carrying the legacy of Periyar|date=26 August 2019|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=24 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224112854/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/75-years-of-carrying-the-legacy-of-periyar/article29255010.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:The_President,_Dr._A.P.J._Abdul_Kalam_addressing_the_nation_on_the_eve_of_58th_Republic_Day,_in_New_Delhi_on_January_25,_2007.jpg|thumb|left|[[APJ Abdul Kalam]] served as the [[List of presidents of India|eleventh]] [[President of India]]]]<br />
<br />
After independence, Rajagopalachari served as the last [[Governor General of India]] before India became a republic.<ref>{{cite web|date=December 10, 2015|title=Remembering C Rajagopalachari: 10 interesting facts about India's last Governor-General|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/c-rajagopalachari-276533-2015-12-10|access-date=18 June 2022|work=[[India Today]]|archive-date=28 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328110726/https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/c-rajagopalachari-276533-2015-12-10|url-status=live}}</ref> [[C. N. Annadurai]], a follower of Periyar, formed the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) in 1949.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-09-03-1971/marican-genesis%20dmk.pdf|title=Genesis of DMK|journal=Asian Studies|page=1|first=Y.|last=Marican|access-date=24 December 2023|archive-date=10 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210185715/https://www.asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-09-03-1971/marican-genesis%20dmk.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The Congress dominated the political scene in Tamil Nadu in the 1950s and 1960s under the leadership of [[K. Kamaraj]], who led the party after the death of [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and ensured the selection of [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]] and [[Indira Gandhi]] as [[Prime Minister of India|prime ministers]].<ref name="CM">{{cite web|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/history/cmlist.htm|title=Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu since 1920|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=3 August 2021|archive-date=26 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726082924/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/history/cmlist.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=India through the ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada|last=Gopal|first=Madan|year=1990|page=[https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/164 164]|editor=K.S. Gautam|publisher=[[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]], [[Government of India]]|asin=B003DXXMC4}}</ref><br />
<br />
The [[anti-Hindi agitations]] led to the rise of [[Dravidian parties]] and the first such government was formed in [[1967 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|1967]].<ref>{{cite report|title=The Madras Legislative Assembly, 1962-67, A Review|url=https://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/3rd_1962/Review%203_62-67.pdf|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=24 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224112855/https://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/3rd_1962/Review%203_62-67.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1972, a split in the DMK resulted in the formation of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) led by [[M. G. Ramachandran]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/a-look-at-the-events-leading-up-to-the-birth-of-aiadmk/article37046741.ece|title=A look at the events leading up to the birth of AIADMK|date=21 October 2021|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=3 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203143001/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/a-look-at-the-events-leading-up-to-the-birth-of-aiadmk/article37046741.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> These two Dravidian parties continued to dominate the electoral politics in the state with the national parties often aligning as junior partners.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wyatt|first=A.K.J.|title=New Alignments in South Indian Politics: The 2001 Assembly Elections in Tamil Nadu|journal=[[Asian Survey]]|volume=42|issue=5|pages=733–753|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|year=2002|doi=10.1525/as.2002.42.5.733|hdl=1983/1811|url=https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/en/publications/new-alignments-in-south-indian-politics-the-2001-assembly-elections-in-tamil-nadu(ccd8e236-7d18-4981-92b0-5a1d63ff695d).html|hdl-access=free|access-date=24 December 2023|archive-date=12 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212070038/https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/en/publications/new-alignments-in-south-indian-politics-the-2001-assembly-elections-in-tamil-nadu(ccd8e236-7d18-4981-92b0-5a1d63ff695d).html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[M. Karunanidhi]], who became the leader of the DMK after Annadurai and [[J. Jayalalithaa]], who succeeded as the leader of AIADMK after M. G. Ramachandran dominated the state politics from the 1980s to early 2010s, serving as chief ministers combined for over 32 years.<ref name="CM"/><ref>{{cite news|date=10 February 2017|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Jayalalithaa-vs-Janaki-The-last-succession-battle/article17284902.ece|title=Jayalalithaa vs Janaki: The last succession battle|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=11 February 2017|archive-date=10 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210193617/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Jayalalithaa-vs-Janaki-The-last-succession-battle/article17284902.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
The state has produced three [[President of India|Indian presidents]], namely, [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/a-winner-at-the-end-why-amartya-sen-should-become-the-next-president-of-india/cid/1024890|title=Why Amartya Sen should become the next president of India|access-date=30 November 2023|first=Ramachandra|last=Guha|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]|date=15 April 2006|archive-date=28 February 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228073532/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060415/asp/opinion/story_6099278.asp|url-status=live}}</ref> [[R. Venkataraman]],<ref>{{cite news|first=Sanjoy|last=Hazarika|title=India's Mild New President: Ramaswamy Venkataraman|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=17 July 1987|access-date=6 January 2009|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DEEDD1239F934A25754C0A961948260&n=Top/News/World/Countries%20and%20Territories/India|archive-date=12 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812204533/https://www.nytimes.com/1987/07/17/world/man-in-the-news-india-s-mild-new-president-ramaswamy-venkataraman.html?n=Top%2FNews%2FWorld%2FCountries+and+Territories%2FIndia|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[APJ Abdul Kalam]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Prisoners of the Nuclear Dream|last1=Ramana|first1=M. V.|last2=Reddy, C.|first2=Rammanohar|year=2003|publisher=Orient Blackswan|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-8-1250-2477-4|page=169}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
{{Historical populations<br />
|align = right<br />
|state = <br />
|1901|1,92,52,630<br />
|1911|2,09,02,616<br />
|1921|2,16,28,518<br />
|1931|2,34,72,099<br />
|1941|2,62,67,507<br />
|1951|3,01,19,047<br />
|1961|3,36,86,953<br />
|1971|4,11,99,168<br />
|1981|4,84,08,077<br />
|1991|5,58,58,946<br />
|2001|6,24,05,679<br />
|2011|7,21,47,030<br />
|footnote=Source:Census of India<ref>{{cite report|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/43366/download/47068/33%20A-2%20Tamil%20Nadu.pdf|title=Decadal variation in population 1901-2011, Tamil Nadu|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=29 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229191706/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/43366/download/47068/33%20A-2%20Tamil%20Nadu.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
{{Main|Demographics of Tamil Nadu}}<br />
<br />
As per the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]], Tamil Nadu had a population of 72.1 million and is the [[List of states and union territories of India by population|seventh most populous state]] in India.<ref name="pop"/> The population is projected to be 76.8 million in 2023 and to grow to 78 million by 2036.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://main.mohfw.gov.in/sites/default/files/Population%20Projection%20Report%202011-2036%20-%20upload_compressed_0.pdf|title=Population projection report 2011-36|page=56|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=4 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604151511/https://main.mohfw.gov.in/sites/default/files/Population%20Projection%20Report%202011-2036%20-%20upload_compressed_0.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Tamil Nadu is one of the most urbanised states in the country with more than 48.4 per cent of the population living in urban areas.<ref name="DG">{{cite report|url=http://tnenvis.nic.in/Database/Demography_1168.aspx?format=Print|title=Demography of Tamil Nadu|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=9 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209234142/https://tnenvis.nic.in/Database/Demography_1168.aspx?format=Print|url-status=live}}</ref> As per the 2011 census, the [[sex ratio]] was 996 females per 1000 males, higher than the national average of 943.<ref name="SR">{{cite press release|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=98466|title=Sex Ratio, 2011 census|date=21 August 2013|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=14 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314221118/https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=98466|url-status=live}}</ref> The sex ratio at birth was recorded as 954 during the fourth [[National Family Health Survey]] (NFHS) in 2015–16 which reduced further to 878 in the fifth NFHS in 2019–21, ranking [[List of states and union territories of India by sex ratio|third worst]] amongst states.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1782601|title=Fifth National Family Health Survey-Update on Child Sex Ratio|publisher=[[Government of India]]|date=17 December 2021|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=22 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922222826/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1782601|url-status=live}}</ref> As per the 2011 census, [[List of Indian states and union territories by literacy rate|Literacy rate]] was 80.1%, higher than the national average of 73%.<ref name="LR">{{cite report|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=22070|title=State wise literacy rate|publisher=[[Reserve Bank of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=24 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224183329/https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=22070|url-status=live}}</ref> The literacy rate was estimated to be 82.9% as per the 2017 [[National Statistical Commission]] (NSC) survey.<ref name="NSC">{{cite report|title=Household Social Consumption on Education in India|url=http://mospi.nic.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/Report_585_75th_round_Education_final_1507_0.pdf|year=2018|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=7 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107060612/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_wb.html|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2011}}, there were about 23.17 million households with 7.42 million children under the age of six.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.census.tn.nic.in/pca_2011/PCA_datahighlights-TN.pdf|title=Census highlights, 2011|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 May 2023}}</ref> A total of 14.4 million (20%) belonged to [[Scheduled Castes]] (SC) and 0.8 million (1.1%) to [[Scheduled tribes]] (ST).<ref>{{cite report|url=https://census.tn.nic.in/PCA_data_highlights/chapter2_scst_population.pdf|title=SC/ST population in Tamil Nadu 2011|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 May 2023|archive-date=24 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224183332/https://census.tn.nic.in/PCA_data_highlights/chapter2_scst_population.pdf}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{As of|2017}}, the state had the [[Indian states ranking by fertility rate|lowest]] [[fertility rate]] in India with 1.6 children born for each woman, lower than required for sustaining the population.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://main.mohfw.gov.in/sites/default/files/Population%20Projection%20Report%202011-2036%20-%20upload_compressed_0.pdf|title=Population projection report 2011-36|page=25|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=4 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604151511/https://main.mohfw.gov.in/sites/default/files/Population%20Projection%20Report%202011-2036%20-%20upload_compressed_0.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2022}}, Tamil Nadu had a [[Human Development Index]] (HDI) of 0.692, higher than that of the overall HDI of the country (0.644) and [[List of Indian states and union territories by Human Development Index|ranked]] 14th amongst the Indian states and territories.<ref name="HDI">{{cite report|title=Sub-national HDI – Area Database|url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/table/shdi/IND/?levels=1+4&interpolation=0&extrapolation=0|publisher=Global Data Lab, [[United Nations Development Programme]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=8 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208071728/https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/table/shdi/IND/?levels=1+4&interpolation=0&extrapolation=0|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2019}}, the [[life expectancy]] at birth was 74 years, one of the [[List of Indian states by life expectancy at birth|highest]] amongst Indian states.<ref name="LE">{{cite report|url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/maps/lifexp/2019/|title=Life expectancy 2019|publisher=Global Data Lab|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=3 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103195910/https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/maps/lifexp/2019/|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2023, 2.2% of the people live below the [[poverty line]] as per the [[Multidimensional Poverty Index]], one of the lowest rates amongst Indian states.<ref name="PL">{{cite report|url=https://www.niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2021-11/National_MPI_India-11242021.pdf|page=35|title=Multidimensional Poverty Index|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 May 2023|archive-date=13 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513171951/https://www.niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2021-11/National_MPI_India-11242021.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Cities and towns ===<br />
{{Main|List of cities in Tamil Nadu by population}}<br />
<br />
{{Further|List of towns in Tamil Nadu by population}}<br />
The capital of Chennai is the [[List of urban agglomerations in Tamil Nadu|most populous]] urban agglomeration in the state with more than 8.6 million residents, followed by Coimbatore, Madurai, [[Tiruchirappalli]] and [[Tiruppur]], respectively.<ref name="UA">{{cite report|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|title=Urban Agglomerations and Cities having population 1 lakh and above|work= Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011|publisher=[[Government of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200310224309/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|access-date=10 August 2014|archive-date=10 March 2020}}</ref><br />
{{Largest cities<br />
|nonav = y<br />
|country = Tamil Nadu<br />
|stat_ref = (2011)<ref name="UA"/><br />
|list_by_pop = List of cities in Tamil Nadu<br />
|div_name = District<br />
|div_link = List of districts in Tamil Nadu{{!}}District<br />
<br />
|city_1 = Chennai<br />
|div_1 = Chennai district{{!}}Chennai<br />
|pop_1 = 8,696,010<br />
<br />
|city_2 = Coimbatore<br />
|div_2 = Coimbatore district{{!}}Coimbatore<br />
|pop_2 = 2,151,466<br />
<br />
|city_3 = Madurai<br />
|div_3 = Madurai district{{!}}Madurai<br />
|pop_3 = 1,462,420<br />
<br />
|city_4 = Tiruchirappalli<br />
|div_4 = Tiruchirappalli district{{!}}Tiruchirappalli<br />
|pop_4 = 1,021,717<br />
<br />
|city_5 = Tiruppur<br />
|div_5 = Tiruppur district{{!}}Tiruppur<br />
|pop_5 = 962,982<br />
<br />
|city_6 = Salem, Tamil Nadu{{!}}Salem<br />
|div_6 = Salem district{{!}}Salem<br />
|pop_6 = 919,150<br />
<br />
|city_7 = Erode<br />
|div_7 = Erode district{{!}}Erode<br />
|pop_7 = 521,776<br />
<br />
|city_8 = Vellore<br />
|div_8 = Vellore district{{!}}Vellore<br />
|pop_8 = 504,079<br />
<br />
|city_9 = Tirunelveli<br />
|div_9 = Tirunelveli district{{!}}Tirunelveli<br />
|pop_9 = 498,984<br />
<br />
|city_10 = Thoothukudi<br />
|div_10 = Thoothukudi district{{!}}Thoothukudi<br />
|pop_10 = 410,760<br />
}}<br />
<br />
=== Religion and ethnicity ===<br />
{{bar box<br />
|float = right<br />
|titlebar=#Fcd116<br />
|title = Religion in Tamil Nadu (2011)<ref name="census2011">{{cite report|title=Population by religion community – 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, Government of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|archive-date=25 August 2015}}</ref><br />
|left1=Religion<br />
|right1=Percent<br />
|bars=<br />
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Tamil Nadu|Hinduism]]|darkorange|87.6}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Tamil Nadu|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|6.1}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Tamil Muslim|Islam]]|green|5.86}}<br />
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.4}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Main|Religion in Tamil Nadu}}<br />
<br />
The state is home to a diverse population of ethno-religious communities.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/the-magic-of-melting-pot-called-chennai/article2728177.ece|title=The magic of melting pot called Chennai|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=19 December 2011|access-date=29 December 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111201746/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/the-magic-of-melting-pot-called-chennai/article2728177.ece|archive-date=11 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/A-different-mirror/article14588903.ece|date=25 August 2016|title=A different mirror|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2 December 2023|archive-date=9 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209044307/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/A-different-mirror/article14588903.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the 2011 census, [[Hinduism in Tamil Nadu|Hinduism]] is followed by 87.6% of the population. [[Christianity in Tamil Nadu|Christians]] form the largest [[religious minority]] in the state with 6.1% of the population; [[Tamil Muslim|Muslims]] form 5.9% of the population.<ref name="RL">{{cite report|title=Population by religion community – 2011|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11361/download/14474/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=24 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224183408/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11361/download/14474/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Tamils]] form a majority of the population with minorities including [[Telugus]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2014/mar/18/telugu-speaking-people-in-tn-are-not-aliens-587462.html|title='Telugu Speaking People in TN are Not Aliens'|date=18 March 2014|newspaper=[[New Indian Express]]|access-date=2 December 2023|archive-date=9 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209044308/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2014/mar/18/Telugu-Speaking-People-in-TN-are-Not-Aliens-587462.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Marwaris]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/food/food-chennai/2023/nov/06/from-rajasthan-with-love-54864.html|title=From Rajasthan with love|date=6 November 2023|newspaper=[[New Indian Express]]|access-date=2 December 2023|archive-date=9 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209044310/https://www.indulgexpress.com/food/food-chennai/2023/nov/06/from-rajasthan-with-love-54864.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Gujaratis]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/food/food-chennai/2023/oct/20/go-gujarati-this-navratri-54368.html|title=Go Gujrati this navratri|date=20 October 2023|newspaper=[[New Indian Express]]|access-date=2 December 2023|archive-date=9 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209044309/https://www.indulgexpress.com/food/food-chennai/2023/oct/20/go-gujarati-this-navratri-54368.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Parsi]]s,<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2018%20No%2012/parsis_of_madras.html|title=The Parsis of Madras|journal=Madras Musings|date=15 October 2008|volume=XVIII|issue=12|access-date=29 December 2012|archive-date=19 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619183804/http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2018%20No%2012/parsis_of_madras.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sindhis]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/sindhis-to-usher-in-new-year-with-fanfare/articleshow/12387158.cms|title=Sindhis to usher in new year with fanfare|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 March 2012|access-date=29 December 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002201726/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Sindhis-to-usher-in-new-year-with-fanfare/articleshow/12387158.cms|archive-date=2 October 2016}}</ref> [[Odias]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/why-oriyas-find-chennai-warm-and-hospitable/articleshow/13104180.cms|title=Why Oriyas find Chennai warm and hospitable|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 May 2012|access-date=29 December 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003065711/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Why-Oriyas-find-Chennai-warm-and-hospitable/articleshow/13104180.cms|archive-date=3 October 2016}}</ref> [[Kannadigas]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chennais-kannadigas-not-complaining/articleshow/2926980.cms|title=Chennai's Kannadigas not complaining|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 April 2008|access-date=29 December 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180609022307/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Chennais-Kannadigas-not-complaining/articleshow/2926980.cms|archive-date=9 June 2018}}</ref> [[Anglo-Indians]],<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2020%20No%2012/the-anglo-indians-of-madras.html|title=The Anglo-Indians of Chennai|journal=Madras Musings|volume=XX|issue=12|date=15 October 2010|access-date=29 December 2012|archive-date=9 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309162918/http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2020%20No%2012/the-anglo-indians-of-madras.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Bengalis]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/a-slice-of-bengal-in-chennai/articleshow/16902833.cms|title=A slice of Bengal in Chennai|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 October 2012|access-date=29 December 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407181944/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/a-slice-of-bengal-in-chennai/articleshow/16902833.cms|archive-date=7 April 2021}}</ref> [[Punjabis]],<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2019%20No%2011/the-punjabis-of-chennai.html|first=Madhu|last=B.R.|title=The Punjabis of Chennai|journal=Madras Musings|volume=XX|issue=12|date=16 September 2009|access-date=29 December 2012|archive-date=17 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217003501/http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2019%20No%2011/the-punjabis-of-chennai.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Malayalees]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://mediaindia.eu/eyetalk/chennai-malayalee-club-leads-onam-2023-celebrations/|title=Chennai Malayalee Club leads Onam 2023 celebrations|newspaper=Media India|date=1 September 2023|access-date=2 December 2023|archive-date=28 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128145731/https://mediaindia.eu/eyetalk/chennai-malayalee-club-leads-onam-2023-celebrations/|url-status=live}}</ref> The state also has a significant [[expatriate]] population.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/240817/when-madras-welcomed-them.html|title=When Madras welcomed them|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=27 August 2007|access-date=2 December 2023|archive-date=9 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209044307/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/240817/when-madras-welcomed-them.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2022/oct/24/deepavalithe-expat-edition-2511219.html|title=Deepavali, the expat edition|date=24 October 2023|newspaper=[[New Indian Express]]|access-date=2 December 2023|archive-date=9 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209044307/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2022/oct/24/deepavalithe-expat-edition-2511219.html|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2011}}, the state had 3.49 million immigrants.<ref>{{cite press release|publisher=[[Government of India]]|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1941077|title=Migration of Labour in the Country|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=28 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328173148/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1941077|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Language ===<br />
{{Pie chart<br />
|thumb = right<br />
|radius=75<br />
|caption = Distribution of languages in Tamil Nadu (2011)<ref name="LRT"/><br />
|label1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br />
|color1 = orange<br />
|value1 = 88.35<br />
|label2 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br />
|color2 = Blue<br />
|value2 = 5.87<br />
|label3 = [[Kannada]]<br />
|color3 = deeppink<br />
|value3 = 1.78<br />
|label4 = [[Urdu]]<br />
|color4 = Green<br />
|value4 = 1.75<br />
|label5 = [[Malayalam]]<br />
|color5 = violet<br />
|value5 = 1.01<br />
|other-label = Others<br />
|other = 1.24<br />
|other-color = turquoise<br />
}}<br />
Tamil is the official language of Tamil Nadu, while [[English language|English]] serves as the additional official language.<ref name="Lang"/> Tamil is one of the oldest languages and was the first to be recognised as a [[classical language of India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Tamil language|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tamil-language|publisher=[[Britannica]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=7 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007012008/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tamil-language|url-status=live}}</ref> As per the 2011 census, Tamil is spoken as the first language by 88.4% of the state's population, followed by [[Telugu language|Telugu]] (5.87%), [[Kannada]] (1.78%), [[Urdu]] (1.75%), [[Malayalam]] (1.01%) and other languages (1.24%)<ref name="LRT">{{cite report|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10222|title=Census India Catalog|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=8 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208151656/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10222|url-status=live}}</ref> Various [[Variety (linguistics)|varieties]] of Tamil are spoken across regions such as [[Madras Bashai]] in northern Tamil Nadu, [[Kongu Tamil]] in [[Kongu Nadu|Western Tamil Nadu]], [[Madurai Tamil]] around Madurai and [[Nellai Tamil]] in South-eastern Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Smirnitskaya|first1=Anna|title=Diglossia and Tamil varieties in Chennai|journal=Acta Linguistica Petropolitana|date=March 2019|issue=3|pages=318–334|doi=10.30842/alp2306573714317|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331772782|access-date=4 November 2022|doi-access=free|archive-date=28 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328173206/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331772782_Diglossia_and_Tamil_varieties_in_Chennai|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.inkl.com/news/several-dialects-of-tamil-and-10-mother-tongues-of-the-dravidian-family|title=Several dialects of Tamil|date=31 October 2023|work=Inkl|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=24 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224181431/https://www.inkl.com/news/several-dialects-of-tamil-and-10-mother-tongues-of-the-dravidian-family|url-status=live}}</ref> It is part of the [[Dravidian languages]] and preserves many features of [[Proto-Dravidian]], though modern-day spoken Tamil in Tamil Nadu freely uses [[loanword]]s from other languages such as [[Sanskrit]] and English.<ref>{{cite book|last=Southworth|first=Franklin C.|title=Linguistic archaeology of South Asia|publisher=Routledge|year=2005|isbn=978-0-415-33323-8|pages=129–132}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Krishnamurti|first=Bhadriraju|title=The Dravidian Languages|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|series = Cambridge Language Surveys|year=2003|isbn=978-0-521-77111-5|page=480}}</ref> [[Korean language|Korean]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/k-and-the-city-why-are-more-and-more-chennaiites-learning-korean/article25256267.ece|title=K and the city: Why are more and more Chennaiites learning Korean?|first=Sweta|last=Akundi|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=18 October 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128030545/https://www.thehindu.com/society/k-and-the-city-why-are-more-and-more-chennaiites-learning-korean/article25256267.ece|archive-date=28 November 2020}}</ref> [[Japanese Language|Japanese]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/specials/india-file/konnichiwa/article22157129.ece1|title=Konnichiwa!|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=25 September 2017|access-date=25 September 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020210354/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/specials/india-file/konnichiwa/article22157129.ece1|archive-date=20 October 2020}}</ref> [[French language|French]],<ref name="FP">{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/feb/21/how-many-tongues-can-you-speak-1776354.html|title=How many tongues can you speak?|website=The New Indian Express|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107191558/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/feb/21/how-many-tongues-can-you-speak-1776354.html|archive-date=7 November 2020}}</ref> [[Mandarin Chinese]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/how-mandarin-has-become-crucial-in-chennai/article25321543.ece|title=How Mandarin has become crucial in Chennai|first=Sweta|last=Akundi|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=25 October 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203115726/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/how-mandarin-has-become-crucial-in-chennai/article25321543.ece|archive-date=3 December 2020}}</ref> [[German language|German]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/guten-morgen-chennaiites-signing-up-for-german-lessons-on-the-rise/articleshow/64152188.cms|title=Guten Morgen! Chennaiites signing up for German lessons on the rise|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129115236/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/guten-morgen-chennaiites-signing-up-for-german-lessons-on-the-rise/articleshow/64152188.cms|archive-date=29 November 2020}}</ref> and [[Spanish Language|Spanish]] are spoken by foreign expatriates in the state.<ref name="FP"/><br />
<br />
===LGBT rights===<br />
{{Main|LGBT rights in Tamil Nadu}}<br />
<br />
The [[LGBT]] rights in Tamil Nadu are among the most progressive in [[India]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/lgbt-community-in-tamil-nadu-seeks-state-governments-support/|title=LGBT community in Tamil Nadu seeks state government's support|date=15 December 2013|newspaper=[[Indian Express]]|access-date=3 July 2021|archive-date=27 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827081359/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/lgbt-community-in-tamil-nadu-seeks-state-governments-support/|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/lgbt-community-in-city-sees-sign-of-hope/article8185883.ece|title=LGBT community in city sees sign of hope|first1=Zubeda|last1=Hamid|date=3 February 2016|access-date=3 July 2021|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=22 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222054046/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/lgbt-community-in-city-sees-sign-of-hope/article8185883.ece|url-status=live }}</ref> In 2008, Tamil Nadu set up the Transgender welfare board and was the first to introduce a transgender welfare policy, wherein transgender people can avail free [[sex reassignment surgery]] in government hospitals.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.undp.org/india/publications/case-tamil-nadu-transgender-welfare-board-insights-developing-practical-models-social-protection-programmes-transgender-people|title=The Case of Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board: Insights for Developing Practical Models of Social Protection Programmes for Transgender People in India|date=27 May 2013|publisher=[[United Nations]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=24 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224181431/https://www.undp.org/india/publications/case-tamil-nadu-transgender-welfare-board-insights-developing-practical-models-social-protection-programmes-transgender-people|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Chennai Rainbow Pride]] has been held in Chennai annually since 2009.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Menon|first1=Priya|title=A decade of Pride in Chennai|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/a-decade-of-pride-in-chennai/articleshow/64421312.cms|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=3 July 2021|access-date=3 July 2021|archive-date=9 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809145605/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/a-decade-of-pride-in-chennai/articleshow/64421312.cms|url-status=live }}</ref> In 2021, Tamil Nadu became the first Indian state to ban conversion therapy and [[Intersex medical interventions|forced sex-selective surgeries on intersex infants]], following the directions of the Madras High&nbsp;Court.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/madras-hc-conversion-therapy-pride-month-b1861601.html%3famp|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220526/https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/madras-hc-conversion-therapy-pride-month-b1861601.html%3famp|archive-date=26 May 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Indian state set to be the first to ban conversion therapy of LGBT+ individuals|first=Maroosha|last=Muzaffar|access-date=3 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://theprint.in/features/lgbtq-india-asia-tamil-nadu-ban-sex-selective-surgeries-for-infants/284982/|title=1st in India & Asia, and 2nd globally, Tamil Nadu bans sex-selective surgeries for infants|newspaper=The Print|access-date=3 July 2021|archive-date=7 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607025339/https://theprint.in/features/lgbtq-india-asia-tamil-nadu-ban-sex-selective-surgeries-for-infants/284982/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://theswaddle.com/tn-first-state-to-ban-sex-reassignment-surgery-on-intersex-babies/|title=Tamil Nadu Becomes First State to Ban So‑Called Corrective Surgery on Intersex Babies|work=The Swaddle|date=30 August 2019|access-date=3 July 2021|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803061033/https://theswaddle.com/tn-first-state-to-ban-sex-reassignment-surgery-on-intersex-babies/|url-status=live }}</ref> In 2019, the Madras High Court ruled that the term "bride" under the [[Hindu Marriage Act, 1955]] includes trans-women, thereby legalising marriage between a man and a transgender woman.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://theleaflet.in/transgenders-have-marriage-rights-under-the-indian-constitution-says-madras-high-court/|title=Transgenders have marriage rights says Madras High Court|newspaper=leaflet|date=23 December 2023|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=24 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224181432/https://theleaflet.in/transgenders-have-marriage-rights-under-the-indian-constitution-says-madras-high-court/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Culture and heritage==<br />
{{Further|Tamil culture}}<br />
<br />
===Clothing===<br />
[[File:Kanchipuram sarees (7642282200).jpg|thumb|[[Kanchipuram silk sari]]s worn by women on special occasions]]<br />
<br />
Tamil women traditionally wear a ''[[sari]]'', a garment measuring {{cvt|15|to|27|ft}} in length and {{cvt|2|to|4|ft}} in breadth that is typically wrapped around the waist, with one end draped over the shoulder, baring the midriff, as according to [[Indian philosophy]], the navel is considered as the source of life and creativity.<ref name="Drape">{{cite book|last=Boulanger|first=Chantal|title=Saris: An Illustrated Guide to the Indian Art of Draping|year=1997|publisher=Shakti Press International|location=New York|isbn=978-0-966-14961-6|pages=6, 15, 29-32}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Lynton|first=Linda|title=The Sari: Styles, Patterns, History, Techniques|year=1995|publisher=Harry N. Abrams Incorporated|location=New York|isbn=978-0-810-94461-9|pages=7-11}}</ref> Ancient Tamil poetry such as the ''Cilappadhikaram'', describes women in exquisite drapery or sari.<ref>{{cite book|last=Parthasarathy|first=R.|year=1993|title=The Tale of an Anklet: An Epic of South India – The Cilappatikaram of Ilanko Atikal, Translations from the Asian Classics|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|location=New York|isbn=978-0-231-07849-8}}</ref> Women wear colourful [[silk]] saris on special occasions such as marriages.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2025/Apr/02/tales-of-threads-there-are-now-more-silk-saris-than-at-any-time-ever-in-history|title=Tales of threads|date=2 April 2025|access-date=1 June 2025|work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Sociology of Religion|first1=Susanne|last1=Monahan|first2= William|last2=Mirola|first3=Michael|last3=Emerson|publisher=[[Prentice Hall]]|year=2001|isbn=978-0-130-25380-4|page=83}}</ref> The [[Kanchipuram silk sari]] is a type of silk sari made in the [[Kanchipuram]] region in Tamil Nadu and these saris are worn as a part of the bridal attire and during special occasions. It has been recognised as a [[Geographical indication]] by the Government of India in 2005{{ndash}}2006.<ref>{{cite web|title=Weaving through the threads|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-editorialfeatures/weaving-through-threads-of-kancheepurams-history/article3264339.ece|access-date=7 March 2015|archive-date=14 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140614090426/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-editorialfeatures/weaving-through-threads-of-kancheepurams-history/article3264339.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="GI">{{cite report|url=https://ipindia.gov.in/writereaddata/Portal/Images/pdf/Year_wise_GI_Application_Register_-_31-08-2023.pdf|title=Geographical indications of India|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=28 June 2023|archive-date=15 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015172118/https://ipindia.gov.in/writereaddata/Portal/Images/pdf/Year_wise_GI_Application_Register_-_31-08-2023.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Kovai Cora Cotton|Kovai Cora]] is a type of [[cotton]] sari made in the Coimbatore.<ref name="GI"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/31-ethnic-Indian-products-given-GI-protection-in-0708/292305|title=31 ethnic Indian products given|work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|access-date=28 June 2015|archive-date=28 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328173207/https://www.financialexpress.com/policy/economy-31-ethnic-Indian-products-given-GI-protection-in-0708-292305/|url-status=live}}</ref> Young girls wear a long skirt called ''pavaadai'' along with a long over cloth called ''dhavani''.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ALUvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA34|page=34|title=Historical Dictionary of the Tamils|author=Vijaya Ramaswamy|year=2017|isbn=978-1-53810-686-0|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]]|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716140850/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Historical_Dictionary_of_the_Tamils/ALUvDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA34|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
The men wear a ''[[veshti]]'', a rectangular piece of non-stitched cloth, of varying lengths, that is wrapped around the legs and knotted at the waist. It is often white, bordered in brightly coloured stripes.<ref name="Dress">{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/cocktail-conversations-veshti-vs-dhoti/articleshow/8324642.cms|title=Veshti Vs Dhoti|date=15 May 2011|access-date=1 June 2025|work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> The style of draping might vary between communities, and men sometimes wear a hip belt to hold the veshti in place.<ref name="Drape"/> Traditional attire includes a ''[[dhoti]]'', a costume similar to veshti, which is a long, white rectangular piece of non-stitched cloth, that is wrapped around the waist, looped around the legs (similar to trousers) and knotted at the waist.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/dhoti|title=About Dhoti|encyclopedia=[[Britannica]]|access-date=12 January 2016|archive-date=13 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313150055/http://www.britannica.com/topic/dhoti|url-status=live}}</ref> A ''[[lungi]]'', which is similar to a veshti but made tubular with the ends stitched together, designed with colourful [[batik]] patterns, is a common form of male attire in the countryside.<ref name="Dress"/><ref name="Cloth">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/India/Clothing|title=Clothing in India|encyclopedia=[[Britannica]]|access-date=12 January 2016|archive-date=17 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317074255/http://www.britannica.com/place/India/Clothing|url-status=live}}</ref> People in urban areas generally wear tailored clothing, and western dress is popular. Western-style school uniforms are worn by both boys and girls in schools, even in rural areas.<ref name="Cloth"/><br />
<br />
===Cuisine===<br />
[[File:Veg_Full_Meals_in_Tamil_Nadu.JPG|thumb|Traditional meal served on a [[banana leaf]]]]<br />
<br />
[[Rice]] is the diet staple and is served with ''[[Sambar (dish)|sambar]]'', ''[[Rasam (dish)|rasam]]'', and ''[[poriyal]]'' as a part of a Tamil meal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://faostat.fao.org/site/616/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=616#ancor|title=Food Balance Sheets and Crops Primary Equivalent|publisher=[[FAO]]|access-date=17 August 2012|archive-date=3 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003034113/http://faostat.fao.org/site/616/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=616#ancor}}</ref> [[Coconut]] and spices are used extensively in Tamil cuisine. The region has a rich cuisine involving both traditional non-vegetarian and vegetarian dishes made of rice, [[legume]]s, and [[lentil]]s with its distinct aroma and flavour achieved by the blending of [[flavouring]]s and spices.<ref>{{cite book|last=Czarra|first=Fred|year=2009|title=Spices: A Global History|url=https://archive.org/details/spicesglobalhist0000czar|url-access=registration|publisher= Reaktion Books|page=[https://archive.org/details/spicesglobalhist0000czar/page/128 128]|isbn=978-1-861-89426-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Dalby|first=Andrew|title=Dangerous Tastes: The Story of Spices|publisher=Berkeley: University of California Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-520-23674-5}}</ref> The traditional way of eating a meal involves being seated on the floor, having the food served on a [[banana leaf]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Advancing banana and plantain R & D in Asia and the Pacific|page=84|last1=Molina|first1=A.B.|last2=Roa|first2=V.N.|last3=Van den Bergh|first3=I.|last4=Maghuyop|first4=M.A.|publisher=Biodiversity International|year=2000|isbn=978-9-719-17513-1}}</ref> and using clean fingers of the right hand to take the food into the mouth.<ref>{{cite book|title=India: The Culture|first=Bobbie|last=Kalman|publisher=Crabtree Publishing Company|year=2009|page=29|isbn=978-0-778-79287-1}}</ref> After the meal, the fingers are washed; the easily degradable banana leaf is discarded or becomes fodder for cattle.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://iskconhighertaste.com/bananaleaf_sattvic.html|title=Serving on a banana leaf|publisher=ISCKON|access-date=1 January 2023|archive-date=31 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531220859/http://iskconhighertaste.com/bananaleaf_sattvic.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Eating on banana leaves is a custom thousands of years old, imparts a unique flavour to the food, and is considered healthy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/health/healthyliving/the-benefits-of-eating-food-on-banana-leaves-242512.html|title=The Benefits of Eating Food on Banana Leaves|work=India Times|date=9 March 2015|access-date=20 March 2016|archive-date=7 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307041415/http://www.indiatimes.com/health/healthyliving/the-benefits-of-eating-food-on-banana-leaves-242512.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Idli]]'', ''[[Dosa (food)|dosa]]'', ''[[uthappam]]'', ''[[Pongal (dish)|pongal]]'', and ''[[paniyaram]]'' are popular breakfast dishes in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite book|first=K.T.|last=Achaya|title=The Story of Our Food|date=1 November 2003|publisher=Universities Press|isbn=978-8-173-71293-7|page=80}}</ref> [[Palani Panchamirtham]], [[Ooty varkey]], [[Chikki|Kovilpatti Kadalai Mittai]], [[Manapparai Murukku]] and [[Khoa|Srivilliputhur Palkova]] are unique foods that have been recognised as [[List of geographical indications in India|Geographical Indications]].<ref>{{cite report|url=https://ipindia.gov.in/registered-gls.htm|title=Geographical indications in India|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203233006/https://ipindia.gov.in/registered-gls.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Literature===<br />
{{further|Tamil Literature}}<br />
[[File:The Hindu Sage Agastya.jpg|thumb|upright|Sculpture of sage [[Agastya]]]]<br />
<br />
Tamil Nadu has an independent [[Tamil literature|literary]] tradition dating back over 2500 years from the Sangam era.<ref name="Zvelebil"/> Early Tamil literature was composed in three successive poetic assemblies known as the [[Tamil Sangams]], the earliest of which, according to legend, were held on a now vanished [[Kumari Kandam|continent]] far to the south of India.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1353/asi.2003.0031|title=Chera, Chola, Pandya: Using Archaeological Evidence to Identify the Tamil Kingdoms of Early Historic South India|journal=Asian Perspectives|volume=42|issue=2|page=207|year=2003|last1=Abraham|first1=S. A.|s2cid=153420843|hdl=10125/17189|url=http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/17189/1/AP-v42n2-207-223.pdf|access-date=6 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903211259/https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/17189/1/AP-v42n2-207-223.pdf|archive-date=3 September 2019|url-status=live|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Ramaswamy|first=Sumathi|title=The Lost Land of Lemuria: Fabulous Geographies, Catastrophic Histories|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=elYyJuYuAhwC&pg=PP1|year=2004|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-24032-2|pages=131, 156}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Jayakaran, S. C.|year=2004|url=http://www.indianfolklore.org/journals/index.php/ifrj/article/download/178/183|title=Lost Land and the Myth of Kumari Kandam|journal=Indian Folklore Research Journal|volume=1|issue=4|pages=94–109|access-date=3 June 2024|archive-date=27 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627202742/http://www.indianfolklore.org/journals/index.php/ifrj/article/download/178/183}}</ref> This includes the oldest grammatical treatise, ''[[Tolkappiyam]]'', and the epics ''Cilappatikaram'' and ''[[Manimekalai]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Women and Farm Work in Tamil Folk Songs|year=1993|first=Vijaya|last=Ramaswamy|volume=21|issue=9/11|pages=113–129|doi= 10.2307/3520429|quote=As early as the Tolkappiyam (which has sections ranging from the 3rd century BCE to the 5th century CE) the eco-types in South India have been classified into|journal=Social Scientist|jstor=3520429}}</ref> The earliest [[epigraphic]] records found on rock edicts and ''[[hero stone]]s'' date from around the 3rd century BCE.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.2307/2943246|jstor=2943246|title=The Beginnings of Civilization in South India|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|volume=29|issue=3|pages=603–616|year=1970|last1=Maloney|first1=C.|s2cid=162291987}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.2307/2053325|jstor=2053325|title=Circulation and the Historical Geography of Tamil Country|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|volume=37|issue=1|pages=7–26|year=1977|last1=Stein|first1=B.|s2cid=144599197}}</ref> The available literature from the Sangam period was categorised and compiled into two categories based roughly on chronology: the [[Patiṉeṇmēlkaṇakku]] consisting of [[Eṭṭuttokai]] and the [[Pattupattu]], and the [[Patiṉeṇkīḻkaṇakku]]. The existent Tamil grammar is largely based on the 13th-century grammar book ''{{IAST|Naṉṉūl}}'' based on the ''Tolkāppiyam.'' Tamil grammar consists of five parts, namely ''{{IAST|eḻuttu}}'', ''sol'', ''{{IAST|poruḷ}}'', ''yāppu'', ''{{IAST|aṇi}}''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.southasia.upenn.edu/tamil/lit.html|title=Five fold grammar of Tamil|work=University of Pennsylvania|access-date=8 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609115617/http://www.southasia.upenn.edu/tamil/lit.html|archive-date=9 June 2007|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Giovanni Ciotti|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352695179|title=Tamil Ilakkaṇam ('Grammar') and the Interplay between Syllabi, Corpora and Manuscripts|date=June 2021|doi=10.1515/9783110741124-016|pages=315–352|isbn=978-3-11-074112-4|access-date=3 June 2024|archive-date=3 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603082621/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352695179_Tamil_Ilakkanam_%27Grammar%27_and_the_Interplay_between_Syllabi_Corpora_and_Manuscripts|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Tirukkural]]'', a book on ethics by [[Thiruvalluvar]], is amongst the most popular works of Tamil literature.<ref>{{cite book|first=M. S. Purnalingam|last=Pillai|title=Tamil literature|publisher=Asian Education Service|date=1994|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-8-120-60955-6|page=73}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Tamil literature that followed in the next 300 years after the Sangam period is generally called the "post-Sangam" literature which included the [[Five Great Epics]] and the [[Five Minor Epics]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Kamil|last=Zvelebil|title=Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature|year=1992|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|isbn=978-9-00409-365-2|pages=12–13|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qAPtq49DZfoC|access-date=15 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716133218/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Companion_Studies_to_the_History_of_Tami/qAPtq49DZfoC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=T.V. Mahalingam|title=Proceedings of the Second Annual Conference of the South Indian History Congress|year=1981|publisher=[[University of Michigan]]|pages=28–34}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Ancient Tamil Country: Its Social and Economic Structure|author=S. Sundararajan|publisher=Navrang|year=1991|page=233}}</ref><br />
In the early medieval period, [[Vaishnava]] and [[Saiva|Shaiva]] literature became prominent following the [[Bhakti movement]] in the sixth century CE with hymns composed by the [[Alvars]] and the [[Nayanars]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Pillai|first=P. Govinda|title=The Bhakti Movement: Renaissance or Revivalism?|date=4 October 2022|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-000-78039-0|quote=Thirdly, the movement had blossomed first down south or the Tamil country|chapter=Chapter 11}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Padmaja|first=T.|title=Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: History, Art, and Traditions in Tamil nāḍu|date=2002|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-8-170-17398-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Nair|first1=Rukmini Bhaya|title=Keywords for India: A Conceptual Lexicon for the 21st Century|last2=de Souza|first2=Peter Ronald|year=2020|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-350-03925-4|page=208}}</ref> In the following years, Tamil literature again flourished with notable works including [[Ramavataram]], written in the 12th century CE by [[Kambar (poet)|Kambar]].<ref>{{cite book|author=P S Sundaram|title=Kamba Ramayana|date=3 May 2002|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-9-351-18100-2|pages=18–}}</ref> After a lull in the intermediate years due to various invasions and instability, the Tamil literature recovered in the 14th century CE, with the notable work being ''[[Tiruppukal]]'' by [[Arunagirinathar]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bergunder|first1=Michael|title=Ritual, Caste, and Religion in Colonial South India|last2=Frese|first2=Heiko|last3=Schröder|first3=Ulrike|date=2011|publisher=Primus Books|isbn=978-9-380-60721-4|page=107}}</ref> In 1578, the Portuguese published a Tamil book in old Tamil script named ''Thambiraan Vanakkam'', thus making Tamil the first Indian language to be printed and published.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tamil-saw-its-first-book-in-1578/article476102.ece|title=Tamil saw its first book in 1578|author=Karthik Madhavan|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=8 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101181012/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tamil-saw-its-first-book-in-1578/article476102.ece|archive-date=1 January 2016|url-status=live|date=21 June 2010}}</ref> ''[[Tamil Lexicon]]'', published by the [[University of Madras]], is the first among the [[dictionaries]] published in any Indian language.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kolappan|first=B.|title=Delay, howlers in Tamil Lexicon embarrass scholars|newspaper=The Hindu|location=Chennai|date=22 June 2014|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/delay-howlers-in-tamil-lexicon-embarrass-scholars/article6138747.ece|access-date=25 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704063848/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/delay-howlers-in-tamil-lexicon-embarrass-scholars/article6138747.ece|archive-date=4 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> The 19th century gave rise to the [[Tamil Renaissance]] and writings and poems by authors such as [[Meenakshi Sundaram Pillai]], [[U.V. Swaminatha Iyer]], [[Ramalinga Swamigal]], [[Maraimalai Adigal]], and [[Bharathidasan]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The embodiment of bhakti|author=Karen Prechilis|page=8|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-195-12813-0|year=1999}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Tamil Renaissance and the Dravidian Movement, 1905-1944|first=K. Nambi|last=Arooran|publisher=Koodal|year=1980}}</ref> During the [[Indian Independence Movement]], many Tamil poets and writers sought to provoke national spirit, social equity and secularist thoughts, notably [[Subramania Bharati]] and Bharathidasan.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.jlls.org/index.php/jlls/article/download/5312/1872|title=Bharathiyar Who Impressed Bharatidasan|journal=Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies|access-date=1 December 2023|issn=1305-578X|archive-date=24 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224200602/https://www.jlls.org/index.php/jlls/article/download/5312/1872|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Architecture===<br />
{{Further|Architecture of Tamil Nadu}}<br />
[[File:Andal Temple.jpg|thumb|The large ''[[gopuram]]'' is a hallmark of [[Dravidian architecture]]]]<br />
[[Dravidian architecture]] is the distinct style of rock architecture in Tamil Nadu.<ref name="Hindu">{{cite book|last=Harman|first=William P.|title=The sacred marriage of a Hindu goddess|date=9 October 1992|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|page=6|isbn=978-8-1208-0810-2}}</ref> In Dravidian architecture, the temples consisted of porches or ''mantapas'' preceding the door leading to the sanctum, gate-pyramids or ''[[gopuram]]s'' in quadrangular enclosures that surround the temple, and ''pillared halls'' used for many purposes. These features are the invariable accompaniments of these temples. Besides these, a South Indian temple usually has a [[temple tank|tank]] called the ''kalyani'' or ''pushkarni''.<ref>{{cite book|last= Fergusson|first= James|title= History of Indian and Eastern Architecture|orig-date= 1910|edition= 3rd|year= 1997|publisher=Low Price Publications|location= New Delhi|page= 309}}</ref> The gopuram is a monumental tower, usually ornate at the entrance of the temple forms a prominent feature of [[koil]]s and [[Hindu temple architecture|Hindu temples]] of the Dravidian style.<ref name="Gopuram">{{cite book|first=Francis D.K.|last= Ching|year= 2007|title= A Global History of Architecture|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|location=New York|isbn=978-0-471-26892-5|page=762|display-authors=etal}}</ref> They are topped by the ''kalasam'', a bulbous stone [[finial]] and function as gateways through the walls that surround the temple complex.<ref>{{cite book|first=Francis D.K.|last= Ching|year= 1995|title= A Visual Dictionary of Architecture|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|location=New York|isbn=978-0-471-28451-2|page=253}}</ref> The gopuram's origins can be traced back to the [[Pallava art and architecture|Pallavas]] who built the group of monuments in [[Mahabalipuram]] and [[Kanchipuram]].<ref name="UNC">{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/249|title=Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram|publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|access-date=3 April 2022|archive-date=2 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202145914/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/249|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Chola art and architecture|Cholas]] later expanded the same and by the [[Pandyan art and architecture|Pandya]] rule in twelfth century, these gateways became a dominant feature of a temple's outer appearance.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mitchell|first=George|title=The Hindu Temple|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1988|location=Chicago|pages= 151&ndash;153|isbn=978-0-226-53230-1}}</ref><ref name="Brit">{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9037402/gopura|title=Gopuram|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=20 January 2008|archive-date=19 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819003114/https://www.britannica.com/technology/gopura|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Emblem of Tamil Nadu|state emblem]] also features the [[Lion Capital of Ashoka]] with an image of a Gopuram on the background.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/Which-Tamil-Nadu-temple-is-the-state-emblem/articleshow/55285143.cms|title=Which Tamil Nadu temple is the state emblem?|date=7 November 2016|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|access-date=20 January 2018|archive-date=12 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181112160826/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/Which-Tamil-Nadu-temple-is-the-state-emblem/articleshow/55285143.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Vimana (architectural feature)|Vimanam]]'' are similar structures built over the ''[[garbhagriha]]'' or inner sanctum of the temple but are usually smaller than the gopurams in the Dravidian architecture with a few exceptions including the [[Brihadisvara Temple]] in [[Thanjavur]].<ref>{{cite book|author=S.R. Balasubrahmanyam|title = Middle Chola Temples|publisher=Thomson Press|year=1975|isbn=978-9-060-23607-9|pages=16–29}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Neela|first1=N.|last2=Ambrosia|first2=G.|title=Vimana architecture under the Cholas|journal=Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science & Humanities|date=April 2016|volume=3|issue=4|page=57|url=https://www.shanlax.com/wp-content/uploads/SIJ_ASH_V3_N4_008.pdf|access-date=5 July 2019|issn=2321-788X|archive-date=5 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705140824/https://www.shanlax.com/wp-content/uploads/SIJ_ASH_V3_N4_008.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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The [[Mugal Empire|Mugal]] influence in medieval times and the [[British Empire|British]] influence later gave rise to a blend of [[Hindu]], [[Islamic]] and [[Gothic revival]] styles, resulting in the distinct [[Indo-Saracenic]] architecture. Several buildings and institutions built during the British era followed the style.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Metcalfe|first=Thomas R.|title=A Tradition Created: Indo-Saracenic Architecture under the Raj|journal=History Today|volume=32|issue=9|url=http://www.historytoday.com/thomas-r-metcalfe/tradition-created-indo-saracenic-architecture-under-raj|access-date=28 December 2012|archive-date=18 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618230153/https://www.historytoday.com/thomas-r-metcalfe/tradition-created-indo-saracenic-architecture-under-raj|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Indo-saracenic Architecture|work=Henry Irwin, Architect in India, 1841–1922|publisher=higman.de|url=http://www.higman.de/Henry%20Irwin/indo-saracenic.htm|access-date=28 December 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730131008/http://www.higman.de/Henry%20Irwin/indo-saracenic.htm|archive-date=30 July 2020}}</ref> By the early 20th century, [[art deco]] made its entry in the urban landscape.<ref>{{cite news|title=Art Deco Style Remains, But Elements Missing|date=2 September 2014|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2014/sep/02/art-deco-style-remains-but-elements-missing-655242.html|newspaper=The New Indian Express|access-date=28 December 2022|archive-date=8 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208132502/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2014/sep/02/Art-Deco-Style-Remains-But-Elements-Missing-655242.html|url-status=live}}</ref> After Indian Independence, Tamil architecture witnessed a rise in [[Modernism]] with the transition from lime-and-brick construction to [[concrete]] columns.<ref>{{cite news|title=Chennai looks to the skies|location=Chennai|date=31 October 2014|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/homes-and-gardens/Five-years-after-the-CMDA-allowed-buildings-to-go-above-60-metres-Chennai%E2%80%99s-skyline-finally-begins-to-look-up-finds-Vishal-Menon/article60348870.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=28 December 2022|archive-date=8 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208132503/https://www.thehindu.com/features/homes-and-gardens/Five-years-after-the-CMDA-allowed-buildings-to-go-above-60-metres-Chennai%E2%80%99s-skyline-finally-begins-to-look-up-finds-Vishal-Menon/article60348870.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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===Arts===<br />
{{Further|Dance forms of Tamil Nadu}}<br />
[[File:Bharata_Natyam_Performance_DS.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|The [[Indian classical dance|classical dance]] [[Bharatanatyam]] is one of the oldest dance forms of India]]<br />
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Tamil Nadu is a major centre for music, art and dance in India.<ref>{{cite book|title=Global Soundtracks: Worlds of Film Music|first=Mark|last=Slobin|isbn=978-0-819-56882-3|year=2008|page=140|publisher=Wesleyan University Press}}</ref> Chennai is called the cultural capital of South India.<ref>{{cite book|first=Rina|last=Kamath|title=Chennai|year=2000|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-1378-5|page=66|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bw2vDg2fTrMC&pg=PA66|access-date=24 December 2023|archive-date=3 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603082657/https://books.google.com/books?id=bw2vDg2fTrMC&pg=PA66#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> In the Sangam era, art forms were classified into: ''iyal'' (poetry), ''isai'' (music) and ''nadakam'' (drama).<ref>{{cite book|title=Delights and Disquiets of Leisure in Premodern India|year=2023|isbn=978-9-394-70128-1|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|first=Seema|last=Bahwa}}</ref> [[Bharatanatyam]] is a classical dance form that originated in Tamil Nadu and is one of the oldest dances of India.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i2vDlcIyVjUC&pg=PA262|title=World Musics in Context: A Comprehensive Survey of the World's Major Musical Cultures|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|first=Peter|last=Fletcher|isbn=978-0-19-816636-8|date=29 April 2004|access-date=24 December 2023|archive-date=3 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703055734/https://books.google.com/books?id=i2vDlcIyVjUC&pg=PA262|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=|title=India's Dances Their History, Technique, and Repertoire|last=Massey|first=Reginald|year=2004|isbn=978-8-170-17434-9|publisher=Abhinav|location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Samson|first=Leela|title=Rhythm in Joy: Classical Indian Dance Traditions|year=1987|publisher=Lustre Press|location=New Delhi|page=29|isbn=978-9-9919-4155-4}}</ref> Other regional folk dances include [[Karakattam]], [[Kavadi]], [[Koodiyattam]], [[Oyilattam]], [[Parai Attam|Paraiattam]] and [[Poikkaal Kuthirai Aattam|Puravaiattam]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Handbook of Tamil Culture and Heritage|year=2000|publisher=International Tamil Language Foundation|location=Chicago|page=1201}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Banerjee|first=Projesh|title=Indian Ballet Dancing|date=1 February 1989|publisher=Abhinav Publications|location=New Jersey|page=43|isbn=978-8-170-17175-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last= Bowers|first=Faubion|title=The Dance in India|date=June 1953|publisher=AMS Press|location=New York|pages=13–15|isbn=978-0-4040-0963-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Fairs and Festivals of India|volume=2|first1=Madan Prasad|last1=Bezbaruah|first2=Krishna|last2=Gopal|year=2003|isbn=978-8-1212-0809-3|page=286|publisher=Gyan Publishing House}}</ref> The dance, clothing, and sculptures of Tamil Nadu exemplify the beauty of the body and motherhood.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Beck|first=Brenda|year=1976|title=The Symbolic Merger of Body, Space, and Cosmos in Hindu Tamil Nadu|journal=Contributions to Indian Sociology|volume=10|issue=2|pages=213–243|doi=10.1177/006996677601000202|s2cid=143220583}}</ref> [[Koothu]] is an ancient folk art, where artists tell stories from the epics accompanied by dance and music.<ref>{{cite book|title=Masks and Performance with Everyday Materials|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c4XWU6kr1_UC|author1=Gita Wolf|author2=Va Kītā|author3=V. Geetha|author4=Anushka Ravishankar|year=2003|isbn=978-8-186-21147-2|publisher=Tara Publishing|page=37|access-date=3 June 2024|archive-date=3 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603082652/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Masks_and_Performance_with_Everyday_Mate/c4XWU6kr1_UC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Land and people of Indian states and union territories|last1=Bhargava|first1=Gopal K.|last2=Shankarlal|first2=Bhatt|year=2006|publisher=Kalpaz Publications|location=Delhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wyCoMKZmRBoC&q=thevaram&pg=PA467|isbn=978-8-178-35381-4|access-date=6 February 2024|archive-date=28 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328173140/https://books.google.com/books?id=wyCoMKZmRBoC&q=thevaram&pg=PA467#v=snippet&q=thevaram&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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The ancient Tamil country had its own [[Ancient Tamil music|system of music]] called Tamil Pannisai described by Sangam literature such as the ''Silappatikaram''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Nijenhuis|first=Emmie te|title=Indian Music: History and Structure|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|place=Leiden|year=1974|isbn=978-9-004-03978-0|pages=4–5}}</ref> A [[Pallava]] inscription dated to the 7th century CE has one of the earliest surviving examples of Indian music in notation.<ref>{{cite book|last=Widdess|first=D. R.|contribution=The Kudumiyamalai inscription: a source of early Indian music in notation|editor-last=Picken|editor-first=Laurence|title=Musica Asiatica|volume=2|place=London|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=1979|pages=115–150}}</ref> There are many traditional instruments from the region dating back to the Sangam period such as [[parai]], [[tharai]], [[yazh]] and [[murasu]].<ref>{{cite book|title=When the Kurinji Blooms|first=Rājam|last=Kiruṣṇan̲|year=2002|page=124|isbn=978-8-125-01619-9|publisher=[[Orient BlackSwan]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Oxford Handbook of Applied Ethnomusicology|year=2015|isbn=978-0-199-35171-8|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|page=370|editor1=Jeff Todd Titon|editor2=Svanibor Pettan}}</ref> [[Nadaswaram]], a [[reed instrument]] that is often accompanied by the [[thavil]], a type of [[drum instrument]], are the major musical instruments used in temples and weddings.<ref>{{cite book|last=Venkatasubramanian|first=T. K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pzurjfF3AE4C&dq=nadasvaram+music&pg=PA50|title=Music as History in Tamilnadu|date=2010|publisher=Primus Books|isbn=978-9-38060-706-1|page=50}}</ref> [[Melam]] is a group of [[madhalam]]s and other similar percussion instruments from the ancient Tamilakam which are played during events.<ref name="AA"/> The traditional music of Tamil Nadu is known as [[Carnatic music]], which includes rhythmic and structured music by composers such as [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Karnatak-music|title=Karnatak music|encyclopedia=[[Britannica]]|access-date=1 March 2023|archive-date=7 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307064333/https://www.britannica.com/art/Karnatak-music|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Gaana]], a combination of various folk musics, is sung mainly in the working-class area of North Chennai.<ref>{{cite news|title=Torching prejudice through gumption and Gaana|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/music/101019/torching-prejudice-through-gumption-and-gaana.html|last=G|first=Ezekiel Majello|date=10 October 2019|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|access-date=12 May 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206015436/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/music/101019/torching-prejudice-through-gumption-and-gaana.html|archive-date=6 December 2020}}</ref><br />
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[[File:Madras_museum_theatre_in_October_2007.jpg|thumb|left|[[Government Museum, Chennai|Government Museum]] in Chennai, the second oldest museum in India]]<br />
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The state is home to many museums, galleries, and other institutions which engage in arts research and are major tourist attractions.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/jaya-moots-a-global-arts-fest/articleshow/17633409.cms|title=CM moots a global arts fest in Chennai|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=16 December 2012|access-date=29 December 2022|archive-date=8 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208140112/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/jaya-moots-a-global-arts-fest/articleshow/17633409.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Established in the early 18th century, the [[Government Museum, Chennai|Government Museum]] and the [[National Art Gallery, Chennai|National Art Gallery]] are amongst the oldest in the country.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/education/college-and-university/for-a-solid-grounding-in-arts/article2042038.ece|title=For a solid grounding in arts|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=3 April 2009|access-date=29 December 2022}}</ref> The museum inside the premises of Fort St. George maintains a collection of objects of the British era.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://asi.nic.in/museum-fort-st-geroge-chennai/|title=Fort St. George museum|publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]]|access-date=12 October 2023|archive-date=1 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201063923/https://asi.nic.in/museum-fort-st-geroge-chennai/|url-status=live}}</ref> The museum is managed by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]], and has in its possession the first [[Flag of India]] hoisted at [[Fort St George]] after the declaration of India's Independence on [[15 August 1947]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Indian tri-colour hoisted at Chennai in 1947 to be on display|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/Indian-tricolour-hoisted-at-Chennai-in-1947-to-be-on-display/article20567638.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=4 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407182137/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/Indian-tricolour-hoisted-at-Chennai-in-1947-to-be-on-display/article20567638.ece|archive-date=7 April 2021}}</ref><br />
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Tamil Nadu is also home to the Tamil film industry nicknamed as "Kollywood" and is one of the largest industries of film production in India.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Tamil-leads-as-India-tops-film-production/articleshow/21967065.cms|title=Tamil Nadu leads in film production|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 August 2013|access-date=25 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141116192759/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Tamil-leads-as-India-tops-film-production/articleshow/21967065.cms|archive-date=16 November 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=[[Business Standard]]|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/tamil-telugu-film-industries-outshine-bollywood/238821/|title=Tamil, Telugu film industries outshine Bollywood|date=25 January 2006|access-date=19 February 2012|archive-date=25 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325024848/https://www.business-standard.com/article/Companies/Tamil-Telugu-film-industries-outshine-Bollywood-106012501034_1.html}}</ref> The term ''Kollywood'' is a blend of [[Kodambakkam]] and Hollywood.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hiro|first=Dilip|title=After Empire: The Birth of a Multipolar World|year=2010|isbn=978-1-56858-427-0|page=248|publisher=PublicAffairs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zlivv_pQWnAC&q=Kollywood&pg=PA248|access-date=20 October 2020|archive-date=22 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822035814/https://books.google.com/books?id=Zlivv_pQWnAC&q=Kollywood&pg=PA248|url-status=live }}</ref> The first silent film in South India was produced in Tamil in 1916 and the first talkie was a multilingual film, ''[[Kalidas (film)|Kalidas]]'', which was released on 31 October 1931, barely seven months after India's first talking picture ''[[Alam Ara]]''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Velayutham|first=Selvaraj|title=Tamil cinema: the cultural politics of India's other film industry|page=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=65Aqrna4o5oC&q=Tamil+cinema+industry|isbn=978-0-415-39680-6|year=2008|publisher=[[Routledge]]|access-date=20 October 2020|archive-date=22 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822035817/https://books.google.com/books?id=65Aqrna4o5oC&q=Tamil+cinema+industry|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/from-silent-films-to-the-digital-era-madras-tryst-with-cinema/article32476615.ece|title=From silent films to the digital era — Madras' tryst with cinema|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=30 August 2020|access-date=29 June 2021|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108035615/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/from-silent-films-to-the-digital-era-madras-tryst-with-cinema/article32476615.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Samikannu Vincent]], who had built the first cinema of South India in Coimbatore, introduced the concept of "Tent Cinema" in which a tent was erected on a stretch of open land close to a town or village to screen the films. The first of its kind was established in Madras, called "Edison's Grand Cinemamegaphone".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/Cinema-and-the-city/article15513259.ece|title=Cinema and the city|date=9 January 2009|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 March 2023|archive-date=23 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023234933/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/Cinema-and-the-city/article15513259.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/farewell-to-old-cinema-halls/articleshow/8202426.cms|title=Farewell to old cinema halls|date=9 May 2011|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=19 June 2018|archive-date=5 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005001958/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/Farewell-to-old-cinema-halls/articleshow/8202426.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=18 October 2013|title=A way of life|work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|url=https://www.frontline.in/arts-and-culture/cinema/a-way-of-life/article5189219.ece|access-date=19 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140206150806/https://www.frontline.in/arts-and-culture/cinema/a-way-of-life/article5189219.ece|archive-date=6 February 2014}}</ref><br />
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===Festivals===<br />
[[File:Madurai-alanganallur-jallikattu.jpg|thumb|[[Jallikattu]], a traditional bull taming event held during [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]] festivities]]<br />
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[[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]] is a major and multi-day [[harvest festival]] celebrated by [[Tamils]].<ref name="CushRobinson2008p610">{{cite book|author1=Denise Cush|author2=Catherine A. Robinson|author3=Michael York|title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i_T0HeWE-EAC|year=2008|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-700-71267-0|pages=610–611|access-date=30 October 2019|archive-date=21 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421115354/https://books.google.com/books?id=i_T0HeWE-EAC|url-status=live}}</ref> It is observed in the month of Thai according to the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil solar calendar]] and usually falls on 14 or 15 January.<ref name=Beteille73>{{cite journal|last=Beteille|first=Andre|title=89. A Note on the Pongal Festival in a Tanjore Village|journal=Man|publisher=Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland|volume=64|year=1964|issue=2 |issn=0025-1496|doi=10.2307/2797924|pages=73–75|jstor=2797924 }}</ref> It is dedicated to the [[Surya]], the Sun God and the festival is named after the ceremonial "Pongal", which means "to boil, overflow" and refers to the traditional dish prepared from the new harvest of rice boiled in milk with [[jaggery]] offered to Surya.<ref>{{cite book|author=R Abbas|editor=S Ganeshram and C Bhavani|title=History of People and Their Environs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=crxUQR_qBXYC|year=2011|publisher=Bharathi Puthakalayam|isbn=978-9-380-32591-0|pages=751–752|access-date=30 October 2019|archive-date=21 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421115350/https://books.google.com/books?id=crxUQR_qBXYC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=J. Gordon Melton|title=Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lD_2J7W_2hQC|year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-598-84206-7|pages=547–548}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Roy W. Hamilton|author2=Aurora Ammayao|title=The art of rice: spirit and sustenance in Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yyQoAQAAMAAJ|year=2003|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-930-74198-3|pages=156–157|access-date=30 October 2019|archive-date=21 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421115348/https://books.google.com/books?id=yyQoAQAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Mattu Pongal is meant for celebration of [[cattle]] when the cattle are bathed, their horns polished and painted in bright colours, garlands of flowers placed around their necks and processions.<ref>{{cite journal|title= Food for the Gods in South India: An Exposition of Data|author= G. Eichinger Ferro-Luzzi|journal= Zeitschrift für Ethnologie|volume = Bd. 103, H. 1|year= 1978|issue= 1|pages= 86–108|publisher= Dietrich Reimer Verlag GmbH|jstor=25841633}}</ref> [[Jallikattu]] is a traditional event held during the period attracting huge crowds in which a bull is released into a crowd of people, and multiple human participants attempt to grab the large hump on the bull's back with both arms and hang on to it while the bull attempts to escape.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Governor-clears-ordinance-on-%E2%80%98jallikattu%E2%80%99/article17074093.ece|title=Governor clears ordinance on 'jallikattu'|last=Ramakrishnan|first=T.|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|date=26 February 2017|language=en|archive-date=20 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520145353/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Governor-clears-ordinance-on-%E2%80%98jallikattu%E2%80%99/article17074093.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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[[File:2019 kolam decoration for Pongal festival, South India.jpg|thumb|left|[[Tamils]] decorate their homes with colourful geometric designs called [[kolam]] made from rice powder<ref name=mercer22>{{cite book|author=Abbie Mercer|title=Happy New Year|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z3AnvD5jeDMC|year=2007|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-404-23808-4|page=22}}</ref>]]<br />
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[[Puthandu]] is known as Tamil New Year which marks the first day of year on the [[Tamil calendar]]. The festival date is set with the solar cycle of the solar [[Hindu calendar]], as the first day of the Tamil month ''Chithirai'' and falls on or about 14 April every year on the [[Gregorian calendar]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Roshen Dalal|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC|year=2010|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-0-143-41421-6|page=406}}</ref> [[Karthikai Deepam]] is a festival of lights that is observed on the [[Amavasya|full moon day]] of the [[Kārtika (month)|Kartika]] month, called the [[Kartik Purnima|Kartika Pournami]], falling on the [[Gregorian calendar|Gregorian]] months of November or December.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Spagnoli|first1=Cathy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6_Aci8KA7JEC&dq=karthigai+deepam+november+december&pg=PA133|title=Jasmine and Coconuts: South Indian Tales|last2=Samanna|first2=Paramasivam|date=1999|publisher=Libraries Unlimited|isbn=978-1-563-08576-5|page=133|access-date=24 December 2023|archive-date=30 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930150136/https://books.google.com/books?id=6_Aci8KA7JEC&dq=karthigai+deepam+november+december&pg=PA133|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Gajrani|first=S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zh6z0nuIjAgC&dq=karthigai+deepam&pg=PA207|title=History, Religion and Culture of India|date=2004|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-8-182-05061-7|page=207|access-date=24 December 2023|archive-date=30 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930145221/https://books.google.com/books?id=zh6z0nuIjAgC&dq=karthigai+deepam&pg=PA207|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Thaipusam]] is a Tamil festival celebrated on the first full moon day of the Tamil month of Thai coinciding with [[Pushya|Pusam]] star and dedicated to lord [[Murugan]]. [[Kavadi Aattam]] is a ceremonial act of sacrifice and offering practiced by devotees which is a central part of Thaipusam and emphasises debt bondage.<ref>{{cite book|author=Kent, Alexandra|title=Divinity and Diversity: A Hindu Revitalization Movement in Malaysia|publisher=[[University of Hawaii Press]]|year=2005|isbn=978-8-791-11489-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Portals: Opening Doorways to Other Realities Through the Senses|first=Lynne|last=Hume|year=2020|isbn=978-1-0001-8987-2|publisher=Taylor & Francis}}</ref> [[Aadi Perukku]] is a Tamil cultural festival celebrated on the 18th day of the Tamil month of [[Tamil calendar|Adi]] which pays tribute to [[water]]'s life-sustaining properties. The worship of [[Mariamman|Amman]] and [[Ayyanar]] deities are organised during the month in temples across Tamil Nadu with much fanfare.<ref name="AA">{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2022/jul/26/an-ode-to-aadi-and-ayyanar-2480584.html|title=An ode to Aadi and Ayyanar|newspaper=[[Indian Express]]|date=26 July 2022|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=22 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222132958/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2022/jul/26/an-ode-to-aadi-and-ayyanar-2480584.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Panguni Uthiram]] is marked on the [[purnima]] (full moon) of the month of [[Phalguna|Panguni]] and celebrates the wedding of various Hindu gods.<ref>{{cite book|first=Vijaya |last=Ramaswamy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ALUvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA131|title=Historical Dictionary of the Tamils|date=2017-08-25|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-538-10686-0|page=131}}</ref><br />
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[[Tyagaraja Aradhana]] is an annual music festival devoted to composer [[Tyagaraja]]. In [[Tiruvaiyaru]] in [[Thanjavur district]], thousands of music artists congregate every year.<ref>{{cite book|title=Tourism in Tamil Nadu: Growth and Development|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jTmbDwAAQBAJ&dq=piranmalai&pg=PA106|page=14|last=Pillai|first=S. Subramania|publisher=MJP Publisher|year=2019|isbn=978-8-180-94432-1}}</ref> [[Chennaiyil Thiruvaiyaru]] is a music festival which has been conducted from 18 to 25 December every year in Chennai.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/dec/05/music-season-begins-with-chennaiyil-thiruvaiyaru-fest-1907231.html|title=Chennai music season begins with 'Chennaiyil Thiruvaiyaru' festival|date=5 December 2018|newspaper=[[Indian Express]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=22 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222132957/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/dec/05/music-season-begins-with-chennaiyil-thiruvaiyaru-fest-1907231.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Chennai Sangamam]] is a large annual open [[Tamil people|Tamil]] cultural festival held in Chennai with the intention of rejuvenating the old village festivals, art and artists.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/chennai-sangamam-to-return-after-a-decade/articleshow/96609404.cms|title=Chennai Sangamam to return after a decade|date=30 December 2022|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=22 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222132958/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/chennai-sangamam-to-return-after-a-decade/articleshow/96609404.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Madras Music Season]], initiated by [[Madras Music Academy]] in 1927, is celebrated every year during the month of December and features performances of traditional [[Carnatic music]] by artists from the city.<ref>{{cite book|last=Knight|first=Douglas M. Jr.|title=Balasaraswati: Her Art and Life|year=2010|publisher=Wesleyan University Press|isbn=978-0-819-56906-6|page=78|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q3EsA2NooW4C}}</ref><br />
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== Economy ==<br />
{{Main|Economy of Tamil Nadu}}<br />
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The economy of the state consistently exceeded national average growth rates, due to [[Economic reforms in India|reform-oriented]] economic policies in the 1970s.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.icrier.org/pdf/wp144.pdf|title=Economic Growth in Indian States|publisher=ICRIER|first=K.L.|last=Krishna|date=September 2004|access-date=22 July 2015|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032647/http://www.icrier.org/pdf/wp144.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2023|24}}, Tamil Nadu's [[Gross state product|GSDP]] was {{INRConvert|27.22|t|lk=r}}, [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP|second]] highest amongst Indian states, which had grown significantly from {{INRConvert|2.19|t|lk=r}} in 2004.<ref name="GSDP">{{cite report|url=https://esankhyiki.mospi.gov.in/datacatalogue/NASdata/SDP/SDP-as%20on%2001.08.2024/State_wise_SDP-01082024_GSDP_Current.xlsx|title=Gross State Domestic Product (Current Prices)|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 November 2024|archive-date=26 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126172329/https://esankhyiki.mospi.gov.in/datacatalogue/NASdata/SDP/SDP-as%20on%2001.08.2024/State_wise_SDP-01082024_GSDP_Current.xlsx}}</ref> The per-capita [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP per capita|NDSP]] is {{INRConvert|315220|lk=r}}.<ref name="NSDP">{{cite report|url=https://mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/press_releases_statements/State_wise_SDP_as_on_15032024.xls|title=Per Capita Net State Domestic Product (Current Prices)|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 November 2024}}</ref> Tamil Nadu is the most urbanised state in India.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/jan/02/tamil-nadu-is-the-most-urbanised-state-in-india-says-eps-2244327.html|title=Tamil Nadu the most urbanised State says EPS|date=2 January 2021|access-date=10 September 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=21 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121175637/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/jan/02/tamil-nadu-is-the-most-urbanised-state-in-india-says-eps-2244327.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Though the state had the lowest percentage of people under the poverty line, rural unemployment rate is considerably higher at 47 per thousand compared to the national average of 28.<ref name="PL"/><ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=22079|title=Rural unemployment rate|publisher=[[Reserve Bank of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225094648/https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=22079|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2020}}, the state had the most number of factories at 38,837 units with an engaged work-force of 2.6 million.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=22178|title=Number of factories|publisher=[[Reserve Bank of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225094646/https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=22178|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=22185|title=Engaged workforce|publisher=[[Reserve Bank of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225094649/https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=22185|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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The state has a diversified industrial base anchored by different sectors including [[automobile]]s, [[software services]], [[Electronic hardware|hardware]], [[textiles]], [[healthcare]] and [[financial services]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Making Tamil Nadu future ready|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/making-tamil-nadu-future-ready/articleshow/96338870.cms|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|date=15 October 2022|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=3 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603084703/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/making-tamil-nadu-future-ready/articleshow/96338870.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://dcmsme.gov.in/publications/traderep/chennai/chennai8.htm|title=Industrial potential in Chennai|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=27 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327011055/http://www.dcmsme.gov.in/publications/traderep/chennai/chennai8.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2022}}, services contributed to 55% of the GSDP followed by manufacturing at 32% and agriculture at 13%.<ref name="TNB">{{cite report|url=https://prsindia.org/budgets/states/tamil-nadu-budget-analysis-2023-24|title=Tamil Nadu Budget analysis|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=29 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529111112/https://prsindia.org/budgets/states/tamil-nadu-budget-analysis-2023-24|url-status=live}}</ref> There are 42 [[Special Economic Zone]]s (SEZ) in the state.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.mepz.gov.in/listSEZTN.html|title=List of SEZs|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=15 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715084509/https://www.mepz.gov.in/listSEZTN.html|url-status=live}}</ref> As per a report by Government of India, Tamil Nadu is the most export competitive state of India in 2023.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/economy/what-india-s-top-exporting-states-have-done-right-11689788707048.html|title=What India's top exporting states have done right|date=19 July 2023|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=Mint|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225094647/https://www.livemint.com/economy/what-india-s-top-exporting-states-have-done-right-11689788707048.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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===Services===<br />
[[File:Tid.jpg|thumb|[[Tidel Park]], the first [[IT]] [[Special Economic Zone]] in the state]]<br />
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{{As of|2022}}, the state is amongst the major [[Information technology]] (IT) exporters of India with a value of {{INRconvert|576.87|b}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://factly.in/data-karnataka-tamil-nadu-maharashtra-telangana-account-for-more-than-80-of-indias-software-exports/|title=Data: Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra & Telangana Account for More Than 80% of India's Software Exports|date=4 July 2023|access-date=1 December 2023|work=Factly|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225094647/https://factly.in/data-karnataka-tamil-nadu-maharashtra-telangana-account-for-more-than-80-of-indias-software-exports/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Chennai emerging as India's Silicon Valley?|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Infotech/Software/Chennai_emerging_as_Indias_Silicon_Valley/articleshow/3000410.cms|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=1 May 2008|access-date=28 December 2012|first=Rajesh|last=Chandramouli|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820000027/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Infotech/Software/Chennai_emerging_as_Indias_Silicon_Valley/articleshow/3000410.cms|archive-date=20 August 2020}}</ref> Established in 2000, [[Tidel Park]] in Chennai was amongst the first and largest IT parks in Asia.<ref>{{cite news|title=PM opens Asia's largest IT park|url=https://www.ciol.com/pm-asias-largest-it-park-chennai/|date=4 July 2000|publisher=CIOL|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=9 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209062949/https://www.ciol.com/pm-asias-largest-it-park-chennai/|url-status=live}}</ref> The presence of [[SEZ]]s and government policies have contributed to the growth of the sector which has attracted foreign investments and job seekers from other parts of the country.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/after-delhi-maharastra-tn-received-highest-fdi-equity-inflows-in-fy15-114113000130_1.html|title=Maharashtra tops FDI equity inflows|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]|date=1 December 2012|access-date=22 July 2015|archive-date=23 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723070339/http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/after-delhi-maharastra-tn-received-highest-fdi-equity-inflows-in-fy15-114113000130_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tamil-nadu-a-small-step-in-inclusivity-a-giant-leap-in-industry/articleshow/99926653.cms|title=Tamil Nadu: A small step in inclusivity, a giant leap in India|date=2 May 2023|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=9 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209064452/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tamil-nadu-a-small-step-in-inclusivity-a-giant-leap-in-industry/articleshow/99926653.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In the 2020s, Chennai has become a major provider of [[SaaS]] and has been dubbed the "SaaS Capital of India".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.crayondata.com/heres-why-chennai-is-the-saas-capital-of-india/|title=Here's why Chennai is the SAAS capital of India|date=24 August 2018|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=Crayon|archive-date=6 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506031522/https://www.crayondata.com/heres-why-chennai-is-the-saas-capital-of-india/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/a-silent-saas-revolution-is-brewing-in-chennai/articleshow/67583586.cms|title=A silent SaaS revolution is brewing in Chennai|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=15 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515030121/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/a-silent-saas-revolution-is-brewing-in-chennai/articleshow/67583586.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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The state has two [[stock exchange]]s, [[Coimbatore Stock Exchange]], established in 2013, and [[Madras Stock Exchange]], established in 2015 and India's third-largest by trading volume.<ref>{{cite news|title=Investors told to go in for long term investment, index funds|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/investors-told-to-go-in-for-long-term-investment-index-funds/article3222777.ece|date=25 March 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=28 December 2012|archive-date=4 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804024931/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/investors-told-to-go-in-for-long-term-investment-index-funds/article3222777.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sebi.gov.in/stock-exchanges.html|title=List of Stock exchanges|publisher=SEBI|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=28 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828151333/https://www.sebi.gov.in/stock-exchanges.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[The Madras Bank (1683)|Madras Bank]], the first European-style banking system in India, was established on 21 June 1683, followed by the first commercial banks such as Bank of Hindustan (1770) and General Bank of India (1786).<ref>{{cite news|last=Mukund|first=Kanakalatha|title=Insight into the progress of banking|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai|date=3 April 2007|url=http://www.hindu.com/br/2007/04/03/stories/2007040300301600.htm|access-date=28 December 2012|archive-date=1 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701143955/http://www.hindu.com/br/2007/04/03/stories/2007040300301600.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Bank of Madras]] merged with two other presidency banks to form the [[Imperial Bank of India]] in 1921 which in 1955 became the [[State Bank of India]], the largest bank in India.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kumar|first=Shiv|title=200 years and going strong|newspaper=The Tribune|date=26 June 2005|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050626/spectrum/main1.htm|access-date=28 December 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804210248/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050626/spectrum/main1.htm|archive-date=4 August 2020}}</ref> More than 400 financial industry businesses including three [[Banking in India|banks]] are headquartered in the state.<ref>{{cite news|last=Shivakumar|first=C.|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/feb/28/chennai-finance-city-taking-shape-1779935.html|title=Chennai Finance City taking shape|newspaper=[[New Indian Express]]|date=28 February 2018|access-date=17 March 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107162239/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/feb/28/chennai-finance-city-taking-shape-1779935.html|archive-date=7 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Shivakumar|first=C.|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2019/jun/08/state-of-the-art-commerce-hub-likely-on-anna-salai-1987448.html|title=State-of-the-art commerce hub likely on Anna Salai|newspaper=[[New Indian Express]]|date=8 June 2019|access-date=1 March 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921100423/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2019/jun/08/state-of-the-art-commerce-hub-likely-on-anna-salai-1987448.html|archive-date=21 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/indian-banks-and-their-headquarters-1690786564-1|title=Indian Banks and their Headquarters|date=31 July 2023 |publisher=Jagran Josh|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> The state hosts the [[Reserve Bank of India, South Zonal Office|south zonal office]] of the [[Reserve Bank of India]], the country's central bank, along with its zonal training centre and staff college at Chennai.<ref>{{cite web|title=RBI staff college|publisher=Reserve Bank of India|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/rbsc.aspx|access-date=28 December 2022|archive-date=30 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130123403/https://rbi.org.in/Scripts/rbsc.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> There is a [[World Bank office, Chennai|permanent back office]] of the [[World Bank]] in the state.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/world-bank-expands-footprint-in-city-adds-70k-sqft-back-office-space/articleshow/54860801.cms|title=World Bank expands footprint in city, adds 70k sqft back office|date=5 October 2015|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|access-date=28 December 2022|archive-date=9 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209064452/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/world-bank-expands-footprint-in-city-adds-70k-sqft-back-office-space/articleshow/54860801.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Manufacturing===<br />
[[File:Arjun MBT bump track test 2.JPG|thumb|[[Arjun (tank)|Arjun]] battle tanks are manufactured by [[Armoured Vehicles Nigam Limited|AVANI]] in Chennai]]<br />
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Manufacturing in various sectors is governed by the state owned industrial corporation [[Tamil Nadu Industrial Development Corporation]] (TIDCO) apart from central government owned companies. Electronics hardware is a major manufacturing industry with an output of $5.37 billion in 2023, largest amongst Indian states.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tamil-nadu-emerges-as-top-exporter-of-electronic-goods-tripling-in-a-year-101688499546169.html|title=TN tops in electronic goods' export|date=5 July 2023|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|archive-date=9 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209062949/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tamil-nadu-emerges-as-top-exporter-of-electronic-goods-tripling-in-a-year-101688499546169.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/101381471.cms|title=In a first, Tamil Nadu overtakes UP and Karnataka to emerge first|date=1 June 2023|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=3 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603084625/https://ssum-sec.casalemedia.com/usermatch?d=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2F&s=184674&cb=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.indexww.com%2Fht%2Fhtw-pixel.gif%3F|url-status=live}}</ref> A large number of automotive companies have their manufacturing bases in the state with the [[automotive industry in Chennai]] accounting for more than 35% of India's overall automotive components and automobile output, earning the nickname "[[Detroit of India]]".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/special-videos/chennai-the-next-global-auto-manufacturing-hub_539405.html|title=Chennai: The next global auto manufacturing hub?|work=CNBC-TV18|access-date=28 December 2012|date=27 April 2011|publisher=[[CNBC]]|archive-date=11 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111093534/http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/special-videos/chennai-the-next-global-auto-manufacturing-hub_539405.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rediff.com/money/2000/oct/25cars.htm|title=Madras, the Detroit of South Asia|publisher=[[Rediff]]|date=30 April 2004|access-date=22 July 2015|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924133843/http://www.rediff.com/money/2000/oct/25cars.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=U.S. International Trade Commission|title=Competitive Conditions for Foreign Direct Investment in India, Staff Research Study #30|year=2007|publisher=DIANE Publishing|isbn=978-1-457-81829-5|pages=2–10|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hMIo-FZXCYEC&pg=SA2-PA10|access-date=25 December 2023|archive-date=28 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328173000/https://books.google.com/books?id=hMIo-FZXCYEC&pg=SA2-PA10#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Integral Coach Factory]] in Chennai manufactures railway coaches and other rolling stock for [[Indian Railways]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Profile, Integral Coach Factory|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|url=https://icf.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,294|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=9 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209062951/https://icf.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,294|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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Another major industry is textiles with the state being home to more than half of the operating fiber textile mills in India.<ref>{{cite press release|title=State wise number of Textile Mills|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=108277|publisher=[[Government of India]]|date=7 August 2014|access-date=23 January 2023|archive-date=1 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901165437/https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=108277|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Lok Sabha Elections 2014: Erode has potential to become a textile heaven says Narendra Modi|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-lok-sabha-elections-2014-erode-has-potential-to-become-a-textile-heaven-says-narendra-modi-1979317|newspaper=DNA India|date=17 April 2014|access-date=20 March 2016|archive-date=19 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119120152/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-lok-sabha-elections-2014-erode-has-potential-to-become-a-textile-heaven-says-narendra-modi-1979317|url-status=live}}</ref> Coimbatore is often referred to as the ''[[Manchester]] of [[South India]]'' due to its cotton production and textile industries.<ref>{{cite news|title=SME sector: Opportunities, challenges in Coimbatore|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/sme-sector-opportunities-challengescoimbatore_525889.html|access-date=9 May 2011|newspaper=CNBC-TV18|date=24 February 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110311111630/http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/sme-sector-opportunities-challengescoimbatore_525889.html|archive-date=11 March 2011}}</ref> {{As of|2022}}, Tiruppur exported garments worth US$480 billion, contributing to nearly 54% of the all the textile exports from India and the city is known as the ''knitwear capital'' due to its cotton knitwear export.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/podcast/economy-policy/how-can-india-replicate-the-success-of-tiruppur-in-75-other-places-122062900071_1.html|title=How can India replicate the success of Tiruppur in 75 other places?|newspaper=Business Standard|access-date=1 November 2023|archive-date=1 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201064216/https://www.business-standard.com/podcast/economy-policy/how-can-india-replicate-the-success-of-tiruppur-in-75-other-places-122062900071_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Brief Industrial Profile of Tiruppur district|url=http://dcmsme.gov.in/dips/IPS%20Tiruppur%202012.pdf|website=DCMSME|publisher=Ministry of Micro, Small & Medium Industries, Government of India|access-date=3 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304101505/http://dcmsme.gov.in/dips/IPS%20Tiruppur%202012.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2015}}, the textile industry in Tamil Nadu accounts for 17% of the total invested capital in all the industries.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/new-textile-policy-on-the-anvil/article7458741.ece|title=New textile policy on the anvil|author=Sangeetha Kandavel|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=25 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904023012/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/new-textile-policy-on-the-anvil/article7458741.ece|archive-date=4 September 2015|url-status=live|date=24 July 2015}}</ref> {{As of|2021}}, 40% of leather goods exported from India worth {{INRconvert|92.52|b}} are being manufactured in the state.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/94015664.cms|title=TN to account for 60% of India's leather exports in two year|date=6 September 2022|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=3 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603084710/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tn-to-account-for-60-of-indias-leather-exports-in-two-years/articleshow/94015664.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The state supplies two-thirds of India's requirements of motors and pumps, and is one of the largest exporters of [[wet grinder]]s with "[[Coimbatore Wet Grinder]]", a recognised [[Geographical indication]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/Poor-sales-hit-pump-unit-owners-workers/articleshow/47423911.cms|title=Poor sales hit pump unit owners, workers|access-date=28 June 2015|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 May 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150604112159/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/Poor-sales-hit-pump-unit-owners-workers/articleshow/47423911.cms|archive-date=4 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Industry/r8UaiAN7APhsLubxdYWgOL/Poll-code-set-to-hit-business-of-Coimbatores-wetgrinder-ma.html|title=Poll code set to hit wet grinders business|newspaper=Live Mint|date=6 August 2015|access-date=20 September 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820234015/http://www.livemint.com/Industry/r8UaiAN7APhsLubxdYWgOL/Poll-code-set-to-hit-business-of-Coimbatores-wetgrinder-ma.html|archive-date=20 August 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
There are two ordnance factories in Aruvankadu and [[Ordnance Factory Tiruchirappalli|Tiruchirappalli]].<ref>{{cite news|agency=PTI|date=28 September 2021|title=Govt. dissolves Ordnance Factory Board, transfers assets to 7 PSUs|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/govt-dissolves-ordnance-factory-board-transfers-assets-to-7-psus/article36707478.ece|access-date=28 September 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=28 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928140631/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/govt-dissolves-ordnance-factory-board-transfers-assets-to-7-psus/article36707478.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|title=Seven new defence companies carved out of OFB|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1764148#:~:text=of%20the%20country.-,The%20seven%20new%20Defence%20companies%20are%3A%20Munitions%20India%20Limited%20(MIL,Gliders%20India%20Limited%20(GIL)|access-date=1 December 2023|date=15 October 2021|publisher=[[Government of India]]|archive-date=6 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406005242/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1764148#:~:text=of%20the%20country.-,The%20seven%20new%20Defence%20companies%20are%3A%20Munitions%20India%20Limited%20(MIL,Gliders%20India%20Limited%20(GIL)|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Armoured Vehicles Nigam Limited|AVANI]], headquartered in Chennai, manufactures [[armoured fighting vehicle]]s, [[main battle tank]]s, tank engines and armored clothing for the use of the [[Indian Armed Forces]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Roche|first1=Elizabeth|title=New defence PSUs will help India become self-reliant: PM|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/pm-urges-restructured-defence-units-to-help-india-become-military-industry-power-11634288891758.html|access-date=16 October 2021|work=mint|date=15 October 2021|archive-date=22 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122133224/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/pm-urges-restructured-defence-units-to-help-india-become-military-industry-power-11634288891758.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Pubby|first1=Manu|title=Modi to launch seven new PSUs this week, Defence Ministry approves Rs 65,000-crore orders|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/seven-new-psus-this-week-defence-ministry-approves-rs-65000-cr-orders/articleshow/86946027.cms|access-date=16 October 2021|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=12 October 2021|archive-date=14 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514175130/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/seven-new-psus-this-week-defence-ministry-approves-rs-65000-cr-orders/articleshow/86946027.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> [[ISRO]], the Indian space agency, operates a propulsion facility at [[ISRO Propulsion Complex|Mahendragiri]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ojha|first=N.N.|title=India in Space, Science & Technology|publisher=Chronicle Books|pages=110–143|location=New Delhi}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Agriculture===<br />
[[File:Rice Paddy Fields in Tamil Nadu.jpg|thumb|[[Rice]] is the staple food grain and the state is one of the largest producers in India]]<br />
<br />
Agriculture contributes 13% to the GSDP and is a major employment generator in rural areas.<ref name="TNB"/> {{As of|2022}}, the state had 6.34 million hectares under cultivation.<ref name="Agri">{{cite report|url=https://cms.tn.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/agri_e_pn_2023_24.pdf|title=Department of Agriculture, Policy document, 2023-24|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|page=12|archive-date=1 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201032934/https://cms.tn.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/agri_e_pn_2023_24.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=22119|title=State-wise Pattern of Land Use - Gross Sown Area|publisher=[[Reserve Bank of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225094653/https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=22119|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Rice]] is the staple food grain with the state being one of the largest producers in India with an output of 7.9 million tonnes in 2021–22.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=22124|title=State-wise Production of Foodgrains - Rice|publisher=[[Reserve Bank of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225094655/https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=22124|url-status=live}}</ref> The Kaveri delta region is known as the ''Rice Bowl of Tamil Nadu''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thanjavur.nic.in/history/|title=Thanjavur, history|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=22 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922223302/https://thanjavur.nic.in/history/|url-status=live}}</ref> Among non-food grains, [[sugarcane]] is the major crop with an annual output of 16.1 million tonnes in 2021–22.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=22131|title=State-wise Production of Non-Foodgrains - Sugercane|publisher=[[Reserve Bank of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225094647/https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=22131|url-status=live}}</ref> The state is a producer of [[spices]] and is the top producer of [[oil seed]]s, [[tapioca]], [[clove]]s and [[flower]]s in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://investingintamilnadu.com/DIGIGOV/TN-pages/why-tn.jsp?pagedisp=static|title=Why Tamil Nadu|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225094651/https://investingintamilnadu.com/DIGIGOV/TN-pages/why-tn.jsp?pagedisp=static|url-status=live}}</ref> The state accounts for 6.5% of fruit and 4.2% of vegetables production in the country.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=22140|title=State-wise Production of Fruits|publisher=[[Reserve Bank of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225094657/https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=22140|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=22141|title=State-wise Production of Vegetables|publisher=[[Reserve Bank of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225094651/https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=22141|url-status=live}}</ref> The state is a leading producer of [[banana]] and [[mango]] with more than 78% of the area under fruit cultivation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tnhorticulture.tn.gov.in/stateprofile|title=State profile|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=3 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603084711/https://tnhorticulture.tn.gov.in/stateprofile|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2019}}, the state was the second largest producer in India of [[natural rubber]] and [[coconut]]s.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1578142|title=Production of Natural Rubber|date=10 July 2019|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=1 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201204805/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1578142|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Tea]] is a popular crop in hill-stations with the state being a major producer of a unique flavoured [[Nilgiri tea]].<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.teauction.com/statistics/indprodstate.asp|title=Production of Tea in India During And Up to August 2002|publisher=Teauction|year=2002|access-date=10 September 2012|archive-date=6 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406125111/http://www.teauction.com/statistics/indprodstate.asp|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|pages=84–85|title=The Tea Book: Experience the World s Finest Teas, Qualities, Infusions, Rituals, Recipes|last=Gaylard|first=Linda|publisher=[[DK (publisher)|DK]]|year=2015|isbn=978-1-465-43606-1}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{As of|2022}}, the state is the largest producer in India of [[poultry]] and [[eggs as food|eggs]] with an annual production of 20.8 billion units, contributing to more than 16% of the national output.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=22158|title=State-wise Production of Eggs|publisher=[[Reserve Bank of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225094652/https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=22158|url-status=live}}</ref> The state has a fishermen population of 1.05 million and the coast consists of 3 major fishing harbors, 3 medium fishing harbors and 363 fish landing centres.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/12th_fyp_tn/2.%20Agriculture%20and%20Allied%20Sectors/2_8.pdf|title=Agriculture allied sectors|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225094650/https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/12th_fyp_tn/2.%20Agriculture%20and%20Allied%20Sectors/2_8.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2022}}, the fishing output was 0.8 million tonnes with a contribution of 5% to the total fish production in India.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=22159|title=State-wise Production of Eggs|publisher=[[Reserve Bank of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225094656/https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=22159|url-status=live}}</ref> Aquaculture includes [[shrimp]], [[sea weed]], [[mussel]], [[clam]] and [[oyster]] farming across more than 6000 hectares.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fisheries.tn.gov.in/Aquaculture|title=Tamil Nadu fisheries department, Aquaculture|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225094648/https://www.fisheries.tn.gov.in/Aquaculture}}</ref> [[M. S. Swaminathan]], known as the "father of the Indian [[Green Revolution in India|Green Revolution]]" was from Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gopalkrishnan|first1=G|title=M.S. Swaminathan: One Man's Quest for a Hunger-free World|date=2002|publisher=Education Development Centre|oclc=643489739|page=14}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Infrastructure ==<br />
=== Water supply ===<br />
[[File:Cauvery_at_Erode.JPG|thumb|[[Kaveri]] river is one of the major water sources in the state]]<br />
Tamil Nadu accounts for nearly 4% of the land area and 6% of the population of India, but has only 3% of the water resources of the country. The per capita water availability is {{convert|800|m3|abbr=on}} which is lower than the national average of {{convert|2300|m3|abbr=on}}.<ref name="WR"/> The state is dependent on the monsoons for replenishing the water resources. There are 17 major river basins with 61 reservoirs and about 41,948 tanks with a total surface water potential of 24,864 million cubic metres (MCM), 90% of which is used for [[irrigation]]. The utilisable groundwater recharge is 22,423 MCM.<ref name="WR">{{cite report|url=https://www.environment.tn.gov.in/Document/archives/Waterresources.pdf|page=1|title=Water resources of Tamil Nadu|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=10 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810210339/https://www.environment.tn.gov.in/Document/archives/Waterresources.pdf}}</ref> The major rivers include [[Kaveri]], [[Bhavani River|Bhavani]], [[Vaigai]] and [[Thamirabarani]]. With most of the rivers originating from other states, Tamil Nadu depends on neighbouring states for considerable quantum of water which has often led to [[Kaveri River water dispute|disputes]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tnenvis.nic.in/Content|title=Water resources|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> The state has 116 [[List of dams and reservoirs in Tamil Nadu|large dams]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://damsafety.cwc.gov.in/?page=Tamil%20Nadu%20Water%20Resources%20Department&origin=front-end&page_id=94&lang=&tp=1&rn=1|title=Dam safety|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225061125/https://damsafety.cwc.gov.in/?page=Tamil%20Nadu%20Water%20Resources%20Department&origin=front-end&page_id=94&lang=&tp=1&rn=1|url-status=live}}</ref> Apart from the rivers, the majority of the water comes from rainwater stored in more than 41,000 [[tanks]] and 1.68 million [[well]]s across the state.<ref name="Agri"/><br />
<br />
Water supply and sewage treatment are managed by the respective local administrative bodies such as the [[Chennai MetroWater Supply and Sewage Board]] in Chennai.<ref>{{cite book|title=Second Master Plan|publisher=Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority|pages=157–159|url=http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/Volume3_English_PDF/Vol3_Chapter07_Infrasructure.pdf|access-date=28 December 2012|archive-date=4 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104135527/http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/Volume3_English_PDF/Vol3_Chapter07_Infrasructure.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Second Master Plan|publisher=Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority|page=163|url=http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/Volume3_English_PDF/Vol3_Chapter07_Infrasructure.pdf|access-date=28 December 2012|archive-date=4 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104135527/http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/Volume3_English_PDF/Vol3_Chapter07_Infrasructure.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Desalination]] plants including the country's largest at [[Minjur]] provide alternative means of drinking water.<ref>{{cite web|title=IVRCL desalination plant-Minjur|publisher=IVRCL|access-date=12 August 2023|url=http://www.ivrcl.com/desalination.php|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225061124/http://www.ivrcl.com/desalination.php|url-status=live}}</ref> As per the 2011 census, only 83.4% of the households have access to safe drinking water, less than the national average of 85.5%.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://data.gov.in/resources/households-access-safe-drinking-water|title=Households access to safe drinking water|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=11 March 2020|archive-date=19 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719150926/https://data.gov.in/resources/households-access-safe-drinking-water|url-status=live}}</ref> Water sources are also threatened by [[environmental pollution]] and effluent discharge from industries.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.environment.tn.gov.in/Document/archives/Waterresources.pdf|page=12|title=Water resources of Tamil Nadu|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=10 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810210339/https://www.environment.tn.gov.in/Document/archives/Waterresources.pdf}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Health and sanitation ===<br />
[[File:GH_Chennai.JPG|thumb|The [[Government General Hospital, Chennai|General Hospital]] in Chennai was established on 16 November 1664 and was the first major hospital in India]]<br />
The state is one of the [[Indian states ranking by prevalence of open defecation|leading states]] in terms of sanitation facilities with more than 99.96% of people having access to toilets.<ref>{{cite report|title=Swachh Bharat Mission dashboard|url=https://sbm.gov.in/sbmdashboard/Default.aspx|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=7 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207003137/https://sbm.gov.in/sbmdashboard/Default.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> The state has robust health facilities and ranks higher in all health related parameters such as high life expectancy of 74 years (sixth) and 98.4% [[Indian states ranking by institutional delivery|institutional delivery]] (second).<ref name="LE"/><ref>{{cite report|url=http://rchiips.org/NFHS/pdf/NFHS4/TN_FactSheet.pdf|title=TN fact sheet, National health survey|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=1 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401205438/http://rchiips.org/nfhs/pdf/NFHS4/TN_FactSheet.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Of the three demographically related targets of the [[Millennium Development Goals]] set by the [[United Nations]] and expected to be achieved by 2015, Tamil Nadu achieved the goals related to improvement of maternal health and of reducing infant mortality and child mortality by 2009.<ref name="IMR">{{cite news|url=https://www.frontline.in/other/data-card/missing-targets/article5740024.ece|title=Missing targets|work=Frontline|date=12 March 2014|access-date=20 March 2016|archive-date=20 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620170437/http://www.frontline.in/other/data-card/missing-targets/article5740024.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/mdg_2july15_1.pdf|title=Millennium Development Goals – Country report 2015|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 January 2023|archive-date=16 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316170139/https://mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/mdg_2july15_1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
The health infrastructure in the state includes both government-run and private hospitals. {{As of|2023}}, the state had 404 public hospitals, 1,776 public dispensaries, 11,030 health centres and 481 mobile units run by the government with a capacity of more than 94,700 beds.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://cms.tn.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/hfw_e_pn_2023_24.pdf|title=Health department, policy note|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|page=6|archive-date=5 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105031648/https://cms.tn.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/hfw_e_pn_2023_24.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.tn.gov.in/deptst/medicalandhealth.pdf|title=Medical and health report|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225061648/https://www.tn.gov.in/deptst/medicalandhealth.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Government General Hospital, Chennai|General Hospital]] in Chennai was established on 16 November 1664 and was the first major hospital in India.<ref>{{cite journal|title=History of Medicine: The origin and evolution of the first modern hospital in India|journal=The National Medical Journal of India|date=2020|volume=33|issue=3|pages=175–179|url=https://www.nmji.in/article.asp?issn=0970-258X;year=2020;volume=33;issue=3;spage=175;epage=179;aulast=Amarjothi#:~:text=In%201639%2C%20EIC%20officials%2C%20Andrew,hospital%20in%20India%20was%20started|doi=10.4103/0970-258X.314010|pmid=33904424|access-date=23 May 2021|doi-access=free|author1=Amarjothi JMV|last2=Jesudasan|first2=J.|last3=Ramasamy|first3=V.|last4=Jose|first4=L|archive-date=23 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523103919/https://www.nmji.in/article.asp?issn=0970-258X;year=2020;volume=33;issue=3;spage=175;epage=179;aulast=Amarjothi#:~:text=In%201639%2C%20EIC%20officials%2C%20Andrew,hospital%20in%20India%20was%20started|url-status=live}}</ref> The state government administers free [[polio vaccine]] for eligible age groups.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/5-67-lakh-kids-get-polio-vaccines-at-1647-camps-in-city/articleshow/89879771.cms|title=5.67 lakh kids get polio vaccines at 1,647 camps in Chennai|date=28 February 2022|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|archive-date=8 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208182653/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/5-67-lakh-kids-get-polio-vaccines-at-1647-camps-in-city/articleshow/89879771.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Tamil Nadu is a major centre for medical tourism and Chennai is termed as "India's health capital".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/the-medical-capitals-place-in-history/article3796305.ece|title=The medical capital's place in history|date=20 August 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112031054/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/the-medical-capitals-place-in-history/article3796305.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Medical tourism]] forms an important part of the economy with more than 40% of total medical tourists visiting India making it to Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite book|title=Medical Tourism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1Un-gGsozMC&pg=PA71|page=71|last=Connell|first=John|isbn=978-1-845-93660-0|year=2011|access-date=25 December 2023|archive-date=28 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328173511/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1Un-gGsozMC&pg=PA71#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Communication ===<br />
Tamil Nadu is one of four Indian states connected by [[Submarine communications cable|undersea fibre-optic cables]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Bharti and SingTel Establish Network i2i Limited|newspaper=Submarine network|date=8 August 2011|url=https://www.submarinenetworks.com/systems/intra-asia/i2i/bharti-and-singtel-establish-network-i2i-limited|access-date=1 December 2022|archive-date=2 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202122711/https://www.submarinenetworks.com/systems/intra-asia/i2i/bharti-and-singtel-establish-network-i2i-limited}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=India's 1st undersea cable network ready|newspaper=[[The Economic Times|Economic Times]]|location=Singapore|date=8 April 2002|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/6306817.cms|access-date=28 December 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817121213/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/6306817.cms|archive-date=17 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=BRICS Cable Unveiled for Direct and Cohesive Communications Services Between Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa|publisher=Business Wire|date=16 April 2012|url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20120416005804/en/Brics-Cable-Unveiled-for-Direct-and-Cohesive-Communcations-Services-between-Brazil-Russia-India-China-and-South-Africa|access-date=1 December 2022|archive-date=8 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208184214/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20120416005804/en/Brics-Cable-Unveiled-for-Direct-and-Cohesive-Communcations-Services-between-Brazil-Russia-India-China-and-South-Africa|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2023}}, four mobile phone service companies operate [[GSM]] networks including [[Bharti Airtel]], [[BSNL]], [[Vodafone Idea]] and [[Reliance Jio]] offering [[4G]] and [[5G]] mobile services.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.airtel.in/press-release/01-2023/airtel-5g-plus-now-live-in-5-cities-of-tamil-nadu|title=Coimbatore, Madurai, Hosur & Trichy gets ultrafast Airtel 5G Plus services in addition to Chennai|date=24 January 2023|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=Airtel|archive-date=8 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208182655/https://www.airtel.in/press-release/01-2023/airtel-5g-plus-now-live-in-5-cities-of-tamil-nadu|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TRAI">{{cite report|url=https://www.trai.gov.in/sites/default/files/PR_No.124of2023_0.pdf|title=TRAI report, August 2023|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=TRAI|archive-date=23 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223095115/https://www.trai.gov.in/sites/default/files/PR_No.124of2023_0.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Wireline and broadband services are offered by five major operators and other smaller local operators.<ref name="TRAI"/> Tamil Nadu is amongst the states with a high internet usage and penetration.<ref>{{cite news|title=After losing 6 lakh internet connections, Tamil Nadu adds|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|date=24 January 2021|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/after-losing-6l-net-connections-state-adds-2-million-in-july-sept/articleshow/80426908.cms|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=8 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208182652/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/after-losing-6l-net-connections-state-adds-2-million-in-july-sept/articleshow/80426908.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, the state government unveiled a plan to lay {{convert|55,000|km|abbr=on}} of [[optical fiber]] across the state to provide high-speed internet.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2018/jul/27/tamil-nadu-all-set-for-rs-1500-crore-mega-optic-fibre-network-1849287.html|title=Tamil Nadu all set for Rs 1,500 crore mega optic fibre network|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=27 July 2018|access-date=31 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206213544/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2018/jul/27/tamil-nadu-all-set-for-rs-1500-crore-mega-optic-fibre-network-1849287.html|archive-date=6 February 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Power and energy ===<br />
[[File:Kudankulam_Nuclear_Power_Plant_Unit_1_and_2.jpg|thumb|[[Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant|Kudankulam]], the largest nuclear power station in India]]<br />
Electricity distribution in the state is done by the [[Tamil Nadu Electricity Board]] headquartered at Chennai.<ref>{{cite web|title=TANGEDCO, contact|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|url=https://www.tangedco.org/en/tangedco/reach-us/contact-information/|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=8 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208185659/https://www.tangedco.org/en/tangedco/reach-us/contact-information/|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2023}}, the average daily consumption is 15,000 MW. Only 40% of the power is generated locally, with the remaining 60% met through purchases.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2023/sep/01/chennai-ranks-second-among-big-cities-in-power-usage-2610530.html|title=Chennai ranks second among big cities in power usage|date=1 September 2023|newspaper=New Indian Express|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=8 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208182654/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2023/sep/01/chennai-ranks-second-among-big-cities-in-power-usage-2610530.html|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2022}}, the state was the fourth largest power consumer with a per capita availability of 1588.7 Kwh.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=22200|title=Per-capita availability of power|publisher=[[Reserve Bank of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225071620/https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=22200|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=22203|title=Power consumption|publisher=[[Reserve Bank of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225070116/https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=22203|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2023}}, the state has the [[States of India by installed power capacity|third highest]] installed power capacity of 38,248 MW with 54.6% from renewable resources.<ref name="PW">{{cite report|url=https://npp.gov.in/public-reports/cea/monthly/installcap/2023/OCT/capacity2-Southern-2023-10.pdf|title=Installed power capacity:Southern region|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=31 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331070509/https://npp.gov.in/public-reports/cea/monthly/installcap/2023/OCT/capacity2-Southern-2023-10.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=22202|title=Installed power capacity|publisher=[[Reserve Bank of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225070117/https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=22202|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Thermal power]] is the largest contributor with more than 10,000 MW.<ref name="PW"/> Tamil Nadu is the only state with two operational [[nuclear power plant]]s. The plant at [[Madras Atomic Power Station|Kalpakkam]] is the first fully indigenous nuclear power station in India. The [[Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant]] is the largest nuclear power station in India. It generates nearly one-third of the total nuclear power generated in the country.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Chetal|first1=SC|title=Beyond PFBR to FBR 1 and 2|journal=IGC Newsletter|date=January 2013|volume=95|page=2|url=http://www.igcar.gov.in/lis/nl95/igc95.pdf|publisher=[[Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research]]|access-date=16 April 2021|archive-date=16 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416223156/http://www.igcar.gov.in/lis/nl95/igc95.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Construction of unit 5 & 6 of India's largest nuclear power plant in Kudankulam commences|url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/construction-of-unit-5-6-of-indias-largest-nuclear-power-plant-in-kudankulam-commences-394688|access-date=1 December 2023|work=WION|date=17 February 2022|archive-date=21 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240421082157/https://www.wionews.com/india-news/construction-of-unit-5-6-of-indias-largest-nuclear-power-plant-in-kudankulam-commences-394688|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://aerb.gov.in/english/regulatory-facilities/nuclear-power-plants|title=Nuclear power plants|publisher=Atomic Energy Regulatory Board, [[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=21 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121095725/https://www.aerb.gov.in/english/regulatory-facilities/nuclear-power-plants|url-status=live}}</ref> Tamil Nadu has the largest established wind power capacity in India with over 8,000 MW, mostly based out of two regions, [[Palghat Gap]] and [[Muppandal Wind Farm|Muppandal]]. The latter is one of the [[List of largest power stations#Wind|largest]] operational onshore wind farms in the world.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/pictures/mef45ehmdh/muppandal-wind-farm/#25626e5a5b83|title=Muppandal Wind Farm|first=Christopher|last=Helman|website=Forbes|access-date=12 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413044635/https://www.forbes.com/pictures/mef45ehmdh/muppandal-wind-farm/#25626e5a5b83|archive-date=13 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Media ===<br />
[[File:SUN network office.JPG|thumb|Headquarters of [[Sun Network]], India's largest private TV broadcaster]]<br />
Newspaper publishing started in the state started with the launch of the weekly ''[[The Madras Courier]]'' in 1785.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/the-first-newspaper-of-madras-presidency-had-a-36-year-run/article66180704.ece|title=The first newspaper of Madras Presidency had a 36-year run|date=25 November 2022|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=21 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021204421/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/the-first-newspaper-of-madras-presidency-had-a-36-year-run/article66180704.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> It was followed by the weeklies ''[[Madras Gazette]]'' and ''[[Government Gazette]]'' in 1795.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cL7KVAqvSEYC&dq=madras+gazette+&pg=PA4|title=The Press in Tamil Nadu and the Struggle for Freedom, 1917-1937|publisher=South Asia Books|author=A. Ganesan|date=January 1988|page=4|isbn=978-8-170-99082-6|access-date=25 December 2023|archive-date=28 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328173448/https://books.google.com/books?id=cL7KVAqvSEYC&dq=madras+gazette+&pg=PA4#v=onepage&q=madras%20gazette&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1955_7/9/the_story_of_the_indian_press.pdf|title=The Story of the Indian Press|author=Reba Chaudhuri|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|date=22 February 1955|access-date=25 December 2023|archive-date=25 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225131254/https://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1955_7/9/the_story_of_the_indian_press.pdf}}</ref> ''[[The Spectator (Indian newspaper)|The Spectator]]'', founded in 1836 was the first English newspaper to be owned by an Indian and became the first daily newspaper in 1853.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mxmindia.com/media/chennai175-madras-to-chennai-evolution-of-media-in-the-last-150-years/|title=Chennai@175: Madras to Chennai – Evolution of media in the last 150 years|work=MXM India|date=25 August 2014|access-date=1 May 2024|archive-date=3 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603084714/https://www.mxmindia.com/media/chennai175-madras-to-chennai-evolution-of-media-in-the-last-150-years/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The Mail, Madras' only English eveninger and one of India's oldest newspapers, closes down|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/media/story/19820131-the-mail-madras-only-english-eveninger-and-one-of-indias-oldest-newspapers-closes-down-771474-2013-10-22|date=22 October 2013|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=India Today|archive-date=26 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326174134/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/media/story/19820131-the-mail-madras-only-english-eveninger-and-one-of-indias-oldest-newspapers-closes-down-771474-2013-10-22|url-status=live}}</ref> The first Tamil newspaper, ''[[Swadesamitran]]'' was launched in 1899.<ref>{{cite book|title=Madras Rediscovered|last=Muthiah|first=S.|year=2004|publisher=East West Books|isbn=978-8-188-66124-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r8UkDQAAQBAJ&q=andhra+patrika+madras|title=Classical Telugu Poetry: An Anthology|last1=Narayana|first1=Velcheru|last2=Shulman|first2=David|date=2002|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-22598-5}}</ref> The state has a number of newspapers and magazines published in various languages including Tamil, English and Telugu.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://rni.nic.in/pdf_file/pin2021_22/Chapter%209.pdf|title=Press in India 2021-22, Chapter 9|page=32|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=23 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223095128/https://rni.nic.in/pdf_file/pin2021_22/Chapter%209.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The major dailies with more than 100,000 circulation per day include ''[[The Hindu]]'', ''[[Dina Thanthi]]'', ''[[Dinakaran]]'', ''[[The Times of India]]'', ''[[Dina Malar]]'', and ''[[The Deccan Chronicle]]''.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://rni.nic.in/pdf_file/pin2021_22/Chapter%206.pdf|title=Press in India 2021-22, Chapter 6|page=8|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=23 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223095105/https://rni.nic.in/pdf_file/pin2021_22/Chapter%206.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Several periodicals and local newspapers prevalent in select localities also bring out editions from multiple cities.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://rni.nic.in/pdf_file/pin2021_22/Chapter%207.pdf|title=Press in India 2021-22, Chapter 7|page=5|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=23 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223095118/https://rni.nic.in/pdf_file/pin2021_22/Chapter%207.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Government-run [[Doordarshan]] broadcasts terrestrial and [[satellite television]] channels from its Chennai centre set up in 1974.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://prasarbharati.gov.in/dd-podhigai-homepage/contact/|title=DD Podighai|publisher=Prasar Bharti|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=21 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921161844/https://prasarbharati.gov.in/dd-podhigai-homepage/contact/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[DD Podhigai]], Doordarshan's Tamil language regional channel was launched on 14 April 1993.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/dd-podhigai-to-be-renamed-as-dd-tamil-from-pongal-day-mos-l-murugan-747473|title=DD Podhigai to be renamed as DD Tamil from Pongal day: MoS L Murugan|date=10 November 2023|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=DT Next|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225063018/https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/dd-podhigai-to-be-renamed-as-dd-tamil-from-pongal-day-mos-l-murugan-747473|url-status=live}}</ref> There are more than 30 private satellite television networks including [[Sun Network]], one of India's largest broadcasting companies is the state, established in 1993.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://india.mom-gmr.org/en/owners/companies/detail/company/company/show/sun-group/|title=Sun Group|publisher=Media Ownership Monitor|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=9 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109202439/http://india.mom-gmr.org/en/owners/companies/detail/company/company/show/sun-group/|url-status=live}}</ref> The cable TV service is entirely controlled by the state government while [[Direct broadcast satellite|DTH]] and [[IPTV]] is available via various private operators.<ref>{{cite news|title=Arasu Cable to launch operations from September 2|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/arasu-cable-to-launch-operations-from-september-2/article2411833.ece|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=30 August 2011|archive-date=9 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209071342/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/arasu-cable-to-launch-operations-from-september-2/article2411833.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/bsnl-launches-iptv-services-to-its-customers-in-tamil-nadu/article66661237.ece|title=BSNL launches IPTV services to its customers in Tamil Nadu|date=25 March 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=9 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209071340/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/bsnl-launches-iptv-services-to-its-customers-in-tamil-nadu/article66661237.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Radio broadcasting]] began in 1924 by the Madras Presidency Radio Club.<ref>{{cite news|last=Muthiah|first=S.|title=AIR Chennai's 80-year journey|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=21 May 2018|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/air-chennais-80-year-journey/article23947443.ece|access-date=28 July 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109035611/https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/air-chennais-80-year-journey/article23947443.ece|archive-date=9 November 2020}}</ref> [[All India Radio]] was established in 1938.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://newsonair.gov.in/Main-News-Details.aspx?id=442780|title=All India Radio, Chennai celebrates 85th anniversary|date=16 June 2002|publisher=News on Air|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=28 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128191801/https://newsonair.gov.in/Main-News-Details.aspx?id=442780|url-status=live}}</ref> There are many [[amplitude modulation|AM]] and [[frequency modulation|FM]] radio stations operated by [[All India Radio]], [[Hello FM]], [[Suryan FM]], [[Radio Mirchi]], [[Radio City (Indian radio station)|Radio City]] and [[BIG FM 92.7|BIG FM]] among others.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last=Gilbert|editor-first=Sean|title=[[World Radio TV Handbook|World Radio TV Handbook 2007: The Directory of International Broadcasting]]|publisher=WRTH Publications Ltd.|year=2006|place=London|pages=237–242|isbn=0-823-05997-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://mruc.net/uploads/posts/cd072cdc13d2fe48ac660374d0c22a5d.pdf|title=IRS survey, 2019|publisher=MRUC|access-date=1 December 2023|page=46|archive-date=25 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925203217/https://mruc.net/uploads/posts/cd072cdc13d2fe48ac660374d0c22a5d.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2006, the government of Tamil Nadu distributed free televisions to all families, which has led to high penetration of television services.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-jayalalithaa-govt-scraps-free-tv-scheme-in-tamil-nadu-1553514|title=Jayalalithaa govt scraps free TV scheme in Tamil Nadu|newspaper=DNA India|access-date=6 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707003607/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-jayalalithaa-govt-scraps-free-tv-scheme-in-tamil-nadu-1553514|archive-date=7 July 2015|url-status=live|date=10 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/05/magazine/what-happens-when-a-state-is-run-by-movie-stars.html?_r=0|title=What Happens When a State Is Run by Movie Stars|newspaper=New York Times|date=July 2015|access-date=6 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705025800/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/05/magazine/what-happens-when-a-state-is-run-by-movie-stars.html?_r=0|archive-date=5 July 2015|url-status=live|last1=Romig|first1=Rollo}}</ref> From the early 2010s, [[Direct to Home]] has become increasingly popular replacing cable television services.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/dth/dth-operator/fy-2015-inflection-point-for-dth-companies-in-india-150616|title=FY-2015: Inflection point for DTH companies in India|publisher=India Television|access-date=6 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707011318/http://www.indiantelevision.com/dth/dth-operator/fy-2015-inflection-point-for-dth-companies-in-india-150616|archive-date=7 July 2015|url-status=live|date=16 June 2015}}</ref> [[List of Tamil-language television channels|Tamil television]] serials form a major prime time source of entertainment.<ref>{{cite book|title=Regional Language Television in India: Profiles and Perspectives|year=2021|isbn=978-1-000-47008-6|publisher=Taylor & Francis|first=Mira|last=Desai}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Others===<br />
Fire services are handled by the [[Tamil Nadu Fire and Rescue Services]] which operates 356 operating fire stations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tnfrs.tn.gov.in/about-us/station-list/|title=List of fire stations|publisher=Tamil Nadu Fire and Rescue Service|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=28 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328173457/https://www.tnfrs.tn.gov.in/about-us/station-list/|url-status=live}}</ref> Postal service is handled by [[India Post]], which operates more than 11,800 post offices in the state.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.indiapost.gov.in/MBE/DOP_PDFFiles/tamilnadu.pdf|title=Post offices of Tamil Nadu|publisher=[[India Post]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225070909/https://www.indiapost.gov.in/MBE/DOP_PDFFiles/tamilnadu.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The first post office was established at Fort St. George on 1 June 1786.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamilnadupost.cept.gov.in/circle-history.php|title=History, Tamil Nadu circle|publisher=[[India Post]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=4 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204115809/https://tamilnadupost.cept.gov.in/circle-history.php|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Transportation ==<br />
===Roads===<br />
[[File:Highway Network of Tamil Nadu.png|thumb|Highways network of Tamil Nadu]]<br />
{{Main|Road network in Tamil Nadu}}<br />
<br />
Tamil Nadu has an extensive road network covering about 271,000&nbsp;km as of 2023 with a road density of {{convert|2084.71|km}} per 1000&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> which is higher than the national average of {{convert|1926.02|km}} per 1000&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>.<ref name="Policy">{{cite report|title=Highway policy|url=https://www.tnhighways.tn.gov.in/pdf/hw_e_pn_2023_24.pdf|publisher=[[Department of Highways and Minor Ports (Tamil Nadu)|Highways Department]], [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=15 July 2023|archive-date=16 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616204832/https://www.tnhighways.tn.gov.in/pdf/hw_e_pn_2023_24.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Department of Highways and Minor Ports (Tamil Nadu)|Highways Department]] (HD) of the state was established in April 1946 and is responsible for construction and maintenance of [[List of National Highways in India#Tamil Nadu|national highways]], state highways, major district roads and other roads in the state.<ref name="TNGov">{{cite report|url= http://www.tn.gov.in/gorders/par/par_e_202_2008.pdf|title= Highways Department renamed as Highways and Minor Ports Department|publisher= [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date= 15 July 2010|archive-date= 31 March 2012|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120331122821/http://www.tn.gov.in/gorders/par/par_e_202_2008.pdf|url-status= live}}</ref> It operates through eleven wings with 120 divisions and maintains {{convert|73187|km}} of highways in the state.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.tnhighways.tn.gov.in/en/organization|title=Wings of Highways Department|publisher=[[Department of Highways and Minor Ports (Tamil Nadu)|Highways Department]], [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=15 July 2023|archive-date=1 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601220752/https://www.tnhighways.tn.gov.in/en/organization|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="HW">{{cite web|url=https://www.tnhighways.tn.gov.in/en/aboutus|title=Tamil Nadu highways, about us|publisher=[[Department of Highways and Minor Ports (Tamil Nadu)|Highways Department]], [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=15 July 2023|archive-date=1 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601225355/https://www.tnhighways.tn.gov.in/en/aboutus|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
{|class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:center;" style="font-size: 100%"<br />
|+Road length in TN<ref name="HW"/><br />
!Type<br />
!{{tooltip|NH|National Highways}}<br />
!{{tooltip|SH|State Highways}}<br />
!{{tooltip|MDR|Major District Roads}}<br />
!{{tooltip|ODR|Other District Roads}}<br />
!{{tooltip|OR|Other Roads}}<br />
!'''Total'''<br />
|-<br />
|Length (km)<br />
|6,805<br />
|12,291<br />
|12,034<br />
|42,057<br />
|197,542<br />
|'''271,000'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
[[File:Kathipara.jpg|thumb|[[Kathipara Junction|Kathipara]] [[cloverleaf interchange|interchange]] in Chennai]]<br />
<br />
There are 48 National Highways in Tamil Nadu, totalling {{convert|6805|km}} in length. The National Highways Wing of the state highways department, established in 1971, is responsible for the maintenance of National Highways, as laid down by [[National Highways Authority of India]] (NHAI).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tnhighways.tn.gov.in/en/nationalhighway|title=National Highways wing|publisher=[[Department of Highways and Minor Ports (Tamil Nadu)|Highways Department]], [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 November 2023|archive-date=2 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202061432/https://www.tnhighways.tn.gov.in/en/nationalhighway|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://morth.nic.in/sites/default/files/Details-of-National-Highways-as-on-31.03_1.pdf|title=Details of national highways|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 November 2023|archive-date=28 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228091514/https://morth.nic.in/sites/default/files/Details-of-National-Highways-as-on-31.03_1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> There are also [[List of state highways in Tamil Nadu|state highways]], totalling {{convert|6805|km}} long, which connect [[district]] headquarters, important towns and national highways in the state.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.tnhighwaysengineers.com/upload/phone-directory.pdf|title=Highways Circle of Highways Department, Tamil Nadu|publisher=[[Department of Highways and Minor Ports (Tamil Nadu)|Highways Department]], [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 November 2023|archive-date=2 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202064513/https://www.tnhighwaysengineers.com/upload/phone-directory.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="HW"/> As of 2020, 32,598 buses are operated with the state transport units operating 20,946 buses along with 7,596 private buses and 4,056 mini buses.<ref name="TNSTC"/> [[Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation]] (TNSTC), established in 1947 when private buses operating in [[Madras presidency]] were nationalised, is the primary [[public transport]] bus operator in the state.<ref name="TNSTC">{{cite report|url=https://www.tnstc.in/innerHtmls/pdf/Tamil%20Nadu%20STUs-pages.pdf|title=Tamil Nadu STUs|publisher=TNSTC|access-date=1 November 2023|archive-date=31 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331121802/https://www.tnstc.in/innerHtmls/pdf/Tamil%20Nadu%20STUs-pages.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> It operates buses along intra and inter state bus routes, as well as city routes with eight divisions including the [[State Express Transport Corporation (Tamil Nadu)|State Express Transport Corporation Limited]] (SETC) which runs long-distance express services. Metropolitan Transport Corporation in Chennai and State Express Transport Corporation.<ref name="TNSTC"/><ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.tnstc.in/innerHtmls/pdf/History-of-SETC.pdf|title=History of SETC|publisher=TNSTC|access-date=1 November 2023|archive-date=23 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223095101/https://www.tnstc.in/innerHtmls/pdf/History-of-SETC.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2020, Tamil Nadu had 32.1 million registered vehicles.<ref name="RV">{{cite report|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/665693/total-number-of-vehicles-in-tamil-nadu-india/|title=Number of registered motor vehicles across Tamil Nadu in India from financial year 2007 to 2020|publisher=statista|access-date=1 November 2023|archive-date=12 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212204327/https://www.statista.com/statistics/665693/total-number-of-vehicles-in-tamil-nadu-india/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Rail===<br />
[[File:Chennai_Central_Station_panorama.jpg|thumb|[[Chennai Central]] is a major rail station]]<br />
[[File:Alstom Metropolis train-set at Guindy Metro station in Chennai.jpg|thumb|[[Chennai Metro]], the only operational metro rail in the state]]<br />
{{Further|Southern Railway zone}}<br />
<br />
The rail network in Tamil Nadu forms a part of [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]] of [[Indian Railways]], which is headquartered in Chennai with four divisions in the state namely [[Chennai railway division|Chennai]], [[Tiruchirappalli railway division|Tiruchirappalli]], [[Madurai railway division|Madurai]] and [[Salem railway division|Salem]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1|title=Southern Railways, about us|publisher=Southern Railway|access-date=12 August 2023|archive-date=16 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916104302/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2023, the state had a total railway track length of {{convert|5601|km|0|abbr=on}} covering a route length of {{convert|3858|km|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="SR1">{{cite report|url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686894847523-System%20Map%202023%20signed.pdf|title=System map, Southern Railway|publisher=[[Southern Railway (India)|Southern Railway]]|access-date=1 November 2023|archive-date=4 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204063842/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris/uploads/files/1686894847523-System%20Map%202023%20signed.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> There are 532 railway stations in the state with [[Chennai Central]], [[Chennai Egmore]], [[Coimbatore Junction]] and [[Madurai Junction]] being the top revenue earning stations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/plan-your-trip/railways|title=Railways, plan your trip|publisher=Tamil Nadu tourism|access-date=1 November 2023|archive-date=7 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107192152/https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/plan-your-trip/railways|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1659695525713-SR.pdf|title=List of stations|publisher=[[Southern Railway (India)|Southern Railway]]|access-date=1 November 2023|archive-date=23 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223095122/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1659695525713-SR.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Indian railways also has a coach manufacturing unit at [[Integral Coach Factory|Chennai]], [[electric locomotive]] sheds at [[Electric Loco Shed, Arakkonam|Arakkonam]], [[Electric Loco Shed, Erode|Erode]] and [[Electric Loco Shed, Royapuram|Royapuram]], [[diesel locomotive]] sheds at [[Diesel Loco Shed, Erode|Erode]], [[Diesel Loco Shed, Golden Rock|Tiruchirappalli]] and [[Diesel Loco Shed, Tondiarpet|Tondiarpet]], [[Steam locomotive]] shed at [[Nilgiri Mountain Railway|Coonoor]] along with various maintenance depots.<br />
<ref>{{cite news|title=DNA Exclusive: Is It Time for Indian Railways to Tear Up Ageing Tracks and Old Machinery?|url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/dna-exclusive-is-it-time-for-indian-railways-to-tear-up-ageing-tracks-and-old-machinery-2427973.html|publisher=[[Zee Media Corporation]]|date=14 January 2022|access-date=6 June 2023|archive-date=6 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606192252/https://zeenews.india.com/india/dna-exclusive-is-it-time-for-indian-railways-to-tear-up-ageing-tracks-and-old-machinery-2427973.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://irfca.org/faq/faq-shed.html|title=Sheds and Workshops|publisher=IRFCA|access-date=1 June 2023|archive-date=6 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606042648/https://irfca.org/faq/faq-shed.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" style="font-size: 85%"<br />
|+Railway in Tamil Nadu<ref name="SR1"/><br />
!colspan="5"|Route length (km)<br />
!colspan="3"|Track length (km)<br />
|-<br />
!colspan="3"|[[Broad Gauge]]<br />
!rowspan="2"|[[Metre Gauge]]<br />
!rowspan="2"|Total<br />
!rowspan="2"|[[Broad Gauge]]<br />
!rowspan="2"|[[Metre Gauge]]<br />
!rowspan="2"|Total<br />
|-<br />
!Electrified<br />
!Non electrified<br />
!Total<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|3,476<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|336<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|3,812<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|46<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|3,858<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|5,555<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|46<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|5,601<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Chennai has a well-established suburban railway network operated by Southern railway, covering {{cvt|212|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}} which was established in 1928.<ref name="CSR">{{cite report|title=Brief History of the Division|work=Chennai Division|publisher=Indian Railways—Southern Railways|url=http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1325745996774-about.pdf|access-date=26 October 2012|lang=en|archive-date=30 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530085500/http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1325745996774-about.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1623903361519-CHENNAI%20DIVISION%20-%20CATEGORY-2021.pdf|title=List of Stations, Chennai|lang=en|publisher=Southern Railway|access-date=23 August 2023|archive-date=20 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120200740/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1623903361519-CHENNAI%20DIVISION%20-%20CATEGORY-2021.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Mass Rapid Transit System (Chennai)|Mass Rapid Transit System]] (MRTS) is an elevated urban mass transit system established in 1995 operating on a single line from [[Chennai Beach]] to [[Velachery railway station|Velachery]].<ref name="CSR"/><ref name="MRTS">{{cite web|url=https://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/mrts_phase1.html|title=About MRTS|publisher=Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority|access-date=31 August 2023|language=en|archive-date=12 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712090557/https://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/mrts_phase1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Chennai Metro]] is a [[rapid transit]] rail system in Chennai which was opened in 2015 and consists of two operational lines operating across {{cvt|54.1|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}} in 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wcag.chennaimetrorail.org/project-status/|title=Project status of Chennai Metro|date=19 November 2015|publisher=Chennai Metro Rail Limited|access-date=31 August 2023|language=en|archive-date=1 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901191324/https://wcag.chennaimetrorail.org/project-status/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Nilgiri Mountain Railway]] is a {{Track gauge|1000mm|allk=on}} railway in [[Nilgiris district]] which was built by the [[United Kingdom|British]] in 1908 and is the only [[rack railway]] in India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nilgiri mountain railway|url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,1,304,374,492,552|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=21 August 2019|archive-date=6 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206122930/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,1,304,374,492,552|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/944/|title=Mountain Railways of India|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=1 March 2010|archive-date=19 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219024051/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/944/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite video|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00qzzlm|title=Indian Hill Railways: The Nilgiri Mountain Railway|date=21 February 2010|access-date=1 March 2010|medium=TV|publisher=BBC|archive-date=24 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100224133659/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00qzzlm|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Air===<br />
[[File:International Terminal Airside Chennai Airport Aug22 D72 24874.jpg|thumb|[[Chennai International Airport]] is one of the busiest airports in [[South Asia]]]]<br />
{{see|List of airports in Tamil Nadu}}<br />
<br />
The aviation history of the state began in 1910, when [[Giacomo D'Angelis]] built the first powered flight in Asia and tested it in [[Island Grounds]].<ref>{{cite report|url=https://static.mygov.in/indiancc/2021/05/mygov-10000000001960522275.pdf|title=History of Indian Air Force|publisher=[[Government of India]]|page=2|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=8 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208172949/https://static.mygov.in/indiancc/2021/05/mygov-10000000001960522275.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1915, [[Tata Sons|Tata Air Mail]] started an airmail service between Karachi and Madras, marking the beginning of civil aviation in India.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=69345|title=100 years of civil aviation|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=26 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226224125/https://pib.gov.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=69345|url-status=live}}</ref> On 15 October 1932, [[J. R. D. Tata]] flew a [[De Havilland Puss Moth|Puss Moth]] aircraft carrying air mail from Karachi to [[Bombay]]'s [[Juhu aerodrome|Juhu Airstrip]] and the flight was continued to Madras piloted by aviator [[Nevill Vintcent]] marking the first scheduled commercial flight.<ref>{{cite book|language=en|title=Britain's Imperial Air Routes, 1918 to 1939|last=Higham|first=Robin|page=168|publisher=Shoe String Press|year=1961|isbn=978-0-208-00171-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|title=De Havilland Gazette|year=1953|page=103publisher=De Havilland Aircraft Company}}</ref> There are three [[international airport|international]], one [[customs airport|limited international]] and six domestic or private airports in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nocas2.aai.aero/nocas/AAI_Links/Airports-IFR-VFR-200815.pdf|title=List of Indian Airports (NOCAS)|publisher=[[Airports Authority of India]]|access-date=22 October 2023|archive-date=2 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102073533/https://nocas2.aai.aero/nocas/AAI_Links/Airports-IFR-VFR-200815.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/basic_page_files/list%20of%20airport%20bilingual.pdf|title=List of Indian Airports|publisher=[[Airports Authority of India]]|access-date=11 July 2022|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212185132/https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/basic_page_files/list%20of%20airport%20bilingual.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Port of Chennai, India - panoramio.jpg|thumb|[[Chennai port]] is amongst India's busiest]]<br />
<br />
[[Chennai airport]], which is the fourth busiest airport by passenger traffic in India, is a major international airport and the main gateway to the state.<ref name="AAI">{{cite report|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Sep2k23Annex2.pdf|type=pdf|title=Traffic Statistics, September 2023|publisher=Airport Authority of India|access-date=20 October 2023|archive-date=2 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102072028/https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Sep2k23Annex2.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Other international airports in the state include [[Coimbatore International Airport|Coimbatore]] and [[Tiruchirapalli International Airport|Tiruchirapalli]] while [[Madurai Airport|Madurai]] is a customs airport with limited international flights.<ref name="AAI"/> Domestic flights are operational to certain airports like [[Tuticorin Airport|Tuticorin]] and [[Salem Airport (India)|Salem]] while flights are planned to be introduced to more domestic airports by the [[UDAN]] scheme of [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.civilaviation.gov.in/sites/default/files/Regional_Connectivity_Scheme_version_4.0%20_Scheme_Document_0.pdf|title=Regional Connectivity Scheme|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=17 August 2023|archive-date=2 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002225126/https://www.civilaviation.gov.in/sites/default/files/Regional_Connectivity_Scheme_version_4.0%20_Scheme_Document_0.pdf}}</ref> The region comes under the purview of the [[Southern Air Command, Indian Air Force|Southern Air Command]] of the [[Indian Air Force]]. The Air Force operates three air bases in the state{{nbsp}}[[Sulur Air Force Station|Sulur]], [[Tambaram Air Force Station|Tambaram]] and [[Thanjavur Air Force Station|Thanjavur]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Air Force Commands|url=https://indianairforce.nic.in/zonal-maps/|publisher=[[Indian Air Force]]|access-date=29 June 2010|language=en|archive-date=28 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528093815/https://indianairforce.nic.in/zonal-maps/|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Indian Navy]] operates airbases at [[INS Rajali|Arakkonam]], [[INS Parundu|Uchipuli]] and Chennai.<ref>{{cite web|title=Organisation of Southern Naval Command|url=https://indiannavy.nic.in/content/organisation-southern-naval-command-kochi|publisher=[[Indian Navy]]|access-date=26 August 2023|language=en|archive-date=6 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151206221912/https://indiannavy.nic.in/content/organisation-southern-naval-command-kochi|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=ENC Authorities & Units|url=https://indiannavy.nic.in/content/enc-authorities-units|publisher=[[Indian Navy]]|access-date=26 October 2015|language=en|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072321/http://indiannavy.nic.in/content/enc-authorities-units|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019, [[Indian Space Research Organization]] (ISRO) announced the setting up a new rocket launch pad near [[Kulasekharapatnam]] in [[Thoothukudi district]].<ref>{{cite news|access-date=6 December 2019|title=Why Thoothukudi was chosen as ISRO's second spaceport|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/why-thoothukudi-was-chosen-isro-s-second-spaceport-113331|date=2 December 2019|work=The News Minute|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202190344/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/why-thoothukudi-was-chosen-isro-s-second-spaceport-113331|archive-date=2 December 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Water===<br />
There are three major ports, [[Chennai Port|Chennai]], [[Kamarajar Port Limited|Ennore]] and [[V.O. Chidambaranar Port Authority|Thoothukudi]], which are managed by the [[Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways]] of the Government of India.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://dwiep.ncscm.res.in/images/port.pdf|title=Ports of India|access-date=1 November 2023|publisher=[[Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways]], [[Government of India]]|archive-date=20 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320115121/https://dwiep.ncscm.res.in/images/port.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> There is an intermediate sea port at [[Nagapattinam Port|Nagapattinam]] and sixteen other minor ports, which are managed by the department of highways and minor ports of the Government of Tamil Nadu.<ref name="Policy"/> Tamil Nadu forms part of both the [[Eastern Naval Command]] and [[Southern Naval Command]] of the Indian Navy, which has a major base at Chennai and logistics support base at [[Thoothukudi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.joinindiannavy.gov.in/en/about-us/basic-organization.html|title=Basic Organization|publisher=Indian Navy|access-date=1 January 2023|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004063836/https://www.joinindiannavy.gov.in/en/about-us/basic-organization.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiannavy.nic.in/content/organisation-southern-naval-command-kochi|title=Southern naval command|publisher=[[Indian Navy]]|access-date=1 January 2016|archive-date=6 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151206221912/https://indiannavy.nic.in/content/organisation-southern-naval-command-kochi|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Education ==<br />
{{Main|Education in Tamil Nadu}}<br />
<br />
Tamil Nadu is one of the most literate states in India, with a literacy rate estimated to be 82.9% as per the 2017 National Statistical Commission survey, higher than the national average of 77.7%.<ref name="NSC"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/Tamil-Nadu-Indias-most-literate-state-HRD-ministry/articleshow/46390844.cms|title=Tamil Nadu India's most literate state: HRD ministry|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 May 2003|access-date=1 September 2010|archive-date=15 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215035621/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/Tamil-Nadu-Indias-most-literate-state-HRD-ministry/articleshow/46390844.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The state had seen one of the highest literacy growth since the 1960s due to the [[midday meal scheme]] introduced on a large scale by K. Kamaraj to increase school enrolment.<ref>{{cite report|year=2011|title=Literacy rates|url=https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Publications/PDFs/6TABLE4134B659E3B243EE9CB292D36ABC281B.PDF|publisher=[[Reserve Bank of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=21 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921224039/https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Publications/PDFs/6TABLE4134B659E3B243EE9CB292D36ABC281B.PDF|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Muthiah|first=S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tbR_LLkqdI8C&pg=PA354|title=Madras, Chennai: A 400-year Record of the First City of Modern India|date=2008|publisher=Palaniappa Brothers|isbn=978-8-183-79468-8|page=354}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Sinha|first=Dipa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hyYFDAAAQBAJ&q=kamaraj+free+school+uniform&pg=PT119|title=Women, Health and Public Services in India: Why are states different?|date=20 April 2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-23525-5|access-date=14 November 2020|archive-date=1 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701171453/https://books.google.com/books?id=hyYFDAAAQBAJ&q=kamaraj+free+school+uniform&pg=PT119|url-status=live}}</ref> The scheme was further upgraded in 1982 to "Nutritious noon-meal scheme" to combat [[Malnutrition in India|malnutrition]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Subramanian|first=K.|date=22 December 2022|title=When MGR proved Manmohan wrong on a visionary scheme|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/when-mgr-proved-manmohan-wrong-on-a-visionary-scheme/article66293772.ece|url-access=limited|access-date=2022-12-26|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=19 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719225830/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/when-mgr-proved-manmohan-wrong-on-a-visionary-scheme/article66293772.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19821115-mgr-midday-nutritious-meal-scheme-a-shrewd-political-move-772378-2013-08-01|title=Tamil Nadu: Midday Manna|work=[[India Today]]|date=15 November 1982|access-date=29 January 2016|archive-date=4 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204211603/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/mgr-midday-nutritious-meal-scheme-a-shrewd-political-move/1/392281.html|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2022}}, the state has one of the highest enrolment to secondary education at 95.6%, far above the national average of 79.6%.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=22071|title=Gross enrollment ratio|publisher=[[Reserve Bank of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225051939/https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=22071|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
An analysis of primary school education by [[Pratham]] showed a low drop-off rate but poor quality of education compared to certain other states.<ref>{{cite news|last=Bunting|first=Madeleine|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/poverty-matters/2011/mar/15/education-goals-assessment-india-school|title=Quality of Primary Education in States|work=The Guardian|date=15 March 2011|access-date=20 May 2012|location=London|archive-date=8 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208204151/http://www.guardian.co.uk/global-development/poverty-matters/2011/mar/15/education-goals-assessment-india-school|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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{{As of|2022}}, the state had over 37,211 government schools, 8,403 government-aided schools and 12,631 private schools which educate 5.47 million, 2.84 million, and 5.69 million students respectively.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://cms.tn.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/sedu_e_pn_2023_24.pdf|title=School education department, policy 2023-24|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=3 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103122900/https://cms.tn.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/sedu_e_pn_2023_24.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/987-out-of-over-11000-private-schools-in-tamil-nadu-remain-shut-following-kallakurichi-violence/article65653894.ece|title=987 out of over 11000 private schools shut|date=18 July 2022|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225051939/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/987-out-of-over-11000-private-schools-in-tamil-nadu-remain-shut-following-kallakurichi-violence/article65653894.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> There are 3,12,683 teachers with 80,217 teachers in government-aided schools with an average teacher-pupil ratio of 1:26.6.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.edexlive.com/news/2022/jun/01/is-tamil-nadu-government-sidelining-government-aided-schools-29135.html|title=Is Tamil Nadu government sidelining government aided schools|work=Edex|date=1 June 2022|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225051939/https://www.edexlive.com/news/2022/jun/01/is-tamil-nadu-government-sidelining-government-aided-schools-29135.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Public schools are all affiliated with the [[Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education|Tamil Nadu State Board]], while private schools may be affiliated with either of Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education, [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE), [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations]] (ICSE) or [[National Institute of Open Schooling]] (NIOS).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dtnext.in/tamilnadu/2023/05/23/tn-private-schools-told-to-teach-tamil-for-students-till-class-10|title=TN private schools told to teach Tamil for students till Class 10|date=23 May 2023|newspaper=DT Next|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=8 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208160150/https://www.dtnext.in/tamilnadu/2023/05/23/tn-private-schools-told-to-teach-tamil-for-students-till-class-10|url-status=live}}</ref> School education starts with two years of kindergarten from age three onwards and then follows the Indian [[Education in India|10+2 plan]], ten years of school and two years of higher secondary education.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thecivilindia.com/pages/education/structure-of-education-india.html|title=Educational structure|publisher=Civil India|access-date=28 December 2022|archive-date=24 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324160622/https://www.thecivilindia.com/pages/education/structure-of-education-india.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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[[File:Senate House (University of Madras).jpg|thumb|[[University of Madras]] is one of the oldest universities in India]]<br />
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{{As of|2023}}, there are 56 universities in the state including 24 [[public universities]], four [[private universities]] and 28 [[Deemed university|deemed-to-be universities]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aubsp.com/universities-in-tamil-nadu/|title=Universities in Tamil Nadu|date=8 June 2023|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=AUBSP|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225051939/https://www.aubsp.com/universities-in-tamil-nadu/|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[University of Madras]] was founded in 1857 and is one of India's first modern universities.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/features/a-brief-history-of-the-modern-indian-university|title=A brief history of the modern Indian university|date=24 November 2016|work=Times Higher Education|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727204708/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/features/a-brief-history-of-the-modern-indian-university|archive-date=27 July 2020}}</ref> There are 510 engineering colleges including 34 government colleges in the state.<ref name="Gov1"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/education/tamil-nadu-over-200-engineering-colleges-fill-just-10-seats-37-get-zero-admission/articleshow/102983032.cms|title=Tamil Nadu: Over 200 engineering colleges fill just 10% seats; 37 get zero admission|date=23 August 2023|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225051939/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/education/tamil-nadu-over-200-engineering-colleges-fill-just-10-seats-37-get-zero-admission/articleshow/102983032.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Indian Institute of Technology Madras]] is a premier institute of engineering and [[College of Engineering, Guindy]], [[Anna University]] founded in 1794 is the oldest engineering college in India.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/ldquoSome-colleges-schools-in-Chennai-oldest-in-countryrdquo/article16520378.ece|title=Some colleges, schools in Chennai oldest in country|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=23 September 2009|access-date=31 May 2018|archive-date=23 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323074238/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/ldquoSome-colleges-schools-in-Chennai-oldest-in-countryrdquo/article16520378.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Officers Training Academy]] of the [[Indian Army]] is headquartered at Chennai.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pranab Mukherjee to review passing-out parade at Chennai OTA|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/pranab-mukherjee-to-review-passingout-parade-at-chennai-ota/article9040488.ece|access-date=28 August 2016|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=27 August 2016|location=Chennai|language=en-IN|archive-date=27 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827125317/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/pranab-mukherjee-to-review-passingout-parade-at-chennai-ota/article9040488.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> There are also 496 [[Institute of technology|polytechnic]] institutions with 92 government colleges and 935 arts and science colleges in the state including 302 government run colleges.<ref name="Gov1">{{cite report|url=https://cms.tn.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/hedu_e_pn_2023_24.pdf|title=Higher education policy report 2023-24|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=5 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105040554/https://cms.tn.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/hedu_e_pn_2023_24.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://static.tneaonline.org/docs/arts/college_list.pdf?t=1685000725270|title=Arts college list|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=19 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240419103006/https://static.tneaonline.org/docs/arts/college_list.pdf?t=1685000725270|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.aicte-india.org/downloads/approved_institut_websites/tn.pdf|title=AICTE Approved Institutions in Tamil Nadu|publisher=[[All India Council for Technical Education]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225051939/https://www.aicte-india.org/downloads/approved_institut_websites/tn.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Madras Christian College]] (1837), [[Presidency College, Madras|Presidency College]] (1840) and [[Pachaiyappa's College]] (1842) are amongst the oldest arts and science colleges in the country.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chennai-colleges-100-and-counting/article6273124.ece|title=Chennai colleges 100 and counting|date=2 August 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225051940/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chennai-colleges-100-and-counting/article6273124.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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[[File:Connemara_Public_Library,_Chennai-8.jpg|thumb|left|[[Connemara Public Library]] is one of the oldest and is amongst the four [[National Depository Centre]]s in India]]<br />
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There are over 870 medical, nursing and dental colleges in the state including 21 for traditional medicine and four for modern medicine.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tnmgrmu.ac.in/index.php/examination/2-uncategorised/2874-a.html|title=Affiliated colleges|publisher=Dr MGR university|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> The [[Madras Medical College]] was established in 1835 and is one of the oldest medical colleges in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mmc.ac.in/mmc/content_page.jsp?sq1=ih&sqf=415|title=Institution History|publisher=Madras Medical College|access-date=15 May 2018|archive-date=15 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515184430/http://www.mmc.ac.in/mmc/content_page.jsp?sq1=ih&sqf=415|url-status=live }}</ref> As per the [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) rankings in 2023, 26 universities, 15 engineering, 35 arts science, 8 management and 8 medical colleges from the state are ranked amongst the top 100 in the country.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thesouthfirst.com/sf-specials/nirf-rankings-2023-53-colleges-from-south-india-in-the-top-100/|title=NIRF Rankings 2023: 53 colleges from South India in the top 100|date=6 June 2023|access-date=1 December 2023|work=South First|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225051939/https://thesouthfirst.com/sf-specials/nirf-rankings-2023-53-colleges-from-south-india-in-the-top-100/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2023/pdf/Report/IR2023_Report.pdf|title=NIRF rankings 2023|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=22 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922083956/https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2023/pdf/Report/IR2023_Report.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2023}}, the state has a 69% reservation in educational institutions for socially [[List of denotified communities of Tamil Nadu|backward sections]] of society, the highest among all Indian states.<ref>{{cite news|work=News minute|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/how-tamil-nadu-s-reservation-stands-69-despite-50-quota-cap-146116|title=How Tamil Nadu's reservation stands at 69% despite the 50% quota cap|date=29 March 2021|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225051939/https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/how-tamil-nadu-s-reservation-stands-69-despite-50-quota-cap-146116|url-status=live}}</ref> There are ten [[Institutes of National Importance|institutes of national importance]] in the state.<ref>{{cite web|title=Institution of National Importance|url=https://www.education.gov.in/institutions-national-importance|access-date=12 August 2023|publisher=[[Government of India]]|archive-date=11 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811141036/https://www.education.gov.in/institutions-national-importance|url-status=live}}</ref> Research institutes including [[Tamil Nadu Agricultural University]], [[Central Institute for Cotton Research]], [[Sugarcane Breeding Research Institute]], [[Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding (IFGTB)]] and [[Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education]] are involved in agricultural research.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/aboutus/committee/wrkgrp/wg_agrsch.pdf|title=Working group committee on agriculture|publisher=Planning Commission of India|access-date=29 November 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130407092417/http://planningcommission.nic.in/aboutus/committee/wrkgrp/wg_agrsch.pdf|archive-date=7 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=About ICFRE|url=http://www.icfre.org/index.php?linkid=left8311&link=1|work=Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education|access-date=22 November 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203003624/http://www.icfre.org/index.php?linkid=left8311&link=1|archive-date=3 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=About Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education|url=http://ifgtb.icfre.gov.in/|work=Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education|access-date=22 November 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030151240/http://ifgtb.icfre.gov.in/|archive-date=30 October 2013}}</ref><br />
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{{As of|2023}}, the state has 4,622 public libraries.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.rrrlf.nic.in/Docs/pdf/PUBLIC_LIBRARY_DATA.pdf|title=Public library data|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=14 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814211226/http://rrrlf.nic.in/Docs/pdf/PUBLIC_LIBRARY_DATA.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Established in 1896, [[Connemara Public Library]] is one of the oldest and is amongst the four [[National Depository Centre]]s in India that receive a copy of all newspapers and books published in the country. The [[Anna Centenary Library]] is the largest library in Asia.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/96894/chennai-now-boasts-south-asias.html|last=Venkatsh|first=M. R.|title=Chennai now boasts South Asia's largest library|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=15 September 2010|access-date=28 December 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227105421/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/96894/chennai-now-boasts-south-asias.html|archive-date=27 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/Connemara-librarys-online-catalogue-launched/article16372153.ece|title=Connemara library's online catalogue launched|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=28 December 2012|date=23 April 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407185717/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/Connemara-librarys-online-catalogue-launched/article16372153.ece|archive-date=7 April 2021}}</ref> There are many research institutions spread across the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.csir.res.in/csir-labs|title=CSIR labs|publisher=CSIR|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=8 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208160153/https://www.csir.res.in/csir-labs|url-status=live}}</ref> Chennai book fair is an annual book fair organised by the Booksellers and Publishers Association of South India (BAPASI) and is typically held in December–January.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/edu-minister-says-2nd-intl-book-fair-in-jan-2024/articleshow/100835652.cms|title=Edu minister says 2nd int'l book fair in Jan 2024|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|date=8 June 2023|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Tourism and recreation==<br />
{{Main|Tourism in Tamil Nadu}}<br />
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[[File:NMR Train on viaduct 05-02-26 33.jpeg|thumb|upright=0.9|[[Nilgiri Mountain Railway]] in the [[Nilgiri hills]] is a declared [[World Heritage Site]]]]<br />
With its diverse culture and architecture and varied geographies, Tamil Nadu has a robust tourism industry. In 1971, the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] established the [[Tamil Nadu Tourism Development Corporation]], which is the nodal agency responsible for the promotion of [[tourism]] and development of tourist related infrastructure in the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tn.gov.in/department/32|title=Tourism,Culture and Religious Endowments Department|publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu|access-date=1 October 2023|archive-date=2 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002075336/https://www.tn.gov.in/department/32|url-status=live}}</ref> It is managed by the [[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department|Tourism,Culture and Religious Endowments Department]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/rti/proactive/inftour/handbook_ttdc.pdf|publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu|title=Tamil Nadu Tourism Development Corporation Limited|access-date=1 October 2023|archive-date=30 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130115242/https://www.tn.gov.in/rti/proactive/inftour/handbook_ttdc.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The tag line "Enchanting Tamil Nadu" was adopted in the tourism promotions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tourism.gov.in/webcast/enchanting-tamil-nadu-culture|title=Enchanting Tamil Nadu|publisher=Government of India|access-date=1 October 2023|archive-date=3 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603090225/https://tourism.gov.in/webcast/enchanting-tamil-nadu-culture|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="EC">{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/travel/tamil-nadu-ranks-first-for-domestic-tourism-official/articleshow/44713716.cms|title=Tamil Nadu ranks first for domestic tourism: Official|date=10 November 2014|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=3 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603090231/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/travel/tamil-nadu-ranks-first-for-domestic-tourism-official/articleshow/44713716.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In the 21st century, the state has been amongst the top destinations for domestic and international tourists.<ref name="EC"/><ref>{{cite report|title=India Tourism Statistics 2020|url=https://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/2021-05/INDIA%20TOURISM%20STATISTICS%202020.pdf|access-date=10 August 2023|archive-date=8 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608163829/https://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/2021-05/INDIA%20TOURISM%20STATISTICS%202020.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2020}}, Tamil Nadu recorded the most tourist foot-falls with more than 140.7 million tourists visiting the state.<ref name="CR">{{cite report|url=https://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/2022-09/India%20Tourism%20Statistics%202022%20%28English%29.pdf|title=India Tourism statistics-2021|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=22 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922083717/https://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/2022-09/India%20Tourism%20Statistics%202022%20%28English%29.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Tamil Nadu's coastline is {{convert|1,076|km}} long, with many beaches dotting the coast.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/beaches|title=Tamil Nadu beaches|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=22 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222142050/https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/beaches|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Marina Beach]] spanning {{cvt|13|km|abbr=on}} is the second-longest urban beach in the world.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJfu5vbPbA0C&pg=PA81|title=Observing our environment from space: new solutions for a new millennium|author=EARSeL|year=2002|isbn=978-9-058-09254-0|publisher=A. A. Balakema|access-date=24 December 2023|archive-date=3 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603090223/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJfu5vbPbA0C&pg=PA81|url-status=live}}</ref> As the state is straddled by the Western and Eastern ghats, it is home to many hill stations, popular amongst them are [[Udagamandalam]] (Ooty) situated in the [[Nilgiri Hills]] and [[Kodaikanal]] in the Palani hills.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/hills|title=Tamil Nadu hill stations|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=22 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222143609/https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/hills|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/ooty|title=Ooty|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=22 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222143745/https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/ooty|url-status=live}}</ref> There are a number of [[Indian rock-cut architecture|rock-cut]] cave-temples and more than 34,000 temples in Tamil Nadu built across various periods some of which are several centuries old.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Tamil-Nadu-Andhra-Pradesh-build-temple-ties-to-boost-tourism/articleshow/6284409.cms|title=Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh build temple ties to boost tourism|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 August 2010|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=18 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418203859/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Tamil-Nadu-Andhra-Pradesh-build-temple-ties-to-boost-tourism/articleshow/6284409.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Cave-temples in the Regions of the Pāṇdya, Muttaraiya, Atiyamān̤ and Āy Dynasties in Tamil Nadu and Kerala|first=D.|last=Dayalan|year=2014|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India}}</ref> With many rivers and streams, there are a number of waterfalls in the state including the [[Courtallam]] and [[Hogenakkal Falls]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/coutrallam-waterfalls|title=Coutrallam|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|archive-date=23 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223074246/https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/coutrallam-waterfalls|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/waterfalls|title=Waterfalls|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|archive-date=23 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223074249/https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/waterfalls|url-status=live}}</ref> There are four [[World Heritage Site]]s declared by [[UNESCO]] in the state: [[Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/249/|title=Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=4 November 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051104085753/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/249/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Great Living Chola Temples]],<ref name="Great Living Chola Temples"/> [[Nilgiri Mountain Railway]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Nilgiri Mountain Railway|url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,1,304,374,492,552|publisher=Indian Railway|access-date=21 August 2019|archive-date=6 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206122930/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,1,304,374,492,552|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/944/|title=Mountain Railways of India|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|access-date=1 March 2023|archive-date=19 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219024051/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/944/|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve]].<ref>{{cite news|date=27 January 2021|title=Conservationist joins SC panel on elephant corridor case|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/conservationist-joins-sc-panel-on-elephant-corridor-case/article33678554.ece|access-date=28 January 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=28 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128055024/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/conservationist-joins-sc-panel-on-elephant-corridor-case/article33678554.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/biosphere/aspac/nilgiri|title=Nilgiri biosphere|date=11 January 2019|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|access-date=1 March 2023|archive-date=2 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202001705/https://en.unesco.org/biosphere/aspac/nilgiri|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Sports ==<br />
{{Main|Sports in Tamil Nadu}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Sadugudu sadugude.jpg|thumb|[[Kabaddi]] is the state game of Tamil Nadu]]<br />
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[[Kabaddi]] is a [[contact sport]] which is the state game of Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportycious.com/introduction-kabaddi-history-rules-information-91452|title=Kabaddi Introduction, Rules, Information, History & Competitions|last=siddharth|date=31 December 2016|website=Sportycious|access-date=28 January 2020|archive-date=14 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814165951/https://sportycious.com/introduction-kabaddi-history-rules-information-91452|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=International Sport Management|first1=Ming|last1=Li|first2=Eric W.|last2=MacIntosh|first3=Gonzalo A.|last3=Bravo|year=2012|publisher=Ming Li, Eric W. MacIntosh, Gonzalo A. Bravo|isbn=978-0-736-08273-0|page=106}}</ref> [[Pro Kabaddi League]] is the most popular region based franchise tournament with [[Tamil Thalaivas]] representing the state.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pro Kabaddi League Teams|url=https://www.prokabaddi.com/teams|access-date=23 August 2023|language=en|publisher=Pro Kabbadi|archive-date=27 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827164341/https://www.prokabaddi.com/teams|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-28660432|title=Kabaddi gets the IPL treatment|date=7 August 2014|work=BBC News|access-date=25 April 2018|language=en-GB|archive-date=6 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306160132/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-28660432|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Chess]] is a popular [[board game]] which originated as [[Chaturanga|Sathurangam]] in the 7th century CE.<ref>{{cite book|author=Murray, H. J. R.|title=A History of Chess|publisher=Benjamin Press|year=1913|isbn=978-0-936-31701-4|quote=Chathuranga, four-handed dice chess}}</ref> Chennai is often dubbed "India's chess capital" as the city is home to multiple chess [[Grandmaster (chess)|grandmaster]]s, including former world champion [[Viswanathan Anand]]. The state played host to the [[World Chess Championship 2013]] and [[44th Chess Olympiad]] in 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/chess/story/_/id/29276320/back-chennai-viswanathan-anand-looks-forward-home-food-bonding-son|title=Back in Chennai, Viswanathan Anand looks forward to home food and bonding with son|date=6 June 2020|website=[[ESPN]]|first=Susan|last=Ninan|access-date=24 December 2023|archive-date=26 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426215559/https://www.espn.com/chess/story/_/id/29276320/back-chennai-viswanathan-anand-looks-forward-home-food-bonding-son|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Shanker|first1=V. Prem|last2=Pidaparthy|first2=Umika|title=Chennai: India's chess capital|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=27 November 2013|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2013/11/27/chennai-indias-chess-capital|access-date=27 July 2022|archive-date=27 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727175311/https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2013/11/27/chennai-indias-chess-capital|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/chess/chess-olympiad-chennai-july-india-russia-ukraine-war-aicf-fide-sports-news/article38472034.ece|title=Chennai to host first ever Chess Olympiad in India from July 28|date=12 April 2022|publisher=[[Sportstar]]|access-date=23 July 2022|archive-date=23 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723144224/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/chess/chess-olympiad-chennai-july-india-russia-ukraine-war-aicf-fide-sports-news/article38472034.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Fide offers 2013 World Chess C'ship to Chennai|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/chess/fide-offers-2013-world-chess-cship-to-chennai/articleshow/9567992.cms|first=Hari Hara|last=Nandanan|date=21 August 2011|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|location=Chennai|access-date=28 December 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407190310/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/chess/fide-offers-2013-world-chess-cship-to-chennai/articleshow/9567992.cms|archive-date=7 April 2021}}</ref> [[Traditional games of India|Traditional games]] like [[Pallanguzhi]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Russ|first=Laurence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rXeCAAAAMAAJ&q=pallanguli|title=Mancala Games|date=1984|publisher=Reference Publications|isbn=978-0-917-25619-6|page=60|language=en|access-date=24 December 2023|archive-date=27 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827164356/https://books.google.com/books?id=rXeCAAAAMAAJ&q=pallanguli|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sports in Tamil Nadu#Uriyadi|Uriyadi]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Traditional sports and games mark Pongal festivities|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/traditional-sports-and-games-mark-pongal-festivities/article1096563.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=17 January 2011|location=Erode, India|access-date=24 December 2023|archive-date=3 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603090112/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Traditional-sports-and-games-mark-Pongal-festivities/article15521808.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Gillidanda]],<ref>{{cite book|first=Steve|last=Craig|year=2002|title=Sports and Games of the Ancients: (Sports and Games Through History)|isbn=978-0-313-31600-5|page=63|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]}}</ref> [[Pachisi|Dhaayam]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Finkel|first=Irving|year=2004|contribution=Round and Round the Houses: The Game of ''Pachisi''|editor-last=Mackenzie|editor-first=Colin|editor2-last=Finkel|editor2-first=Irving|title=Asian Games: The Art of Contest|publisher=Asia Society|pages=46–57|isbn=978-0-878-48099-9}}</ref> are played across the region. [[Jallikattu]] and [[Rekla]] are traditional sporting events involving [[bull]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nation-world/this-2000-year-old-sport-is-making-news-in-india-heres-why/what-is-jallikattu/slideshow/56473058.cms?from=mdr|title=What is Jallikattu? This 2,000-year-old sport is making news in India. Here's why|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=11 January 2017|access-date=1 January 2024|archive-date=10 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110050141/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nation-world/this-2000-year-old-sport-is-making-news-in-india-heres-why/what-is-jallikattu/slideshow/56473058.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Pongal 2023: Traditional Bullock Cart Race Held In Various Parts Of Tamil Nadu|url=https://news.abplive.com/photo-gallery/tamil-nadu/pongal-2023-traditional-bullock-cart-race-held-in-various-parts-of-tamil-nadu-see-pics-1576249|date=17 January 2023|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=ABP News |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225102135/https://news.abplive.com/photo-gallery/tamil-nadu/pongal-2023-traditional-bullock-cart-race-held-in-various-parts-of-tamil-nadu-see-pics-1576249 |archive-date= Dec 25, 2023 }}</ref> Traditional martial arts include [[Silambattam]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Nainar|first=Nahla|date=20 January 2017|title=A stick in time …|url-access=subscription|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/A-stick-in-time-%E2%80%A6/article17067195.ece|access-date=2023-02-11|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=2 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902212850/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/A-stick-in-time-%E2%80%A6/article17067195.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Gatta gusthi]],<ref>{{cite news|last=P.|first=Anand|title=Understanding Gatta Gusthi: Kerala's own style of wrestling|url=https://englisharchives.mathrubhumi.com/features/web-exclusive/gatta-gusthi-wrestling-kerala-fortkochi-1.5891683|access-date=9 August 2021|newspaper=[[Mathrubhumi]]|date=1 January 2024|archive-date=10 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110050142/https://englisharchives.mathrubhumi.com/features/web-exclusive/gatta-gusthi-wrestling-kerala-fortkochi-1.5891683|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Adimurai]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Origin and the Historical Development of Silambam Fencing: An Ancient Self-Defence Sport of India|last=Raj|first=J. David Manuel|publisher=College of Health, Physical Education and Recreation, Univ. of Oregon|year=1977|location=Oregon|pages=44, 50, 83}}</ref><br />
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[[File:MA_Chidambaram_Stadium_In_the_Night_during_a_CSK_Game.jpg|thumb|left|[[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]] in Chennai, one of the oldest cricketing venues]]<br />
<br />
Cricket is the most popular sport in the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sporteology.com/top-10-most-popular-sports-in-india/|title=Top 10 Most Popular Sports in India|publisher=Sporteology|access-date=16 October 2013|archive-date=22 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622111511/https://sporteology.com/top-10-most-popular-sports-in-india/|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[M.A. Chidambaram Stadium]] established in 1916 is among the oldest cricket stadiums in India and has hosted matches during multiple [[ICC Cricket World Cup]]s.<ref>{{cite news|title=MA Chidambaram stadium|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricket-grounds/ma-chidambaram-stadium-chepauk-chennai-58008|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=28 December 2022|archive-date=5 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705052200/https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricket-grounds/ma-chidambaram-stadium-chepauk-chennai-58008|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/international-cricket-venues-in-india/article19834348.ece|title=International cricket venues in India|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=29 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529005450/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/international-cricket-venues-in-india/article19834348.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.mid-day.com/sports/cricket/article/afghanistan-to-face-bangladesh-in-first-t20i-at-dehradun-on-sunday-19482197|title=Afghanistan to face Bangladesh in first T20I at Dehradun on Sunday|date=2 June 2018|work=Mid-day|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=11 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240511194534/https://www.mid-day.com/sports/cricket/article/afghanistan-to-face-bangladesh-in-first-t20i-at-dehradun-on-sunday-19482197|url-status=live}}</ref> Established in 1987, [[MRF Pace Foundation]] is a [[Bowling (cricket)|bowling]] academy based in Chennai.<ref>{{cite news|title=McGrath takes charge of MRF Pace Foundation|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/glenn-mcgrath-replaces-dennis-lillee-at-mrf-pace-foundation-580431|date=2 September 2012|access-date=16 January 2021|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|language=en|archive-date=22 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122001751/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/glenn-mcgrath-replaces-dennis-lillee-at-mrf-pace-foundation-580431|url-status=live}}</ref> Chennai is home to the most successful [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL) cricket team, [[Chennai Super Kings]], and hosted the finals during the [[Indian premier league 2011|2011]],<ref>{{cite news|title=RCB vs CSK: Chennai Super Kings beat Royal Challengers Bangalore to reach IPL 4 final|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/rcb-vs-csk-chennai-super-kings-beat-royal-challengers-bangalore-to-reach-ipl-4-final/articleshow/8557943.cms|date=24 May 2011|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=28 December 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407185942/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/rcb-vs-csk-chennai-super-kings-beat-royal-challengers-bangalore-to-reach-ipl-4-final/articleshow/8557943.cms|archive-date=7 April 2021}}</ref> [[2012 Indian Premier League|2012]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Chennai home to IPL final again in 2012|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/chennai-home-to-ipl-final-again-in-2012/articleshow/8641266.cms|date=30 May 2011|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=28 December 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407190123/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/chennai-home-to-ipl-final-again-in-2012/articleshow/8641266.cms|archive-date=7 April 2021}}</ref> and [[2024 Indian Premier League|2024]] seasons.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2024-1410320/kolkata-knight-riders-vs-sunrisers-hyderabad-final-1426312/full-scorecard|title=SRH vs KKR, Final at Chennai, IPL, May 26 2024 - Full Scorecard|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> [[Association football|Football]] is also popular with the [[Indian Super League]] being the major club competition and [[Chennaiyin FC]] representing the state.<ref>{{cite news|date=11 July 2020|title=Indian Super League: The Southern Derby|url=http://www.theturffootball.com/articles/indian-super-league-the-southern-derby/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109150456/http://www.theturffootball.com/articles/indian-super-league-the-southern-derby/|archive-date=9 January 2021|access-date=28 December 2020|work=Turffootball}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=12 November 2016|title=Chennaiyin FC versus Kerala Blasters in ISL's most bitter rivalries|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/chennaiyin-fc-versus-kerala-blasters-in-isl-s-most-bitter-rivalries/story-kg8r1jJxyAuRdhe8nTjk5O.html|access-date=6 December 2020|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|language=en|archive-date=9 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109150451/https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/chennaiyin-fc-versus-kerala-blasters-in-isl-s-most-bitter-rivalries/story-kg8r1jJxyAuRdhe8nTjk5O.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=ISL 2020-21: Bengaluru FC renew rivalry with Chennaiyin FC|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/sports/2020/12/04/isl-2020-21-bengaluru-fc-renew-rivalry-with-chennaiyin-fc.html|access-date=6 December 2020|website=The Week|language=en|archive-date=9 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109150536/https://www.theweek.in/news/sports/2020/12/04/isl-2020-21-bengaluru-fc-renew-rivalry-with-chennaiyin-fc.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
There are multi-purpose venues in major cities including [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)|Chennai]] and [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Coimbatore)|Coimbatore]], which host [[Association football|football]] and [[Sport of athletics|athletics]]. Chennai also houses a multi–purpose indoor complex for [[volleyball]], [[basketball]], [[kabaddi]] and [[table tennis]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/chennai-city-to-stay-at-kovai-for-next-5-years/articleshow/62202998.cms|title=Chennai City to stay at Kovai for next 5 years|first=Vivek|last=Krishnan|date=22 December 2017|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=1 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123162511/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/chennai-city-to-stay-at-kovai-for-next-5-years/articleshow/62202998.cms|archive-date=23 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="SDAT">{{cite web|url=https://www.sdat.tn.gov.in/jns.php?token=jns|title=Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Chennai|publisher=SDAT, Government of Tamil Nadu|access-date=4 July 2023|archive-date=13 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513165046/https://www.sdat.tn.gov.in/jns.php?token=jns|url-status=live}}</ref> Chennai hosted the [[1995 South Asian Games]].<ref>{{cite news|date=31 May 2016|title=From sleepy Madras to sporting Chennai: How SAF Games helped put city on international athletics map|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/tracking-indian-communities/from-sleepy-madras-to-sporting-chennai-how-saf-games-helped-put-city-on-international-athletics-map/|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=28 December 2022|archive-date=8 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208153650/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/tracking-indian-communities/from-sleepy-madras-to-sporting-chennai-how-saf-games-helped-put-city-on-international-athletics-map/|url-status=live}}</ref> Tamil Nadu Hockey Association is the governing body of [[Field Hockey|hockey]] in the state and [[Mayor Radhakrishnan Stadium]] in Chennai was the venue for the international hockey tournaments, the [[2005 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy|2005 Men's Champions Trophy]] and the [[2007 Men's Hockey Asia Cup|2007 Men's Asia Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sdat.tn.gov.in/mrk.php|title=Mayor Radhakrishnan Stadium|publisher=SDAT, Government of Tamil Nadu|access-date=4 July 2023|archive-date=21 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921152739/https://sdat.tn.gov.in/mrk.php|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Madras Boat Club]] (founded in 1846) and [[Royal Madras Yacht Club]] (founded in 1911) promote [[sailing]], [[rowing]] and [[canoeing]] sports in Chennai.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Geography of India:Sacred and Historic Places|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mjr0X-8jrLAC|page=184|isbn=978-1-615-30142-3|last=Pletcher|first=Kenneth|year=2010|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|access-date=24 December 2023|archive-date=3 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603090102/https://books.google.com/books?id=Mjr0X-8jrLAC|url-status=live}}</ref> Inaugurated in 1990, [[Madras Motor Race Track]] was the first permanent racing circuit in India and hosts formula racing events.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/madras-motor-race-track-the-ultimate-destination-for-speed/article17907793.ece|title=The view from the fast lane|date=10 April 2017|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=8 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208153650/https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/madras-motor-race-track-the-ultimate-destination-for-speed/article17907793.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Coimbatore is often referred to as "India's Motorsports Hub" and the "Backyard of Indian Motorsports" and hosts the [[Kari Motor Speedway]], a Formula 3 Category circuit.<ref>{{cite news|title=Coimbatore may have a Grade 3 circuit, says Narain|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=4 November 2011|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/motorsport/coimbatore-may-have-a-grade-3-circuit-says-narain/article2597443.ece|access-date=5 March 2016|last=Rozario|first=Rayan|quote=city, oft referred to as India's motor sport hub, may well have a Grade 3 racing circuit in the years to come|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221192154/http://www.thehindu.com/sport/motorsport/coimbatore-may-have-a-grade-3-circuit-says-narain/article2597443.ece|archive-date=21 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=City of speed|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=24 April 2006|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/article3191375.ece|access-date=3 January 2007}}</ref> [[Horse racing]] is held at the [[Guindy Race Course]] and the state has three 18-hole golf courses, the [[Cosmopolitan Club (Chennai)|Cosmopolitan Club]], the [[Gymkhana Club, Chennai|Gymkhana Club]] and the [[Coimbatore Golf Club]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Survivors of time: Madras Race Club - A canter through centuries|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=21 February 2012|url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article2916420.ece?homepage=true|access-date=1 May 2012|archive-date=25 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425124519/http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article2916420.ece?homepage=true|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Noteslist}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
*[[Chronology of Tamil history]]<br />
*[[Outline of Tamil Nadu]]<br />
*[[Tamil inscriptions]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist|3}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{Sister project links|voy=Tamil Nadu}}<br />
*{{osmrelation-inline|96905}}<br />
<br />
{{Tamil Nadu}}<br />
{{States and territories of India}}<br />
{{Portal bar|Tamils|India}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Tamil Nadu| ]]<br />
[[Category:South India|.]]<br />
[[Category:1950 establishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:States and territories established in 1950]]<br />
[[Category:States and union territories of India]]<br />
[[Category:Countries and territories where Tamil is an official language]]</div>Username123https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=1998_Khanna_rail_collision&diff=4820591998 Khanna rail collision2026-05-06T16:29:55Z<p>Username123: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|1998 train collision near Khanna, Punjab, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox public transit accident<br />
| name = Khanna rail disaster<br />
<!-- Image --><br />
| image = <br />
| image_size = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
<!-- Maps --><br />
| image_map = <br />
| image_map_alt = <br />
| image_map_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India<br />
| pushpin_label_position = <br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|30|44|09|N|76|10|22|E|region:IN-PB_type:landmark_source:kolossus-dewiki|display=title}}<br />
| qid = <br />
| mapframe_zoom = <br />
<!-- Details --><br />
| date = 26 November 1998<br />
| time = 03:15<br />
| location = [[Khanna, India|Khanna]]<br />
| location_dir = <br />
| location_city = <br />
| location_dist_km = <br />
| location_dist_mi = <br />
| country = India<br />
| line = [[Northern Railway Zone (India)|Northern Railway]]<br />
| operator = [[Indian Railways]]<br />
| owner = <br />
| service = <br />
| type = Derailment and collision<br />
| cause = Broken rail<br />
<!-- Statistics --> <br />
| bus = <br />
| trains = 2 * Jammu Tawi - Sealdah Express<br />
* Frontier Mail<br />
| vehicles = diesel locomotives [[WDM-2]]<br />
| passengers = 2500<br />
| crew = <br />
| pedestrians = <br />
| deaths = 212<br />
| injuries = <br />
| damage = <br />
| property = <br />
<!-- Route map --><br />
| route_map = <br />
| route_map_state = <br />
| route_map_name = <br />
<!-- Footnotes --> <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Khanna rail disaster''' occurred on 26 November 1998 near [[Khanna, India|Khanna]] on the Khanna-[[Ludhiana]] section of [[India]]'s [[Northern Railway Zone (India)|Northern Railway]] in [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], at 03:15 when the [[Calcutta]]-bound [[Jammu Tawi]]-[[Sealdah]] Express (yet later in 2018 was upgraded to [[Sealdah-Jammu Tawi Humsafar Express]] on the same route) collided with six derailed coaches of the [[Amritsar]]-bound "[[Frontier Mail]]" which were lying in its path.<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/news/1998/nov/26train.htm 151 killed in Punjab rail tragedy]</ref> At least 212 people were killed;<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/feature/fe0399/f0603991.html|title = Untitled Page}}</ref> the trains were estimated to be carrying 2,500 passengers. The initial derailment was caused by a broken rail.<ref>http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/19990901/ige01021.html Hundreds of train mishaps unreported -- Panel</ref> The crash is among the [[List of railway accidents and incidents in India|deadliest rail accidents in India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/odisha-train-accident-look-back-nearly-identical-1998-khanna-rail-disaster-178036|title=Odisha train accident: A look back at the nearly identical 1998 Khanna rail disaster}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/odisha-train-mishap-look-some-biggest-railway-accidents-india-178029|title=Odisha train mishap: A look at some of the biggest railway accidents in India}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[List of train accidents by death toll]]<br />
*[[2023 Odisha train collision]]<br />
*[[List of Indian rail accidents]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
{{1998 railway accidents}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Derailments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Railway accidents in 1998]]<br />
[[Category:Ludhiana district]]<br />
[[Category:1990s in Punjab, India]]<br />
[[Category:Railway accidents and incidents in Punjab, India]]<br />
[[Category:Rail transport in Punjab, India]]<br />
[[Category:1998 disasters in India]]<br />
[[Category:November 1998 in India]]</div>Username123https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kumbakonam_Assembly_constituency&diff=511092Kumbakonam Assembly constituency2026-05-06T13:28:34Z<p>Username123: creating basic details first draft</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|One of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| constituency_no = 171<br />
| map_image = Constitution-Kumbakonam.svg<br />
| established = 1951<br />
| district = [[Thanjavur district|Thanjavur]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Mayiladuthurai Lok Sabha constituency|Mayiladuthurai]]<br />
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
| party = {{Party index link|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}<br />
| mla = [[Vinoth Ravi]]<br />
| latest_election_year = 2026<br />
| name = Kumbakonam<br />
| electors = 254,318 <br />
| reservation = None<br />
}}<br />
'''Kumbakonam''' is a state assembly constituency in [[Thanjavur district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date=25 January 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614070155/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/const_map/map.htm |archive-date=14 June 2012 }}</ref> It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India. Elections and winners in the constituency are listed below.<br />
<br />
== Members of Legislative Assembly ==<br />
=== Madras State ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="70%"<br />
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year<br />
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner<br />
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party<br />
|-<br />
| [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<br />
| [[Varadan]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br />
| T. Sampath<br />
|-<br />
| [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br />
| Ramaswami<br />
|-<br />
| [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br />
| [[N. Kasiraman]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Tamil Nadu ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="70%"<br />
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year<br />
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner<br />
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party<br />
|-<br />
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]<br />
| [[N. Kasiraman]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br />
| S. R. Radha<br />
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br />
| [[E.S.M. Packeer Mohamed|E. S. M. Pakeer Mohammad]]<br />
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (I)}}<br />
| [[Indian National Congress (I)]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]<br />
| [[K. Krishnamurthy]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<br />
| [[Ko. Si. Mani]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<br />
| [[Rama Ramanathan]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br />
|rowspan=3| [[Ko. Si. Mani]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=6}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]<br />
|rowspan=3| [[G. Anbalagan]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
{{bar box<br />
|float=right<br />
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<br />
|titlebar=#ddd<br />
|width=300px<br />
|barwidth=275px<br />
|bars=<br />
{{bar percent|[[#2026|2026]]|{{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}|37.76}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|49.03}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|45.04}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|48.72}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|52.23}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|51.18}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|61.69}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|65.15}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|35.03}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|64.57}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|55.98}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|32.52}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|51.45}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|50.63}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|49.72}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|48.65}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#1952|1952]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|39.73}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
=== 2026 ===<br />
<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kumbakonam}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[G. Anbalagan]]|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=77,971|percentage=37.43|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. K. R. Ashok Kumar|party=Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate|candidate=Ma. Ka. Stalin|party=[[Pattali Makkal Katchi (S. Ramadoss)|PMK(R)]] |color= #FFFF00 |votes= |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Anand|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi|votes=7,710|percentage=3.7|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Vinoth Ravi|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|votes=78,650|percentage=37.76|change=''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA|party=None of the above|votes=960|percentage=0.46|change=}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=679 |percentage=0.33 |change=}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|votes=208288|percentage=|change=}}<br />
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage=}}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =251868 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|loser=DMK |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2021 ===<br />
<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kumbakonam}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[G. Anbalagan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=96,057 |percentage=49.03% |change={{increase}} 3.99 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. M. Srithar Vandayar |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=74,674 |percentage=38.12% |change={{decrease}} 2.45 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Anandh |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=12,480 |percentage=6.37% |change={{increase}} 4.81 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Balamurugan |party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=6,523 |percentage=3.33% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Gopalakrishnan |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=5,276 |percentage=2.69% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=1,648 |percentage=0.84% |change={{decrease}} 0.53 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Gurumoorthi |party=Independent politician |votes=234 |percentage=0.12% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Ayyappan |party=Independent politician |votes=209 |percentage=0.11% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Vijayakumar |party=Independent politician |votes=190 |percentage=0.10% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Subramanian |party=Independent politician |votes=153 |percentage=0.08% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Prakash |party=Independent politician |votes=120 |percentage=0.06% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=21,383 |percentage=10.91% |change=6.44% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=195,916 |percentage=71.76% |change= -4.88% }}<br />
{{Election box rejected|votes=76 |percentage=0.04% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 273,029 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 3.99% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2016 ===<br />
<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kumbakonam<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf |access-date= 30 Apr 2022 |archive-date= 30 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf |title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[G. Anbalagan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=85,048 |percentage=45.04% |change={{decrease}} 3.68 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Rathna |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=76,591 |percentage=40.56% |change={{decrease}} 7.37 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Paramasivam |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=8,098 |percentage=4.29% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Venkatraman |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=8,048 |percentage=4.26% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mani Senthil |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=2,937 |percentage=1.56% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. L. Annamalai |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,934 |percentage=1.55% |change={{increase}} 0.56 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=None Of The Above |party=None of the above |votes=2,593 |percentage=1.37% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Vijayakumar |party=Independent politician |votes=569 |percentage=0.30% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Arokkiya Raj |party=TAVK |votes=456 |percentage=0.24% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Kalavathy |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=371 |percentage=0.20% |change={{decrease}} 0.25 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Fathima |party=Independent politician |votes=367 |percentage=0.19% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,457 |percentage=4.48% |change=3.69% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=188,827 |percentage=76.64% |change= -3.92% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 246,392 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -3.68% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2011 ===<br />
<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kumbakonam<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu |work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf | archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[G. Anbalagan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=78,642 |percentage=48.72% |change={{decrease}} 3.51 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Rama Ramanathan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=77,370 |percentage=47.93% |change={{increase}} 7.02 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. L. Annamalai |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,606 |percentage=0.99% |change={{decrease}} 0.31 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. B. S. Dhasnamurthi |party=Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi |votes=1,087 |percentage=0.67% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Rajkumar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=727 |percentage=0.45% |change={{increase}} 0.03 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Vijayalakshmi Kudanthi |party=Independent politician |votes=649 |percentage=0.40% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Panimayamaryraj |party=Independent politician |votes=555 |percentage=0.34% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Mohan |party=Independent politician |votes=478 |percentage=0.30% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Subramanian |party=Independent politician |votes=294 |percentage=0.18% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,272 |percentage=0.79% |change=-10.52% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=200,372 |percentage=80.55% |change= 5.32% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 161,408 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -3.51% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2006===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kumbakonam<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 2006 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | access-date = 12 May 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Ko. Si. Mani]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=65,305 |percentage=52.23% |change={{increase}} 1.05 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Rama Ramanathan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=51,164 |percentage=40.92% |change={{decrease}} 4.77 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Devadoss (Kuppal) |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=5,195 |percentage=4.15% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Godhandaraman |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,629 |percentage=1.30% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Venkatramani |party=Independent politician |votes=824 |percentage=0.66% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Ramakrishnan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=530 |percentage=0.42% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Sankara Narayanan |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=391 |percentage=0.31% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,141 |percentage=11.31% |change=5.82% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=125,038 |percentage=75.24% |change= 15.01% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 166,196 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 1.05% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2001===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kumbakonam<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India |title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001 |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Ko. Si. Mani]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=60,515 |percentage=51.18% |change={{decrease}} 10.51 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Rama Ramanathan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=54,019 |percentage=45.69% |change={{increase}} 15.18 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Stalin |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,480 |percentage=1.25% |change={{decrease}} 1.59 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Jayasankar |party=Independent politician |votes=885 |percentage=0.75% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Devados G Kuppal |party=Independent politician |votes=651 |percentage=0.55% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Rethinakumar |party=Independent politician |votes=366 |percentage=0.31% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Balakrishnan |party=Independent politician |votes=173 |percentage=0.15% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Ganeshkumar |party=Independent politician |votes=153 |percentage=0.13% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,496 |percentage=5.49% |change=-25.69% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=118,242 |percentage=60.23% |change= -8.79% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 196,625 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -10.51% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1996===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kumbakonam<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1996 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Ko. Si. Mani]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=69,849 |percentage=61.69% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Rama Ramanathan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=34,539 |percentage=30.51% |change={{decrease}} 34.64 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Kaliaperumal |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,221 |percentage=2.84% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. H. Nagaraj |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,582 |percentage=1.40% |change={{increase}} 0.3 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Balasubramanian |party=Independent politician |votes=1,537 |percentage=1.36% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Santhanaraman |party=Independent politician |votes=1,031 |percentage=0.91% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Sankaran |party=Independent politician |votes=441 |percentage=0.39% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Balakrishnan |party=Independent politician |votes=127 |percentage=0.11% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Uppili Srinivasan |party=Independent politician |votes=112 |percentage=0.10% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Krishna Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=93 |percentage=0.08% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Perumal |party=Independent politician |votes=81 |percentage=0.07% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=35,310 |percentage=31.19% |change=-3.98% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=113,224 |percentage=69.02% |change= 2.61% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 169,247 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -3.46% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1991===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kumbakonam<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Rama Ramanathan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=67,271 |percentage=65.15% |change={{increase}} 39.52 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Kumarasamy |party=Janata Dal |votes=30,962 |percentage=29.99% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. G. Ganesan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=2,971 |percentage=2.88% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. R. Sonraj |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,137 |percentage=1.10% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Ganesan |party=Independent politician |votes=377 |percentage=0.37% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Asaimani |party=Independent politician |votes=157 |percentage=0.15% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Kodimari |party=Independent politician |votes=121 |percentage=0.12% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. A. Umakathab |party=Independent politician |votes=104 |percentage=0.10% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Jeevanandam |party=Tharasu Makkal Mandram |votes=86 |percentage=0.08% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Shanmugam |party=Independent politician |votes=70 |percentage=0.07% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=36,309 |percentage=35.16% |change=27.84% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=103,256 |percentage=66.41% |change= -8.84% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 160,229 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 30.12% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1989===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kumbakonam<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Ko. Si. Mani]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=36,763 |percentage=35.03% |change={{increase}} 12.15 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Krishnamurthy]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=29,071 |percentage=27.70% |change={{decrease}} 36.87 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. H. Krishnamurthy |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=26,906 |percentage=25.63% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Kumarasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=11,919 |percentage=11.36% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Murugaiyan |party=Independent politician |votes=127 |percentage=0.12% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Gandhi |party=Independent politician |votes=110 |percentage=0.10% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Rajasekekaran |party=Independent politician |votes=65 |percentage=0.06% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,692 |percentage=7.33% |change=-34.37% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=104,961 |percentage=75.24% |change= -0.63% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 141,644 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -29.55% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1984===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kumbakonam<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | archive-date = 17 January 2012}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Krishnamurthy]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=58,334 |percentage=64.57% |change={{increase}} 8.59 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Kaliyanasudaram |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=20,666 |percentage=22.88% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Padmanthan |party=Janata Party |votes=9,027 |percentage=9.99% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. R. V. Jayaraman |party=Indian National Congress (Jagjivan) |votes=1,083 |percentage=1.20% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Arumugam |party=Independent politician |votes=539 |percentage=0.60% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Sowrirajan |party=Independent politician |votes=305 |percentage=0.34% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Ayyappan |party=Independent politician |votes=215 |percentage=0.24% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. A. Alagarsamy |party=Independent politician |votes=171 |percentage=0.19% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=37,668 |percentage=41.70% |change=29.73% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=90,340 |percentage=75.88% |change= 6.82% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 124,280 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 8.59% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1980===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kumbakonam<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=E. S. M. Pakeer Mohamed |party=Indian National Congress |votes=45,038 |percentage=55.98% |change={{increase}} 27.13 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. R. Eradha |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=35,415 |percentage=44.02% |change={{increase}} 11.5 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,623 |percentage=11.96% |change=8.29% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=80,453 |percentage=69.06% |change= -0.05% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 118,130 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 23.46% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1977===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kumbakonam<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=S. R. Eradha |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=26,432 |percentage=32.52% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=O. Vadivelu Mazhavarayar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=23,450 |percentage=28.85% |change={{decrease}} 22.6 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Durai |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=17,460 |percentage=21.48% |change={{decrease}} 26.58 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. R. Santhanam |party=Janata Party |votes=12,814 |percentage=15.77% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Ramani |party=Independent politician |votes=1,116 |percentage=1.37% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,982 |percentage=3.67% |change=0.28% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=81,272 |percentage=69.10% |change= -9.71% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 118,847 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -18.93% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1971===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kumbakonam<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[N. Kasiraman]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=39,755 |percentage=51.45% |change={{increase}} 0.82 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Padmananbhan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=37,136 |percentage=48.06% |change={{decrease}} 0.94 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=O. M. Irusappa Baktar |party=Independent politician |votes=374 |percentage=0.48% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,619 |percentage=3.39% |change=1.77% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=77,265 |percentage=78.81% |change= -2.89% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 100,368 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 0.82% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1967===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Kumbakonam<ref>{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2012 |access-date= 19 April 2009}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[N. Kasiraman]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=37,276 |percentage=50.63% |change={{increase}} 0.91 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. S. Mani |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=36,083 |percentage=49.01% |change={{increase}} 14.16 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. L. Ramamoorthy |party=Independent politician |votes=268 |percentage=0.36% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,193 |percentage=1.62% |change=-13.26% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=73,627 |percentage=81.70% |change= 2.92% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 92,433 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 0.91% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1962===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Kumbakonam<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India |title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |access-date= 19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2013}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Ramaswami (Kumbakonam Mla)|Ramaswami]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=32,397 |percentage=49.72% |change={{increase}} 1.07 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Krishnamoorthy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=22,704 |percentage=34.84% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Palanisami Chettiar |party=Swatantra Party |votes=6,074 |percentage=9.32% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kannaian |party=Communist Party of India |votes=3,677 |percentage=5.64% |change={{increase}} 0.85 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Irusappa Bakthar |party=Independent politician |votes=307 |percentage=0.47% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,693 |percentage=14.88% |change=-12.74% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=65,159 |percentage=78.78% |change= 26.33% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 85,256 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 1.07% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1957===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Kumbakonam<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1957 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf | access-date=2015-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2013}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=T. Sampath |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,613 |percentage=48.65% |change={{increase}} 8.92 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Neelamegham |party=Independent politician |votes=9,777 |percentage=21.03% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kasiraman |party=Independent politician |votes=5,550 |percentage=11.94% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sonu Rao |party=Independent politician |votes=4,229 |percentage=9.10% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ramasamy |party=Communist Party of India |votes=2,230 |percentage=4.80% |change={{decrease}} 34.02 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Irusappan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,697 |percentage=3.65% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ramanatha Vanniar |party=Independent politician |votes=387 |percentage=0.83% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,836 |percentage=27.61% |change=26.70% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=46,483 |percentage=52.45% |change= -14.17% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 88,621 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 8.92% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1952===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Kumbakonam<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1951 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Varadan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=21,175 |percentage=39.73% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Somu Rao |party=Communist Party of India |votes=20,690 |percentage=38.82% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rathna Sabapathi Chettiyar |party=Independent politician |votes=8,485 |percentage=15.92% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sabbu Pillai |party=Akhil Bharat Hindu Maha Sabha |votes=1,558 |percentage=2.92% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Thakku Rangaswami |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=1,386 |percentage=2.60% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=485 |percentage=0.91% |change = }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=53,294 |percentage=66.62% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 79,991 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of assembly elections |access-date=8 July 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=5 October 2010 }}<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|10.97|N|79.42|E|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Kumbakonam]]<br />
[[Category:Thanjavur district]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br />
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]</div>Username123https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saptagiri_(actor)&diff=533012Saptagiri (actor)2026-05-06T08:23:14Z<p>Username123: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian comedian}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Saptagiri<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_name = Venkata Prabhu Prasad<ref name="Eenadu Sunday article">{{cite web|title=సెట్లోంచి పొమ్మనగానే కన్నీళ్లొచ్చేశాయి!|url=http://www.eenadu.net/magazines/sunday-magazine/sunday-magazineinner.aspx?catfullstory=9462|website=eenadu.net|publisher=Eenadu|language=te|accessdate=26 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226045522/http://www.eenadu.net/magazines/sunday-magazine/sunday-magazineinner.aspx?catfullstory=9462|archivedate=26 December 2016|location=Hyderabad}}</ref><br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1989|5|1|df=yes}}<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=May 2019|title=Happy Birthday Saptagiri: The hilarious star's best comedy roles ever|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/happy-birthday-saptagiri-the-hilarious-stars-bets-comedy-roles-ever/articleshow/69129531.cms|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-11-26|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><br />
| birth_place = [[Irala]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India<ref name="Eenadu Sunday article" /><br />
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|comedian}}<br />
| spouse = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
| children = <br />
| years active = 2006–present<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Venkata Prabhu Prasad''' (born 1 May 1989), professionally known as '''Saptagiri''', is an Indian actor and comedian who works in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] films. He received [[Nandi Awards|Nandi Award]] as [[Nandi Award for Best Male Comedian|Best Male Comedian]] for his role in ''[[Express Raja]]'' (2016).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Nandi Film Awards G.O and Results 2016|url=https://www.apsftvtdc.in/nandi-film-awards-2016.html|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=13 September 2020|website=[[Government of Andhra Pradesh|APFTVTDC]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url = https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/comedian-saptagiri-saptagiri-llb-orrey-bujjiga/article31074048.ece| title = Interview with Telugu comedian Saptagiri for 'Orrey Bujjiga' - The Hindu| newspaper = The Hindu| date = 15 March 2020| last1 = Chowdhary| first1 = Y. Sunita}}</ref> He received Santosham Allu Ramalingaiah Smarakam Award at [[15th Santosham Film Awards]] in 2017.<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Saptagiri was born and brought up in [[Irala]] village of [[Chittoor district]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]]. His father was a guard in forest department. Though his birthname was Venkata Prabhu Prasad, Saptagiri changed his name after an incident which happened in [[Tirumala]].<ref name="Eenadu Sunday article" /><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Saptagiri moved to [[Hyderabad]] to pursue his career in acting, and struggled a lot before getting a break. He started film acting career with [[Bhaskar (director)|Bhaskar]]'s film ''[[Bommarillu]]'' he used to work as an [[assistant director]]. Saptagiri got a chance to play a comedian role. He earned name as a Mini [[Brahmanandam]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/lovers.html|title=Lovers jeevi review|last=Jeevi|date=15 August 2014|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> in terms of remuneration and fame in low budget comedy films.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sashidhar|first1=AS|title=Tollywood's new funny men|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Tollywoods-new-funny-men/articleshow/28892726.cms|accessdate=16 Jan 2014|work=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
Saptagiri who started his career as an assistant director and turned as an actor. He acted as a comedian in many films. He made his debut as a lead role in ''[[Saptagiri Express (film)|Saptagiri Express]]'' (2016).<ref>{{Citation|title=Sapthagiri Express Movie Review {2/5}: This one is strictly for those who love brainless comedy and Sapthagiri|newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/sapthagiri-express/movie-review/56137808.cms|access-date=2020-09-13}}</ref> In 2017, he played the lead in ''[[Sapthagiri LLB]].''<ref>{{Citation|title=Sapthagiri LLB Review {3/5}: Watch it for some great performances by Sai Kumar and Shiva Prasad|newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/sapthagiri-llb/movie-review/61961374.cms|access-date=2020-09-13}}</ref><br />
<br />
In June 2023, he expressed his wish to enter [[Andhra Pradesh]] politics, on behalf of [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 June 2023 |title=Comedian Saptagiri Hints Joining TDP? |url=https://www.gulte.com/movienews/245474/comedian-saptagiri-hints-joining-tdp/amp |website=Gulte.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Filmography ==<br />
<br />
===As actor===<br />
{| class="wikitable<br />
|+Key<br />
| style="background:#ffc;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}<br />
| Denotes films that have not yet been released<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" | Year<br />
! scope="col" | Title<br />
! scope="col" | Role<br />
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes<br />
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ref.<br />
|-<br />
|2006<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Bommarillu]]''<br />
| Hasini's gossiper <br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2007<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Desamuduru]]''<br />
| Bala's colleague<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2008<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Parugu]]''<br />
|P. Yagna Narayana Sarma<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2009<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Ganesh Just Ganesh]]''<br />
|Appa Rao<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"|''[[Oy! (film)|Oy!]]''<br />
|Abhishek's assistant<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2"|2010<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Sadhyam]]''<br />
|Waiter<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope ="row"|''[[Happy Happy Ga]]''<br />
|Malli<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2011<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Kandireega]]''<br />
|Nellore Giri<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!''Mangala''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" |2012<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Daruvu]]''<br />
|Auto Driver<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Mr. Nookayya]]'' <br />
| Raja's assistant <br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Gabbar Singh (film)|Gabbar Singh]]'' <br />
| <br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Julayi]]''<br />
|Ravi's friend<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" |2013<br />
!scope="row" | ''[[Jaffa (2013 film)|Jaffa]]''<br />
|Saptagiri<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Venkatadri Express (film)|Venkatadri Express]]''<br />
|Dasthagiri<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Ongole Gittha]]''<br />
|Barber<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Prema Katha Chitram]]''<br />
|Giri<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="10" |2014<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Kotha Janta]]''<br />
|Giri<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Pyar Mein Padipoyane]]''<br />
|Husain Verma<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope ="row"| ''[[Amrutham Chandamamalo]]'' <br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Manam (film)|Manam]]''<br />
|Nagarjuna's friend<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Drushyam]]''<br />
|Simhadri<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Lovers (2014 film)|Lovers]]''<br />
| Suresh<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Power (2014 Telugu film)|Power]]''<br />
|Bilahari<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Joru]]''<br />
|Namalu<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Lakshmi Raave Maa Intiki]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| ''[[Chakkiligintha]]''<br />
| <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="23" |2015<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Soukhyam]]''<br />
|Giri<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Loafer (2015 film)|Loafer]]''<br />
|Raja's friend<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Where Is Vidya Balan]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Cinema Choopistha Mava]]''<br />
|Rakhi Pandaga<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Shankarabaranam (2015 film)|Sankarabaranam]]''<br />
|Akshay Kumar<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Tripura (film)|Tripura]]''<br />
|Tripura's cousin<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Bruce Lee - The Fighter]]''<br />
|Bruce Lee's friend<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Raju Gari Gadhi]]''<br />
|"Race Gurram" Babji<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Shivam (2015 Telugu film)|Shivam]]''<br />
|Happy<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Mirchi Lanti Kurradu]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Where Is Vidya Balan]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[James Bond (2015 film)|James Bond]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Jadoogadu]]''<br />
|Puli<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Jyothi Lakshmi (film)|Jyothi Lakshmi]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Dohchay]]''<br />
|Ranga<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Temper (film)|Temper]]''<br />
|Chain snatcher<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''Intelligent Idiots''<br />
|Mano<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Beeruva]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Mosagallaku Mosagadu (2015 film)|Mosagallaku Mosagadu]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Ram Leela (2015 Telugu film)|Ram Leela]]''<br />
|Ram's friend<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Gaddam Gang]]''<br />
| Venkata Krishna<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Bandipotu (2015 film)|Bandipotu]]''<br />
|Saptagiri<br />
| <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Jatha Kalise]]''<br />
|<br />
| <br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/jathakalisey.html|title=Jatha Kalisey review by jeevi - Telugu cinema review - Ashwin Babu & Tejaswi Madivada|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="12" |2016<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Express Raja]]''<br />
|Giri<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Soggade Chinni Nayana]]''<br />
|Himagiri<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Krishnashtami]]''<br />
|Giri<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Supreme (film)|Supreme]]''<br />
|Man in the airport<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Okka Ammayi Thappa]]''<br />
|Journalist<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" |''[[Selfie Raja]]'' <br />
|Thief<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Thikka]]''<br />
| Manchi Donga<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Majnu (2016 film)|Majnu]]''<br />
|Koti<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Abhinetri (2016 film)|Abhinetri]]''<br />
|Buchi<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Devi (2016 film)|Devi]]''<br />''Tutak Tutak Tutiya''<br />
|Yellow T-shirt man<br />
|Cameo appearance; Tamil-Hindi film ||<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Nandini Nursing Home]]''<br />
|Inpatient<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Saptagiri Express (film)|Saptagiri Express]]''<br />
|Saptagiri<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
<br />
<br />
| rowspan="6" |2017<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Angel (2017 film)|Angel]]'' <br />
| Saptagiri<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Chitrangada (film)|Chitrangada]]''<br />
| Punjuko Babban<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Rarandoi Veduka Chudham]]''<br />
|Bangaram<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Raja the Great]]''<br />
|Seenu<br />
|Cameo appearance<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Radha (2017 film)|Radha]]''<br />
|Giri R<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Sapthagiri LLB]]''<br />
|Saptagiri L.L.B. <br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" |2018<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Hello Guru Prema Kosame]]'' <br />
| Auto Driver<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Neevevaro]]'' <br />
| Janaganamana Jagadish<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Juvva]]'' <br />
| <br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Inttelligent]]''<br />
| Teja's friend<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="3" | 2019<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Abhinetri 2]]'' <br />
| Buchi<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" |''[[Vajra Kavachadhara Govinda]]''<br />
| Govind<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" |''[[Tenali Ramakrishna BA. BL]]''<br />
| Giri<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2"| 2020<br />
! scope="row" | ''Thagite Thandana''<br />
| <br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Orey Bujjiga]]''<br />
|Saptagiri<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="7" | 2021<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Krack (film)|Krack]]''<br />
| Subba Reddy<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Alludu Adhurs]]''<br />
|Kadra<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Idhe Maa Katha]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Ek Mini Katha]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Sreekaram]]''<br />
| Karthik's colleague<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Varudu Kaavalenu]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''Guduputani''<br />
|Giri<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="8"| 2022 <br />
! scope="row" | ''[[1945 (2022 film)|1945]]''<br />
| Adhi's friend<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Atithi Devo Bhava (film)|''Athidi Devo Bhava'']]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Pakka Commercial]]''<br />
| Lawyer Jhansi's PA<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Katha Kanchiki Manam Intiki]]''<br />
| <br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Wanted Pandugod]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arikatla |first=Venkat |date=2022-08-19 |title=Wanted Pandugod Movie Review: Rotten Fruit! |url=https://www.greatandhra.com/movies/reviews/wanted-pandugod-review-rotten-fruit-123226 |access-date=2022-10-24 |website=greatandhra.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''Geetha''<br />
| <br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Crazy Fellow]]''<br />
| Abhiram's coworker<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Like, Share & Subscribe]]''<br />
| Giri<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="12" |2023<br />
!scope="row"|''[[Veera Simha Reddy]]''<br />
|Jai's Supervisor<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Waltair Veerayya]]''<br />
| Lekka Giri<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row"|''[[Kalyanam Kamaneeyam (film)|Kalyanam Kamaneeyam]]'' <br />
|Giri<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row"|''[[Amigos (film)|Amigos]]''<br />
| Believer<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Meter (film)|Meter]]''<br />
| Arjun’s uncle<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row"|''[[Organic Mama Hybrid Alludu]]''<br />
| Haasini's prospective groom<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row"|''[[Ramabanam]]''<br />
|Bhairavi’s cousin<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row"|''[[Rangabali (film)|Rangabali]]''<br />
| Journalist<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row"|''[[Unstoppable (2023 film)|Unstoppable]]''<br />
|Jilani Ramdas<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row"|''[[Slum Dog Husband]]''<br />
|David Mathew<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pecheti |first1=Prakash |title=Slum Dog Husband review: This absurd, disjointed satirical comedy might have been inspired by an illogical WhatsApp idea |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/slumdog-husband-movie-review/ |work=The South First |date=29 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!scope="row"|''[[Sound Party (2023 film)|Sound Party]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row"|''[[Salaar: Part 1 – Ceasefire]]''<br />
|Chandram<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |2024<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Prathinidhi 2]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope ="row"|''[[Laggam]]''<br />
|Sarpanch Vari<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope ="row"|''[[Mr. Celebrity (2024 film)|Mr. Celebrity]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2025<br />
! scope ="row"|''[[Pelli Kani Prasad]]''<br />
|Katnam Prasad<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope ="row"|''[[Dear Uma]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2026<br />
! scope ="row"|''[[The RajaSaab]]''<br />
|Brother Rip<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"|''[[S Saraswathi]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SO2Kvv8VL8w|title=Saraswathi Official Trailer &#124; Varalaxmi Sarathkumar &#124; Prakash Raj &#124; Priyamani &#124; Kishore &#124; Thaman S|date=1 March 2026|via=YouTube}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== As producer ===<br />
*''[[Bhagyanagara Veedullo Gamattu]]'' (2019)<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{Facebook|IamSapthagiri}}<br />
* {{IMDb name}}<br />
<br />
{{Nandi Award Best Male Comedian}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Saptagiri}}<br />
[[Category:Telugu comedians]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1989 births]]<br />
[[Category:People from Chittoor district]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors from Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male actors]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]<br />
[[Category:Santosham Film Awards winners]]<br />
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]</div>Username123https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Addanki_revenue_division&diff=484554Addanki revenue division2026-05-03T14:28:54Z<p>Username123: put up the data added tags</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Revenue division in Andhra Pradesh, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}<br />
{{infobox settlement<br />
| name = Addanki revenue division<br />
| settlement_type =[[revenue division]] in [[Prakasam district]]<br />
| image_map = <br />
| map_caption = Addanki revenue division in Prakasam district<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in Andhra Pradesh|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Prakasam district|Prakasam]]<br />
| established_title = Formed<br />
| established_date = 31 December 2025<br />
| founder = [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset = +05:30<br />
| seat_type = Headquarters<br />
| seat = [[Addanki]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Addanki revenue division''' is an [[administrative division]] in the [[Prakasam district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is one of the [[List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh|three revenue divisions]] in the district and comprises ten [[mandals]]. The division was formed on 31 December 2025 as part of the district consolidation and administrative reorganisation undertaken by the Government of Andhra Pradesh during the 2025 restructuring of districts.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-31 |title=Two new districts come into existence in Andhra Pradesh |work=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2025/Dec/31/two-new-districts-come-into-existence-in-andhra-pradesh<br />
|access-date=2026-01-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Rao |first1=G. V. R. Subba |title=A.P. to have Polavaram, Markapuram, Madanapalle as new districts, total to go up to 29 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/ap-to-have-polavaram-markapuram-madanapalle-as-new-districts-total-to-go-up-to-29/article70322075.ece |url-access=subscription |access-date=19 February 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=25 November 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Administration ==<br />
[[Addanki]] is the administrative headquarters of the division.<br />
There are 10 [[mandal]]s in Addanki revenue division which include<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!No.<br />
!Mandals<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|[[Addanki mandal]]<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|[[Ballikurava mandal]]<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|[[Darsi mandal]]<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|[[Donakonda mandal]]<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|[[J. Panguluru mandal]]<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
|[[Korisapadu mandal]]<br />
|-<br />
|7<br />
|[[Kurichedu mandal]]<br />
|-<br />
|8<br />
|[[Mundlamuru mandal]]<br />
|-<br />
|9<br />
|[[Santhamaguluru mandal]]<br />
|-<br />
|10<br />
|[[Thallur mandal]] <br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
*[[List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
*[[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
{{Prakasam district}}<br />
<br />
{{coord missing|Andhra Pradesh}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Revenue divisions in Prakasam district]]<br />
[[Category:2025 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
{{Prakasam-geo-stub}}</div>Username123https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Powerpet&diff=526100Powerpet2026-05-03T09:50:27Z<p>Username123: Creating some stub added tags</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Powerpet<br />
| native_name_lang = te<br />
| settlement_type = [[Neighbourhood]]<br />
| image_map = File:Powerpetaerialview.png<br />
| map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = <br />
| coordinates = {{coord|16.4245|81.0601|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = [[India]]<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Eluru district|Eluru]]<br />
| subdivision_type3 = [[City]]<br />
| subdivision_name3 = [[Eluru]]<br />
| unit_pref = [[Metric]]<br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| population_total = <br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu Language|Telugu]]<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 534002<br />
| area_code_type = +91-8812<br />
| registration_plate = AP-39<br />
| footnotes = <br />
| official_name = పవర్ పేట<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Powerpet''' [ పవర్ పేట ] is a [[suburb]] of [[Eluru]] city.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/rain-poses-flood-threat-in-west-godavari/article4908534.ece|title=Rain poses flood threat in west Godavari|author=Special Correspondent|work=The Hindu|date=12 July 2013 }}</ref> It is located in the II-town area Police Jurisdiction of the city. An underpass is constructed below the railway line to connect Powerpet with RR Peta Area.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
Between 1893 and 1896, 1,288&nbsp;km (800&nbsp;mi) of the [[East Coast State Railway]], between [[Vijayawada Junction|Vijayawada]] and [[Cuttack railway station|Cuttack]], was opened for Freight & Civilian traffic and Halt Station was Constructed. It is named after British railway engineer [[Sir]] Power in memory of his contribution to the locality's development of [[suburb]].<ref name="Hans">{{cite news|date=20 May 2017|title=New Rail Over Bridge may take a heavy toll on Power Peta|newspaper=The Hans India|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2017-05-20/-New-Rail-Over-Bridge--may-take-a-heavy-toll-on-Power-Peta-/301373|accessdate=11 August 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
There are a total population of 10,000 people living in 2,000 houses in Powerpet.<ref name=Hans /><br />
<br />
==Transport==<br />
Many Arterial roads passes through Powerpet.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2017/jan/07/emc-lays-emphasis-on-development-of-roads-1557005.html|title=EMC lays emphasis on development of roads|access-date=3 June 2017}}</ref> [[Eluru Old bus station]] is situated in this locality.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/Chief-Minister-to-inaugurate-new-bridge-across-Eluru-canal-today/article15331105.ece|title=Chief Minister to inaugurate new bridge across Eluru canal today|newspaper=The Hindu |date=29 October 2008 }}</ref> Chennai-Kolkata National railway line divides Powerpet from 1-Town.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2015-10-11/Traffic-gridlock-hits-Eluru-hard-/180259|title=Traffic Gridlock Hits Eluru Hard|date=11 October 2015 |accessdate=3 June 2017}}</ref> [[Powerpet railway station]] provides railway connectivity to this region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/11/28/stories/2005112803800300.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2005-11-28|title=Ten villages to be merged with Eluru civic body}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Commercial area ==<br />
Power Pet is one of the most popular Commercial Area in Eluru which is famous for its [[Electronic store|Electronic Stores]], [[furniture]], Beauty Parlours, Textile & Clothing and [[Gym|Gyms]].<br />
<br />
== Healthcare and Education ==<br />
<br />
{{Empty section|date=January 2022}}<br />
<br />
== Places of Worship ==<br />
[https://www.google.com/maps/place/Sri+Vasudevalayam/@16.7122495,81.1080033,19.04z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x3a3614ce2ede3769:0xaba451b7c1ae86f3!8m2!3d16.7121092!4d81.1077059 Sri Kashi Annapurna Sametha Visweshwara Swamy Vari Temple], Sri Vasudevalayam are the most popular pilgrim site in the area.<br />
<br />
[[File:Sri Kashi Annapurna Sametha Vishweshwara Swamy Temple.png|thumb|A Picture of Sri Kashi Annapurna Sametha Vishweshwara Swamy Temple|246x246px]]<br />
[[File:Saraswathi Devi at Sri Kashi Annapurna Sametha Vishweshwara Swamy Temple.jpg|thumb|Saraswathi Devi Picture at Sri Kashi Annapurna Sametha Vishweshwara Swamy Temple]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Eluru topics}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Eluru]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Eluru-geo-stub}}</div>Username123https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vishram_Patil_murder_case&diff=544944Vishram Patil murder case2026-05-03T06:39:26Z<p>Username123: Done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{multiple issues|<br />
{{Update|inaccurate=y|date=July 2012}}<br />
{{More citations needed|date=July 2007}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}<br />
<br />
The '''Vishram Patil murder case''' gained national attention in India when the widow of the murder victim accused [[Pratibha Patil]], the presidential nominee of the [[United Progressive Alliance]], of shielding her brother, [[G. N. Patil]], in relation to it.<br />
<br />
== Murder ==<br />
G. N. Patil was nominated by the [[Maharashtra Pradesh Congress Committee]] to be president of the District Congress Committee of [[Jalgaon]] in 2004. In 2005, an election by secret ballot was held for the position. He contested the election but lost to his opponent, V. G. Patil, by 13 votes.{{fact|date=September 2024}}<br />
<br />
Vishram Girdhar "V. G." Patil was a professor of English in a Jalgaon college that was affiliated to the [[North Maharashtra University]]. After his election, he instituted an enquiry into misappropriation of funds collected for felicitation of Pratibha Patil and for tsunami relief. On 21 September 2005, he was murdered near his house in broad daylight. The local police arrested two alleged assailants, Raju Mali and Raju Sonawane, but were then instructed by officials in [[Mumbai]] to transfer the case to the [[Criminal Investigation Department|CID]]. In a letter to the police, Patil's widow, Rajani Patil, accused [[Ulhas Patil]], a former [[Indian National Congress]] [[Member of Parliament]] from Jalagaon, and G. N. Patil as conspirators.{{fact|date=September 2024}}<br />
<br />
== High court order and CBI inquiry ==<br />
In February 2007 the [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]] bench of [[Mumbai High Court]] acted on a petition from Rajani Patil, directing the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) to take over the probe from the CID. The judge stated in his ruling that: {{blockquote|We have scrutinized the entire record with the help of counsel for both sides. We have considered the chequered history of the present case, the developments which have taken place after filing of chargesheet, issues involved, and the reference to alleged conspiracy by the influential political leaders of the region. Having regard to the importance of issues involved and the alleged complicity of the influential political leaders referred to in paragraphs no. 3 and 4 of the petition, in our considered opinion, this is a fit case where the investigation should be conducted by the CBI.}}<br />
<br />
A CBI team visited Jalgaon on 4 April 2007. Three days later, Raju Mali died in mysterious circumstances while in police custody.<br />
<br />
On 23 June 2007 the district and sessions court of Jalgaon allowed the CBI to file the supplementary charge-sheet in the murder case against G. N. Patil.<br />
<br />
== Murder case in media ==<br />
The Hindi news channel AAJ TAK in October 2006 telecast a 20-minute investigative report on this murder case in its weekly programme ‘Hatyaara Kaun?’ (who is murderer). The report claimed that both G. N. Patil and Ulhas Patil had made numerous calls from their mobiles, before as well as on the day of murder, and that in September 2006, the two alleged assailants&nbsp;— Mali and Sonawane&nbsp;— went on an indefinite fast inside the Jalgaon district jail. Mali said, "We have been simply made scape goats in the case, whereas the real culprits are untouched."<br />
<br />
== Allegation of shielding by Pratibha Patil ==<br />
On 22 June 2007, Rajni Patil claimed in a NDA-facilitated press conference that her husband was murdered by Pratibha Patil's brother, G. N. Patil. She accused Pratibha Patil of shielding her brother. She further said that she had written to INC leader [[Sonia Gandhi]] and the President of India, [[Abdul Kalam]], giving details of her allegation. Copies of her memorandum to Kalam were distributed to the press by [[Sudheendra Kulkarni]], an aide to the BJP leader, [[L. K. Advani]].<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{Cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/story/160239.html |title=Congman's wife drags Pratibha name into allegations, NDA distances itself |access-date=2016-01-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830100549/http://www.indianexpress.com/story/160239.html |archive-date=2008-08-30 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Pratibha_Patils_brother_killed_my_husband/articleshow/2141476.cms Woman claims husband killed by Pratibha Patil's brother] [[Times of India]]- 22 June 2007</ref><ref name="hindujun23" /><br />
<br />
On 13 July 2007 Rajani Patil asked the court to insist that the CBI "interrogate" Pratibha Patil and her brother in connection with the case before the presidential poll on 19 July. She argued that if matters were left until after the election then Pratibha Patil might benefit from presidential immunity.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070930043756/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/FullcoverageStoryPage.aspx?id=f081b778-77f6-4d2b-9acc-21ae1c239feeWho%20will%20be%20India%27s%20next%20President_Special&MatchID1=4488&TeamID1=8&TeamID2=10&MatchType1=1&SeriesID1=1120&PrimaryID=4488&Headline=Petition+filed+seeking+Patil%e2%80%99s+interrogation+in+murder+case The Hindustan Times]</ref><br />
<br />
The lawyer [[Mahesh Jethmalani]] said that two CDs have surfaced which contain incriminating material against G. N. Patil. The CDs allegedly contain footage of the elections for the district Congress presidency in Jalgaon. Jethmalani offered to place both CDs on record, saying "These contain vital information showing the political link behind the murder."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-07-18/india/27965257_1_g-n-patil-rajni-patil-cbi-counsel |title=Jalgaon case: HC slams CBI for tardiness - Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=14 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017170842/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-07-18/india/27965257_1_g-n-patil-rajni-patil-cbi-counsel |archive-date=17 October 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Timeline and detailed quotes about allegation ===<br />
On 22 June 2007, a press conference was organised at the residence of Sukhbir Singh Dhindsa, a leader of the [[Akali Dal]] which is member of the BJP-led [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]] coalition.<ref name="hindujun23">We don’t know about Rajni Patil, says NDA [https://web.archive.org/web/20070808183515/http://www.hindu.com/2007/06/23/stories/2007062355581600.htm The Hindu - 23 June 2007]</ref><br />
<br />
BJP spokesman Ravi Shankar Prasad later told reporters:<br />
<br />
{{blockquote|These are all stark, important and disturbing facts much in existence even before she was considered as a candidate for the highest constitutional office of the country ... Therefore, consistent with the norms of dignity, transparency and constitutional propriety relating to such a high office, the BJP would like Pratibha Patil herself to satisfactorily reply to some of the most disturbing questions that have emerged from Rajni Patil's revelations.<ref name="june23">BJP asks Patil to respond to charges {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927190606/http://www.indianmuslims.info/news/2007/jun/23/bjp_asks_patil_respond_charges.html June 23, 2007]}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
The same day, the UPA refuted the allegations. ''Nagaland Post'' reported:{{blockquote|It is a matter that the CBI (Central Bureau of Investigation) is probing. Anyway, her brother's name was not in the FIR (first information report) nor in the charge sheet," said Pawar, former Maharashtra chief minister. Both ministers blamed the opposition National Democratic Alliance (NDA), of which the Akali Dal is a constituent, for the slur campaign against the presidential candidate. "I met Dhindsa in the morning and he said he did not have any idea about the press conference. Punjab Chief Minister Parkash Singh Badal was shocked to see how his colleague's house was being used for dirty politics," Pawar remarked. Referring to reports that Sudheendra Kulkarni, a former Prime Minister's Office (PMO) official, had brought the woman to the national capital, Pawar said: "It looks like NDA was behind it." Dasmunsi added: "The malign campaign by an ex-PMO official close to the former prime minister ([[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]) is most unfortunate. It reflects their frustration and desperation and is a sign of their losing the election.<ref>UPA defends Patil against allegations [http://www.nagalandpost.com/Nationaldesc.asp?sectionid=41618 Nagalnd Post - June 23, 2007]</ref>}}<br />
<br />
Sushma Swaraj, NDA spokesperson and BJP leader Sushma Swaraj clarified: {{blockquote|No one in the NDA knows who this Rajni Patil is who is reported to have made some allegation against Ms. Pratibha Patil.<ref name="hindujun23 2">[https://web.archive.org/web/20070808183515/http://www.hindu.com/2007/06/23/stories/2007062355581600.htm ] The Hindu - June 23, 2007|quote=Sushma quote</ref>}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*[http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/court-summons-brother-of-pratibha-patil-in-murder-case/ 2014 case update]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Murder in India]]<br />
[[Category:Pratibha Patil]]<br />
[[Category:Crime in Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:2005 murders in India]]<br />
[[Category:Jalgaon district]]</div>Username123https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kanpur_Teachers_constituency&diff=508313Kanpur Teachers constituency2026-04-29T14:20:21Z<p>Username123: creating new info first draft - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}<br />
'''Kanpur Teachers constituency''' is one of 100 Legislative Council seats in [[Uttar Pradesh]]. This constituency comes under [[Kanpur Nagar]], [[Kanpur Dehat]] and [[Unnao]] district.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/Election%20Manual/EM_E2/%2813%29%20THE%20DELIMITATION%20OF%20COUNCIL%20CONSTITUENCIES%20%28UTTAR%20PRADESH%29%20%20ORDER,%201951.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125062332/http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/Election%20Manual/EM_E2/(13)%20THE%20DELIMITATION%20OF%20COUNCIL%20CONSTITUENCIES%20(UTTAR%20PRADESH)%20%20ORDER,%201951.pdf|archivedate=2015-11-25|url-status=dead|title=1THE DELIMITATION OF COUNCIL CONSTITUENCIES (UTTAR PRADESH) ORDER, 1951|website= lawmin.nic.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Members of Legislative Council==<br />
* 1962 :Raja Ram Pande (Teacher)<br />
* 1974 :Mool Krishna Chaturvedi (Teacher)<br />
* 1980 :Har Prasad Tiwari (Teacher)<br />
* 1986 :Chandra Bhushan Tripathi (Teacher)<br />
* 1992 :Raj Bahadur Singh Chandel (Teacher)<br />
* 1998 :Raj Bahadur Singh Chandel (Teacher)<br />
* 2004 :Raj Bahadur Singh Chandel (Teacher)<br />
* 2010 :[[Raj Bahadur Singh Chandel]] (Teacher)<br />
* 2017 :[[Raj Bahadur Singh Chandel]] (Teacher)<br />
*2023:[[Raj Bahadur Singh Chandel]](teacher)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/kanpur-city-15510789.html|title=708 वोट से जीते चंदेल|website=Dainik Jagran}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Term of tenure==<br />
Retirement after 6 years.<br />
<br />
==Party View==<br />
Non Political party view<br />
<br />
==Election==<br />
Next election is proposed in October -November 2029<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/kanpur-city-13408372.html|title=नववर्ष की बधाई, एमएलसी प्रत्याशिता की लड़ाई|website=Dainik Jagran}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Kanpur (Graduates constituency)]]<br />
*[[Kanpur Cantonment (Assembly constituency)]]<br />
*[[Kanpur (Lok Sabha constituency)]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/current/PN_051004.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202084847/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/current/PN_051004.pdf|archivedate=2017-12-02|url-status=dead|title=Biennial elections & bye-elections to the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council and bye-elections to the Karnataka Legislative Council.|website= eci.nic.in|date=5 October 2004}}<br />
*[http://upvidhanparishad.nic.in/dalwaqr%20sadasya.htm Uttar Pradesh Vidhanparishad]<br />
*[https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/kanpur-dehat-12229353.html विरोध : मूल्यांकन की हिम्मत न जुटा सके शिक्षक]<br />
*[http://myneta.info/upmlc/candidate.php?candidate_id=63 Shri Raj Bhahadur Singh Chandel (Independent(IND)):(ELECTED FROM TEACHERS CONSTITUENCY) - Affidavit Information of Candidate:]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Teachers constituencies in India]]<br />
[[Category:Council constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]</div>Username123https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Interior_ministry&diff=550295Interior ministry2026-04-27T14:27:24Z<p>Username123: basic expand citations per sources further for consistency</p>
<hr />
<div>{{redirect|Home ministry|the British government formed by the Earl of Home|Douglas-Home ministry|the United States department responsible for federal lands|United States Department of the Interior|the former government ministry of Japan|Home Ministry|related uses|Interior minister|the racehorse|Home Affairs (horse)}}<br />
<br />
An '''interior ministry''' or '''ministry of the interior''' (also called '''ministry of home affairs''' or '''ministry of internal affairs''') is a [[Ministry (government department)|government department]] that is responsible for [[domestic policy]], [[public security]] and [[law enforcement]].<br />
<br />
In some states, the interior ministry is entrusted with the functions of ensuring [[national security]], [[immigration]] issues and protecting places of [[Detention (imprisonment)|detention]].<br />
<br />
Structurally, an interior ministry is part of the highest bodies of [[Executive (government)|executive]] power and reports directly to the [[head of government]]. In states with a federal structure, the ministry often has branches at the level of [[Federated state|states]] or [[federal subjects]].<br />
<br />
==Lists of current interior ministries==<br />
===Named "ministry"===<br />
* [[Ministry of Internal Affairs (Adygea)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Interior Affairs (Afghanistan)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Internal Affairs (Albania)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Internal Affairs (Altai Republic)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of the Interior (Argentina)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of the Interior (Austria)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Internal Affairs (Azerbaijan)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Interior (Bahrain)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Home Affairs (Bangladesh)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Public Administration]] (Bangladesh)<br />
* [[Ministry of Internal Affairs (Bashkortostan)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Internal Affairs (Belarus)]]<br />
* Ministry of Home Affairs (Bermuda)<br />
* [[Ministry of Home and Cultural Affairs (Bhutan)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Interior (Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina)|Federal Ministry of Interior (Bosnia and Herzegovina)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Interior (Republika Srpska)|Ministry of Interior of Republika Srpska]] (Bosnia and Herzegovina)<br />
* [[Ministry of Justice and Public Security (Brazil)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Integration and Regional Development]] (Brazil)<br />
* [[Ministry of Home Affairs (Brunei)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Interior (Bulgaria)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Public Security of Burundi]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Internal Affairs (Buryatia)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Interior (Cambodia)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Internal Affairs (Chechnya)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of the Interior and Public Security (Chile)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Civil Affairs]] (China)<br />
* [[Ministry of Public Security (China)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Internal Affairs (Chuvashia)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of the Interior (Colombia)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of the Interior and Security (Democratic Republic of the Congo)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Internal Affairs (Crimea)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of the Interior (Croatia)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Public Administration (Croatia)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of the Interior (Cuba)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Interior (Cyprus)|Minister of Interior (Cyprus)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of the Interior (Czech Republic)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Internal Affairs (Dagestan)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of the Interior (Denmark)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of the Interior (El Salvador)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of the Interior (Estonia)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Interior (Egypt)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of the Interior (Finland)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Interior (France)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Internal Affairs of Georgia]]<br />
* [[Federal Ministry of the Interior (Germany)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Interior (Ghana)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of the Interior (Greece)]] <br />
* [[Ministry of Citizen Protection (Greece)]] <br />
* [[Ministry of the Interior (Guatemala)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Interior and Territorial Communities (Haiti)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Interior (Hungary)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Home Affairs (Indonesia)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Internal Affairs (Ingushetia)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Interior (Iran)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Interior (Iraq)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Interior (Israel)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Public Security (Israel)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of the Interior (Italy)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications]] (Japan)<br />
* [[Ministry of Interior (Jordan)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Internal Affairs (Kabardino-Balkaria)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Internal Affairs (Kalmykia)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Internal Affairs (Karachay-Cherkessia)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Internal Affairs of Kazakhstan]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Internal Affairs (Khakassia)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Internal Affairs (Komi Republic)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of the Interior and Safety (South Korea)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Interior (Kuwait)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of the Interior (Kyrgyzstan)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Public Security (Laos)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Interior and Municipalities (Lebanon)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Interior (Libya)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of the Interior (Lithuania)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Home Affairs (Malaysia)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Home Affairs (Maldives)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Internal Affairs (Mari El)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of the Interior and Decentralization (Mauritania)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Internal Affairs (Moldova)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Internal Affairs (Montenegro)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Internal Affairs (Mordovia)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Home Affairs (Myanmar)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Home Affairs (Nepal)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations]] (Netherlands)<br />
* [[Ministry of Justice and Security]] (Netherlands)<br />
* [[Ministry of Interior, Public Safety and Decentralization (Niger)]]<br />
* [[Federal Ministry of Interior (Nigeria)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Internal Affairs (North Macedonia)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Internal Affairs (North Ossetia–Alania)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Interior (Oman)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Interior (Pakistan)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of the Interior (Peru)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Interior and Administration (Poland)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Internal Administration (Portugal)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Interior, Federal Affairs and Democratization|Ministry of Interior, Federal Affairs and Democratization (Puntland)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Public Security (Quebec)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Internal Affairs (Republic of Karelia)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Home Affairs (Solomon Islands)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Internal Affairs (Romania)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Internal Affairs (Russia)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Internal Affairs (Sakha Republic)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Interior (Saudi Arabia)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Internal Affairs (Serbia)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Public Administration and Local Self-Government]] (Serbia)<br />
* [[Ministry of Home Affairs (Singapore)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of the Interior (Slovakia)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of the Interior (Slovenia)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Interior and Federal Affairs (Somalia)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Internal Affairs (South Sudan)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of the Interior (Spain)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Home Affairs (Sri Lanka)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Internal Affairs, Wayamba Development and Cultural Affairs]] (Sri Lanka)<br />
* [[Ministry of Interior (Syria)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of the Interior (Taiwan)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Internal Affairs (Tajikistan)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Home Affairs (Tanzania)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Internal Affairs (Tatarstan)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Interior (Thailand)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Internal Affairs of Transnistria]]<br />
* [[Ministry of the Interior (Tunisia)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of the Interior (Turkey)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Internal Affairs (Turkmenistan)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Internal Affairs (Tuva)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Internal Affairs (Udmurtia)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Internal Affairs (Uganda)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Internal Affairs (Ukraine)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Internal Affairs (Uzbekistan)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Interior, Justice and Peace]] (Venezuela)<br />
* [[Ministry of Home Affairs (Vietnam)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Public Security (Vietnam)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Home Affairs (Zambia)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Home Affairs (Zimbabwe)]]<br />
*<br />
<br />
===Named "department"===<br />
* [[Department of Home Affairs (Australia)]]<br />
* [[Department of Justice, Home Affairs and Migration]] ([[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]])<br />
* [[Department of Home Affairs (Isle of Man)]]<br />
* [[Department of Internal Affairs (New Zealand)]]<br />
* [[Department of the Interior and Local Government]] ([[Philippines]])<br />
* [[Department of Home Affairs (South Africa)]]<br />
* [[Department of Police (South Africa)]]<br />
* [[Department of National Security (Spain)]]<br />
* [[Federal Department of Home Affairs]] ([[Switzerland]])<br />
* [[United States Department of Homeland Security|Department of Homeland Security]] (United States)<br />
* [[United States Department of Justice|Department of Justice]] (United States)<br />
<br />
===Other names===<br />
* [[Federal Public Service Interior]] (Belgium)<br />
* [[Public Safety Canada]]<br />
* [[Directorate-General for Migration and Home Affairs]] (European Union)<br />
* [[Security Bureau (Hong Kong)|Security Bureau]] (Hong Kong)<br />
* [[Home and Youth Affairs Bureau]] (Hong Kong)<br />
* [[Secretariat of the Interior]] (Mexico)<br />
* [[Secretariat of State for Security (Spain)|Secretariat of State for Security]] (Spain)<br />
* [[Home Office]] (United Kingdom)<br />
<br />
==Historical==<br />
===Named "ministry"===<br />
* [[Ministry of the Interior and Justice (Colombia)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of the Interior (Czechoslovakia)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Interior and Health (Denmark)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Internally Displaced Persons from the Occupied Territories, Accommodation and Refugees of Georgia]]<br />
* [[Ministry of the Interior (Hawaii)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Home Affairs (Japan)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Internal Security (Malaysia)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of the Interior (Ottoman Empire)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Interior (Poland)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Public Security (Poland)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Police of the Russian Empire]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Interior and Defence]] (Singapore)<br />
* [[Ministry of Public Safety and Security (South Korea)|Ministry of Public Safety and Security]] (South Korea)<br />
* [[Ministry of Security and Public Administration]] (South Korea)<br />
* [[Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)]]<br />
* [[Ministry of the Interior (Yugoslavia)]]<br />
<br />
===Named "department"===<br />
* [[Department of Home Affairs (1901–1916)]] (Australia)<br />
* [[Department of Home Affairs (1928–1932)]] (Australia)<br />
* [[Department of Home Affairs (1977–1980)]] (Australia)<br />
* [[Department of Home Affairs and Environment]] (Australia)<br />
* [[Department of Home and Territories]] (Australia)<br />
* [[Department of Home Security]] (Australia)<br />
* [[Department of the Interior (1932–1939)]] (Australia)<br />
* [[Department of the Interior (1939–1972)]] (Australia)<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Home Affairs (disambiguation)]]<br />
* [[Interior minister]]<br />
<br />
{{Types of government ministers}}<br />
<br />
{{Set index article}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Internal affairs ministries| ]]<br />
[[Category:Lists of government ministries|Internal Affairs]]</div>Username123https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyaar_ki_Pungi&diff=527530Pyaar ki Pungi2026-04-23T04:42:41Z<p>Username123: Creating initial details v1</p>
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<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox song<br />
| name = Pyaar ki Pungi<br />
| cover = Saif in Pyar ki Pungi.jpg<br />
| alt =<br />
| caption = Saif Ali Khan as featured in the song<br />
| type = [[Single (music)|single]]<br />
| artist = [[Pritam]] feat. [[Mika Singh]]<br />
| album = [[Agent Vinod (2012 film)|Agent Vinod]]<br />
| language = [[Hindi]]<br />
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2012|02|29}}<br />
| format =<br />
| recorded =<br />
| studio =<br />
| venue =<br />
| genre = [[Filmi]], [[Pop-folk]], [[Bhangra (music)|Bhangra]]<br />
| length = {{Duration|m=4|s=43}}<br />
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]<br />
| composer = [[Pritam Chakraborty]]<br />
| lyricist = [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]<br />
| producer =<br />
| prev_title =<br />
| prev_year =<br />
| next_title =<br />
| next_year =<br />
}}<br />
'''Pyaar ki Pungi''' is a Hindi song sung by [[Mika Singh]] from the 2012 Hindi film ''[[Agent Vinod (2012 film)|Agent Vinod]]''. It features [[Saif Ali Khan]] and Mallika Haydon. The song is composed by music director [[Pritam]], while the lyrics are penned by lyricist [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]].<ref name="peppy">{{cite news |title=Full Song: Agent Vinod's peppy Pyaar Ki Pungi |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/full-song-agent-vinod-s-peppy-pyaar-ki-pungi/story-4Htp9da2eYcWoSYbtnqUVI.html |accessdate=11 October 2019 |work=Hindustan Times |date=1 March 2012 |language=en}}</ref> The moves are choreographed by Khan himself.<ref>{{cite web |title=Saif turns 'choreographer' for Agent Vinod |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/saif-turns-choreographer-for-agent-vinod/story-UjGYGq8cnGLaAifDT6Ie2K.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=2012-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216163056/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/saif-turns-choreographer-for-agent-vinod/story-UjGYGq8cnGLaAifDT6Ie2K.html |archive-date=2022-12-16 |url-status=live |last1=Singh |first1=Prashant}}</ref><br />
<br />
''[[Wall Street Journal]]'' reported that the song had been topping the music charts in India in March 2012.<ref name="WSJ" /> ''[[India Today]]'' reported the song as [[Viral video|viral]] hit while NDTV reported it as a superhit.<ref name="viral">{{cite news |first1=Priyanka |last1=Srivastava |title=Jism 2 title song 'inspired' by Turkish pop diva |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/jism-2-composer-plagiarism-sunny-leone-yeh-jism-hai-toh-kya-108070-2012-07-05 |accessdate=30 September 2019 |work=India Today |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930092530/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/jism-2-composer-plagiarism-sunny-leone-yeh-jism-hai-toh-kya-108070-2012-07-05 |archive-date=30 September 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="NDTVIndia" /><ref name="Scroll.in">{{cite news |title='Laila' down the years in Hindi film music: From Majnu's inseparable lover to a weapon |url=https://scroll.in/reel/847924/laila-down-the-years-in-hindi-film-music-from-majnus-inseparable-lover-to-a-weapon |accessdate=30 September 2019 |work=/scroll |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703115735/https://scroll.in/reel/847924/laila-down-the-years-in-hindi-film-music-from-majnus-inseparable-lover-to-a-weapon |archive-date=3 July 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 14 March 2012, [[Hindustan Times]] reported that the song was "trending like hot cakes online" and was en route to the top of all the charts. The success of the song was credited by HT to its "comic cheeky and catchy tone".<br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
Lead actor [[Saif Ali Khan]] describes the song as an extension to a scene where his character is being watched by [[CCTV]] cameras. Director [[Sriram Raghavan]] tells that he does not want to shift the viewers' attention from the main theme of the film, and hence the song will be used exclusively for promotional purposes. Choreographer Jasmeen Oza said that he wanted to give Saif a certain uniqueness in the steps, keeping him comfortable at the same time.<ref name="msn">{{cite news|title=Will Saif's item number overshadow Kareena's mujra?|url=http://entertainment.in.msn.com/bollywood/article.aspx?cp-documentid=5939118|accessdate=19 March 2012|newspaper=IANS|date=1 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322020847/http://entertainment.in.msn.com/bollywood/article.aspx?cp-documentid=5939118|archive-date=22 March 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
The song also features [[Mallika Haydon]], who made her debut in [[Bollywood]] with this film.<ref name="IExpress">{{cite news |title='I'll do the talking' will stand out despite Kareena's mujra' - Indian Express |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/ill-do-the-talking-will-stand-out-despite-kareenas-mujra/915695/ |accessdate=11 October 2019 |work=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref><ref name="santabanta">{{cite web |title=My item number'll stand out despite Kareena's mujra: Malika |url=https://www.santabanta.com/bollywood/53267/my-item-numberll-stand-out-despite-kareenas-mujra-malika/ |website=santabanta |accessdate=11 October 2019 |language=en |archive-date=11 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011071302/https://www.santabanta.com/bollywood/53267/my-item-numberll-stand-out-despite-kareenas-mujra-malika/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Mallika describes the song as "more of narration of the story", and says she does not have many moves in it.<ref>{{cite web|author=Rachana|title=Meet Saif Ali Khan's new lady in Agent Vinod and a little rap of very famous comic actor jaaved jaafri|url=http://www.glamsham.com/movies/scoops/12/feb/22-news-meet-saif-ali-khan-new-lady-mallika-haydon-in-agent-vinod-0212.asp?pg=3|publisher=Glamsham|accessdate=19 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105160521/https://www.glamsham.com/movies/scoops/12/feb/22-news-meet-saif-ali-khan-new-lady-mallika-haydon-in-agent-vinod-0212.asp?pg=3|archive-date=5 November 2018|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />
<br />
After the song's release Pritam had stated, "One of the basic reasons of liking this number is the fact that it is a fun filled song. The song plays in the background during one of the scenes in Agent Vinod. Amitabh Bhattacharya came up with this fantastic hook ‘Pyar ki pungi’ which I am sure could be the next popular phrase among the youngsters". He then adds "Pungi is a musical instrument which is predominantly audible in the song. Hence, the name. The shehnai piece was also extensively used which was later layered with trumpet. It's a 6/8 song. Instead of making the musical treatment Indian, I kept it more darabuka, conga and claps oriented. So all in all, it is an out an out entertaining and crazy song".<ref name="Spice">{{cite news |title=Pritam talks Pyar Ki Pungi! |url=https://bollyspice.com/pritam-talks-pyar-ki-pungi/ |accessdate=12 October 2019 |work=BollySpice.com - The latest movies, interviews in Bollywood |date=7 March 2012 |archive-date=11 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011065810/https://bollyspice.com/pritam-talks-pyar-ki-pungi/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
According to ''BollySpice'', the song was not initially planned to be included in the film. During the course of film production, Saif had done a few "insane dance moves" that were recorded into the CCTV cameras on the sets. A decision was made then, to include the song as "a mad number" in the film. According to the report, a few moments of fun had been converted into a song.<ref name="Spice" /><br />
<br />
==Lyrics==<br />
Lyrics were written by lyricist [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]. The song lyrics included several references to the story of ''[[Laila and Majnu]]'' with the words such as ''"Khidki pe koi khada hain, Laila ka taaka bhida hain."''<ref name="Scroll.in" /><br />
<br />
==Video==<br />
According to the film makers the video has been filmed, "like a music video with a lot of colour, style and sultry dance moves." Saif plays the role of Agent Vinod in the film and does funny acts in the song as Majnu Vinod.<ref name="peppy" /> The video starts with Saif being monitored by a team of spies from a control room, using CCTV cameras fitted in his hotel room.<ref name="Dainik Jagran">{{cite news |title=करीना के मुजरे को टक्कर देंगे सैफ! |url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/bollywood-will-saif-ali-khans-item-number-overshadows-kareenas-mujra-N15607.html |accessdate=15 October 2019 |work=Dainik Jagran |language=hi |archive-date=14 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014101841/https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/bollywood-will-saif-ali-khans-item-number-overshadows-kareenas-mujra-N15607.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Saif recognized that he is being watched and started doing funny acts, deliberately in front of the camera.<ref name="peppy" /> According to Saif, the song was included to extend this section of the story.<ref name="ZeeNews17March">{{cite news |title='पुंगी' पसंदीदा या 'मुजरा' मजेदार |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/news/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8/%E2%80%98%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E2%80%99-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0/102814 |accessdate=15 October 2019 |work=Zee News Hindi |date=17 March 2012 |language=en}}</ref> In the video of the song, Saif is seen moving around the lobby and the staircase of a hotel. Malika appears in the song as the boss of the team of spies and takes a seat in the control room with other spies. She is shown in a seductive appearance, wearing a short skirt, deep neck shirt and a scarlet lipstick.<ref name="peppy" /> Saif reaches and enters the control room of the spies, and fights with all the men while Mallika watches. After all the men are neutralized, Mallika approaches Saif with a smile and they move out of the room together holding each other in their arms.<br />
<br />
[[Telegraph (India)|''Telegraph'']] reported that this is similar to the video of Weapon of Choice by [[Fatboy Slim]] that starred [[Christopher Walken]]. In the Weapon of Choice's video, Walken wakes up from sleep and runs around in the lobby and escalator of a Hotel while dancing on the tunes of the song. The Walken's video also won best Direction and Best Choreography MTV music video award.<ref name="Telegraph" /><br />
<br />
The Pungi song appears as a background piece in the movie. The song was shot to promote the movie on the Television and the internet. The song and the video also appear in the [[closing credits]] of the film.<ref name="Telegraph">{{cite news |title=Panga over pungi song |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/panga-over-pungi-song/cid/439254 |accessdate=15 October 2019 |work=[[Telegraph India]] |language=en |archive-date=14 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014101841/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/panga-over-pungi-song/cid/439254 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
The song had been reported by ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'', as topping the music charts in India in March 2012.<ref name="WSJ"/> On 14 March 2012, ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' (HT) reported that the song was "trending like hot cakes online" and was en route to the top of all the charts. The success of the song was credited by ''HT'' to its "comic cheeky and catchy tone".<ref name="Hindustan Times">{{cite news |title=Make way for Pyaar Ki Pungi |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/make-way-for-pyaar-ki-pungi/story-yA7VTXlqYD0Rl5AxHgFZLO.html |accessdate=7 October 2019 |work=Hindustan Times |date=13 March 2012 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007083710/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/make-way-for-pyaar-ki-pungi/story-yA7VTXlqYD0Rl5AxHgFZLO.html |archive-date=7 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[India Today]]'' reported the song as a chartbuster.<ref>{{cite news |agency=IANS |title=Now Mika wants to lend voice for Amitabh, Aamir |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/pop-singer-mika-singh-mikas-song-for-agent-vinod-95938-2012-03-14 |accessdate=7 October 2019 |work=India Today |language=en |archive-date=7 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007095444/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/pop-singer-mika-singh-mikas-song-for-agent-vinod-95938-2012-03-14 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2019, ''Bollywoodlife'' reported this song among the top 5 songs sung by Mika Singh. It called ''Pyar ki Pungi'' as the "craziest song" of Mika's career, "which struck a chord with the masses.<ref name="BL_top5">{{cite web |title=Happy Birthday, Mika Singh: 5 hit numbers to celebrate Bollywood's cool singer! |url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/mika-singh-birthday-special-5-hit-numbers-to-celebrate-bollywoods-cool-singer-2-1423738/ |website=Bollywood Life |accessdate=11 October 2019 |language=en-EN |date=10 June 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2019, [[Bhojpuri film]] actor [[Dinesh Lal Yadav]] released a video of re-enactment of the song reported as superhit by ''NDTV''. The re-enactment video was viral on social media.<ref name="NDTVIndia">{{cite news |title=निरहुआ ने संजय पांडेय और अयाज खान संग 'प्यार की पुंगी' पर किया डांस, देखें वायरल VIDEO |url=https://khabar.ndtv.com/news/bhojpuri-cinema/bhojpuri-movie-nirahua-video-viral-on-social-media-with-sanjay-pandey-ayaz-khan-2067880 |accessdate=30 September 2019 |work=NDTVIndia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930091743/https://khabar.ndtv.com/news/bhojpuri-cinema/bhojpuri-movie-nirahua-video-viral-on-social-media-with-sanjay-pandey-ayaz-khan-2067880 |archive-date=30 September 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''India Today'' reported the song as a hit song that was played in Bollywood events.<ref name="shakes">{{cite news |last1=Srivastava |first1=Priyanka |title=Boss shakes a leg to the beats of inspired hit |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/boss-shakes-a-leg-to-the-beats-of-inspired-hit-212288-2013-09-26 |accessdate=30 September 2019 |work=India Today |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930092156/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/boss-shakes-a-leg-to-the-beats-of-inspired-hit-212288-2013-09-26 |archive-date=30 September 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Copyright case==<br />
There have been concerns raised about the song's alleged similarity to the song "Soosan Khanoom" by Iranian pop band [[Barobax]] who filed a copyright case in Indian court.<ref name="WSJ">{{cite news |last1=Sahni |first1=Diksha |title='Agent Vinod' Song in Copyright Trouble |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2012/03/22/agent-vinod-song-in-copyright-trouble/ |accessdate=30 September 2019 |work=WSJ |date=22 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930090823/https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2012/03/22/agent-vinod-song-in-copyright-trouble/ |archive-date=30 September 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Pritam refutes the allegations, saying that the two songs are not similar.<ref name="msn"/> The court noted that the song copyrights for the song Soosan Khanoom were not held by Borabax, hence the company did not have the locus standi needed for filing a copyright suit.<ref name="SpicyIP">{{cite news |last1=Reddy |first1=Prashant |title=Bombay High Court denies Barobax ex-parte relief |url=https://spicyip.com/2012/03/bombay-high-court-denies-barobax-ex.html |accessdate=11 October 2019 |work=SpicyIP}}</ref><br />
<br />
After some days, the band Barobax took back their concerns and apologized to Pritam, citing that the only similarly was the use of the Iranian beat at the start of the song.<ref name="Movie Talkies">{{cite news |title=Pungi 'Panga': Iranian Band Barobax Apologises To Pritam For Plagiarism Accusation |url=https://www.movietalkies.com/news/pungi-panga-iranian-band-barobax-apologises-to-pritam-for-plagiarism-accusation/ |accessdate=11 October 2019 |work=Movie Talkies |language=English}}</ref><ref name="Hindustan Times plagiarism">{{cite news |title=Pungi cleared of plagiarism |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/pungi-cleared-of-plagiarism/story-WEGyJTXZY1jSl6nzsKqb3J.html |accessdate=15 October 2019 |work=Hindustan Times |date=13 April 2012 |language=en |archive-date=22 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222214940/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/pungi-cleared-of-plagiarism/story-WEGyJTXZY1jSl6nzsKqb3J.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Accolades ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! width=23%|Award<br />
! width=25%|Category<br />
! width=15%|Nominee<br />
! width=5%|Result<br />
! width=2%|Ref<br />
|-<br />
| 2013 [[Zee Cine Award]] <br />
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Track of the Year|Best Track of the Year]] <br />
| Pungi<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
| <ref>{{cite news |last1=SRIVASTAVA |first1=SMITA |title=Zee Cine Awards 2013 nominations announced |url=http://www.activeindiatv.com/entertainment/2083-zee-cine-awards-2013-nominations-announced |work=Active India |language=en-gb |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=21 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107164543/http://www.activeindiatv.com/entertainment/2083-zee-cine-awards-2013-nominations-announced |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2013 [[14th IIFA Awards]] <br />
| [[IIFA Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]<br />
| Mika Singh (Pungi) <br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|<ref>{{cite news |title=IIFA 2013: The complete list of nominations |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/iifa-2013-the-complete-list-of-nominations-621724.html |accessdate=22 October 2019 |work=News18}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Team |first1=Indicine |title=IIFA Awards 2013 to be held in Macau |url=http://www.indicine.com/movies/bollywood/iifa-awards-2013-to-be-held-in-macau/ |accessdate=22 October 2019}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Mika Singh}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Mika Singh songs]]<br />
[[Category:Songs written for Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2012 songs]]<br />
[[Category:Songs with music by Pritam Chakraborty]]<br />
[[Category:Pop-folk songs]]<br />
[[Category:Songs involved in plagiarism controversies]]<br />
[[Category:Songs with lyrics by Amitabh Bhattacharya]]<br />
[[Category:2012 controversies]]<br />
[[Category:Indian intellectual property law]]</div>Username123https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nadipelli_Diwakar_Rao&diff=519773Nadipelli Diwakar Rao2026-04-20T05:26:59Z<p>Username123: creating the bio nd citations!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician and legislator}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Nadipelli Diwakar Rao<br />
| image =<br />
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1953}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Adilabad]], [[India]]<br />
| spouse = <br />
| children = <br />
| constituency = [[Mancherial (Assembly constituency)|Mancheriala]]<br />
| office = [[Telangana Legislative Assembly|Member of Telangana Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| alma_mater = <br />
| term_start = 2014<br />
| term_end = 2023<br />
| successor = [[Kokkirala Premsagar Rao]]<br />
| party = [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]] <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Nadipelli Diwakar Rao''' (born 1953) is an Indian politician and a legislator of [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]]. He won as MLA from [[Mancherial (Assembly constituency)|Mancherial assembly constituency]] on [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]] ticket.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telanganatoday.com/doctors-all-praise-for-mancherial-mla-for-securing-grants|title=Doctors all praise for Mancherial MLA for securing grants}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telanganatoday.com/telangana-to-upgrade-facilities-in-mancherial-area-hospital|title = Telangana to upgrade facilities in Mancherial Area Hospital}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
He was born in [[Adilabad]], [[Telangana]] to N. Laxman Rao. He is a graduate and did his BA. He was an agriculturist before joining politics.<br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Rao was two time MLA of Indian National Congress in two terms 1999 and 2004.<br />
<br />
===BRS party===<br />
He joined BRS party before the election in 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/diwakar-rao-joins-trs-to-contest-polls/article5790776.ece|title=Diwakar Rao joins TRS, to contest polls|newspaper=The Hindu|date=16 March 2014}}</ref> He won as MLA in 2014 from [[Mancherial (Assembly constituency)|Mancherial assembly constituency]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao Nadipelli, Diwakar}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:People from Adilabad]]<br />
[[Category:Bharat Rashtra Samithi politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2014–2018]]<br />
[[Category:1953 births]]<br />
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2018–2023]]<br />
<br />
{{Telangana-TRS-politician-stub}}</div>Username123https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raisinghani_vs_Raisinghani&diff=528244Raisinghani vs Raisinghani2026-04-19T00:13:53Z<p>Username123: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Hindi legal drama OTT series on Sony LIV}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox television<br />
| image = <br />
| genre = <br />
| creator = [[Aniruddha Rajderkar]] [[Bhavna Shrestha]]<br />
| director = Aniruddha Rajderkar<br />
| producer = Smruti Shinde <br> Harvindar Arora<br />
| writer = [[Anuraadha Tewari]]<br />
| starring = {{plainlist|<br />
* [[Jennifer Winget]] <br />
* [[Karan Wahi]]<br />
* [[Reem Shaikh|Reem Sameer Shaikh]]<br />
*[[Eklavya Sood]]<br />
*[[Sanjay Nath]]<br />
}}<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| num_seasons = 1<br />
| num_episodes = 102<!--as of 12 February 2024. Do not uncomment the preceding text. This field is for a number only and the date should not be visible. --><br />
| editor = <br />
| cinematography = [[Indranil Singha]]<br />
| runtime = 30 minutes<br />
| network = [[SonyLIV]]<br>[[Sony Entertainment Television]]<br />
| music = [[Gaurav Dagaonkar]]<br />
| company = Sobo Films Holding<br />
| composer = Bebaaqiyan<br/>Awargi<br />
| first_aired = {{Start date|2024|02|12|df=y}}<br />
| last_aired = {{end date|2024|08|09|df=y}}<br />
}}<br />
'''''Raisinghani vs Raisinghani''''' is a legal drama series streaming on [[Sony LIV]], directed by Aniruddha Rajderkar.<ref>{{cite news |title=Raisinghani vs Raisinghani trailer video: Jennifer Winget and Karan Wahi starrer Raisinghani vs Raisinghani official trailer video {{!}} Entertainment - Times of India Videos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/web-series/hindi/raisinghani-vs-raisinghani-trailer-video-jennifer-winget-and-karan-wahi-starrer-raisinghani-vs-raisinghani-official-trailer-video/videoshow/107054089.cms |access-date=8 February 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> Produced by Sobo Films Holding P.Ltd, it stars [[Jennifer Winget]], [[Karan Wahi]], and [[Reem Shaikh]].<ref>{{cite news |title='Raisinghani v/s Raisinghani': First-look teaser of Jennifer Winget, Karan Wahi's legal drama series out |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/raisinghani-vs-raisinghani-first-look-teaser-of-jennifer-winget-karan-wahis-legal-drama-series-out/article67762142.ece |access-date=8 February 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=21 January 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=SonyLIV's new show Raisinghani v/s Raisinghani sees Virat and Anushka face off in bitter rivalry, fans say 'this is wow' |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-sonyliv-new-show-raisinghani-vs-raisinghani-sees-virat-anushka-face-off-in-bitter-rivalry-fans-react-3075155 |access-date=8 February 2024 |work=DNA India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Watch: Jennifer Winget-Karan Wahi reignite their chemistry in promo of new show |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/jennifer-winget-karan-wahi-raisinghani-vs-raisinghani-sonyliv-show-2496831-2024-02-02 |access-date=8 February 2024 |work=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> It first streamed on [[Sony LIV]] OTT platform and then was telecast on [[Sony Entertainment Television]].<br />
<br />
==Synopsis==<br />
<br />
Anushka is a clear-sighted, honest and intelligent young lawyer, striving to make her mark in her father’s prestigious law firm. Virat, an ambitious and driven young lawyer, is viewed as the natural successor of the firm. As her ethics and righteousness clash with his views and objectives, moral differences play out.<br />
<br />
Anushka and Virat, who were once in love, are now at loggerheads. Bound by destiny and brought together by their differences, the stakes are high in this professional rivalry with starkly diverse ideologies.<br />
<br />
The law firm’s young intern, Ankita Pandey, is navigating her way with her own dark secrets. Her position at the firm is much more than what meets the eye. Watch her journey unfold as she lays claim to what she believes is rightfully hers.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
* [[Jennifer Winget]] as Anushka Raisinghani: Rajdeep's elder daughter; Gayatri's granddaughter; Virat's love interest.<br />
** Kiara Sadh as young Anushka<br />
* [[Karan Wahi]] as Virat Choudhary: R-Legal's de facto head; Anushaka's love interest; Rajdeep's Prodigy and senior Lawyer & Partner at R-Legal.<br />
* [[Reem Shaikh]] as Ankita Raisinghani Pandey: Rajdeep's and Madhu's illegitimate daughter; Rahul's adopted daughter (died)<br />
<br />
=== Recurring ===<br />
* Sanjay Nath as Rajdeep Raisinghani: Anushka's father; Ankita's illegitimate father; Gayatri's elder son; Dev's elder brother.<br />
* [[Anita Kanwal]] as Gayatri Raisinghani: Rajdeep and Dev's mother; Anushka and Ankita's grandmother<br />
* [[Joy Sengupta]] as Dev Raisinghani: Dolly's husband; Siddharth's father; Gayatri's younger son; Rajdeep's young brother; Anushka's paternal uncle. <br />
* [[Ashita Dhawan]] as Dolly Raisinghani: Dev's wife; Siddharth's mother; Gayatri's Daughter-in-law; Anushka's paternal aunt.<br />
* [[Sid Makkar]] as Akshat Mehra: Anushka's ex love interest <br />
* Abhishek Saklani as Siddharth Raisinghani: Dev and Dolly's son; Gayatri's grandson <br />
*[[Preeti Amin]] as Radha Mehta Raisinghani: Rajdeep's wife; Anushka's mother<br />
*[[Simone Singh]] as Dr. Ramaya Grewal: Rajdeep's love Interest <br />
*[[Deepak Parashar]] as Girdharilal Mehta: Anushka's maternal grandfather; Rajdeep's father-in-law; Radha's father <br />
*Shaline pandey (Shelly) as Shahnaz she's the student of ,Anushka<br />
*Unknown as Shravan Mehta: son of Girdhari's son; Anushka's uncle <br />
* Eklavya Sood as Harsh Nokewal: Rajdeep's son old friend and Junior Lawyer at R-legal (died)<br />
*[[Ishaan Singh Manhas]] as Aryaman Singh Kandola: Virat's childhood friend<br />
*Priyanka Dutt as Monica <br />
*Nimesh Diliprai as Aryaman's father <br />
* Nanncy Gil as Jia Chatterjee <br />
*Jay Zaveri as Dheeraj: senior partner at R legal <br />
*Yogesh Semwal as Milind <br />
*[[Sharmishtha Raut|Sharmistha Raut]] as Jyoti: senior partner at R legal <br />
*[[Kaizaad Kotwal|Kaizad Kotwal]] as Kersey: sleeping partner at R legal and friend of Rajdeep Raisinghani <br />
* Sahaj Singh as Raghav Khurana <br />
*[[Kuldeep Singh (actor)|Kuldeep Singh]] as ACP Yogesh Patkar<br />
* [[Vishal Nayak]] as Rahul Pandey (died)<br />
* Bhawna Aneja as Madhu Rastogi Pandey: Ankita's mother; Rahul's wife<br />
* Rishi Gambir as Prashant Radhakrishnan: Akshat's best friend and crime tv show host<br />
* [[Deepshikha Nagpal]] as Nina Walia: sharavan mehta's Friend <br />
* [[Sarmistha Acharjee|Sarmishta Acharjee]] as Rumina Khan: an intern at R Legal<br />
* Ankita Rai as Kalpu: student of Anushka Night Classes<br />
* Bharat Arora<br />
* Mayanka Sharma Patel<br />
<br />
==References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|tt31032285}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:SonyLIV original programming]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language web series]]<br />
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]</div>Username123https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Durga_Charan_Ranbir&diff=497864Durga Charan Ranbir2026-04-10T21:41:31Z<p>Username123: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian Odissi dancer and choreographer}}<br />
{{Orphan|date=June 2025}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Durga Charan Ranbir<br />
| image = Guru Durgacharan Ranbir at Khajuraho Dance Festival 2026 01.jpg<br />
| alt =<br />
| caption = Ranbir at [[Khajuraho Dance Festival 2026]]<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1951|3|1}}<br />
| birth_place = Odisha, India<br />
| education = Masters in Music, Utkal University; Nrutyacharya Course, Utkal Sangeet Mahavidyalaya, Bhubaneswar<br />
| occupation = Odissi dancer, choreographer, guru<br />
| known_for = Promotion and teaching of Odissi dance<br />
| awards = * Padma Shri (2025)<br><br />
* Guru Kelucharan Mohapatra Award (2014)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Durga Charan Ranbir''' is an Indian classical dancer and choreographer, known for his contribution to the field of [[Odissi]] dance. He is recognised for preserving the traditional elements of the dance form while also training numerous students through his institution and performances across India and abroad. In 2025, he was awarded the [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth-highest civilian award, for his contribution to the arts.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krishna |first=Anita Ratnam |title=In conversation with Durga Charan Ranbir |url=https://narthaki.com/info/intervw/intrvw27.html |website=Narthaki |publisher=Narthaki.com |date=June 2003 |access-date=13 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web<br />
|title=DURGA CHARAN RANBIR – Sangeet Natak Akademi Awardee (Odissi dance) |url=https://sangeetnatak.gov.in/public/uploads/awardees/docs/Durga_Charan_Ranbir.pdf<br />
|website=Sangeet Natak Akademi<br />
|publisher=Ministry of Culture, Government of India<br />
|date=2005<br />
|access-date=13 June 2025<br />
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web<br />
|title=Guru Sri Durga Charan Ranbir<br />
|url=https://ccrtindia.gov.in/artists_profile/guru-sri-durga-charan-ranbir/<br />
|website=Centre for Cultural Resources & Training<br />
|publisher=Ministry of Culture, Government of India<br />
|date=n.d.<br />
|access-date=13 June 2025<br />
|quote=Date of Birth/Age, March 1, 1951; Education: Masters in Music, Utkal University…<br />
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web<br />
|title='Feel blessed': Odissi dancer Durga Charan Ranbir on being conferred with Padma Shri |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/bollywood/feel-blessed-odissi-dancer-durga-charan-ranbir-on-being-conferred-with-padma-shri20250126202559<br />
|website=ANI News<br />
|publisher=Asian News International<br />
|date=26 January 2025<br />
|access-date=13 June 2025<br />
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web<br />
|title='Feel blessed': Odissi dancer Durga Charan Ranbir on being conferred with Padma Shri<br />
|url=https://www.msn.com/en-xl/news/other/feel-blessed-odissi-dancer-durga-charan-ranbir-on-being-conferred-with-padma-shri/ar-AA1xTn5G<br />
|website=MSN<br />
|publisher=Microsoft<br />
|date=26 January 2025<br />
|access-date=13 June 2025<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Durga Charan Ranbir has played a significant role in popularising Odissi, one of the eight classical dance forms of India. As a performer, choreographer, and teacher, he has worked towards maintaining the classical purity of Odissi while exploring creative choreography grounded in tradition. He has participated in prestigious dance festivals, including the International Odissi Dance Festival and Guru Pranam Utsav.<ref name="TheHindu">{{Cite news |title=Interview with Durga Charan Ranbir |newspaper=The Hindu |date=16 January 2015 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/interview-with-durga-charan-ranbir/article6767873.ece}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Guru Pranam Utsav 2025: A classical dance festival |date=26 April 2025 |url=https://thepatriot.in/listicle/guru-pranam-utsav-2025-a-classical-dance-festival-68991}}</ref><br />
<br />
He is also known for mentoring young dancers and choreographing productions that have been performed at national and international platforms. Ranbir has received multiple accolades for his contributions to Indian classical arts, including the Guru Kelucharan Mohapatra Award in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Harmohan Khuntia, Durga Charan Ranbir receive GKCM Award |date=11 September 2019 |url=https://www.orissapost.com/harmohan-khuntia-durga-charan-ranbir-receive-gkcm-award/}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Awards and recognition ==<br />
* '''Padma Shri''', 2025 – awarded by the [[Government of India]] for distinguished service in the field of art.<ref name="PIB2025">{{Cite web |title=President Droupadi Murmu confers Padma Awards 2025 |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2096285 |publisher=Press Information Bureau |date=22 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Padma Awards 2025 Notification |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/Document/pdf/notifications/PadmaAwards/2025.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=President Droupadi Murmu honours Odissi maestro Durga Charan Ranbir with Padma Shri |date=28 April 2025 |url=https://pragativadi.com/president-droupadi-murmu-honours-odissi-maestro-durga-charan-ranbir-with-padma-shri/}}</ref><br />
* Guru Kelucharan Mohapatra Award, 2014<ref>{{Cite web |title=Harmohan Khuntia, Durga Charan Ranbir receive GKCM Award |date=11 September 2019 |url=https://www.orissapost.com/harmohan-khuntia-durga-charan-ranbir-receive-gkcm-award/}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Legacy ==<br />
Ranbir's efforts have contributed to the wider appreciation and institutionalisation of Odissi dance. His work as a guru has produced a generation of accomplished performers, and his choreographic works are often cited for their balance of tradition and innovation.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Odissi]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/ Official Padma Awards website]<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranbir, Durga Charan}}<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male dancers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian choreographers]]<br />
[[Category:Odissi dancers]]<br />
[[Category:Dancers from Odisha]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1951 births]]</div>Username123https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jason_Dharmaraj&diff=505772Jason Dharmaraj2026-04-07T23:14:55Z<p>Username123: creating a data initial version - done</p>
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<div>{{short description|South Indian bishop}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox Christian leader<br />
| type = Bishop<br />
| honorific-prefix = [[The Right Reverend]]<br />
| name = Jason S Dharmaraj<br />
| honorific-suffix = <br />
| title = [[Diocese of Tirunelveli of the Church of South India|Bishop of Tirunelveli]]<br />
| image = Bishop Jason Dharmaraj.jpg<br />
| image_size = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| church = [[Church of South India]]<br />
| archdiocese = <br />
| province = <br />
| metropolis = <br />
| diocese = [[Diocese of Tirunelveli of the Church of South India|Tirunelveli]]<br />
| see = <br />
| term_start = 1985<br />
| term_end = 1999<br />
| predecessor = [[Daniel Abraham (bishop)|Daniel Abraham]]<br />
| opposed = <br />
| successor = [[Jeyapaul David]]<br />
| ordination = <br />
| consecration = <br />
| cardinal = <br />
| rank = <br />
| other_post = <!---------- Personal details ----------><br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = 18 October 1934<br />
| birth_place = <br />
| death_date = 23 April 2006<br />
| death_place = <br />
| buried = <br />
| nationality = Indian<br />
| religion = <br />
| residence = <br />
| parents = <br />
| children =<br />
| occupation = <br />
| profession = <br />
| previous_post = <br />
| alma_mater = <br />
| motto = <br />
| signature = <br />
| signature_alt = <br />
| coat_of_arms = <br />
| coat_of_arms_alt = <!---------- Other ----------><br />
| other = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Jason S Dharmaraj''' was an [[Anglican]] bishop in the [[Church of South India]]:<ref>[https://www.zyusedu.com/college-detail/4886-bishop-caldwell-college-tirunelveli Bishop Caldwell College]</ref> he was the [[Diocese of Tirunelveli of the Church of South India|Bishop of Tirunelveli]] from 1985 to 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://csitirunelveli.org/profile/history/bishops/ |title=CSI Tinunelveli |access-date=27 May 2021 |archive-date=27 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527092655/http://csitirunelveli.org/profile/history/bishops/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
{{Dioceses in the Church of South India}}<br />
{{Subject bar |portal1= Biography |portal2= Christianity|portal3= India|portal4=Languages}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dharmaraj, Jason}}<br />
[[Category:Anglican bishops of Tinnevelly]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Anglican bishops in India]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian bishops]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Christian religious leaders]]<br />
[[Category:1934 births]]<br />
[[Category:2006 deaths]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{India-Anglican-bishop-stub}}</div>Username123https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Poola&diff=486915Anthony Poola2026-04-07T06:24:50Z<p>Username123: put up a info initial version</p>
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<div>{{short description|Indian Latin Catholic bishop (born 1961)}}<br />
{{Infobox Christian leader<br />
| type = Cardinal<br />
| honorific-prefix = [[His Eminence]]<br />
| name = Anthony Poola<br />
| honorific-suffix =<br />
| title = [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|Cardinal]], [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Hyderabad|Metropolitan Archbishop of Hyderabad]]<br />
| image = Poola Anthony.jpg<br />
| image_size = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| church = [[Roman Catholic Church]]<br />
| archdiocese = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Hyderabad|Archdiocese of Hyderabad]]<br />
| province = <br />
| metropolis = <br />
| diocese = <br />
| see = [[Archdiocese of Hyderabad|Hyderabad]]<br />
| elected = <br />
| appointed = 19 November 2020<br />
| term = <br />
| term_start = 3 January 2021<br />
| quashed = <br />
| term_end = <br />
| predecessor = [[Thumma Bala]]<br />
| opposed = <br />
| successor = <br />
| other_post = President of the [[Catholic Bishops' Conference of India]] (2026-)<br />
<!---------- Orders ----------><br />
| ordination = 20 February 1992<br />
| ordinated_by = <br />
| consecration = 19 April 2008<br />
| consecrated_by = [[Marampudi Joji]]<br />
| cardinal = 27 August 2022<br />
| created_cardinal_by = [[Pope Francis]]<br />
| rank = Cardinal Priest <br />
<!---------- Personal details ----------><br />
| birth_name = Anthony Poola<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1961|11|15|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Poluru]], [[Nandyal district|Prakasam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
| death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (death date then birth date) --><br />
| death_place = <br />
| buried = <br />
| nationality = <br />
| religion = [[Christianity]]<br />
| residence = India<br />
| parents = [[Smt.]] Arogyamma (Mother)<br>[[Sri]] P. C. Anthony (Father)<br />
| spouse = <br />
| children = <br />
| occupation = <br />
| profession = <br />
| previous_post = {{indented plainlist|<br />
*Bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kurnool|Kurnool]] (2008–2020)<br />
}}<br />
| education = {{indented plainlist|<br />
*Minor Seminary, Kurnool<br />
*[[Samavesam of Telugu Baptist Churches|STBC College, Kurnool]]<br />
*St. Paul's Seminary, Nuziveedu<br />
*[[St. Peter's Pontifical Seminary]]<br />
*[[Pontifical Urban University]]<br />
*[[Sri Krishnadevaraya University]]<br />
*Certificate in [[Clinical pastoral education]], [[Bronson Methodist Hospital]]<br />
*Certificate in religion and theological engagement, [[Loyola University Chicago]]<br />
}}<br />
| alma_mater = <br />
| motto = Good news to the poor<br />
| signature = <br />
| signature_alt = <br />
| coat_of_arms = Coat of arms of Anthony Poola (Card).svg<br />
| coat_of_arms_alt = <br />
}}<br />
{{Infobox Cardinal styles<br />
| name= Anthony Poola<br />
| dipstyle= [[His Eminence]]<br />
| offstyle=[[His Eminence|Your Eminence]] <br />
| relstyle= [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|Cardinal]]<br />
| See=Hyderabad <br />
| image = Coat of arms of Anthony Poola (Card).svg<br />
| image_size = 200px<br />
}}<br />
'''Anthony Poola''' (born 15 November 1961) is an Indian prelate of the [[Catholic Church]] who has been [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Hyderabad|Metropolitan Archbishop of Hyderabad]] since 2021. He was [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kurnool|Bishop of Kurnool]] from 2008 to 2020. Before becoming a bishop, he worked as a priest of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Cuddapah|Diocese of Cuddapah]]. He became president of the [[Catholic Bishops' Conference of India]] (CBCI) in 2026.<br />
<br />
On 27 August 2022, [[Pope Francis]] made Poola a [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|Cardinal]], the first [[Dalit]] and the first [[Telugu people|Telugu]] to hold that rank.<ref>{{cite news | access-date = 31 May 2022 | url = https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/hyderabad-archbishop-anthony-poola-be-first-dalit-cardinal-164485?amp | work = The News Minute | title = Hyderabad Archbishop Anthony Poola to be first Dalit cardinal | date = 30 May 2022 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Biography==<br />
Anthony Poola was born on 15 November 1961 in [[Chindukur, Durvesi Parish]], in the Diocese of Kurnool. When poverty forced him to leave school after the seventh grade, missionaries took an interest in him and helped him continue his schooling.<ref>{{cite interview | access-date = 11 June 2022 | url = https://www.vaticannews.va/en/church/news/2022-06/dalit-india-consistory-cardinal-anthony-poola-interview.html | publisher = Vatican News | title = First Dalit Cardinal: My mission, help as many poor children as possible | date = 8 June 2022 }}</ref> After attending the Minor Seminary in [[Nuzvid]], he studied at St. Peter's Pontifical Seminary in [[Bangalore]]. He was ordained a priest on 20 February 1992 and incardinated in the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Cuddapah|Diocese of Cuddapah]].<ref name=vatbio/><br />
<br />
He held the following positions: 1992-1993: parish vicar of St. Mary's Cathedral from 1992 to 1993; parish vicar in [[Amagampalli]] from 1993 to 1994; pastor in [[Tekurpet]] from 1994 to 1995; pastor in [[Badvel]] from 1995 to 2000; pastor in [[Veerapalli]] from 2000 to 2001. He studied for a master's degree in health pastoral care and took courses in theology at [[Loyola University Chicago]]. He also worked at St. Genevieve Church in the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago|Archdiocese of Chicago]].<ref name=vatbio/><br />
<br />
Returning to his home diocese of Cuddapah, he was director of the Christian Foundation for Children and Aging from 2004 to 2008. He was also Diocesan Consultor, Secretary for Education, Deputy Administrator of the Schools of the Diocese and Coordinator of the Sponsorship Program.<ref name=vatbio/><br />
<br />
On 8 February 2008, [[Pope Benedict XVI]] appointed him [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kurnool|Bishop of Kurnool]].<ref name=vatbio>{{cite press release | access-date = 31 May 2022 | date = 8 February 2008 | publisher = Holy See Press Office | url =https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2008/02/08/0082/00202.html | language = it |title = Rinunce e Nomine, 08.02.2008}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 19 November 2020, [[Pope Francis]] appointed him Metropolitan Archbishop of Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite press release | access-date = 31 May 2022 | date = 19 November 2020 | publisher = Holy See Press Office | url = https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2020/11/19/0597/01401.html | language = it |title = Rinunce e Nomine, 19.11.2020}}</ref> He was installed there on 3 January 2021.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://telanganatoday.com/rev-anthony-poola-installed-as-archbishop-of-hyderabad/amp | date = 3 January 2021 | access-date = 31 May 2022 | title = Rev. Anthony Poola installed as Archbishop of Hyderabad | work = Telagana Today }}</ref><br />
<br />
On 27 August 2022, Pope Francis made him a [[cardinal priest]], assigning him the title of [[Santi Protomartiri a Via Aurelia Antica]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/news_services/liturgy/2022/documents/ns_lit_doc_20220827_titoli-diaconie-nuovi-cardinali_it.html|title=Assegnazione dei Titoli e delle Diaconie ai nuovi Cardinali|date=27 August 2022|website=[[Holy See|The Holy See]]|publisher=[[Office for the Liturgical Celebrations of the Supreme Pontiff|Ufficio delle Celebrazioni Liturgiche del Sommo Pontefice]]|language=it|trans-title=Assignment of Titles and Deaconries to the new Cardinals|access-date=29 August 2022|archive-url=|archive-date=}}</ref> He participated as a [[Cardinal electors in the 2025 papal conclave|cardinal elector]] in the [[2025 papal conclave]] that elected [[Pope Leo XIV]].<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/scardc3.html| title=Cardinal Electors|date=6 May 2025|publisher=Catholic-Hierarchy.org|language=en|access-date=6 May 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506193115/https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/scardc3.html|archive-date=6 May 2025|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Catholic Bishops’ Conference of India elected him to a two-year term as president on 7 February 2026.<ref>{{cite news|access-date=16 February 2026| url= https://cruxnow.com/church-in-asia/2026/02/in-milestone-election-indian-bishops-choose-dalit-cardinal-to-head-conference|work=Crux|date=9 February 2026|title=In milestone election, Indian bishops choose Dalit cardinal to head conference|first=Nirmala |last=Carvalho}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Cardinals created by Pope Francis]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
;Additional sources <br />
*{{cite press release | date = 29 May 2022 |url = https://ccbi.in/abp-anthony-poola-will-be-elevated-as-cardinal/ | website = CCBI| title = Abp. Anthony Poola Will Be Elevated As Cardinal | first = Stephen | last = Alathara }}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{wikiquote}}<br />
{{commonscat}}<br />
<br />
* {{cite web|url=https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/documentation/cardinali_biografie/cardinali_bio_poola_a.html| title=Poola Card. Anthony|website=[[Holy See Press Office]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828005138/https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/documentation/cardinali_biografie/cardinali_bio_poola_a.html|archive-date=28 August 2022|url-status=live}}<br />
* {{cite web | website = Catholic Hierarchy | url = https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bpoola.html | title = Archbishop Anthony Poola }}<br />
{{College of Cardinals}}<br />
{{Cardinals created by Francis}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Poola, Anthony}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1961 births]]<br />
[[Category:People from Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Christian clergy from Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Dalit people]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu people]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Roman Catholic archbishops in India]]<br />
[[Category:Indian cardinals]]<br />
[[Category:Cardinals created by Pope Francis]]</div>Username123https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anjanibai_Lolekar&diff=486722Anjanibai Lolekar2026-04-06T13:36:50Z<p>Username123: </p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian classical singer (born 1928)}}<br />
{{Sources|date=March 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox musical artist<br />
| name = Anjanibai Lolekar<br />
| image = Anjanibai Lolyenkar.png<br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1928|9|8|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Loliem]], [[Portuguese India]] (present-day [[Goa]], India)<br />
| death_date = <br />
| instrument = Vocals<br />
| genre = [[Hindustani classical music]]<br />
| occupation = Vocalist<br />
| years_active = <br />
| notable_instruments = <br />
| parents = <br />
| relatives = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Anjanibai Lolekar''' (born 8 September 1928) was an Indian [[Hindustani classical music|classical vocalist]] from [[Goa]]. She was recognized for her career as a performer and her association with the musical traditions of her home state.<br />
<br />
==Early life and training== <br />
Lolekar was born on 8 September 1928<ref>{{cite news |last1=Diwan |first1=Kumud |title=Forgotten Voice Notes of Yesteryears |url=https://classicalclaps.com/forgotten-voice-notes-of-yesteryears/ |access-date=21 March 2026 |publisher=Classical Claps |date=10 June 2025}}</ref> in the village of [[Loliem]], located in the [[Canacona|Canacona taluka]] of Goa. She was raised in a family with a strong musical lineage, which influenced her interest in the arts from a young age. She commenced her formal training in classical music at the age of seven.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999">{{cite wikisource |editor-first1=Tanaji |editor-last1=Halarnkar |editor-link1=Tanaji Halarnkar |others= |title=Konkani Vishwakosh |trans-title=Konkani Encyclopaedia |wslink=Page:Konkani Vishwakosh - Volume 4 Released.pdf/534 |type= |edition= |series= |pages=534 |volume=4 |year=1999 |publisher=[[Goa University]] |location=Goa |language=gom |wslanguage=gom }}</ref><br />
<br />
She moved to [[Bombay]] for further studies, where she spent twenty-five years training under the tutelage of Ramchandra Banker, a prominent singer and [[harmonium]] player. Her vocal style was noted for its melodious quality and the strength of her ''[[taan]]'' (rapid melodic passages).<ref name="Vishwakosh1999"/><br />
<br />
==Musical career== <br />
Lolekar's first public concert took place when she was fifteen years old at Wagle Hall in [[Girgaon]], Bombay, under the auspices of the Indian Musical Circle. The reception she received at this debut served as an impetus for her professional career. A significant milestone in her career was her performance at the All India Musical Conference in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], which brought her widespread acclaim.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999"/><br />
<br />
Over the years, she performed in various cities across India, including [[Delhi]], [[Chennai|Madras]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[Surat]], [[Gwalior]], [[Hubli]], [[Dharwad]], [[Pune]], and her native Goa.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999"/><br />
<br />
==Personal life and legacy== <br />
Beyond her musical pursuits, Lolekar contributed to social causes, including providing significant support for the construction of the Maratha Samaj building in Girgaon, Mumbai.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999"/><br />
<br />
She had three children: daughters Suvarna and Sangeeta, and a son, Sahiram. Her children have continued the family's musical tradition, with each achieving recognition in the field of music at a young age.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999"/><br />
<br />
==References== <br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lolekar, Anjanibai}}<br />
[[Category:1928 births]]<br />
[[Category:Possibly living people]]<br />
[[Category:Singers from Goa]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian classical singers]]<br />
[[Category:People from Portuguese India]]<br />
[[Category:Women musicians from Goa]]</div>Username123https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=S._C._Krishnan&diff=531201S. C. Krishnan2026-04-05T03:30:22Z<p>Username123: Creating first info first draft</p>
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<div>{{More footnotes needed|date=March 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
|name = S. C. Krishnan<br />
|image = S_c_krishnan.jpg<br />
|caption =<br />
|birth_name = Sivaganga Chelvam Achary Krishnan<br />
|birth_date ={{birth date text|1929}}<br />
|birth_place = <br />
|death_date = {{death year and age|1983|1929}}<br />
|death_place = <br />
|other_names =<br />
|known_for = [[Playback singer]]<br />
|education = <br />
| occupation = Musician<br />
| title = <br />
| spouse=<br />
|children= 2 daughters, 1 son<br />
|parents= Chellam Achary <br />
|relatives=<br />
|signature =<br />
|website=<br />
|}}<br />
'''S. C. Krishnan''' (1929-1983) was an Indian actor and [[playback singer]] who worked mainly in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] dramas and films.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.indian-heritage.org/flmmusic/sckrishnan.html| title=S C Krishnan - Tamil film songs - Indian Heritage}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
He was born into a [[Saurashtra people|Saurashtra]] family<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sourashtra.com/sourashtra-community-and-cinema-industry/|title=Sourashtra Community and Cinema Industry|date=22 February 2009|access-date=4 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203143215/http://www.sourashtra.com/sourashtra-community-and-cinema-industry/|archive-date=3 February 2019}}</ref> as the fourth son of a jeweller ''Chelvam Achary'' in Sivaganga that was part of [[Ramnad district]] at that time. He joined T. K. S. Brothers drama troupe in 1937 and started acting as a child artiste. He has also acted in dramas staged by [[N. S. Krishnan]] and [[K. R. Ramasamy (actor)|K. R. Ramasamy]]. He acted in [[C. N. Annadurai]]'s ''Velaikari'' and ''Or Iravu'' dramas that were later made into films.<br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
S. C. Krishnan was then a teenage member of actor K.R.Ramaswamy's ''Krishnan Drama Sabha'' drama troupe. The name of the troupe derived from popular comedian N. S. Krishnan. But, when reaching 20, he was disappointed that he didn't receive adequate opportunities for acting in movies. As such, he had suddenly quit this drama troupe and joined Modern Theatres studio as a paid actor.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://sangam.org/anna-1909-1969/ | title=Anna (1909-1969) Ilankai Tamil Sangam - Sangam.org}}</ref><br />
<br />
He joined [[Modern Theatres]] in 1949 as an artist on monthly pay and featured in many of their films. But later on he began singing for films and has sung many memorable songs. He first sang for the film [[Kalyani (1952 film)|Kalyani]] produced by Modern Theatres. The solo ''Kalapadam Kalapadam'' became a hit. He is well talented in classical Carnatic music but unfortunately producers and music directors made him to lend voice mostly for comedians. However, there is one song ''Thathuva Kalaiyudan'' in [[Amudhavalli]] that he sang along with [[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]]. The sequence was a music competition and it gave him an opportunity to show his talent in classical music.<br />
<br />
''Aayi Mahamaayi Angkaara Dheviye'' from the film [[Rajarajan]] is the only song he sang for [[M. G. Ramachandran]]. Likewise he has sung only one song for [[Sivaji Ganesan]], that is from the film [[Raja Rani (1956 film)|Raja Rani]] beginning ''Leelaa, laalee, adhu polee''.<br />
<br />
He worked as a music director in Chennai Television (Doordarshan) Kendra for some time.<br />
<br />
===Music composers he sang for===<br />
Many music directors gave him memorable songs, including [[K. V. Mahadevan]], [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]], [[G. Ramanathan]], [[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]], [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]], C. N. Pandurangan, [[S. V. Venkatraman]], [[T. R. Pappa]], [[G. Govindarajulu Naidu]], [[T. G. Lingappa]], [[Susarla Dakshinamurthi|S. Dakshinamurthi]], [[S. Rajeswara Rao]], [[S. Hanumantha Rao]], T. R. Ramanathan, R. Sudarsanam, R. Govardhanam, [[Vedha (composer)|Vedha]], H. R. Padmanabha Sastri, [[M. K. Athmanathan]], V. T. Rajagopalan, M. S. Gnanamani, [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]], [[P. Adinarayana Rao]], [[M. Ranga Rao]], K. Prasad Rao, [[K. H. Reddy]], [[T. M. Ibrahim]], [[Master Venu]], [[T. V. Raju]], [[V. Kumar]], [[Shankar–Ganesh]] and [[M. S. Viswanathan]].<br />
<br />
===Playback singers he sang with===<br />
He had many solo songs but also sang with other singers. He was very popular with comedy songs. He sang immemorable the most number of comedy duets with [[A. G. Rathnamala]], the next is with [[L. R. Eswari]] and followed by [[K. Jamuna Rani]].<br />
<br />
He also sang duets with female singers with most notably with [[T. V. Rathnam]], [[Jikki]], [[A. P. Komala]], [[Soolamangalam Sisters|Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi]], [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]], [[S. Janaki]], [[P. Leela]], [[M. S. Rajeswari]], [[N. L. Ganasaraswathi]], U. R. Chandra, Vadivambal, [[P. Suseela]], G. Kasthoori, Swarnalatha, K. Swarna, L. R. Anjali, [[T. K. Kala]], [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]], C. Gomathi, Ponnammal, S. J. Kantha, Udutha Sarojini & Pathma.<br />
<br />
He also sang with other male singers such as [[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]], [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]], [[Thiruchi Loganathan]], [[A. M. Rajah]], [[T. A. Mothi]], [[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]] & [[Nagore E. M. Hanifa]].<br />
<br />
He sang with all other comedy singers too such as [[J. P. Chandrababu]], [[N. S. Krishnan]], [[K. Sarangapani]], [[A. L. Raghavan]], V. T. Rajagopalan, K. Chellamutthu, S. V. Ponnusamy, M. M. Muthu, Krishnamoorthy, C. Thangappan & Maadhavan.<br />
<br />
==Awards and Felicitations==<br />
He was bestowed with ''Kalaimamani'' award in 1981 by the Tamil Nadu State government.<br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
He had a wife (Pushpavalli), a son (S.C.K.Selladurai) and two daughters (Manonmani, Uma rani). He was a good friend of actor and singer [[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]]. While he was working for the TV station he was affected by paralysis. He suffered for about 4 years and died in 1983.<br />
<br />
==Discography==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Film !! Language !! Song !! Music Director !! Co-Singer <br />
|-<br />
| 1950 || ''[[Swapna Sundari (film)|Swapna Sundari]]'' || Tamil || Kobameno En Mele || [[C. R. Subburaman]] & [[Ghantasala (singer)|Ghantasala]] || <br />
|-<br />
| 1952 || ''[[Kalyani (1952 film)|Kalyani]]'' || Tamil || Uladamidhuve Ulagamappaa || [[G. Ramanathan]] & [[Susarla Dakshinamurthi|S. Dakshinamurthi]] || [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1952 || ''[[Valayapathi (film)|Valaiyapathi]]'' || Tamil || Alli Alli Alli || [[Susarla Dakshinamurthi|S. Dakshinamurthi]] || [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2|1953 || rowspan=2|''[[Thirumbi Paar (1953 film)|Thirumbi Paar]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Kalappadam Kalappadam Engum Edhilum Kalappadam || rowspan=2| [[G. Ramanathan]] || <br />
|-<br />
| Vaazhkkai Vaazhvadharkke || <br />
|-<br />
| 1954 || ''[[Pudhu Yugam (1954 film)|Pudhu Yugam]]'' || Tamil || Paramparai Panakkaaran Pole || [[G. Ramanathan]] || [[T. M. Soundararajan]] & V. T. Rajagopalan<br />
|-<br />
| 1954 || ''[[Ratha Paasam (1954 film)|Ratha Paasam]]'' || Tamil || Aiyappaa Idhu Meiyappaa || M. K. Athmanathan & A. V. Natarajan || <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2|1954 || rowspan=2|''[[Sugam Enge]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Raasipalan Ungal Raasipalan || rowspan=2| [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] || <br />
|-<br />
| Santhosham Venumendraal Jolly Venunga ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2|1955 || rowspan=2|''[[Asai Anna Arumai Thambi]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Pizhaikkum Vazhi || rowspan=2| [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[P. Susheela]], [[K. V. Mahadevan]], Thodi Kannan, Udutha Sarojini & M. S. Padma<br />
|-<br />
| Adhistam Romba Adhistam || [[P. Susheela]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1955 || ''[[Gulebakavali (1955 film)|Gulebakavali]]'' || Tamil || Naayagame Nabi Naayagame || [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] || [[Nagore E. M. Hanifa]] <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3| 1955 || rowspan=3| ''[[Guna Sundari]]'' || rowspan=3| Tamil || Aandavan Kattalaiyai.... Indha Ulagame Naadaga Medaiyadaa || rowspan=3| [[Ghantasala (singer)|Ghantasala]] || [[Ghantasala (singer)|Ghantasala]] & [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]]<br />
|-<br />
| Therindhu Kolluveer Therindhu Kolluveer || [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]]<br />
|-<br />
| Adhuve Edhiril Varuvadharkkulle || [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=4|1955 || rowspan=4|''[[Kathanayaki]]'' || rowspan=4|Tamil || Ammammaa Aagaadhu Aavesam Koodadhu || rowspan=4|[[G. Ramanathan]] || [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]]<br />
|-<br />
| Pasi Pasi Pasi Parama Yezhaigalin || [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]]<br />
|-<br />
| Idli Saambaar, Namma Idli Saambaar ||<br />
|-<br />
| Adho Varugiran (Sathiyavan Natagam) ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=4| 1955 || rowspan=4| ''[[Maheswari (film)|Maheswari]]'' || rowspan=4| Tamil || Sonnaa Podhum Kannaale || rowspan=4| [[G. Ramanathan]] || [[A. G. Rathnamala]] <br />
|-<br />
| Janakku Janakku Jinjanakku || [[A. G. Rathnamala]] <br />
|-<br />
| Mundhi Mundhi Vinaayagane || [[A. G. Rathnamala]] <br />
|-<br />
| Aagaaya Veediyile Annaandhu Paathapadi || [[A. G. Rathnamala]] <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2|1955 || rowspan=2|''[[Mangaiyar Thilakam]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Purindhu Kollavillai Innum || rowspan=2| [[Susarla Dakshinamurthi|S. Dakshinamurthi]] || [[A. G. Rathnamala]]<br />
|-<br />
| Adanga Pidaari Naadagam || [[T. V. Rathnam]], Vadivambal & S. J. Kantha<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3|1955 || rowspan=3|''[[Pennarasi]]'' || rowspan=3|Tamil || Chandhiran Madhiyam.... Paadhaiyin Mele Vizhiyaai Vaitthu || rowspan=3| [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[Thiruchi Loganathan]], [[M. S. Rajeswari]] & U. R. Chandra<br />
|-<br />
| Netthiyila Neela Nira Pottu || U. R. Chandra<br />
|-<br />
| Thodaadhe Thodaadhe || U. R. Chandra<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2|1955 || rowspan=2|''[[Porter Kandan]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Ezhudhichellum Vidhiyin.... Varundhaadhe Maname Veene || rowspan=2| [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] || <br />
|-<br />
| Kondattam Kondattam Panam Undaanaal || [[Thiruchi Loganathan]], K. Chellamutthu, Maadhavan & [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]] <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2|1955 || rowspan=2|''[[Town Bus]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Leda Lady Aruginil || rowspan=2| [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]] & U. R. Chandra<br />
|-<br />
| Poongavaname Nee Purinji || U. R. Chandra<br />
|-<br />
| 1956 || ''[[Alibabavum 40 Thirudargalum (1956 film)|Alibabavum 40 Thirudargalum]]'' || Tamil || Chinnanjiru Chitte Endhan Cheena Karkande || [[Susarla Dakshinamurthi|S. Dakshinamurthi]] || [[Jikki]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1956 || ''[[Amara Deepam (1956 film)|Amara Deepam]]'' || Tamil || Kottai Katti Kaavi Katti || [[T. Chalapathi Rao]] & [[G. Ramanathan]] || [[A. P. Komala]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1956 || ''[[Maa Gopi|Jaya Gopi]]'' || Tamil || || [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] || <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2|1956 || rowspan=2|''[[Kokilavani]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Jilu Jilu Mittaai Paarungo || rowspan=2|[[G. Ramanathan]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| Uunuyirgal Ullamellaam || <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2|1956 || rowspan=2|''[[Marma Veeran]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Anbirukkudhu Arivirukkudhu Panbirukkudhu || rowspan=2|[[Vedha (composer)|Vedha]] || [[A. M. Rajah]] & [[T. A. Mothi]]<br />
|-<br />
| O Aiyaa O Ammaa || [[J. P. Chandrababu]], [[Jikki]] & [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2|1956 || rowspan=2|''[[Hatim Tai (1956 film)|Maya Mohini]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Munnalae Anbaaai Aadi Vandhaanga || rowspan=2|[[T. Chalapathi Rao]] || <br />
|-<br />
| Kumari Kutti Manasai || <br />
|-<br />
| 1956 || ''[[Naane Raja (1956 film)|Naane Raja]]'' || Tamil || Vel Muruga.... Aaanai Mugan Thambi || [[T. R. Ramanathan]] || [[T. M. Soundararajan]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1956 || ''[[Naga Panjami]]'' || Tamil || ''Vaasam Pidippathai.... Naattukku Naadu Mattam'' || || [[A. P. Komala]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1956 || ''[[Paditha Penn]]'' || Tamil || Kannaana Selvame Ponnaana || Arun, Raghavan ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1956 || ''[[Raja Rani (1956 film)|Raja Rani]]'' || Tamil || Leelaa .. Kannatra.... Poonai Kannai Moodikondaal || [[T. R. Pappa]] || <br />
|-<br />
| 1956 || ''[[Rambaiyin Kaadhal (1956 film)|Rambaiyin Kaadhal]]'' || Tamil || Podu Dakku Mukku Dakku Thaalam || [[T. R. Pappa]] || [[Jikki]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1956 || ''[[Sadhaaram]]'' || Tamil || Kaayam Karuvappillai Choodandi || [[G. Ramanathan]] || [[K. Sarangapani]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2|1956 || rowspan=2|''[[Thaaikkuppin Thaaram]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Vittadhadi Aasai.... Eravittu Eni Edukkum || rowspan=2| [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[A. G. Rathnamala]]<br />
|-<br />
| Thandhaavaram Thandhaaluvaan Thiruchendhooril || [[A. G. Rathnamala]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1956 || ''[[Jayam Manade|Vetri Veeran]]'' || Tamil || Nilai Thannai Ariyave || [[T. M. Ibrahim]] || [[P. Susheela]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1957 || ''[[Raju Peda|Aandi Petra Selvam]]'' || Tamil || Jeppilor Bommai || [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] || <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3| 1957 || rowspan=3| ''[[Baagyavathi]]'' || rowspan=3| Tamil || Kannaale Vettaadhe Summa Kannaale Vettaadhe || rowspan=3| [[Susarla Dakshinamurthi|S. Dakshinamurthi]] || [[T. V. Rathnam]]<br />
|-<br />
| Vennilavin Olithanile || [[A. M. Rajah]] & [[T. V. Rathnam]]<br />
|-<br />
| Pombalainga Therinju Kollanum || <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2| 1957 || rowspan=2| ''[[Bhaktha Markandeya]]'' || rowspan=2| Tamil || Naragam Idhudhaan || rowspan=2| [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] || [[K. Jamuna Rani]]<br />
|-<br />
| Miyaaw Miyaaw Miyaaw || <br />
|-<br />
| 1957 || ''[[Chakravarthi Thirumagal]]'' || Tamil || Un Atthaanum Nanthaane || [[G. Ramanathan]] || [[T. V. Rathnam]] <br />
|-<br />
| 1957 || ''[[Thodi Kodallu|Engal Veettu Mahalakshmi]]'' || Tamil || Mannai Nambi Maram Irukku || [[Master Venu]] || [[Jikki]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2| 1957 || rowspan=2| ''[[Kadan Vaangi Kalyaanam]]'' || rowspan=2| Tamil || Kaasikku Ponene Raamaahari || rowspan=2| [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] || [[A. G. Rathnamala]] <br />
|-<br />
| Akkaa Magale....Thootthukkudi Saatthukkudi || [[A. G. Rathnamala]] <br />
|-<br />
| 1957 || ''[[Karpukkarasi]]'' || Tamil || Nal Vaakku Nee Kodadi || [[G. Ramanathan]] || [[A. G. Rathnamala]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2|1957 || rowspan=2|''[[Makkalai Petra Magarasi]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Adi Thaaraapuram Thaambaram || rowspan=2| [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[A. G. Rathnamala]]<br />
|-<br />
| Seemaikku Poi Padichchavaru || [[A. P. Komala]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2|1957 || rowspan=2|''[[Mallika (1957 film)|Mallika]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Maanatthai Kaappadhum Ponnu || rowspan=2| [[T. R. Pappa]] || [[Jikki]] <br />
|-<br />
| Pagattile Ulagam Emaarudhu || <br />
|-<br />
| 1957 || ''[[Manaalane Mangaiyin Baakkiyam]]'' || Tamil || Evanndaa Nam Munne || [[P. Adinarayana Rao]] || <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2| 1957 || rowspan=2| ''[[Mayabazar|Maya Bajaar]]'' || rowspan=2| Tamil || Thangame Un Pole Thanga Padhumaiyai || rowspan=2| [[Ghantasala (singer)|Ghantasala]] & [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] || dialogues by [[Savitri (actress)|K. Savithri]]<br />
|-<br />
| Dhayai Seiveere Dhayai Seiveere || [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]], G. Kasthoori & [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=5|1957 || rowspan=5|''[[Raja Rajan (film)|Raja Rajan]]'' || rowspan=5|Tamil || Aala Pirandha Raajaapaadu || rowspan=5| [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || Vadivambal<br />
|-<br />
| Haiyahoo Jingadi Jayya || [[Thiruchi Loganathan]] & Vadivambal<br />
|-<br />
| Kaththinaale Kaariyam Saadhikka || Vadivambal<br />
|-<br />
| Vettaiyaada Vaarum Mannava || [[Thiruchi Loganathan]] & Vadivambal<br />
|-<br />
| Aayi Mahamaayi Angkaara Dheviye || <br />
|-<br />
| 1957 || ''[[Rani Lalithangi]]'' || Tamil || Bul Bul Jodi Majaa || [[G. Ramanathan]] || [[T. V. Rathnam]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1957 || ''[[Rathnagiri Rahasya]]'' || Kannada || || [[T. G. Lingappa]] || <br />
|-<br />
| 1957 || ''[[Samaya Sanjeevi]]'' || Tamil || Veliya Sonnaa Vetkam || [[G. Ramanathan]] || <br />
|-<br />
| 1957 || ''[[Sati Anasuya|Sathi Anusooya]]'' || Tamil || Gadhi Neeye Gangaa Bavaani || [[Ghantasala (singer)|Ghantasala]] || <br />
|-<br />
| 1957 || ''[[Soubhagyavathi]]'' || Tamil || Manjal Poosi Poo Mudicchu || [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]] & M. S. Gnanamani || [[T. V. Rathnam]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1957 || ''[[Thangamalai Ragasiyam]]'' || Tamil || Thandhanatthaan Dhamukkaditthaan || [[T. G. Lingappa]] || [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1957 || ''[[Vanangamudi]]'' || Tamil || || [[G. Ramanathan]] || [[T. V. Rathnam]] <br />
|-<br />
| 1957 || ''[[Yaar Paiyyan]]'' || Tamil || Palapalapala Jilujilujilu || [[Susarla Dakshinamurthi|S. Dakshinamurthi]] || C. Gomathi, C. Thangappan & Ponnammal<br />
|-<br />
| 1958 || ''[[Athisaya Thirudan]]'' || Tamil || Kola Kola Kolayaai Mundharikaa || [[Susarla Dakshinamurthi|S. Dakshinamurthi]] & K. Prasad Rao || <br />
|-<br />
| 1958 || ''[[Boologa Rambai]]'' || Tamil || Om Endra Pranavatthin.... Kalli Malai Kurinji Nilam || [[C. N. Pandurangan]] || [[Thiruchi Loganathan]], [[Jikki]] & [[A. G. Rathnamala]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1958 || ''[[School Master (1958 film)|Engal Kudumbam Perisu]]'' || Tamil || Naanum Neeyum Jodi || [[T. G. Lingappa]] || [[Soolamangalam Sisters|Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2| 1958 || rowspan=2| ''[[Kathavarayan (1958 film)|Kaathavaraayan]]'' || rowspan=2| Tamil || Kumkaara Kuppanna || rowspan=2| [[G. Ramanathan]] || [[A. G. Rathnamala]], [[K. Jamuna Rani]], [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]] & Sundaramma<br />
|-<br />
| Sangili Jingili.... Vaarandi Vaaraandi Kutticchaatthaan || [[J. P. Chandrababu]], [[A. G. Rathnamala]] & [[T. M. Soundararajan]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1958 || ''[[Manamulla Maruthaaram]]'' || Tamil || Vaanga Amma Vaanga Valaiyal || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[L. R. Eswari]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1958 || ''[[Mangalya Bhagyam]]'' || Tamil || Kanne Sella Thaaraa || [[G. Ramanathan]] || [[P. Leela]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1958 || ''[[Maya Manithan]]'' || Tamil || Achaa Pyaari Pombale || [[G. Govindarajulu Naidu]] || [[S. Janaki]] <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2| 1958 || rowspan=2| ''[[Neelamalai Thirudan]]'' || rowspan=2| Tamil || Vetthala Paakku Sunnaambu Patthiri Elam Kiraambu || rowspan=2| [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[A. G. Rathnamala]]<br />
|-<br />
| Onnukku Rendaachu Ubatthiravatthukku || [[A. G. Rathnamala]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1958 || ''[[Naan Valartha Thangai]]'' || Tamil || Ottu Maambazhathai Pole || [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]] || [[Jikki]] <br />
|-<br />
| 1958 || ''[[Petra Maganai Vitra Annai]]'' || Tamil || Dhil Rapsaa Panraango || [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] || [[A. G. Rathnamala]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2| 1958 || rowspan=2| ''[[Sampoorna Ramayanam (1958 film)|Sampoorna Ramayanam]]'' || rowspan=2| Tamil || Sree Raamachandiran Magudaabishega Thirukkolam Kaanbathatke || rowspan=2| [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]]<br />
|-<br />
| Mannellaam Ponnaagum Raaman Varavaaley || [[A. P. Komala]], [[A. G. Rathnamala]], [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]], Udutha Sarojini & M. S. Pathma<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2| 1958 || rowspan=2| ''[[Sarangadhara (1958 film)|Sarangadhara]]'' || rowspan=2| Tamil || Periya Idatthu Vishayam Ippadi Irukku || rowspan=2| [[G. Ramanathan]] || [[A. P. Komala]]<br />
|-<br />
| Megaththirai Pilandhu Minnalai Pol Nuzhaindhu || [[T. M. Soundararajan]] & V. T. Rajagopalan<br />
|-<br />
| 1958 || ''[[Thirudargal Jakkirathai]]'' || Tamil || Poiyaa Naina Poiyaa || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || <br />
|-<br />
| 1958 || ''[[Thedi Vandha Selvam]]'' || Tamil || Platform Mattaminnu Ennaatheenga || [[T. G. Lingappa]] || <br />
|-<br />
| 1958 || ''[[Zimbo (film)|Zimbo]]'' || Tamil || Ullaasama Jalsaa Seydhe || [[Vijaya Bhaskar]] || <br />
|-<br />
| 1959 || ''[[Abalai Anjugam]]'' || Tamil || Keezhe Bhoomi, Maele Vaanam || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[A. L. Raghavan]] & [[P. Leela]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1959 || ''[[Alli Petra Pillai]]'' || Tamil || Paisaavai Pottu Naisaaga Vaangi || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || <br />
|-<br />
| 1959 || ''[[Amudhavalli]]'' || Tamil || Iyal Isai Naadaga Kalaiyile || [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] || [[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1959 || ''[[Annaiyin Aanai]]'' || Tamil || Enna Saami Ennai Appadi Paarkire || [[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]] || [[A. G. Rathnamala]] & [[Seergazhi Govindarajan]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1959 || ''[[Aval Yaar]]'' || Tamil || Adakkiduven || [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] || [[T. V. Rathnam]] <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2| 1959 || rowspan=2| ''[[Azhagarmalai Kalvan]]'' || rowspan=2| Tamil || Padhungi Ninnu Paayum Vengai || rowspan=2| [[B. Gopalam]] || [[A. P. Komala]]<br />
|-<br />
| Mai Ezhudhi Pottumittu || [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1959 || ''[[Kalaivaanan]]'' || Tamil || Vennaiyai Thirudi Thindru || [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]] || [[S. Janaki]] <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2| 1959 || rowspan=2| ''[[Kan Thiranthathu]]'' || rowspan=2| Tamil || Oho Oru Kuraiyum Seiyaame.... Irukkum Pozhudhai Rasikkanum || rowspan=2| V. T. Rajagopalan || [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]] & [[K. Jamuna Rani]]<br />
|-<br />
| Kann Thiranthathu.... Pudhu Vaazhvu Pervuvomada || [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]], [[K. Jamuna Rani]] & [[P. Susheela]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1959 || ''[[Mamiyar Mechina Marumagal]]'' || Tamil || Oru Patthu Maadham || R. Sudarsanam || [[T. M. Soundararajan]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2| 1959 || rowspan=2| ''[[Mangalya Balam|Manjal Mahimai]]'' || rowspan=2| Tamil || My Dear Meena Un Idea Enna || rowspan=2| [[Master Venu]] || [[Jikki]]<br />
|-<br />
| Aanadhu Aachu Ponadhu Pochu || [[Jikki]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2|1959 || rowspan=2|''[[Minnal Veeran]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Kokkarakko.... Kutta Veliyaakavaa || rowspan=2|[[Vedha (composer)|Vedha]] || [[T. V. Rathnam]] <br />
|-<br />
| Thillatangu Taangu || G. Kasthoori<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2| 1959 || rowspan=2| ''[[Naalu Veli Nilam]]'' || rowspan=2| Tamil || Kulippen Paneerile || rowspan=2| [[K. V. Mahadevan]] & M. K. Athmanathan || [[K. Jamuna Rani]]<br />
|-<br />
| Unnai Thedi Vandhen || [[K. Jamuna Rani]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1959 || ''[[Panchaali]]'' || Tamil || Namma Naattu Vaithiyathai|| [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[Thiruchi Loganathan]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1959 || ''[[President Panchatcharam]]'' || Tamil || Azhagu Raani Ponne || [[G. Ramanathan]] || [[K. Jamuna Rani]] & V. T. Rajagopalan<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3| 1959 || rowspan=3| ''[[Orey Vazhi]]'' || rowspan=3| Tamil || Pananaadhaa || rowspan=3| R. Govardhanam || [[T. M. Soundararajan]]<br />
|-<br />
| Pirandhu Vandhadhum || <br />
|-<br />
| Karuppu Kudaiyin Keezh || <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2| 1959 || rowspan=2| ''[[Raja Malaya Simha|Raja Malaiya Simman]]'' || rowspan=2| Tamil || Paadhaiyil Naam Kannai Vachu.... Aasai Maama En Aasai Maamaa || rowspan=2| [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] || [[L. R. Eswari]] <br />
|-<br />
| Naadu Sezhippadhellaam.... Idhanaale Idhanaale || [[S. Janaki]] <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2| 1959 || rowspan=2| ''[[Raja Sevai]]'' || rowspan=2| Tamil || Kaadai Kaudhaarigale Eppamidum Kaattu Poonai || rowspan=2| [[T. V. Raju]] || [[S. Janaki]] <br />
|-<br />
| Omkaara Kaali Bathrakaali || <br />
|-<br />
| 1959 || ''[[Sabhash Ramudu|Sabash Ramu]]'' || Tamil || Hello Darling Parandhodi Vaa || [[T. M. Ibrahim]] || [[Jikki]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2|1959 || rowspan=2|''[[Sollu Thambi Sollu]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Vattamittu Ennai Kettalaiya || rowspan=2| [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || <br />
|-<br />
| Nere Ennai Nimirnthu || [[L. R. Eswari]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2| 1959 || rowspan=2| ''[[Sumangali (1959 film)|Sumangali]]'' || rowspan=2| Tamil || Akkaa Magale Chutti Ponne || rowspan=2| [[M. Ranga Rao]] || [[A. G. Rathnamala]]<br />
|-<br />
| Manidhanaagave Pirandhadhu Mannil Edhukku Theriyumaa || [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=4| 1959 || rowspan=4|''[[Thalai Koduthaan Thambi]]'' || rowspan=4|Tamil || Kalaigalil Raajaa || rowspan=4| [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] || [[K. Jamuna Rani]]<br />
|-<br />
| Anaivarum Karutthudan Katpeere || [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]] & [[N. L. Ganasaraswathi]]<br />
|-<br />
| Panneeril Thalai Muzhugi || [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]] & N. L. Ganasaraswathi<br />
|-<br />
| Thalai Kodutthaan Thambi || [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]] & N. L. Ganasaraswathi<br />
|-<br />
| 1959 || ''[[Thamarai Kulam]]'' || Tamil || || H. Padmanabha Sastri and T. A. Mothi || <br />
|-<br />
| 1959 || ''[[Thanga Padhumai]]'' || Tamil || Poomalai Pottu Pona Mama || [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] || [[A. G. Rathnamala]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1959 || ''Ulagam Sirikkiradhu'' || Tamil || En Veettu Naai.... Tippu Kodutthu Tippu Kodutthu || [[Susarla Dakshinamurthy|S. Dakshinamurthi]] || [[A. L. Raghavan]] <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3| 1959 || rowspan=3| ''[[Uzhavukkum Thozhilukkum Vandhanai Seivom]]'' || rowspan=3| Tamil || Uzhavukkum Thozhilukkum Vandhanai Seivom || rowspan=3| [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[L. R. Eswari]]<br />
|-<br />
| Kobikkiraappula Kobichukkaadhe Kannu || [[A. G. Rathnamala]] <br />
|-<br />
| Kaai Kaai Avaraikkaai || [[A. L. Raghavan]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1959 || ''[[Vaazha Vaitha Deivam]]'' || Tamil || Kolli Malai Saaralile || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[L. R. Eswari]] <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2| 1959 || rowspan=2| ''[[Vannakili]]'' || rowspan=2| Tamil || Saathukkudi Chaaru Thaana Paartthu Kudi || rowspan=2| [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[A. G. Rathnamala]]<br />
|-<br />
| Chithaadai Kattikittu Singaaram Pannikkittu || [[P. Susheela]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1960 || ''[[Adutha Veettu Penn]]'' || Tamil || Kaiyum Odala Kaalum Odala || [[P. Adinarayana Rao]] || [[T. V. Rathnam]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1960 || ''[[Deivapiravi (1960 film)|Deivapiravi]]'' || Tamil || Kattadathukku || [[R. Sudarsanam]] || [[L. R. Eswari]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1960 || ''[[Irumanam Kalanthal Thirumanam]]'' || Tamil || Pattu Seylai Vaangi Thaaren || [[S. Dakshinamurthi]] || [[A. G. Rathnamala]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2| 1960 || rowspan=2| ''[[Ivan Avanethan]]'' || rowspan=2| Tamil || Edhu Nijam Edhu Poi || rowspan=2| [[M. Ranga Rao]] || [[M. S. Rajeswari]]<br />
|-<br />
| Sembattu Veytti Katti || <br />
|-<br />
| 1960 || ''[[Kairasi]]'' || Tamil || Poologam Maarinaalum || [[R. Govardhanam]] || [[L. R. Eswari]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1960 || ''[[Kalathur Kannamma]]'' || Tamil || Unnai Kandu Mayangaadha Mirugamundo || R. Sudarsanam || [[M. S. Rajeswari]], [[T. M. Soundararajan]] & [[A. P. Komala]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2| 1960 || rowspan=2| ''[[Mannadhi Mannan]]'' || rowspan=2| Tamil || Kaaduthazhaikka.... Kanniyar Perumai || rowspan=2| [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] || [[P. Leela]]<br />
|-<br />
| Paadupattaa Thannaale || <br />
|-<br />
| 1960 || ''[[Zimbo Comes To Town|Nagatthil Zimbo]]'' || Tamil || Ullaasamaa Jalsaa Seidhe || [[Vijaya Bhaskar]] || <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2| 1960 || rowspan=2| ''[[Ondrupattal Undu Vazhvu]]'' || rowspan=2| Tamil || Kalangaadhe Kavalaipadaadhe || rowspan=2| [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] || [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]], [[K. Jamuna Rani]] & [[L. R. Eswari]]<br />
|-<br />
| Ellorum Inaattu Mannavare || [[T. M. Soundararajan]] & [[Jikki]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1960 || ''[[Pattaliyin Vetri]]'' || Tamil || Singaara Bommai || [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] & [[Master Venu]] || [[Jikki]] <br />
|-<br />
| 1960 || ''[[Sivagami]]'' || Tamil || Kottum Sootrtum Maatikkittu || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[A. G. Rathnamala]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1960 || ''[[Thanthaikku Pin Thamaiyan]]'' || Tamil || Pozhaikka Theriya Venum || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[L. R. Eswari]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=6| 1960 || rowspan=6| ''[[Thilakam (1960 film)|Thilakam]]'' || rowspan=6|Tamil || Sandhegam Enum Oru Sarakku || rowspan=6| [[R. Sudarsanam]] || [[Soolamangalam Sisters|Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi]]<br />
|-<br />
| B.O.Y. Boy Ena Paiyan G.I.R.L. Girl Ena Ponnu || [[Soolamangalam Sisters|Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi]]<br />
|-<br />
| Aayi Mahamaayi Perai Cholli || [[L. R. Eswari]] & [[Soolamangalam Sisters|Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi]]<br />
|-<br />
| Karagam Karagam Karagam || [[Soolamangalam Sisters|Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi]]<br />
|-<br />
| Inneram Ennai Seidhe || [[L. R. Eswari]]<br />
|-<br />
| Thanjavoor Karagamadi Oh Mariammaa || [[L. R. Eswari]], [[Soolamangalam Sisters|Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi]] & [[T. M. Soundararajan]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1960 || ''[[Uthami Petra Rathinam]]'' || Tamil || Annammaa Ennammaa Sollure || [[T. Chalapathi Rao]] || [[Jikki]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2| 1960 || rowspan=2| ''[[Vijayapuri Veeran]]'' || rowspan=2| Tamil || Kokkarichu Koodu Paayum || rowspan=2| [[T. R. Pappa]] || [[T. V. Rathnam]] & [[L. R. Eswari]]<br />
|-<br />
| Aasai Machchaan Visuvaasa Machchaan || [[S. Janaki]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1961 || ''[[Zabak|Arabu Naattu Azhagi]]'' || Tamil || Aasaiyaale Theduraaru Aiyyaa || [[Vijaya Bhaskar]] || S. V. Ponnusamy & [[L. R. Eswari]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2| 1961 || rowspan=2| ''[[Arasilangkumari]]'' || rowspan=2| Tamil || Thoondiyile Maattikkittu || rowspan=2| [[G. Ramanathan]] || [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]] & [[K. Jamuna Rani]]<br />
|-<br />
| Setthaalum Unnai Naan Vida Maatten || [[N. S. Krishnan]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1961 || ''[[Bhagyalakshmi (1961 film)|Bhagyalakshmi]]'' || Tamil || Paarttheera Aiyaa Paarttheeraa || [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] || [[L. R. Eswari]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1961 || ''[[Ennai Paar]]'' || Tamil || Chinna Ponne Ennai Paarthu || [[T. G. Lingappa]] || [[K. Jamuna Rani]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1961 || ''[[Mamiyarum Oru Veetu Marumagale]]'' || Tamil || Vetti Vambu Engalukkul || [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]] || [[A. G. Rathnamala]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1961 || ''[[Manapanthal]]'' || Tamil || Ammaavukku Manasukkulle || [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] || [[L. R. Eswari]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1961 || ''[[Thirudadhe]] '' || Tamil || Achcha Baahuthachcha || [[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]] || [[A. G. Rathnamala]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2| 1961 || rowspan=2| ''[[Thooya Ullam]]'' || rowspan=2| Tamil || Kaaleju Maanavar Vaazhkkaiyile || rowspan=2| [[Pendyala Nageshwara Rao]] || [[T. M. Soundararajan]]<br />
|-<br />
| Om Nama Paarvathi Pathe .. Pillaiye Illennaa || Udutha Sarojini<br />
|-<br />
| 1961 || ''[[Varalakshmi Vratham|Veera Kumar]]'' || Tamil || Ponne Ponnendru || [[Rajan–Nagendra]] || [[S. Janaki]], [[A. L. Raghavan]] & S. V. Ponnusamy<br />
|-<br />
| 1961 || ''[[Yar Manamagan]]'' || Tamil || Konjam Siringa, Konjam Siringa || [[Br Lakshmanan]] || [[K. Jamuna Rani]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1962 || ''[[Indira En Selvam]]'' || Tamil || Kaadhalukku Kaaleju Enge Irukku || [[C. N. Pandurangan]] & H. R. Padmanabha Sastri || [[A. G. Rathnamala]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2|1962 || rowspan=2|''[[Konjum Salangai]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Dhinamidhuve Dhinamidhuve || rowspan=2| [[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]] || <br />
|-<br />
| Vel Eduppome Vetri Vel || <br />
|-<br />
| 1962 || ''[[Nichaya Thaamboolam]]'' || Tamil || Alangaaram Alangaaram Neethaan || [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] || [[L. R. Eswari]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1962 || ''[[Pirandhanaal]]'' || Tamil || Jaan Pillai Aanaalum Aan Pillai || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[L. R. Eswari]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1962 || ''[[Rathna Manjari]]'' || Tamil || Yaaru Yaaru Nee Yaaru || [[Rajan–Nagendra]] || [[L. R. Eswari]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1962 || ''[[Thendral Veesum]]'' || Tamil || Aambala Manasu Aasaiyinaale || [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] || [[L. R. Eswari]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1964 || ''Magaley Un Samathu'' || Tamil || Sirayila Oru Kuray Illai || [[G. K. Venkatesh]] || [[T. A. Mothi]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1964 || ''[[Navarathri (1964 film)|Navarathri]]'' || Tamil || Thanga Jarigai Selai Engum Palapalakka || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[T. M. Soundararajan]] & [[P. Susheela]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1964 || ''[[Rishyasringar (1964 film)|Rishyasringar]]'' || Tamil || Vasandhamum Thendralum Vaazhndhidave || [[T. V. Raju]] || [[A. P. Komala]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1964 || ''[[Server Sundaram]]'' || Tamil || Om Namo.... Paalum Thenum Perugi Odiyadhu || [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] || [[A. L. Raghavan]] & [[L. R. Eswari]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1964 || ''Veera Pandiyan'' || Tamil || Madhurai Koyil Pole Maamani Kovai Pole || [[Rajan–Nagendra]] || [[L. R. Eswari]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1964 || ''Veera Sankalpa'' || Kannada || Yuddha Yuddha Yuddha || [[Rajan–Nagendra]] || <br />
|-<br />
| 1965 || ''[[Pazhani (1965 film)|Pazhani]]'' || Tamil || Annaachi Veeti Kattum Aambalaiyaa Neenga || [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] || [[T. M. Soundararajan]] , [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]], [[A. L. Raghavan]] & [[L. R. Eswari]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1965 || ''[[Poomalai]]'' || Tamil || Baadhaam Keer.... Raani Diamond Raani || [[R. Sudarsanam]] || [[L. R. Eswari]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1966 || ''[[Naam Moovar]]'' || Tamil || Naanoru Pakkam || [[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]] || [[L. R. Eswari]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1966 || ''[[Navaratri (1966 film)|Navaratri]]'' || Telugu || Raju Vedale Sabhaku || [[T. Chalapathi Rao]] || [[Ghantasala (singer)|Ghantasala]], [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]], Ramu, Seetaram & Nalla Ram Murthy<br />
|-<br />
| 1966 || ''[[Sadhu Mirandal]]'' || Tamil || Pattali Thozhilalarkalai || [[T. K. Ramamoorthy]] || [[L. R. Eswari]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1967 || ''[[Kandan Karunai]]'' || Tamil || Mundhum Thamizh Maalai || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[A. L. Raghavan]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1967 || ''[[Kan Kanda Deivam]]'' || Tamil || Vaazhkai Enbadhu Jaali || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[A. L. Raghavan]] & S. V. Ponnusamy<br />
|-<br />
| 1967 || ''[[Sabash Thambi]]'' || Tamil || Aambala Singame.... Aiyaadiyo Aiyaadiyo || [[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]] || [[L. R. Eswari]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1967 || ''[[Thiruvarutchelvar]]'' || Tamil || Aatthu Vellam Kaatthirukku || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[A. L. Raghavan]], [[L. R. Eswari]] & [[T. M. Soundararajan]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1968 || ''[[Delhi Mapillai]]'' || Tamil || Anda Bagirandamodu || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || S. V. Ponnusamy, [[L. R. Eswari]] & [[T. M. Soundararajan]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1968 || ''[[Ethir Neechal (1968 film)|Ethir Neechal]]'' || Tamil || Seidhi Ketto Seidhi Ketto || [[V. Kumar]] || [[K. Jamuna Rani]], [[P. Susheela]] & K. Swarna<br />
|-<br />
| 1968 || ''[[Harichandra (1968 film)|Harichandra]]'' || Tamil || Kattukkadangaadha Asaiyaale || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || M. M. Muthu<br />
|-<br />
| 1968 || ''[[Thillana Mohanambal]]'' || Tamil || Paandiyan Naanirukka || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[L. R. Eswari]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1970 || ''[[Vilaiyattu Pillai]]'' || Tamil || Arumugan Nambiye Aanai Mugan || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[T. M. Soundararajan]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1971 || ''[[Babu (1971 film)|Babu]]'' || Tamil || Aadhi Mudhale || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] || [[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]] & [[S. Janaki]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1972 || ''[[Kurathi Magan]]'' || Tamil || Cheenaa Chittu Jiginaa || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[Thiruchi Loganathan]], C. Thangappan & [[M. R. Vijaya]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1972 || ''[[Nawab Naarkali]]'' || Tamil || Senjikottaiyai || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] || [[T. M. Soundararajan]] & L. R. Anjali<br />
|-<br />
| 1973 || ''Malligai Poo'' || Tamil || Muruganukku Mootthavane || [[V. Kumar]] || [[P. Leela]], K. Swarna, S. V. Ponnusamy & [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1974 || ''Appa Amma'' || Tamil || Kottaiyile Kaalai Vaikkum.... Gumthalakkaa Gumari Gummaa || [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]] || [[T. M. Soundararajan]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1974 || ''[[Pudhiya Manidhan]]'' || Tamil || Vaikundam Sree Vaikundam || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] || Kovai Soundararajan<br />
|-<br />
| 1974 || ''Thaai Paasam'' || Tamil || Mutthumagam Vandhunakku Porappaan || [[V. Kumar]] || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], S. V. Ponnusamy & [[Kovai Soundarajan]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1976 || ''[[Unakkaga Naan]]'' || Tamil || Kaadu Vetta || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] || [[L. R. Eswari]] & [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2| 1977 || rowspan=2| ''[[Palabishegham]]'' || rowspan=2| Tamil || Kundril Aadum Kumarunukku Aragarogara || rowspan=2| [[Shankar–Ganesh]] || Krishnamoorthy & [[T. K. Kala]]<br />
|-<br />
| Padam Edukkira Paambu Pole || [[T. K. Kala]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1977 || ''[[Raghupathi Raghavan Rajaram]]'' || Tamil || Kathazhang Kaattukulle || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] || <br />
|-<br />
| 1978 || ''[[Kanchi Kamakshi]]'' || Tamil || Omsakthi Omsakthi Omsakthi || K. S. Raghunathan || [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]] & [[T. L. Maharajan]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1979 || ''[[Alangari]]'' || Tamil || Cheena Bommai Kannazhagi || [[V. Kumar]] || [[Malaysia Vasudevan]] & Kovai Murali<br />
|-<br />
| 1979 || ''[[Thaayillamal Naan Illai]]'' || Tamil || Vanakkam Vanakkam || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] || [[T. M. Soundararajan]] & [[P. Susheela]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1980 || ''[[Neer Nilam Neruppu]]'' || Tamil || Aththi Maratthula Muttai || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] || Ramani<br />
|-<br />
| 1984 || ''[[Kaval Kaithigal]]'' || Tamil || Azhagana Thangachiye || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] || [[Malaysia Vasudevan]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
*{{Cite web |url=https://antrukandamugam.wordpress.com/2015/03/30/s-c-krishnan-playback-singer/ |title=S. C. Krishnan&nbsp;— Playback Singer |author=Sahadevan Vijayakumar |language=ta |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170516131552/https://antrukandamugam.wordpress.com/2015/03/30/s-c-krishnan-playback-singer/ |archive-date=16 May 2017 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}<br />
*{{cite book|title=Thiraikalanjiyam&nbsp;— Part 1|author=G. Neelamegam|language=ta|publisher=Manivasagar Publishers, Chennai 108 (Ph:044 25361039). First edition December 2014}}<br />
*{{cite book|title=Thiraikalanjiyam&nbsp;— Part 2|author=G. Neelamegam|language=ta|publisher=Manivasagar Publishers, Chennai 108 (Ph:044 25361039). First edition November 2016}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{youTube|BG2McFL6QEY|Kalapadam Kalapadam}} - His first solo song.<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Krishnan, S. C.}}<br />
[[Category:1929 births]]<br />
[[Category:1983 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]<br />
[[Category:People from Ramanathapuram district]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors from Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Singers from Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian male singers]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian singers]]</div>Username123https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jurahareswarar_temple,_Kanchipuram&diff=506723Jurahareswarar temple, Kanchipuram2026-03-28T23:53:43Z<p>Username123: creating basic location needs work - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Temple in Tamil Nadu, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox historic site<br />
| name = Kanchi Jurahareswarar Temple<br />
| native_language = Tamil<br />
| image = Surakeswarar-Temple-Kanchipuram-Tamil-Nadu-2.JPG<br />
| image_size = 200x200px<br />
| caption = Jurahareswarar temple<br />
| designation1 = <br />
| designation1_date = <br />
| designation1_number = <br />
| designation1_criteria = <br />
| designation1_type = Cultural<br />
| designation1_free1name = State Party<br />
| designation1_free1value = {{IND}}<br />
| designation1_free2name = Region<br />
| designation1_free2value = <br />
| location = [[Kanchipuram]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]<br />
| elevation = <br />
| built = 700-728 CE<br />
| architect = [[Narasimhavarman II]]<br />
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]] ([[Pallava]])<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|12.84222|79.69861|display=inline}}<br />
| locmapin = India Tamil Nadu<br />
| map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India<br />
| visitation_num = <br />
| visitation_year = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Jurahareswarar temple''' (also called '''Jvarahareswara temple''' or ''' Suragareswarar Temple''') is located in the temple town of [[Kanchipuram]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. Constructed in the [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian style of architecture]], the temple is dedicated to [[Shiva]], who is worshipped as Jurahareswarar.<br />
<br />
The temple is believed to have been built by [[Pallava]] King [[Narasimhavarman II]] (Rajasimhan) (r. 690–725 CE) in the early 8th century CE, with later contributions from [[Medieval Cholas]]. Another view states that the temple was built during the reign of [[Chola]] king Kulottunga III (1178–1218 CE). The temple is open from 6 am to 12 pm and 3pm to 8:30 pm. In modern times, the temple is maintained and administered by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].<br />
<br />
==Legend==<br />
As per [[Hindu]] legend, the austerities performed by a human in his previous births govern his current well being. ''Jurahareswarar'' is derived from [[Sanskrit]] words ''Jvara'' (fever), ''Hara'' (destroy), and ''Ishvarar'' (Shiva), implying the nature of Shiva to heal diseases. The [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]], the celestial deities were troubled by [[Asura]] named Sura. The devas wanted to seek the help of Shiva who was doing penance at that time. Considering the anger of Shiva, the devas were sceptic to approach Shiva directly. They approached [[Brahma]], through whom Shiva opened his third eye and provided fire. The heat of the fire resulted in ''jvara'' (fever) to the devas. They started praying to Shiva. Pleased by their devotion, Shiva appeared as Jurahareswarar at this place. The devas worshipped Shiva at this place and were purified by the waters of Jurahara Theertham. With the help of Shiva, they were able to win over the demon king.<ref name=Malai>{{cite web|title=நோய்களை குணமாக்கும் ஜுரஹரேஸ்வர்|url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/devotional/devotionaltopnews/2019/04/01120354/1235031/Jurahareswarar-temple.vpf|date=1 April 2019|publisher=Malaimalar|accessdate=26 January 2022|archive-date=26 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126140852/https://www.maalaimalar.com/devotional/devotionaltopnews/2019/04/01120354/1235031/Jurahareswarar-temple.vpf|url-status=dead}}</ref> <br />
<br />
==History and architecture==<br />
[[File:Surakeswarar-Temple-ASI-Protected-Monument-Kanchipuram-India-4.JPG|thumb|The semicircular sanctum|left|200x200px]]<br />
As per one view, the temple was built by Pallava King [[Narasimhavarman II]] (Rajasimhan) (r. 690–725 CE).<ref name=Rao/> As per another view, the temple was built during the reign of [[Chola]] king Kulottunga III (1178–1218 CE) as made out from the lower stone part of the structure.<ref>{{cite web|title=Temples of Kanchipuram|accessdate=26 January 2022|publisher=UNESCO|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6528/}}</ref> The three-tiered [[gopuram]] is believed to be of a later addition.<ref name=census>{{cite book|title=Temples of Tamil Nadu Kancheepuram District|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, Tamil Nadu|year=2003|last=C.|first=Chandramouli}}</ref> The temple has a semicircular sanctum, which is unique in the region.<ref name=Ayyar>{{cite book|title=South Indian Shrines: Illustrated|page=74|last=Ayyar|first=P. V. Jagadisa|publisher=Asian Educational Service|year=1993|isbn=81-206-0151-3|edition=2nd|location=New Delhi}}</ref> The temple has a rectangular plan and has a single shrine for Jurahaneswarar in the form of [[Lingam]] (an iconic form of Shiva). The shrine is built on an elevated plane. The sanctum is fronted by a covered rectangular ''ardhamandapa'' (prayer hall) and a ''mukhamandapa'' (entrance porch), which has eight carved pillars in the Pallava style. The lower plane has a small shrine for [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]] axial to the sanctum. There is a [[Bali Pitha|bali pitham]], the offering plane, which is located behind the Nandi and axial to the sanctum. The shrine is enclosed in a granite pillar. The temple has sculptural representation indicating the various legends from Hindu scriptures.<ref name=Saiva5>{{cite book|title=Saiva Encyclopaedia volume 5 - Temples in Tamil Nadu (Later period)|editor-last=Dr. R.|editor-first=Selvaganapathy|publisher=Saint Sekkizhaar Human Resource Development Charitable Trust|location=Chennai, India|year=2013|page=121}}</ref> The temple is maintained and administered by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_tamilnadu.asp| title = List of protected monuments in Tamil Nadu maintained by ASI}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Religious importance and practices== <br />
The temple is classified as one of the minor shrines of Kanchipuram.<ref name=Rao>{{cite book|title=Temples of Tamil Nadu|last=Rao|first=A.V.Shankaranarayana|publisher=Vasan Publications|isbn=978-81-8468-112-3|year=2012|page=52}}</ref> The temple tank is called Jurahara theertham and the water from the tank is believed to be a curative for diseases. Similar to [[Srirangam Ranganathaswamy temple]], the temple [[vimana]] has openings in all four directions for ventilation, which is also believed to have curative effects. The temple priests perform the ''[[puja (Hinduism)|pooja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. The temple is open from 6.00 a.m. to 11.00 a.m. and from 4.00 p.m. to 8.00 p.m. Like other [[Shiva Temples of Tamil Nadu|Shiva temples of Tamil Nadu]], the priests belong to the [[Shaivism|Shaivaite]] community. The temple rituals are performed four times a day; Ushathkalam at 6:00&nbsp;a.m., Kalasanthi at 9:00&nbsp;a.m., Uchikalam at 1:00&nbsp;p.m., Sayarakshai at 5:00&nbsp;p.m., and Ardha Jamam at 8:30&nbsp;p.m. Each ritual comprises four steps: ''abhisheka'' (sacred bath), ''alangaram'' (decoration), ''neivethanam'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradanai'' (waving of lamps) for both Jurahreswarar. The worship is held amidst religious instructions in the [[Vedas]] (sacred text) read by priests and prostration by worshippers in front of the [[Iconography of Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu|temple mast]]. There are weekly rituals like ''{{lang|te-Latn|somavaram}}'' and ''{{lang|te-Latn|sukravaram}}'', fortnightly rituals like ''[[pradosha]]m'' and monthly festivals like ''[[amavasya|amavasai]]'' (new moon day), ''kiruthigai'', ''[[pournami (festival)|pournami]]'' (full moon day) and ''sathurthi''. .<ref name=Malai/><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|20em}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
[[Category:Shiva temples in Kanchipuram district]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu temples in Kanchipuram]]<br />
[[Category:Historic sites in Tamil Nadu]]</div>Username123https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Verite_Film_Festival_(Kashmir)&diff=464114Verite Film Festival (Kashmir)2026-03-26T08:43:12Z<p>Username123: typo fix</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian film festival}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2015}}<br />
<br />
'''Verite Film Festival''' is an annual [[List of film festivals in India|film festival]] of [[Kashmiri cinema]] held in [[Awantipora]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Film festival held at IUST | website=Greater Kashmir | date=2015-03-13 | url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/film-festival-held-at-iust/ | access-date=2020-09-03}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Its first edition (2011) was organized by [http://www.theparallelpost.com Parallel Post – an e-magazine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110322193218/http://www.theparallelpost.com/ |date=22 March 2011 }} in collaboration with [[Islamic University of Science & Technology]] (IUST), Awantipora and was held annually thereafter. It was the first National Students Film festival in Kashmir. The festival is aimed to explore the budding talent among the students in the field of film making. Twenty-two films were screened in the first edition of the film festival dealing with various ‘hard-hitting and pressing issues’ such as livelihood issues, loss of tradition and heritage, conflict and its various facets of presentation, drug abuse etc.<ref name="Early">[https://www.earlytimes.in/newsdet.aspx?q=71559 Verite Film Festival at IUST]</ref><br />
<br />
==Aim of the festival==<br />
The objective of organizing this Film festival is to groom the potential of the young documentary film makers across the country and particularly from the [[Kashmir]] valley. Moreover, the festival will provide a launch pad for Kashmiri discourse whereby the upcoming student film makers will meet and interact with the established film makers and students throughout the country.<br />
<br />
==2011==<br />
[[File:IUST-(8).jpg|thumb|right|300px|A participant receiving award during the prize distribution ceremony at Verite Film Festival held on 20 April 2011 at IUST.]]<br />
In this year 22 films directed by young artists were screened dealing with various ‘hard-hitting and pressing issues’.<ref name="Early"/> Most of the films screened in the festival were about Kashmir Conflict <ref>Kashmir Conflict refers to the dispute between Pakistan and India that has bedeviled relations between the two countries since August 1947. It is also a known fact that the perceptions of India and Pakistan about what constitutes the dispute are totally different. Pakistan regards it as an unfinished agenda of the Partition of the sub-continent in 1947 and as an issue of granting the right of self-determination to the Kashmir’s, a principle also upheld by the UN Security Council resolutions. India, on the other hand, regards it as its territorial issue. It asserts that Jammu and Kashmir is an integral part of India and that Pakistan is occupying Indian Territory. The impasse has resulted with India occupying two thirds of the territory of Jammu and Kashmir, and Pakistan administering one-third, with an UN-recognized ceasefire line separating them. India and Pakistan has fought several wars over Kashmir. Besides there is an indigenous struggle for Right to self-determination going on in Indian Administered Kashmir since 1947. In 1989 an armed struggle against Indian rule started which was crushed by Indian Forces. Thousands of Kashmiri people have died during this conflict. Last few years have seen massive protests in Kashmir against the Indian rule in Kashmir. Dozens of protesters were killed by Indian forces during these protests.</ref> and its various facets of presentation, livelihood issues, loss of tradition and heritage, [[drug abuse]] etc.<br />
<br />
A short animated movie ‘Hopscotch’ by cartoonist Malik Sajad revealed the story of divided Kashmir. Another documentary 'Patience on trial' by Naureen Farooq revolved around the wishes, hopes and needs of orphans.<ref name="Rising">[http://www.risingkashmir.com/news/iust-organizes-student-8740.aspx Young filmmakers exhibit talent and creativity]</ref><br />
<br />
The film ''In limbo, Kashmiris Half-widow's'' a film by Lebul Nissa, Human Rights lawyer was about Half-widows of Kashmir ("half-widow", a term given to women whose husbands have completely disappeared and are still missing during the ongoing conflict in Kashmir.).<ref>Since 1989, when armed conflict started in Kashmir, more than 8,000 people have disappeared after their arrest by the law enforcing agencies. Majority of them are non-combatant Kashmirs. [http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/features/2011/04/201141710204769839.html The disappeared of Kashmir]</ref><br />
<br />
The event was first of its kinds and was praised by many dignitaries present at the festival. Noted poet Poet Zareef Ahmed Zareef expressed joy and said there is a dire need of noble teachers who will lead budding talent into the right direction. "The way they presented the various aspects of Kashmir is admirable. God has gifted Kashmir with the best talent. The day will definitely come when we will produce the better film makers to show the true story of our Land".<ref name="Rising"/><br />
<br />
===Awards===<br />
<br />
Twenty-two films were screened out of which '''Life on Wheels''' by Adil Shah won the award for the best film. '''Pankh''' by Nishant was adjudged the second prize winner and the third prize was given to three films - '''Lost''' by Ather Mohiuddin, '''Hopskotch''' by Malik Sajjad and '''Eidiyaan''' by Muhammad Irfan Dar and Aman Kaleem.<ref>[http://greaterkashmir.com/news/2011/Apr/21/film-festival-held-at-iust-45.asp Film festival held at IUST] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110425042205/http://greaterkashmir.com/news/2011/Apr/21/film-festival-held-at-iust-45.asp |date=25 April 2011 }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Films Screened===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!width="30%"|Film<br />
!width="20%"| Director<br />
!width="10%"|Duration<br />
!width="40%"|Details<br />
|-<br />
| Behind the Darkness <br />
| Akif Mufti <br />
| 30 min <br />
| It is an attempt to unearth the history of Middle Ages when there was a tremendous intellectual activity in Islamic world.<br />
|-<br />
| The Ninth Act (special screening)<br />
| Ali Emraann Kureshi <br />
| 25 min.<br />
| Experiment<br />
|-<br />
| Pandiths<br />
| Mehak Fayaz<br />
| 16 min.<br />
| The documentary is about Kashmiri pundits who had not left Kashmir when other from their community where leaving, after militancy started in 1989. The documentary tries to look into the various aspects of their life in Kashmir, which unlike the migrant is mostly unreported.<br />
|-<br />
| Sailing Through generations<br />
| Benish Ali Bhat<br />
| 15 min.<br />
| The film dicments the life of shikarawalas and the life lived in the lake city.<br />
|-<br />
| Dal Lake<br />
| Turfat ul ain<br />
| 6 min<br />
| It is all about the mesmerizing beauty of Dal lake.<br />
|-<br />
| Stairs of Faith <br />
| Jamshed Rasul and Team.<br />
| 7 min.<br />
| Stairs of faith is a documentary depicting the unflinching faith that people in Kashmir have in the Shrine of Sheikh Hamza Makhdoom popularly known in Kashmir as Makhdoom Sahab(R.A). <br />
|-<br />
| Charare Sharief <br />
| -<br />
| 7 min.<br />
| It's a travelogue <br />
|-<br />
| Dreams of Despair<br />
| Nayeem Raja<br />
| 5 min.<br />
| -<br />
|-<br />
| I love you ''maa''<br />
| Harris Zargar<br />
| 6 min.<br />
| This movie is about crèche going children.<br />
|-<br />
| Life on Wheels (Best Film)<br />
| Adil shah<br />
| 9 min.<br />
| The film is about the life of a bus conductor. Often seen is a vestigial organ of the society, the files an endeavour to look into the life of this sect of the society<br />
|-<br />
| Lost- The unending Search (Shared 3rd prize with two others)<br />
| Athar Mohi-ud-din<br />
| 24 min.<br />
| The Documentary putting forward the misery of the families of those people who got disappeared in the tempest of the Indo-Pak conflict over Kashmir.<br />
|-<br />
| Drug De-addiction<br />
| Nayeem Khan<br />
| 9 min.<br />
| This documentary is about the drug de-addiction. It mainly focuses on the rehabilitation of drug addicts.<br />
|-<br />
| Hopscotch (Shared 3rd prize with two others)<br />
| Malik Sajad<br />
| 2 min.<br />
| This is a short animated movie.<br />
|-<br />
| Half widows <br />
| Leb ul Nisa<br />
| 2 min.<br />
| Talks about the women folk who are present only in Kashmir.<br />
|-<br />
| Pankh (2nd Prize winner)<br />
| Nishant Rana<br />
| 6 min.<br />
| Q-What makes a man fly?<br />
Ans.- A dream<br />
|-<br />
| Raaga <br />
| Chirag Thakkar<br />
| 6 min.<br />
| A spiritual commentary on the essence of life. All of us have those moments, when life seems static and when the tables turn against one. This is astory of one such man in his thirties who re-visits that juncture of his life when a stranger helped him move on. Raaga!<br />
|-<br />
| Zadah<br />
| Sushant. H. W.<br />
| 13 min.<br />
| Docu-fiction, Zadah -A socio-political love story. An attempt to understand and explain the prolonged and complex issue of the state of Kashmir personified as a woman oppressed between two patriarchal hypocrite society(s). The role of the media. And a question.<br />
|-<br />
|Heritage Lost<br />
| Rohi Jehan<br />
| 8 min.<br />
| Just 100 years ago sericulture was largest revenue generating department of Kashmir. But now this industry is battling for survival. Our documentary under title ‘Heritage Lost’ has been made to highlight many issues related to this industry which includes the most important issue, that is, the valley once had one of the largest silk factories in the world. But now more than 50% of its land has been sold to different departments by the government to clear liabilities of employees. The process of selling this great industrial heritage is going on and nobody seems to be bothered about protecting it.<br />
|-<br />
| Lungi vs Jeans (Special screening)<br />
| Nasir Ali Khan aka RJ Nasir<br />
| -<br />
| This is a comic movie which compares jeans and lungi culture.<br />
|-<br />
| Patience on trial<br />
| Naureen Farooq<br />
| -<br />
| This movie is about Orphans.<br />
|-<br />
| Eidyaan (Shared 3rd prize with two others)<br />
| M. Irfan Dar<br />
| 18 min.<br />
| Eidyaan is about a lost brother whose return is awaited in a household for over nine years. FICTION<br />
|-<br />
| Land of no return<br />
| M. Gowhar Bhat<br />
| 13 min.<br />
|The movie is about the Tibetan refugees in India.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Kashmiri cinema]]<br />
*[[Dogri cinema]]<br />
*[[Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages]]<br />
<br />
== Notes and references ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [http://www.theparallelpost.com The Parallel Post – An e-magazine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110322193218/http://www.theparallelpost.com/ |date=22 March 2011 }}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Film festivals in India]]<br />
[[Category:Film festivals established in 2011]]<br />
[[Category:2011 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]</div>Username123https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uttar_Pradesh_Control_of_Organised_Crimes_Act,_2017&diff=542927Uttar Pradesh Control of Organised Crimes Act, 20172026-03-25T18:54:15Z<p>Username123: Stub.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox legislation<br />
| image = <br />
| enacted_by = [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| status = in force<br />
}}<br />
'''Uttar Pradesh Control of Organised Crimes Act, 2017 (UPCOCA)'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/mar/06/up-council-select-committee-approves-uttar-pradesh-control-of-organised-crime-act-bill-1782970.html |title=UP Council select committee approves Uttar Pradesh Control of Organised Crime Act bill |website=The New Indian Express |publisher=[[The New Indian Express]] |location=India |access-date=2019-08-05}}</ref> is a law enacted by [[Uttar Pradesh]] state in [[India]] in 2017 to combat organized crime and terrorism.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/vidhan-parishad-finally-passes-up-control-of-organised-crime-bill/story-Jpc1PDCsCpLAtLbDYkx6hL.html |title=Vidhan Parishad finally passes UP Control of Organised Crime Bill |date=2018-03-29 |website=Hindustan Times |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |location=India |access-date=2019-08-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406054439/https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/vidhan-parishad-finally-passes-up-control-of-organised-crime-bill/story-Jpc1PDCsCpLAtLbDYkx6hL.html |archive-date=2018-04-06 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/up-plans-law-against-organised-crime/article21616110.ece |title=U.P. plans law against organised crime |last=Rashid |first=Omar |date=2017-12-13 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |location=India |access-date=2019-08-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213193700/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/up-plans-law-against-organised-crime/article21616110.ece |archive-date=2017-12-13 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/yogi-adityanaths-new-weapon-against-crime-in-up-what-is-upcoca-and-why-opposition-parties-are-dubbing-it-draconian/1113373/ |title=Yogi Adityanath's new weapon against crime in UP: What is UPCOCA and why opposition parties are dubbing it 'draconian' |date=2018-03-28 |website=The Financial Express |publisher=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |location=India |access-date=2019-08-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328103506/http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/yogi-adityanaths-new-weapon-against-crime-in-up-what-is-upcoca-and-why-opposition-parties-are-dubbing-it-draconian/1113373/ |archive-date=2018-03-28 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Organised crime in India}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2017 in Indian law]]<br />
[[Category:Counterterrorism in India]]<br />
[[Category:Organised crime in India]]<br />
[[Category:Crime in Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Law enforcement in Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Acts related to organized crime]]<br />
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh state legislation]]<br />
[[Category:Indian criminal law]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{India-law-stub}}</div>Username123https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Malayalam_film_actors&diff=454202List of Malayalam film actors2026-03-24T07:49:20Z<p>Username123: minor add article for clarity also</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|None}}<br />
This list outlines the names of notable '''male lead''' film actors, who previously worked or are currently working in the [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film industry]], based in [[Kerala]], India. The list is ordered by the year of their debut as a leading actor or the year of their landmark film. Actors who have starred in '''at least five''' films as lead are included in the list.<br />
<br />
==1930s==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"<br />
! Year<br />
! Name <br />
! Debut film<br />
!class=unsortable| Other notable films<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|1938<br />
|[[K. K. Aroor]]<br />
|''[[Balan (film)|Balan]]''<br />
|''[[Gnanambika]]'' (1940), ''[[Kerala Kesari]]'' (1950), ''[[Genova (1953 film)|Genova]]'' (1953)<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==1940s==<br />
<br />
[[File:Sebastian Kunju Kunju Bhagavathar.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Sebastian Kunju Kunju Bhagavathar]]]]<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"<br />
! Year<br />
! Name <br />
! Debut film<br />
!class=unsortable| Other notable films<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|1940<br />
|[[Sebastian Kunjukunju Bhagavathar]]<br />
|''[[Gnanambika]]''<br />
|''[[Navalokam]]'' (1951), ''[[Sheriyo Thetto]]'' (1953), ''[[Vidhi Thanna Vilakku]]'' (1962)<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==1950s==<br />
[[File:Prem Nazir.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Prem Nazir]]]]<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"<br />
! Year<br />
! Name <br />
! Debut film<br />
!class=unsortable| Other notable films<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"|1952<br />
| [[Prem Nazir]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=Vn|first=Aswin|date=2017-04-06|title=Everlasting aura|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/prem-nazir-is-still-the-superstar-for-many/article17845523.ece|access-date=2021-07-14|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
| ''[[Marumakal]]''<br />
| ''[[Murappennu]]'' (1965), ''[[Udhyogastha]]'' (1967), ''[[Iruttinte Athmavu]]'' (1967), ''[[Kallichellamma]]'' (1969), ''[[Virunnukari]]'' (1969)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|[[Sathyan (Malayalam actor)|Sathyan]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=Venkiteswaran|first=C. S.|date=2012-11-08|title=The indomitable Sathyan|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-indomitable-sathyan/article4077870.ece|access-date=2021-11-09|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
|''[[Aathmasakhi|Athmasakhi]]''<br />
|[[Anubhavangal Paalichakal|''Anubhavangal Palichakal'']] (1971), ''[[Karinizhal]]'' (1971), ''[[Kadalpalam]]'' (1969), [[Yakshi (film)|''Yakshi'']] (1968)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|1953<br />
|[[Adoor Bhasi]]<br />
|''[[Thiramala]]''<br />
|''[[Thommante Makkal]]'' (1965), ''[[Kayamkulam Kochunni (1966 film)|Kayamkulam Kochunni]]'' (1966), ''[[C.I.D. Nazir]]'' (1971)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|1958<br />
|[[P. J. Antony]]<br />
|''[[Randidangazhi (film)|Randidangazhi]]''<br />
|''[[Bhargavi Nilayam]]'' (1964) ''[[Kurukshethram (1970 film)|Kurukshethram]]'' (1970), ''[[Manninte Maril]]'' (1979)<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==1960s==<br />
[[File:RAGHAVAN.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Raghavan (actor)|Raghavan]]]]<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"<br />
! Year<br />
! Name <br />
! Debut film<br />
!class=unsortable| Other notable films<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|1964<br />
|[[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]]<br />
|''[[Bhargavi Nilayam]]''<br />
|''[[Chemmeen]]'' (1965), ''[[Bobanum Moliyum]]'' (1971), ''[[Geethaanjali]]'' (2013)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|1968<br />
|[[Raghavan (actor)|Raghavan]]<br />
| ''[[Kayalkkarayil]]''<br />
|''[[Swami Ayyappan (1975 film)|Swami Ayyappan]]'' (1975), ''[[Hridhayathinte Nirangal]]'' (1979), ''[[Evidence (1988 film)|Evidence]]'' (1998)<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==1970s==<br />
<br />
[[File:SOP Mammootty2016.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Mammootty]]]]<br />
[[File:Mohanlal Viswanathan BNC.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Mohanlal]]]]<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"<br />
! Year<br />
! Name <br />
! Debut film<br />
!class=unsortable| Other notable films<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 1971<br />
| [[Mammootty]]<br />
| ''[[Anubhavangal Paalichakal (1971 film)|Anubhavangal Paalichakal]]''<br />
| ''[[New Delhi (1987 film)|New Delhi]]'' (1987), ''[[Oru Vadakkan Veeragatha]]'' (1989), [[Oru CBI Diary Kurippu]] (1988), ''[[Kottayam Kunjachan]]'' (1990), ''[[Sethurama Iyer CBI]]'' (2004), ''[[Rajamanikyam]]'' (2005), [[Big B (film)|Big B]](2007) ''[[Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja (film)|Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja]]'' (2009), ''[[Bheeshma Parvam]]'' (2022).<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|1972<br />
|[[Thilakan]]<br />
|''Periyar''<br />
|''[[Kireedam (1989 film)|Kireedam]]'' (1989), ''[[Spadikam]]'' (1995), ''[[Narasimham (film)|Narasimham]]'' (2000), ''[[Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja (film)|Pazhassi Raja]]'' (2009), ''[[Ustad Hotel]]'' (2012)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| rowspan="2"|1973<br />
|[[MG Soman]]<br />
| ''[[Gayathri (1973 film)|Gayathri]]'',<br />
|''[[Manu Uncle]]'' (1988), ''[[Lelam]]'' (1997)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|[[Sukumaran]]<br />
|''[[Nirmalyam]]''<br />
|''[[Rajan Paranja Kadha]]'' (1978), ''[[Angadi (film)|Angadi]]'' (1980), ''[[Oru CBI Diary Kurippu]]'' (1988)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| rowspan="2"|1976<br />
| [[Jayan]]<br />
| ''[[Panchami (film)|Panchami]]''<br />
| ''[[Sarapancharam]]'' (1979), ''[[Angadi (film)|Angadi]]'' (1980), ''[[Paalattu Kunjikannan|Paalattu Kunjikkannan]]'' (1980), ''[[Manushya Mrugam (1980 film)|Manushya Mrugam]]'' (1980)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|[[Sreenivasan]]<br />
|''[[Manimuzhakkam]]''<br />
|''[[Aram + Aram = Kinnaram]]'' (1985), ''[[Kaalapani]]'' (1996), ''[[Traffic (2011 film)|Traffic]]'' (2011), ''[[Aravindante Athidhikal]]'' (2018)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|1978<br />
| [[Mohanlal]]<br />
| ''[[Thiranottam]]''<br />
| ''[[Chithram]]'' (1998),''[[Kireedam (1989 film)|Kireedam]]'' (1989), ''[[No.20 Madras Mail]]'' (1990), ''[[Kilukkam]]'' (1991), ''[[Manichitrathazhu]]'' (1994), ''[[Spadikam]]'' (1995), ''[[Kaalapani]]'' (1996), ''[[Narasimham (film)|Narasimham]]'' (2000), ''[[Raavanaprabhu]]'' (2001), [[Thanmathra]](2005), [[Chotta Mumbai]](2007),[[Drishyam]](2013),''[[Pulimurugan]]'' (2016), ''[[Lucifer (2019 Indian film)|Lucifer]]'' (2019).<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==1980s==<br />
[[File:Suresh Gopi.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Suresh Gopi]]]]<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"<br />
! Year<br />
! Name <br />
! Debut film<br />
!class=unsortable| Other notable films<br />
|-<br />
<br />
<br />
|1980<br />
| [[Shankar (actor)|Shankar]]<br />
| ''[[Manjil Virinja Pookkal]]''<br />
| ''[[Kadathu]]'' (1981), [[Oothikachiya Ponnu]] (1981), ''[[Ente Mohangal Poovaninju]]'' (1982), ''[[Veendum Chalikkunna Chakram]]'' (1984).<br />
|-<br />
<br />
<br />
|1982<br />
|[[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]]<br />
|''Balloon''<br />
|''[[Ramji Rao Speaking]]'' (1989).,<ref>ജ്യോതിഷ്, വി.ആര്. (21 October 2016). [https://www.vanitha.in/just-in/latest-news/ramji-rau-speaking-film-back-scenes.html "ഫാസിൽ മനുഷ്യനെ പറ്റിക്കാൻ ഇറങ്ങിയിരിക്കുകയാണ്...റാംജിറാവുവിനൊപ്പം കഥകളും ഇറങ്ങി; സിദ്ദിഖ്–ലാൽ"]. [[Vanitha]]. Retrieved 21 October 2016.</ref> ''[[Vandanam]]'' (1989), ''[[Aakasha Ganga]]'' (1999), ''[[2 Harihar Nagar]]'' (2009), ''[[Philip's (film)|Philip's]]'' (2023)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
<br />
|1986<br />
|[[Suresh Gopi]]<br />
|''[[Niramulla Raavukal]]''<br />
|''[[Thalastaanam]]'' (1992), ''[[Mafia (1993 film)|Mafia]]'' (1993), ''[[Thenkasipattanam]] '' (2000), ''[[Bharathchandran I.P.S.]]'' (2005).<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|1988<br />
|[[Jayaram]]<br />
|''[[Aparan]]''<br />
|''[[Innale (film)|One Man Show]]'' (1990) ''[[One Man Show (film)|One Man Show]]'' (2001), ''[[Winter (2009 film)|Winter]]'' (2009), ''[[China Town (2011 film)|China Town]]'' (2011), ''[[Abraham Ozler]]'' (2024)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|1989<br />
|[[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Saikumar]]<br />
|''[[Ramji Rao Speaking]]''<br />
|''[[In Harihar Nagar]]'' (1990), ''[[Vasanthiyum Lakshmiyum Pinne Njaanum]]'' (1990), ''[[Chotta Mumbai]]'' (2007)<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==1990s==<br />
[[File:Dileep 2008.jpg|thumb|upright|Dileep]]<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"<br />
! Year<br />
! Name <br />
! Debut film<br />
!class=unsortable| Other notable films<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| rowspan="2" |1994<br />
| [[Dileep]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/editorial/being-human-salmanification-of-janapriya-nayakan-dilieep |title=The 'Being Human' Salmanification of 'Janapriya Nayakan' Dileep |work=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |access-date=24 August 2018 }}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><br />
| ''[[Manathe Kottaram]]''<br />
| ''[[Punjabi House]]'' (1998), ''[[Ee Parakkum Thalika]]'' (2001), ''[[Meesa Madhavan]]'' (2002), ''[[C.I.D. Moosa]]'' (2003), ''[[Chanthupottu]]'' (2005), ''[[My Boss]]'' (2012), ''[[Two Countries]]'' (2015)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|[[Lal (actor)|Lal]]<br />
|''[[Manathe Kottaram]]''<br />
|''[[Thenkasipattanam]]'' (2000), ''[[Thommanum Makkalum]]'' (2005), ''[[Salt N' Pepper]]'' (2011), ''[[2018 (film)|2018]]'' (2023)<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |1995<br />
|[[Kalabhavan Mani]]<br />
|''[[Aksharam]]''<br />
|''[[Vasanthiyum Lakshmiyum Pinne Njaanum]]'' (1999), ''[[James Bond (1999 film)|James Bond]]'' (1999), ''[[Sethurama Iyer CBI]]'' (2004), ''[[Chotta Mumbai]]'' (2007)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| [[Joju George]]<br />
|''[[Mazhavilkoodaram]]''<br />
| ''[[Action Hero Biju]]'' (2016), ''[[Inspector Dawood Ibrahim|IDI]]'' (2016), ''[[Joseph (2018 film)|Joseph]]'' (2018), ''[[Iratta]]'' (2023), ''[[Antony (2023 film)|Antony]]'' (2023)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|[[Vinayakan]]<br />
|''[[Maanthrikam]]''<br />
|''[[Chathikkatha Chanthu]]'' (2004), ''[[Chotta Mumbai]]'' (2007), ''[[Kammatipaadam]]'' (2016), ''[[Jailer (2023 Tamil film)|Jailer]]'' (2023)<br />
|-<br />
|1997<br />
|[[Kunchacko Boban]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/interview/2017/08/09/kunchacko-boban-on-changing-roles-varnyathil-ashanka.html |title=Four decades of Kunchacko Boban |access-date=10 November 2017}}</ref><br />
|''[[Aniyathipraavu]]''<br />
|''[[Nakshatratharattu]]'' (1998), ''[[Niram]]'' (1999), ''[[Anjaam Pathiraa]]'' (2020)<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==2000s==<br />
[[File:Jayasurya in 2016.jpg|thumb|upright|Jayasurya]]<br />
[[File:Prithviraj_at_Aiyyaa_event.jpg|thumb|upright|Prithviraj]]<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+<br />
!Year<br />
!Name<br />
!Debut film<br />
!class=unsortable|Other notable films<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|2001<br />
|[[Suraj Venjaramoodu]]<br />
|''Ladies & Gentleman''<br />
|''[[Chattambinadu]]'' (2009), ''[[Teja Bhai & Family]]'' (2011), ''[[Android Kunjappan Version 5.25]]'' (2019), ''[[Jana Gana Mana (2022 film)|Jana Gana Mana]]'' (2022)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|rowspan="3"|2002<br />
|Jishnu Raghavan<br />
| ''[[Nammal]]''<br />
| ''[[Nerariyan CBI]]'' (2005), ''[[Chakkaramuthu]]'' (2006), ''[[Ordinary (film)|Ordinary]]'' (2012), ''[[Ustad Hotel]]'' (2012), ''[[Annum Innum Ennum]]'' (2013)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|[[Prithviraj Sukumaran]]<br />
|''[[Nandanam (film)|Nandanam]]''<br />
| ''[[Indian Rupee (film)|Indian Rupee]]'' (2011), [[Celluloid (film)|Celluloid]] (2013), [[Memories (2013 film)|Memories]], ''[[Ayyappanum Koshiyum]]'' (2020), ''[[Jana Gana Mana (2022 film)|Jana Gana Mana]]'' (2022), ''[[The Goat Life]]'' (2024)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|[[Indrajith Sukumaran]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Oomappenninu Uriyadappayyan]]''<br />
|''[[Chanthupottu]]'' (2005), ''[[Amen (2013 film)|Amen]]'' (2013), ''[[Lucifer (2019 Indian film)|Lucifer]]'' (2019)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|rowspan="2"|2002<br />
|[[Jayasurya]]<br />
|''[[Pulival Kalyanam]]'' (2003), ''[[Chathikkatha Chanthu]]'' (2004), ''[[Chocolate (2007 film)|Chocolate]]'' (2007), ''[[Classmates (2006 film)|Classmates]]'' (2006), ''[[Aadu (film)|Aadu]]'' (2015)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|[[Fahadh Faasil]]<br />
|''[[Kaiyethum Doorath]]''<br />
|''[[Amen (2013 film)|Amen]]'' (2013), ''[[Bangalore Days]]'' (2014), ''[[Njan Prakashan]]''(2018), ''[[Joji (film)|Joji]]'' (2021), ''[[Aavesham (2024 film)|Aavesham]]'' (2024)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|2005<br />
|[[Saiju Kurup]]<br />
|[[Mayookham]]<br />
|''[[Aadu (film)|Aadu]]'' (2015), ''[[Antakshari (2022 film)|Antakshari]]'' (2022), ''[[Pappachan Olivilanu]]'' (2023)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|2008<br />
|[[Vineeth Sreenivasan]]<br />
|''[[Cycle (2008 film)|Cycle]]''<br />
|''[[Traffic (2011 film)|Traffic]]'' (2011), ''[[Kunjiramayanam]]'' (2015), ''[[Aravindante Athidhikal]]'' (2018), ''[[Mukundan Unni Associates]]'' (2022), ''[[2018 (film)|2018]]'' (2023)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|2009<br />
|[[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]]<br />
|''[[Ritu (2009 film)|Ritu]]''<br />
|''[[Salt N' Pepper]]'' (2011), ''[[Honey Bee (2013 film)|Honey Bee]]'' (2013), ''[[Kooman (film)|Kooman]]'' (2022)<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==2010s==<br />
{{See also| New generation (Malayalam film movement)}}<br />
[[File:Dulquer Salmaan at Zoya Factor Trailer Launch function (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Dulquer Salmaan]]]]<br />
[[File:Fahadh Faasil 2019.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Fahadh Faasil]]]]<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"<br />
! Year<br />
! Name <br />
! Debut film<br />
!class=unsortable| Other notable films<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2010<br />
| [[Nivin Pauly]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Srinivasan|first1=Latha|title=Nivin Pauly's unstoppable rise: How he went from guy-next-door to bonafide superstar|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/nivin-paulys-unstoppable-rise-how-he-went-from-guy-next-door-to-bonafide-superstar-3448336.html|access-date=13 May 2018|work=[[Firstpost]]|date=16 May 2017|archive-date=14 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514002621/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/nivin-paulys-unstoppable-rise-how-he-went-from-guy-next-door-to-bonafide-superstar-3448336.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|''[[Malarvaadi Arts Club]]''<br />
|''[[Thattathin Marayathu]]'' (2012), ''[[Oru Vadakkan Selfie]]'', ''[[Premam]]'' (2015), ''[[Kayamkulam Kochunni (2018 film)|Kayamkulam Kochunni]]'' (2018)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|[[Chemban Vinod Jose]]<br />
|''[[Nayakan (2010 film)|Nayakan]]''<br />
|''[[Aadu (film)|Aadu]]'' (2015), ''[[Ee.Ma.Yau.]]'' (2018), ''[[Porinju Mariam Jose]]'' (2019)<br />
|-<br />
|2011<br />
|[[Sreenath Bhasi]]<br />
|''[[Pranayam (2011 film)|Pranayam]]''<br />
|''[[Da Thadiya]]'' (2012), ''[[Anjaam Pathiraa]]'' (2020), ''[[Manjummel Boys]]'' (2024)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| rowspan="3"|2012<br />
| [[Dulquer Salmaan]]<br />
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Second Show]]''<br />
| ''[[Ustad Hotel]]'' (2012), ''[[ABCD: American-Born Confused Desi (2013 film)|ABCD]]'' (2013), ''[[Charlie (2015 Malayalam film)|Charlie]]'' (2015), ''[[Kurup (film)|Kurup]]'' (2021)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|[[Sunny Wayne]]<br />
|''[[Aadu (film)|Aadu]]'' (2015), ''[[Anugraheethan Antony]]'' (2021), ''[[Kasargold]]'' (2023)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|[[Arjun Ashokan]]<br />
|''[[Orkut Oru Ormakoot]]''<br />
|''[[B.Tech (film)|B.Tech]] (2018), ''[[Jan. E. Man]] (2021), ''[[Romancham]]'' (2023)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| rowspan="5"|2013<br />
|[[Soubin Shahir]]<br />
|''[[Annayum Rasoolum]]''<br />
|''[[Sudani from Nigeria]]'' (2018), ''[[Kumbalangi Nights]]'' (2019), ''[[Manjummel Boys]]'' (2024)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|[[Neeraj Madhav]]<br />
|''[[Buddy (2013 film)|Buddy]]''<br />
|''[[Adi Kapyare Kootamani]]'' (2013), ''[[Lavakusha]]'' (2017), ''[[Gauthamante Radham]]'' (2020), ''[[RDX: Robert Dony Xavier|RDX]]'' (2023)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|[[Sharaf U Dheen|Sharafudheen]]<br />
|''[[Neram]]''<br />
|''[[Pretham]]'' (2016), ''[[Role Models (2017 film)|Role Models]]'' (2017), ''[[Anjaam Pathiraa]]'' (2020)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|[[Dhyan Sreenivasan]]<br />
|''[[Thira (film)|Thira]]''<br />
|''[[Kunjiramayanam]]'' (2015), ''[[Adi Kapyare Kootamani]]'' (2015), ''[[Udal (film)|Udal]]'' (2022)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|[[Basil Joseph]]<br />
|''[[Up & Down: Mukalil Oralundu]]''<br />
|''[[Jan. E. Man]]'' (2021), ''[[Jaya Jaya Jaya Jaya Hey]]'' (2022), ''[[Guruvayoor Ambalanadayil]]'' (2024)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|rowspan="2"|2016<br />
|[[Vishnu Unnikrishnan]]<br />
|''[[Kattappanayile Rithwik Roshan]]''<br />
|''[[Oru Yamandan Premakadha]]'' (2019), ''[[Krishnankutty Pani Thudangi]]'' (2021), ''[[Vedikettu]]'' (2023)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|[[Shane Nigam]]<br />
|''[[Kismath (2016 film)|Kismath]]''<br />
|''[[Parava (film)|Parava]]'' (2017), ''[[Kumbalangi Nights]]'' (2019), ''[[Bhoothakaalam]]'' (2022), ''[[RDX: Robert Dony Xavier|RDX]]'' (2023)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|rowspan="2"|2017 <br />
|[[Tovino Thomas]]<br />
|''[[Oru Mexican Aparatha]]''<br />
|''[[Minnal Murali]]'' (2021), ''[[Thallumaala]]'' (2022), ''[[2018 (film)|2018]]'' (2023)<br />
|-<br />
|[[Antony Varghese]]<br />
|''[[Angamaly Diaries]]''<br />
| ''[[Jallikattu]]'' (2019), ''[[Ajagajantharam]]'' (2021), ''[[RDX: Robert Dony Xavier|RDX]]'' (2023)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|2018<br />
|[[Pranav Mohanlal]]<br />
|''[[Aadhi]]''<br />
|''[[Irupathiyonnaam Noottaandu]]'' (2019), ''[[Marakkar: Lion of the Arabian Sea|Marakkar]]'' (2021), ''[[Hridayam]]'' (2022), ''[[Varshangalkku Shesham]]'' (2024)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2" | 2019<br />
| [[Mathew Thomas]]<br />
| '' [[Kumbalangi Nights]]'' <br />
| ''[[Thanneer Mathan Dinangal]]'' (2019), ''[[Jo and Jo]]'' (2022), ''[[Nellikkampoyil Night Riders]]'' (2025) <br />
|-<br />
| [[Naslen]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Srinivasan|first1=Latha|title=Nivin Pauly's unstoppable rise: How he went from guy-next-door to bonafide superstar|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/nivin-paulys-unstoppable-rise-how-he-went-from-guy-next-door-to-bonafide-superstar-3448336.html|access-date=13 May 2018|work=[[Firstpost]]|date=16 May 2017|archive-date=14 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514002621/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/nivin-paulys-unstoppable-rise-how-he-went-from-guy-next-door-to-bonafide-superstar-3448336.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|''[[Thanneer Mathan Dinangal]]''<br />
|''[[Premalu]]'' (2024), ''[[Alappuzha Gymkhana]]'' (2025), ''[[Lokah Chapter 1: Chandra]]'' (2025)<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[List of highest-grossing Malayalam films]]<br />
*[[Lists of Indian actors]]<br />
*[[List of Indian male film actors]]<br />
*[[:Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema|List of Malayalam actresses]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Lists of Indian actors|Malayalam]]</div>Username123https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=99TV&diff=46571299TV2026-03-23T21:49:09Z<p>Username123: fixed issues</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian Telugu news channel}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox television channel<br />
| name = 99TV<br />
| logo = 99tv channel logo.jpg<br />
| logo_size = 150px<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br />
| area = India<br />
| network = <br />
| available = <br />
| headquarters = [[Hyderabad]], India<br />
| owner = BPL Media Limited <br />
| launch_date = 20 July 2014<br />
| founder = <br />
| key_people = Gurdeep S Jujhar {{small|(Chairman)}}<br />
| website = <br />
| Symbol Rate = <br />
| FEC = <br />
| Polarization = <br />
| sat_radio_chan_1 = <br />
| sat_radio_chan_2 = <br />
| picture_format = [[576i]]<br />
| sister_channels = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''99TV''' is an Indian [[free-to-air]] television channel that provides 24-hour news coverage in [[Telugu language]]. 99TV was founded in 2014 and is currently owned by New Waves Media headed by Thota Chandrasekhar, a former [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer.,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last= |date=12 July 2018 |title=పవన్ చేతికి 99 టీవీ, 10టీవీని కొనుగోలు చేసిన నిమ్మగడ్డ |url=https://telugu.asianetnews.com/telangana/janasena-leader-chandrashekar-takes-over-99-tv-channel-pbqxtj |access-date=2022-11-04 |website=[[Asianet News Network]] |language=te}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Wanvari |first=Tarachand |date=15 January 2019 |title=Sun continues to shine on its namesake broadcaster |url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/specials/year-enders/sun-continues-to-shine-on-its-namesake-broadcaster-190115 |access-date=3 November 2022 |website=Indiantelevision.com}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Mohua |last2=U |first2=Sudhakar Reddy |date=24 August 2018 |title=Tycoons with political links taking over news channels in Andhra, Telangana |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/tycoons-with-political-links-taking-over-news-channels-in-andhra-telangana/articleshow/65523152.cms |access-date=2018-09-16 |publisher=[[Times of India]]}}</ref> later this channel was only promoted by Gurdeep Jujhar<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
99TV was launched in 2014 as a 24-hour [[Telugu language|Telugu]] news channel by the [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI).<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shaw |first=Padmaja |date=13 April 2017 |title=Who wants to own Telugu news channels? |url=http://asu.thehoot.org/story_popup/who-wants-to-own-telugu-news-channels-10046 |access-date=2022-11-04 |website=The Hoot |quote=Some four new players have entered since 2014. Express TV, 99TV (started by the Communist Party of India), and others have either closed or have been sold.}}</ref> Under CPI, the channel was not profitable and the party wanted to sell off the channel.<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
On 11 July 2018, 99TV was taken over by New Waves Digital media promoted by Thota Chandrasekhar.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=2018-07-14 |title=Pawan Kalyan's master stroke! |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/140718/pawan-kalyans-master-stroke.html |access-date=2018-10-22 |publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> Chandrasekhar is a former [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer, and owns a real estate company called Aditya Constructions.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
As per [[Telecom Regulatory Authority of India|TRAI]]'s Cable TV Rules which came into force effective 31 January 2019, 99TV is a [[free-to-air]] channel.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 2019 |title=Complete List Of 230 + Free-To-Air (FTA) Channels Under The New Cable TV Rules |url=https://trak.in/tags/business/2019/01/01/complete-list-of-230-free-to-air-fta-channels-under-the-new-cable-tv-rules/ |access-date=2022-11-04 |website=Trak.in |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Programming==<br />
99TV telecasts political and current affairs with reporting network in both [[Telugu states]].<ref>{{cite web |date=27 August 2018 |title=Pawan Kalyan to host talk show? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/pawan-kalyan-to-host-talk-show-5327122/ |access-date=2018-11-29 |publisher=[[Indian Express]]}}</ref> The channel also has programs on business, talk shows, cinema and sports.<br />
<br />
==Availability==<br />
The channel was started on [[INSAT-4A]] (C-BAND) at 83.0°E. The other down-link parameters of the channel are frequency of 3921&nbsp;MHz, symbol rate of 13000, and System on DVB -S2/QPSK/MPEG-4.<ref>{{cite web |date=2018-11-14 |title=99% TV started on Insat 4A at 83.0°E |url=https://www.freetoair.in/2014/08/99-tv-started-on-insat-4a-at-830e.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170423080726/https://www.freetoair.in/2014/08/99-tv-started-on-insat-4a-at-830e.html |archive-date=23 April 2017 |access-date=2018-12-04 |publisher=FreeToAir}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of Telugu-language television channels]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{Official website|http://www.newwaves.com}}<br />
<br />
{{Television news in India}}<br />
{{Telugu Language Television}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:99TV}}<br />
[[Category:Telugu-language television channels]]<br />
[[Category:24-hour television news channels in India]]<br />
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2018]]<br />
[[Category:Television stations in Hyderabad, India]]<br />
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{{India-tv-station-stub}}</div>Username123https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaikaluru&diff=474602Kaikaluru2026-03-21T13:42:43Z<p>Username123: improved intro and corrected details per sources</p>
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<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Kaikaluru<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = te<br />
| other_name = <br />
| settlement_type = [[Town]]<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| mapframe = yes<br />
| mapframe-zoom = 14<br />
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|16.55089|N|81.2000|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = India<br />
| subdivision_type1 = State<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in Andhra Pradesh|District]]<br />
| subdivision_type3 = <br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Eluru District|Eluru]]<br />
| subdivision_name3 = <br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = 18<br />
| population_total = 21292<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=627417|access-date=25 July 2014}}</ref><br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 521333<br />
| area_code = +91–8677<br />
| area_code_type = Telephone code<br />
| registration_plate = AP–16<br />
| website = https://www.kaikalur.com/<br />
| footnotes = <br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br />
| blank2_name_sec1 = Literacy<br />
| blank2_info_sec1 = 66.55%<br />
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Eluru (Lok Sabha constituency)|Eluru]]<br />
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[Kaikalur (Assembly constituency)|Kaikalur]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[File:కైకలూరు_రైల్వే_స్టేషన్.jpg | thumb | right | alt=Kaikaluru Railway Station | Kaikaluru Railway Station]]<br />
'''Kaikaluru''' is a town in [[Eluru district]] of the Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. Kaikalur is home to [[Kolleru Lake]], one of the largest freshwater lakes in India, covering about 90,100 hectares and is a tourist attraction.<br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
Kaikalur is located at {{Coord|16.5667|N|81.2000|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/02/Kaikalur.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Kaikalur]</ref> It has an average elevation of {{convert|18|m|ft|abbr=on}}. Sri Syamalamba temple is one of the famous temples there.<br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
<br />
{{As of|2011}}, the town had a population of {{formatnum:21292}}, comprising {{formatnum:10692}} males, {{formatnum:10600}} females and {{formatnum:2097}} children aged 0–6. The average literacy rate was 78.46%, comprising {{formatnum:15060}} people, significantly higher than the national average of 73.00%.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chapter–3 (Literates and Literacy rate)| url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/PCA_Highlights/pca_highlights_file/India/Chapter-3.pdf|publisher=Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India|access-date=10 August 2014|format=PDF}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Transportation ==<br />
<br />
=== Nearest railway stations ===<br />
Kaikaluru railway station is the main railway station, located on the [[Vijayawada]]-[[Nidadavolu]] branch railway line.<br />
<br />
Kaikaluru railway station is categorized as a ''Non-Suburban Grade-5 (NSG-5)'' station in the [[Vijayawada railway division]].<ref name="station_categories">{{cite web |title=Stations – Category-wise (NEW) |url=https://scr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,291,358,748,2213 |website=South Central Railway |access-date=23 April 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== National Highways ===<br />
[[National Highway 165 (India)|NH165]] from [[Pamarru (Assembly constituency)|Pamarru]] to [[Palakollu]] passes through Kaikaluru, and is a [[Spur route|Spur road]] of [[National Highway 65 (India)|NH65]] at [[Pamarru, Krishna district|Pamarru]] ending at [[Palakollu]].<br />
<br />
=== Public bus services ===<br />
[[Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation|APSRTC]] operates bus services from Kaikaluru to [[Eluru]], [[Machilipatnam]], [[Vijayawada]], [[Bhimavaram]], [[Narasapuram]], [[Palakollu]], [[Razole, East Godavari district|Razolu]], [[Kakinada]], [[Srikakulam]], [[Palasa]], [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Gudivada]], [[Mudinepalli]] and [[Hyderabad]].<br />
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== Tourist destinations ==<br />
<br />
[[Kolleru Lake]] is the largest freshwater lake in India, situated between the [[Krishna River|Krishna]] and [[Godavari River|Godavari]] delta. The lake is fed directly by water from the seasonal [[Budameru]] and [[Tammileru]] streams. The lake is an important habitat for an estimated 20 million resident and migratory birds such as the [[spot-billed pelican|grey or spot-billed pelican]]. It was designated as a wetland of international importance in November 2002 under the international [[Ramsar Convention]].<br />
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== Temples ==<br />
* Sri Syamalamba Temple<br />
* Sri Vasavi Kanyakaparameswari Temple<br />
* Sri Pothuluri Veera Brahmendra Swamy Temple<br />
* Sai Baba Temple<br />
* Venkateswara Swamy Temple (Meesala Venkanna)<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
*[[List of villages in Krishna district#K|Villages in Kaikalur mandal]]<br />
*[[Kolleru Lake]]<br />
*[[Kolleru Bird Sanctuary]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
{{Mandal headquarters in Krishna district}}<br />
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[[Category:Villages in Krishna district]]<br />
[[Category:Mandal headquarters in Krishna district]]</div>Username123https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ashwini_Deshpande&diff=488003Ashwini Deshpande2026-03-20T22:12:55Z<p>Username123: put up first pg w/ infobox!</p>
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<div>{{short description|Indian economist|bot=PearBOT 5}}<br />
{{cleanup|date=February 2020|reason=Too much detail on specific articles, which tends to come across as promotional.}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Ashwini Deshpande<br />
| image =<br />
| occupation = [[Economist]], professor, author<br />
| employer = [[Ashoka University]]<br />
| citizenship = Indian<br />
| education = {{Plainlist|<br />
* Bachelors at [[University of Delhi]]<br />
* Masters at [[Delhi School of Economics]]<br />
* Ph.D at Delhi School of Economics<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Ashwini Deshpande''' is an Indian [[economist]] best known for her papers concerning various topics such as poverty, inequality, regional disparities, and gender discrimination. She is currently working as a professor at [[Ashoka University]]; she has taught at the [[Delhi School of Economics]] in the past as well.<ref name=":1">(nd).(2019).[https://www.ideasforindia.in/profile/ashwini1.html Ideas for India].</ref> She has won many awards for her papers and publications, one of which is called ''Grammar of Caste: Economic Discrimination in Contemporary India''.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
==Education and work==<br />
Ashwini Deshpande completed her bachelor's honors in Economics in 1985 from the [[University of Delhi]]. She then proceeded to complete her masters at the [[Delhi School of Economics]] in 1987. Additionally, in 1994 she earned her Ph.D. at the Delhi School of Economics with ''Some Aspects of the International Debt Crisis of Developing Countries''.<ref>(2019). [http://www.wider.unu.edu/expert/ashwini-deshpande Ashwini Deshpande: UNU-WIDER].</ref> After graduating she was a lecturer at different colleges and universities in the Delhi area. From 1998-2000 Ashwini Deshpande Post-doctoral research fellow, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA.<ref name=":4">Deshpande, Ashwini (2019). [https://www.wider.unu.edu/sites/default/files/CV_Ashwini_Deshpande_Sept_2019_f2ede211c6d2fa3c1c003d16077a024d.pdf Curriculum Vitae].</ref><br />
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She also has a lot of major research and organisational experience, which includes being a chairperson at the annual conference for development and change from 2005-2007 and 2010.<ref name=":4" /> In 2007 she was one of four people appointed to be the principal investigators in a project on Urban Labour Market Inequality in India, which was initiated by [[Princeton University]], USA and Indian Institute of [[Dalit studies|Dalit Studies]].<ref name=":4" /><br />
She was also an author in a DFID funded study "Gender-caste growth assessment" designed to bring out the interconnections between growth and gender/caste inequalities in India.<ref name=":4" /> Additionally she was a regional author for the 2010 UN Report written by [[Naila Kabeer]] about inequality and if the MDG would be able to diminish the inequalities which many face.<ref>Kabeer, Naila (2010). [https://www.ids.ac.uk/files/dmfile/MDGreportwebsiteu2WC.pdf Can the MDGs provide a pathway to social justice? The challenge of intersecting inequalities]. Page 2. Publisher: Institute of Development Studies</ref> She was also appointed to some official positions including being a member of the [[Ministry of Minority Affairs]] in 2007, the consultative group of external sector in 2004, and in planning commission all for the [[Government of India]].<ref name=":4" /> She has also done some work internationally, she was the deputy director of the Cambridge Advanced Program on [[Development economics|Development Economics]] in 2002.<ref name=":4" /> She also served as a Social Sciences Jury Member for the [[Infosys Prize]] 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Infosys Prize - Jury 2020|url=http://www.infosys-science-foundation.com/prize/jury/jury-2020.asp#Social-Sciences|access-date=2020-12-09|website=www.infosys-science-foundation.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Notable works==<br />
Ashwini Deshpande has written several works, including books, journal articles, and papers. The overall theme of her work is the effects of Indian culture on its own society. She has also written some articles about music.<br />
<br />
===Books===<br />
Ashwini Deshpande has currently published several books of her own, including ''The Grammar of Caste: Economic Discrimination in Contemporary India'', published in 2011,<ref name=":5">Deshpande, Ashwani (2011). [http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/oso/public/content/economicsfinance/9780198072034/toc.html]. Publisher: Oxford University press</ref> ''Globalization and Development: A Handbook of New Perspectives'', published in 2010,<ref name=":6">Deshpande, Ashwini (2010). [http://ideas.repec.org/b/oxp/obooks/9780198069102.html]. Publisher: Oxford University Press</ref> and ''The Global Economic Crisis and the Developing World''.<ref name=":7">Deshpande, Ashwini & Nurse, Keith (2012). [http://www.routledge.com/The-Global-Economic-Crisis-and-the-Developing-World-Implications-and-Prospects/Deshpande-Nurse/p/book/9780415671286]. Publisher: Routledge</ref><br />
<br />
''The Grammar of Caste: Economic Discrimination in Contemporary India'' is about the discrimination there is within Indian society because of the [[caste system in India]] and how it has changed in recent years. Data from the Indian Railways for 23 years was examined. Research from various other writers suggests that there are patterns in the labour market which show that in many jobs people are discriminated against just because of their caste.<ref name=":5" /><br />
<br />
''Globalization and Development: A Handbook of New Perspectives'' is a book written about the alternatives of globalization. Taking specific countries as case studies, the book explores alternative policies which could be implemented outside of the mainstream discourse.<ref name=":6" /> In the book, decomposition method was used to measure the discrimination people face because of the caste system, and she discusses the advantages and disadvantages of using this methodology as well.<ref name=":6" /><br />
<br />
''The Global Economic Crisis and the Developing World'' is a book about how wealth inequality can be effected by an economic crisis.<ref name=":7" /> In addition, it analyzes how unemployment is affected in a country due to a financial crisis by comparing separate countries unemployment and inequality levels.<ref name=":7" /> In the book, the main countries which are discussed are South Africa and Brazil. There was a correlation between inequality and unemployment with a coefficient of 80% based on data from 2001, 2002, and 2007.<ref name=":7" /> But, South Africa was a bit of an outlier as the data from the middle-class did not have a correlation with unemployment compared to the other classes and Brazil. The results showed that for a country to face the least amount of loss during a crisis, policies to maximize employment should be implemented.<ref name=":7" /><br />
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===Journals===<br />
Ashwini Deshpande has written, co-written, and edited hundreds of papers, below are some specifically concerning the effects of the caste system in India.<br />
<br />
===="Local Social Inequality, Economic Inequality, and Disparities in Child Height in India" (2019)====<br />
In this study, child height is analyzed as a marker of population health levels.<ref name=":9">Coffey, Diane; Deshpande, Ashwini; Hammer, Jeffrey; Spears, Dean (2019). [http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s13524-019-00794-2 Publisher: Population Association of America]</ref> The study took these height differences and compared them to the socioeconomic status of each child, as it would be assumed that a child with higher socioeconomic status would have a higher chance of being healthier and therefore taller.<ref name=":9" /> In the study they also looked at the relationship between the caste system in the particular area and how it affected the children's heights.<ref name=":9" /> The conclusion of the study was not clear as there seemed to be no direct trend which also associated with the caste system. Also the results contrasted with results from similar studies, who could actually find a correlation between the two variables.<ref name=":9" /><br />
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===="Who Is the Identifiable Victim? Caste and Charitable Giving in Modern India" (2016)====<br />
India has a very high [[wealth gap]], and there are millions of charities worldwide asking for donations for poor kids in India. This study examines the markets in term of behaviour as people donate more and more <br />
.<ref name=":10">Deshpande, Ashwini Spears, Dean (2016). [http://Uideas.repec.org/a/ucp/ecdecc/doi10.1086-684000.html]. Pages 299-321. Publisher: University of Chicago Press</ref> The study identifies an "[[identifiable victim effect]]"<ref name=":10" /> which can be seen in specific individuals. Data was collected for three different experiments.<ref name=":10" /> The first experiment consisted of a survey to receive detailed information about the person, so variables such as caste, age, and gender can be factored into the results.<ref name=":10" /> The second experiment ran around 56,000 advertisements of charities which were shown online in India to see if there were any common trends in the marketing of the charities.<ref name=":10" /> Thirdly the participants from the first survey would need to allocate real money to their preferred charity, this would show how each advertisement has an effect of the consumer and how it impacts their decision and how much they donate.<ref name=":10" /> The results of this paper concluded that the victim effect for high-caste individuals was more identifiable than the other participants. In lower-caste individuals this effect was minimal or even reversed, this would mean that when a person from a low-caste sees advertisements about people in need they are less likely to donate compared to high-caste individuals.<ref name=":10" /> The results of the study show how the caste-system still has an impact of an individual's choice in India.<ref name=":10" /><br />
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===="Disadvantage and discrimination in self-employment: caste gaps in earnings in Indian small businesses" (2016)====<br />
This study looks at data from the 2004–2005 [[India Human Development Survey]], and compares the earnings from a business to an individual's caste.<ref name=":11">Deshpande, Ashwini; Sharma, Smriti (2016). [http://ideas.repec.org/a/kap/sbusec/v46y2016i2p325-346.html]. Page 325-346. Publisher: Springer</ref> One uncertainty from this study is that some aspects of earning may be unexplained, if one company earns more than the other it may not be case the answer is because their caste is different, it may just be that their product is poor. In the results around 55% of the gap was unexplained,<ref name=":11" /> which may render the results to not be as factual. But from the data comparison it was concluded that business owners that are from a lower or middle-case face greater discrimination in their earnings compared to higher-caste owners.<ref name=":11" /><br />
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===="Overlapping Identities under Liberalization: Gender and Caste in India" (2007)====<br />
This study specifically looks at the gender-caste overlap by compating data from the National Family and Health Survey and the Gender-Caste Development Index<br />
.<ref name=":12">Deshpande, Ashwini (2007). [http://ideas.repec.org/a/ucp/ecdecc/v55y2007p735-760.html]. Page 735-760. Publisher: University of Chicago Press</ref> There was no conclusion for this particular study as the data was not able to be compared due to differences in years in which the data was presented.<ref name=":12" /> But, the author did make a comment that there could be possible links between early liberalization and intergroup disparity based on evidence.<ref name=":12" /> The research for this study was to quantify the aspects of the gender-caste overlap in India, but collecting data which could come up with clear results proved to be difficult.<ref name=":12" /> In an earlier paper Deshpande wrote in 2002 she has mentioned that the subgroup which is the worst off in India by about having double the burder is the group of low-caste women.<ref name=":12" /><br />
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====Double jeopardy? Caste, affirmative action, and stigma====<br />
This study looks at what the consequences are in university because of the caste system.<ref name=":13">Deshpande, Ashwini (2016). [http://ideas.repec.org/p/unu/wpaper/wp2016-071.html]. Publisher: UNU-WIDER</ref> A survey was given to university students, where they were asking questions regarding the admission process regarding non-reserved or open seats, which are seen as beneficiary programs that the university implements to give a fair chance to everyone applying, especially because in India there is sometimes corruption involved for admissions.<ref name=":13" /> In the results it was clear that students from a higher-caste did not take the beneficiary programs as well as the lower-caste students.<ref name=":13" /> Meaning higher-caste students were more judging and were looking at the programs prejudicially, which stems from the caste-system in India.<ref name=":12" /> The results point out that anti-discriminatory rules and policies should be put in action by educational institutions in India to decrease the amount of stigma revolving around low-caste individuals.<ref name=":12" /><br />
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==Awards and grants==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
!Year<br />
!Grant/Award<br />
!Reason<br />
|-<br />
|1989<br />
|University Grant Commission<br />
|Grant for research<ref name=":4" /><br />
|-<br />
|1989<br />
|Junior Research Fellowship<br />
|Grant for Research<ref name=":4" /><br />
|-<br />
|1994<br />
|EXIM Bank Awards<br />
|outstanding dissertation in the area of international trade and related issues<ref name=":4" /><br />
|-<br />
|2007<br />
|V.K.R.V. Rao Award<br />
|Economist under 45 for original and significant contribution to Indian economics<ref name=":4" /><br />
|-<br />
|2012-2017<br />
|Grant from European Commission<br />
|For India's participation in "Enhancing Knowledge for Renewed Knowledge against Poverty"<ref name=":4" /><br />
|-<br />
|2016<br />
|Grant from Economic and Social Research Council<br />
|Research for Choice constraint and the gender dynamics of labour markets in West Bengal"<ref name=":4" /><br />
|-<br />
|2019<br />
|Grant from EU-India Platform for the Social Sciences and Humanities<br />
|For "Challenging Inequalities: A Indo-European perspective"<ref name=":4" /><br />
|-<br />
|2019<br />
|Grant from Wellcome Trust, UK<br />
|For "Economic and Social Dimensions of Health and Morbidity"<ref name=":4" /><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
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==External links==<br />
* [https://ideas.repec.org/f/pde323.html List of works] at [[Research Papers in Economics]]<br />
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{{Authority control}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Deshpande, Ashwini}}<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian economists]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian economists]]<br />
[[Category:Delhi School of Economics alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Academic staff of Ashoka University]]</div>Username123https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gujarat_Mineral_Development_Corporation&diff=475641Gujarat Mineral Development Corporation2026-03-20T05:43:12Z<p>Username123: basic adjusted section per sources also and improved wording for accuracy</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian state-owned company}}<br />
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox company<br />
| name = Gujarat Mineral Development Corporation Limited<br />
| logo = GujaratMineralDevelopmentCorporationLogo.jpg<br />
| type = [[Public company|Public]] <br /> {{BSE|532181}} {{NSE|GMDCLTD}}<br />
| industry = Mining<br />
| foundation = 1963<br />
| location_city = [[Ahmedabad]], Gujarat<br />
| locations =<br />
| area_served = Gujarat<br />
| key_people = {{Unbulleted list|[[Dr. Hasmukh Adhia]], Retd.IAS ([[Chairman]])|Roopwant Singh, IAS<br />
([[Managing director]])|Ms Arti Kanwar, IAS ([[Company director|Secretary (EA), Finance Department]])}}<br />
| products = {{Unbulleted list|[[Lignite]]|[[Bauxite]]|Flourspar|[[Manganese]]|Silica Sand|[[Limestone]]|[[Bentonite]]|Ball Clay}}<br />
| revenue = {{up}}{{INRConvert|2734.79|c}}(FY2022)<br />
| operating_income = {{up}}{{INRConvert|580.57|c}}(FY2022)<br />
| net_income = {{up}}{{INRConvert|404.98|c}}(FY2022)<br />
| owner = [[Government of Gujarat]]<br />
| num_employees = {{Unbulleted list|class=nowrap| 1500+}}<br />
| Type = <br />
| location_country = India<br />
| homepage = {{URL|http://www.gmdcltd.com/}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Gujarat Mineral Development Corporation Limited''' ('''GMDC''') is a major Indian state-owned minerals and lignite mining company based in [[Ahmedabad]].<ref name=a>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gmdcltd.com/showpage.aspx?contentid=1031 |title=GMDC LTD |access-date=15 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709014213/http://www.gmdcltd.com/showpage.aspx?contentid=1031 |archive-date=9 July 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=b>[https://books.google.com/books?id=eMGgb5Nd_cgC&dq=Gujarat+Mineral+Development+Corporation+Limited.&pg=PA227 Gujarat Mineral Development Corporation Limited]</ref> GMDC was founded in 1963.<br />
<br />
Its product range includes essential energy minerals like lignite, base metals and industrial minerals like bauxite and fluorspar.<ref name=b/> Gujarat government has given its green signal to GMDC to form a joint venture with [[National Aluminium Company|NALCO]] for a 1 mtpa refinery.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/article3505725.ece | title=Gujarat minerals body gets govt nod for joint venture with Nalco | date=8 June 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
GMDC also owns and runs [[Akrimota Thermal Power Station]], a 250 MW (2x125 MW) lignite-based thermal power plant located in village [[Nanichher]] in [[Lakhpat | Lakhpat Taluka]], [[Kutch District]].<br />
<br />
==Product range==<br />
<br />
The company has grown in strength since its inception over the years. In 1963 the company commenced its operation with small silica sand quarry. In 1964 it started with bauxite mines in Kutch and now operates six bauxite mines. In 1971, a beneficiation plant was commissioned by GMDC to process 500 M.T of fluorspar ore and to produce [[calcium fluoride]] used for the manufacture of Hydro-fluoric acid and as flux in metallurgical industries. A captive mine at Ambadungar was established also to feed the plant. In 1976 lignite was discovered in Gujarat and GMDC started its first lignite mines at [[Panadhro]]. In 1980, a captive refining plant with copper mines was set up by GMDC near [[Ambaji]]. In 1983, another lignite mine was discovered & started by it at Rajpardi near [[Bharuch]]. In 1992, it established a calcination plant to add value to the bauxite mined by it at Gadhsisha in Kutch. In 1996, to use the lignite mined by it, GMDC also started thermal power plant at Nani-Chher in Kutch. In 2005 & 2009 more lignite mines were started by GMDC at [[Tadkeshwar]] near [[Surat]] and near [[Bhavnagar]], respectively. Also in 2006 it developed manganese ore mines at Shivarajpur in <br />
[[Panchmahal]]s.<ref name=a/> It is also setting up an Alumina plant with [[Raytheon]] Corporation of USA.<ref name=b/> As part of its Vocational Training Center (VTC) initiatives, GMDC implemented customized Extended Reality (XR) modules to enhance safety awareness and operator readiness for dumper operations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=XR-based Dumper Operations & Safety Training |url=https://radiumxr.com/xr-based-dumper-operations-safety-training-gmdc |website=RadiumXR |access-date=19 March 2026}}</ref><br />
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===Akrimota Thermal Power Station===<br />
'''Akrimota Thermal Power Station''' ({{coord|23.769788|68.645427|display=inline}}) is a [[lignite]]-based thermal power plant located in village [[Nanichher]] in [[Lakhpat | Lakhpat Taluka]], [[Kutch District]], [[Gujarat]]. The power plant is run by the Corporation. The power plant has an installed capacity of 250 MW (2x125 MW).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gmdcltd.com/projects/power.aspx |title=Power &#124; Gujarat Mineral Development Corporation Ltd |access-date=21 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826161025/http://www.gmdcltd.com/projects/power.aspx |archive-date=26 August 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
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{| class="sortable wikitable"<br />
! Stage !! Unit number !! Installed capacity ([[Watt#Megawatt|MW]]) !! Date of commissioning !! Status<br />
|-<br />
| Stage I || 1 || 125 || 2005 March || Running<br />
|-<br />
| Stage I || 2 || 125 || 2005 December || Running<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
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== Public listing ==<br />
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In 1999, the government of Gujarat being the sole owner, divested 26% of its stake and the GMDC became a listed entity (BSE&NSE) and is occupying a position within the top fortune 500 companies in the country with an annual turnover surpassing 10&nbsp;billion with considerable annual growth rate.<ref name=a/><ref>[http://money.rediff.com/companies/gujarat-mineral-development-corporation-ltd/15110037 Gujarat Mineral Development Corporation Ltd. BSE | NSE]</ref><ref>[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/gujarat-mineral-development-corporation-ltd/stocks/companyid-4653.cms Gujarat Mineral Development Corporation Ltd. Stock price] THE ECONOMIC TIMES</ref><br />
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== Upcoming Projects ==<br />
GMDC is keen to set up a Rare Earth Elements Processing Plant, in the country as REEs are essential for developing green energy technologies like permanent magnets for electric vehicles and wind turbines and LEDs.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/gmdc-plans-to-set-up-rare-earth-elements-processing-plant/articleshow/93935623.cms | title=GMDC plans to set up Rare Earth Elements Processing Plant | newspaper=The Times of India | date=September 2022 }}</ref><br />
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==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
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{{authority control}}<br />
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[[Category:Mining companies of India]]<br />
[[Category:Aluminium companies of India]]<br />
[[Category:Coal companies of India]]<br />
[[Category:Copper mining companies of India]]<br />
[[Category:Metal companies of India]]<br />
[[Category:Government-owned mining companies of India]]<br />
[[Category:Companies based in Ahmedabad]]<br />
[[Category:Companies based in Gujarat]]<br />
[[Category:Non-renewable resource companies established in 1963]]<br />
[[Category:State agencies of Gujarat]]<br />
[[Category:1963 establishments in Gujarat]]<br />
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1963]]<br />
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]<br />
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]</div>Username123https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepak_Vohra&diff=447557Deepak Vohra2026-03-16T16:58:55Z<p>Username123: edit</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| office = [[Armenia–India relations|Indian Ambassador to Armenia]]<br />
| term_start = {{dts|format=dmy|2001|08|29}}<br />
| term_end = {{dts|format=dmy|2005|07|26}}<br />
| predecessor = Bal Anand<br />
| successor = Reena Pandey<br />
| office2 = [[India–Sudan relations|Indian Ambassador to Sudan]]<br />
| term_start2 = {{dts|format=dmy|2005|07|26}}<br />
| term_end2 = {{dts|format=dmy|2010|03|18}}<br />
| predecessor2 = Ashok Kumar<br />
| successor2 = Sanjay Kumar Verma<br />
| office3 = [[India–Poland relations|Indian Ambassador to Poland]]<br />
| term_start3 = {{dts|format=dmy|2010|03|18}}<br />
| term_end3 = {{dts|format=dmy|2011|11|}}<br />
| predecessor3 = Rajesh Yaishnaw<br />
| successor3 = [[Monika Kapil Mohta]]<br />
| honorific-prefix = <br />
| name = Deepak Vohra<br />
| honorific-suffix = <br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| president = <br />
| birth_date = 1951<br />
| birth_place = New Delhi<br />
| death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} or {{Death-date and age|Month DD, YYYY|Month DD, YYYY}} (death date then birth date) --><br />
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| citizenship = [[India]]n<br />
| nationality = [[India]]n<br />
| party = <br />
| spouse = <br />
| children = <br />
| residence = <br />
| alma_mater = [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]]<br>[[Delhi University]]<br>[[National Defence College, India]]<br>[[Sorbonne University]]<br />
| profession = [[Diplomat]]<br />
| signature = <br />
| signature_alt = <br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
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'''Deepak Vohra''' is a [[retired]] [[Indian people|Indian]] [[diplomat]] of the [[Indian Foreign Service]] who has served as an Indian Ambassador to [[Armenia]], [[Poland]] and [[Sudan]]. He also served as the technology advisor to former Prime Minister of India [[PV Narasimha Rao]].<br />
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==Education and early career==<br />
Vohra studied at [[St. Columba's School, Delhi]]. He then graduated from [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]]. He pursued his studies at [[National Defence College (India)]] and at the [[University of Paris]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jsia.edu.in/sites/default/files/events/%2812%20March%202013%29_Speaker%20%28Ambassador%20Deepak%20Vohra%29_JSIA.pdf |title=Deepak Vohra |date= |website= |publisher= |location= |accessdate=3 January 2016 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article29900|title = Juba Airport officers accused of harassing Indian Ambassador - Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan| date=31 January 2009 }}</ref><br />
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After joining the IFS, he was an Officer on Special Duty to the Technology Advisor to the then Prime Minister [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/ex-diplomat-deepak-vohra-adviser-of-south-sudan-government-103084-2012-05-23 | title=Surprise role | date=23 May 2012 | publisher=India Today | accessdate=23 October 2018 }}</ref> Vohra has also previously worked with Sulabh International and has been a part of United Nations assignments in Africa.<br />
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==Indian Foreign Service==<br />
Vohra has served in [[France|France,]] Tunisia, United States, Russia, Chad, Cameroon, [[Papua New Guinea]], Spain, Armenia, Sudan and Poland. In 1995 he was deputy high commissioner in [[Kuala Lumpur]]. He was Ambassador of [[India]] to [[Poland]].<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/1126/Shri+Deepak+Vohra+appointed+as+the+next+Ambassador+of+India+to+Poland|title = Shri Deepak Vohra appointed as the next Ambassador of India to Poland|date = |accessdate = 3 January 2016|website = |publisher = Ministry of external affairs Government of India|last = |first = }}</ref><br />
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==Later career==<br />
In 2012 he was Advisor to the Government of [[South Sudan]]. He was a news reader at [[Doordarshan]] in start of his career as a TV news presenter.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abhisays.com/doordarshan/revisiting-20-old-doordarshan-news-readers-and-anchors.html|title=Revisiting 20 Old Doordarshan News Readers and Anchors – AbhiSays.com}}</ref> He inaugurated the Apati War Memorial at Kargil.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reachladakh.com/ambassador-deepak-vohra-inaugurates-apati-war-memorial-at-kargil/2937.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150809011107/http://www.reachladakh.com/ambassador-deepak-vohra-inaugurates-apati-war-memorial-at-kargil/2937.html|archive-date=2015-08-09|title=Ambassador Deepak Vohra inaugurates Apati War Memorial at Kargil}}</ref><br />
In September 2025, a group of students slammed his speech at Lady Shriram College in Delhi (LSR) for his misogynistic and regressive comments and demanded his apology.<ref> https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/lsr-students-slam-misogynistic-derogatory-remarks-by-ex-diplomat-deepak-vohra-during-lecture-demand-apology-10254810/</ref><br />
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==Corruption and Other Allegations==<br />
Ambassador Vohra has been at the centre of graft and other allegations, including that of corruption. The CBI was given nod by the government in 2022 to look into graft allegations for his tenure in Sudan charges for which included submitting false TA bills, purchasing diesel at a higher rate than market; payment of agency charges for hiring office of the Indian Consulate to a fictitious person/agent, hiring of Consulate premises at a higher rate, hiring of private car despite availability of official car among others.<ref>https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/cbi-gets-govt-nod-to-prosecute-former-sudan-ambassador-deepak-vohra-in-financial-bungling-case/articleshow/89401994.cms?from=mdr</ref><br />
He was also raided by ED for his involvement in Line of Credit fraud, where he functioned as intermediary for some Indian entities obtaining soft loans, under the allegation of paying kickbacks to politicians based in Africa.<ref>https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/cbi-gets-govt-nod-to-prosecute-former-sudan-ambassador-deepak-vohra-in-financial-bungling-case/articleshow/89401994.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst</ref><br />
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==Awards==<br />
In 2013, Deepak Vohra was awarded the [[Order of the Two Niles]] (first class), Sudan's highest civilian honour by the President of Sudan.<ref name="Tribune India">{{cite news|last=|first=|date=23 August 2023|title=Seminar on global mega trends held|url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/2013/20130125/jaltrib.htm#8|newspaper=Tribune India|access-date=25 January 2013|archive-date=23 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823080102/https://m.tribuneindia.com/2013/20130125/jaltrib.htm#8|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
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==References==<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Vohra, Deepak}}<br />
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Poland]]<br />
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Sudan]]<br />
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Armenia]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:St. Stephen's College, Delhi alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of orders, decorations, and medals of Sudan]]<br />
[[Category:1951 births]]</div>Username123https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raga&diff=446320Raga2026-03-16T04:49:42Z<p>Username123: page updated</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Melodic mode of improvisation in Indian music}}<br />
{{About||other uses|Raga (disambiguation)|and|Ragam (disambiguation)|and|Ragas (fly)|the subgenre of reggae music|Ragga}}<br />
{{Indian classical music}}<br />
[[File:Melakarta.katapayadi.sankhya.72 correction for no 41-47-53-59-65-71 da2-instead-of-da3.png|alt=|thumb|Melakarta ragas of [[Carnatic music]]. While ragas in Hindustani music are divided into thaats, ragas in Carnatic music are divided into melakartas.]]<br />
A '''raga'''{{efn|Also ''ragam'', ''rāg'' (in modern Hindustani), or its feminine counterpart ''[[wikt:ragini|ragini]]''.}}{{efn|The word ''rāga'' is derived from the [[Sanskrit]] verb {{lang|sa|रञ्ज्}} {{IAST3|rañj}} 'to dye' or 'to colour' – itself inherited from the [[Proto-Indo-European]] root ''*reg-'' 'to dye'.}} ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|ɑː|ɡ|ə}} {{respell|RAH-gə}}; {{IAST3|rāga}}, {{IPA|sa|ɾäːɡɐ|lang}}; {{literally|colouring', 'tingeing|dyeing}}){{Sfn|Titon et al.|2008|p=284}}{{Sfn|Wilke | Moebus| 2011| pp=222 with footnote 463}} is a melodic framework for improvisation in [[Indian classical music]] akin to a [[musical mode|melodic mode]].{{Sfn|Lochtefeld|2002|p=545}} It is central to classical Indian music.{{sfn|Nettl et al.|1998|pp=65–67}} Each raga consists of an array of melodic structures with musical motifs; and, from the perspective of the Indian tradition, the resulting music has the ability to "colour the mind" as it engages the emotions of the audience.{{Sfn|Titon et al.|2008|p=284}}{{Sfn|Wilke | Moebus|2011| pp=222 with footnote 463}}{{sfn|Nettl et al.|1998|pp=65–67}}<br />
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Each raga provides the musician with a musical framework within which to improvise.{{Sfn|Lochtefeld|2002|p=545}}{{Sfn|Fabian| Renee Timmers| Emery Schubert|2014|pp=173–174}}{{Sfn|Nettl|2010}} Improvisation by the musician involves creating sequences of notes allowed by the raga in keeping with rules specific to the raga. Ragas range from small ragas like [[Bahar (raga)|Bahar]] and [[Sahana (raga)|Sahana]] that are not much more than songs to big ragas like [[Malkauns]], [[Darbari]] and [[Yaman (raga)|Yaman]], which have great scope for improvisation and for which performances can last over an hour. Ragas may change over time, with an example being [[Marwa (raga)|Marwa]], the primary development of which has been going down into the lower octave, in contrast with the traditional middle octave.{{sfn|Raja|n.d.|loc="Due to the influence of [[Amir Khan (singer)|Amir Khan]]"}} Each raga traditionally has an emotional significance and symbolic associations such as with season, time and mood.{{Sfn|Lochtefeld|2002|p=545}} Ragas are considered a means in the Indian musical tradition for evoking specific feelings in listeners. Hundreds of ragas are recognized in the classical tradition, of which about 30 are common,{{Sfn|Lochtefeld|2002|p=545}}{{Sfn|Nettl|2010}} and each raga has its "own unique melodic personality".{{Sfn|Hast|James R. Cowdery|Stanley Arnold Scott|1999|p=137}}<br />
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There are two main classical music traditions, ''[[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani]]'' ([[North India|North Indian]]) and ''[[Carnatic classical music|Carnatic]]'' ([[South India|South Indian]]), and the concept of raga is shared by both.{{Sfn|Fabian| Renee Timmers| Emery Schubert|2014|pp=173–174}} Raga is also found in [[Sikhs|Sikh]] traditions such as in ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'', the primary scripture of [[Sikhism]].{{Sfn|Kapoor|2005|pp=46–52}} Similarly, it is a part of the ''[[qawwali]]'' tradition in [[Sufism|Sufi]] Islamic communities of [[South Asia]].{{Sfn|Salhi|2013|pp=183–84}} Some popular [[Filmi|Indian film songs]] and [[ghazal]]s use ragas in their composition.{{sfn|Nettl et al.|1998|pp=107–108}}<br />
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Every raga has a [[svara]] (a note or named pitch) called [[shadja]], or adhara sadja, whose pitch may be chosen arbitrarily by the performer. This is taken to mark the beginning and end of the ''[[saptak]]'' (loosely, octave). The raga also contains an adhista, which is either the svara [[Madhyama (music)|Ma]] or the svara [[Panchama|Pa]]. The adhista divides the octave into two parts or ''anga'' – the ''purvanga'', which contains lower notes, and the ''uttaranga'', which contains higher notes. Every raga has a ''[[Vadi (music)|vadi]]'' and a ''[[Samavadi|samvadi]]''. The ''vadi'' is the most prominent svara, which means that an improvising musician emphasizes or pays more attention to the ''vadi'' than to other notes. The samvadi is consonant with the vadi (always from the ''anga'' that does not contain the vadi) and is the second most prominent svara in the raga.{{clarify|date=May 2021}}<br />
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==Terminology==<br />
The [[Sanskrit]] word ''rāga'' (Sanskrit: [[wikt:राग|राग]]) has Indian roots, as the [[Indo-European]] root ''*reg-'' connotes 'to dye'. Cognates are found in [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Khwarezmian language|Khwarezmian]], [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]]. The words "red" and "rado" are also related.<ref>{{cite book|author=Douglas Q. Adams|title=Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tzU3RIV2BWIC&pg=PA572|year=1997|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-884964-98-5|pages=572–573}}</ref> According to [[Monier Monier-Williams]], the term comes from a Sanskrit word for "the act of colouring or dyeing", or simply a "colour, hue, tint, dye".{{Sfn|Monier-Williams|1899|p=872}} The term also connotes an emotional state referring to a "feeling, affection, desire, interest, joy or delight", particularly related to passion, love, or sympathy for a subject or something.<ref name="journal2">{{cite journal|last1=Mathur|first1=Avantika |last2=Vijayakumar| first2=Suhas |last3=Chakravarti|first3=Bhismadev |last4=Singh|first4=Nandini| title=Emotional responses to Hindustani raga music: the role of musical structure|journal=Frontiers in Psychology|volume=6 |year=2015|page=513 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00513|pmid=25983702 |pmc=4415143 |doi-access=free}}</ref> In the context of ancient Indian music, the term refers to a harmonious note, melody, formula, building block of music available to a musician to construct a state of experience in the audience.{{Sfn|Monier-Williams|1899|p=872}}<br />
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The word appears in the ancient [[Principal Upanishads]] of [[Hinduism]], as well as the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]''.<ref name=jacobraga/> For example, verse 3.5 of the ''[[Maitri Upanishad]]'' and verse 2.2.9 of the ''[[Mundaka Upanishad]]'' contain the word ''rāga''. The ''Mundaka Upanishad'' uses it in its discussion of soul (Atman-Brahman) and matter (Prakriti), with the sense that the soul does not "colour, dye, stain, tint" the matter.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n393/mode/2up Mundaka Upanishad], Robert Hume, Oxford University Press, page 373</ref> The ''Maitri Upanishad'' uses the term in the sense of "passion, inner quality, psychological state".<ref name=jacobraga>[https://archive.org/stream/UpanishadVakyaKosha-AConcordanceOfThePrincipalUpanishadsAndBhagavad/UpanishadVakyaKoshaSktEng#page/n793/mode/2up A Concordance to the Principal Upanishads and Bhagavadgita], GA Jacob, Motilal Banarsidass, page 787</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/stream/upanishads02ml#page/298/mode/2up Maitri Upanishad], Max Muller, Oxford University Press, page 299</ref> The term ''rāga'' is also found in ancient texts of [[Buddhism]] where it connotes "passion, sensuality, lust, desire" for pleasurable experiences as one of three [[Raga (Buddhism)|impurities]] of a character.<ref name=buswelllopezraga/><ref name=rhysd203/> Alternatively, ''rāga'' is used in Buddhist texts in the sense of "color, dye, hue".<ref name=buswelllopezraga>{{cite book|author1=Robert E. Buswell Jr.|author2=Donald S. Lopez Jr.|title=The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DXN2AAAAQBAJ |year=2013|publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-4805-8 |pages=59, 68, 589}}</ref><ref name=rhysd203>{{cite book|author1=Thomas William Rhys Davids |author2=William Stede |title=Pali-English Dictionary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Guw2CnxiucC&pg=PA362 |year=1921|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1144-7|pages= 203, 214, 567–568, 634}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Damien Keown |title=A Dictionary of Buddhism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=985a1M7L1NcC|year=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-157917-2|pages=8, 47, 143}}</ref><br />
[[File:Indiskt That-1.jpg|right|200px]]<br />
{{Plain image with caption|image=Indiskt That-2.jpg|caption=''Raga'' groups are called ''thaat''.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Soubhik Chakraborty|author2=Guerino Mazzola|author3=Swarima Tewari|display-authors=etal|title=Computational Musicology in Hindustani Music|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0o2eBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA6|year=2014|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-11472-9|pages=6, 3–10}}</ref>|width=200px|align=right|caption position=bottom|triangle=triangle|triangle color=#ff6600}}<br />
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The term ''rāga'' in the modern connotation of a melodic format occurs in the ''[[Brihaddeshi]]'' by [[Matanga Muni|Mataṅga Muni]] dated {{Circa|8th century}},{{Sfn|Te Nijenhuis|1974|p=3}} or possibly 9th century.{{Sfn|Nettl et al.|1998|pp=73–74}} The ''Brihaddeshi'' describes ''rāga'' as "a combination of tones which, with beautiful illuminating graces, pleases the people in general".{{sfn|Kaufmann|1968|p=41}}<br />
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According to [[Emmie te Nijenhuis]], a professor in Indian [[musicology]], the ''[[Dattilam]]'' section of ''Brihaddeshi'' has survived into the modern times, but the details of ancient music scholars mentioned in the extant text suggest a more established tradition by the time this text was composed.{{Sfn|Te Nijenhuis|1974|p=3}} The same essential idea and prototypical framework is found in ancient [[Hinduism|Hindu]] texts, such as the ''Naradiyasiksa'' and the classic Sanskrit work ''[[Natya Shastra]]'' by [[Bharata Muni]], whose chronology has been estimated to sometime between 500 BCE and 500 CE,{{Sfn|Dace|1963|p=249}} probably between 200 BCE and 200 CE.{{Sfn|Lidova|2014}}<br />
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Bharata describes a series of empirical experiments he did with the ''[[Veena]]'', then compared what he heard, noting the relationship of fifth intervals as a function of intentionally induced change to the instrument's tuning. Bharata states that certain combinations of notes are pleasant, and certain others are not so. His methods of experimenting with the instrument triggered further work by ancient Indian scholars, leading to the development of successive permutations, as well as theories of musical note inter-relationships, interlocking scales and how this makes the listener feel.{{Sfn|Nettl et al.|1998|pp=73–74}} Bharata discusses ''Bhairava'', ''Kaushika'', ''Hindola'', ''Dipaka'', ''SrI-rāga'', and ''Megha''. Bharata states that these can to trigger a certain affection and the ability to "color the emotional state" in the audience.{{Sfn|Monier-Williams|1899|p=872}}{{Sfn|Nettl et al.|1998|pp=73–74}} His encyclopedic ''Natya Shastra'' links his studies on music to the performance arts, and it has been influential in Indian performance arts tradition.{{Sfn|Lal|2004|pp=311–312}}{{Sfn|Kane|1971|pp=30–39}}<br />
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The other ancient text, ''Naradiyasiksa'' dated to be from the 1st century BCE, discusses secular and religious music, compares the respective musical notes.{{Sfn|Te Nijenhuis|1974|p=2}} This is earliest known text that reverentially names each musical note to be a deity, describing it in terms of ''varna'' ('colours') and other motifs such as parts of fingers, an approach that is conceptually similar to the 12th century [[Guidonian hand]] in European music.{{Sfn|Te Nijenhuis|1974|p=2}} The study that mathematically arranges rhythms and modes (''rāga'') has been called ''prastāra'' ('matrix').{{harv|Khan|1996|p=89, Quote: "… the Sanskrit word ''prastāra'', … means mathematical arrangement of rhythms and modes. In the Indian system of music there are about the 500 modes and 300 different rhythms which are used in everyday music. The modes are called Ragas."}}<ref>{{cite book|author1=Soubhik Chakraborty|author2=Guerino Mazzola|author3=Swarima Tewari|display-authors=etal|title=Computational Musicology in Hindustani Music|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0o2eBQAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-11472-9|pages=v–vi}};<br>{{cite book|author=Amiya Nath Sanyal|title=Ragas and Raginis| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U_qVuQAACAAJ| year=1959| publisher=Orient Longmans|pages=18–20}}</ref><br />
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In the ancient texts of Hinduism, the term for the technical mode part of ''rāga'' was ''jati''. Later, ''jati'' evolved to mean quantitative class of scales, while ''rāga'' evolved to become a more sophisticated concept that included the experience of the audience.{{Sfn|Caudhurī|2000|pp=48–50, 81}} A figurative sense of the word as 'passion, love, desire, delight' is also found in the ''[[Mahabharata]]''. The specialized sense of 'loveliness, beauty', especially of voice or song, emerges in [[classical Sanskrit]], used by [[Kalidasa]] and in the ''[[Panchatantra]]''.{{Sfn|Monier-Williams|1899}}<br />
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==History and significance==<br />
Indian classical music has ancient roots and developed to serve both spiritual (''moksha'') and entertainment (''kama'') purposes. Conceptions of sound can be traced back to the Vedic period. Sound is thought to carry a metaphysical power, thus the memorisation of Vedic texts also required precise intonation.<ref>{{Citation |last=Virani |first=Vivek |title=Dual consciousness and unconsciousness: The structure and spirituality of polymetric tabla compositions |date=2019-04-11 |work=Music and Consciousness 2 |pages=286–305 |editor-last=Herbert |editor-first=Ruth |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/34969/chapter/298617858 |access-date=2025-10-14 |edition=1 |publisher=Oxford University PressOxford |language=en |doi=10.1093/oso/9780198804352.003.0017 |isbn=978-0-19-880435-2 |editor2-last=Clarke |editor2-first=David |editor3-last=Clarke |editor3-first=Eric|url-access=subscription }}</ref><br />
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Raga, along with performance arts such as dance and music, has long been an integral part of Hinduism. Most Hindus do not regard music as merely entertainment but as a spiritual practice and path to [[moksha]] (liberation).<ref name= Thompson1694>{{cite book|author=William Forde Thompson|title =Music in the Social and Behavioral Sciences: An Encyclopedia|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=kpmlBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT1694| year=2014 |publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-1-4833-6558-9|pages=1693–1694}}; Quote: "Some Hindus believe that music is one path to achieving moksha, or liberation from the cycle of rebirth", (...) "The principles underlying this music are found in the Samaveda, (...)".</ref><ref name=mog17>{{cite web|title=The Mirror of Gesture|author=Coormaraswamy and Duggirala|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1917| page=4| url= https://archive.org/stream/cu31924012568535#page/n5/mode/2up}}; Also see chapter 36</ref>{{Sfn|Beck|2012|pp=138–139. Quote: "A summation of the signal importance of the Natyasastra for Hindu religion and culture has been provided by Susan {{harvtxt|Schwartz|2004|p=13}}, 'In short, the Natyasastra is an exhaustive encyclopedic dissertation of the arts, with an emphasis on performing arts as its central feature. It is also full of invocations to deities, acknowledging the divine origins of the arts and the central role of performance arts in achieving divine goals (...)'".}} In this tradition, ragas are believed to have an inherent natural existence that is discovered rather than invented by artists.{{Sfn|Dalal|2014|p=323}} Music resonates with human beings because it reflects the hidden harmonies of the ultimate creation.{{Sfn|Dalal|2014|p=323}} Ancient texts such as the ''[[Sama Veda]]'' (~1000 BCE), which also arranges the ''[[Rigveda]]'' to melodic patterns,{{Sfn|Staal|2009|pp=4–5}} are entirely structured according to melodic themes.<ref name= Thompson1694/>{{Sfn|Beck|1993|pp=107–108}} The ragas were envisioned by the Hindus as a manifestation of the divine, with each musical note treated as a god or goddess with complex personality.{{Sfn|Te Nijenhuis|1974|p=2}}<br />
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During the [[Bhakti movement]] of Hinduism, which dates to about the middle of 1st millennium CE, ragas became an integral part of the musical expression of spirituality. [[Bhajan]] and [[kirtan]] were composed and performed by the early pioneers in South India. A ''bhajan'' is a free-form devotional composition based on melodic ''rāgas''.<ref name="CushRobinson2012p87">{{cite book|author1=Denise Cush|author2=Catherine Robinson|author3=Michael York|title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kzPgCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA87 |year=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-18979-2 |pages=87–88 }}</ref>{{sfn|Nettl et al.|1998|pp=247–253}} A ''kirtan,'' on the other hand, is a more structured team performance, typically with a [[Call and response (music)|call and response]] musical structure, resembling an intimate conversation. It includes two or more musical instruments,{{Sfn|Lavezzoli|2006|pp=371–72}}{{sfn|Brown|2014 |p=455, Quote:"Kirtan, (...), is the congregational singing of sacred chants and mantras in call-and-response format."; Also see, pp. 457, 474–475}} and incorporates various ragas such as those associated with Hindu gods like [[Shiva]] (''[[Bhairav (raga)|Bhairav]]'') or [[Krishna]] (''Hindola'').<ref>{{cite book|author1=Gregory D. Booth|author2=Bradley Shope|title=More Than Bollywood: Studies in Indian Popular Music |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kFwWDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA295 |year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-992883-5|pages=65, 295–298}}</ref><br />
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The early 13th century Sanskrit text ''[[Sangita Ratnakara|Sangitaratnakara]]'', by [[Sarngadeva]] patronized by [[Simhana|King Sighana]] of the Yadava dynasty in the [[Deccan Plateau|North-Central Deccan]] region (today a part of [[Maharashtra]]), mentions and discusses 253 ragas. This is one of the most comprehensive surviving historic treatises on the structure, technique, and reasoning behind ragas.{{Sfn|Rowell|2015|pp=12–13}}{{Sfn|Sastri|1943|pp=v–vi, ix–x (English), for ''raga'' discussion see pp. 169–274 (Sanskrit)}}{{Sfn | Powers| 1984| pp=352–353}}<br />
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The tradition of incorporating ''rāga'' into spiritual music is also found in [[Jainism]]{{Sfn|Kelting|2001|pp=28–29, 84}} and in [[Sikhism]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Kristen Haar|author2=Sewa Singh Kalsi|title=Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YOI1nB_zTyAC |year=2009|publisher=Infobase |isbn=978-1-4381-0647-2 |pages=60–61}}</ref> In the Sikh scripture, the texts are set to specific raga and are sung according to the rules of that raga.<ref>{{cite book|author=Stephen Breck Reid|title=Psalms and Practice: Worship, Virtue, and Authority|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OyGqWnBY4KIC&pg=PA13|year=2001|publisher=Liturgical Press|isbn=978-0-8146-5080-6|pages=13–14}}</ref><ref name="Beck2006p156">{{cite book|author=Pashaura Singh|editor=Guy L. Beck|title=Sacred Sound: Experiencing Music in World Religions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t-IeHbqAfSsC&pg=PA156|year=2006|publisher=Wilfrid Laurier University Press|isbn=978-0-88920-421-8|pages=156–60}}</ref> According to Pashaura Singh, a professor of Sikh and Punjabi studies, the ''rāga'' and ''[[Tala (music)|tāla]]'' of ancient Indian traditions were carefully selected and integrated by the Sikh Gurus into their hymns. They also picked from the "standard instruments used in Hindu musical traditions" for singing ''kirtans'' in Sikhism.<ref name="Beck2006p156"/><br />
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During the Islamic rule period of the Indian subcontinent, particularly in and after the 15th century, the mystical Islamic tradition of [[Sufism]] developed devotional songs and music called ''[[qawwali]]''. It incorporated elements of ''rāga'' and ''tāla''.<ref>{{cite book|author=Paul Vernon|title=Ethnic and Vernacular Music, 1898–1960: A Resource and Guide to Recordings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gw--_c_LZMIC&pg=PA256 |year=1995|publisher=Greenwood Publishing|isbn=978-0-313-29553-9|page=256}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Regula Qureshi|title=Sufi Music of India and Pakistan: Sound, Context and Meaning in Qawwali|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c3o9AAAAIAAJ|year=1986|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-26767-0|pages=xiii, 22–24, 32, 47–53, 79–85}}</ref><br />
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The [[Buddha]] discouraged music intended for entertainment among monks seeking higher spiritual attainment, but instead encouraged chanting of sacred hymns.<ref name="Tokita2008p38">{{cite book|author1=Alison Tokita|author2=Dr. David W. Hughes |title=The Ashgate Research Companion to Japanese Music|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W2JTgQGc99EC&pg=PA38|year=2008|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|isbn=978-0-7546-5699-9|pages=38–39}}</ref> The various canonical ''[[Tripitaka]] '' texts of Buddhism, for example, outline the ''[[Ten Precepts (Buddhism)|Dasha-shila]]'' or ten precepts for those following the Buddhist monastic order. Among these is the precept advising monks to "abstain from dancing, singing, music and worldly spectacles".<ref>{{cite book|author=W. Y. Evans-Wentz|title=The Tibetan Book of the Great Liberation: Or the Method of Realizing Nirvana through Knowing the Mind |url=https://archive.org/details/tibetanbookofgre00carl |url-access=registration|year=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-972723-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/tibetanbookofgre00carl/page/111 111] with footnote 3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Frank Reynolds|author2=Jason A. Carbine|title=The Life of Buddhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OnjDUqgFvToC&pg=PA184|year=2000|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-21105-6|page=184}}</ref> Buddhism does not forbid music or dance for Buddhist lay followers, but its emphasis has been on chants rather than on musical raga.<ref name="Tokita2008p38"/><br />
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==Description==<br />
A raga is sometimes explained as a melodic rule set that a musician works with, but according to Dorottya Fabian and others, this is now generally accepted among music scholars to be an explanation that is too simplistic. According to them, a raga of the ancient Indian tradition can be compared to the concept of non-constructible set in language for human communication, in a manner described by [[Frederik Kortlandt]] and [[George van Driem]];{{Sfn|Fabian| Renee Timmers| Emery Schubert|2014|pp=173–74}} audiences familiar with raga recognize and evaluate performances of them intuitively.<br />
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[[File:Sitar Sarod Jugalbandi - lakshay & Aayush Mohan Gupta.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Two Indian musicians performing a ''rāga'' duet called ''[[Jugalbandi]]'']]<br />
The attempt to appreciate, understand and explain ''rāga'' among European scholars started in the early colonial period.{{Sfn|Martinez|2001|pp=95–96}} In 1784, [[William Jones (philologist)|Jones]] translated it as "mode" of European music tradition, but Willard corrected him in 1834 with the statement that a raga is both modet and tune. In 1933, states José Luiz Martinez – a professor of music, Stern refined this explanation to "the raga is more fixed than mode, less fixed than the melody, beyond the mode and short of melody, and richer both than a given mode or a given melody; it is mode with added multiple specialities".{{Sfn|Martinez|2001|pp=95–96}}<br />
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The raga is a central concept of Indian music, predominant in its expression, yet the concept has no direct Western translation. According to Walter Kaufmann, though a remarkable and prominent feature of Indian music, a definition of ''rāga'' cannot be offered in one or two sentences.{{Sfn|Kaufmann|1968|p=v}} A raga is a fusion of technical and ideational ideas found in music, and may be roughly described as a musical entity that includes note intonation, relative duration and order, in a manner similar to how words flexibly form phrases to create an atmosphere of expression.{{Sfn|van der Meer|2012|pp=3–5}} In some cases, certain rules are considered obligatory, in others optional. The raga allows flexibility, where the artist may rely on simple expression, or may add ornamentations yet express the same essential message but evoke a different intensity of mood.{{Sfn|van der Meer|2012|pp=3–5}}<br />
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A raga has a given set of notes, on a scale, ordered in melodies with musical motifs.{{Sfn|Nettl|2010}} A musician playing a raga, states [[Bruno Nettl]], may traditionally use just these notes but is free to emphasize or improvise certain degrees of the scale.{{Sfn|Nettl|2010}} The Indian tradition suggests a certain sequencing of how the musician moves from note to note for each raga, in order for the performance to create a ''rasa'' ('mood, atmosphere, essence, inner feeling') that is unique to each raga. A raga can be written on a scale. Theoretically, thousands of ragas are possibly given five or more notes, but in practical use, the classical tradition has refined and typically relies on several hundred.{{Sfn|Nettl|2010}} For most artists, their basic perfected repertoire has some forty to fifty ragas.{{Sfn|van der Meer|2012|p=5}} Ragas in Indian classical music is intimately related to ''[[Tala (music)|tala]]'' or guidance about "division of time", with each unit called a ''matra'' ('beat; mora').{{Sfn|van der Meer|2012|pp=6–8}}<br />
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A raga is not a tune, because the same raga can yield an infinite number of tunes.{{sfn|Nettl et al.|1998|p=67}} A raga is not a scale, because many ragas can be based on the same scale.{{Sfn|Martinez|2001|pp=95–96}}{{sfn|Nettl et al.|1998|p=67}} A raga, according to Bruno Nettl and other music scholars, is a concept similar to a mode, something between the domains of tune and scale, and it is best conceptualized as a "unique array of melodic features, mapped to and organized for a unique aesthetic sentiment in the listener".{{sfn|Nettl et al.|1998|p=67}} The goal of a raga and its artist is to create ''[[Rasa (aesthetics)|rasa]]'' with music, as [[classical Indian dance]] does with performance arts. In the Indian tradition, classical dances are performed with music set to various ragas.{{Sfn|Mehta|1995|pp=xxix, 248}}<br />
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Joep Bor of the Rotterdam Conservatory of Music defined ''rāga'' as a "tonal framework for composition and improvisation."{{Sfn|Bor|Rao|Van der Meer|Harvey|1999|p=181}} [[Nazir Jairazbhoy]], chairman of [[University of California, Los Angeles|UCLA]]'s department of [[ethnomusicology]], characterized ragas as separated by scale, line of ascent and descent, [[wiktionary:en:transilience|transilience]], emphasized notes and register, and intonation and [[Ornament (music)|ornaments]].{{Sfn|Jairazbhoy|1995|p=45}}<br />
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=== Raga-Ragini system ===<br />
{{For|illustrations of ragas and raginis|Ragamala paintings}}<br />
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''Rāginī'' ({{lang|sa|रागिनी}}) is a term for the "feminine" counterpart of a "masculine" ''rāga''.{{Sfn|Dehejia|2013|pages=191–97}} These are envisioned to parallel the god-goddess themes in Hinduism, and described variously by different medieval Indian music scholars. For example, the ''Sangita-darpana'' text of 15th-century Damodara Misra proposes six ''ragas'' with thirty ''ragini'', creating a system of thirty six, a system that became popular in [[Rajasthan]].{{Sfn|Dehejia|2013|pages=168–69}} In the north Himalayan regions such as [[Himachal Pradesh]], the music scholars such as 16th century Mesakarna expanded this system to include eight descendants to each raga, thereby creating a system of eighty four. After the 16th-century, the system expanded still further.{{Sfn|Dehejia|2013|pages=168–69}}<br />
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In ''Sangita-darpana'', the Bhairava raga is associated with the following raginis: Bhairavi, Punyaki, Bilawali, Aslekhi, Bangali. In the Meskarna system, the masculine and feminine musical notes are combined to produce ''putra'' ragas called Harakh, Pancham, Disakh, Bangal, Madhu, Madhava, Lalit, Bilawal.{{sfn|Jairazbhoy|1995|p={{Page needed|date=December 2016}}}}<br />
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This system is no longer in use today because the 'related' ragas had very little or no similarity and the raga-ragini classification did not agree with various other schemes.<br />
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===Ragas and their symbolism===<br />
The North Indian raga system is also called ''Hindustani'', while the South Indian system is commonly referred to as ''Carnatic''. The North Indian system suggests a particular time of a day or a season, in the belief that the human state of psyche and mind are affected by the seasons and by daily biological cycles and nature's rhythms. The South Indian system is closer to the text, and places less emphasis on time or season.{{Sfn|Lavezzoli|2006|pp=17–23}}{{Sfn|Randel|2003|pp=813–21}}<br />
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The symbolic role of classical music through raga has been both aesthetic indulgence and the spiritual purifying of one's mind (yoga). The former is encouraged in [[Kama]] literature (such as ''Kamasutra''), while the latter appears in [[Yoga]] literature with concepts such as "Nada-Brahman" (metaphysical [[Brahman]] of sound).{{Sfn|Te Nijenhuis|1974|pp=35–36}}<ref name="Nietupski2011p59"/>{{Sfn|Sastri|1943|p=xxii, Quote: "[In ancient Indian culture], the musical notes are the physical manifestations of the Highest Reality termed Nada-Brahman. Music is not a mere accompaniment in religious worship, it is religious worship itself".}} ''[[Hindola raga]]'', for example, is considered a manifestation of Kama (god of love), typically through [[Krishna]]. ''Hindola'' is also linked to the festival of ''dola'',{{Sfn|Te Nijenhuis|1974|pp=35–36}} which is more commonly known as "spring festival of colors" or [[Holi]]. This idea of aesthetic symbolism has also been expressed in [[Hindu temple]] reliefs and carvings, as well as painting collections such as the [[Ragamala paintings|ragamala]].<ref name="Nietupski2011p59">{{cite book|author1=Paul Kocot Nietupski|author2=Joan O'Mara|title=Reading Asian Art and Artifacts: Windows to Asia on American College Campuses |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xnLA10fJw88C&pg=PA59 |year=2011|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-61146-070-4|page=59}}</ref><br />
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In ancient and medieval Indian literature, the raga are described as manifestation and symbolism for gods and goddesses. Music is discussed as equivalent to the ritual ''[[yajna]]'' sacrifice, with pentatonic and hexatonic notes such as ''"ni-dha-pa-ma-ga-ri"'' as [[Agnistoma]], ''"ri-ni-dha-pa-ma-ga'' as [[Asvamedha]], and so on.{{Sfn|Te Nijenhuis|1974|pp=35–36}}<br />
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During the [[Middle Ages]], music scholars of India began associating each raga with seasons. The 11th-century Nanyadeva, for example, recommends that ''Hindola'' raga is best in spring, ''Pancama'' in summer, ''Sadjagrama'' and ''Takka'' during the monsoons, ''Bhinnasadja'' in early winter, and ''Kaisika'' in late winter.{{Sfn|Te Nijenhuis|1974|p=36}} In the 13th century, Sarngadeva went further and associated raga with rhythms of each day and night. He associated pure and simple ragas to early morning, mixed and more complex ragas to late morning, skillful ragas to noon, love-themed and passionate ragas to evening, and universal ragasl to night.{{Sfn|Te Nijenhuis|1974|pp=36–38}}<br />
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=== Raga and Yoga Sutras ===<br />
In the [[Yoga Sutras of Patanjali|Yoga Sutras]] II.7, ''rāga'' is defined as the desire for pleasure based on remembering past experiences of pleasure. Memory triggers the wish to repeat those experiences, leading to attachment. Ego is seen as the root of this attachment, and memory is necessary for attachment to form. Even when not consciously remembered, past impressions can unconsciously draw the mind toward objects of pleasure.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bryant |first=Edwin F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JHYxAQAAIAAJ |title=The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali: A New Edition, Translation, and Commentary with Insights from the Traditional Commentators |date=2009-07-21 |publisher=North Point Press |isbn=978-0-86547-736-0 |pages=189–190 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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===Raga and mathematics===<br />
According to Cris Forster, mathematical studies on systematizing and analyzing South Indian raga began in the 16th century.{{Sfn|Forster|2010|pp= 564–565; [http://www.chrysalis-foundation.org/Ramamatya-s_Vina.htm Quote]: "In the next five sections, we will examine the evolution of South Indian ragas in the writings of Ramamatya (fl. c. 1550), Venkatamakhi (fl. c. 1620), and Govinda (c. 1800). These three writers focused on a theme common to all organizational systems, namely, the principle of abstraction. Ramamatya was the first Indian theorist to formulate a system based on a mathematically determined tuning. He defined (1) a theoretical 14-tone scale, (2) a practical 12-tone tuning, and (3) a distinction between abstract mela ragas and musical janya ragas. He then combined these three concepts to identify 20 mela ragas, under which he classified more than 60 janya ragas. Venkatamakhi extended (...)."}} Computational studies of ''rāgas'' is an active area of musicology.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Rao | first1=Suvarnalata | last2=Rao | first2=Preeti | title=An Overview of Hindustani Music in the Context of Computational Musicology | journal=Journal of New Music Research | volume=43 | issue=1 | year=2014 | pages=31–33 | doi=10.1080/09298215.2013.831109 | citeseerx=10.1.1.645.9188 | s2cid=36631020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Soubhik Chakraborty|author2=Guerino Mazzola|author3=Swarima Tewari|display-authors=etal|title=Computational Musicology in Hindustani Music|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0o2eBQAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-11472-9|pages=15–16, 20, 53–54, 65–66, 81–82}}</ref><br />
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==Notations==<br />
Although notes are an important part of raga practice, they alone do not make the raga. A raga is more than a scale, and many ragas share the same scale. The underlying scale may have [[quatrotonic|four]], [[pentatonic|five]], [[hexatonic|six]] or [[heptatonic|seven tones]], called ''[[swara|svara]]s''. The ''svara'' concept is found in the ancient ''Natya Shastra'' in Chapter 28. It calls the unit of tonal measurement or audible unit as ''Śruti'',{{Sfn|Te Nijenhuis|1974|p=14}} with verse 28.21 introducing the musical scale as follows,<ref>Nazir Ali Jairazbhoy (1985), [http://ethnomusicologyreview.ucla.edu/sites/default/files/prevol2.pdf Harmonic Implications of Consonance and Dissonance in Ancient Indian Music], ''Pacific Review of Ethnomusicology'' 2:28–51. Citation on pp. 28–31.</ref><br />
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{{Blockquote|<br />
<poem><br />
तत्र स्वराः –<br />
षड्जश्च ऋषभश्चैव गान्धारो मध्यमस्तथा ।<br />
पञ्चमो धैवतश्चैव सप्तमोऽथ निषादवान् ॥ २१॥<br />
</poem><br />
|''Natya Shastra''|28.21<ref>Sanskrit: [http://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_z_misc_major_works/natya28.html?lang=sa Natyasastra Chapter 28], नाट्यशास्त्रम् अध्याय २८, ॥ २१॥</ref>{{Sfn|Te Nijenhuis|1974|pp=21–25}}}}<br />
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These seven degrees are shared by both major ''rāga'' system, that is the North Indian (Hindustani) and South Indian (Carnatic).{{Sfn|Randel|2003|pp=814–815}} The [[solfege]] (''sargam'') is learnt in abbreviated form: ''sa, ri (Carnatic) or re (Hindustani), ga, ma, pa, dha, ni, sa''. Of these, the first that is ''"sa"'', and the fifth that is ''"pa"'', are considered anchors that are unalterable, while the remaining have flavors that differs between the two major systems.{{Sfn|Randel|2003|pp=814–815}}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" align=center style = " background: transparent; "<br />
|+Svara in '''North Indian system''' of ''Rāga''{{Sfn|Te Nijenhuis|1974|pp=13–14, 21–25}}{{Sfn|Randel|2003|p=815}}<br />
|-style="text-align: center;"<br />
| width=60px style="background: #ffad66;" | [[Swara|Svara]]<br>(Long)<br />
| width=80px | Sadja<br>(षड्ज)<br />
| width=80px | Rishabha<br>(ऋषभ)<br />
| width= 80px | Gandhara<br>(गान्धार)<br />
| width= 80px | Madhyama<br>(मध्यम)<br />
| width=80px | Pañcham<br>(पञ्चम)<br />
| width= 80px | Dhaivata<br>(धैवत)<br />
| width=80px | Nishada<br>(निषाद)<br />
|-style="text-align: center;"<br />
| Svara<br>(Short)<br />
| style="background: #ffdec1;" | Sa<br>(सा)<br />
| style="background: #ffc1ef;" | Re<br>(रे)<br />
| style="background: #eae0ff;" | Ga<br>(ग)<br />
| style="background: #d1ffc1;" | Ma<br>(म)<br />
| style="background: #ffdec1;" | Pa<br>(प)<br />
| style="background: #ffff99;" | Dha<br>(ध)<br />
| style="background: #b2efff;" | Ni<br>(नि)<br />
|-style="text-align: center;"<br />
| <small>12 Varieties (names)</small><br />
| <small>C (sadja)</small><br />
| <small>D{{music|b}} (komal re),<br>D ({{lang|hi-Latn|suddha re}})</small><br />
| <small>E{{music|b}} (komal ga),<br>E ({{lang|hi-Latn|suddha ga}})</small><br />
| <small>F (suddha ma),<br>F{{music|#}} ({{lang|hi-Latn|tivra ma}})</small><br />
| <small>G (pancama)</small><br />
| <small>A{{music|b}} (komal dha),<br>A ({{lang|hi-Latn|suddha dha}})</small><br />
| <small>B{{music|b}} (komal ni),<br>B ({{lang|hi-Latn|suddha ni}})</small><br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" align=center style = " background: transparent; "<br />
|+Svara in '''South Indian system''' of ''rāga''{{Sfn|Randel|2003|p=815}}<br />
|-style="text-align: center;"<br />
| width=60px style="background: #ffad66;" | [[Swara|Svara]]<br>(Long)<br />
| width=80px | Shadjam<br>(षड्ज)<br />
| width=80px | Risabham<br>(ऋषभ)<br />
| width= 90px | Gandharam<br>(गान्धार)<br />
| width= 80px | Madhyamam<br>(मध्यम)<br />
| width=80px | Pañcamam<br>(पञ्चम)<br />
| width= 90px | Dhaivatam<br>(धैवत)<br />
| width=80px | Nishadam<br>(निषाद)<br />
|-style="text-align: center;"<br />
| Svara<br>(Short)<br />
| style="background: #ffdec1;" | Sa<br>(सा)<br />
| style="background: #ffc1ef;" | Ri<br>(री)<br />
| style="background: #eae0ff;" | Ga<br>(ग)<br />
| style="background: #d1ffc1;" | Ma<br>(म)<br />
| style="background: #ffdec1;" | Pa<br>(प)<br />
| style="background: #ffff99;" | Dha<br>(ध)<br />
| style="background: #b2efff;" | Ni<br>(नि)<br />
|-style="text-align: center;"<br />
| <small>16 Varieties (names)</small><br />
| <small>C (sadja)</small><br />
| <small>D{{music|b}} ({{lang|hi-Latn|suddha ri}}),<br>D{{music|#}} (satsruti ri),<br>D{{Music|natural}} (catussruti ri)</small><br />
| <small>E{{music|b}} (sadarana ga),<br>E{{music|bb}} ({{lang|hi-Latn|suddha ga}}),<br>E{{Music|natural}} (antara ga)</small><br />
| <small>F{{music|#}} (prati ma),<br>F{{Music|natural}} ({{lang|hi-Latn|suddha ma}})</small><br />
| <small>G (pancama)</small><br />
| <small>A{{music|b}} ({{lang|hi-Latn|suddha dha}}),<br>A{{music|#}} (satsruti dha),<br>A{{Music|natural}} (catussruti dha)</small><br />
| <small>B{{music|b}} (kaisiki ni),<br>B{{music|bb}} ({{lang|hi-Latn|suddha ni}}),<br>B{{Music|natural}} (kakali ni)</small><br />
|}<br />
<br />
The music theory in the ''Natyashastra'', states Maurice Winternitz, centers around three themes – sound, rhythm and prosody applied to musical texts.{{Sfn|Winternitz|2008|p=654}} The text asserts that the octave has 22 ''srutis'' or micro-intervals of musical tones or 1,200 cents.{{Sfn|Te Nijenhuis|1974|p=14}} Ancient Greek system is also very close to it, states Emmie te Nijenhuis, with the difference that each ''sruti'' computes to 54.5 cents, while the Greek enharmonic quarter-tone system computes to 55 cents.{{Sfn|Te Nijenhuis|1974|p=14}} The text discusses ''gramas'' ([[Scale (music)|scales]]) and ''murchanas'' ([[Mode (music)|modes]]), mentioning three scales of seven modes (21 total), some Greek modes are also like them .{{Sfn|Te Nijenhuis|1974|p=32-34}} However, the Gandhara-grama is just mentioned in ''Natyashastra'', while its discussion largely focuses on two scales, fourteen modes and eight four ''tanas'' ([[Musical note|notes]]).{{Sfn|Te Nijenhuis|1974|pp=14–25}}<ref>{{cite book|author1=Reginald Massey |author2=Jamila Massey |author2-link=Jamila Massey |title=The Music of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1FSBJWkZofsC |year=1996|publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-332-8 |pages=22–25 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Richa Jain |title=Song of the Rainbow: A Work on Depiction of Music Through the Medium of Paintings in the Indian Tradition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p6OfAAAAMAAJ|year=2002|publisher=Kanishka |isbn=978-81-7391-496-6|pages=26, 39–44}}</ref> The text also discusses which scales are best for different forms of performance arts.{{Sfn|Te Nijenhuis|1974|p=32-34}}<br />
<br />
These musical elements are organized into scales (''mela''), and the South Indian raga system works with 72 scales, as first discussed by ''Caturdandi prakashika''.{{Sfn|Randel|2003|p=815}} They are divided into two groups, ''purvanga'' and ''uttaranga'', depending on the nature of the lower tetrachord. The ''anga'' itself has six cycles (''cakra''), where the ''purvanga'' or lower tetrachord is anchored, while there are six permutations of ''uttaranga'' suggested to the artist.{{Sfn|Randel|2003|p=815}} After this system was developed, the Indian classical music scholars have developed additional ragas for all the scales. The [[North India]]n style is closer to the Western diatonic modes, and built upon the foundation developed by [[Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande]] using ten ''Thaat'': ''kalyan, bilaval, khamaj, kafi, asavari, bhairavi, bhairav, purvi, marva and todi''.{{Sfn|Randel|2003|pp=815–816}} Some ragas are common to both systems and have same names, such as ''kalyan'' performed by either is recognizably the same.{{Sfn|Randel|2003|p=816}} Some ragas are common to both systems but have different names, such as ''malkos'' of Hindustani system is recognizably the same as ''hindolam'' of Carnatic system. However, some ''rāgas'' are named the same in the two systems, but they are different, such as ''todi''.{{Sfn|Randel|2003|p=816}}<br />
<br />
Recently, a 32 thaat system was presented in a book Nai Vaigyanik Paddhati to correct the classification of North Indian-style ragas.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}<br />
<br />
Ragas containing four svaras are called ''{{lang|hi-Latn|surtara}}'' (सुरतर; 'tetratonic') ragas; those with five svaras are called ''audava'' (औडव; 'pentatonic') ragas; those with six are called ''shādava'' (षाडव; hextonic'); and those with seven are called ''[[sampurna raga|sampurna]]'' (संपूर्ण; 'complete, heptatonic'). The number of svaras may differ in the ascending and descending like the Bhimpalasi raga, which has five notes in the ascending and seven notes in descending or Khamaj with six notes in the ascending and seven in the descending. Ragas differ in their ascending or descending movements. Those that do not follow the strict ascending or descending order of svaras are called ''vakra'' (वक्र; 'crooked') ragas.{{citation needed|date=December 2016}}<br />
<br />
==Carnatic raga==<br />
{{main|Carnatic raga}}<br />
In [[Carnatic music]], the principal ragas are called ''[[Melakartha]]s'', which literally means "lord of the scale". It is also called ''Asraya'' raga—meaning 'shelter-giving raga', or ''Janaka'' raga—meaning 'father raga'.{{Sfn|Caudhurī|2000|pp=150–151}}<br />
<br />
A ''[[thaata]]'' in the South Indian tradition are groups of derivative ''rāgas'', which are called ''[[Janya]]'' ('begotten') ragas or ''Asrita'' ('sheltered)' ragas.{{Sfn|Caudhurī|2000|pp=150–151}} However, these terms are approximate and interim phrases during learning, as the relationships between the two layers are neither fixed nor has unique parent–child relationship.{{Sfn|Caudhurī|2000|pp=150–151}}<br />
<br />
Janaka ragas are grouped together using a scheme called ''[[Katapayadi]] sutra'' and are organised as ''Melakarta'' ragas. A Melakarta raga is one which has all seven notes in both the ''ārōhanam'' ('ascending scale') and ''avarōhanam'' ('descending scale'). Some ''[[Melakarta]]'' ragas are ''[[Harikambhoji]]'', ''[[Kalyani (rāga)|Kalyani]]'', ''[[Kharaharapriya]]'', ''[[Mayamalavagowla]]'', ''[[Sankarabharanam (raga)|Sankarabharanam]]'', and ''[[Hanumatodi]]''.<ref name="raganidhi">''Raganidhi'' by P. Subba Rao, Pub. 1964, The Music Academy of Madras</ref><ref name="ragas">''Ragas in Carnatic music'' by Dr. S. Bhagyalekshmy, Pub. 1990, CBH Publications</ref> [[Janya]] ragas are derived from Janaka ragas, using a combination of the swarams (usually a subset of swarams) from the parent raga. Some janya ragas are ''[[Abheri]]'', ''[[Abhogi]]'', ''[[Bhairavi (Carnatic)|Bhairavi]]'', ''[[Hindolam]]'', ''[[Mohanam]]'' and ''[[Kambhoji]]''.<ref name="raganidhi" /><ref name="ragas" /><br />
<br />
In the 21st century, few [[List of composers who created ragas|composers have discovered new ragas]]. Dr. M. Balamuralikrishna who has created raga in three notes<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ramakrishnan|first=Deepa H.|date=2016-11-23|title=Balamurali, a legend, who created ragas with three swaras|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Balamurali-a-legend-who-created-ragas-with-three-swaras/article16684399.ece|access-date=2021-08-11|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Ragas such as Mahathi, Lavangi, Sidhdhi, Sumukham that he created have only four notes.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-11-22|title=Carnatic singer M Balamuralikrishna passes away in Chennai, Venkaiah Naidu offers condolences|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/carnatic-singer-m-balamurali-krishna-passes-away-3119230.html|access-date=2021-08-11|website=Firstpost}}</ref><br />
<br />
A list of janaka ragas would include ''[[Kanakangi]]'', ''[[Ratnangi]]'', Ganamurthi, ''[[Vanaspathi]]'', ''[[Manavathi]]'', Thanarupi, Senavathi, ''[[Hanumatodi]]'', ''[[Dhenuka]]'', ''[[Natakapriya]]'', ''[[Kokilapriya]]'', ''[[Rupavati]]'', ''[[Gayakapriya]]'', ''[[Vakulabharanam]]'', ''[[Mayamalavagowla]]'', ''[[Chakravakam (raga)|Chakravakam]]'', ''[[Suryakantam]]'', ''[[Hatakambari]]'', ''[[Jhankaradhvani]]'', ''[[Natabhairavi]]'', ''[[Keeravani]]'', ''[[Kharaharapriya]]'', ''[[Gourimanohari]]'', ''[[Varunapriya]]'', ''[[Mararanjani]]'', ''[[Charukesi]]'', ''[[Sarasangi]]'', ''[[Harikambhoji]]'', ''[[Sankarabharanam (raga)|Sankarabharanam]]'', ''[[Naganandini]]'', ''[[Yagapriya]]'', ''[[Ragavardhini]]'', ''[[Gangeyabhushani]]'', ''[[Vagadheeswari]]'', ''[[Shulini]]'', ''[[Chalanata]]'', ''[[Salagam]]'', ''[[Jalarnavam]]'', ''[[Jhalavarali]]'', [[Navaneetam]], ''[[Pavani (raga)|Pavani]]''.<br />
<br />
==Training==<br />
Classical music has been transmitted through music schools or through [[Guru]]–Shishya ''parampara'' ('teacher–student tradition') through an [[oral tradition]] and practice. Some are known as ''[[gharana]]'' (houses), and their performances are staged through ''sabhas'' (music organizations).{{Sfn|Tenzer|2006|pp=303–309}}<ref>Sanyukta Kashalkar-Karve (2013), "Comparative Study of Ancient Gurukul System and the New Trends of Guru-Shishya Parampara," American International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences, Volume 2, Number 1, pages 81–84</ref> Each ''gharana'' has freely improvised over time, and differences in the rendering of each raga is discernible. In the Indian musical schooling tradition, the small group of students lived near or with the teacher, the teacher treated them as family members providing food and boarding, and a student learnt various aspects of music thereby continuing the musical knowledge of their [[guru]].{{Sfn|Nettl et al.|1998|pp=457–467}} The tradition survives in parts of India, and many musicians can trace their guru lineage.{{Sfn|Ries|1969|p=22}}<br />
<br />
==Persian ''râk''==<br />
The music concept of ''râk''{{clarify|date=April 2020}} or ''rang'' ('colour') in Persian is probably a pronunciation of ''rāga''. According to [[Hormoz Farhat]], it is unclear how this term came to Persia, as it has no meaning in the modern Persian language and the concept of ''rāga'' is unknown in Persia.<ref>{{cite book|author=Hormoz Farhat|title=The Dastgah Concept in Persian Music|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NiMhWnYDuQMC&pg=PA97|year=2004|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-54206-7|pages=97–99}}</ref><ref>Nasrollah Nasehpour, Impact of Persian Music on Other Cultures and Vice Versa, Art of Music, Cultural, Art and Social (Monthly), pp 4--6 (Vol. 37) Sep, 2002.</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{Portal|India|Music}}<br />
*[[List of ragas in Indian classical music]]<br />
*[[List of composers who created ragas]]<br />
*[[Carnatic raga]]<br />
**[[List of Janya ragas]]<br />
**[[List of Melakarta Ragas|List of Melakarta ragas]]<br />
*[[Prahar]]<br />
*[[Samayā]]<br />
*[[Rasa (aesthetics)]]<br />
*''[[Raga (film)|Raga]]'', a documentary about the life and music of [[Ravi Shankar]]<br />
* [[Raga rock]]<br />
* [[Arabic maqam]]<br />
*[[Dastgah|Persian dastgah]]<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
===Bibliography===<br />
*{{cite book|first=Guy |last=Beck|year=1993 |title=Sonic Theology: Hinduism and Sacred Sound|location=Columbia |publisher=University of South Carolina Press|isbn=978-0872498556}}<br />
*{{cite book|first=Guy L.|last=Beck|title=Sonic Liturgy: Ritual and Music in Hindu Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UzUMCAAAQBAJ |year=2012|location=Columbia|publisher=University of South Carolina Press|isbn=978-1-61117-108-2}}<br />
* {{cite book |title=The Raga Guide |last1=Bor |first1=Joep |last2=Rao |first2=Suvarnalata |last3=Van der Meer |first3=Wim |last4=Harvey |first4=Jane |year=1999 |publisher=[[Nimbus Records]] |isbn=978-0-9543976-0-9 |title-link=The Raga Guide }}<<br />
*{{cite journal | first=Sara Black |last=Brown | title=Krishna, Christians, and Colors: The Socially Binding Influence of Kirtan Singing at a Utah Hare Krishna Festival | journal=Ethnomusicology | volume=58 | issue=3 | year=2014 | pages=454–80 | doi=10.5406/ethnomusicology.58.3.0454 }}<br />
*{{cite book|first=Vimalakānta Rôya|last=Caudhurī|title=The Dictionary of Hindustani Classical Music|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofhind00roya |url-access=registration|year=2000|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1708-1}}<br />
*{{cite journal | first=Wallace|last=Dace | title=The Concept of "Rasa" in Sanskrit Dramatic Theory | journal=Educational Theatre Journal | volume=15 | issue=3 |pages=249–254 | year=1963 | jstor=3204783 | doi=10.2307/3204783 }}<br />
*{{cite book|last= Dalal |first=Roshen |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ |year=2014 | publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-81-8475-277-9 }}<br />
*{{cite book|first=Vidya|last=Dehejia|year=2013|title=The Body Adorned: Sacred and Profane in Indian Art|location=New York|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-51266-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tkDk5QllVRoC&pg=PA193}}<br />
*{{cite book|first1=Dorottya|last1=Fabian|author2=Renee Timmers|author3=Emery Schubert|title=Expressiveness in music performance: Empirical approaches across styles and cultures|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dUOZBAAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-163456-7}}<br />
*{{cite book|first=Cris|last=Forster |title=Musical Mathematics: On the Art and Science of Acoustic Instruments |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j_aERAAACAAJ |year=2010|publisher=Chronicle |isbn=978-0-8118-7407-6 }} [http://www.chrysalis-foundation.org/Bharata-s_Vina.htm Indian Music: Ancient Beginnings – Natyashastra]<br />
*{{cite book|first1=Dorothea E. |last1=Hast|author2=James R. Cowdery|author3=Stanley Arnold Scott|title=Exploring the World of Music: An Introduction to Music from a World Music Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=00CwGRwv6XQC |year=1999|publisher=Kendall Hunt|isbn=978-0-7872-7154-1}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Jairazbhoy | first=Nazir Ali| author-link=Nazir Jairazbhoy | title=The Rāgs of North Indian Music: Their Structure & Evolution |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hGLRqLscf78C |edition=first revised Indian|publisher=Popular Prakashan | location=Bombay | year=1995 |isbn=978-81-7154-395-3}}<br />
*{{cite book|first=Pandurang Vaman|last=Kane| title=History of Sanskrit Poetics| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BLiCSTFOGnMC |year=1971| publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0274-2 }}<br />
*{{cite book | last=Kaufmann | first=Walter | author-link=Walter Kaufmann (composer) | title=The Ragas of North India |url=https://archive.org/details/ragasofnorthindi00kauf |url-access=registration | publisher=Oxford & Indiana University Press | isbn= 978-0253347800 |year=1968| oclc= 11369}}<br />
*{{cite book|first=Hazrat Inayat|last= Khan|title=The Mysticism of Sound and Music|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cXC6AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT89| year=1996| publisher=Shambhala Publications|isbn=978-0-8348-2492-8}}<br />
*{{cite book|first=Sukhbir S.|last=Kapoor|title=Guru Granth Sahib – An Advance Study |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1QSHgKaDrHIC&pg=PA46| year=2005 |publisher =Hemkunt Press|isbn=978-81-7010-317-2}}<br />
*{{cite book|first=M. Whitney|last=Kelting|title=Singing to the Jinas: Jain Laywomen, Mandal Singing, and the Negotiations of Jain Devotion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=elcn1IEJ3CEC |year=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-803211-3}}<br />
*{{cite book|first=Ananda|last=Lal |title=The Oxford Companion to Indian Theatre |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DftkAAAAMAAJ| year=2004| publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-564446-3}}<br />
*{{cite book|first=Peter|last=Lavezzoli|title=The Dawn of Indian Music in the West|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OSZKCXtx-wEC |year=2006|location=New York|publisher=Continuum|isbn=978-0-8264-1815-9}}<br />
*{{cite book|first=Natalia|last=Lidova|publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |doi=10.1093/obo/9780195399318-0071 |title= Natyashastra }}<br />
*{{cite book|first=James G.|last=Lochtefeld|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, 2 Volume Set|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5kl0DYIjUPgC|year=2002|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-0823922871}}<br />
*{{cite book|first=José Luiz|last=Martinez|title=Semiosis in Hindustani Music|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OwJRnFIcM4cC |year=2001|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1801-9}}<br />
*{{cite book|first=Tarla|last=Mehta |title=Sanskrit Play Production in Ancient India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l7naMj1UxIkC |year=1995|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1057-0 }}<br />
* {{Citation| last =Monier-Williams |first=Monier |author-link=Monier Monier-Williams| year =1899 | title =A Sanskrit-English Dictionary | place =London | publisher =Oxford University Press | url =http://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ebooks/mw/0900/mw__0905.html}}<br />
*{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/raga| first=Bruno|last=Nettl |title=Raga, Indian Musical Genre| encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|year=2010}}<br />
*{{cite book |ref={{sfnref|Nettl et al.|1998}}| first1=Bruno|last1=Nettl | author2= Ruth M. Stone|author3=James Porter|author4=Timothy Rice|title=The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: South Asia: The Indian Subcontinent| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOlNv8MAXIEC |year=1998|location=New York and London|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-8240-4946-1}}<br />
* {{cite journal | last=Powers | first=Harold S. | title=Review: Sangita-Ratnakara of Sarngadeva, Translated by R.K. Shringy | journal=Ethnomusicology | volume=28 | issue=2 | year=1984 | pages=352–355 | doi=10.2307/850775 | jstor=850775 }}<br />
*{{cite journal|first=Deepak S.|last=Raja|date=n.d.|title=Marwa, Pooriya, and Sohini: The Tricky Triplets|journal=Shruti|url=http://www.sruti.com/index.php?route=archives/article_details&artId=75}}{{Full citation needed|date=April 2018}}<!--Year, issue needed, since this URL directs to an archive that does not provide these details.--><br />
*{{cite book|first=Don Michael |last= Randel|title=The Harvard Dictionary of Music|edition=fourth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=02rFSecPhEsC |year=2003|location=Cambridge, MA|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-01163-2}}<br />
*{{cite journal |last=Ries | first=Raymond E. | title=The Cultural Setting of South Indian Music | journal=Asian Music | volume=1 | issue=2 | year=1969 | pages=22–31 | doi=10.2307/833909 |jstor=833909 }}<br />
*{{cite book|first=Lewis |last= Rowell|title=Music and Musical Thought in Early India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h5_UCgAAQBAJ |year=2015|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-73034-9}}<br />
*{{cite book|first=Kamal|last=Salhi|title=Music, Culture and Identity in the Muslim World: Performance, Politics and Piety |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dc5iAgAAQBAJ |year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-96310-3}}<br />
*{{cite book|editor-first=S.S.|editor-last=Sastri|year=1943|url= https://archive.org/stream/SangitaRatnakara/SangitaRatnakaraChapter1#page/n7/mode/2up| title=Sangitaratnakara of Sarngadeva|location=Adyar|publisher=Adyar Library Press|isbn=978-0-8356-7330-3}}<br />
*{{cite book|first=Susan L.|last=Schwartz|title=Rasa: Performing the Divine in India|url=https://archive.org/details/rasa00susa|url-access=registration|year=2004|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-13144-5}}<br />
*{{cite book|first=Frits|last=Staal|year=2009|title=Discovering the Vedas: Origins, Mantras, Rituals, Insights|location=Auckland|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-0-14-309986-4}}<br />
*{{cite book|first=Emmie|last=Te Nijenhuis |author-link=Emmie te Nijenhuis|title=Indian Music: History and Structure |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NrgfAAAAIAAJ |year=1974|publisher= BRILL Academic|isbn=978-90-04-03978-0 }}<br />
*{{cite book|first=Michael|last=Tenzer|title=Analytical Studies in World Music|url=https://archive.org/details/analyticalstudie00tenz |url-access=registration|year=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-517789-3}}<br />
*{{citation |ref={{Sfnref|Titon et al.|2008}}| last1=Titon |first1=Jeff Todd |last2=Cooley|last3=Locke|last4=McAllester|last5=Rasmussen| title=Worlds of Music: An Introduction to the Music of the World's Peoples|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=KzWmpqPTCwYC |year=2008|publisher=Cengage|isbn=978-0-534-59539-5}}<br />
*{{cite book| last=van der Meer|first=W.|title=Hindustani Music in the 20th Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-jr6CAAAQBAJ |year=2012|publisher=Springer |isbn=978-94-009-8777-7}}<br />
*{{cite book|first1=Annette|last1=Wilke|first2=Oliver|last2= Moebus|title=Sound and Communication: An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9wmYz_OtZ_gC |year=2011|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-024003-0}}<br />
*{{cite book |first =Maurice|last= Winternitz |author-link= Moriz Winternitz |title=History of Indian Literature Vol 3 (Original in German published in 1922, translated into English by VS Sarma, 1981) |year=2008 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |location=New Delhi |isbn= 978-8120800564 }}<br />
<!--<br />
Some Ragamala paintings can be found in:<br />
*{{Citation | last=Bautze | first=J | title=Indian Miniature Paintings c:1590 to c. 1850 | publisher=Galerie Saundarya Lahari | place=Amsterdam | year=1987 | isbn=90-72085-01-9}}<br />
<br />
Published [[Sanskrit]] works (listed in Danielou){{Clarify|date=March 2012}}:<br />
*{{IAST|Māṇḍuki Śhikṣhā}} (Atharvǎ Vedǎ).Benares Sanskrit Series 1893<br />
*{{IAST|NāradĪyǎ Śhikṣhā}} (of Nāradǎ)(Sāmǎ Vedǎ) (with the {{IAST|Śhikṣhā Vivaraṇǎ}} commentary of {{IAST|Śhrī Bhaṭṭǎ Śhubhākarǎ}}). Benares Sanskriet Series 1983. Mysore 1946<br />
*{{IAST|Nāṭyǎ Śhāstrǎ}} (of Bharatǎ) (chapters 28, 29 and 38 deal with music) Text only: Benares, 1929; with text and commentary of Abhinavǎ Guptǎ: Barode, 1926<br />
*{{Citation | last=Matanga | author-link=Matanga | title=Brhaddeshu = Trivandrum Sanskrit Series, XCIV (1928), 82–133}}<br />
** Ragas and raginis by Amiyanath Sanyal (English) ORIENT LONGMANS 1959 printed by S.C.Ghosh, Calcutta Press, Wellington Squate, Calcutta (Link: www.dli.ernet.in)<br />
** Sangita Ratnakara of Sarangadeva (Raga Adyaya) ( -do- )<br />
--><br />
== Further reading ==<br />
*{{cite book | last=Bhatkhande | first=Vishnu Narayan | author-link=Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande |title=Kramika Pustaka Malika | publisher=Sangeet Karyalaya | place=Hathras | year=1968–73}}<br />
*{{Cite book | last=Daniélou | first=Alain | author-link=Alain Daniélou | title=Northern Indian Music, Volume 1. Theory & technique; Volume 2. The main rāgǎs | publisher=C. Johnson | place=London | year=1949|oclc= 851080}}<br />
*{{cite book | last=Moutal | first=Patrick | author-link=Patrick Moutal | title=Hindustani Raga Index. Major bibliographical references (descriptions, compositions, vistara-s) on North Indian Raga-s|isbn=978-2-9541244-3-8 | year=2012| publisher=P. Moutal }}<br />
*{{cite book | last=Moutal | first=Patrick | author-link=Patrick Moutal | title=Comparative Study of Selected Hindustani Ragas|isbn=978-2-9541244-2-1 | year=2012| publisher=P. Moutal }}<br />
*{{cite book| first=Kapila|last=Vatsyayan |title=Classical Indian dance in literature and the arts |year=1977 |publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi |oclc= 233639306}}, [http://library.mpib-berlin.mpg.de/toc/z2008_2719.pdf Table of Contents]<br />
*{{cite book| first=Kapila|last=Vatsyayan |title=Aesthetic theories and forms in Indian tradition |year=2008 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |oclc= 286469807| isbn= 978-8187586357}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
*[https://raag-hindustani.com/Scales1.html A step-by-step introduction to the concept of rāga for beginners]<br />
*[http://www.parrikar.org/ Rajan Parrikar Music Archive – detailed analyses of rāgas backed by rare audio recordings]<br />
*[http://www.soundofindia.com/raagas.asp Comprehensive reference on rāgas]<br />
*[http://moutal.eu/indian-music.html Hindustani Raga Sangeet Online] A rare collection of more than 800 audio & video archives from 1902. Radio programs dedicated to famous ragas.<br />
*[http://webspace.webring.com/people/dv/vasudevanvrv/carnatic/raagams.htm Online quick reference of rāgams] in Carnatic music.<br />
*[https://ragamath.com Ragamath.com] Mathematical computations on rāgams<br />
{{Hindustani Classical Music page end}}<br />
{{Rāgas as per Performance Time}}<br />
{{Melakarta ragas|state=collapsed}}<br />
{{Janya}}<br />
{{Melody types}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Raga}}<br />
[[Category:Hindustani ragas]]<br />
[[Category:Hindustani music terminology]]<br />
[[Category:Musical terminology]]<br />
[[Category:Modes (music)]]<br />
[[Category:Ragas| ]]</div>Username123https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=P._M._Mathew_Vellore&diff=472726P. M. Mathew Vellore2026-03-15T03:14:58Z<p>Username123: brief corrected citations based on references and added references as per guidelines</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian psychologist, columnist, writer, and actor (1933–2020)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}{{Indian name|Mathew|Palakkalthazhe Mathai}}{{family name hatnote|Vellore|Mathew|Indian name|lang=Toponymic}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| honorific_prefix = <br />
| name = P. M. Mathew Vellore<br />
| honorific_suffix = <br />
| image = <!-- filename only, no "File:" or "Image:" prefix, and no enclosing [[brackets]] --><br />
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| caption = <br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
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| birth_name = Palakkalthazhe Mathai Mathew<br />
| birth_date = January 31, 1933<br />
| birth_place = Karipuzha, [[Alappuzha district]], [[Kerala]], India<br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2020|09|28|1933|01|01}}<br />
| death_place = Plamoodu, [[Thiruvananthapuram]], Kerala, India<br />
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| occupation = Psychologist, Writer, Actor<br />
| years_active = <br />
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'''Palakkalthazhe Mathai Mathew''' (January 31, 1933 &ndash; 28 September 2020) popularly known as '''Dr. P. M. Mathew Vellore''', was an Indian psychologist, columnist, writer and actor from [[Kerala]], credited with popularizing the subjects of [[Psychology]] and [[Sexology]] in Kerala. He was known for his clinical service as well as for the several psychology-related articles and columns he wrote in [[Malayalam]] periodicals during the last quarter of 20th century. He was also the author of over 20 books and acted in three Malayalam films.<br />
<br />
== Biography ==<br />
P. M. Mathew was born in January 1933 at Karipuzha, a small hamlet near [[Mavelikkara]] in [[Alappuzha district]] of the south Indian state of [[Kerala]].<ref name="മനഃശാസ്ത്രജ്ഞന് പി. എം. മാത്യു വെല്ലൂര് അന്തരിച്ചു">{{Cite web |title=മനഃശാസ്ത്രജ്ഞന് പി. എം. മാത്യു വെല്ലൂര് അന്തരിച്ചു |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/psychologist-p-m-mathew-vellore-passes-away-1.5090238 |access-date=2020-09-29 |website=Mathrubhumi |date=28 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref> After completing a post-graduate degree in Psychology from the [[University of Kerala]], he secured a doctorate from the same university as well as a diploma in clinical psychology before joining [[Christian Medical College Vellore]] where he served as a clinical psychologist and a member of the faculty until 1970.<ref name="Renowned psychologist PM Mathew Vellore passes away">{{Cite web |last=Daily |first=Keralakaumudi |title=Renowned psychologist PM Mathew Vellore passes away |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=401691&u= |access-date=2020-09-29 |website=Keralakaumudi Daily |language=en}}</ref> On his return to Kerala, he started a psychiatry clinic in [[Thiruvananthapuram]] where he continued clinical practice until his retirement.<ref name="Psychologist Dr PM Mathew passes away - Times of India">{{Cite web |agency=TNN|date=29 Sep 2020 |title=Psychologist Dr PM Mathew passes away - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/psychologist-dr-pm-mathew-passes-away/articleshow/78371864.cms |access-date=2020-09-29 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> He also headed the departments of Psychology, Philosophy and Education of the [[Government of Kerala]].<ref name="Renowned psychologist PM Mathew Vellore passes away" /><ref name="Psychologist P. M. Mathew Vellore passes away - MbS News">{{Cite web |last=admin |title=Psychologist P. M. Mathew Vellore passes away - MbS News |url=https://www.mbs.news/en/2020/09/psychologist-p-m-mathew-vellore-passes-away.html |access-date=2020-09-29 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
Mathew, who is credited with popularizing Psychology and Sexology in Kerala, wrote over 20 books on psychology which included ''Dambathya Prashnangal'' and ''Manasika Prashnangal'' and was a prolific columnist during 1970s and 1980s.<ref name="Psychologist Dr PM Mathew passes away - Times of India" /> ''Rathi Vijnana Kosam'', an encyclopedia on [[sexology]], is considered by many as a reference book on the subject in Malayalam language.<ref name="Rathi Vijnanakosam - indulekha.com">{{Cite web |title=Rathi Vijnanakosam - indulekha.com |url=https://www.indulekha.com/index.php?route=product/product&author_id=&product_id=1279 |access-date=2020-09-29 |website=www.indulekha.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
He edited two periodicals, ''Manashasthram'' and ''Kudumbajeevitham''<ref name="ഡോ പി എം മാത്യൂ വെല്ലൂർ ">{{Cite web |title=ഡോ പി എം മാത്യൂ വെല്ലൂർ |url=https://m3db.com/node/35894/revisions/204540/view |access-date=2020-09-29 |website=M3DB.COM |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and was a founding member of ''Narma Kairali'', a humorists' group, based in Thiruvananthapuram.<ref name="Dr PM Mathew Vellore passes away, funeral on Tuesday - The New Indian Express">{{Cite web |title=Dr PM Mathew Vellore passes away, funeral on Tuesday - The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/Sep/29/dr-pm-mathew-vellore-passes-away-funeral-on-tuesday-2203257.html |access-date=2020-09-29 |website=www.newindianexpress.com}}</ref> He also acted in three films, [[Rathri Mazha]] of [[Lenin Rajendran]], [[Nizhalkuthu]] of [[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]] and [[Ee Kanni Koodi]] of [[K. G. George]].<ref name="മനഃശാസ്ത്രജ്ഞന് പി. എം. മാത്യു വെല്ലൂര് അന്തരിച്ചു" /><br />
<br />
Mathew was married to Susy and the couple had three children, Sajjan, Raeba and Lola.<ref name="മനഃശാസ്ത്രജ്ഞന് പി. എം. മാത്യു വെല്ലൂര് അന്തരിച്ചു" /> He was bed-ridden for the last 5 years of his life<ref name="The well-known psychologist Dr. PM Mathew Vellore passes away">{{Cite web |date=2020-09-28 |title=The well-known psychologist Dr. PM Mathew Vellore passes away |url=https://news8plus.com/the-famous-psychologist-dr-pm-mathew-vellore-passes-away/ |access-date=2020-09-29 |website=News8Plus-Realtime Updates On Breaking News & Headlines |language=en-GB}}</ref> and died on 28 September 2020, at the age of 87, at his Plamoodu residence in Thiruvananthapuram,<ref name="പ്രശസ്ത മനശാസ്ത്രജ്ഞൻ ഡോ പി എം മാത്യു വെല്ലൂർ അന്തരിച്ചു">{{Cite web |title=പ്രശസ്ത മനശാസ്ത്രജ്ഞൻ ഡോ പി എം മാത്യു വെല്ലൂർ അന്തരിച്ചു |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/kerala-news/dr-p-m-mathew-vellore-passed-away-qhdbqa |access-date=2020-09-29 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml}}</ref> due to age-related illnesses.<ref name="മനശാസ്ത്രജ്ഞൻ ഡോ. പിഎം മാത്യു വെല്ലൂര് അന്തരിച്ചു">{{Cite web |date=2020-09-28 |title=മനശാസ്ത്രജ്ഞൻ ഡോ. പിഎം മാത്യു വെല്ലൂര് അന്തരിച്ചു |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/kerala-news/pm-mathew-vellore-passes-away-421797/ |access-date=2020-09-29 |website=Indian Express Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Selected bibliography ==<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Vellore |first=Dr P. M. Mathew |title=Rathi Vinjana Kosam |publisher=Poorna Publications |isbn=978-8130021423}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Vellore |first=Dr P. M. Mathew |url=https://www.amazon.in/nammude-kuttikale-valarthanam-Dr-P-M-Mathew-Vellore/dp/B007E5G0LW/ref=sr_1_2?dchild=1&qid=1601350382&refinements=p_27%253ADr.+P.M.+Mathew+Vellore&s=books&sr=1-2 |title=Nammude Kuttikale Engane Valarthanam |date=14 February 2008 |publisher=DC Books |asin=B007E5G0LW}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Vellore |first=Dr P. M. Mathew |url=https://www.amazon.in/Kumaree-Kumaranmarude-Prashnangal-Dr-P-M-Mathew-Vellore/dp/B007E4XBEC/ref=sr_1_3?dchild=1&qid=1601350382&refinements=p_27%253ADr.+P.M.+Mathew+Vellore&s=books&sr=1-3 |title=Kumaree Kumaranmarude Prashnangal |date=4 March 2004 |publisher=DC Books |asin=B007E4XBEC}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Vellore |first=Dr P. M. Mathew |url=https://www.amazon.in/Padikkanam-Pariksha-Ezhuthanam-Dr-P-M-Mathew-Vellore/dp/B007E4WX28/ref=sr_1_4?dchild=1&qid=1601350382&refinements=p_27%253ADr.+P.M.+Mathew+Vellore&s=books&sr=1-4 |title=Engine Padikkanam Pariksha Ezhuthanam |date=12 January 2000 |publisher=DC Books |asin=B007E4WX28}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Vellore |first=Dr P. M. Mathew |url=https://www.amazon.in/Kudumba-Jeevitham-Dr-P-M-Mathew-Vellore/dp/B007E4VIWE/ref=sr_1_5?dchild=1&qid=1601350382&refinements=p_27%253ADr.+P.M.+Mathew+Vellore&s=books&sr=1-5 |title=Kudumba Jeevitham |date=January 2012 |publisher=DC Books |asin=B007E4VIWE}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Vellore |first=Dr P. M. Mathew |title=Paliyal Kalaikalanchiyam |year=2007 |publisher=Kalachuvadu Publications |isbn=978-8189359584 |pages=504 |language=Tamil}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Vellore |first=Dr P. M. Mathew |title=Manassu Oru Kadamkatha |year=2008 |publisher=DC Books |isbn=978-8124018101}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Vellore |first=Dr P. M. Mathew |title=Evergreen Mathayichan |publisher=DC Books |isbn=978-8124017395}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Vellore |first=Dr P. M. Mathew |url=https://www.indulekha.com/kudumbajeevitham-health-self-help-dr-p-m-mathew-vellore?author_id= |title=Kudumbajeevitham |publisher=DC Books}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Vellore |first=Dr P. M. Mathew |url=https://www.indulekha.com/dampathya-prasnangal-malayalam-psychology-p-m-mathew-vellur?author_id= |title=Dampathya Prasnangal |publisher=DC Books |isbn=9788183687119}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Vellore |first=Dr P. M. Mathew |url=https://www.indulekha.com/vivahapoorva-bandhangal-malayalam-psychology-dr-p-m-mathew-vellur?author_id= |title=Vivaha Poorva Bandhangal |publisher=DC Books |isbn=9788183687140}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Vellore |first=Dr. P. M. Mathew |url=https://www.bookdepository.com/Manashanthiku-Oru-Margarekha-Dr-P-M-Mathew-Vellore/9788183687126?ref=grid-view&qid=1601356629518&sr=1-1 |title=Manashanthiku Oru Margarekha |publisher=New Horizon Media |isbn=9788183687126}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Vellore |first=Dr P. M. Mathew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rYFEPgAACAAJ |title=Manasika Prashnangal |publisher=New Horizon Media Private Limited |isbn=978-81-8368-713-3 |language=en}}<br />
<br />
== Filmography ==<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:75%"<br />
! scope="col" style="width:15%" | Year<br />
! scope="col" style="width:30%" | Title<br />
! scope="col" style="width:30%" | Director<br />
|-<br />
| 1990 || [[Ee Kanni Koodi]] || [[K. G. George]] <br />
|-<br />
| 2002 || [[Nizhalkuthu]] || [[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2007 || [[Rathri Mazha]] || [[Lenin Rajendran]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{{portal|India}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
* {{Cite web |date=2020-09-28 |title=Psychologist Dr. PM Mathew Vellore passes away |url=https://aboutgyan.com/news/india/kerala/psychologist-dr-pm-mathew-vellore-passes-away/ |access-date=2020-09-29 |website=About Gyan |language=en-GB}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb name|nm2059268}}<br />
* {{Cite web |date=10 May 2012 |title=P.M Mathew Vellore show with Jothydev on personal matters |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sp1nMdL8eDc |access-date=2020-09-29 |website=YouTube}}<br />
* {{Cite web |date=30 September 2013 |title=Hello Doctor, Arogyathinte Kanappurangal |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9e3kxG3EHrg |access-date=2020-09-29 |website=Kairali TV}}<br />
* {{Cite web |title=Dr P M Mathew Vellore - Book Depository |url=https://www.bookdepository.com/author/Dr-P-M-Mathew-Vellore |access-date=2020-09-29 |website=www.bookdepository.com}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Vellore, P, M, Mathew}}<br />
[[Category:People from Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Indian psychologists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male writers]]<br />
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]<br />
[[Category:Writers from Alappuzha]]<br />
[[Category:2020 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Indian medical academics]]<br />
[[Category:Indian medical writers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]<br />
[[Category:1933 births]]<br />
[[Category:Indian health professionals]]<br />
[[Category:Sexologists]]</div>Username123https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kumar_(actor)&diff=511057Kumar (actor)2026-03-14T21:00:49Z<p>Username123: creating some biography first draft - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian actor and filmmaker}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Kumar<br />
| image = Kumar puran bhakt.jpg<br />
| alt =<br />
| caption = Kumar in ''[[Puran Bhagat (film)|Puran Bhagat]]'' (1933)<br />
| birth_name = Syed Ali Hasan Zaidi<br />
| birth_date = 23 September 1903<br />
| birth_place = [[Lucknow]], [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]], [[British Raj|British India]]<ref name=cinemaazi>{{cite web |url=https://www.cinemaazi.com/people/kumar-actor |title=Kumar |publisher=Cinemaazi|access-date=6 June 2023 }}</ref><br />
| death_date = 4 June 1982 (aged 78)<br />
| death_place = [[Pakistan]]<br />
| other_names ={{ubl|M. Kumar|Ali Meer|Mir Mujjin}}<br />
| occupation = {{ubl|Actor|Film producer}}<br />
| known_for =<br />
| spouse = {{married|[[Esther Victoria Abraham|Pramila]]|1939}}<br />
| children = at least 6 (including [[Haidar Ali (actor)|Haidar Ali]])<br />
| parents =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Kumar''' (born '''Syed Ali Hasan Zaidi'''; 23 September 1903<ref name=kumarimdb>{{cite web |url=https://m.imdb.com/name/nm0474828/bio/ |title=Kumar |publisher=IMDB|access-date=6 June 2023 }}</ref> – 4 June 1982), alternatively known as '''M. Kumar''', was an Indian film producer and actor, who played character roles in Hindi cinema from early 1930s to early 1960s. He migrated to Pakistan in 1963.<br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
[[File:Pramila et Kumar dans Hamari Betiya (1936).jpg|thumb|Kumar with his wife Pramila in ''Humari Betiyan'' (1936)]]<br />
Kumar was born in an affluent family of Lucknow on 23 September 1903 and was fondly called "Mir Mujjan" at home.<ref name="Biography and Real Life Story">{{cite web|title=Kumar - Biography|via=YouTube|date=7 September 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gecuBSJrDEY|time=1:33|accessdate=6 June 2023}}</ref> In 1939, Kumar married Jewish actress [[Esther Victoria Abraham]] popularly known as Pramila, who later went on to become the first [[Femina Miss India|Miss India]] in 1947. Before marrying her, Kumar already had a wife and children in [[Lucknow]].<br />
In 1963, on the insistence of his extended family, Kumar left for [[Pakistan]], much to the displeasure of his second wife, who decided to stay back in [[India]]. Like his wife, his daughter Naqi Jahan also became [[Femina Miss India|Miss India]] in 1967.<br />
Not much is known about the final decade of his life. Kumar died on 4 June 1982 aged 78.<br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Kumar began his acting career in the early 1930s. Until 1933, Kumar used the name "Ali Meer" for working in films. Some of his earliest works include ''[[Zinda Lash]]'' and ''[[Subah Ka Sitara]]'' both of which released in 1932 and starred [[K. L. Saigal]] in lead role. In 1933, director [[Debaki Bose]] of [[New Theatres]] made the film ''[[Puran Bhagat (film)|Puran Bhagat]]'' which starred Kumar as the leading man. The film was based on a popular Punjabi devotional story of [[Puran Bhagat]]. Following the riots of 1933<ref name="Ambedkar">{{citation |last=Ambedkar |first=B.R. |title=Pakistan, or the partition of India. |url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00ambedkar/ambedkar_partition/307c.html#part_4 |year=1945}}</ref> which was due to a dispute between Sikhs and Muslims at the [[Shaheed Ganj Mosque]] in [[Lahore]], Bose rechristined Ali Meer as '''Kumar''', as he feared of backlash the film might receive with the leading man, who's actually a [[Muslim]], playing a [[Sikh]] character. Nevertheless, the film received critical and commercial success and established Kumar.<br />
<br />
[[File:SitaraKumarWatan (1938).jpg|thumb|Kumar with [[Sitara Devi|Sitara]] in ''Watan'' (1938)]]<br />
Throughout the 1930s and 1940s, Kumar continued to appear in a string of films which included ''[[Yahudi Ki Ladki (1933 film)|Yahudi Ki Ladki]]'' (1933), ''Dharam Patni'' (1935), ''[[Al Hilal (film)|Al Hilal]]'' (1935), ''Humari Betiyan'' (1936), ''[[Watan (film)|Watan]]'' (1938), ''Nadi Kinare'' (1939), ''[[Taj Mahal (1941 film)|Taj Mahal]]'' (1941),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/filmindiafeb19420000unse/page/26/mode/1up?q=Kumar |title= Taj Mahal|publisher=FilmIndia|access-date=6 June 2023 }}</ref> ''Sohagan'' (1942),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/filmindiajun19420000unse/page/42/mode/1up?q=Kumar |title= Sohagan|publisher=FilmIndia|access-date=6 June 2023 }}</ref> ''Naseeb'' (1945),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/filmindia194511unse/page/n10/mode/1up?q=Kumar |title= Naseeb|publisher=FilmIndia|access-date=6 June 2023 }}</ref> ''[[Duhai]]'' (1943),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/filmindia194511unse/page/n11/mode/1up?q=Kumar |title= Duhai|publisher=FilmIndia|access-date=6 June 2023 }}</ref> ''Dasi Aur Ma'' (1945), ''Dharma'' (1945),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/filmindia194511unse/page/n109/mode/1up?q=Kumar |title= Dasi Aur Ma Dharma|publisher=FilmIndia|access-date=6 June 2023 }}</ref> ''Bairam Khan'' (1945)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/filmindia194511unse/page/n133/mode/1up?q=Kumar |title= Bairam Khan|publisher=FilmIndia|access-date=6 June 2023 }}</ref> and ''[[Nek Pervin]]'' (1946).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/filmindia194814unse/page/n221/mode/1up?q=Kumar |title= Nek Pervin|publisher=FilmIndia|access-date=6 June 2023 }}</ref> While reviewing ''Nek Pervin'' editor [[Baburao Patel]] of ''[[Filmindia]]'' complimented Kumar's acting prowess and diction.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/filmindia194814unse/page/n598/mode/1up?q=Kumar |title= Nek Parvin|publisher=FilmIndia|access-date=6 June 2023 }}</ref><br />
Kumar also gave music for the film ''Hatimtai'' (1946).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/filmindia194814unse/page/n688/mode/1up?q=Kumar |title= Hatimtai|publisher=FilmIndia|access-date=6 June 2023 }}</ref><br />
<br />
In 1942, Kumar in partnership with [[Chandra Mohan (Hindi actor)|Chandra Mohan]] founded his production house – Silver Films. Some of the films produced included ''Jhankar'' (1942), ''Bhalai'' (1943), ''Bade Nawab Saheb'' (1944), ''Naseeb'' (1945) and ''Devar'' (1946). In addition to that, he even directed a few films like ''[[Dhoon]]'' which starred [[Raj Kapoor]] and [[Nargis]] and ''[[Bahana (1960 film)|Bahana]]'' (that he also produced) which starred [[Meena Kumari]] in lead roles.<ref name="Black and White Films">{{cite web|title=Kumar - Biography|via=YouTube|date=27 May 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A2qBkZ6-dPU|accessdate=6 June 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
Throughout the late 1940s to early 1960s, he continued having sporadic appearances in films like ''[[Mahal (1949 film)|Mahal]]'' (1949), ''[[Tarana]]'' (1951), ''[[Shree 420]]'' (1955), ''[[Sohni Mahiwal (1958 film)|Sohni Mahiwal]]'' (1958), ''[[Dil Apna Aur Preet Parai]]'' (1960) and ''[[Jhumroo]]'' (1961). His most memorable performance came with ''[[Mughal-e-Azam]]'' (1960), in which he essayed the role of Sangtarash, a sculptor who acts as a catalyst in bringing ''Salim'' and ''Anarkali'' closer. The song ''"Ae Mohobbat Zindabad"'' from the film, was picturized on Kumar.<br />
<br />
After migrating to [[Pakistan]] in 1963, Kumar continued his career with films like ''Tauba'' (1964), which became a grand success, ''Head Constable'' (1964), ''Azad'', ''Shabnam'', ''Naela'', ''Saiqa'', ''Sajda'' (his own film), ''Hum Dono'', ''Nadya Ke Paar'', ''Ik Musafir Ek Hasina'', ''Baalam'' and ''Pakeeza'' (1968) before retiring from films.<br />
<br />
==Selected filmography==<br />
* ''[[Zinda Lash]]''<br />
* ''[[Subah Ka Sitara]]''<br />
* ''[[Puran Bhagat (film)|Puran Bhagat]]''<br />
* ''[[Yahudi Ki Ladki (1933 film)|Yahudi Ki Ladki]]''<br />
* ''Dharam Patni''<br />
* ''[[Al Hilal (film)|Al Hilal]]''<br />
* ''Humari Betiyan''<br />
* ''[[Watan (film)|Watan]]''<br />
* ''Nadi Kinare''<br />
* ''[[Taj Mahal (1941 film)|Taj Mahal]]''<br />
* ''Sohagan''<br />
* ''Naseeb''<br />
* ''[[Duhai]]''<br />
* ''Dasi Aur Ma''<br />
* ''Dharma''<br />
* ''Bairam Khan''<br />
* ''[[Nek Pervin]]''<br />
* ''Anokhi Mohabbat''<br />
* ''Shehar Ka Jadoo''<br />
* ''Sachcha Sapna''<br />
* ''Maan''<br />
* ''Suhaag''<br />
* ''[[Shree 420]]''<br />
* ''[[Dil Apna Aur Preet Parai]]''<br />
* ''[[Jhumroo]]''<br />
* ''Chhoti Chhoti Baatein''<br />
* ''Sarala''<br />
* ''Doosri Shaadi''<br />
* ''Devar''<br />
* ''Najma''<br />
* ''Thokar''<br />
* ''Abhilasha''<br />
* ''Gul Bahar''<br />
* ''Majboori''<br />
* ''Abidah''<br />
* ''[[Daaera]]''<br />
* ''[[Tarana]]''<br />
* ''Badal Aur Bijli''<br />
* ''Qaidi''<br />
* ''Malik''<br />
* ''Mehndi''<br />
* ''Hum Bhi Insaan Hain''<br />
* ''Kya Ye Bombai Hai''<br />
* ''Lal Quila''<br />
* ''[[Sohni Mahiwal (1958 film)|Sohni Mahiwal]]''<br />
* ''[[Mughal-e-Azam]]''<br />
* ''Tauba''<br />
* ''Head Constable''<br />
* ''Azad''<br />
* ''Shabnam''<br />
* ''Naela''<br />
* ''Saiqa''<br />
* ''Sajda''<br />
* ''Hum Dono''<br />
* ''Nadya Ke Paar''<br />
* ''Ik Musafir Ek Hasina''<br />
* ''Baalam''<br />
* ''Pakeeza''<br />
* ''[[Dhoon]]''<br />
* ''[[Bahana (1960 film)|Bahana]]''<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1903 births]]<br />
[[Category:1982 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]</div>Username123https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Susa&diff=445548Susa2026-03-08T21:41:42Z<p>Username123: updated</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Ancient city in Iran}}<br />
{{Redirect|Shushan}}<br />
{{Other uses}}<br />
{{distinguish|Shusha}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox ancient site<br />
| name = Susa<br />
| native_name = {{lang|fa|شوش}}<br />
| alternate_name = <br />
| image = History of Egypt, Chaldea, Syria, Babylonia and Assyria (1903) (14584070300).jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = [[Palace of Darius in Susa|The Palace of Darius in Susa]]<br />
| map_type = Iran#West Asia<br />
| map_alt = <br />
| map_size = <br />
| map_dot_label = Susa<br />
| relief = yes<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|32|11|26|N|48|15|28|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| location = [[Shush, Iran|Shush]], [[Khuzestan Province]], [[Iran]]<br />
| region = [[Zagros Mountains]]<br />
| type = Settlement<br />
| part_of = <br />
| length = <br />
| width = <br />
| area = <br />
| height = <br />
| builder = <br />
| material = <br />
| built = *4395-4200 BCE<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1= Mark |first1= Joshua J. |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/timeline/susa/ |title= Susa timeline |encyclopedia= World History Encyclopedia |date= 12 November 2018|publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref><br />
<br />
*the late 5th millennium BCE<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1455/ |title= Unesco |last= |first= |date= |website= |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref><br />
| abandoned = 1218 AD<br />
| epochs = <!-- actually displays as "Periods" --><br />
| cultures = <br />
| dependency_of = <br />
| occupants = <br />
| event = [[Battle of Susa]]<br />
| excavations = <br />
| archaeologists = <br />
| condition = <br />
| ownership = <br />
| management = <br />
| public_access = <br />
| website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --><br />
| notes = {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site|child=yes<br />
| Official_name = Susa<br />
| Year = 2015<br />
| ID = 1455<br />
| criteria = Cultural: i, ii, iii, iv}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Susa''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|uː|s|ə}} {{respell|SOO|sə}}) was an ancient city in the lower [[Zagros Mountains]] about {{convert|250|km|mi|abbr=on}} east of the [[Tigris]], between the [[Karkheh River|Karkheh]] and [[Dez River|Dez]] Rivers in [[Iran]]. It represents the current city of [[Shush, Iran|Shush]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Susa |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1455/ |access-date=2025-12-10 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref> located on the site of ancient Susa.<ref>{{cite book |last=Curtis |first=John |editor1-last=Perrot|editor1-first=Jean|editor1-link=Jean Perrot|title=The Palace of Darius at Susa: The Great Royal Residence of Achaemenid Persia|date=2013|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=9781848856219|page=xvi|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fDimj7F2VVgC&q=Shush+Susa&pg=PR16|language=en|chapter=Introduction}}</ref> One of the most important cities of the [[Ancient Near East]], Susa served as the capital of [[Elam]] and the winter capital of the [[Achaemenid Empire]], and remained a strategic centre during the [[Parthian Empire|Parthian]] and [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian]] periods.<br />
<br />
== Name ==<br />
The name Susa is of Elamite origin and has appeared in many languages:<br />
*Middle {{langx|elx|𒀸𒋗𒊺𒂗|translit=Šušen}}{{sfn|Hinz|Koch|1987|page=[https://archive.org/details/ElamischesWorterbuch.2/page/n449/mode/2up 1184]}}<br />
*Middle and Neo-{{langx|elx|𒋢𒋢𒌦|translit=Šušun}}{{sfn|Hinz|Koch|1987|page=[https://archive.org/details/ElamischesWorterbuch.2/page/n449/mode/2up 1184]}}<br />
*Neo-[[Elamite language|Elamite]] and [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid]] {{langx|elx|𒀸𒋗𒐼𒀭|translit=Šušan}}{{sfn|Hinz|Koch|1987|page=[https://archive.org/details/ElamischesWorterbuch.2/page/n449/mode/2up 1183]}}<br />
*[[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid]] {{langx|elx|𒀸𒋗𒐼|translit=Šuša}}{{sfn|Hinz|Koch|1987|page=[https://archive.org/details/ElamischesWorterbuch.2/page/n449/mode/2up 1183]}}<br />
*{{langx|he|שׁוּשָׁן}} {{transliteration|he|Šūšān}}<br />
*{{langx|grc|Σοῦσα}} {{transliteration|grc|Soûsa}}<br />
*{{langx|peo|𐏂𐎢𐏁𐎠}} {{transliteration|peo|Çūšā}}<br />
*{{langx|pal|𐭮𐭥𐭱𐭩}} {{transliteration|pal|Sūš}} or {{lang|pal|𐭱𐭥𐭮}} {{transliteration|pal|Šūs}}<br />
*New {{langx|fa|شوش}} {{transliteration|fa|Šuš}} {{IPA|fa|ʃuʃ|}}<br />
*{{langx|syr|ܫܘܫ}} {{transliteration|syr|Šuš}}<ref>Thomas A. Carlson et al., “Susa — ܫܘܫ ” in The Syriac Gazetteer last modified June 30, 2014, http://syriaca.org/place/415.</ref><br />
<br />
== Literary references ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Elam Map-en.svg|300px|thumb|left|Map showing the area of the Elamite kingdom (in orange) and the neighboring areas. The approximate [[Bronze Age]] extension of the [[Persian Gulf]] is shown.]]<br />
<br />
Susa was one of the most important cities of the [[Ancient Near East]]. In [[Historiography|historic literature]], Susa appears in the very earliest Sumerian records: for example, it is described as one of the places obedient to [[Inanna]], patron deity of [[Uruk]], in ''[[Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta]]''.<br />
<br />
=== Biblical texts ===<br />
Susa is mentioned in the [[Ketuvim]] of the [[Hebrew Bible]] by the name Shushan, mainly in the [[Book of Esther]], but also once each in the books of [[Book of Ezra|Ezra]] (Ezra 4:9), [[Book of Nehemiah|Nehemiah]] (Nehemiah 1:1) and [[Book of Daniel|Daniel]] (Daniel 8:2). According to these texts, Nehemiah lived in Susa during the [[Babylonian captivity]] of the 6th century BC (Daniel mentions it in a prophetic vision), while [[Esther]] became queen there, married to [[Ahasuerus|King Ahasuerus]], and saved the Jews from [[genocide]]. A tomb presumed to be that of Daniel is located in the area, known as ''Shush-Daniel''. However, a large portion of the current structure is actually a much later construction dated to the late nineteenth century, {{Circa|1871}}.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kriwaczek |first=Paul |title=Babylon: Mesopotamia and the birth of civilization |date=2012 |publisher=Thomas Dunne Books/St. Martin's Press |isbn=978-1-250-00007-1 |edition=1st U.S. |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/details/babylonmesopotam0000kriw |url-access=registration}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Ancient Greek Theatre ===<br />
Susa is the setting for the Aeschylus play, [[The Persians]]. The play concerns the repercussions for [[Xerxes I|Xerxes]], and Persia, after his failed attempt to conquer Greece at the [[Battle of Salamis]].<br />
<br />
=== Pseudepigrapha ===<br />
<br />
Susa is further mentioned in the ''[[Book of Jubilees]]'' (8:21 & 9:2) as one of the places within the inheritance of [[Shem]] and his eldest son [[Elam, son of Shem|Elam]]; and in 8:1, "Susan" is also named as the son (or daughter, in some translations) of Elam.<br />
<br />
== Excavation history ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Susa map.jpg|thumb|Site of Susa]]<br />
[[File:S03 06 01 017 image 2344.jpg|thumbnail|Assyria. Ruins of Susa, Brooklyn Museum Archives, Goodyear Archival Collection]]<br />
<br />
The site was examined in 1836 by [[Sir Henry Rawlinson, 1st Baronet|Henry Rawlinson]] and then by [[Austen Henry Layard|A. H. Layard]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rawlinson |first=George |author-link=George Rawlinson |title=A Memoir of Major-General Sir Henry Creswicke Rawlinson |date=1898 |publisher=Nabu Press |publication-date=2010 |isbn=1-178-20631-9}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=November 2025}}<br />
<br />
In 1851, some modest excavation was done by [[William Loftus (archaeologist)|William Loftus]], accompanied by [[Fenwick Williams]], who identified it as Susa.<ref>{{cite book |last=Loftus |first=William K. |author-link=William Loftus (archaeologist) |title=Travels and Researches in Chaldaea and Susiana, Travels and Researches in Chaldaea and Susiana: With an Account of Excavations at Warka, the "Erech" of Nimrod, and Shush, "Shushan the Palace" of Esther, in 1849–52 |publisher=Robert Carter & Brothers |location=New York |year=1857}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Curtis |first=John |title=William Kennett Loftus and his Excavations at Susa |journal=Iranica Antiqua |publisher=Leiden |volume=28 |pages=1–55 |date=1993}}</ref> Among his finds was a jar containing around 110 coins, the earliest of which was dated to 697-98 AD.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vaux |first=W. S. W. |date=1857 |title=ON COINS DISCOVERED, BY W. K. LOFTUS, Esq., AT SUSA |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42680383 |journal=The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Numismatic Society |volume=20 |pages=25–32 |issn=2054-9172}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 1885 and 1886 [[Marcel-Auguste Dieulafoy]] and [[Jane Dieulafoy]] began the first French excavations, discovering glazed bricks, column bases, and capitals from the palace of the Achaemenid kings.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dieulafoy |first=Jane |author-link=Jane Dieulafoy |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/62108 |title=La Perse, la Chaldée et la Susiane |date=1887 |language=French |via=[[Project Gutenberg]]}}</ref> However, they failed to identify mudbrick walls, which were then destroyed in the course of excavation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Mousavi |first=Ali |url=https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/28053 |title=The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Iran |date=2013-06-21 |publisher=Oxford University Press |editor-last=Potts |editor-first=Daniel T. |chapter=The History of Archaeological Research in Iran |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199733309.013.0003 |chapter-url=http://oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199733309.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199733309-e-003 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Almost all of the excavations at Susa, post-1885, were organized and authorized by the French government.<ref name="Peters 1915 82–93">{{Cite journal|last=Peters|first=John P.|date=1915|title=Excavations in Persia|journal=The Harvard Theological Review|volume=8|issue=1|pages=82–93|issn=0017-8160|jstor=1507314|doi=10.1017/S0017816000008336|s2cid=163892909 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/2287221}}</ref><br />
<br />
In two treaties in 1894 and 1899, the French gained a monopoly on all archaeological excavations in Iran indefinitely.<ref name=":0" /> [[Jacques de Morgan]], after visiting the site in 1891, conducted major excavations from 1897 until 1911.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1900 |title=M. J. De Morgan's Excavations in the Akropolis and Palaces of Susa |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24983192 |journal=Scientific American |volume=82 |issue=11 |pages=169–170 |issn=0036-8733 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> The excavations that were conducted in Susa brought many artistic and historical artifacts back to France. These artifacts filled multiple halls in the Museum of the Louvre throughout the late 1890s and early 1900s.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Scheil |first=V. |date=1904 |title=Excavations Made by the French in Susa and Babylonia, 1902-1903 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3140967 |journal=The Biblical World |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=146–152 |issn=0190-3578}}</ref><ref name="Peters 1915 82–93"/> De Morgan's most important work was the excavation of the Grande Tranchée in the Acropole mound, where he found the stele of [[Naram-Sin of Akkad|Naram-Sin]], a collection of Babylonian [[kudurru]]s (boundary stones), the stele bearing the [[Code of Hammurabi]], an ornamented bronze table of snakes, the bronze statue of [[Napir-Asu|Queen Napir-Asu]], and thousands of inscribed bricks. His finds showed Susa to be the most important center of [[Elam|Elamite civilization]], which was effectively discovered by the French mission at Susa.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
Excavation efforts continued under [[Roland de Mecquenem (archaeologist)|Roland De Mecquenem]] until 1914, at the beginning of [[World War I]]. French work at Susa resumed after the war, led by De Mecquenem, continuing until [[World War II]] in 1940.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mecquenem |first=R. de |date=1931 |title=Excavations at Susa (Persia), 1930–1931 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/abs/excavations-at-susa-persia-19301931/47C4CBE3BCC22EF9A3FDB4B2F92ECDB5 |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=5 |issue=19 |pages=330–343 |doi=10.1017/S0003598X00037753 |issn=0003-598X |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Morgan |first=J. de |author-link=Jacques de Morgan |url=https://archive.org/details/mmoires01franuoft |title=Mémoires: Recherches Archéologiques, Fouilles a Suse en 1897-1898 et 1898-1899 |year=1900 |volume=1 |location=Paris |page=1990 |language=fr}}</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/download/mmoires07franuoft/mmoires07franuoft.pdf], Jacques de Morgan, Fouilles à Suse en 1899–1902, Mission archéologique en Iran, Mémoires VII, 1905</ref><ref>Robert H. Dyson, Early Work on the Acropolis at Susa. The Beginning of Prehistory in Iraq and Iran, Expedition, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 21–34, 1968</ref> To supplement the original publications of De Mecquenem the archives of his excavation have now been put online thanks to a grant from the Shelby White Levy Program.<ref>[http://www.mom.fr/mecquenem/] Roland de Mecquenem: Archives de Suse (1912–1939) - Unpublished excavation archive (French)</ref><br />
<br />
[[Roman Ghirshman]] took over direction of the French efforts in 1946, after the end of the war.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ghirshman |first=Roman |date=1970 |title=The Elamite Levels at Susa and their Chronological Significance |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.2307/503096 |journal=American Journal of Archaeology |volume=74 |issue=3 |pages=223–225 |doi=10.2307/503096 |issn=0002-9114|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Together with his wife [[Tania Ghirshman]], he continued there until 1967. The Ghirshmans concentrated on excavating a single part of the site, the hectare sized Ville Royale, taking it all the way down to bare earth.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ghirshman |first=Roman |last2=Brinkman |first2=J. A. |date=1968 |title=Suse au tournant du IIIe au IIe millénaire avant notre ère |trans-title=Susa at the turn of the 3rd to the 2nd millennium BC |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/arasi_0004-3958_1968_num_17_1_985 |journal=Arts Asiatiques |language=fr |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=3–44 |doi=10.3406/arasi.1968.985}}</ref> The pottery found at the various levels enabled a stratigraphy to be developed for Susa.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gasche |first=H. |title=La poterie élamite du deuxième millénaire a.C: Ville Royale de Suse 1 |date=1973 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-03826-4 |series=Mémoires de la Délégation archéologique française en Iran |location=Leiden |language=fr |trans-title=Elamite pottery from the second millennium BC: Royal City of Susa 1}}</ref><ref>M. Steve and Hermann H. Gasche, "L'Acropole de Suse: Nouvelles fouilles (rapport preliminaire)", Memoires de la Delegation archeologique en Iran, vol. 46, Geuthner, 1971</ref><br />
<br />
From 1969 until 1979 excavations were conducted under [[Jean Perrot]].<ref>Jean Perrot, Les fouilles de Suš en 1975, Annual Symposium on<br />
Archaeological Research in Iran 4, pp. 224–231, 1975</ref><ref>D. Canal, La haute terrase de l'Acropole de Suse, Paléorient, vol. 4, pp. 169–176, 1978</ref><br />
<br />
In 2019 the Susa salvage project was launched to counter the construction of a transportation underpass in the vicinity of the site.<ref><br />
{{Cite journal |last=Soraghi |first=Siavash |last2=Zeynivand |first2=Mohsen |date=2022-08-11 |title=The Susa salvage project in 2019, southwestern Iran |url=https://czasopisma.uph.edu.pl/historiaswiat/article/view/3009 |journal=Historia i Świat |volume=11 |pages=71–79 |doi=10.34739/his.2022.11.04 |issn=2299-2464|doi-access=free }}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
=== Early settlement ===<br />
<br />
In [[urban history]], Susa is one of the oldest-known settlements of the region. Based on calibrated [[carbon-14 dating]], the foundation of a settlement there occurred as early as 4200&nbsp;BC.{{sfn|Potts|1999|p=46}} In the region around Susa were a number of towns (with their own platforms) and villages that maintained a trading relationship with the city, especially those along the Zagro frontier.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wright |first=Henry |date=2010 |title=The Zagros Frontiers of Susa during the Late 5th Millennium |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/paleo_0153-9345_2010_num_36_1_5308 |journal=Paléorient |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=11–21 |doi=10.3406/paleo.2010.5308}}</ref><br />
<br />
The founding of Susa corresponded with the abandonment of nearby villages. Potts suggests that the settlement may have been founded to try to reestablish the previously destroyed settlement at [[Chogha Mish]], about 25&nbsp;km to the west.{{sfn|Potts|1999|p=46}} Previously, [[Chogha Mish]] was a very large settlement, and it featured a similar massive platform that was later built at Susa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Alizadeh |first=Abbas |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/ocm53122624 |title=Excavations at the prehistoric mound of Chogha Bonut, Khuzestan, Iran: seasons 1976/77, 1977/78, and 1996 |date=2003 |publisher=Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago in Association with the Iranian Cultural Heritage Organization |isbn=978-1-885923-23-3 |series=University of Chicago Oriental Institute publications |location=Chicago, Ill |oclc=ocm53122624}}</ref><br />
<br />
Another important settlement in the area is [[Chogha Bonut]], which was discovered in 1976.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
=== Susa I period (4200–3800 BC) ===<br />
[[File:Iran époque d'Obeid Sèvres.jpg|thumb|320px|Goblet and cup, Iran, Susa I style, 4th millennium BC – [[Ubaid period]]; goblet height c. 12&nbsp;cm; [[Sèvres – Cité de la céramique]], France]]<br />
{{see also|Ubaid period}}<br />
Shortly after Susa was first settled over 6000&nbsp;years ago, its inhabitants erected a monumental platform that rose over the flat surrounding landscape.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hole |first=Frank |url=https://isac.uchicago.edu/sites/default/files/uploads/shared/docs/saoc63.pdf |title=Beyond the Ubaid: transformation and integration in the late prehistoric societies of the Middle East |date=2010 |publisher=Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago |isbn=978-1-885923-66-0 |editor-last=Carter |editor-first=Robert A. |series=Studies in ancient oriental civilization |location=Chicago |pages=221–226 |chapter=A Monumental Failure: The Collapse of Susa |editor-last2=Philip |editor-first2=Graham}}</ref> The exceptional nature of the site is still recognizable today in the artistry of the ceramic vessels that were placed as offerings in a thousand or more graves near the base of the temple platform.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hole |first=Frank |date=2010 |title=The Organization of Ceramic Production during the Susa I Period |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/paleo_0153-9345_2010_num_36_1_5309 |journal=Paléorient |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=23–36 |doi=10.3406/paleo.2010.5309}}</ref><br />
<br />
Susa's earliest settlement is known as the ''Susa I'' period (c. 4200–3900 BC). Two settlements named by archaeologists the ''Acropolis'' (7 ha) and the ''Apadana'' (6.3 ha), would later merge to form Susa proper (18 ha).{{sfn|Potts|1999|p=46}} The ''Apadana'' was enclosed by 6 metre thick walls of [[rammed earth]] (this particular place is named [[Apadana]] because it also contains a late [[Achaemenid]] structure of this type).<br />
<br />
Nearly two thousand pots of ''Susa I'' style were recovered from the cemetery, most of them now in the [[Louvre]]. The vessels found attest to the artistic and technical achievements of their makers, and they hold clues about the organization of the society that commissioned them.{{sfn|Harper|Aruz|Talon|1992|p=26}}<br />
Painted ceramic vessels from Susa in the earliest first style are a late, regional version of the Mesopotamian [[Ubaid period|Ubaid]] ceramic tradition that spread across the Near East during the fifth millennium BC.{{sfn|Harper|Aruz|Talon|1992|p=26}} Susa I style was very much a product of the past and of influences from contemporary ceramic industries in the mountains of western Iran. The recurrence in close association of vessels of three types—a drinking goblet or beaker, a serving dish, and a small jar—implies the consumption of three types of food, apparently thought to be as necessary for life in the afterworld as it is in this one. Ceramics of these shapes, which were painted, constitute a large proportion of the vessels from the cemetery. Others are coarse cooking-type jars and bowls with simple bands painted on them and were probably the grave goods of the sites of humbler citizens as well as adolescents and, perhaps, children.{{sfn|Harper|Aruz|Talon|1992|p=29}} The pottery is carefully made by hand. Although a slow wheel may have been employed, the asymmetry of the vessels and the irregularity of the drawing of encircling lines and bands indicate that most of the work was done freehand.<br />
<br />
==== Metallurgy ====<br />
Copper metallurgy is also attested during this period, which was contemporary with metalwork at some highland Iranian sites such as [[Tepe Sialk]].<br />
<br />
As many as 40 copper axes have been found at the Susa cemetery, as well as 10 round discs probably used as mirrors. Many awls and spatulas were also found.<br />
<br />
: "Metal finds from the burials in Susa are the major metal assemblage from the end of the 5th millennium BCE. Strata 27 to 25 contained the earliest burials with a large number of axes, made from unalloyed copper and copper with elevated As [Arsenic] levels."<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Rose |first=Thomas |title=Emergence of Copper Pyrotechnology in Western Asia |date=2023 |degree=PhD |publisher=[[Ben-Gurion University of the Negev]] |url=https://iris.uniroma1.it/retrieve/5172909a-429c-4fc2-901d-f1e82b1465cb/Tesi_dottorato_Rose.pdf |format=PDF |page=342}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rosenstock |first=Eva |title=Von Baden bis Troia: Ressourcennutzung, Metallurgie und Wissenstransfer |last2=Scharl |first2=Silviane |last3=Schier |first3=Wolfram |year=2016 |isbn=978-3-86757-010-7 |editor-last=Bartelheim |editor-first=Martin |series=Oriental and European Archaeology |volume=3 |location=Rahden/Westf |page=75 |language=de |trans-title=From Baden to Troy: Resource exploitation, metallurgy and knowledge transfer |chapter=Ex oriente lux? – Ein Diskussionsbeitrag zur Stellung der frühen Kupfermetallurgie Südosteuropas. |trans-chapter=Ex oriente lux? – A discussion paper on the position of early copper metallurgy in Southeast Europe. |editor-last2=Horejs |editor-first2=Barbara |editor-last3=Krauß |editor-first3=Raiko |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/294087347_Ex_oriente_lux_-_Ein_Diskussionsbeitrag_zur_Stellung_der_fruhen_Kupfermetallurgie_Sudosteuropas}}</ref><br />
<br />
The cemetery of [[Chega Sofla]], from the same timeframe, provides a lot of similar material, with many sophisticated metal objects.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Moghaddam |first=Abbas |url=https://books.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/propylaeum/catalog/book/837/version/734 |title=Pearls, Politics and Pistachios: Essays in Anthropology and Memories on the Occasion of Susan Pollock's 65th Birthday |last2=Miri |first2=Negin |date=2021-06-23 |publisher=Propylaeum |isbn=978-3-96929-036-1 |editor-last=Abar |editor-first=Aydin |location=Heidelberg |pages=47–60 |language=en |chapter=Tol-e Chega Sofla Cemetery: A Phenomenon in the Context of Late 5th Millennium Southwest Iran |doi=10.11588/propylaeum.837.c10734 |editor-last2=D’Anna |editor-first2=Maria Bianca |editor-last3=Cyrus |editor-first3=Georg |display-editors=2 |chapter-url=https://books.ub.uni-heidelberg.de//propylaeum/catalog/book/837/chapter/10734}}</ref> Chega Sofla is located in the same geographical area.<br />
<br />
==== Ceramic objects ====<br />
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="4"><br />
Louvre Suse I Boisseau décor géométrique 1 14012018.jpg<br />
Louvre Suse I Nécropole du tell de l'Acropole Coupe décor géométrique, SB 3175 1 14012018.jpg<br />
File:Master of animals, Susa I.jpg|[[Master of animals]], Susa I, Louvre Sb 2246.<br />
File:Sun and deities, Susa I.jpg|Sun and deities, Susa I, Louvre<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
=== Susa II and Uruk influence (3800–3100 BC) ===<br />
<br />
Susa came within the Uruk cultural sphere during the [[Uruk period]]. An imitation of the entire state apparatus of Uruk, [[proto-writing]], [[cylinder seal]]s with Sumerian motifs, and monumental architecture is found at Susa. The comparative [[periodization]] of Susa and Uruk at this time remains disputed among scholars with some research indicating that Early Uruk period corresponds to Susa II period.{{sfn|Potts|1999|p=58}}<br />
<br />
The nature and extent of Uruk influence in Susa is also disputed. Daniel T. Potts argues that the influence from the highland Iranian [[Khuzestan province|Khuzestan]] area in Susa was more significant at the early period, and also continued later on. Thus, Susa combined the influence of two cultures, from the highland area and from the [[alluvial plains]]. Potts also stresses that Susa did not simply borrow the writing and numerical systems of Uruk wholesale, but were adopted only partially and selectively as needed.<br />
<br />
Uruk was far larger than Susa at the time, raising questions about its influence. Some scholars believe that Susa was part of the greater Uruk culture. Holly Pittman, an art historian at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia says, "the Susanians are participating entirely in an Uruk way of life. They are not culturally distinct; the material culture of Susa is a regional variation of that on the Mesopotamian plain".<br />
<br />
Others emphasize Susa's relative independence. They deny that Susa was a colony of Uruk: it maintained some independence for a long time, according to Potts.{{sfn|Potts|1999|pp=58–61}} An architectural link has also been suggested between Susa, Tal-i Malyan, and [[Godin Tepe]] at this time, in support of the idea of the parallel development of the [[Proto-Cuneiform]] and proto-elamite scripts.<ref>F. Desset, An Architectural Pattern in Late Fourth-Millennium BC Western Iran: A New Link Between Susa, Tal-I Malyan, and Godin Tepe, Iran, vol. 52, iss. 1, pp. 1–18, 2014</ref> Gilbert Stein, director of the University of Chicago's Oriental Institute, notes that "An expansion once thought to have lasted less than 200 years now apparently went on for 700 years. It is hard to think of any colonial system lasting that long. The spread of Uruk material is not evidence of Uruk domination; it could be local choice".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lawler |first=Andrew |date=2003-11-07 |title=Uruk: Spreading Fashion or Empire? |url=https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.302.5647.977 |journal=Science |volume=302 |issue=5647 |pages=977–978 |doi=10.1126/science.302.5647.977|url-access=subscription }}</ref><br />
<br />
<gallery widths="200" heights="200"><br />
File:King-priest with bow fighting enemies, with horned temple (composite of two imprints of the same cylinder seal).jpg|King-priest with bow fighting enemies, with horned temple in the center. Susa II or Uruk period (3800–3100 BC), found in excavations at Susa. Louvre Museum.{{sfn|Álvarez-Mon|2020|p=101}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cheng |first1=Jack |last2=Feldman |first2=Marian |title=Ancient Near Eastern Art in Context: Studies in Honor of Irene J. Winter by her Students |date=2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-474-2085-9 |page=48 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t-mvCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA48 |language=en}}</ref><br />
File:Accountancy clay envelope Louvre Sb1932.jpg|Globular envelope with the accounting tokens. Clay, Uruk period (c. 3500 BC). From the Tell of the Acropolis in Susa. [[The Louvre]]<br />
File:Susa II, work in the granaries (composite).jpg|Work in the granaries, Susa II, Louvre.{{sfn|Álvarez-Mon|2020|p=93}}<br />
File:Susa II King-Priest with bow and arrow.jpg|Priest-King with bow and arrows, Susa II, Louvre.{{sfn|Álvarez-Mon|2020|p=101}}<br />
File:Susa II, prisoners.jpg|Prisoners, Susa II, Louvre.{{sfn|Álvarez-Mon|2020|p=97}}<br />
File:Orant statuette-Sb 69-P5280684-gradient.jpg|Orant statuette, Susa II, Louvre.{{sfn|Álvarez-Mon|2020|p=101}} <br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
=== Susa III, or "Proto-Elamite", period (3100–2700 BC) ===<br />
<br />
{{main|Proto-Elamite}}<br />
<br />
Susa III (3100–2700&nbsp;BC) is also known as the '[[Proto-Elamite]]' period.<ref>D. T. Potts, [https://books.google.com/books?id=7lK6l7oF_ccC&pg=PA743 ''A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East.''] Volume 94 of Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World. John Wiley & Sons, 2012 {{ISBN|1405189886}} p. 743</ref> At this time, Banesh period pottery is predominant. This is also when the Proto-Elamite tablets first appear in the record. Subsequently, Susa became the centre of [[Elam]] civilization.<br />
<br />
Ambiguous reference to Elam ({{langx|sux|{{cuneiform|4|𒉏}}|translit=NIM}}) appear also in this period in [[Sumer]]ian records. Susa enters recorded history in the [[Early Dynastic Period of Sumer|Early Dynastic period of Sumer]]. A battle between [[Kish (Sumer)|Kish]] and Susa is recorded in 2700&nbsp;BC, when [[En-me-barage-si]] is said to have "made the land of Elam submit".<ref>Per [[Sumerian King List]]</ref><br />
<br />
<gallery widths="200px" heights="100px" perrow="4"><br />
File:Susa III or Proto-Elamite cylinder seal 3150-2800 BC Louvre Museum Sb 1484.jpg|Susa III/ Proto-Elamite cylinder seal, 3150–2800 BC. [[Louvre Museum]], reference Sb 1484<br />
File:Susa III or Proto-Elamite cylinder seal 3150-2800 BC Mythological being on a boat Louvre Museum Sb 6379.jpg|Susa III/ Proto-Elamite cylinder seal 3150–2800 BC Mythological being on a boat Louvre Museum Sb 6379<br />
File:Susa III or Proto-Elamite cylinder seal 3150-2800 BC Louvre Museum Sb 6166.jpg|Susa III/ Proto-Elamite cylinder seal 3150–2800 BC Louvre Museum Sb 6166<br />
File:P1180316 Louvre Suse III tablette économique Sb15200 rwk.jpg|Economical tablet in [[Proto-Elamite script]], Suse III, [[Louvre Museum]], reference Sb 15200, circa 3100–2850 BC<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
===Elamites===<br />
[[File:Puzur-Inshushinak Ensi Shushaki in the "Table au Lion", Louvre Museum.jpg|thumb|left|''Puzur-Inshushinak Ensi Shushaki'' ({{lang|elx|{{cuneiform|elx|𒅤𒊭𒀭𒈹𒂞 𒑐𒋼𒋛 𒈹𒂞𒆠}}}}), "[[Puzur-Inshushinak]] [[Ensi (Sumerian)|Ensi]] (Governor) of Susa", in the "Table au Lion", dated 2100 BC, Louvre Museum.<ref>Translation of the Akkadian portion into French, in {{cite book |title=Mémoires |date=1899 |publisher=P. Geuthner |location=Paris |pages=[https://archive.org/details/mmoires04franuoft/page/4 4]–7 |url=https://archive.org/details/mmoires04franuoft}}</ref>]]<br />
In the [[Sumer]]ian period, Susa was the capital of a state called '''Susiana''' (Šušan), which occupied approximately the same territory of modern [[Khūzestān Province]] centered on the [[Karun|Karun River]]. Control of Susiana shifted between [[Elam]], Sumer, and [[Akkadian Empire|Akkad]].<br />
<br />
During the [[List of Elamite kings|Elamite monarchy]], many riches and materials were brought to Susa from the plundering of other cities.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Aruz|first1=Joan|last2=Fino|first2=Elisabetta Valtz|date=2001|title=Ancient near Eastern Art|journal=The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin|volume=59|issue=1|pages=8|doi=10.2307/3269163|issn=0026-1521|jstor=3269163}}</ref> This was mainly due to the fact of Susa's location on Iran's South Eastern region, closer to the city of Babylon and cities in Mesopotamia.<br />
<br />
The use of the Elamite language as an administrative language was first attested in texts of ancient Ansan, Tall-e Mal-yan, dated 1000 BC.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mikołajczak|first=Tytus K.|date=2011|title=Elam and Persia. Edited by Javier Álvarez-Mon and Mark B. Garrison. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 2011. pp. xviii + 493. $89.50 (cloth).|journal=Journal of Near Eastern Studies|volume=72|issue=2|pages=284–289|doi=10.1086/671453|issn=0022-2968}}</ref> Previous to the era of Elamites, the Akkadian language was responsible for most or all of the text used in ancient documents. Susiana was incorporated by [[Sargon the Great]] into his [[Akkadian Empire]] in approximately 2330&nbsp;BC.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Foster |first=Benjamin R. |date=1993-06-01 |title=International“ Trade at Sargonic Susa (Susa in the Sargonic Period III) |url=https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1524/aofo.1993.20.1.59/html |journal=Altorientalische Forschungen |language=de |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=59–68 |doi=10.1524/aofo.1993.20.1.59 |issn=2196-6761}}</ref><br />
[[File:Elam cool.jpg|thumb|Silver cup from [[Marvdasht]], Iran, with a linear-Elamite inscription from the time of Kutik-Inshushinak. [[National Museum of Iran]]]]<br />
<br />
The main goddess of the city was [[Nanaya]], who had a significant temple in Susa.{{sfn|Potts|1999|p=364}}<br />
<br />
====Old Elamite period (c. 2700–1500 BC)====<br />
{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=250|caption_align=center<br />
| align = right<br />
| direction =horizontal<br />
| image1 = Dynastic list Awan Siwashi Louvre Sb17729.jpg<br />
| image2=Awan Kings List Sb 17729 (transcription).jpg<br />
| footer=Dynastic list of twelve kings of Awan dynasty and twelve kings of the [[Shimashki Dynasty]], 1800–1600 BC, Susa, [[Louvre Museum]] Sb 17729.<ref>{{cite web |title=Awan King List |url=https://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/dynastic-list-kings-awan-and-simashki |access-date=2 August 2020 |archive-date=3 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803163644/https://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/dynastic-list-kings-awan-and-simashki |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=SCHEIL |first1=V. |title=Dynasties Élamites d'Awan et de Simaš |journal=Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale |date=1931 |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=1–46 |jstor=23283945 |issn=0373-6032}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
The [[Old Elamite period]] began around 2700 BC. Historical records mention the conquest of Elam by [[Enmebaragesi]], the [[Sumer]]ian king of [[Kish (Sumer)|Kish]] in [[Mesopotamia]]. Three dynasties ruled during this period. Twelve kings of each of the first two dynasties, those of [[Awan dynasty|Awan]] (or ''Avan''; c. 2400–2100 BC) and [[Shimashki Dynasty|Simashki]] (c. 2100–1970 BC), are known from a list from Susa dating to the [[First Babylonian dynasty|Old Babylonian period]]. Two Elamite dynasties said to have exercised brief control over parts of Sumer in very early times include Awan and [[Hamazi]]; and likewise, several of the stronger [[Sumer]]ian rulers, such as [[Eannatum]] of [[Lagash]] and [[Lugal-Anne-Mundu|Lugal-anne-mundu]] of [[Adab (city)|Adab]], are recorded as temporarily dominating Elam.<br />
<br />
====Kutik-Inshushinak====<br />
Susa was the capital of an [[Akkadian Empire|Akkadian]] province until ca. 2100&nbsp;BC, when its governor, [[Kutik-Inshushinak]], rebelled and made it an independent state and a literary center. Also, he was the last from the [[Awan dynasty]] according to the Susa kinglist.{{sfn|Potts|1999|p=122}} He unified the neighbouring territories and became the king of [[Elam]]. He encouraged the use of the [[Linear Elamite]] script, that remains undeciphered.<br />
<br />
The city was subsequently conquered by the neo-Sumerian [[Third Dynasty of Ur]] and held until Ur finally collapsed at the hands of the Elamites under [[Kindattu]] in ca. 2004&nbsp;BC. At this time, Susa was ruled by Elam again and became its capital under the Shimashki dynasty.<br />
<br />
===Indus-Susa relations (2400–2100 BC)===<br />
Numerous artifacts of [[Indus Valley civilization]] origin have been found in Susa from this period, especially seals and [[etched carnelian beads]], pointing to [[Indus-Mesopotamia relations]] during this period.<ref name="Site officiel du musée du Louvre">{{cite web |date=2022-10-04 |title=sceau cylindre |url=http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=car_not_frame&idNotice=13544 |website=[[Louvre]]}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite book|last1=Marshall|first1=John|title=Mohenjo-Daro and the Indus Civilization: Being an Official Account of Archaeological Excavations at Mohenjo-Daro Carried Out by the Government of India Between the Years 1922 and 1927|date=1996|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=9788120611795|page=425|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ds_hazstxY4C&pg=PA425|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
<gallery widths="200px" heights="100px" perrow="4"><br />
File:Susa seal with Indus signs.jpg|Impression of an Indus cylinder seal discovered in Susa, in strata dated to 2400–2100 BC. Elongated buffalo with line of standard [[Indus script]] signs. [[Tell (archaeology)|Tell]] of the Susa acropolis. [[Louvre Museum]], reference Sb 2425.<ref name="Site officiel du musée du Louvre"/><ref name=":2" /> Indus script numbering convention per [[Asko Parpola]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Corpus by Asko Parpola|url=http://www.mohenjodaroonline.net/index.php/indus-script/corpus-by-asko-parpola|website=Mohenjodaro|language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>Also, for another numbering scheme: {{cite book|last1=Mahadevan|first1=Iravatham|title=The Indus Script. Text, Concordance And Tables Iravathan Mahadevan|date=1987|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India|pages=32–36|url=https://archive.org/stream/TheIndusScript.TextConcordanceAndTablesIravathanMahadevan/The%20Indus%20Script.%20Text%2C%20Concordance%20and%20Tables%20-Iravathan%20Mahadevan#page/n41/mode/2up|language=en}}</ref><br />
File:Indus round seal with impression Elongated buffalo with Harappan scrpit imported to Susa in 2600-1700 BCE LOUVRE Sb5614.jpg|Indus round seal with impression. Elongated buffalo with Harappan script imported to Susa in 2340–2200 BC. Found in the tell of the Susa acropolis. [[Louvre Museum]], reference Sb 5614<ref>{{Cite web |title=Louvre Museum - cachet -2340 / -2200 (Akkad) - Lieu de création : Vallée de l'Indus - Lieu de découverte : Suse - SB 5614; AS 15374 |url=https://collections.louvre.fr/ark:/53355/cl010179441}}</ref><br />
File:Indus carnelian beads with white design imported to Susa in 2600-1700 BCE LOUVRE Sb 13099.jpg|Indian [[carnelian]] beads with white design, etched in white with an alkali through a heat process, imported to Susa in 2400–2100 BC. Found in the tell of the Susa acropolis. [[Louvre Museum]], reference Sb 17751.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Guimet|first1=Musée|title=Les Cités oubliées de l'Indus: Archéologie du Pakistan|date=2016|publisher=FeniXX réédition numérique|isbn=9782402052467|pages=354–355|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-HpYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA354|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Art of the first cities : the third millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus.|page=395|url=https://archive.org/details/ArtOfTheFirstCitiesTheThirdMillenniumB.C.FromTheMediterraneanToTheIndusEditedByJ/page/n419|language=en}}</ref> These beads are identical with beads found in the Indus Civilization site of [[Dholavira]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Nandagopal|first1=Prabhakar|title=Decorated Carnelian Beads from the Indus Civilization Site of Dholavira (Great Rann of Kachchha, Gujarat)|publisher=Archaeopress Publishing Ltd|isbn=978-1-78491-917-7|url=https://www.academia.edu/37860117|language=en|date=2018-08-13|archive-date=20 January 2022|access-date=2 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120032858/https://www.academia.edu/37860117|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
File:Indus bracelet made of Fasciolaria Trapezium or Xandus Pyrum imported front and back with inscribed chevron to Susa in 2600-1700 BCE LOUVRE Sb14473.jpg|Indus bracelet, front and back, made of ''[[Pleuroploca trapezium]]'' or ''[[Turbinella pyrum]]'' imported to Susa in 2400–2100 BC. Found in the tell of the Susa acropolis. Louvre Museum, reference Sb 14473.<ref>{{cite web|title=Louvre Museum Official Website|url=http://cartelen.louvre.fr/cartelen/visite?srv=car_not&idNotice=13532|website=cartelen.louvre.fr}}</ref> This type of bracelet was manufactured in [[Mohenjo-daro]], [[Lothal]] and [[Balakot]].<ref name="FeniXX réédition numérique">{{cite book|last1=Guimet|first1=Musée|title=Les Cités oubliées de l'Indus: Archéologie du Pakistan|date=2016|publisher=FeniXX réédition numérique|isbn=9782402052467|page=355|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-HpYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA355|language=fr}}</ref> The back is engraved with an oblong chevron design which is typical of shell bangles of the Indus Civilization.<ref>{{cite book|title=Art of the first cities : the third millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus.|page=398|url=https://archive.org/details/ArtOfTheFirstCitiesTheThirdMillenniumB.C.FromTheMediterraneanToTheIndusEditedByJ/page/n422|language=en}}</ref><br />
File:Indus Valley Civilization carnelian beads excavated in Susa.jpg|Indus Valley Civilization carnelian beads excavated in Susa.<br />
Jewelry with components from the Indus, Central Asia and Northern-eastern Iran found in Susa dated to 2600-1700 BCE, SB 13099.jpg|Jewelry with components from the Indus, Central Asia and Northern-eastern Iran found in Susa dated to 2400–2100 BC. Louvre - SB 13099; N 601.<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
====Middle Elamite period (c. 1500–1100 BC)====<br />
[[File:Susa, Middle-Elamite basrelief of warrior gods 1600-1100 BCE.jpg|thumb|Middle-Elamite basrelief of warrior gods, Susa, 1600–1100 BC]]<br />
Around 1500 BC, the Middle Elamite period began with the rise of the Anshanite dynasties. Their rule was characterized by an "Elamisation" of Susa, and the kings took the title "king of Anshan and Susa". While, previously, the Akkadian language was frequently used in inscriptions, the succeeding kings, such as the Igihalkid dynasty of c. 1400&nbsp;BC, tried to use Elamite. Thus, Elamite language and culture grew in importance in Susiana.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}<br />
<br />
This was also the period when the Elamite pantheon was being imposed in Susiana. This policy reached its height with the construction of the political and religious complex at [[Chogha Zanbil]], {{convert|30|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} south-east of Susa.<br />
<br />
In ca. 1175&nbsp;BC, the Elamites under [[Shutruk-Nahhunte]] plundered the original [[stele]] bearing the ''[[Code of Hammurabi]]'' and took it to Susa. Archeologists found it in 1901. [[Nebuchadnezzar I]] of the [[Babylonia]]n empire plundered Susa around fifty years later.<br />
<br />
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="4"><br />
File:Goatfishes Louvre Sb19.jpg|An ornate design on this limestone ritual vat from the Middle Elamite period depicts creatures with the heads of goats and the tails of fish, Susa, 1500–1110 BC.<br />
File:Tchogha_Zanbil.jpg|The Ziggurat at [[Chogha Zanbil]] was built by Elamite king [[Untash-Napirisha]] circa 1300 BC.<br />
File:Susa, Middle-Elamite model of a sun ritual, circa 1150 BCE.jpg|Susa, Middle-Elamite model of a sun ritual, circa 1150 BC<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
====Neo-Elamite period (c. 1100–540 BC)====<br />
<br />
=====Neo-Assyrians=====<br />
{{main|Battle of Susa}}<br />
<br />
In 647&nbsp;BC, [[Neo-Assyrian]] king [[Ashurbanipal]] leveled the city during a war in which the people of Susa participated on the other side. A tablet unearthed in 1854 by [[Austen Henry Layard]] in [[Nineveh]] reveals Ashurbanipal as an "avenger", seeking retribution for the humiliations that the Elamites had inflicted on the Mesopotamians over the centuries:<br />
<br />
<blockquote><br />
"Susa, the great holy city, abode of their gods, seat of their mysteries, I conquered. I entered its palaces, I opened their treasuries where silver and gold, goods and wealth were amassed. . . .I destroyed the [[ziggurat]] of Susa. I smashed its shining copper horns. I reduced the temples of Elam to naught; their gods and goddesses I scattered to the winds. The tombs of their ancient and recent kings I devastated, I exposed to the sun, and I carried away their bones toward the land of Ashur. I devastated the provinces of Elam and, on their lands, I sowed salt."<ref>"Persians: Masters of Empire" {{ISBN|0-8094-9104-4}} p. 7-8</ref><br />
</blockquote><br />
<br />
Assyrian rule of Susa began in 647 BC and lasted till [[Medes|Median]] capture of Susa in 617 BC.<br />
<br />
===Achaemenid Period===<br />
<br />
[[File:National Meusem Darafsh 6 (42).JPG|thumb|left|[[Egyptian statue of Darius the Great|Statue of Darius the Great]], [[National Museum of Iran]]]]<br />
[[File:Archers frieze Darius 1st Palace Suse Louvre AOD 488 a.jpg|thumb|Archers frieze from [[Darius' palace at Susa]]. Detail of the beginning of the frieze]]<br />
[[File:Darius I statue list of subject countries.jpg|thumb|The 24 countries subject to the Achaemenid Empire at the time of [[Darius the Great]], on the base of his Statue.]]<br />
<br />
Susa underwent a major [[political]] and [[ethnocultural]] transition when it became part of the Persian [[Achaemenid]] empire between 540 and 539&nbsp;BC when it was captured by [[Cyrus the Great]] during his conquest of [[Elam]] (Susiana), of which Susa was the capital.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.achemenet.com/ressources/enligne/arta/pdf/2004.003-Tavernier.pdf |title=Some Thoughts in Neo-Elamite Chronology|last=Tavernier|first=Jan|page=27}}</ref> The Nabonidus Chronicle records that, prior to the battle(s), Nabonidus had ordered cult statues from outlying Babylonian cities to be brought into the capital, suggesting that the conflict over Susa had begun possibly in the winter of 540&nbsp;BC.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kuhrt |first=Amélie |url=https://archive.org/details/the-cambridge-ancient-history-vol.-4 |title=The Cambridge Ancient History |date=1988 |publisher=Cambridge university press |isbn=978-0-521-22804-6 |editor-last=Boardman |editor-first=John |volume=IV — Persia, Greece and the Western Mediterranean |location=Cambridge New York Melbourne |pages=112–138 |chapter=Babylonia from Cyrus to Xerxes}}</ref><br />
<br />
It is probable that Cyrus negotiated with the Babylonian generals to obtain a compromise on their part and therefore avoid an armed confrontation.<ref>Tolini, Gauthier, ''Quelques éléments concernant la prise de Babylone par Cyrus'', Paris. "Il est probable que des négociations s'engagèrent alors entre Cyrus et les chefs de l'armée babylonienne pour obtenir une reddition sans recourir à l'affrontement armé." [http://www.achemenet.com/ressources/enligne/arta/pdf/2005.003-Tolini.pdf p. 10] (PDF)</ref> Nabonidus was staying in the city at the time and soon fled to the capital, Babylon, which he had not visited in years.<ref>The Harran Stelae H2 – A, and the [[Nabonidus Chronicle]] (Seventeenth year) show that Nabonidus had been in Babylon before 10 October 539, because he had already returned from Harran and had participated in the Akitu of Nissanu 1 [4 April], 539&nbsp;BC.</ref><br />
Cyrus' conquest of Susa and the rest of Babylonia commenced a fundamental shift, bringing Susa under Persian control for the first time. [[Strabo]] stated that Cyrus made Susa an imperial capital though there was no new construction in that period so this is in dispute.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Waters |first=Matt |date=2008 |title=Cyrus and Susa |url=https://shs.cairn.info/journal-revue-d-assyriologie-2008-1-page-115 |journal=Revue d’assyriologie et d’archéologie orientale |language=en |volume=102 |issue=1 |pages=115–118 |doi=10.3917/assy.102.0115 |issn=0373-6032}}</ref><br />
<br />
Under Cyrus' son [[Cambyses II]], Susa became a center of political power as one of four capitals of the Achaemenid Persian empire, while reducing the significance of [[Pasargadae]] as the capital of Persis. Following Cambyses' brief rule, [[Darius the Great]] began a major building program in Susa and [[Persepolis]], which included building a large [[Palace of Darius in Susa|palace]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Unvala |first=J. M. |date=1929 |title=The Palace of Darius the Great and the apadana of Artaxerxes II in Susa. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/abs/palace-of-darius-the-great-and-the-apadana-of-artaxerxes-ii-in-susa/8E22AE0099D023328749B28C17C8616E |journal=Bulletin of SOAS |language=en |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=229–234 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X00122645 |issn=1474-0699 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> During this time he describes his new capital in an inscription:<br />
<br />
"This palace which I built at Susa, from afar its ornamentation was brought. Downward the earth was dug, until I reached rock in the earth. When the excavation had been made, then rubble was packed down, some 40&nbsp;cubits in depth, another part 20&nbsp;cubits in depth. On that rubble the palace was constructed."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kent |first=Roland G. |date=1933 |title=The Record of Darius's Palace at Susa |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/593186 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=1–23 |doi=10.2307/593186 |issn=0003-0279 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><br />
<br />
The city forms the setting of ''[[The Persians]]'' (472&nbsp;BC), an [[Classical Athens|Athenian]] [[tragedy]] by the [[ancient Greece|ancient Greek]] playwright [[Aeschylus]] that is the oldest surviving play in the [[history of theatre]].<br />
<br />
The [[Book of Esther]], which is the basis for the Jewish holiday of [[Purim]], is said to have occurred in Susa during the Achaemenid period. The [[King Ahasuerus]] mentioned in that book may refer to [[Xerxes I]] (486-465&nbsp;BC).<br />
<br />
=== Seleucid period ===<br />
<br />
[[File:The weddings at Susa, Alexander to Stateira and Hephaistion to Drypetis (late 19th century engraving).jpg|thumb|right|250px|The marriages of [[Stateira II]] to [[Alexander the Great]] of [[Macedon]] and her sister, [[Drypteis]], to [[Hephaestion]] at Susa in 324 BC, as depicted in a late-19th-century engraving.]]<br />
<br />
[[Alexander the Great]] invaded the Achaemenid empire and the satrap of Susa surrendered to him.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Venetis |first=Evangelos |title=The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0199390427 |editor-last=Daryaee |editor-first=Touraj |pages=148 |chapter=Iran at the Time of Alexander the Great and the Seleucids}}</ref> Susa lost much of its importance afterwards. In 324&nbsp;BC, Alexander met [[Nearchus]] here, who explored the Persian Gulf{{Citation needed|date=May 2019}} as he returned from the Indus River by sea. In that same year Alexander celebrated in Susa with a [[Susa weddings|mass wedding]] between the [[Persians]] and [[Ancient Macedonians|Macedonians]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=van Oppen de Rutter |first=Branko F. |date=2014 |title=The Susa Marriages — a Historiographical Note |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44079985 |journal=Ancient Society |volume=44 |pages=25–41 |issn=0066-1619 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><br />
<br />
The city retained its importance under the [[Seleucid]]s for approximately one century after Alexander, however Susa lost its position of imperial capital to [[Seleucia|Seleucia on the Tigris]] to become the regional capital of the [[satrapy]] of Susiana.<ref>{{cite book |last= Capdetrey |first= Laurent |title= Le Pouvoir Séleucide |location= Rennes |publisher= Presses universitaires de Rennes |year= 2007 | pages= 252 |isbn= 978-2-753505-24-7}}</ref> Nevertheless, Susa retained its economic importance to the empire with its vast assortment of merchants conducting trade in Susa,<ref>{{Citation|last1=Boyce|first1=Mary|date=1 January 1991|work=A History of Zoroastrianism, Zoroastrianism under Macedonian and Roman Rule|pages=35–48|publisher=Brill|language=en|doi=10.1163/9789004293915_004|isbn=9789004293915|last2=Grenet|first2=Frantz|title=On the Western Edge of the Iranian Plateau: Susa and Elymais}}</ref> using [[Charax Spasinu|Charax Spasinou]] as its port.<br />
<br />
The city was named '''Seleucia on the Eulaeus''' or '''Seleucia ad Eulaeum'''.<br />
<br />
[[Seleucus I Nicator]] minted coins there in substantial quantities.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Marest-Caffey |first1=Laure |title=Seleukos I's Victory Coinage of Susa Revisited: A Die Study and Commentary |journal=American Journal of Numismatics |date=2016 |volume=28 |pages=1–63}}</ref> Susa is rich in Greek inscriptions,<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=EPIGRAPHY ii. Greek inscriptions from ancient Iran |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]] |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/epigraphy-ii/ |last=Huyse |first=Philip |date=1998-12-15 |volume=VIII |pages=488–490}}</ref> perhaps indicating a significant number of Greeks living in the city. Especially in the royal city large, well-equipped peristyle houses have been excavated.<br />
<br />
=== Parthian period ===<br />
<br />
Around 147&nbsp;BC Susa and the adjacent [[Elymais]] broke free from the [[Seleucid Empire]]. The city was at least temporarily ruled by the rulers of the Elymais with [[Kamnaskires II Nikephoros]] minting coins there. The city may again have briefly returned to Seleucid rule, but starting with [[Phraates II]] (about 138–127 BC) to [[Gotarzes II of Parthia|Gotarzes II]] (about 40–51 AD) almost all rulers of the [[Parthian Empire]] coined coins in the city, indicating that it was firmly in the hands of the Parthians at least during this period. The city however retained a considerable amount of independence and retained its Greek city-state organization well into the ensuing [[Parthia]]n period.<ref>{{cite book |last= Hill |first= John E. |title= Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, First to Second Centuries CE |location= Charleston |publisher= BookSurge |year= 2009 |isbn= 978-1-4392-2134-1}}</ref> From second half of the first century it was probably partly governed by rulers of Elymais again, but it became Parthian once again in 215.{{sfn|Potts|1999|401}}<ref>{{cite book |last= Le Rider |first= Georges |author-link= Georges Le Rider |title= Mémoires de la Délégation archéologique en Iran XXXVIII: Suse sous les Séleucides et les Parthes |location= Paris |year= 1965 | pages= 349–430 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Susa was a frequent place of refuge for Parthian and later, the Persian [[Sassanid dynasty|Sassanid]] kings, as the [[Roman Empire|Romans]] sacked Ctesiphon five different times between 116 and 297&nbsp;AD. Susa was briefly captured in 116&nbsp;AD by the Roman emperor [[Trajan]] during the course of his [[Trajan's Parthian campaign|<br />
Parthian campaign]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Rawlinson |first=George |title=Parthia |publisher=Cosimo |year=1893 |isbn=978-1-60206-136-1 |location=New York |publication-date=2007 |pages=310}}</ref> Never again would the Roman Empire advance so far to the east.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wenke |first=Robert J. |date=1981 |title=Elymeans, Parthians, and the Evolution of Empires in Southwestern Iran |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/602592 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=101 |issue=3 |pages=303–315 |doi=10.2307/602592 |issn=0003-0279 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Sassanid period ===<br />
<br />
Susa was conquered and destroyed in 224&nbsp;AD by the Sassanid [[Ardashir I]], but rebuilt immediately thereafter, and perhaps even temporarily a royal residence. According to a later tradition, [[Shapur I]] is said to have spent his twilight years in the city, although this tradition is uncertain and perhaps refers more to [[Shapur II]].<br />
<br />
Under the Sassanids, following the founding of [[Gundeshapur]] Susa slowly lost its importance. Archaeologically, the Sassanid city is less dense compared to the Parthian period, but there were still significant buildings, with the settlement extending over 400 hectares.<br />
Susa was also still very significant economically and a trading center, especially in gold trading. Coins also continued to be minted in the city. The city had a Christian community in a separate district with a Nestorian bishop, whose last representative is attested to in 1265. Archaeologically a stucco panel with the image of a Christian saint has been found.<br />
<br />
During the reign of Shapur II after Christianity became the state religion of the Roman Empire in 312, and the identification of Christians as possible collaborators with the enemy Christians living in the Sasanian Empire were persecuted from 339 onwards.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Neusner |first= Jacob |title= Babylonian Jewry And Shapur Ii's Persecution of Christianity From 339 to 379&nbsp;CE |journal= Hebrew Union College Annual |volume= 43 |pages= 77–102 |publisher= Hebrew Union College Press |year = 1972 }}</ref> Shapur II also imposed a double tax on the Christians during his war campaign against the Romans. Following a rebellion of Christians living in Susa, the king destroyed the city in 339 using 300 elephants.{{sfn|Harper|Aruz|Talon|1992|p=162}} He later had the city rebuilt and resettled with prisoners of war and weavers, which is believed to have been after his victory over the Romans in Amida in 359. The weaver produced silk brocade.{{sfn|Potts|1999|418–419}} He renamed it ''Eran-Khwarrah-Shapur'' ("Iran's glory [built by] Shapur").<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2009 |title=ŠĀPUR II |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/shapur-ii |last=Daryaee |first=Touraj |edition=online}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Islamic period ===<br />
<br />
During the [[Muslim conquest of Persia]] an Arab army invaded [[Khuzistan (Sasanian province)|Khuzistan]] under the command of [[Abu Musa al-Ash'ari]]. After taking most of the smaller fortified towns the army captured [[Shushtar|Tustar]] in 642 before proceeding to besiege Susa. A place of military importance, it also held the tomb of the Jewish prophet [[Daniel (biblical figure)|Daniel]].<br />
Two stories are given in the Muslim sources of how the city fell. In the first, a Persian priest proclaimed from the walls that only a ''dajjal'' was fated to capture the city. A ''dajjal'' is an Islamic term for an ''[[Al-Masih ad-Dajjal]]'', a false messiah, compatible to the [[Antichrist]] in Christianity. In everyday use, it also means "deceiver" or "imposter". Siyah, a Persian general who had defected to Muslim side, claimed that by converting to Islam he had turned his back on Zoroastrianism and was thus a ''dajjal''. Abu Musa agreed to Siyah's plan. Soon after as the sun came up one morning, the sentries on the walls saw a man in a Persian officer's uniform covered in blood lying on the ground before the main gate. Thinking it he had been left out overnight after a conflict the previous day, they opened the gate and some came out to collect him. As they approached, Siyah jumped up and killed them. Before the other sentries had time to react, Siyah and a small group of Muslim soldiers hidden nearby charged through the open gate. They held the gate open long enough for Muslim reinforcements to arrive and passing through the gate to take the city.<ref name= Crawford>{{cite book |last= Crawford |first= Peter |title= The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam |location= Barnsley |publisher= Pen & Sword Military |year= 2013 | pages= 183–184 |isbn= 978-1-84884-612-8}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the other story, once again the Muslims were taunted from the city wall that only an ''[[Al-Masih ad-Dajjal]]'' could capture the city, and since there were none in the besieging army then they may as well give up and go home. One of the Muslim commanders was so angry and frustrated at this taunt that he went up to one of the city gates and kicked it. Instantly the chains snapped, the locks broke and it fell open.<ref name= Kennedy >{{cite book |last= Kennedy |first= Hugh |title= The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live In |location= London |publisher= Weidenfeld & Nicolson |year= 2007 | pages= 128–129 |isbn= 978-0-297-84657-4}}</ref><br />
<br />
Following their entry into the city, the Muslims killed all of the Persian nobles.<ref name= Kennedy /><br />
<br />
Once the city was taken, as Daniel ({{langx|ar|دانيال|Danyal}}) was not mentioned in the [[Qur'an]], the initial reaction of the Muslim was to destroy the cult by confiscating the treasure that had stored at the tomb since the time of the Achaemenids. They then broke open the silver coffin and carried off the mummified corpse, removing from the corpse a signet ring, which carried an image of a man between two lions. However, upon hearing what had happened, the caliph [[Umar]] ordered the ring to be returned and the body reburied under the riverbed.<ref name= Kennedy /> In time, Daniel became a Muslim cult figure and they as well as Christians began making pilgrimages to the site, despite several other places claiming to be the site of Daniel's grave.<ref name= Kennedy /><br />
<br />
Following the capture of Susa, the Muslims moved on to besiege [[Gundeshapur]].<ref name= Crawford/><br />
<br />
Susa recovered following its capture and remained a regional center of more than 400 hectares in size.<ref>{{cite book |last= Amiet |first= Pierre |title= Mémoires de la Délégation archéologique en Iran: Glyptique susienne des origines à l'époque des Perses achéménides: cachets, sceaux-cylindres et empreintes antiques découverts à Suse de 1913 à 1967 |location= Paris |publisher= P. Geuthner |year= 1972 }}</ref> A mosque was built, but also Nestorian bishops are still testifie. In addition, there was a Jewish community with its own synagogue.<br />
The city continued to be a manufacturing center of luxury fabrics during this period. Archaeologically, the Islamic period is characterized mainly by its [[Islamic ceramics from the Susa site|rich ceramics]]. [[Beth Huzaye (East Syrian Ecclesiastical Province)]] had a significant Christian population during the first millennium, and was a diocese of the [[Church of the East]] between the 5th and 13th centuries, in the metropolitan province of Beth Huzaye (Elam).<br />
<br />
In 1218, the city was razed by invading [[Mongols]] and was never able to regain its previous importance. The city further degraded in the 15th century when the majority of its population moved to [[Dezful]].<ref>{{cite book |author= M. Streck, [[Clifford Edmund Bosworth]] |title= Encyclopaedia of Islam, San-Sze |volume=IX |year= 1997 |pages= 898–899 |publisher=Brill |location= Leiden|isbn=9789004104228|title-link= Encyclopaedia of Islam }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Today ===<br />
<br />
Today the ancient center of Susa is unoccupied, with the population living in the adjacent modern Iranian town of [[Shush, Iran|Shush]] to the west and north of the historic ruins. Shush is the administrative capital of [[Shush County]] in Iran's [[Khuzestan]] province. It had a population of 64,960 in 2005.<br />
<br />
== World Heritage listing ==<br />
<br />
In July 2015, it was inscribed on the list of [[World Heritage Site]]s by [[UNESCO]].<ref name=UNESCO>{{cite web |title= Susa |publisher= UNESCO |date= 2015 |url= https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1455 |access-date= 15 April 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Gallery ==<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
File:ArtabanIIIGreekLetter.JPG|Letter in Greek of the Parthian king [[Artabanus II of Parthia|Artabanus II]] to the inhabitants of Susa in the 1st century AD (the city retained Greek institutions since the time of the [[Seleucid empire]]). [[Louvre Museum]].<ref>Epigraphy of Later Parthia, «Voprosy Epigrafiki: Sbornik statei», 7, 2013, pp. 276-284 [https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Letter-in-Greek-of-king-Artaban-II-to-the-inhabitants-of-Susa-Louvre-Museum_fig1_335679719]</ref><br />
File:Rose cup Susa Louvre MAOS53.jpg|Glazed clay cup: Cup with rose petals, 8th–9th centuries<br />
File:Unidentified selucid anthropoid sarcophagus.jpg|Anthropoid [[sarcophagus]]<br />
File:Lion Darius Palace Louvre Sb3298.jpg|Lion on a decorative panel from [[Palace of Darius at Susa|Darius I the Great's palace]]<br />
File:Male head wearing a head-band resembling king of Syria Antiochus III (223–187 BC), late 1st century BC–early 1st century AD, Louvre Museum (7462828632).jpg|Marble head representing [[Seleucid Empire|Seleucid]] King [[Antiochus III]] who was born near Susa around 242 BC.<ref name=" Jonsson, David J. 2005 566 ">{{cite book|author= Jonsson, David J.|title= The Clash of Ideologies|publisher= Xulon Press|year= 2005|page=566|isbn= 978-1-59781-039-5|quote= Antiochus III was born in 242 BC, the son of Seleucus II, near Susa, Iran. }}</ref><br />
File:Palmtree vase Susa Louvre MAOS383.jpg|Glazed clay vase: Vase with palmtrees, 8th–9th centuries<br />
File:Sphinx Darius Louvre.jpg|Winged [[sphinx]] from the palace of [[Darius the Great]] at Susa.<br />
File:Daniel Barry Kent.JPG|[[Tomb of Daniel]]<br />
File:Ninhursag1.jpg|[[Ninhursag]] with the spirit of the forests next to the seven-spiked cosmic tree of life. Relief from Susa.<br />
File:Tomb of Daniel.jpg|19th-century engraving of [[Tomb of Daniel|Daniel's tomb]] in Susa, from ''Voyage en Perse Modern''e, by Flandin and Coste.<br />
File:Archers frieze Darius 1st Palace Suse Louvre AOD 488 a.jpg|Archers frieze from Darius' palace at Susa. Detail of the beginning of the frieze, left. [[Louvre Museum]]<br />
File:Torque Susa Louvre Sb2760.jpg|Ribbed [[torc]] with lion heads, Achaemenid artwork, excavated by [[Jacques de Morgan]], 1901, found in the [[Acropole Tomb]]<br />
File:Shush Castle.JPG|Shush Castle, 2011<br />
File:Children in Susa.JPG|Children in Susa<br />
File:Terracotta herm Louvre Sb785.jpg|[[Herma|Herm]] pillar with Hermes, from the well of the "Dungeon" in Susa.<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
{{Portal|Iran}}<br />
*[[Abulites]]<br />
*[[Achaemenid architecture]]<br />
*[[Choqa Zanbil]]<br />
*[[Elamite Empire|Elam]]<br />
*[[History of Iran]]<br />
*[[Islamic ceramics from the Susa site|Islamic ceramics of the Susa site]]<br />
*[[List of cities of the ancient Near East]]<br />
*[[List of oldest continuously inhabited cities]]<br />
*[[Muslim conquest of Khuzestan]]<br />
*[[Short chronology timeline]]<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Álvarez-Mon |first1=Javier |title=The Art of Elam CA. 4200–525 BC |date=2020 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-03485-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LxHaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT101 |language=en}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1= Harper |first1= Prudence |last2= Aruz |first2= Joan |last3= Tallon |first3= Frangoise |title= The Royal City of Susa: Ancient Near Eastern Treasures in the Louvre |location= New York |publisher= The Metropolitan Museum of Art |year= 1992 |url= https://archive.org/stream/RoyalCityofSusaAncientNearEasternTreasuresintheLouvre/RoyalCityofSusaAncientNearEasternTreasuresintheLouvre_djvu.txt }}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Hinz |first1=Walther |author-link1=:de:Walther Hinz |last2=Koch |first2=Heidemarie |author-link2=Heidemarie Koch |date=1987 |title=Elamisches Wörterbuch |trans-title=Elamite Wordbook |volume=2 |language=de |url=https://archive.org/details/ElamischesWorterbuch.2 |location=[[Berlin]], [[Germany]] |publisher=[[:de:Dietrich Reimer Verlag|Dietrich Reimer Verlag]] |page= |isbn= }}<br />
* {{Cite book |last= Potts |first= Daniel T. |title= The archaeology of Elam: Formation and transformation of an ancient Iranian state |publisher= Cambridge University Press |year= 1999 |location= Cambridge |url=https://archive.org/details/archaeologyofela0000pott |url-access=registration |isbn= 978-0-521-56496-0}}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
<br />
* {{cite book |last= Bosworth |first= C. E. |title= The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3 (1): The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian periods |year= 1975 |publisher= Cambridge University Press |location= Cambridge |isbn= 978-0-521-20093-6 }}<br />
* [https://www.persee.fr/docAsPDF/paleo_0153-9345_1988_num_14_1_4439.pdf]{{Dead link|date=December 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}Charvát, Petr, "Archaeology and social history: the Susa sealings, ca. 4000-2340 BC.", Paléorient, 57-63, 1988<br />
* Clawson, H. Phelps, "Pottery of Susa I", Parnassus, vol. 11, no. 4, pp.&nbsp;26–27, 1939<br />
* {{cite book |last= Daryaee |first= Touraj |author-link= Touraj Daryaee |title= Sasanian Persia: The Rise and Fall of an Empire |year= 2014 |publisher= I.B.Tauris |isbn= 978-0857716668}}<br />
*{{cite book |last= Jalalipour |first= Saeid |title= The Arab Conquest of Persia: The Khūzistān Province before and after the Muslims Triumph |url= http://www.sasanika.org/wp-content/uploads/GardPaper11-The-Arab-Conquest-of-Persia-The-Kh%23U00c5zist%23U00c4-n-Province.pdf |year= 2014 |publisher= Sasanika }}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}<br />
* Le Breton, L., "The Early Periods at Susa, Mesopotamian Relations", Iraq, vol. 19, no. 2, pp.&nbsp;79–124, 1957<br />
* Pelzel, Suzanne M., "Dating the Early Dynastic Votive Plaques from Susa", Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 36, no. 1, pp.&nbsp;1–15, 1977<br />
* Jean Perrot, "Le Palais de Darius à Suse. Une résidence royale sur la route de Persépolis à Babylone", SORBONNE PUPS, Paris, 2010 {{isbn|978-2840506812}}<br />
* Poebel, Arno, "The Acropolis of Susa in the Elamite Inscriptions", The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, vol. 49, no. 2, pp.&nbsp;125–40, 1933<br />
* UNVALA, J. M., "Three Panels from Susa", Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie Orientale, vol. 25, no. 4, pp.&nbsp;179–85, 1928<br />
* {{cite book |last1= Westenholtz |first1= J. G. |last2= Guthartz |first2= L. Taylor |title= Royal Cities of the Biblical World |location= Jerusalem |publisher= Rubin Mass |year= 1996 |isbn= 978-9657027011}}<br />
* Woolley, C. Leonard, "The Painted Pottery of Susa", Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, no. 1, pp.&nbsp;35–50, 1928<br />
<br />
=== Excavation reports ===<br />
<br />
Although numerous excavation reports have been published so far, many excavations are not or only partially published. Above all, the found architecture was often presented only in short preliminary reports and plans.<br />
<br />
* Pierre Amiet, "Glyptique susienne des origines à l'époque des Perses achéménides: cachets, sceaux-cylindres et empreintes antiques découverts à Suse de 1913 à 1967", Mémoires de la Délégation archéologique en Iran, Paris 1972.<br />
* Elizabeth Carter, "Suse, Ville Royale", Paléorient, vol. 4, pp.&nbsp;197–211, 1979 DOI: 10.3406/paleo.1978.4222<br />
* Elizabeth Carter, "The Susa Sequence – 3000–2000 B. C. Susa, Ville Royale I", American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 83, no. 2, pp.&nbsp;451–454, 1979<br />
* Elizabeth Carter, "Excavations in Ville-Royale-I at Susa: The third Millennium B.C.", Cahiers de la DAFI, vol. 11, pp.&nbsp;11–139, 1980<br />
* Roman Ghirshman, "Cinq campagnes de fouilles a Suse (1946–1951)", In: Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie Orientale 46, pp 1–18, 1952<br />
* Ghirshman, Roman, and M. J. STEVE, "SUSE CAMPAGNE DE L'HIVER 1964-1965: Rapport Préliminaire", Arts Asiatiques, vol. 13, pp.&nbsp;3–32, 1966<br />
* GHIRSHMAN, R., "SUSE CAMPAGNE DE L'HIVER 1965-1966 Rapport Préliminaire", Arts Asiatiques, vol. 15, pp.&nbsp;3–27, 1967<br />
* [[Florence Malbran-Labat]], "Les inscriptions royales de Suse: briques de l'époque paléo-élamite à l'empire néo-élamite", Paris 1995.<br />
* Laurianne Martinez-Sève, "Les figurines de Suse", Réunion des Musées Nationaux, Paris 2002, {{ISBN|2-7118-4324-6}}.<br />
* de Mecquenem, R., "LES DERNIERS RÉSULTATS DES FOUILLES DE SUSE", Revue Des Arts Asiatiques, vol. 6, no. 2, pp.&nbsp;73–88, 1929<br />
* de MECQUENEM, R., "FOUILLES DE SUSE: CAMPAGNES DES ANNÉES 1914-1921-1922", Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie Orientale, vol. 19, no. 3, pp.&nbsp;109–40, 1922<br />
* [https://archive.org/download/histoireettrava00morggoog/histoireettrava00morggoog.pdf] Jacques de Morgan, "Histoire et travaux de la Délégation en Perse du Ministère de l'instruction publique, 1897-1905", E. Leroux, 1905<br />
* Jacques de Morgan, G. Jéquier, G. Lampre, "Fouilles à Suse, 1897–1898 et 1898–1899", Paris 1900<br />
* Perrot, Jean, et al., "Recherches Archéologiques a Suse et En Susiane En 1969 et En 1970", Syria, vol. 48, no. 1/2, pp.&nbsp;21–51, 1971<br />
* [[Georges Le Rider]], "Suse sous les Séleucides et les Parthes: les trouvailles monétaires et l'histoire de la ville", Mémoires de la Délégation Archéologique en Iran, Paris 1965.<br />
* Vincent Scheil, "Inscriptions of Achéménides à Suse. Actes juridiques susiens", Mémoires de la Mission Archéologique de Perse, vol. 21–24, Paris 1929–1933.<br />
* Agnes Spycket, "Les figurines de Suse", Paris 1992.<br />
* Marie-Joseph Steve, Hermann Gasche, "L'Acropole de Suse. Nouvelles fouilles (rapport préliminaire)", Mémoires de la Mission Archéologique de Perse vol. 46, Leiden 1971.<br />
<br />
{{Commons category|Susa}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
* [https://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/early-works-on-the-acropolis-at-susa/ "Early Works on the Acropolis at Susa" Expedition Magazine 10.4 1968]<br />
* [https://resources.metmuseum.org/resources/metpublications/pdf/Royal_City_of_Susa_Ancient_Near_Eastern_Treasures_in_the_Louvre.pdf Royal City of Susa: Ancient Near Eastern Treasures in the Louvre - Metropolitan Museum - 1992]<br />
* [https://oi.uchicago.edu/gallery/iran-aerial-survey-flights#10G11_72dpi.png Aerial views of Susa at the Oriental Institute]<br />
* [https://cdli.ucla.edu/search/search_results.php?SearchMode=Text&PrimaryPublication=&MuseumNumber=&Provenience=susa&Period=&TextSearch=&ObjectID=&requestFrom=Submit+Query Digital Images of Cuneiform Tablets from Susa – CDLI]<br />
*Hamid-Reza Hosseini, [http://www.jadidonline.com/story/10032009/frnk/susa_shush ''Shush at the foot of Louvre''] (''Shush dar dāman-e [[Louvre]]''), in Persian, Jadid Online, 10 March 2009.<br />
*[https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/475900/Archaeological-findings-may-push-back-Susa-s-history-by-millennia Archaeological findings may push back Susa's history by millennia - Tehran Times - August 21, 2022]<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
{{Iranian Architecture}}<br />
{{Khuzestan Province}}<br />
{{World Heritage Sites in Iran}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Susa| ]]<br />
[[Category:Achaemenid cities]]<br />
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Iran]]<br />
[[Category:Book of Esther]]<br />
[[Category:Elam]]<br />
[[Category:Elamite cities]]<br />
[[Category:Former populated places in Khuzestan province]]<br />
[[Category:Hebrew Bible cities]]<br />
[[Category:Parthian cities]]<br />
[[Category:Populated places along the Silk Road]]<br />
[[Category:Sasanian cities]]<br />
[[Category:Seleucid colonies]]<br />
[[Category:Shush County]]<br />
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in Iran]]<br />
[[Category:Uruk period]]<br />
[[Category:Book of Jubilees]]<br />
[[Category:Buildings and structures on the Iran National Heritage List]]</div>Username123https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Rodrigues&diff=506485John Rodrigues2026-03-04T16:46:36Z<p>Username123: creating initial biography and citations - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian Catholic bishop (born 1967)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox Christian leader<br />
| type = Archbishop<br />
| honorific_prefix = [[His Grace]]<br />
| name = John Rodrigues<br />
| honorific_suffix = <br />
| title = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bombay|Archbishop of Bombay]]<br />
| image = <br />
| image_size = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| church = [[Roman Catholic Church]]<br />
| archdiocese = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bombay|Archdiocese of Bombay]]<br />
| province = <br />
| metropolis = <br />
| diocese = <br />
| see = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bombay|Bombay]]<br />
| appointed = 30 November 2024<br />
| term_start = 25 January 2025<br />
| term_end = <br />
| predecessor = [[Oswald Gracias]]<br />
| successor = <br />
| opposed = <br />
| other_post = {{unbulleted list|[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bombay|Auxiliary Bishop of Bombay]]|[[Titular bishop|Titular Bishop]] of [[Develtos|Deultum]]}}<br />
<!---------- Orders ---------->| ordination = 18 April 1998<br />
| ordained_by = [[Ivan Dias]]<br />
| consecration = 15 May 2013<br />
| consecrated_by = [[Oswald Gracias]]<br />
| cardinal = <br />
| created_cardinal_by = <br />
| rank = Archbishop<br />
<!---------- Personal details ---------->| birth_name = John Rodrigues<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1967|08|21}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], India<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| buried = <br />
| resting_place_coordinates = <br />
| religion = [[Roman Catholic]]<br />
| residence = Archbishop's House,Mumbai, India<br />
| parents = Stanley Rodrigues (father)<br/>Corinne Rodrigues (mother)<br />
| spouse = <br />
| children = <br />
| occupation = <br />
| profession = <br />
| education = <br />
| alma_mater = St Pius X College Mumbai<br />
| motto = Building Up The Body of Christ<br />
| signature = <br />
| signature_alt = <br />
| coat_of_arms = <br />
| coat_of_arms_alt = <br />
| previous_post = {{unbulleted list|[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bombay|Auxiliary Bishop of Bombay]]|[[Titular bishop|Titular Bishop]] of [[Develtos|Deultum]]|[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Poona |Bishop of Poona]]}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Ordination<br />
| ordained deacon by = <br />
| date of diaconal ordination = <br />
| place of diaconal ordination = <br />
| ordained priest by = [[Ivan Dias]]<br />
| date of priestly ordination = 18 April 1998<br />
| place of priestly ordination = <br />
| consecrated by = [[Oswald Gracias]]<br />
| co-consecrators = [[Filipe Neri Ferrão]]<br />[[Agnelo Gracias]]<br />
| date of consecration = 15 May 2013<br />
| place of consecration = [[St. Michael's Church, Mumbai|Saint Michael, Church, Mahim]]<br />
| elevated by = <br />
| date of elevation = <br />
| sources = <br />
| bishop 1 = <br />
| consecration date 1 = <br />
| bishop 2 = Bishop<br />
| consecration date 2 = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''John Rodrigues''' (born 21 August 1967) is an Indian prelate of the Catholic Church who is the Archbishop of Bombay. He was coadjutor archbishop of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bombay|Archdiocese of Bombay]] from 30 November 2024 to 25 January 2025. He was [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Poona|Bishop of Poona]] from March 2023 to November 2024, and before that served as an auxiliary bishop of Bombay for ten years.<br />
<br />
==Biography==<br />
John Rodrigues was born on 21 August 1967 in an east indian family in the [[Bandra]] suburb of [[Mumbai]].<ref name=BombayAux>{{cite web | access-date = 1 December 2024 | website = Archdiocese of Bombay | url = https://www.archdioceseofbombay.org/bishop-john-rodrigues | title = Auxiliary Bishop John Rodrigues | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240910175026/https://www.archdioceseofbombay.org/bishop-john-rodrigues | archive-date=10 September 2024 | url-status= live}}</ref> He and his two older brothers became priests, one of them a Jesuit.<ref>{{cite news | access-date = 30 November 2024 | work = Matters India | url = https://mattersindia.com/2023/03/pune-diocese-gets-new-bishop/| date = 26 March 2023 | title = Pune Diocese Gets New Bishop }}</ref> Their father Late Stanley Rodrigues died in 1975 and they were raised by their widowed mother Corinne, who was a leader of the Marriage Encounter movement with her husband and founded a charity to support widows.<ref>{{cite news | access-date = 30 November 2024 | url = https://www.asianews.it/news-en/Mumbai:-Corinne-Rodrigues,-a-widowed-mother-who-inspired-the-vocation-of-three-children-40137.html | work = Asia News | title = Mumbai: Corinne Rodrigues, a widowed mother who inspired the vocation of three children | first = Nirmala | last = Carvalho |date = 8 March 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | access-date = 1 December 2024 | url = https://www.livingfaith.in/faith/vocation-to-priesthood-inspiration-and-mystery/ | work = Living in Faith | date = 18 January 2018 | title = Vocation to priesthood – inspiration and mystery | first = Binu | last = Alexander }}</ref> John Rodrigues earned a bachelor of science degree in physics at [[Mumbai University]] and a bachelor's in philosophy and theology at St. Pius X College in [[Goregaon]], a Mumbai suburb.<ref name=vatbio1/> One of his seminary teachers was [[Oswald Gracias]], later Cardinal Archbishop of Bombay.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=3 December 2024 | url = https://www.archdioceseofbombay.org/post/a-message-from-h-e-oswald-cardinal-gracias-november-30-2024 | title = A message from H.E. Oswald Cardinal Gracias - November 30, 2024 | website = Archdiocese of Bombay | date = 30 November 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20241203150027/https://www.archdioceseofbombay.org/post/a-message-from-h-e-oswald-cardinal-gracias-november-30-2024 | archive-date = 3 December 2024 | url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
He was [[Ordination|ordained]] a priest on 18 April 1998. Following ordination he served for a year as assistant priest at St. Michael's in Mahim and then for a year as assistant to the archbishop. He spent the next two years studying in Rome, earning a licentiate in systematic theology at the [[Pontifical Lateran University]] in 2002. Returning to Mumbai, he taught systematic theology at St Pius X College from 2002 to 2011, serving also as the school's group moderator from 2003 to 2013 and dean of studies from 2011 to 2013. He was named rector of the college, but served only a few weeks before being named a bishop. Alongside his academic work, he served the archdiocese as secretary of the priests council from 2010 to 2013 and as coordinator for the Year of Faith in 2012/13.<ref name=BombayAux/><br />
<br />
[[Pope Francis]] named him auxiliary bishop of Bombay on 15 May 2013.<ref name=vatbio1>{{cite press release | url = https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2013/05/15/0299/00680.html| date = 15 May 2013| access-date = 30 November 2024 | publisher = Holy See Press Office | title = Rinunce e Nomine, 15.05.2013 | language = it }}</ref> He received his episcopal consecration on 29 June 2013<ref name=vatbio/> from Cardinal [[Oswald Gracias]], with co-consecrators [[Filipe Neri Ferrão]], Archbishop of Goa e Daman, and Agnelo Rufino Gracias, Auxiliary Bishop of Bombay.{{cn|date=December 2024}} He chose as his episcopal motto "Building Up The Body of Christ".<ref name=BombayAux/> At the end of his term as auxiliary he headed the deaneries for Bandra and Borivali and rector of the Basilica of Our Lady of the Mount in Bandra.<ref name=BombayAux/><br />
<br />
Pope Francis appointed him bishop of Poona on 25 March 2023.<ref name=vatbio2>{{cite press release | url =https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2023/03/25/230325b.html| date = 25 March 2023 | access-date = 30 November 2024 | publisher = Holy See Press Office | title = Resignations and Appointments, 25.03.2023 }}</ref> He was installed there on 24 May.<ref>{{cite news | work = Times of India | access-date = 30 November 2024 | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/john-rodrigues-is-new-bishop-of-poona-diocese/articleshow/100489417.cms | title = John Rodrigues Is New Bishop Of Poona Diocese | date = 25 May 2023 | first = Steffy | last = Thevar}}</ref><br />
<br />
Pope Francis named him coadjutor archbishop of Bombay on 30 November 2024.<ref name=vatbio>{{cite press release | url =https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2024/11/30/241130e.html | date = 30 November 2024 | access-date = 30 November 2024 | publisher = Holy See Press Office | title = Resignations and Appointments, 30.11.2024 }}</ref> He succeeded as archbishop when Pope Francis accepted the resignation of Cardinal Gracias on 25 January 2025.<ref>{{cite press release | date = 25 January 2025 | access-date = 25 January 2025 | publisher = Holy See Press Office | title = Resignations and Appointments, 25.01.2025 | url =https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2025/01/25/250125f.html }}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{wikiquote}}<br />
{{commonscat}}<br />
* [https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/brodrj.html Biography on Catholic Hierarchy]<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rodrigues, John}}<br />
[[Category:21st-century Roman Catholic bishops in India]]<br />
[[Category:People from Bandra]]<br />
[[Category:1967 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Pontifical Lateran University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Christian clergy from Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Roman Catholic archbishops]]</div>Username123https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thanu_Nenu&diff=540315Thanu Nenu2026-03-03T17:56:39Z<p>Username123: New.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Thanu Nenu<br />
| image = Thanu Nenu.jpg<br />
| caption = Poster<br />
| director = [[Ram Mohan P.]]<br />
| writer = Sai Sukumar P<br />
| producer = Ram Mohan P.<br />
| starring = [[Santosh Sobhan]] <br />[[Avika Gor]]<br />
| cinematography = Suresh Sarangam<br />
| editing = [[Marthand K. Venkatesh]]<br />
| music = [[Sunny M.R.]]<br />
| studio = Sunshine Cinemas<br />[[Viacom18 Studios|Viacom 18 Motion Pictures]]<br />
| distributor = [[D. Suresh Babu]]<br />
| released = {{film date|2015|11|27|df=y}}<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Telugu<br />
}}<br />
'''''Thanu Nenu''''' ({{translation|S/he and I}}) is a 2015 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romance film]] directed by writer [[Ram Mohan P.]] (in his directorial debut) and starring [[Santosh Sobhan]] and [[Avika Gor]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 October 2015 |title=Testing the Trailer of Ram Mohan P's "Thanu Nenu" |url=http://idlebrain.com/news/today/thanunenu-testingtrailer.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221061722/http://idlebrain.com/news/today/thanunenu-testingtrailer.html |archive-date=21 December 2021 |access-date=21 December 2021 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=18 November 2015 |title=Suresh Babu supports small film Thanu Nenu |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151117/entertainment-tollywood/article/suresh-babu-supports-small-film-thanu-nenu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423151319/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151117/entertainment-tollywood/article/suresh-babu-supports-small-film-thanu-nenu |archive-date=23 April 2021 |access-date=21 December 2021 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 November 2015 |title=Mahesh Babu wishes Thanu Nenu |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/maheshbabu-wishes-thanunenu.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221061722/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/maheshbabu-wishes-thanunenu.html |archive-date=21 December 2021 |access-date=21 December 2021 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
{{no plot|date=December 2021}}<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
*[[Santosh Sobhan]] as Kiran<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 November 2015 |title=Quirky Characters of THANU NENU {{!}} Santosh Sobhan as Kirani |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/thanunenu-characterintroduction-santoshsobhan.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221061554/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/thanunenu-characterintroduction-santoshsobhan.html |archive-date=21 December 2021 |access-date=21 December 2021 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref><br />
*[[Avika Gor]] as Keerthi<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 November 2015 |title=Quirky Characters of THANU NENU {{!}} Avika Gor as Keerthi |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/thanunenu-characterintroduction-avikagor.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221061552/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/thanunenu-characterintroduction-avikagor.html |archive-date=21 December 2021 |access-date=21 December 2021 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref><br />
*[[Ravi Babu]] as Keerthi's father<ref name="TOI">{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=Ch Sushil |title=Thanu Nenu Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/thanu-nenu/movie-review/49951623.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221063054/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/thanu-nenu/movie-review/49951623.cms |archive-date=21 December 2021 |access-date=21 December 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
*[[Satya Krishnan]] as Keerthi's mother<ref name="TOI" /><br />
* Rohit Varma as an [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|NRI]]<ref name="Deccan">{{Cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=27 November 2015 |title=Movie review 'Thanu Nenu': A clean, simple love story |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151126/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-thanu-nenu-clean-simple-love-story |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221061554/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151126/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-thanu-nenu-clean-simple-love-story |archive-date=21 December 2021 |access-date=21 December 2021 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref><br />
* Naresh as Kiran's friend<ref name="Deccan" /><br />
* [[Kireeti Damaraju]]<ref name="sify">{{Cite web |title=Thanu Nenu |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/thanu-nenu-imagegallery-0-telugu-pllmgJjihched.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221140859/https://www.sify.com/movies/thanu-nenu-imagegallery-0-telugu-pllmgJjihched.html |archive-date=21 December 2021 |access-date=21 December 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><br />
* [[RK Mama|RK]]<ref name="sify" /><br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
Songs by Sunny M.R.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mio.to/album/Sunny+Mr/Tanu+Nenu+%282015%29 |title=Tanu Nenu (2015) - Sunny Mr |website=MusicIndiaOnline |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123091914/https://mio.to/album/Sunny+Mr/Tanu+Nenu+(2015) |archive-date=2022-01-23}} </ref><br />
*"Pade Pade" - Aditya, Harshika Gudi<br />
*"Tanu Nenu" - Anudeep Dev, Harshika Gudi<br />
*"Nuvvu Todu Unte" - Arijit Singh<br />
*"Suryudne Chusodamma" - Arijit Singh, Harshika Gudi, Sunny M.R.<br />
*"Adigo Idigo" - Sunny M.R.<br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
Y. Sunita Chowdhary of ''[[The Hindu]]'' gave a mixed review and called the film "painfully slow".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chowdhary |first=Y. Sunita |date=27 November 2015 |title=Thanu Nenu: Juvenile journey |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/thanu-nenu-juvenile-journey/article7923421.ece |url-status=live |access-date=21 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221061552/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/thanu-nenu-juvenile-journey/article7923421.ece |archive-date=21 December 2021}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film a rating of two out of five stars and wrote that "There’s not much of commercial masala for the audiences who love such stuff, so this film may not be their cup of tea".<ref name="TOI" /> A critic from ''[[Mallemala Entertainments|123Telugu]]'' gave the film a rating of three out of five and said that "On the whole, Tanu Nenu is a quirky love story which will appeal to the youth and multiplex audience mostly".<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 November 2015 |title=Review – Thanu Nenu – Quirky Love Story |url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/thanu-nenu-telugu-movie-review.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221061554/https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/thanu-nenu-telugu-movie-review.html |archive-date=21 December 2021 |access-date=21 December 2021 |website=123 Telugu}}</ref> Suresh Kavirayani of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' called the film a "one time watch".<ref name="Deccan" /><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*{{IMDb title|8070604}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2015 films]]<br />
[[Category:2015 Telugu-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian romance films]]</div>Username123https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chooralmala&diff=494431Chooralmala2026-03-01T09:56:27Z<p>Username123: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Village in Kerala, India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Chooralmala<br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = Village<br />
| image_skyline = Chooralmala School, Meppady.jpg<br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = View of river side and Chooralmala School<br />
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|11.5021553|N|76.1548412|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = Panchayat Ward<ref>https://village.kerala.gov.in/Office_websites/contactus.php?nm=1062Vellarimalavillageoffice</ref><ref>https://lsgkerala.gov.in/index.php/en/lbelection/electdmemberdet/2015/1093</ref><br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = <br />
| population_as_of = <br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 673 121<br />
| area_code_type = Telephone code<br />
| area_code = 04936<br />
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#KL.E2.80.94Kerala|KL]]-72<br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Meppadi]]<br />
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank2_info_sec1 = Wayanad<br />
| blank3_name_sec1 = Assembly Constituency<br />
| blank3_info_sec1 = Kalpetta<br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Chooralmala''' is a village located in the Meppadi panchayat in [[Wayanad district]] in the state of [[Kerala]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-31 |title=Wayanad tragedy: How Chooralmala turned into valley of destruction overnight |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/wayanad-tragedy-how-chooralmala-turned-into-valley-of-destruction-overnight/articleshow/112162789.cms |access-date=2024-10-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
Chooralmala is a small village and hillstation in [[Meppadi]] panchayat, [[Vythiri]] taluk, Wayanad district in the [[Western Ghats]] mountain range.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chooralmala, Wayanad District, Kerala, India |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/routes-locations/chooralmala/id/3071 |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=Kerala Tourism |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Revenue Portal |url=https://village.kerala.gov.in/Office_websites/contactus.php?nm=1062Vellarimalavillageoffice |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=village.kerala.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=How gigantic boulders bulldozed Chooralmala: Scores of residents still missing |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/content/mm/en/kerala/top-news/2024/08/01/wayanad-landslide-chooralmala-residents-missing.html |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Landslides at Chooralmala in 2024==<br />
{{main| 2024 Wayanad landslides}}<br />
Wayanad landslides were the landslides that occurred in Punjirimattom, [[Mundakkai, Wayanad|Mundakkai]], Chooralmala, and Vellarimala villages in [[Meppadi]] panchayat, [[Vythiri]] taluk<ref name="Location Of the incident">{{cite web|title=Location Of the incident|url=https://ndmindia.mha.gov.in/ndmi/viewUploadedDocument?uid=NEW2155|work=[[Government of India]]|access-date=17 August 2024|quote=On 30.07.2024 at about 0217 hrs, due to incessant and heavy to extremely heavy rainfall, a major landslide incident occurred at Punjirimattom, Mundakkai, Chooralmala, Vellarimala Village, Meppadi Panchayat, Vythiri taluk in District Wayanad.}}</ref> in [[Wayanad district]], Kerala, India, in the early hours of 30 July 2024. Heavy rains triggered the collapse of hillsides, resulting in torrents of mud, water, and boulders cascading down onto the area. The landslides marked one of the deadliest natural disasters in Kerala's history with reports of at least 400+ deaths.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ckkge0pnxy3o|title=Wayanad: The scenic Indian villages devastated by deadly landslides|website=www.bbc.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/in-mundakkai-16-of-family-swept-away-in-landslide/articleshow/112253475.cms|title=In Mundakkai, 16 of family swept away in landslide|newspaper=The Times of India |date=4 August 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[2024 Wayanad landslides]]<br />
* [[Wayanad district]]<br />
* [[Kalpetta Assembly constituency]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Wayanad district}}<br />
{{Kerala}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Wayanad district]]</div>Username123https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teri_Meri&diff=540106Teri Meri2026-02-04T21:32:16Z<p>Username123: Stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Song by Shreya Ghoshal}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox song<br />
| name = Teri Meri<br />
| cover = Teri Meri (Bodyguard song).jpg<br />
| alt =<br />
| caption = Screenshot of the song's video featuring Salman Khan and Kareena Kapoor<br />
| type =<br />
| artist = [[Rahat Fateh Ali Khan]] and [[Shreya Ghoshal]]<br />
| album = [[Bodyguard (2011 Hindi film)|Bodyguard]]<br />
| released = 2011<br />
| format =<br />
| recorded =<br />
| studio =<br />
| venue =<br />
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]<br />
| length = 5:40<br />
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]<br />
| writer = [[Himesh Reshammiya]] <small>(music)</small><br/>[[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]] <small>(lyrics)</small><br />
| producer =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''"Teri Meri"''' ({{Translation|Yours and Mine}}) is a song from the 2011 Hindi film ''[[Bodyguard (2011 Hindi film)|Bodyguard]]'' directed by [[Siddique (director)|Siddique]], starring [[Salman Khan]] and [[Kareena Kapoor]]. The song was sung by [[Rahat Fateh Ali Khan]] and [[Shreya Ghoshal]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.top10bollywood.com/2011/07/teri-meri-song-lyrics-from-bodyguard.html |title=Teri Meri Song Lyrics & Video – Bodyguard |publisher=Top10bollywood.com |access-date=22 October 2011 |archive-date=26 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426234752/http://www.top10bollywood.com/2011/07/teri-meri-song-lyrics-from-bodyguard.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The song was composed by [[Himesh Reshammiya]], while its lyrics were penned by [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]]. The song along with the other tracks was released on 27 July 2011.<!-- Refer the film article --><br />
<br />
== Composition and picturization ==<br />
"Teri Meri" is a sad romantic song sung by [[Rahat Fateh Ali Khan]] and [[Shreya Ghoshal]]. The song is high on Sufi touch, while it scores on vocals.<ref name=sify/><ref name=ff>{{cite web|url=http://filmfare.com/articles/bodyguard-2607.html|author=Devesh Sharma|title=Bodyguard: Music Review|work=[[Filmfare]]|date=8 August 2011|access-date=19 December 2011}}</ref> The song is also available in remix and reprise version.<ref name=rf>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/music-review-bodyguard/20110729.htm|author=Verma, Sukanya|title=Bodyguard's Music Review|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=29 July 2011|access-date=19 December 2011}}</ref> The tune of the song is from La Betleem colo-n jos by Cleopatra Stratan, who is a Moldovan singer who started her career at the age of 3. <br />
<br />
The song is a romantic number from the film ''[[Bodyguard (2011 Hindi film)|Bodyguard]]''. "Teri Meri" was picturised on [[Salman Khan]] and [[Kareena Kapoor]]. It was choreographed by [[Vaibhavi Merchant]].<br />
<br />
The melody of the Mukhda was inspired by the traditional Christian Romanian carol, singing about Jesus` Birth "La Vifleem Colo-n Jos".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UV5JawcSXE8|title = Corul Sound - la Vitleem colo-n jos|website = [[YouTube]]| date=13 December 2014 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
Ruchika Kher of the [[Indo-Asian News Service]] reviewed the song as moderately paced and a quite average song.<ref name=sify>{{cite web|author=Kher, Ruchika|title=Average score by Reshammia in 'Bodyguard'|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/average-score-by-reshammia-in-bodyguard-ians-music-review-news-national-lh5jkdjegbi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022185859/http://www.sify.com/movies/average-score-by-reshammia-in-bodyguard-ians-music-review-news-national-lh5jkdjegbi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 October 2012|work=[[Sify]]|publisher=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]|access-date=19 December 2011|date=31 July 2011}}</ref><br />
<br />
''[[The Times of India]]'' placed ''Teri Meri'' among the top 10 songs of 2011.<ref>{{cite news|title=Top 10 songs of the year 2011|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videols/11105629.cms|access-date=17 December 2011|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 December 2011}}</ref> The song was non-mover for 19 weeks at No. 1 on The Official Asian Download Chart show on [[BBC Asian Network]], hosted by Bobby Friction. It went on to being one of the few songs to have been in the chart for over an astonishing 30 weeks.<ref>{{cite web|title=10 DECEMBER 2011|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/asiannetwork/chart/downloads|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100402101523/http://www.bbc.co.uk/asiannetwork/chart/downloads/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 April 2010|publisher=BBC Asian Network|access-date=17 December 2011}}</ref> The song had also won awards for Shreya Ghoshal at the [[13th IIFA Awards]], [[BIG Star Entertainment Awards|BIG Star Entertainment Awards 2011]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Bodyguard, Ra.One, Rockstar top BIG Star Entertainment Awards nomination|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/news/2011/big-star-entertainment-awards-nomination-list-141211.html|work=14 December 2011|date=14 December 2011|publisher=[[Oneindia.in]]|access-date=19 December 2011|archive-date=1 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101064502/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/bollywood/news/2011/big-star-entertainment-awards-nomination-list-141211.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and the 2012 [[Apsara Awards]] for Best Female Playback Singer.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}<br />
<br />
== Accolades ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! width=5%|Year<br />
! width=25%|Award<br />
! width=15%|Nominee<br />
! width=25%|Category<br />
! width=5%|Result<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"| 2012<br />
| rowspan="2"| [[59th Filmfare Awards|Filmfare Awards]]<br />
| [[Shreya Ghoshal]]<br />
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]<br />
| {{nom}}<ref name=filmfare>{{cite news|title=57th Idea Filmfare Awards Nominations|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/2974/Nominations+for+57th+Idea+Filmfare+Awards+2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407095143/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/2974/Nominations+for+57th+Idea+Filmfare+Awards+2011|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 April 2014|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=4 September 2014}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Rahat Fateh Ali Khan]]<br />
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]<br />
| {{nom}}<ref name=filmfare/><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3"| 2012<br />
| rowspan="3"| [[International Indian Film Academy Awards|IIFA Awards]]<br />
| Shreya Ghoshal<br />
| [[IIFA Award for Best Female Playback|Best Playback Singer Female]]<br />
| {{won}}<ref name=IIFA>{{cite news|title=IIFA Awards Nominations|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/3351/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507221553/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/3351|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 May 2012|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=4 September 2014}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| Rahat Fateh Ali Khan<br />
| [[IIFA Award for Best Male Playback|Best Playback Singer Male]]<br />
| {{nom}}<ref name=IIFA/><br />
|-<br />
| Shabbir Ahmed<br />
| [[IIFA Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]<br />
| {{nom}}<ref name=IIFA/><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" | 2012<br />
| rowspan="3" | [[Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Awards]]<br />
| Shreya Ghoshal<br />
| Best Playback Singer (Female)<br />
| {{won}}<ref name="Apsara">{{cite web|url=http://bollywoodtrade.com/trade-news/nominees-of-apsara-awards-2012/E8F587CF-D41F-49FC-A653-5DEEEEF7A1B3/index.htm|publisher=Bollywood Trade|title=Nominees of Apsara Awards 2012|date=20 January 2012|access-date=21 January 2012|archive-date=23 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123003940/http://bollywoodtrade.com/trade-news/nominees-of-apsara-awards-2012/e8f587cf-d41f-49fc-a653-5deeeef7a1b3/index.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| Rahat Fateh Ali Khan<br />
| Best Playback Singer (Male)<br />
| {{nom}}<ref name="Apsara"/><br />
|-<br />
| Shabbir Ahmed<br />
| Best Lyrics<br />
| {{nom}}<ref name="Apsara"/><br />
|-<br />
| 2012<br />
| 18th Lions Gold Awards<br />
| Shabbir Ahmed<br />
| Favourite Lyricist<br />
| {{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/srk-priyanka-favourite-actors-at-lions-awards/220275-8-66.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120115023808/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/srk-priyanka-favourite-actors-at-lions-awards/220275-8-66.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 January 2012 |title=SRK, Priyanka favourite actors at Lions Awards – Movies News – Bollywood – ibnlive |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |date=10 May 2011 |access-date=12 January 2012}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2011<br />
| [[BIG Star Entertainment Awards]]<br />
| Shreya Ghoshal<br />
| [[BIG Star Most Entertaining Singer (Female)|Best Female Playback Singer]]<br />
| {{won}}<ref name="Big Star">{{cite news|title=Winners of Big Star Entertainment Awards 2012|url=http://www.indicine.com/movies/bollywood/winners-of-big-star-entertainment-awards-2012/|publisher=Indicine|access-date=4 September 2014}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3 | [[4th Mirchi Music Awards|2011]]<br />
| rowspan=3 | [[Mirchi Music Awards]]<br />
| Rahat Fateh Ali Khan<br />
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Male Vocalist of The Year|Male Vocalist of The Year]]<br />
| rowspan=3 {{nom}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2011/hindi/nominees.php|title=Nominations – Mirchi Music Award Hindi 2011|date=30 January 2013|access-date=24 May 2018|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130161203/http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2011/hindi/nominees.php|archive-date=30 January 2013}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Himesh Reshammiya]]<br />
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Music Composer of The Year|Music Composer of The Year]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]] & [[Neelesh Misra]]<br />
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Lyricist of The Year|Lyricist of The Year]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Himesh Reshammiya}}<br />
{{Rahat Fateh Ali Khan}}<br />
{{Shreya Ghoshal}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2011 songs]]<br />
[[Category:Songs written for Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Shreya Ghoshal songs]]<br />
[[Category:Rahat Fateh Ali Khan songs]]<br />
[[Category:Songs with lyrics by Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)]]</div>Username123https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Monk_as_Man&diff=466866The Monk as Man2026-01-24T20:03:21Z<p>Username123: minor edit</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox book<br />
| italic title = <!--(see above)--><br />
| name = The Monk as Man<br />
| image = The Monk as Man.jpg<br />
| image_size = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = First English edition<br />
| author = [[Mani Shankar Mukherjee|Shankar]]<br />
| audio_read_by = <br />
| title_orig = অচেনা অজানা বিবেকানন্দ<br />
| orig_lang_code = Bn <br />
| title_working = <br />
| translator = <br />
| illustrator = <br />
| cover_artist = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Bengali<br/>English<br />
| series = <br />
| release_number = <br />
| subject = <br />
| genre = Biography<br />
| set_in = <br />
| published = 2003<br />
| publisher = <br />
| publisher2 = <br />
| pub_date = <br />
| english_pub_date = 2011<br />
| media_type = Print<br />
| pages = <br />
| awards = <br />
| isbn = <br />
| isbn_note = <br />
| oclc = <br />
| dewey = <br />
| congress = <br />
| preceded_by = <br />
| followed_by = <br />
| native_wikisource = <br />
| wikisource = <br />
| notes =<br />
| exclude_cover = <br />
| website =<br />
}}<br />
'''''The Monk as Man: The Unknown Life of Swami Vivekananda''''' or '''''Achena Ajana Vivekananda''''' is a book about [[Swami Vivekananda]] written by [[Mani Shankar Mukherjee|Shankar]]. In this book, Shankar discussed many unknown events of Vivekananda's life.<ref name=MeriNews>{{cite news|title=Spiritual master Swami Vivekananda was a foody: loved ice cream and dal|url=http://www.merinews.com/article/spiritual-master-swami-vivekananda-was-a-foody-loved-ice-cream-and-dal/15846667.shtml|accessdate=24 November 2015|work=MeriNews}}</ref><ref name=ToI>{{cite news|title=An Unfamiliar Vivekananda: The Monk As Man|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/An-Unfamiliar-Vivekananda-The-Monk-As-Man/articleshow/7945433.cms|accessdate=24 November 2015|work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name=ABP>{{cite news|title=Achena Ajana Vivekananda review|work=Anandabazar Patrika|date=28 November 2004}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Synopsis ==<br />
Swami Vivekananda's personal life's troubles, anxiety, his health, diseases, intimate side of him —these are the main topics of the book. In this book, Shankar portrayed "The Monk" as "a man". The book is divided into five chapters (except "Foreword" and "Acknowledgement")—<br />
# ''A Monk and His Mother'': this chapter discusses Vivekananda's relation with his mother, how he remained faithful to his mother always<br />
# ''Emperor, Monk and Cook in One'': Vivekananda was a good cook always. This chapter discusses his cooking skill;<br />
# ''The Monk Who Loves Tea''<br />
# ''Swamiji's Health''<br />
# ''Thirty-nine Years, Five Months, and Twenty-four Days''<br />
<br />
== Publication ==<br />
The books were first published in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] as ''Achena Ajana Vivekananda'' in November 2003 by ''Sahityam''. [[Penguin Books]] translated and published the book in English in 2011. As of 2011, more than 100,000 copies of the Bengali version of the book were sold.<ref name="Caravan Magazine">{{cite web|title=The Monk as Man: The Unknown Life of Swami Vivekananda|url=http://www.caravanmagazine.in/bookshelf/monk-man-unknown-life-swami-vivekananda|publisher=Caravan Magazine|accessdate=24 November 2015}}</ref> The Bengali version of the book was a best-seller even in March 2014.<ref name="ABP Bestsellet March 2014">{{cite web|title=Bestseller list|url=http://www.anandabazar.com/supplementary/pustokporichoi/ব-স-টস-ল-র-1.15719#}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Swami Vivekananda}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Monk as Man, The}}<br />
[[Category:2003 non-fiction books]]<br />
[[Category:Books about Swami Vivekananda]]<br />
[[Category:2011 non-fiction books]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali-language books]]<br />
[[Category:Indian biographies]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian books]]<br />
[[Category:Penguin Books India books]]<br />
<br />
{{Hindu-bio-book-stub}}</div>Username123https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anup_D%27Costa&diff=486993Anup D'Costa2026-01-07T13:50:40Z<p>Username123: put up the data v1</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian volleyball player (born 1993)}}<br />
{{BLP sources|date=January 2020}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox volleyball biography<br />
|weight=97 Kg<br />
|fullname=Anup D'Costa<br />
|height=193 cm<br />
|birth_date=7 January 1993<br />
|birth_place=[[Kundapura]]<br />
|hometown=[[Kundapura]], [[Karnataka]]<br />
|position=Universal attacker<br />
|currentnumber=07<br />
|currentteam=Income tax<br />
|medals=Eklavya award, KOA Award, Kemp'gowda Award<br />
|block=3.40 m<br />
|spike=3.65 m}}<br />
'''Anup D'Costa''' (born 7 January 1993 in [[Kundapura]], [[Karnataka]]) is an Indian [[volleyball]] player,<ref name="ivl">{{cite web|url=http://www.indianvolleyleague.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=86&Itemid=139|title=Players Biography|publisher=Indian Volley League|accessdate=5 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006113948/http://www.indianvolleyleague.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=86&Itemid=139|archive-date=6 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> represented India in [[2010 Asian Youth Boys Volleyball Championship]] held in [[Azadi Volleyball Hall]], [[Tehran]], [[Iran]] from 13 to 21 May 2010. He was judged Best Scorer of the Championship.He is Ekalavya award winner.<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Anup D'Costa was born on 7 January 1993 at [[Kundapur]] village, [[Karnataka]]. He started playing from 2007. In 2008, he got national attention when he played Junior national from Karnataka Team. Because of his national level recognition, he was rewarded with a job in Income Tax department in 2013.<br />
<br />
==Professional life==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+Playing Timeline<br />
!Year<br />
!Tournaments<br />
|-<br />
|2008<br />
|Junior Volleyball Nationals<br />
|-<br />
|2010<br />
|Asian Championship<br />
|-<br />
|2011<br />
|Karnataka Bull's (IVL)<br />
|-<br />
|2012<br />
|Tunisia Tournament<br />
|-<br />
|2013<br />
|World Championship (Turkey)<br />
|-<br />
|2015<br />
|Asian Championship (Myanmar), Asian Senior Men's Championship (Iran), Senior Championships (South Africa )<br />
|}<br />
Anup is an integral part of Income Tax Department team. He wears number 07 jersey and plays in the position of Universal. Anup D'Costa has also been awarded as the '''Best scorer''' in '''Asian Youth Championship(2010)''' and in '''World Championship(2013).'''<br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
<br />
* He received '''Eklayva Award''' in year ''2016'' by Karnataka State government.<br />
* He received '''KOA Award''' in year ''2012'' by Karnataka State government.<br />
* He received '''Kemp'gowda Award''' in year ''2015'' by Karnataka State government.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:D'Costa, Anup}}<br />
[[Category:Indian men's volleyball players]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1993 births]]<br />
[[Category:People from Udupi district]]<br />
[[Category:Volleyball players from Karnataka]]</div>Username123https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gujarat_Cancer_Research_Institute&diff=473122Gujarat Cancer Research Institute2025-12-30T03:17:27Z<p>Username123: update references after review for consistency</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox hospital<br />
| name = Gujarat Cancer Research Institute<br />
| org_group = [[Government of Gujarat]] and Gujarat Cancer Society (GCS)<br />
| image = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Ahmedabad##India Gujarat<br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Ahmedabad, Gujarat<br />
| logo = Gujarat Cancer Research Institute Logo.png<br />
| logo_size = 200px<br />
| location = <br />
| region = <!-- e.g. County or City - NB autolinked --><br />
| state = [[Gujarat]]<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| coordinates = {{Coord|23|03|0|N|72|36|26|E|display=title,inline}}<br />
| address = Shahibaug, [[Ahmedabad]]<br />
| healthcare = <!-- UK:NHS. AU/CA: Medicare. ELSE freetext, eg Private --><br />
| funding = Government<br />
| type = <!-- Community, District, General, District General, Teaching, Specialist --><br />
| speciality = <!-- if devoted to a speciality (ie not a broad spectrum of specialities) and Type=Specialist/Teaching --><br />
| standards = <!-- optional if no national standards --><br />
| emergency = <!-- UK/IR/HK/SG: Yes/No, CA/IL/US: I/II/III/IV/V for Trauma certification level --><br />
| helipad = <!-- Yes, No, or use "Template:Airport codes" with p=n. Only list if verifiable, leave blank if unknown. --><br />
| affiliation = <!-- 'None' or Medical School and University affiliations (medical or paramedical) --><br />
| patron = <!-- 'None' or the individual who acts as the hospital patron --><br />
| network = <!-- Hospital network, non-owner --><br />
| beds = 500<br />
| founded = 1972<br />
| closed = <br />
| website = http://www.cancerindia.org<br />
| other_links = <!-- Creates ""See also" field --><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Gujarat Cancer Research Institute''' ('''GCRI''') is a state owned cancer research institute in [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]. It was established in 1972.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cancerindia.org/director.html |title=Gujarat Cancer Research Institute. About Us - Director’s Desk. |access-date=28 November 2011 |archive-date=5 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205095405/http://cancerindia.org/director.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is one of the 25 government funded [[Regional Cancer Centre (India)|Regional Cancer Centre]]s in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://kidwai.kar.nic.in/regional.htm |title=Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology Official Website. 'Regional Cancer Centres in the Country'. |access-date=28 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107212439/http://www.kidwai.kar.nic.in/regional.htm |archive-date=7 November 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.whoindia.org/LinkFiles/Cancer_resource_pg281to282.pdf WHO India.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426005109/http://www.whoindia.org/LinkFiles/Cancer_resource_pg281to282.pdf |date=2012-04-26 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Rankings ==<br />
{{Infobox India university ranking<br />
|NIRF_M_2024=45<br />
|type=University and college}}<br />
<br />
The institute was ranked 45th among medical colleges in India by the [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NIRF 2024 Medical ranking |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2024/MedicalRanking.html}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
{{Ahmedabad topics}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Hospital buildings completed in 1972]]<br />
[[Category:Government buildings completed in 1972]]<br />
[[Category:Research institutes in Ahmedabad]]<br />
[[Category:Regional Cancer Centres in India]]<br />
[[Category:Hospitals in Gujarat]]<br />
[[Category:Healthcare in Ahmedabad]]<br />
[[Category:Research institutes in Gujarat]]<br />
[[Category:1972 establishments in Gujarat]]</div>Username123https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Political_divisions_of_Kannur_district&diff=469070Political divisions of Kannur district2025-12-11T01:45:28Z<p>Username123: rework details also and cleaned formatting per sources</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|none}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}<br />
[[File:Local Self Governance in Kannur District.svg|500px|thumbnail|Local bodies in Kannur district]]<br />
'''Kannur district''' is politically organized into a complex web of taluks, blocks, panchayaths and villages. In addition, there are also parliamentary divisions called Assembly constituencies and Lok Sabha constituencies.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Kannur district came into existence as an administrative unit on 1 January 1957, when the erstwhile [[Malabar District]] and Kasaragod taluk of Madras state were reconstituted into three revenue districts, viz; Kannur, [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]] and [[Palakkad]]. At the time of its formation, the district consisted of seven taluks, viz, [[Kasaragod taluk|Kasaragod]], [[Hosdurg]], [[Taliparamba]], [[Kannur]], [[Thalassery]], North [[Wayanad]] and South Wayanad. Subsequently, the South Wayanad taluk was included in Kozhikode district with effect from 15 March 1957. Later, on first November 1980, [[Wayanad]] District was formed carving out South Wayanad and North Wayanad taluks. The two northernmost taluks of Kannur District, viz; Kasaragod and Hosdurg were separated on 24 May 1984 for the formation of [[Kasaragod District]].A new [[Iritty taluk]] was formed in 2014 dividing [[Thalassery]] and [[Thaliparamba]] taluks and [[Payyanur Taluk]] was created by carving [[Taliparamba taluk]] and [[Kannur taluk]] in 2018. Thus Kannur District now has five taluks, viz., [[Kannur taluk|Kannur]], [[Taliparamba taluk|Taliparamba]], [[Payyanur Taluk|Payyanur]], [[Thalassery]] and [[Iritty taluk|Iritty]]. Thalassery is also known as Tellicherry.<br />
<br />
There are nine development blocks comprising 71 grama panchayats. The development blocks are [[Kannur]], [[Edakkad]], [[Irikkur]], [[Iritty]], [[Kuthuparamba]], [[Payyannur]], [[Peravoor]], [[Taliparamba]] and [[Thalassery]].<br />
<br />
There is one municipal corporation and 9 municipalities in Kannur district. [[Kannur]] is the only municipal corporation and the municipalities are [[Thalassery]], [[Taliparamba]], [[Payyannur]], [[Kuthuparamba]], [[Mattannur]], [[Anthoor]], [[Panoor]], [[Iritty]], and [[Sreekandapuram]].<br />
<br />
The state legislative constituencies of the District are: [[Irikkur (State Assembly constituency)|Irikkur]], [[Payyanur (State Assembly constituency)|Payyanur]], [[Taliparamba (State Assembly constituency)|Taliparamba]], [[Kalliasseri (State Assembly constituency)|Kalliasseri]], [[Azhikode (State Assembly constituency)|Azhikode]], [[Kannur (State Assembly constituency)|Kannur]], [[Dharmadom (State Assembly constituency)|Dharmadom]], [[Thalassery (State Assembly constituency)|Thalassery]], [[Mattanur (State Assembly constituency)|Mattanur]], [[Kuthuparamba (State Assembly constituency)|Kuthuparamba]] and [[Peravoor (State Assembly constituency)|Peravoor]].<br />
<br />
==Parliament Constituency==<br />
Kannur district falls into 3 parliament constituencies.<br />
<br />
• [[Kannur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kannur]]<br />
<br />
• [[Kasaragod (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kasaragod]]<br />
<br />
• [[Vatakara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vatakara]]<br />
<br />
==Assembly Constituencies==<br />
Kannur district have 11 Assembly constituencies:<br />
#[[Payyanur (State Assembly constituency)|Payyanur]]<br />
#[[Kalliasseri (State Assembly constituency)|Kalliasseri]]<br />
#[[Taliparamba (State Assembly constituency)|Taliparamba]]<br />
#[[Azhikode (State Assembly constituency)|Azhikode]]<br />
#[[Kannur (State Assembly constituency)|Kannur]]<br />
#[[Irikkur (State Assembly constituency)|Irikkur]]<br />
#[[Thalassery (State Assembly constituency)|Thalassery]]<br />
#[[Dharmadom (State Assembly constituency)|Dharmadom]]<br />
#[[Mattanur (State Assembly constituency)|Mattanur]]<br />
#[[Kuthuparamba (State Assembly constituency)|Kuthuparamba]]<br />
#[[Peravoor (State Assembly constituency)|Peravoor]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Assembly Constituencies of Kannur |url=http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/kannur.html |website=ceo.kerala.gov.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Members of Parliament==<br />
'''Madras State'''<br />
*1951: [[A.K. Gopalan]], [[Communist Party of India]]<br />
<br />
'''After the formation of Kerala'''<br />
<br />
*1977: [[C.K. Chandrappan]], [[Communist Party of India]]<br />
*1980: K. Kunhambu, [[Indian National Congress (Urs)]]<br />
*1984: [[Mullappally Ramachandran]], [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
*1989: [[Mullappally Ramachandran]], [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
*1991: [[Mullappally Ramachandran]], [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
*1996: [[Mullappally Ramachandran]], [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
*1998: [[Mullappally Ramachandran]], [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
*1999: [[A.P. Abdullakutty]], [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<br />
*2004: [[A.P. Abdullakutty]], [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<br />
*2009: [[K. Sudhakaran]], [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
*2014: [[P. K. Sreemathy|P K Sreemathy]], [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<br />
*2019: [[K. Sudhakaran]], [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
*2024: [[K. Sudhakaran]], [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
<br />
Indian general election, 2024<br />
<br />
[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|Left Democratic Front]] (LDF) fielded veteran [[M. V. Jayarajan]] against incumbent MP and senior [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] leader [[K. Sudhakaran]]. [[BJP]]'s C. Raghunathan contested from [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]].<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/kannur-constituency-campaign-in-fever-pitch-as-seasoned-politicians-fight-it-out/article68039867.ece | work=The Hindu | first=A. Mithosh | last=Joseph | title=Kannur constituency {{!}} Campaign in fever pitch as seasoned politicians fight it out |date=2024-04-09}}</ref><br />
<br />
===General Election 2024 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: Kannur}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[ K. Sudhakaran]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=5,18,524|percentage=48.74|change={{loss}}2.00}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[M. V. Jayarajan]]|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=4,09,542|percentage=38.50|change={{loss}}3.18}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=C. Raghunathan|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=1,19,876|percentage=11.27|change={{gain}}4.71}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=8,873|percentage=0.83|change=}}<br />
{{Election box majority||votes=1,08,982|percentage=10.24|change={{gain}}1.18}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=10,66,171|percentage=78.22|change={{loss}}5.06}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change =}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
|winner = Indian National Congress<br />
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)<br />
|swing = {{loss}}2.00}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==Taluks of Kannur district==<br />
<br />
Kannur district is divided into five taluks, [[Thalassery]], [[Kannur]], [[Iritty]], [[Taliparamba]] and [[Payyannur]]. Thalassery has 35 villages, Kannur has 28 villages, Iritty has 20 villages, Taliparamba has 28 and Payyanur has 22 villages.<ref>{{cite web<br />
|url = https://kannur.nic.in/village-panchayats/<br />
|website = Kannur district website<br />
|title = Talukas in Kannur district<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Kannur===<br />
The taluk office of Kannur is located at [[South Bazar (Caltex Junction)|South Bazar or Caltex junction]] in Kannur. The headquarters is in an old British building near to the modern civil station. <br />
''Constituent villages''<br />
Kannur Taluk has 28 villages. <br />
* Anjarakandi, Azhikode North, Azhikode South and Chelora<br />
* Chembilode, Cherukkunnu and Chirakkal<br />
* Edakkad, Elayavoor, Iriveri and Kadambur<br />
* Kalliasseri, Kanhirod, Kannadiparamba, Kannapuram<br />
* Kannur-1, Kannur-2, Makrery and Mattool<br />
* Mavilayi, Munderi, Muzhappilangad and Narath<br />
* Pallikkunnu, Pappinisseri, Puzhathi, Valapattanam and Valiyannur<br />
'''Kannur taluk''' is an administrative division of [[Kannur district]] of Kerala, India.<br />
<br />
=== Taliparamba ===<br />
The headquarters of Taliparamba Taluk is located in Taliparamba. <br />
<br />
'''Taliparamba Taluk''' has 28 villages<br />
* Alakode, Anthoor, Chelery and Chengalayi<br />
* Chuzhali, Eruvessi and Irikkur<br />
* Kayaralam, Kolachery, Kooveri, Kurumathur, Kuttiyattoor<br />
* Kuttiyeri, Malappattam, Maniyoor, Mayyil and Morazha<br />
* Naduvil, Nidiyanga, Panniyoor, Pariyaram, Pattuvam and Payyavoor<br />
* Sreekandapuram, Taliparamba, Thimiri, Udayagiri and Velladu<br />
<br />
Taliparamba is home to a number of [[Hindu temple|temples]], [[Church (building)|churches]] and [[mosque]]s. Temples include the [[Rajarajeshwara Temple]], [[Trichambaram Temple]] and [[Parassinikkadavu Temple]]. Taliparamba Juma Masjid and St. Mary's Church are other prominent religious centres in the town.<br />
<br />
=== Thalassery ===<br />
<br />
Thalassery Taluk has 35 villages. <br />
* Cheruvanchery, Chokli, Dharmadam and Erancholi<br />
* Eruvatty, Kadirur, Kandankunnu and Kannavam<br />
* Keezhallur, Kodiyeri, Kolavallur and Kolayad<br />
* Koodali, Kottayam, Kuthuparamba and Mananthery<br />
* Mangattidam, Mokery, New Mahe and Paduvilayi<br />
* Panniyannur, Panoor, Pathiriyad and Pattanur<br />
* Pattiam, Peringalam, Peringathur and Pinarayi<br />
* Puthur, Shivapuram, Thalassery and Thiruvangad<br />
* Tholambra, Thripangothur and Vekkalam Kuthuparamba Vengad<br />
<br />
=== Iritty ===<br />
'''Iritty Taluk''' has 20 villages<br />
* Aralam, Ayyankunnu, Chavasseri and Kalliad<br />
* Kanichar, Karikottakari, Keezhur and Kelakam <br />
*Kolari, Kottiyoor, Manathana and Muzhakkunnu <br />
*Nuchiyad, Padiyoor, Payam and Pazhassi <br />
*Thillankeri, Vayathur, Vellarvalli and Vilamana<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Payyanur ===<br />
'''Payyanur taluk''' has 22 villages<br />
* Alappadamba, Cheruthazham, <br />
Eramam, Ezhome<br />
* Kadannnappally, Kankol, Karivellur, Korom<br />
* Kuttur, Kunhimangalam, Madayi, Panappuzha<br />
* Payyanur, Peralam, Peringome, Perinthatta, Pulingome<br />
* Ramanthali, Thirumeni, Vayakkara, Vellora, Vellur<br />
<br />
==Eastern villages==<br />
* Cherupuzha<br />
* Pulingome<br />
* Udayagiri<br />
* Alakode<br />
* Vellad<br />
* Naduvil<br />
* Eruvessi<br />
* Payyavoor<br />
* Ulikkal<br />
* Ayyankunnu<br />
* Edoor<br />
* Aralam<br />
* Peravoor<br />
* Kottiyoor<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Indian general election, 2014 (Kerala)]]<br />
* [[Kannur]]<br />
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]<br />
* [[Thalassery]]<br />
* [[Vatakara]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [[Election Commission of India]]: https://web.archive.org/web/20081218010942/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp<br />
<br />
{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Kerala}}<br />
<br />
{{coord missing|Kerala}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kannur (Lok Sabha Constituency)}}<br />
[[Category:Politics of Kannur district]]</div>Username123https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neetha_Ashok&diff=521543Neetha Ashok2025-12-10T18:02:01Z<p>Username123: creating basic post w/ sources!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian actress}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}<br />
{{Indian patronymic|Neetha|Ashok}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Neetha Ashok<br />
| image = <br />
| birth_name = Neetha Ashok Herle<br />
| education = MBA Finance <ref name = bb/><br />
| birth_date = February 01 1991<ref>{{Cite web |title=Happy birthady to Neetha Ashok of #VikrantRona fame |url=https://www.twitter.com/BangaloreTimes1/status/1356230711229861889 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812151547/https://twitter.com/BangaloreTimes1/status/1356230711229861889 |archive-date=12 August 2022 |access-date=12 August 2022 |website=[[Bangalore Times]] Twitter}}</ref><br />
| alias = <br />
| birth_place = [[Kote, Karnataka|Kota]], [[Udupi district]], [[Karnataka]], India<ref name = bb/><br />
| parents = <br />
| occupation = Actress<br />
| years_active = 2014 – present<br />
| website = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Neetha Ashok''' is an Indian actress primarily known for her work in [[Kannada]] films.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 October 2018 |title=Serial actors perform at Chitradurga |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/serial-actors-perform-at-chitradurga/articleshow/66191654.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726080509/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/serial-actors-perform-at-chitradurga/articleshow/66191654.cms |archive-date=26 July 2022 |access-date=26 July 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> She made her acting debut with the Tulu film ''[[Jabardasth Shankara]]'' (2019). Neetha gained recognition with her Kannada debut ''[[Vikrant Rona]]'' (2022).<ref>{{Cite web |last=A. Sharadhaa |date=21 July 2022 |title=Debuting with Vikrant Rona is like getting golden gift: Neetha Ashok |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/jul/21/debuting-with-vikrant-rona-is-like-getting-golden-giftneetha-ashok-2478784.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726220217/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/jul/21/debuting-with-vikrant-rona-is-like-getting-golden-giftneetha-ashok-2478784.html |archive-date=26 July 2022 |access-date=26 July 2022 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
Neetha was born in a [[Kota Brahmins|Kota Brahmin]] family in coastal region village called [[Kote, Karnataka|Kota Village]] from [[Udupi district|Udupi District]], [[Karnataka]] which is near [[Kundapura]] Town,<ref name="bb">{{Cite web |date=27 February 2021 |title=ವಿಕ್ರಾಂತ್ ರೋಣ ಸಿನಿಮಾಗೆ ನೀತಾ ಅಶೋಕ್ ಸೆಲೆಕ್ಟ್ ಆಗಿದ್ದು ಹೇಗೆ? |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LGM8MZ0cmM |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812122647/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LGM8MZ0cmM |archive-date=12 August 2022 |access-date=12 August 2022 |website=[[YouTube]]}}{{Dead link |date=September 2025}}</ref> and lived in [[Delhi]], [[Mangaluru]] and [[Bengaluru]].<ref name="d" /><ref name="t" /> Her father is Ashok Herle, a banker and mother is Geetha Ashok Herle. She calls herself the great-granddaughter of [[Shivaram Karanth]].<ref name="d" /><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Neetha Ashok starred in three Kannada television serials including ''Yashodhe'', ''Naa Ninna Bidalaare'', and ''Neelambari'' as the lead as well as a Hindi serial on [[Doordarshan]].<ref name="d" /> She made her feature film debut with the Tulu film ''[[Jabardasth Shankara]]'' starring her school senior [[Arjun Kapikad]] directed by [[Devadas Kapikad]].<ref name="t">{{Cite web |last=KM Sathish Bellanki |date=8 November 2019 |title=ನೀತಾ ನಟನಾ ವೈಖರಿ |url=https://www.prajavani.net/entertainment/cinema/neetha-ashok-680157.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726081928/https://www.prajavani.net/entertainment/cinema/neetha-ashok-680157.html |archive-date=26 July 2022 |access-date=26 July 2022 |website=[[Prajavani]] |language=kn}}</ref><ref name="c" /> Regarding her and Rashi Balakrishna's performances in the film, a critic wrote that they are "ravishingly beautiful and give a fine performance as romantic interests".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mangaloretoday.com/main/Movie-Review-Jabardasth-Shankara-stands-apart-among-Stereotypes.html|title=Movie Review: ''Jabardasth Shankara'' stands apart among Stereotypes|location=Mangaluru|work=Mangalore Today|date=12 November 2019|access-date=27 November 2025}}</ref> She made her Kannada film debut with ''[[Vikrant Rona]]'' (2022) after she met [[Sudeep]] at a [[Colors Kannada]] party.<ref name="c">{{Cite web |last=A. Sharadhaa |date=13 February 2021 |title=Neetha Ashok: I am just lucky |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2021/feb/13/neetha-ashok-i-am-just-lucky-22805.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726080506/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2021/feb/13/neetha-ashok-i-am-just-lucky-22805.html |archive-date=26 July 2022 |access-date=26 July 2022 |website=[[The New Indian Express|Cinema Express]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Filmography ==<br />
===Films===<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|-<br />
! Year<br />
! Film<br />
! Role<br />
! Language<br />
! Notes<br />
! {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}<br />
|-<br />
|2019 <br />
| ''[[Jabardasth Shankara]]'' <br />
| Lavanya <br />
| [[Tulu language|Tulu]] <br />
| <br />
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="t" /><br />
|-<br />
| 2022 <br />
| ''[[Vikrant Rona]]'' <br />
| Aparna Ballal "Panna" <br />
| [[Kannada]] <br />
| <br />
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Actress Neetha Ashok's look from Phantom revealed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/actress-neetha-ashoks-look-from-phantom-revealed/articleshow/77648563.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726090256/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/actress-neetha-ashoks-look-from-phantom-revealed/articleshow/77648563.cms |archive-date=26 July 2022 |access-date=26 July 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name="CSA2023">{{cite web |url=https://awards.chittaranews.com/poll/780/|title=Chittara Star Awards| publisher=awards.chittaranews.com}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Television===<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|-<br />
! Year<br />
! Title<br />
! Role<br />
! Language<br />
! {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}<br />
|-<br />
| 2014 <br />
|''Yashodhe ''<br />
| Yashodhe <br />
| Kannada <br />
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref><br />
* {{Cite web |last=A. Sharadhaa |date=20 August 2020 |title=Neetha Ashok gets her first big break in 'Phantom' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2020/aug/20/neetha-ashok-gets-her-first-big-break-in-phantom-2185705.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726080509/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2020/aug/20/neetha-ashok-gets-her-first-big-break-in-phantom-2185705.html |archive-date=26 July 2022 |access-date=26 July 2022 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}<br />
* {{Cite web |date=1 January 2015 |title=Sharadha to get married in Yashode serial |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/sharadha-to-get-married-in-yashode-serial/articleshow/45716383.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726082848/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/sharadha-to-get-married-in-yashode-serial/articleshow/45716383.cms |archive-date=26 July 2022 |access-date=26 July 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2016 <br />
| '' Naa Ninna Bidalaare ''<br />
| Nandini <br />
| Kannada <br />
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="d"><br />
* {{Cite web |last=SHASHIPRASAD SM |date=18 August 2018 |title=A scary act |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/television/181018/a-scary-act.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726080524/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/television/181018/a-scary-act.html |archive-date=26 July 2022 |access-date=26 July 2022 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}<br />
* {{Cite web |date=17 April 2018 |title=Naa Ninna Bidalare completes 500 episodes successfully |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/naa-ninna-bidalare-completes-500-episodes-successfully/articleshow/63801035.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726080948/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/naa-ninna-bidalare-completes-500-episodes-successfully/articleshow/63801035.cms |archive-date=26 July 2022 |access-date=26 July 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| <br />
|''Aashiyan ''<br />
|<br />
| Hindi<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="d" /><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | 2018 <br />
| ''Neelambari ''<br />
| <br />
| Kannada<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref><br />
* {{Cite web |date=9 August 2018 |title=Neetha returns to the small screen |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/neetha-returns-to-the-small-screen/articleshow/65332857.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726080506/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/neetha-returns-to-the-small-screen/articleshow/65332857.cms |archive-date=26 July 2022 |access-date=26 July 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}<br />
* {{Cite web |date=30 September 2018 |title=Neelambari to go on air from October 8 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/neelambari-to-go-on-air-from-october-8/articleshow/66005521.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726082342/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/neelambari-to-go-on-air-from-october-8/articleshow/66005521.cms |archive-date=26 July 2022 |access-date=26 July 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Awards and nominations==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year<br />
! Award<br />
! Category<br />
! Film<br />
! Result<br />
! {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[11th South Indian International Movie Awards|2023]]<br />
| [[11th South Indian International Movie Awards]]<br />
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut – Kannada|Best Female Debut – Kannada]]<br />
| ''[[Vikrant Rona]]''<br />
| {{won}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=SIIMA Awards 2023: RRR, 777 Charlie win big; Jr NTR, Yash named Best Actors; Sreeleela and Srinidhi Shetty are Best Actresses |work=Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/siima-awards-2023-telugu-kannada-winners-list-jr-ntr-yash-rrr-kantara-8942103/lite/ |access-date=2023-09-15}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb name|11838055}}<br />
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|neetha-ashok}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ashok, Neetha}}<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]<br />
[[Category:People from Udupi district]]<br />
[[Category:1991 births]]</div>Username123https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sital_Kumar_Sardar&diff=536243Sital Kumar Sardar2025-12-09T08:24:49Z<p>Username123: Bio</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician (1942–2025)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}<br />
<br />
'''Sital Kumar Sardar''' (1942 – 12 November 2025) was an Indian politician from [[West Bengal]]. He was a five time consecutive member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from [[Sankrail Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for Scheduled Caste community, in [[Howrah district]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Sankrail Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/sankrail-west-bengal-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref> He first won the [[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Indian National Congress]] and went on to win four more times till 2016 on [[All India Trinamool Congress]] ticket.<br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
Sardar was born in 1942,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Sital Kumar Sardar (All India Trinamool Congress (AITC)):Constituency- Sankrail (SC) (Howrah) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/westbengal2016/candidate.php?candidate_id=1078 |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> and came from [[Sankrail]], Howrah district, [[West Bengal]]. He was the son of late Khandu Charan Sardar. Sardar studied Class 12 at Shibpur Dinabandhu Institution, in the then [[Calcutta]] in 1961. Prior to this, he was schooled at New Andul High School and passed the board examinations in 1959.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
Sardar died on 12 November 2025, at the age of 83.<ref>{{cite news |title=Veteran West Bengal politician and five-time MLA Sital Kumar Sardar passes away at 83 |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1297880 |access-date=13 November 2025 |publisher=Daiji World |date=13 November 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Sardar first became an MLA from Sankrail Assembly constituency representing the Indian National Congress, winning the 1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election.<ref name=":1" /> Then he shifted to the All India Trinamool Congress and won the seat for another consecutive four terms. He won in [[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]], [[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]], [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]] and [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]] on Trinamool Congress ticket.<ref name=":1" /> In the 2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election, he polled 86,212 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Samir Malick of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], by a margin of 14,757 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC Summary: Sankrail (SC) 2016 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/ac/summary/36841 |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=West Bengal Election: Sankrail Assembly Constituency 2022 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/west-bengal-assembly-election/sankrail-1794544457 |access-date=30 April 2025 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |title=Sankrail Election Results 2021 LIVE, Vote Counting, Leading, Trailing , Winners West bengal Sankrail Constituency Election News LIVE |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/west-bengal-election-results-2021/wb-sankrail-constituency-174.html |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref> In 2011, he polled 88,029 votes and defeated his closest rival, Anirban Hazra, also from the Communist Party of India (Marxist), by a margin of 17,857 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-06 |title=West Bengal Assembly election 2021, Sankrail profile: TMC's Sital Kumar Sardar currently represents constituency |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/west-bengal-assembly-election-2021-sankrail-profile-tmcs-sital-kumar-sardar-currently-represents-constituency-9300161.html |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sankrail Election Result 2021 Live Updates: Priya Paul of TMC wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/sankrail-election-result-2021-live-updates-sankrail-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3694643.html |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sardar, Sital Kumar}}<br />
[[Category:1942 births]]<br />
[[Category:2025 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:People from Howrah district]]<br />
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1996–2001]]<br />
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2001–2006]]<br />
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2006–2011]]<br />
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2011–2016]]<br />
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]<br />
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from West Bengal]]</div>Username123https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jatra_(Maharashtra)&diff=468072Jatra (Maharashtra)2025-12-05T19:04:43Z<p>Username123: enhance page for accuracy and improved wording per sources</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Annual festival}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br />
[[File:Bailgada manchar.png|thumb|right|Bullock cart race at a Jatra in Manchar, Maharashtra]]<br />
[[File:Javlakushti 2.JPG|thumb|right|[[Kushti]] competition at Javla]]<br />
'''Jatra''' or '''[[Urs|Urus]]''' are annual festivals held in a large number of villages in the Indian state of [[Maharashtra]] during the months of January to May.<ref>{{cite book|author=Balasaheb Tukaram Kanase|title=Cooperative Dairy Industries and Milk Production|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bcpFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA21|publisher=Lulu Publication|date=2017|isbn=978-1-387-39486-9|page=80|via=Google Books}}<br>- {{cite book|author=R. M. Betham|title=Maráthas and Dekhani Musalmáns |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6mATx3PBupsC&pg=PA43|year=1908 |edition= 1996 reprint|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-1204-4|pages=73–74|via=Google Books}}<br>- {{cite book|author=Ram Puniyani|title=Religion, Power and Violence: Expression of Politics in Contemporary Times|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fd5Fm79VMk8C&pg=PA108|date=21 July 2005|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-0-7619-3338-0|page=112|via=Google Books}}</ref> These may be in honour of the village Hindu deity (Gram devta) or the tomb (''[[dargah]]'') of a local [[Sufism|Sufi]] ''[[Pir (Sufism)|pir]]''.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last=Feldhaus|editor-first= Anne |title=Images of women in Maharashtrian society : [papers presented at the 4th International Conference on Maharashtra: Culture and Society held in April 1991 at Arizona State University]|date=1998|publisher=State University of New York Press|location=Albany, New York|isbn=9780791436592|page=66|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0FobxiflfVQC&dq=urus+&pg=PA61}}</ref> In some instances, the holy man in the tomb is revered under different names by Hindus and Muslims.<ref>{{cite book|author=J. J. Roy Burman|title=Hindu-Muslim Syncretic Shrines and Communities |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yDZkX0PUEKQC&pg=PR7|year=2002|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-839-6|pages=92–93|via=Google Books}}</ref> Apart from religious observations, celebrations may include bullock-cart racing, [[kabbadi]], wrestling tournaments, a fair and entertainment such as a [[lavani]]/[[tamasha]] show by travelling dance troupes.<ref>{{cite web|last=Shodhganga|title=Sangli District|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/9550/10/10_chapter%203.pdf|work=Shodhganga|accessdate=17 April 2014|archive-date=11 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411084556/http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/9550/10/10_chapter%203.pdf|url-status=dead}}<br>- {{cite news|title=Maharashtra asks high court to reconsider ban on bullock cart races|author=Shibu Thomas|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Maharashtra-asks-high-court-to-reconsider-ban-on-bullock-cart-races/articleshow/16872364.cms|accessdate=17 April 2014|newspaper=Times of India|date=19 October 2012}}</ref> A number of families eat meat preparations only during this period. In some villages, women are given a break from cooking and other household chores by their menfolk.<ref>{{cite book|author=R. M. Betham|title=Maráthas and Dekhani Musalmáns|year=1908|location=Calcutta|isbn=81-206-1204-3|page=71|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6mATx3PBupsC&dq=jatra+&pg=PA71|via=Google Books}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Zatra]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Culture of Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Hinduism in Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Festivals in Maharashtra]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Maharashtra-stub}}</div>Username123https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Himal_Gusain&diff=502735Himal Gusain2025-12-03T06:18:15Z<p>Username123: creating the data first draft - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian chess player (born 1993)}}<br />
{{Infobox chess player<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1993|9|21}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Chandigarh]], India<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/chandigarhs-himal-qualifies-for-chess-world-cup/|title=Chandigarh’s Himal qualifies for Chess World Cup|date=August 12, 2025}}</ref><br />
| title = [[International Master]] (2017)<br />
| peakrating = 2528 (November 2024)<br />
| FideID = 5033861<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Himal Gusain''' is an Indian chess player.<br />
<br />
==Chess career==<br />
In May 2025, he won the Locarno Open with a perfect score of 5/5, a full point ahead of runner-up Jakub Bednarczuk.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/Himal-Gusain-perfect-at-Locarno-Open-2025|title=Himal Gusain perfect at Locarno Open 2025|date=May 20, 2025|first=Shahid|last=Ahmed}}</ref><br />
<br />
In June 2025, he won the Dolomiti International Chess Tournament after beating grandmaster [[Martin Petrov (chess player)|Martin Petrov]] on tiebreak scores.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/indias-himal-gusain-wins-the-16th-dolomiti-international-chess-tournament-title|title=India’s Himal Gusain Wins the 16th Dolomiti International Chess Tournament Title|date=June 14, 2025|first=Niklesh|last=Jain}}</ref> Later that month, he won the Salento Open Masters with a perfect score of 9/9, two points ahead of runner-up Cecile Haussernot.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/Himal-Gusain-perfect-at-14th-Salento-Open-Master-2025|title=Himal Gusain perfect at 14th Salento Open Master 2025|date=June 20, 2025|first=Shahid|last=Ahmed}}</ref><br />
<br />
He played in the [[Chess World Cup 2025]], where he was defeated by [[Andy Woodward (chess player)|Andy Woodward]] in the first round.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/FIDE-World-Cup-2025-to-take-place-in-India|title=FIDE World Cup 2025 to take place in India|date=July 21, 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gusain, Himal}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1993 births]]<br />
[[Category:Chess International Masters]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian chess players]]<br />
[[Category:Sportspeople from Chandigarh]]</div>Username123https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Abraham&diff=446671Joseph Abraham2025-10-18T06:18:11Z<p>Username123: minor edit</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian hurdler}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox sportsperson<br />
| name = Joseph Abraham<br />
| image = <br />
| imagesize = 145px<br />
| caption = After winning the 400m hurdles gold at Asian Games 2010<br />
| fullname = Joseph Ganapathiplackal Abraham<br />
| nicknames = <br />
| nationality = [[India]]n<br />
| sport = [[Running]]<br />
| event = [[400 metre hurdles]], [[400 metres]]<br />
| club = Indian Railways<br />
| collegeteam = <br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1981|9|11}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Kottayam]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]<br />
| residence = <br />
| retired = yes<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| height = <br />
| weight = <br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| medaltemplates = <br />
{{MedalSport|Men's [[Sport of athletics|athletics]]}}<br />
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}<br />
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Games]]}}<br />
{{MedalGold|[[2010 Asian Games|2010 Guangzhou]]|[[Athletics at the 2010 Asian Games – Men's 400 metres hurdles|400 m hurdles]]}}<br />
{{MedalSilver |[[2006 Asian Games|2006 Doha]]|[[Athletics at the 2006 Asian Games – Men's 4 × 400 metres relay|4×400 m]]}}<br />
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Athletics Championships|Asian Championships]]}}<br />
{{MedalSilver| [[2009 Asian Championships in Athletics|2009 Guangzhou]] | [[2009 Asian Athletics Championships – Men's 400 metres hurdles|400 m hurdles]]}}<br />
{{MedalBronze| [[2007 Asian Championships in Athletics|2007 Amman]] | [[2007 Asian Athletics Championships – Men's 400 metres hurdles|400 m hurdles]]}}<br />
{{MedalBronze|2007 Amman|[[2007 Asian Athletics Championships – Men's 4 × 400 metres relay|4×400 m]]}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Joseph Abraham''' (born 11 September 1981) is an Indian [[track and field]] athlete from [[Kerala]]. He holds the current [[400 metre hurdles]] State record of 49.51 seconds set during the [[2007 World Championships in Athletics]] in [[Osaka]] on 26 August 2007.<ref name="afio">{{cite web|url=http://www.indianathletics.org/isr.php |title=Official Website of Athletics Federation of India: NATIONAL RECORDS as on 21.3.2009 |publisher=Athletics Federation of INDIA |accessdate=2009-09-18 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805174209/http://indianathletics.org/isr.php |archivedate=2009-08-05 }}</ref><ref name="hindu_aug07">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/27/stories/2007082761102100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080108120532/http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/27/stories/2007082761102100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2008-01-08|title=Joseph Abraham, Vikas Gowda go out |date=2007-08-27|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=2009-09-18}}</ref> At Osaka, Abraham became the first Indian male athlete to clear the opening round of an event in the [[IAAF World Championships in Athletics|World Athletics Championships]] when he reached the 400m hurdles semifinals.<ref name="hindu_aug07b">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/26/stories/2007082660841800.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071109053706/http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/26/stories/2007082660841800.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2007-11-09|title=Hoffa dethrones Nelson in shot put|date=2007-08-26|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=2009-09-18}}</ref> He also won the 400m hurdles gold medal at [[2010 Asian Games|2010 Guangzhou]] Asian Games.<ref name="toi_nov10">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/16th-asian-games-2010/india-news/Asiad-Ashwini-Akkunji-wins-eighth-gold-for-India/articleshow/6988671.cms|title=Asiad: Joseph, Ashwini clinch 400m hurdles gold for India|date=25 November 2010|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=25 November 2010}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Athletic career==<br />
Born in [[Kottayam district]] of [[Kerala]], Abraham made a steady progress in intermediate hurdles. His first sub-52 came in 2003 and in the following year he clocked a time of 51.98 seconds. His best time in 2005 was 50.87 seconds.<ref name="sportstar_jul07">{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/tss/tss3028/stories/20070714501103200.htm|title=Two memorable performances|date=2007-07-14|publisher=[[Sportstar]]|accessdate=2009-09-18}}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> His first national record came at the 2006 National inter-State athletics championship in [[Chennai]]. He broke the national record of 50.39 seconds held by [[Patlavath Shankar]] with a time of 50.22 seconds.<ref name="hindu_nov06">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/11/04/stories/2006110402411700.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031001913/http://www.hindu.com/2006/11/04/stories/2006110402411700.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2007-10-31|title=Joseph sets National mark|date=2006-11-04|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=2009-09-18}}</ref> On 12 May 2007 at the 13th Federation Cup Athletics Championship in [[Kolkata]], he broke his own 400m hurdles record 50.04 seconds to win the gold.<ref name="ie_may07">{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/abraham-sets-national-mark/30810/0|title=Abraham sets national mark|date=2007-05-12|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|accessdate=2009-09-18}}</ref> Joseph's first sub-50 performance came in the [[Guwahati]] Asian Grand Prix circuit athletics in June 2007. He won the silver by setting the new national record of 49.52 seconds while coming second behind [[Chinese people|Chinese]] [[Meng Yan]].<ref name="sportstar_jul07" /><br />
<br />
In June 2009, Abraham achieved the qualifying norm of 49.80 seconds for the [[2009 World Championships in Athletics|Berlin World Championships]], at the Indian Grand Prix meet in [[Chennai]] by clocking 49.59 seconds.<ref name="sportstar_jun09">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/tss/tss3225/stories/20090620504003100.htm|title=Mediocre, nothing more |date=2009-06-20|publisher=[[Sportstar]]|accessdate=2009-09-20}}</ref> Later in the same year, he won a silver medal in 400m hurdles (with a time of 49.96 seconds) at the [[2009 Asian Championships in Athletics]] held at [[Guangzhou]], [[China]].<ref name="hindu_nov09">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/11/14/stories/2009111457131700.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107113041/http://www.hindu.com/2009/11/14/stories/2009111457131700.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-11-07|title=Joseph Abraham takes silver in 400m hurdles|date=2009-11-14|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=2009-11-14}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 25 November 2010, Abraham became the first Indian to win individual gold medal at 400m hurdles at any [[Asian Games]]. He won the gold medal at [[2010 Asian Games|2010 Guangzhou]] Asian Games clocking a time of 49.96 seconds.<ref name="toi_nov10" /><br />
;400m sprint<br />
Abraham also competes in the [[400 metres|400]]m sprint. His personal best for the 400 metres is 46.70 seconds set at the 2006 Open National Athletics Championships in [[New Delhi]].<ref name="hindu_oct06">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/10/07/stories/2006100707822100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105101730/http://www.hindu.com/2006/10/07/stories/2006100707822100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-11-05|title=Pinki, Joseph win 400m titles |date=2006-10-07|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=2009-09-18}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{World Athletics}}<br />
<br />
{{Asian Games Champions Athletics 400 m Hurdles Men}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Abraham, Joseph}}<br />
[[Category:Malayali people]]<br />
[[Category:Sportspeople from Kottayam]]<br />
[[Category:Indian men hurdlers]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1981 births]]<br />
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2006 Asian Games]]<br />
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2010 Asian Games]]<br />
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2014 Asian Games]]<br />
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for India]]<br />
[[Category:Asian Games athletes for India]]<br />
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists for India]]<br />
[[Category:Medalists at the 2006 Asian Games]]<br />
[[Category:Medalists at the 2010 Asian Games]]<br />
[[Category:Athletes from Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:World Athletics Championships athletes for India]]<br />
[[Category:Asian Athletics Championships medalists]]<br />
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists in athletics (track and field)]]<br />
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists in athletics (track and field)]]</div>Username123https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=SIIMA_Award_for_Best_Film_%E2%80%93_Kannada&diff=531424SIIMA Award for Best Film – Kannada2025-09-21T21:10:03Z<p>Username123: Creating a data and citations</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Primary sources|date=September 2025}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox award<br />
| name = SIIMA Award for Best Film – Kannada<br />
| awardname = <br />
| awarded_for = Best Kannada-language film of the year<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| presenter = Vibri Media Group<br />
| firstawarded = 21 June 2012 (for films released in 2011)<br />
| holder = ''[[Krishnam Pranaya Sakhi]]'', ([[13th South Indian International Movie Awards|2024]])<br />
| holder_label = Most recent winner<br />
}}The '''SIIMA Award for Best Film – Kannada''' is presented by Vibri media group as part of its annual [[South Indian International Movie Awards]] for [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] films. The award was first given in 2012 for films released in 2011.<br />
<br />
== Winners ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Year<br />
!Film<br />
!Studio<br />
!Ref<br />
|-<br />
|[[1st South Indian International Movie Awards|2011]]<br />
|''[[Saarathi]]''<br />
|K. V. Satya Prakash<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Awards 2012 – SIIMA |url=https://siima.in/index.php/awards-2012/ |access-date=2022-09-05 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[2nd South Indian International Movie Awards|2012]]<br />
|''[[Katari Veera Surasundarangi]]''<br />
|[[Munirathna]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Awards 2013 – SIIMA |url=https://siima.in/index.php/awards-2013/ |access-date=2022-09-05 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[3rd South Indian International Movie Awards|2013]]<br />
|[[Myna (film)|''Myna'']]<br />
|Omkar Movies<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Awards 2014 – SIIMA |url=https://siima.in/index.php/awards-2014/ |access-date=2022-09-05 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[4th South Indian International Movie Awards|2014]]<br />
|''[[Mr. and Mrs. Ramachari]]''<br />
|Jayanna Combines<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Awards 2015 – SIIMA |url=https://siima.in/index.php/awards-2015/ |access-date=2022-09-05 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[5th South Indian International Movie Awards|2015]]<br />
|[[Mythri (2015 film)|''Mythri'']]<br />
|Omkar Movies<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Awards 2016 – SIIMA |url=https://siima.in/index.php/awards-2016/ |access-date=2022-09-05 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[6th South Indian International Movie Awards|2016]]<br />
|''[[Kirik Party]]''<br />
|[[Paramvah Studios]]<br>[[Pushkar Films]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Awards 2017 – SIIMA |url=https://siima.in/index.php/awards-2017/ |access-date=2022-09-05 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[7th South Indian International Movie Awards|2017]]<br />
|''[[Raajakumara]]''<br />
|[[Hombale Films]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Awards 2018 – SIIMA |url=https://siima.in/index.php/awards-2018/ |access-date=2022-09-05 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[8th South Indian International Movie Awards|2018]]<br />
|''[[K.G.F: Chapter 1]]''<br />
|[[Hombale Films]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Awards 2019 – SIIMA |url=https://siima.in/index.php/awards-2019/ |access-date=2022-09-05 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[9th South Indian International Movie Awards|2019]]<br />
|[[Yajamana (2019 film)|''Yajamana'']]<br />
|Media House Studio<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Awards 2020 – SIIMA |url=https://siima.in/index.php/awards-2020/ |access-date=2022-09-05 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[9th South Indian International Movie Awards|2020]]<br />
|''[[Love Mocktail]]''<br />
|Krishna Talkies<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Awards 2021 – SIIMA |url=https://siima.in/index.php/awards-2021/ |access-date=2022-09-05 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[10th South Indian International Movie Awards|2021]]<br />
|''[[Garuda Gamana Vrishabha Vahana]]''<br />
|Lighter Buddha Productions<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Awards 2022 – SIIMA |url=https://siima.in/index.php/awards-2022/ |access-date=2022-09-05 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[11th South Indian International Movie Awards|2022]]<br />
|''[[777 Charlie]]''<br />
|[[Paramvah Studios]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-16 |title=SIIMA 2023 winners: Jr NTR wins Best Actor award for RRR, Rishab Shetty's Kantara wins in most categories |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/siima-2023-winners-jr-ntr-wins-best-actor-award-for-rrr-rishab-shettys-kantara-wins-101694837099476.html |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[12th South Indian International Movie Awards|2023]]<br />
|''[[Kaatera]]''<br />
|[[Rockline Venkatesh|Rockline Entertainements]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-15 |title=SIIMA 2024 winners list: Nani wins Best Actor, Keerthy Suresh is Best Actress |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/siima-2024-winner-list-nani-best-actor-keerthy-suresh-best-actress-mrunal-thakur-2600053-2024-09-15 |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[13th South Indian International Movie Awards|2024]]<br />
|[[Krishnam Pranaya Sakhi|''Krishnam Pranaya Sakhi'']]<br />
|Trishul Entertainments<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-06 |title=SIIMA 2025 Telugu, Kannada winners list: Allu Arjun, Rashmika Mandanna win big for Pushpa 2; Kamal Haasan, Amitabh Bachchan honoured for Kalki 2898 AD |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/siima-2025-telugu-kannada-winners-list-allu-arjun-rashmika-mandanna-pushpa-2-kalki-2898-ad-kamal-haasan-amitabh-bachchan-10233441/ |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references />{{South Indian International Movie Awards}}<br />
[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards]]<br />
[[Category:Awards for best film]]</div>Username123https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bijnaur,_Lucknow&diff=491611Bijnaur, Lucknow2025-08-31T21:51:31Z<p>Username123: Entry</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Residential area in Uttar Pradesh, India}}<br />
{{for|the city in Bijnor district|Bijnor}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Bijnaur<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = Village<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|26.74042|N|80.904183|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="GeoNames">{{cite web |url=https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ |website=Search for "Bijnaur" here |title=Geographic Names Search WebApp }}</ref><br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Lucknow district|Lucknow]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/><br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = 7.516<br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = 14105<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/><br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = <br />
| registration_plate = <br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
'''Bijnaur''' is a residential area in [[Sarojaninagar]] block of [[Lucknow district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Lucknow, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=166–183 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/UPA.html |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=19 April 2021}}</ref> It was historically a major town, serving as the seat of a [[pargana]] in Lucknow [[tehsil]].<ref name="Gazetteer">{{cite book |last1=Nevill |first1=H.R. |title=Lucknow - A Gazetteer |date=1904 |publisher=Government Press |location=Allahabad |pages=175–81 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.48095 |access-date=21 April 2021}}</ref> It is located east of the main road from [[Lucknow]] to [[Kanpur]].<ref name="Gazetteer"/> East of Bijnaur, there is a series of [[jhil]]s that make up the source of the [[Bakh river]].<ref name="Gazetteer"/> As of 2011, its population was 14,105, in 2,515 households.<ref name="Census 2011"/> It is the seat of a [[municipal corporation]].<ref name="District website">{{cite web |title=Villages {{!}} District Lucknow, Government of Uttar Pradesh {{!}} India |url=https://lucknow.nic.in/villages/ |website=lucknow.nic.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
According to [[tradition]], Bijnaur was founded by and named after Bijli Raja, a Pasi king who had a fort at Nathawan, a bit to the north.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}} Bijnaur is then said to have been captured by the legendary [[Muslims|Muslim]] conqueror [[Ghazi Saiyyad Salar Masud]], and the remains of old brick tombs on the west side of Bijnaur are said to mark the graves and shrine of [[Sufism in India|Sufism]] of some of his companions.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}} According to H. R. Nevill, however, it is unlikely that Salar Masud ever came here, and instead the Muslim conquest of Bijnaur only happened at the end of the 12th century CE.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}} The conqueror, he claimed, would have been Qazi e Islam and shah shahab the ancestor of the [[Lucknow district|Lucknow]] shah and the [[Pirzadeh (surname)|Pirzadahs]] of Bijnaur.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}} The Pirzadahs then ruled Bijnaur for several generations before losing control due to family conflicts.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}} In the east side of bijnour historical shrine of [[Taqiya|Takiya]] Hazrat [[Sayyid|Syed]] [[Sufism|mastali]] [[Faqir (clan)|shah]] [[Madariyya|madari]] ra.<br />
<br />
The shrine of Hazrat syed mastali shah madari ra. is located near the bakh river on the east side of bijnour. He was the descendant of madariya family. He sent by his sheikh to spread the islam in the year of 1634. When he comes to the bijnour his disciple built a khanqah and mosque for spread the knowledge of Deen. At present there are 6 shrines and broken walls of mosques present here.<br />
<br />
1. Hazrat syed mastali shah madari ra.<br />
<br />
2. Disciple of Mastali shah ra.<br />
<br />
3. Hazrat syed Kashif ali shah ra.<br />
<br />
4. Hazrat syed wahid Ali shah ra.<br />
<br />
5. Hazrat syed safdar ali shah ra.<br />
<br />
6. Hazrat sayyeda Jahanara fatima ra.<br />
<br />
And two more buzurgan e Deen in the generation of Hazrat syed mastali shah madari ra. Whose shrine located also in the bijnour at the distance of 2.5&nbsp;km from takiya mastali shah.<br />
<br />
1. Sajjadanasheen Hazrat syed azmat Ali shah chisti Sabri v Qadri Bijnouri ra.<br />
<br />
2. Hazrat syed sufi Shaukat Ali shah ra.<br />
<br />
Pirgharana generation is found in bijnour, The pir [[Faqir (clan)|faqirs]] [[generation]]s people known as [[Sayyid|Syed]] shah. He is from Sadat Syed. The last [[Sajjada nashin|gaddinasheen]] of [[pirgharana]] was [[Sufism|Sufi]] Syed Shaukat Ali shah madari ra. The shrine of [[Sufism|Sufi]] Shaukat Ali shah is also located in bijnour near by [[Shrine]] of his ustad and Grandfather Hazrat Syed Azmat ali [[Fakir|shah]].{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}<br />
<br />
At the turn of the 20th century, Bijnaur was described as a town picturesquely located among trees, with good farmland surrounded by wide [[usar]] plains.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> Its houses were mostly of mud, except for the brick houses of the Sheikh [[zamindar]]s, and there was a [[bazaar]] held twice weekly along with a cattle market.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> There was also an [[upper primary school]] with a regular attendance of about 60 students.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> Bijnaur had formerly been a centre of trade, but it had declined substantially in the late 19th century, after the British annexation of [[Oudh State]] in 1856.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> The local manufacture of [[cotton cloth]] had also dwindled, although it remained a significant local industry at the turn of the century.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> Its population in 1901 was 3,593, including a Muslim population of 1,326.<ref name="Gazetteer"/><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Lucknow district]]</div>Username123https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colgong_Rock_Temple&diff=494741Colgong Rock Temple2025-08-27T21:44:07Z<p>Username123: Stub</p>
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<div>The '''Rock temples in Colgong''' (or Kahalgaon) located at [[Kahalgaon]] are located in [[Bhagalpur]], 80 km away from [[Sultanganj]]. The temple dates back to the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta period]] and has carvings showing multiple religions like [[Hinduism|Hindu]], [[Jainism]] and [[Buddhism]]. The temple is dedicated to [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tantric-yoga.com/temples-of-lord-shiva/bihar-temples|title=Temples of Bihar|website=tantric-yoga.com|access-date=2019-11-03|archive-date=2019-11-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103080353/https://tantric-yoga.com/temples-of-lord-shiva/bihar-temples|url-status=dead}}</ref> The monument is centrally funded by [[Archaeological Survey of India]].<br />
<br />
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.holidayiq.com/Colganj-Rock-Cut-Temples-Bhagalpur-Sightseeing-751-807.html|title=Colganj Rock Cut Temples Craft in Bhagalpur - Video Reviews, Photos, History|last=HolidayIQ.com|website=HolidayIQ|access-date=2019-11-03|archive-date=2019-11-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103132733/https://www.holidayiq.com/Colganj-Rock-Cut-Temples-Bhagalpur-Sightseeing-751-807.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=76470|title=English Releases|website=pib.gov.in|access-date=2019-11-03}}</ref>[https://www.li-ning.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118100026/http://li-ning.com/ |date=2021-01-18 }}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
{{coord missing|Bihar}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Shiva temples in India]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu temples in Bhagalpur District]]<br />
<br />
{{India-Hindu-temple-stub}}</div>Username123https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manipur_State_Commission_for_Women&diff=516025Manipur State Commission for Women2025-08-16T17:38:00Z<p>Username123: creating initial stub initial version!</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Statutory body for women's rights, India}}<br />
{{Infobox government agency<br />
| agency_name = Manipur State Commission For Women<br />
| nativename = <br />
| nativename_r = <br />
| type = Commission<br />
| logo = <br />
| logo_width =<br />
| logo_caption = <br />
| seal =<br />
| seal_width = <br />
| seal_caption = <br />
| image = <br />
| image_size = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| formed = 15 September 2006<br />
| preceding1 = <br />
| preceding2 = <br />
| dissolved = <br />
| superseding = <br />
| jurisdiction = [[Government of Manipur]]<br />
| headquarters = Manipur State Commission for Women, DC Office Complex, North Block, Post Office LAMPHELPAT, Imphal, Manipur-795001.<ref name="mw ref1">{{cite web |title=Manipur State Commission for Women |url=http://ncw.nic.in/important-links/list-state-women-commissions#Manipur |website=Manipur State Commission for Women |access-date=14 January 2022}}</ref><ref name="mw ref2">{{cite web |title=Manipur State Commission for Women |url=http://socialwelfaremanipur.nic.in/ |website=Manipur State Commission for Women |access-date=14 January 2022 |archive-date=24 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224013539/http://socialwelfaremanipur.nic.in/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
| employees = <br />
| budget = <br />
| minister1_name = <br />
| minister1_pfo = <br />
| deputyminister1_name = <br />
| deputyminister1_pfo = <br />
| deputyminister2_name = <br />
| deputyminister2_pfo = <br />
| chief1_name = Tiningpham Monsang<br />
| chief1_position = Chairperson<br />
| chief2_name = <br />
| chief2_position = <br />
| chief3_name = <br />
| chief3_position = <br />
| chief4_name = <br />
| chief4_position = <br />
| chief5_name = <br />
| chief5_position = <br />
| chief6_name = <br />
| chief6_position = <br />
| parent_agency = <br />
| child1_agency = <br />
| child2_agency = <br />
| website =[http://socialwelfaremanipur.nic.in/ Official Website]<br />
{{Official website|http://ncw.nic.in/important-links/list-state-women-commissions#Manipur}}<br />
| footnotes = <br />
| chief7_name = <br />
| chief7_position = <br />
| chief8_name = <br />
| chief8_position = <br />
| chief9_name = <br />
| chief9_position = <br />
| parent_department = <br />
| native_name_a = <br />
| region_code = <br />
| coordinates = <br />
| keydocument1 = <br />
| keydocument2 = <br />
| keydocument3 = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Manipur State Commission for Women''' is a [[statutory]] body constituted in the year 1993 to deal with the issues relating to [[Violence against women|crime against women]] in the state of [[Manipur]]. The commission for welfare of women in the state was set up by [[Government of Manipur|Manipur Government]] as a [[Quasi-judicial body|quasi-judicial]] body.<br />
<br />
== History and Objectives ==<br />
<br />
Manipur State Commission for Women was formed to investigate specific problems relating to women and apart from studying women related issues from the state.<ref name="scw ref1">{{cite news |last1=Rajagopalan |first1=Swarna |title=Why National and State Women’s Commissions are important and should be held accountable |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-why-national-and-state-women-s-commissions-are-important-and-should-be-held-accountable-2217939 |access-date=9 January 2022 |publisher=dnaindia.com |date=30 May 2016}}</ref> The Commission is equipped with powers to safeguard rights of women and ensure their protection and equality against any form of harassment and issues faced in the family and community. <br />
<br />
The commission was created with the following objectives:<br />
<br />
* Ensuring protection and welfare of women.<br />
<br />
* Handle gender-based issues through timely intervention in case of any violation of relevant laws or opportunity denial or depriving the women of any rights.<br />
<br />
* Recommending to state government on women-based issues.<br />
<br />
* The commission occasionally takes steps to create awareness in public regarding the women-based legislation in the state.<br />
<br />
== Composition ==<br />
<br />
Manipur State Commission for Women was formed with a chairperson and other members. The social welfare department of the state makes modalities for appointing the Chairman of the State Commission for Women. Their salary and other emoluments are fixed by state government and revised from time to time.<br />
<br />
Tiningpham Monsang is the Chairperson of the Manipur State Commission for Women.<ref name="mw ref3">{{cite news |title=Problems due to shortage of female police personnel: Manipur women commission |url=https://thenewsmill.com/problems-due-to-shortage-of-female-police-personnel-manipur-women-commission/ |access-date=14 January 2022 |publisher=thenewsmill.com |date=21 December 2021}}</ref> She along with other members will hold office for a period of 3 years.<br />
<br />
== Activities ==<br />
<br />
Manipur State Commission for Women was formed in 2006<ref name="msw ref8">{{cite news |title=Manipur CM Attends 15th Foundation Of State Women Commission, Highlights Its Role |url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/2021/09/15/manipur-cm-attends-15th-foundation-of-state-women-commission-highlights-its-role/ |access-date=14 January 2022 |publisher=northeasttoday.in |date=15 September 2021}}</ref> to perform below activities:<br />
<br />
* Commission should ensure that it adheres to the provision and protection guaranteed for women under Constitution of India and women related legislations.<br />
<br />
* In case any agency in the state fails to implement protective measures against women, getting the same to the notice of Government.<ref name="msw ref5">{{cite news |title=Arrange special centres for pregnant women amid COVID-19: MSCW to Manipur govt |url=https://www.eastmojo.com/manipur/2021/05/03/arrange-special-centres-for-pregnant-women-amid-covid-19-mscw-to-manipur-govt/ |access-date=14 January 2022 |publisher=eastmojo.com |date=3 May 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
* Making recommendations for the amendments in any law if it fails on provision of justice to the women of the state.<br />
<br />
* Taking up with concerned authorities any issue of violation of women's rights and recommending follow-up action to them.<br />
<br />
* Women who have complaints of violation of their rights and non-implementation of their protective measures guaranteed under the Constitution of India can directly approach Women Commission for redressal.<ref name="mw ref3" /><br />
<br />
* Counselling and assisting women who are victims of atrocities and discrimination in the state.<br />
<br />
* Financing litigation expenses for any issues involving mass group of women and occasionally make reports to the state government relating to them.<br />
<br />
* Inspecting any premises, jail or other remand home where women prisoners are lodged or any other case and bringing them to the notice of respective authorities, in case of need.<br />
<br />
* Enquire, study and investigate any specific women-based issues.<ref name="mw ref4">{{cite news |title=new-manipur-state-commission-women-chairperson-promise-strong-commission |url=https://www.pothashang.in/2018/11/15/new-manipur-state-commission-women-chairperson-promise-strong-commission/ |access-date=14 January 2022 |publisher=pothashang.in |date=15 November 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
* Initiate educational research or undertaking any promotional method and recommend ways for ensuring women representation in all areas and identifying reasons depriving them of their rights.<br />
<br />
* To enquire suo-moto or any complaints of any issue which deprives women of their rights or women protection laws not being implemented or noncompliance of any policies relating to them or failure of following instructions relating to women welfare and relief associated with them.<br />
<br />
== Related Articles ==<br />
<br />
[[National Commission for Women]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<!-- See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners on how to create references. --><br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [http://socialwelfaremanipur.nic.in/ Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224013539/http://socialwelfaremanipur.nic.in/ |date=2021-12-24 }}<br />
* {{Official website|http://ncw.nic.in/important-links/list-state-women-commissions#Manipur}}<br />
<br />
<!-- Categories --><br />
<br />
[[Category:State agencies of India]]<br />
[[Category:Commissions in India]]<br />
[[Category:Women's rights in India]]<br />
[[Category:Women's organisations based in India]]</div>Username123https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=PharmEasy&diff=525343PharmEasy2025-08-16T13:34:56Z<p>Username123: Creating basic post added tags</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian online healthcare company}}<br />
{{Undisclosed paid|date=April 2022}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox company<br />
| name = PharmEasy<br />
| logo = PharmEasy logo.png<br />
| logo_size = 280<br />
| logo_caption = Company Logo<br />
| image_size = 400<br />
| type = [[Private company|Private]]<br />
| industry = {{plainlist| <br />
*[[Healthcare]]<br />
*[[E-commerce]]<br />
*[[Information technology]]<br />
*[[Retail]]}}<br />
| founded = {{Start date and age|2015}}<br />
| hq_location_city = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India<br />
| hq_location_country = <br />
| num_locations = 1,000+ cities in India (2021)<ref name="Pharmeasy">{{cite web|title=PharmEasy official site |url=https://pharmeasy.in/help/delivery-43000349427/which-cities-do-you-operate-in--43000219803|access-date=3 July 2021}}</ref><br />
| area_served = India<br />
| key_people = Shidharth Shah ([[Chief Executive Officer|CEO]])<br />
| revenue = {{decrease}} {{INRConvert|5664|c}} (FY24)<ref name="FY24"/><br />
| net_income = {{positive decrease}} {{INRConvert|-2533|c}} (FY24)<ref name="FY24">{{cite news |title=Consolidated Financial Statement FY 24 |url=https://www.apiholdings.in/_files/ugd/7760e6_aa55ab49d83f41b790bf031684af9c87.pdf |access-date=10 September 2024 |work=API Holdings |language=en}}</ref><br />
| assets = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|3476.2|c}} (FY24){{cn|date=August 2025}}<br />
| services = [[Medicine|Medicine delivery]] <br> [[Healthcare|Healthcare services]]<br />
| num_employees = 4,700+ (2024)<br />
| website = {{URL|www.pharmeasy.in}}<br />
}}<br />
<!-- Note: The following pages were redirects to [[PharmEasy]] before draftification:<br />
*[[Draft:PharmEasy]]<br />
--><br />
'''PharmEasy''' is an Indian [[Online pharmacy|e-pharmacy]] company that sells medicines, diagnostics and telehealth online.<ref>{{Cite web|title="Built A Strong Backend Before A Good Frontend"|url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/venture/built-a-strong-backend-before-a-good-frontend/106015|access-date=2021-11-06|website=www.fortuneindia.com|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
The company was founded in 2015 by Dharmil Sheth and Dhaval Shah in [[Mumbai]] with the initial seed funding provided by their parents.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Datta|first=PT Jyothi|title=The charge of the young brigade from PharmEasy|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/specials/corporate-file/the-charge-of-the-young-brigade-from-pharmeasy/article35664349.ece|access-date=2021-11-06|website=@businessline|date=August 2021 |language=en}}</ref> The company wanted to expand beyond the Mumbai market and received their Series A funding.<br />
<br />
In May 2021, PharmEasy acquired rival e-pharmacy company [[Medlife]] for an undisclosed amount.<ref>{{cite news |title=PharmEasy acquires Medlife, becomes India's largest e-pharma company |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/technology/pharmeasy-buys-medlife-becomes-largest-e-pharma-firm-with-2-mn-customers-121052501055_1.html |access-date=5 July 2023 |work=Business Standard}}</ref> In June 2021, the company acquired a 66.1% stake in diagnostics chain [[Thyrocare]] for {{INRconvert|4546|c|mode=historical|year=2020}}.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-27|title=PharmEasy: A tryout's journey through tests to the Thyrocare takeover|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/startup/pharmeasy-a-tryouts-journey-through-tests-to-the-thyrocare-takeover-9794421.htm|access-date=2021-11-06|website=cnbctv18.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=PharmEasy buys out Thyrocare for ₹4,546 cr |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/pharmeasy-buys-out-thyrocare-for-4546-cr/article34978562.ece |access-date=5 July 2023 |work=The Hindu Businessline |date=25 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref> In September 2021, it acquired a majority stake in Aknamed, a healthcare supply chain company.<ref>{{cite news |title=PharmEasy buys majority stake in healthcare supply chain start-up Aknamed |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/api-holdings-invests-rs-308-cr-in-healthcare-supply-chain-startup-aknamed-121091400785_1.html |access-date=5 July 2023 |work=Business Standard}}</ref><br />
<br />
In November 2021, the company filed papers to launch its [[initial public offering]] (IPO) of {{INRconvert|6250|c|mode=historical|year=2020}}.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mudgill |first1=Amit |title=PharmEasy parent API Holdings files draft papers for Rs 6,250 crore IPO |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/ipos/fpos/pharmeasy-parent-api-holdings-files-draft-papers-for-rs-6250-crore-ipo/articleshow/87618075.cms |access-date=5 July 2023 |work=The Economic Times |date=10 November 2021}}</ref> The company withdrew its IPO plans in August 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=PharmEasy parent recalls draft IPO papers, weighs rights issue to raise funds |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/pharmeasy-withdraws-drhp-for-ipo-9062161.html |access-date=5 July 2023 |work=Moneycontrol |date=20 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Competition ==<br />
PharmEasy competes with other e-pharmacy companies including Netmeds (which was acquired by [[Reliance Industries]]), [[Tata 1mg|1mg]] (acquired by [[Tata Group]]), [[Apollo Hospitals|Apollo 24x7]] and [[Amazon Pharmacy]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-18|title=PharmEasy-Medlife Merger May Hit CCI Hurdle As Chemist Association Protests|url=https://inc42.com/buzz/pharmeasy-medlife-merger-may-hit-cci-hurdle-as-chemist-association-protest/|access-date=2021-11-06|website=Inc42 Media|language=en-US}}</ref> [[The Ken]] questioned the company's positioning as a unified healthtech player and referred to the company's story as "more confusing than convincing".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-05|title=PharmEasy's theory of healthtech: Unified or confused?|url=https://the-ken.com/story/ipo-bound-pharmeasys-theory-of-healthtech-unified-or-confused/|access-date=2021-11-06|website=The Ken|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Criticism==<br />
<br />
===Medlife–PharmEasy merger protests===<br />
In 2020, PharmEasy and Medlife were in merger talks which came to the attention of the [[Competition Commission of India]] (CCI), which approves such mergers. The merger was protested by The South Chemist and Distributors Association (SCDA), who objected that sales of medicines online was illegal in India. The online sales of medicines was later regulated and the merger was completed in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|author=John Sarkar|date=26 May 2021|title=Pharmeasy Medlife acquisition: PharmEasy buys Medlife, to be no. 1 e-health entity {{!}} India Business News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/pharmeasy-buys-medlife-to-be-no-1-e-health-entity/articleshow/82962089.cms|access-date=2021-11-06|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What Went Wrong At PharmEasy And Can It Find A Cure? |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/take-one-big-story-of-the-day/what-went-wrong-at-pharmeasy-and-can-it-find-a-cure/86535/1 |access-date=2023-10-25 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
===PharmEasy advertisement===<br />
Members of the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] religion criticized one of the company's advertisements and said that religious sentiments were hurt for the sake of marketing and sales. The advertisement in question showed [[Lakshmana|Lakshman]] being struck and [[Rama|Ram]] needing [[Sanjivani (Hinduism)|Sanjeevani]], asking who will bring the medicine from such a long distance. Two PharmEasy employees arrive by scooter to deliver it.<ref>{{Cite web|last=www.ETBrandEquity.com|title=2019 in review: When brands courted controversy on social media - ET BrandEquity|url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/digital/2019-in-review-when-brands-courted-controversy-on-social-media/72976619|access-date=2021-11-06|website=ETBrandEquity.com|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[Pharmaceutical industry]]<br />
* [[Pharmaceutical industry in India]]<br />
* [[E-commerce in India]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2015]]<br />
[[Category:Retail companies established in 2015]]<br />
[[Category:Internet properties established in 2015]]<br />
[[Category:E-commerce]]<br />
[[Category:Companies based in Mumbai]]</div>Username123