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Madhupur subdivision

2026-05-08T16:36:47Z

User987delhi: Created basic info nd citations

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Madhupur subdivision
| other_name = 
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Subdivision
| image_skyline = Gandhi Chowk, Madhupur.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Gandhi Chowk, a prominent landmark in the town
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.26|N|86.65|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Government banner of Jharkhand.png}} [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Deoghar district|Deoghar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Madhupur, Deoghar|Madhupur]]
| government_type = [[Municipality]]
| governing_body = [[Madhupur Municipality]]
| leader_title = [[Sub-Divisional Magistrate]]
| leader_name = Shri Rajiv Kumar, [[Indian Administrative Service|JAS]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://deoghar.nic.in/about-district/whos-who/|title=Who's Who | District Deoghar, Government of Jharkhand | India}}</ref>
| leader_title1 = [[Deputy Superintendent of Police]] (S.D.P.O)
| leader_name1 = Shri Satyendra Prasad
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1,199.60
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 696251
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Santali language|Santali]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| registration_plate = JH-15
| website = {{URL|deoghar.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Madhupur subdivision''' is an [[Administrative divisions of India|administrative subdivision]] of the [[Deoghar district]] in the [[Santhal Pargana division]] in the state of [[Jharkhand]], [[India]].

==History==
As a result of the [[Santhal rebellion]], Act XXXVII of 1855 was passed by the British Raj, and a separate district called Santhal Pargana was carved out of parts of Birbhum and Bhagalpur districts. Santhal Pargana had four sub-districts – Dumka, Godda, Deoghar and Rajmahal.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3120/page/n201/mode/2up | title = Bihar District Gazetteers: Santal Pargana |first= P.C.| last= Roy Choudhary | work = Page 84 | publisher = Secretariat Press, Patna, 1965 | access-date = 4 January 2021}}</ref> Subsequently, Santal Pargana district comprised Dumka, Deoghar, Sahibganj, Godda, Pakur and Jamtara sub-divisions. In 1983 Deoghar, Sahibganj and Godda subdivisions were given district status.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.jhpolice.gov.in/dumka | title = Dumka | publisher = Jharkhand Police | access-date = 4 January 2021 | archive-date = 26 January 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210126211750/https://www.jhpolice.gov.in/dumka | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Administrative set up==
Deoghar district has two subdivisions: Deoghar and Madhupur. [[Madhupur (community development block)|Madhupur]], [[Margomunda]], [[Karon, Deoghar|Karon]], [[Sarath, Deoghar|Sarath]], [[Palojori]] community development blocks and [[Madhupur, Deoghar|Madhupur]] town are in Madhupur subdivision.<ref name=deoghar1>{{cite web| url =https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2005_PART_A_DCHB_DEOGHAR.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Deoghar, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Page 9: Administrative set up |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 4 January 2021}}</ref><ref name=deoghar2>{{cite web | url = https://deoghar.nic.in/subdivision/ | title =Deoghar |work= Subdivision| publisher = Deoghar district administration | access-date = 4 January 2021}}</ref>

The overall administration of Madhupur subdivision is headed by the [[Sub-divisional magistrate|Sub-divisional Officer]] (SDO), also known as the Sub-Divisional Magistrate (SDM), who is typically an officer the [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) or [[Jharkhand Administrative Service]] (JAS), appointed by Jharkhand state government. The SDM acts as the chief executive magistrate of the subdivision and is responsible for maintaining law and order, overseeing revenue collection, and coordinating various government departments and development schemes within the region. The office plays a crucial role in ensuring effective governance at the sub-district level and acts as a vital link between the district administration and the local bodies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who's Who {{!}} District Deoghar, Government of Jharkhand {{!}} India |url=https://deoghar.nic.in/about-district/whos-who/ |access-date=2025-06-15 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-13 |title=SDM Full Form: What SDM Stands for? Check Details |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/articles/sdm-full-form-1723556115-1 |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=Jagranjosh.com |language=en}}</ref>

Within the subdivision, [[Madhupur Municipality]] functions as the key urban local body governing the subdivision, overseeing civic administration and infrastructure in the town of Madhupur and its nearby area. It manages services like water supply, sanitation, waste management and local roads across 23 wards and also handles key documents like issuing birth and death certificates, trade licenses, tax collection, building permissions and other statutory work. <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Madhupur Nagar Parishad |url=https://udhd.jharkhand.gov.in/ULB/Madhupur/Madhupur.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606190550/https://udhd.jharkhand.gov.in/ULB/Madhupur/Madhupur.aspx |archive-date=2023-06-06 |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=udhd.jharkhand.gov.in |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=Aug 25, 2017 |title=मधुपुर में 22 की जगह होंग कुल 23 वार्ड |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/deogarh/story-madhupur-will-be-replaced-by-22-seats-totaling-23-1367283.html |access-date=Jun 12, 2025 |work=[[Hindustan]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Local Urban Bodies {{!}} District Deoghar, Government of Jharkhand {{!}} India |url=https://deoghar.nic.in/muncipal-corporation/ |access-date=2025-06-12 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Note: The website of the district administration mentions two subdivisions with their names, but does not mention the names of the CD blocks in each subdivision. The ''District Census Handbook, Deoghar'', mentions only 8 CD blocks (4 in each subdivision), and leaves out 2 CD blocks. According to the map of the district, among the two left out blocks, it seems logical that Sonaraithari CD block is in Deoghar subdivision and Margomunda CD block is in Madhupur subdivision.

Deoghar district has two subdivisions:<ref name=deoghar1/><ref name=deoghar2/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Subdivision ||Headquarters|| Area km2 || Population (2011) ||Rural population % (2011)||Urban population % (2011)
|-
|[[Deoghar subdivision|Deoghar]]||[[Deoghar]]||1,346.26||795,822||74.48||25.52
|-
|Madhupur||[[Madhupur, Deoghar|Madhupur]]||1,199.60||696,251||92.07||7.93
|}
{{OSM Location map
| width=450| height=350| zoom=9
| coord={{coord|24|14|0|N|87|5|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in the Deoghar, Dumka and Jamtara districts in Santhal Pargana Division''' M: Municipality, CT: census town, R: Rural/ Urban centre, D: Dam, Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|24|7|14|N|86|52|0|E}} | label-pos1=top|label1= Chitra | numbered1=R| mark-title1=[[Chitra, Deoghar]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|24|21|28|N|86|53|56|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Sonaraithari| numbered2=R| mark-title2=[[Sonaraithari, Deoghar]] (R)
|mark-coord3={{coord|24|26|20|N|86|30|45|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Devipur| numbered3=R| mark-title3=[[Devipur, Deoghar (village)]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|24|7|38|N|86|44|41|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4= Karon| numbered4=R| mark-title4=[[Karon, Deoghar (village)]] (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|24|9|54|N|86|35|15|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Margomunda| numbered5=R| mark-title5=[[Margomunda, Deoghar]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|24|29|41|N|86|46|49|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6= Mohanpur| numbered6=R| mark-title6=[[Mohanpur, Deoghar (village)]] (R)
|mark-coord7={{coord|24|14|39|N|87|1|28|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7= Palojori| numbered7=R| mark-title7=[[Palojori, Deoghar]] (R)
|mark-coord8={{coord|24|14|12|N|86|50|16|E}} | label-pos8=bottom|label8= Sarath| numbered8=R| mark-title8=[[Sarath, Deoghar (village)]] (R)
|mark-coord9={{coord|24|23|10|N|86|46|23|E}} | label-pos9=top|label9= Sarwan| numbered9=R| mark-title9=[[Sarwan, Deoghar (village)]] (R)
|mark-coord10={{coord|24|26|10|N|87|28|55|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Gopikandar| numbered10=R| mark-title10=[[Gopikandar, Dumka]] (R)
|mark-coord11={{coord|24|36|2|N|87|4|56|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Hansdiha| numbered11=R| mark-title11=[[Hansdiha]] (R)
|mark-coord12={{coord|24|22|40|N|87|15|52|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Jama| numbered12=R| mark-title12=[[Jama, Dumka (village)]] (R)
|mark-coord13={{coord|24|24|10|N|87|2|47|E}} | label-pos13=top|label13= Jarmundi| numbered13=R| mark-title13=[[Jarmundi, Dumka]] (R)
|mark-coord14={{coord|24|21|0|N|87|25|11|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14= Kathikund| numbered14=R| mark-title14=[[Kathikund, Dumka]] (R)
|mark-coord15={{coord|24|10|20|N|87|39|10|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15= Maluti| numbered15=R| mark-title15=[[Maluti]] (R)
|mark-coord16={{coord|24|8|40|N|87|10|42|E}} | label-pos16=bottom|label16= Masalia| numbered16=R| mark-title16=[[Masalia, Dumka (village)]] (R)
|mark-coord17={{coord|24|10|0|N|87|10|42|E}} | label-pos17=left|label17= Ramgarh| numbered17=R| mark-title17=[[Ramgarh, Dumka (village)]] (R)
|mark-coord18={{coord|24|2|17|N|87|25|20|E}} | label-pos18=top|label18= Ranishwar| numbered18=R| mark-title18=[[Ranishwar, Dumka]] (R)
|mark-coord19={{coord|24|34|30|N|87|0|47|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Saraiyahat| numbered19=R| mark-title19=[[Saraiyahat, Dumka]] (R)
|mark-coord20={{coord|24|14|39|N|87|28|15|E}} | label-pos20=left|label20= Shikaripara| numbered20=R| mark-title20=[[Shikaripara, Dumka]] (R)
|mark-coord21={{coord|24|25|26|N|86|55|2|E}} | label-pos21=top|label21= Taljhari| numbered21=R| mark-title21=[[Taljhari, Dumka]] (R)
|mark-coord22={{coord|24|3|40|N|87|15|20|E}} | label-pos22=left|label22= Tongra| numbered22=R| mark-title22=[[Tongra]] (R)
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|53|10|N|87|13|33|E}} | label-pos23=left|label23= Bagdahari| numbered23=R| mark-title23=[[Bagdahari]] (R)
|mark-coord24={{coord|23|58|58|N|87|6|9|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24= Basudih| numbered24=R| mark-title24=[[Basudih]] (R)
|mark-coord25={{coord|24|0|0|N|86|55|39|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25= Bindapathar| numbered25=R| mark-title25=[[Bindapathar]] (R)
|mark-coord26={{coord|24|6|55|N|86|59|51|E}} | label-pos26=bottom|label26= Fatehpur| numbered26=R| mark-title26=[[Fatehpur, Jamtara]] (R)
|mark-coord27={{coord|23|58|34|N|87|9|31|E}} | label-pos27=top|label27= Kundahit| numbered27=R| mark-title27=[[Kundahit]] (R)
|mark-coord28={{coord|23|55|25|N|87|2|7|E}} | label-pos28=left|label28= Nala| numbered28=R| mark-title28=[[Nala, Jamtara]] (R)
|mark-coord29={{coord|24|2|52|N|86|36|53|E}} | label-pos29=bottom|label29= Narayanpur| numbered29=R| mark-title29=[[Narayanpur, Jamtara]] (R)
|mark-coord30={{coord|24|28|48|N|86|42|20|E}} | label-pos30=bottom|label30=Deoghar| numbered30=M| mark-title30= [[Deoghar]] (M) |label-color30=#800000
|mark-coord31={{coord|24|31|19|N|86|38|51|E}} | label-pos31=right|label31=Jasidih| numbered31=M| mark-title31= [[Jasidih]] (M) |label-color31=#800000
|mark-coord32={{coord|24|15|36|N|86|39|0|E}} | label-pos32=bottom|label32=Madhupur| numbered32=M| mark-title32= [[Madhupur, Deoghar]] (M) |label-color32=#800000
|mark-coord33={{coord|24|16|32|N|87|15|50|E}} | label-pos33=right|label33=Dumka| numbered33=M| mark-title33= [[Dumka]] (M) |label-color33=#800000
|mark-coord34={{coord|24|24|30|N|87|5|0|E}} | label-pos34=right|label34=Basukinath| numbered34=M| mark-title34= [[Basukinath]] (M) |label-color34=#800000
|mark-coord35={{coord|23|57|47|N|86|48|5|E}} | label-pos35=bottom|label35=Jamtara| numbered35=M| mark-title35= [[Jamtara]] (M) |label-color35=#800000
|mark-coord36={{coord|23|52|12|N|86|52|12|E}} | label-pos36=top|label36=Mihijam| numbered36=M| mark-title36= [[Mihijam]] (M) |label-color36=#800000
|mark-coord37={{coord|24|5|38|N|86|42|15|E}}| label-pos37=left|label37=Karmatanr| numbered37=CT| mark-title37= [[Karmatanr, Jamtara]] (CT) |shape-color37= #A40000
|mark-coord38={{coord|24|16|42|N|87|13|50|E}}| label-pos38=left|label38=Dudhani| numbered38=CT| mark-title38= [[Dudhani, Dumka]] (CT) |shape-color38= #A40000
|mark-coord39={{coord|24|15|22|N|87|14|14|E}}| label-pos39=bottom|label39=Purana |labela39= Dumka| numbered39=CT| mark-title39= [[Purana Dumka]] (CT) |shape-color39= #A40000
|mark-coord40={{coord|24|18|10|N|87|15|19|E}}| label-pos40=left|label40=Rasikpur| numbered40=CT| mark-title40= [[Rasikpur]] (CT) |shape-color40= #A40000
|mark-coord41={{coord|24|6|24|N|87|18|30|E}}| label41= Massanjore|labela41= Dam| label-color41 = #C42222 | label-angle41=0| label-pos41=top| label-size41=10| mark-size41=12| numbered41=D|mark-title41 =[[Massanjore Dam]]| shape-color41=#C42222
|mark-coord42={{coord|23|55|30|N|86|35|0|E}} |label42=Barakar River| label-color42 = #77A1CB| label-angle42=30| label-pos42=top| label-size42=10| mark-size42=0| mark-title42 =none
|mark-coord43={{coord|24|5|0|N|86|47|0|E}} |label43=Ajay River| label-color43 = #77A1CB| label-angle43=70| label-pos43=top| label-size43=10| mark-size43=0| mark-title43 =none
|mark-coord44={{coord|24|28|0|N|87|5|0|E}} |label44=Mayurakshi River| label-color44 = #77A1CB| label-angle44=30| label-pos44=top| label-size44=10| mark-size44=0| mark-title44 =none
|arc-coordA={{coord|24|35|0|N|86|35|0|E}}|arc-textA= BIHAR| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-30| arc-gapA=6.5| arc-radiusA=0.35
|arc-coordB={{coord|23|50|30|N|87|25|0|E}}|arc-textB= WEST BENGAL| arc-text-colorB=hard grey| arc-angleB=-75| arc-gapB=3.5| arc-radiusB=0.4}}

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]] data, Madhupur subdivision, in Deoghar district, had a total population of 696,251. There were 358,608 (52%) males and 337,643 (48%) females. Scheduled castes numbered 77,962 (11.20%) and scheduled tribes numbered 101,443 (14.57%). Literacy rate was 46.28%.<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2005_PART_B_DCHB_DEOGHAR.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Deoghar, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Page 25: District Primary Census Abstract, 2011 census |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 4 January 2021}}</ref>

See also – [[List of Jharkhand districts ranked by literacy rate]]

==Police stations==
Police stations in Madhupur subdivision are at:<ref>{{cite web| url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/deoghar| title = District Police Profile - Deoghar| publisher = Jharkhand Police| access-date = 4 January 2021| archive-date = 30 October 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201030124441/https://jhpolice.gov.in/deoghar| url-status = dead}}</ref>
# [[Madhupur, Deoghar|Madhupur]]
# [[Madhupur, Deoghar|Madhupur Mahila]]
# [[Chitra, Deoghar|Chitra]]
# [[Margomunda, Deoghar|Margomunda]]
# [[Palojori, Deoghar|Palojori]]
# [[Sarath, Deoghar (village)|Sarath]]

==Blocks==
Community development blocks in Madhupur subdivision are:<ref name=census2011/><ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2005_PART_A_DCHB_DEOGHAR.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Deoghar, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Map of Deoghar on the third page|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 4 January 2021}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!CD Block ||Headquarters|| Area km2 || Population (2011) ||[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC]] %||[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|ST]] %||Literacy rate %|| [[Census town|CT]]
|-
|[[Madhupur (community development block)|Madhupur]]||[[Madhupur, Deoghar|Madhupur]]||253.59||135,510||15.25||14.96||59.57|| -
|-
|[[Margomunda]]||[[Margomunda, Deoghar|Margomunda]]||155.09||86,733||3.71||21.69||58.46|| -
|-
|[[Karon, Deoghar|Karon]]||[[Karon, Deoghar (village)|Karon]]||157.21||88,251||12.48||14.37||59.61|| -
|-
|[[Sarath, Deoghar|Sarath]]||[[Sarath, Deoghar (village)|Sarath]]||318.45||169,238||14.99||1.37||62.63|| -
|-
|[[Palojori]]||[[Palojori, Deoghar|Palojori]]||303.22||161,281||7.30||28.02||60.27|| -
|-
|}

==Education==
In 2011, in the CD blocks of Madhupur subdivision out of a total 1,083 inhabited villages there were 198 villages with pre-primary schools, 763 villages with primary schools, 273 villages with middle schools, 30 villages with secondary schools, 13 villages with senior secondary schools, 2 villages with non-formal training centres, 306 villages with no educational facility.<ref name=directory>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2005_PART_A_DCHB_DEOGHAR.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Deoghar, 2011, Series 21, Part XII A | work = Pages 1123-24, Appendix I: Village Directory | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand. | access-date = 4 January 2021}}</ref>
 .*Senior secondary schools are also known as Inter colleges in Jharkhand

==Healthcare==
In 2011, in the CD blocks of Madhupur subdivision there were 19 villages with primary health centres, 70 villages with primary health subcentres, 12 villages with maternity and child welfare centres, 17 villages with allopathic hospitals, 13 villages with dispensaries, 2 villages with veterinary hospitals, 6 villages with family welfare centres, 114 villages with medicine shops.<ref name=directory/>
 .*Private medical practitioners, alternative medicine etc. not included

==Transport==

=== Airport ===
[[File:DGH 1.jpg|thumb|Terminal building of Deoghar Airport]]
[[Deoghar Airport]] (IATA: DGH, ICAO: VEDO), is the closet domestic airport located approximately 31 km (19 mi) from the Madhupur. The airport was inaugurated by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] on July 12, 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 12, 2022 |title=PM Modi inaugurates 657-acre Deoghar airport, flags off flight to Kolkata |work=Mint |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/pm-modi-inaugurates-657-acre-deoghar-airport-flags-off-flight-to-kolkata-11657616394906.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=July 12, 2022 |title=PM Modi Inaugurates Deoghar Airport, Projects Worth ₹ 16,800 Crore In Jharkhand |work=NDTV |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-narendra-modi-inaugurates-deoghar-airport-projects-worth-rs-16-800-crore-in-jharkhand-3149989}}</ref> As of now [[IndiGo]] operates its flight services only for Delhi, Kolkata, Mumbai, Ranchi, Patna and Banglore.<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 12, 2022 |title=IndiGo begins direct flight between Kolkata and Deoghar |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/indigo-begins-direct-flight-between-kolkata-and-deoghar/articleshow/92834588.cms}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-07-30 |title=IndiGo starts direct flight service between Delhi and Deoghar |url=https://theprint.in/economy/indigo-starts-direct-flight-service-between-delhi-and-deoghar/1062050/ |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=July 12, 2022 |title=PM Narendra Modi inaugurates Deoghar Airport, to have flights to Patna, Kolkata, Delhi |work=[[Zee News]] |url=https://zeenews.india.com/aviation/pm-narendra-modi-inaugurates-deoghar-airport-to-have-flights-to-patna-kolkata-delhi-2484480.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiGo announces flight services between Delhi and Deoghar |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/indigo-announces-flight-services-between-delhi-and-deoghar20220712175759/ |access-date=2022-07-13 |website=ANI News |language=en |archive-date=13 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713073417/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/indigo-announces-flight-services-between-delhi-and-deoghar20220712175759/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The nearest international airport is [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport]] in Kolkata which is located 294 km (182 mi) from the town.

===Highways===
[[File:NH11A at Madhupur 01.jpg|thumb|Section of National Highway 114A passing through Madhupur]]
Madhupur is well connected by road as it lies along [[National Highway 114A (India)|National Highway 114A]], which begins at [[Rampurhat|Rampurhat (West Bengal)]], passes through [[Shikaripara]], [[Dumka]], [[Lakhanpahari|Lakrapahari]], Jama, [[Jarmundi, Dumka|Jarmundi]], Choupa More, [[Deoghar]], [[Sarath, Deoghar (village)|Sarath]], Madhupur, [[Giridih]] and terminates at [[Dumri, Giridih|Dumri]] on [[National Highway 19 (India)|NH 19]] in Jharkhand.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Road Map of India |url=https://surveyofindia.gov.in/UserFiles/files/road-map-11edn.pdf |access-date=1 Sep 2025 |website=Survey of India}}</ref>

=== Railway ===
{{Main|Madhupur Junction}}'''[[Madhupur Junction railway station|Madhupur Junction]]''' ('''''Station code: MDP'''''), is a railway station of [[Indian Railways|Indian Railway]] that connects the town of Madhupur and its nearby areas to major Indian [[Metropolitan cities of India|metropolitan cities]] like Delhi, Kolkata, Mumbai, Bengaluru and Patna via the [[Howrah–New Delhi main line]] ([[Asansol–Patna section]]). It also links [[Giridih]] and [[Kodarma|Koderma]] through the 137 km single [[Broad-gauge railway|broad-gauge]] [[Madhupur–Giridih–Koderma line|Madhupur–Giridih–Koderma line.]] With four platforms, PRS counter, WiFi, Retiring rooms and basic amenities, it handles numerous passenger trains daily like [[Madhupur–Anand Vihar Terminal Humsafar Express]], [[Baba Baidyanath Dham Deoghar Humsafar Express]] and many more. Once this used to be a coal storage hub for [[Steam engine|steam engines]], it's now the second busiest station of [[Asansol railway division|Asansol Railway division]] of [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern railway]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of stations on Asansol division |url=https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,6,443,528,537 |website=Eastern Railway}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Santhal Parganas Division}}
{{Santhal Pargana Division topics}}

[[Category:Subdivisions of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Deoghar district]]

Kharagpur Sadar Assembly constituency

2026-05-08T07:21:31Z

User987delhi: put up new article

'''Kharagpur Sadar Assembly constituency''' (formerly '''Kharagpur Town''') is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Paschim Medinipur district]] in the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].
{{distinguish||text=[[Kharagpur Assembly constituency]], which serves as a rural seat for [[Kharagpur I (community development block)]]}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kharagpur Sadar
| type = SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Kharagpur Sadar.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Kharagpur Sadar Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Dilip Ghosh (politician)|Dilip Ghosh]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| latest_election_year = [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| preceded_by = [[Hiran Chatterjee]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Paschim Medinipur district|Paschim Medinipur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Medinipur Lok Sabha constituency|Medinipur]]
| constituency_no = 224
| established = 1951
| electors = 194,006
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = File:Dilip Ghosh.jpg
| abolished =
}}

{{Pie chart
| value1 = 55.6
| value2 = 16.7
| value3 = 16.7
| value4 = 5.55
| value5 = 5.55
| label1 = [[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress]] (10 times)
| label2 = [[Communist Party of India]] (3 times)
| label3= [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (3 times)
| label4 = [[All India Trinamool Congress |All India Trinamool Congress]] (1 time)
| label5 =[[Janata Party]] (1 times)
| color1 = {{party color| Indian National Congress}}
| color2 = {{party color| Communist Party of India}}
|color3 = {{party color| Bhartiya Janata Party}}
| color4 = {{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
| color 5 = {{party color|Janata Party}}
| caption = Most Successful parties from Kharagpur Sadar assembly
}}

==Overview==
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 224 Kharagpur Sadar Assembly constituency is composed of the following: [[Kharagpur]] municipality and [[Kharagpur Railway Settlement]] of [[Kharagpur I (community development block)|Kharagpur I]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]].<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web|url=http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |title=Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 |access-date=2010-10-15 |publisher=Government of West Bengal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918130255/http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |archive-date=18 September 2010 }}</ref>

Kharagpur Sadar Assembly constituency is part of No. 34 [[Medinipur (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| rowspan="3"|Narayan Choubey
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
| [[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
| [[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| rowspan="3"|[[Gyan Singh Sohanpal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|-
| [[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| Sudhir Das Sharma
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
| rowspan="7"|[[Gyan Singh Sohanpal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=7}}
|-
| [[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
| [[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
| [[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
| [[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|-
| [[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
| [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|-
| [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| [[Dilip Ghosh (politician)|Dilip Ghosh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 2019^
| [[Pradip Sarkar (West Bengal politician)|Pradip Sarkar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
| [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| [[Hiran Chatterjee]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| [[Dilip Ghosh (politician)|Dilip Ghosh]]
|}

==Election results==

===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Kharagpur Sadar}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Dilip Ghosh (politician)|Dilip Ghosh]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes={{formatnum:89885}}|percentage=55.60|change={{increase}}9.15}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Pradip Sarkar (West Bengal politician)|Pradip Sarkar]]|party=Trinamool Congress|votes={{formatnum:59379}}|percentage=36.73|change={{decrease}}7.52}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Madhusudan Roy|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes={{formatnum:5451}}|percentage=3.37|change={{New}}}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Dr. Papiya Chakraborty|party=Indian National Congress|votes={{formatnum:2879}}|percentage=1.78|change={{decrease}}4.52}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes={{formatnum:1290}}|percentage=0.80|change={{decrease}} 0.74}}

{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:30506}}|percentage=18.87|change={{increase}}16.64}}

{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:161661}}|percentage=92.19|change={{increase}}19.13}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = BJP
|loser = AITC
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin
|title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Kharagpur Sadar]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Hiran Chatterjee]]|votes= 79,607|percentage=46.45|change=+12.43}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Pradip Sarkar (West Bengal politician)|Pradip Sarkar]]|votes= 75,836|percentage=44.25|change=-3.41}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Reeta Sharma|votes= 10,705|percentage=6.30|change=-7.98}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=2,392|percentage=1.54|change=+0.43}}
{{Election box majority||votes=3,771|percentage=2.23|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,71,460|percentage=73.06|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019 Bypoll===
A bye- poll was necessitated due to the election of the incumbent MLA, [[Dilip Ghosh (politician)|Dilip Ghosh]], to the Lok Sabha.

{{Election box begin
|title= Bye-election, 2019: Kharagpur Sadar}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Pradip Sarkar (West Bengal politician)|Pradip Sarkar]]|votes=72,893|percentage=47.66|change=+25.93}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Prem Chandra Jha|votes=52,040|percentage=34.02|change=-5.27}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Chittaranjan Mandal|votes=22,631|percentage=14.28|change=-7.45}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=1,705|percentage=1.11|change=-0.41}}
{{Election box candidate ||party=[[Independent (politician)|IND]] |candidate=Mata Prasad Gupta|votes=1,273|percentage=0.83|change=+0.22}}

{{Election box majority||votes=20,853|percentage=13.64|change=+9.6}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,52,959|percentage=68.00|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016 Vidhan Sabha===
{{Election box begin
|title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Kharagpur Sadar]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Dilip Ghosh (politician)|Dilip Ghosh]]
|votes = 61,446
|percentage = 39.29
|change = {{increase}}32.50
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Gyan Singh Sohanpal]]
|votes = 55,137
|percentage = 35.25
|change = {{decrease}}19.81
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Rama Prasad Tewary
|votes = 34,086
|percentage = 21.73
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Suranjan Mahapatra
|votes = 1,308
|percentage = 0.83
|change = {{decrease}}0.28
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Sk. Asgar Ali
|votes = 1,058
|percentage = 0.67
|change = {{increase}}0.01
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above (India)
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 2,392
|percentage = 1.52
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 6,309
|percentage = 4.04
|change = {{decrease}}19.5
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,56,487
|percentage = 71.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = {{increase}}26.16
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Kharagpur Sadar<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=224 |title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Kharagpur Sadar |publisher = Empowering India |access-date = 2011-05-06 |archive-date = 26 May 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120526064102/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=224 |url-status = usurped }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_5th_phase.pdf |title=West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work=Kharagpur Sadar |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2011-05-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912030706/http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_5th_phase.pdf |archive-date=2011-09-12 }}</ref> }}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Gyan Singh Sohanpal]]
|votes = 75,425
|percentage = 55.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Anil Kumar Das
|votes = 43,056
|percentage = 31.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Prem Chandra Jha
|votes = 9,303
|percentage = 6.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent politician|IND]]
|candidate = Satya Deo Sharma
|votes = 5,191
|percentage = 3.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Suranjan Mahapatra
|votes = 1,525
|percentage = 1.11
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority
|votes = 32,369
|percentage = 23.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,38,134
|percentage = 70.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing = #
}}
{{Election box end}}

.# CPI(M) did not contest this seat in 2006.

===1977-2006===
Gyan Singh Sohanpal of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] won the Kharagpur Town assembly seat for six times in a row from 1982 to 2006 (for earlier victories see below), defeating Prem Chandra Jha of [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]] in 2006, Lalji Pandey of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] in 2001, Kalidas Nayek of CPI(M) in 1996 and 1991, and Jatindra Mitra of CPI(M) in 1987 and 1982. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Sudhir Das Sharma of [[Janata Party]] defeated Jatindra Mitra of CPI(M) in 1977.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp224.htm |title = 224 - Kharagpur Town Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2010-12-20 }}</ref>

===1951-1972===
Gyan Singh Sohanpal of Congress won in 1972, 1971 and 1969. Narayan Choubey of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] won in 1967, 1962 and 1957. In independent India's first election in 1951, Kharagpur had a single seat, which was won by [[Muhammad Momtaz|Moulana Muhammad Momtaz]] of Congress.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/electionstatistics.asp |title=Statistical Reports of Elections |access-date=2010-12-20 |work=General Election Results and Statistics |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=2010-10-05 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Paschim Medinipur topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Paschim Medinipur district]]
[[Category:Kharagpur]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

Kasi Viswanathan

2026-05-06T21:34:56Z

User987delhi: put up a stub...

{{Short description|Indian film editor (born 1968)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kasi Viswanathan
| image = Kasi.jpg.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1968|01|28|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| occupation = Film editor
| website =
| footnotes =
| years_active = 2001{{endash}}present
}}
'''Mu. Kasi Viswanathan''' (born 28 January 1968) is an Indian film editor, who has worked on predominantly Tamil-language films.

==Career==
Kasi Viswanathan made his debut as an editor with Kamal Haasan's ''[[Aalavandhan]]'' (2001), experimenting with techniques involving animation and motion capture cameras,<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 November 2001 |title=Aalavandhaan |url=http://www.hindu.cohindu/fr/2001/11/m/the16/stories/2001111600670200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031009011326/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2001/11/16/stories/2001111600670200.htm |archive-date=9 October 2003 |access-date=29 November 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India }}</ref> and then worked in the romantic comedy, ''[[Pammal K. Sambandam]]'' (2002). His work on his first film won him the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Editor]] in the year 2004, for the year 2001. Kasivishwanthan subsequently went on to collaborate as an editor in several of [[Prakash Raj]]'s productions with [[Duet Movies]]. Under the banner he worked in movies like ''[[Mozhi (film)|Mozhi]]'' and ''[[Abhiyum Naanum (film)|Abhiyum Naanum]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/a-dream-duet-once-again-mozhi/article2271635.ece|title=A dream duet once again! -- Mozhi|work=The Hindu|date=2 March 2007|access-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014154934/http://hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2007/03/02/stories/2007030200260200.htm|archive-date=14 October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=26 December 2008 |title=Duet does it yet again! |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/duet-does-it-yet-again/article3023684.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129131117/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/duet-does-it-yet-again/article3023684.ece |archive-date=29 January 2020 |access-date=29 January 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> He has since regularly collaborated with directors including [[Radha Mohan]], [[Suseenthiran]], [[Seenu Ramasamy]], [[Sundar C]], [[Mysskin]] and [[Siva (director)|Siva]]'s ''[[Veeram (2014 film)|Veeram]]''.

==Filmography==
{{colbegin}}
* ''[[Aalavandhan]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Abhay (2001 film)|Abhay]]'' (2001) (Hindi)
* ''[[Pammal K. Sambandam]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Punnagai Poove]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Raja Narasimha]]'' (2003) (Kannada)
* ''[[Naam (2003 film)|Naam]]'' (2003)
* ''Nee Mattum'' (2004)
* ''[[Vaanam Vasappadum]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Ponniyin Selvan (2005 film)|Ponniyin Selvan]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Azhagiya Theeye]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Chinna (2005 film)|Chinna]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Chithiram Pesuthadi]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Poi (film)|Poi]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Thalai Nagaram]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Mozhi (film)|Mozhi]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Veerappu]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Kovai Brothers]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Rendu]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Velli Thirai]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Aayudham Seivom]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Abhiyum Naanum (film)|Abhiyum Naanum]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Vennila Kabadi Kuzhu]]'' (2009)
* ''Vannathu Poochi'' (2009)
* ''[[Ainthaam Padai]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Naan Mahaan Alla (2010 film)|Naan Mahaan Alla]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Thaa (film)|Thaa]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Kattradhu Kalavu]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Thenmerku Paruvakaatru]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Magizhchi]]'' (2010)
* ''Panjamirtham'' (2010)
* ''[[Arumugam]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Kullanari Koottam]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Azhagarsamiyin Kuthirai]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Rajapattai]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Krishnaveni Panjaalai]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Neerparavai]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Veeram (2014 film)|Veeram]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Thirumanam Enum Nikkah]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Kaadu (2014 film)|Kaadu]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Sivappu]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Dharma Durai (2016 film)|Dharma Durai]]'' (2016; also actor)
* ''[[Maaveeran Kittu]]'' (2016; also actor)
* ''[[Nenjil Thunivirundhal]]'' (2017)
* ''[[C/O Surya]]'' (2017) (Telugu)
* ''[[Aan Devathai]]'' (2018)
* ''[[Merku Thodarchi Malai]]'' (2018)
* ''[[Kanne Kalaimaane]]'' (2019)
* ''[[Nedunalvaadai]]'' (2019)
* ''[[100% Kadhal]]'' (2019)
* ''[[Kasada Thapara]]'' (2021) - Streaming release; "Arampatra" segment
* ''[[Endraavathu Oru Naal]]'' (2021)
* ''[[Veerapandiyapuram]]'' (2022)
* ''[[Kuttram Kuttrame]]'' (2022)
* ''[[Khudiram Bose (film)|Khudiram Bose]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=
https://ntvtelugu.com/news/khudiram-bose-biopic-title-released-by-venkaiah-naidu-212696.html|title=Khudiram Bose biopic title unveiled|website=NTV Telugu}}</ref> (2022)
* ''Karottiyin Kadhali'' (2022)
* ''[[Bumper (film)|Bumper]]'' (2023)
* ''Malai'' (2023)
* ''[[Aalakaalam]]'' (2024)
* ''[[Aalan]]'' (2024)
* ''Pagaivanuku Arulvai'' (TBA)
* ''[[Idam Porul Eval]]'' (TBA)
{{colend}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=5025520}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Viswanathan, Kasi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malayalam film editors]]
[[Category:Tamil film editors]]
[[Category:Kannada film editors]]
[[Category:1968 births]]

Thondamuthur Assembly constituency

2026-05-05T01:05:51Z

User987delhi:

{{Short description|One of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India}}
{{Coord|11|00|35|N|76|49|41|E|source:kolossus-itwiki|display=title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Thondamuthur
| type = SLA
| map_image = Constitution-Thondamuthur.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Pollachi Lok Sabha constituency|Pollachi]]
| constituency_no = 119
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = SPvelumani.png
| abolished =
| mla = [[S. P. Velumani]]
| party = {{Party index link|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| electors = 293,324
}}

'''Thondamuthur''' is a legislative assembly in [[Coimbatore district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], which includes the town of [[Thondamuthur]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date= 22 January 2017}}</ref> Its State Assembly Constituency number is 119. Thondamuthur Assembly constituency is part of [[Pollachi Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|title = List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies
|access-date = 2008-10-10
|work = Tamil Nadu
|publisher = Election Commission of India
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090206012938/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|archive-date = 2009-02-06
}}</ref> It was a part of [[Nilgiris Lok Sabha constituency]] until the 2008 delimitation. An election was not held in the year 1957. It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India.

== Bifurcation ==

The existing Thondamuthur Assembly constituency was bifurcated in 2008 to create a new constituency - [[Kavundampalayam Assembly constituency|Kavundampalayam]]. Some parts of [[Perur Assembly constituency]] were added to Thondamuthur after the disestablishment of Perur constituency.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Two-more-Assembly-segments-notified/article14816726.ece | title=Two more Assembly segments notified | date=16 August 2007 | newspaper=The Hindu | access-date=3 July 2020}}</ref>

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
=== Madras State ===

{| class="wikitable"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| Palanisami Gounder
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| V. Ellama Naidu
|-
| [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| R. Manickavasakam
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|}

=== Tamil Nadu ===

{| class="wikitable"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Election
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1971]]
| R. Manickavasakam
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1977]]
| K. Maruthachalam
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1980]]
| Chinnaraj
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1984]]
| [[C. Aranganayagam]]
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1989]]
| U. K. Vellingiri
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1991]]
| C. Aranganayagam
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1996]]
| [[C. R. Ramachandran]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2001]]
| [[S. R. Balasubramoniyan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2006]]
| [[M. Kannappan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2009 Tamil Nadu assembly by-election|2009^]]
| M. N. Kandaswamy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2011]]
| rowspan="4"| [[S. P. Velumani]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2016]]
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|-
| [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|-
|}

== Election results ==

{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|53.89}}
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|55.01}}
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|62.40}}
{{bar percent|[[#2009|2009 by-election]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|56.61}}
{{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|41.60}}
{{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}|50.57}}
{{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|60.23}}
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|61.95}}
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|42.05}}
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|57.48}}
{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|57.54}}
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|33.29}}
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|60.30}}
{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|59.14}}
{{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|52.67}}
{{bar percent|[[#1952|1952]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|51.19}}
}}

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thondamuthur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. P. Velumani]]|party=AIADMK|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. R. Karthikeyan|party= Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rajbunisha Abdulkani |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= K.P.R Sathish raju |party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 287442|change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=AIADMK|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thondamuthur<ref>{{cite web|title=Thondamuthur Election Result|url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a119|access-date= 18 Jun 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. P. Velumani]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=124,225 |percentage=53.89 |change=-1.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Karthikeya |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=82,595 |percentage=35.83 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Shajahan |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=11,606 |percentage=5.03 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Kalaiarasi |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=8,042 |percentage=3.49 |change=+2.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,635 |percentage=0.71 |change=-0.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Sathishkumar |party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,235 |percentage=0.54 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=41,630 |percentage=18.06|change= -14.11 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=230,531 |percentage=70.54 |change= 3.58 }}
{{Election box rejected|votes=883|percentage=0.38 }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 326,828 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -1.12 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thondamuthur<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC20WISE20CANDIDATE20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC20WISE20CANDIDATE20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. P. Velumani]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=109,519 |percentage=55.01 |change=-7.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kovai Syed Mohammed M. A. |party=Manithaneya Makkal Katchi |votes=45,478 |percentage=22.84 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Karumuthu Thiyagarajan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=19,043 |percentage=9.56 |change=+6.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Thiyagarajan |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=7,968 |percentage=4.00 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Anshar Sheriff |party=Social Democratic Party of India |votes=3,643 |percentage=1.83 |change=-0.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=3,248 |percentage=1.63 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. R. Vairavel |party=Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi |votes=3,005 |percentage=1.51 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Anandharaj |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=2,408 |percentage=1.21 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Vidiyal Jaganathan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=1,315 |percentage=0.66 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=64,041 |percentage=32.17 |change= -1.07 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=199,100 |percentage=66.96 |change= -8.14 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 297,360 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -7.39 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Thondamuthur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate =[[S. P. Velumani]]
|votes = 99,886
|percentage = 62.40
|change =+62.40
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Kandaswamy M N
|votes = 46,683
|percentage = 29.16
|change = +29.16
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Shridhar Murthy A
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 5,581
|percentage = 3.49
|change = -1.00
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =Social Democratic Party of India
|candidate = Ummar Kathap T M
|votes =4,519
|percentage =2.82
|change =+2.82
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =Lok Satta Party
|candidate = Kannammal Jagadeesan
|votes =932
|percentage =0.58
|change =+0.58
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 53,203
|percentage = 33.24
|change = -2.23
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes =1,60,248
|percentage = 75.17
|change = +16.12
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2009–10 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-elections]]:
[[Thondamuthur]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =Indian National Congress
|candidate = M. N. Kandaswamy
|votes = 112,350
|percentage = 56.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam
|candidate = K. Thangavelu
|votes = 40,863
|percentage = 20.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 71,487
|percentage =36.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 198,461
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2006 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thondamuthur<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 2006 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| access-date = 12 May 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Kannappan]] |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=123,490 |percentage=41.60 |change=+32.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. R. Balasubramoniyan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=113,596 |percentage=38.27 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=E. Dennis Kovil Pillai |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=37,901 |percentage=12.77 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Chinnaraj]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=13,545 |percentage=4.56 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Varadharajan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,035 |percentage=0.69 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,894 |percentage=3.33 |change= -11.55 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=296,863 |percentage=70.65 |change= 16.93 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 420,186 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Tamil Maanila Congress |swing= -8.97 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2001 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thondamuthur<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. R. Balasubramoniyan]] |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=96,959 |percentage=50.57 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. R. Sukanya |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=68,423 |percentage=35.68 |change=-24.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Krishnaswamy |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=17,282 |percentage=9.01 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. R. Harikumar |party=Independent politician |votes=5,209 |percentage=2.72 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. R. Sakthivel |party=Democratic Forward Bloc |votes=1,442 |percentage=0.75 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=28,536 |percentage=14.88 |change= -18.23 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=191,745 |percentage=53.72 |change= -11.41 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 356,986 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Tamil Maanila Congress |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -9.66 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1996 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thondamuthur<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 1996 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[C. R. Ramachandran]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=113,025 |percentage=60.23 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. Malaravan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=50,888 |percentage=27.12 |change=-34.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=U. K. Vellingiri |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=12,815 |percentage=6.83 |change=-23.5 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. C. Krishnamurthi |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=6,948 |percentage=3.70 |change=-2.05 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=62,137 |percentage=33.11 |change= 1.49 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=187,656 |percentage=65.13 |change= 5.91 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 300,961 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -1.72 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1991 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thondamuthur<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil20Nadu91.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil20Nadu91.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[C. Aranganayagam]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=92,362 |percentage=61.95 |change=+34.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=U. K. Vellingiri |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=45,218 |percentage=30.33 |change=-11.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Venkatachalam |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=8,571 |percentage=5.75 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Ayyaswamy |party=Janata Party |votes=1,023 |percentage=0.69 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=47,144 |percentage=31.62 |change= 17.04 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=149,081 |percentage=59.22 |change= -63.98 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 260,841 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= 19.90 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1989 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thondamuthur<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=U. K. Vellingiri |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=62,305 |percentage=42.05 |change=+3.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Shanmugam |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=40,702 |percentage=27.47 |change=-30.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Chinnaraj]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=27,522 |percentage=18.57 |change=-38.9 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Swaminathan |party=Independent politician |votes=13,205 |percentage=8.91 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Gopalasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=782 |percentage=0.53 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=21,603 |percentage=14.58 |change= -4.38 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=148,168 |percentage=123.20 |change= 51.83 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 123,266 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -15.43 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1984 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thondamuthur<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| archive-date = 17 January 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Aranganayakam |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=67,679 |percentage=57.48 |change=-0.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=U. K. Vellingiri |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=45,353 |percentage=38.52 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. K. Ananda Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,004 |percentage=0.85 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Manohar |party=Independent politician |votes=877 |percentage=0.74 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Soundararajan |party=Independent politician |votes=804 |percentage=0.68 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=22,326 |percentage=18.96 |change= 3.89 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=117,744 |percentage=71.38 |change= 9.78 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 173,480 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -0.06 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1980 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thondamuthur<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil20Nadu201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil20Nadu201980.pdf| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Chinnaraj |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=57,822 |percentage=57.54 |change=+24.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Manickkavachagam |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=42,673 |percentage=42.46 |change=+17.05 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,149 |percentage=15.07 |change= 7.20 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=100,495 |percentage=61.60 |change= 2.79 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 165,819 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 24.25 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1977 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thondamuthur<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil20Nadu77.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=K. Maruthachalam |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=31,690 |percentage=33.29 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Manickavachagam |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=24,195 |percentage=25.41 |change=-34.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. K. Lakshmanan |party=Janata Party |votes=22,579 |percentage=23.72 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. M. Palanisamy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,865 |percentage=16.66 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Kalinga Gounder |party=Republican Party of India |votes=559 |percentage=0.59 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,495 |percentage=7.87 |change= -17.45 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=95,207 |percentage=58.81 |change= -17.47 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 164,344 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -27.02 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1971 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thondamuthur<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=R. Manickavasakam |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=51,181 |percentage=60.30 |change=+1.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Nataraj |party=Independent politician |votes=29,689 |percentage=34.98 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Rengaswamy Allas Raju |party=Independent politician |votes=4,003 |percentage=4.72 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=21,492 |percentage=25.32 |change= 3.74 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=84,873 |percentage=76.28 |change= 1.42 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 118,619 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 1.16 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1967 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Thondamuthur<ref>{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical20Report20Madras201967.pdf|title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical20Report20Madras201967.pdf|archive-date=20 March 2012|access-date= 19 April 2009}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=R. Manickavachakam |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=42,261 |percentage=59.14 |change=+49.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. E. Naidu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=26,842 |percentage=37.56 |change=-15.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. K. Gounder |party=Independent politician |votes=2,354 |percentage=3.29 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,419 |percentage=21.58 |change= -10.47 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=71,457 |percentage=74.86 |change= -4.20 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 101,232 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 6.47 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1962 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Thondamuthur<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|access-date= 19 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=V. Ellama Naidu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=32,520 |percentage=52.67 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=L. Arputhasamy |party=Communist Party of India |votes=12,735 |percentage=20.63 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. R. Ponnusamy Gounder |party=Swatantra Party |votes=6,725 |percentage=10.89 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Meyyappan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=6,054 |percentage=9.81 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Subbian |party=Independent politician |votes=2,225 |percentage=3.60 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Ramalingam |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=1,485 |percentage=2.41 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=19,785 |percentage=32.04 |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=61,744 |percentage=79.06 |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 81,201 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1952 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Thondamuthur<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1951| url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf| access-date=2014-10-14|archive-date=27 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Palaniswani Gounder |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,814 |percentage=51.19 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Perumal |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=10,894 |percentage=24.45 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ammasai Gounder |party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes=6,895 |percentage=15.47 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Palaniappa Gounder |party=Independent politician |votes=3,961 |percentage=8.89 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,920 |percentage=26.75 |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=44,564 |percentage=64.28 |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 69,328 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{Cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|access-date= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archive-date= 5 October 2010}}

{{Coimbatore|state=expanded}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Coimbatore district]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Arthur Tisdall

2026-04-29T03:56:36Z

User987delhi: Made initial details w/ infobox...

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox military person
|name=Arthur Tisdall
|birth_date= {{Birth date|1890|7|21|df=yes}}
|death_date= {{Death date and age|1915|5|6|1890|7|21|df=yes}}
|birth_place= [[Bombay]], [[British India]]
|death_place= [[Achi Baba]], [[Gallipoli]], [[Ottoman Turkey]]
|burial_place= No known grave
|image= Arthur Walderne St. Clair Tisdall (1890–1915).png
|caption=
|nickname=
|allegiance={{UK}}
|service_years=1914–1915
|rank=[[Sub-Lieutenant]]
|branch={{navy|United Kingdom}}
|commands=
|unit=13 Platoon, D Company, Anson Battalion, [[Royal Naval Division]]<ref name="Gallipoli">{{cite book|last=Snelling|first=Stephen|title=Gallipoli (VCs of the First World War)|publisher=Sutton Publishing Ltd|date=23 February 1995|edition=First|pages=40|isbn=978-0-7509-0566-4}}</ref>
|battles= [[World War I]]
* [[Gallipoli campaign]]
** [[Landing at Cape Helles]]
*** [[Landing at Cape Helles#V Beach|Landing at V Beach]]
** [[Battle of Krithia|Krithia campaign]]
*** [[Second Battle of Krithia]] {{KIA}}
|awards= [[Victoria Cross]]
|other_work=
}}
'''Arthur Walderne St Clair Tisdall''' [[Victoria Cross|VC]] (21 July 1890 – 6 May 1915) was a British recipient of the [[Victoria Cross]], the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to [[United Kingdom|British]] and [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] forces.

==Life==
Tisdall was born in [[Bombay]], [[British India]] in 1890, and after emigrating attended [[Bedford School]] from 1900 to 1909.<ref name="SymbolOfCourage" /> He went to university at [[Trinity College, Cambridge]], where he rowed and attended the [[Officer Training Corps]] in his spare time.<ref name="CambridgeLife" /> He attained a double first in classics.<ref name="CambridgeLife">{{cite news|url=http://www.alumni.cam.ac.uk/uploads/File/CAMArticles/Michalemas%202006/cambridge%20life.pdf |title=Cambridge VCs |last=Derringer |first=Michael |year=2006 |work=Cambridge Life |pages=33 |accessdate=25 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716064139/http://www.alumni.cam.ac.uk/uploads/File/CAMArticles/Michalemas%202006/cambridge%20life.pdf |archivedate=16 July 2011 }}</ref>

Tisdall joined the [[Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve]] when he was 24 years old, at the outbreak of the First World War.<ref name="CambridgeLife" /> He enlisted as an [[Able Seaman]] at [[HMS President (shore establishment)|HMS ''President'']], the home of the London Division of the [[Royal Naval Reserve]], but was soon promoted to [[sub-lieutenant|Sub Lieutenant]].<ref name="CambridgeLife" />

On the first day of the Gallipoli landings (25 April 1915) at [[Landing at Cape Helles|V Beach]], [[Gallipoli]], during the landing from [[SS River Clyde|SS ''River Clyde'']], Tisdall heard wounded men on the beach calling for help.<ref name="SymbolOfCourage" /> The men were under heavy machine gun fire from entrenched Turkish forces.<ref name="SymbolOfCourage" /> He jumped into the water, and pushing a boat in front of him, went to their rescue. He found, however, that he could not manage alone, but managed to enlist the help of first one, and then three more naval personnel.<ref name="SymbolOfCourage" /> They made five trips from the ship to the shore and were responsible for rescuing several wounded men under heavy and accurate fire, until darkness forced them to stop.<ref name="SymbolOfCourage" /><ref name="VC">{{London Gazette|issue=29530|date=31 March 1916|supp=y|pages=3515–3516}}</ref>

He was [[mortally wounded]] by a sniper during the [[Second Battle of Krithia]] at [[Achi Baba]] on 6 May 1915, and was buried where he fell, but today has no known grave.<ref name="SymbolOfCourage">{{cite book|last=Arthur|first=Max|title=Symbol of Courage: A Complete History of the Victoria Cross|publisher=Sidgwick & jackson|location=London|year=2004|edition=First|pages=221|chapter=The First World War/1915|isbn=0-283-07351-9}}</ref><ref name="CambridgeLife" /><ref name="CWGC">{{cite web|url=http://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/3055222|title=Casualty Details|work=Commonwealth War Graves Commission|accessdate=25 February 2011}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|last=Snelling|first=Stephen|title=Gallipoli|series=[[VCs of the First World War]]|orig-date=1995|year=2012|publisher=[[The History Press]]|isbn=978-0752456539}}
* ''[[VCs of the First World War - The Naval VCs]]'' (Stephen Snelling, 2002)

==External links==
* [http://www.victoriacross.org.uk/ggturkey.htm Burial location of Arthur Tisdall] "Turkey"
* [http://www.Victoriacross.org.uk/bbtisdal.htm News Item] "Arthur Tisdall's Victoria Cross sold privately"
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061004005514/http://www.royal-navy.mod.uk/server/show/ConMediaFile.6743 Tisdall Memorial HMS President] VC and other decorations still on display at HMS President RNR London HQ (2006)

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tisdall, Arthur}}
[[Category:1890 births]]
[[Category:1915 deaths]]
[[Category:People educated at Bedford School]]
[[Category:British Gallipoli campaign recipients of the Victoria Cross]]
[[Category:British military personnel killed in World War I]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Royal Navy recipients of the Victoria Cross]]
[[Category:Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:Royal Navy officers of World War I]]
[[Category:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Military personnel of British India]]

Dambarudhar Pathak

2026-04-24T23:41:59Z

User987delhi: started post

{{Short description|Indian judge (1924–2005)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dambarudhar Pathak
| image =
| office = 11th [[Chief justice]] of [[Odisha High Court]]
| term_start = 11 August 1983
| term_end = 28 February 1986
| predecessor = [[Ranganath Misra]]
| successor = [[Hari Lal Agrawal]]
| honorific_prefix = Justice
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1924|3|1|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2005|8|10|1924|3|1|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Guwahati]], India
}}

'''Dambarudhar Pathak''' (1 March 1924 – 10 August 2005) was an Indian judge who served as the 11th [[Chief Justice]] of the [[Odisha High Court]] and [[Gauhati High Court]].<ref name="Chawla 2013">{{cite web | last=Chawla | first=.Prabhu | title=Supreme Court accuses Government of packing judiciary with 'sycophant judges' | website=India Today | date=2013-12-17 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/19850615-supreme-court-accuses-government-of-packing-judiciary-with-sycophant-judges-770127-2013-12-16 | access-date=2022-12-30}}</ref>

== Life and career ==
Dambarudhar Pathak was born on 1 March 1924. He obtained [[B.A. degree]] from the [[Calcutta University]] in 1946 and [[LL.B. degree]] from the [[Gauhati University]] in 1953. In order to prosecute further studies in law, he went to United Kingdom. From [[London University]], he obtained [[Master of Laws|LL.M. degree]] in 1957. Prior to obtaining the post graduate degree, he became [[Bar-at-law|Bar at law]] from [[Lincoln’s Inn]] in 1956 and on completion of the advanced studies, he returned to India. He was enrolled as an [[Advocate]] in the [[Gauhati High Court]] in April 1958. From 1961, he also started to conduct cases before the [[Supreme Court of India]].

Pathak was a part-time law lecturer of the [[Law College]] of [[Gauhati University]] from 1958 and became the part time Principal of the said college for 3 years before his elevation to the [[Gauhati High Court]] Bench. He contributed immensely to the legal literature by writing articles and books. He was elevated to the Bench of [[Gauhati High Court]] on 8 August 1973, the [[Chief Justice]] of [[Gauhati High Court]] from 18 April 1983 to 10 August 1983, and [[Chief Justice]] of [[Orissa High Court]] 11 August 1983 to 28 February 1986.

Pathak died at his residence in [[Guwahati]] on 10 August 2005, at the age of 81.<ref>{{cite news |title=Northeast Diary 11-08-2005 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/northeast-diary-11-08-2005/cid/1620932 |access-date=18 October 2023 |publisher=The Telegraph Online |date=11 August 2005}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pathak, Dambarudhar}}
[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:2005 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian judges]]

Satyapriya Roy

2026-04-23T09:01:57Z

User987delhi: adding entry!

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Satyapriya Roy
| constituency7 = [[Tollyganj Assembly constituency|Tollyganj]]
| preceded7 = [[Niranjan Sengupta]]
| succeeded7 = [[Pankaj Kumar Banerjee]]
| office = General Secretary of the [[All Bengal Teachers Association]]
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| birth_date = 1 March 1907
| death_date = 11 February 1978
| term_start = 1953
| term_end = 1964
| office3 = Working President of the [[All Bengal Teachers Association]]
| term3 = 1952 -53
| office2 = President of the [[All Bengal Teachers Association]]
| term2 = 1964 - 1977
| office4 = Administrator, [[West Bengal Board of Secondary Education]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=WBBSE :: History |url=http://wbbse.org/history.htm |access-date=2022-07-17 |website=wbbse.org |archive-date=17 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717052858/http://wbbse.org/history.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| term4 = 14 September 1977 – 11 February 1978
| office6 = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Council]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.47601 |title=Bengal Legislative Council Debates (1957) Vol.11 |date=1957}}</ref>
| term6 = 1954 - 1969<ref>{{Cite book |last=Samaddar |first=Ranabir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BjZ7DwAAQBAJ&q=In+Calcutta%2C+Satyapriya+Roy%2C+MLC+on+his+way+from+Legislative+Assembly+Building+was+arrested+inside+a+taxi+on+the+day.&pg=PT60 |title=From Popular Movements to Rebellion: The Naxalite Decade |date=2018-11-21 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-429-64897-7 |language=en}}</ref>
| constituency6 = Presidency Division South (Teachers)<ref>{{Cite book | author=West Bengal (India) Legislature Legislative Council |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MywgAQAAIAAJ&q=presidency+division+south+satyapriya+roy |title=Council Debates; Official Report |date=1957 |language=en}}</ref>
| office5 = Minister of Education, [[Government of West Bengal]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=B. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=taq5AAAAIAAJ&q=Satyapriya+Roy |title=Handbook of Libraries, Archives and Information Centres in India |date=1992 |publisher=Aditya Prakashan |isbn=978-81-85179-75-9 |language=en}}</ref>
| term5 = 25 February 1969 - 1972
| office7 = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]<ref>{{Cite book |author=Institute of Political and Social Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HoZAAAAAMAAJ&q=satyapriya+roy+mla |title=Institute of Political and Social Studies Bulletin |date=1969 |language=en}}</ref>
| term7 = 1969 - 1972
| native_name = সত্যপ্রিয় রায়
| image =
}}
'''Satyapriya Roy''' (1907–1978)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Satyapriya Roy College of Education |url=https://www.satyapriyaroycollege.in/OurCollege.php |access-date=2022-07-17 |website=www.satyapriyaroycollege.in}}</ref> was a politician belonging to the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]. A prominent leader of the teacher's movement. He was the General Secretary of the [[All Bengal Teachers Association]] from 1953 to 1964.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roy |first=Sekhar Basu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LiJuAAAAMAAJ&q=satyapriya+roy+secretary |title=New Approach: Collector's copy, 1996 |date=1996 |publisher=S.B. Roy |language=en}}</ref> He was the education minister in the West Bengal Government during the [[second Mukherjee ministry]].

==History==
Satyapriya Roy was born on 1 March 1907, in a well-to-do family at Singai in what is now Mymensingh district of Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roy |first=Satyapriya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vvabAAAAMAAJ&q=Bangladesh |title=Selected Writings and Speeches of Satyapriya Roy |date=1999 |publisher=The Association |language=en}}</ref>

Graduated with English Honors from [[Ananda Mohan College|Anand Mohan College]], Mymensingh. In 1927, he completed his master's degree in English from [[Dhaka University]]. Also received excellency in Bachelor of Teaching examination<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roy |first=Satyapriya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vvabAAAAMAAJ&q=Anandamohan |title=Selected Writings and Speeches of Satyapriya Roy |date=1999 |publisher=The Association |language=en}}</ref> (later renamed as [[Bachelor of Education]]).

Had an excellent academic career, he passed the All India Police Service Examination, but did not take any position in the police department. Instead, he became a teacher and, in fact, the founding headmaster of the Kalidhan Institution in South Calcutta.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BHUSY3fb-zAC&q=All+India+Police+Service+Examination |title=Calcutta Municipal Gazette |date=1977 |publisher=Superintendent of Printing, Corporation Press |language=en}}</ref>

Roy was elected vice-president of ABTA at the Bishnupur conference in 1950, becoming its working president in 1952. In 1953 he was elected General Secretary of ABTA and Manoranjan Roy was elected president. He was the secretary of the organization until 1964, then he was elevated to the post of President, a position he held until he was appointed administrator of the [[West Bengal Board of Secondary Education]] in 1977.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Roy |first=Satyapriya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vvabAAAAMAAJ&q=Bishnupur+conference |title=Selected Writings and Speeches of Satyapriya Roy |date=1999 |publisher=The Association |language=en}}</ref>

Roy was elected a member of the State Legislative Council as a teacher representative in 1954 and continued to be its member until 1969 when it was dissolved by the United Front government. In both the 1969 and 1971 elections, he won the Legislative Assembly as a CPIM candidate from [[Tollyganj Assembly constituency|Tollyganj]] constituency. He was the education minister in the [[Second Mukherjee ministry|second United Front government.]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BHUSY3fb-zAC&q=United+Front |title=Calcutta Municipal Gazette |date=1977 |publisher=Superintendent of Printing, Corporation Press |language=en}}</ref>

He died on 11 February 1978.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Our College |url=https://www.satyapriyaroycollege.in/OurCollege.php |website=Satyapriya Roy College of Education}}</ref>

==Legacy==
Roy was one of those who founded the All Bengal Teachers Training College, and was also its president for several years. The college was renamed as '''Satyapriya Roy College of Education''' in the year 2006 to acknowledge the contribution of Satyapriya Roy in the field of school education as well as the teacher's movement.<ref name="auto" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roy, Satyapriya}}
[[Category:1907 births]]
[[Category:1978 deaths]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1971–1972]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1969–1971]]

Niranjan Bishi

2026-04-20T06:17:06Z

User987delhi: New first data w/ infobox...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Niranjan Bishi
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| constituency = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Odisha]]
| term_start = 2022
| term_end = 2026
| successor = [[Dilip Ray]]
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}
'''Niranjan Bishi''' is an Indian politician and a former member of the [[Rajya Sabha]], upper house of the Parliament of India from [[Odisha]] as member of the [[Biju Janata Dal]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/bjd-to-win-all-four-rajya-sabha-seats-unopposed/articleshow/91928028.cms | title=Odisha: BJD to win all four Rajya Sabha seats unopposed | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=1 June 2022 | accessdate=3 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/odisha-bjd-picks-four-young-faces-for-rajya-sabha/articleshow/91867684.cms | title=Odisha: BJD picks four young faces for Rajya Sabha | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=29 May 2022 | accessdate=3 June 2022}}</ref><ref name="Pradhan 2022">{{cite web | last=Pradhan | first=Ashok | title=Bishi Has 16 Criminal Cases Against Him, Declares Bjd - Bhubaneswar News | website=The Times of India | date=1 Jun 2022 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/bishi-has-16-criminal-cases-against-him-declares-bjd/articleshow/91928030.cms | access-date=23 Mar 2023}}</ref><ref name="Bureau 2022">{{cite web | last=Bureau | first=OB | title=BJD Justifies Picking Niranjan Bishi With 16 Criminal Cases For Rajya Sabha From Odisha | website=odishabytes | date=1 Jun 2022 | url=https://odishabytes.com/bjd-justifies-picking-niranjan-bishi-with-16-criminal-cases-for-rajya-sabha-from-odisha/ | access-date=23 Mar 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bishi, Niranjan}}
[[Category:Biju Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Odisha-BJD-politician-stub}}

Cyclone Michaung

2026-04-17T05:58:35Z

User987delhi:

{{Short description|North Indian Ocean Cyclone in 2023}}
{{use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox weather event
| name = Severe Cyclonic Storm Michaung
| image = Michaung 2023-12-04 0835Z.jpg
| caption = Cyclone Michaung near peak intensity on 4 December
| duration =
| formed = 1 December 2023
| dissipated = 6 December 2023
}}{{Infobox weather event/IMD
| winds = 55
| pressure = 986
}}{{Infobox weather event/JTWC
| winds = 65
| pressure = 985
}}{{Infobox weather event/Effects
| year = 2023
| fatalities = 17
| injuries =
| missing =
| damages = 1320000000
| affected = [[India]] (particularly in [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]]), [[Bangladesh]]
| ibtracs =
| ref =
}}{{Infobox weather event/Footer
| season = [[2023 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]]
}}
'''Severe Cyclonic Storm Michaung'''{{efn|The name ''Michaung'' ([[Burmese language|Burmese]]: မိကျောင်း, [[Help:IPA/Burmese|[mḭ.d͡ʑáʊɴ]]]) was contributed by [[Myanmar]] and means "[[crocodile]]" in [[Burmese language|Burmese]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 December 2023|title=Cyclone 'Michaung' to make landfall in Chennai; here's how it got its name|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/cyclone-michaung-to-make-landfall-in-chennai-heres-how-it-got-its-name-101701422565165.html|access-date=6 December 2023|newspaper=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=4 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204164012/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/cyclone-michaung-to-make-landfall-in-chennai-heres-how-it-got-its-name-101701422565165.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Naming of Tropical Cyclones over the North Indian Ocean|url=https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/images/pdf/tc-names.pdf |access-date=6 December 2023|publisher=[[Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre]]|location=New Delhi|archive-date=3 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903132359/https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/images/pdf/tc-names.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>}} was a moderate [[tropical cyclone]] which formed in the [[Bay of Bengal]] during the 2023 North Indian Ocean cyclone season. Michaung originated as a [[low-pressure area]] in the [[Gulf of Thailand]] which crossed into the Bay of Bengal and became a deep depression on December 2. It developed into a cyclonic storm thereafter and was named ''Michaung''. It was the ninth depression and the sixth named cyclonic storm of the season. The cyclone gradually moved north-west over the next few days towards the [[Eastern Coastal Plains|eastern coast]] of India. The storm peaked with sustained winds of {{convert|60|kn|km/h mph|round=5}} causing heavy rainfall in north-eastern Tamil Nadu including [[Chennai]] and south-eastern Andhra Pradesh before making landfall near [[Bapatla]] in Andhra Pradesh on December 5.

==Meteorological history==
{{storm path|Michaung 2023 path.png|colors=new}}
In late November 2023, a low-pressure area crossed into the Bay of Bengal from the Gulf of Thailand. On December 1, the [[India Meteorological Department]] (IMD) said the disturbance had developed into a depression in the South [[Andaman Sea]], and was expected to move towards the northwest while strengthening in the Bay of Bengal.<ref>{{Cite news|date=29 November 2023|title=Cyclone Michaung: Check Name Origin and Will it Hit Bay of Bengal?|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/what-is-cyclone-michaung-name-bay-of-bengal-origin-and-latest-updates-1701266119-1|access-date=5 December 2023|newspaper=Jagranjosh|language=en|archive-date=29 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129223320/https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/what-is-cyclone-michaung-name-bay-of-bengal-origin-and-latest-updates-1701266119-1|url-status=live}}</ref> On December 2, the system intensified into a [[List of depressions and deep depressions in the North Indian Ocean|deep depression]] located about {{convert|440|km}} east-southeast of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Cyclone Michaung to hit Andhra coast; PM dials Jagan Reddy, assures all help|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/cyclone-michaung-latest-update-tamil-nadu-chennai-andhra-pradesh-coast-heavy-rain-2471093-2023-12-03|access-date=5 December 2023|date=3 December 2023|newspaper=[[India Today]]|language=en|archive-date=5 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205061943/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/cyclone-michaung-latest-update-tamil-nadu-chennai-andhra-pradesh-coast-heavy-rain-2471093-2023-12-03|url-status=live}}</ref> Thereafter, it intensified into a [[List of severe cyclonic storms|cyclonic storm]], and was assigned the name Michaung by Myanmar.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/trends/story/cyclone-michaung-who-named-it-how-do-cyclones-get-their-names-check-details-here-408150-2023-12-04|title=Cyclone Michaung: who named it and how do cyclones get their names|date=4 December 2023|newspaper=Business Today|access-date=5 December 2023|archive-date=4 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204155135/https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/trends/story/cyclone-michaung-who-named-it-how-do-cyclones-get-their-names-check-details-here-408150-2023-12-04|url-status=live}}</ref>

On December 4, cyclone Michaung reached peak intensity as it approached the coast of Tamil Nadu with winds of {{convert|110|km/h}}, equivalent to a high-end tropical storm on the [[Saffir–Simpson scale]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=4 December 2023|title=Cyclone Michaung: Heavy rains in southern India as storm makes landfall|language=en-GB|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-67617727|access-date=6 December 2023|archive-date=5 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205060038/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-67617727|url-status=live}}</ref> Michaung moved almost directly northward along the coast. On December 5, the storm made landfall between [[Nellore]] and [[Machilipatnam]] in Andhra Pradesh, weakening as it moved inland.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 December 2023 |title=Cyclone Michaung: Landfall likely between Andhra's Nellore & Machilipatnam |newspaper=Business Standard |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/cyclone-michaung-landfall-likely-between-andhra-s-nellore-machilipatnam-123120500024_1.html |url-status=live |access-date=5 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205041205/https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/cyclone-michaung-landfall-likely-between-andhra-s-nellore-machilipatnam-123120500024_1.html |archive-date=5 December 2023}}</ref> By December 6, the storm had weakened to a depression over central Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/cyclone-michaung-live-updates-andhra-pradesh-hit-by-heavy-rains-gusty-winds-as-landfall-begins/3327535/|title='Cyclone Michaung' Highlights: Landfall completes, storm weakens; Andhra Pradesh expects rainfall for next 24 hours|publisher=Financial Express|date=6 December 2023|access-date=6 December 2023}}</ref>

===Meteorological data===
According to the IMD reports, [[INSAT-3D]] satellite imagery on December 5 indicated a cloud mass with broken low to medium clouds and intense [[convection]] extending over west-central Bay of Bengal and the coastal region of Andhra Pradesh, spanning from latitude 13.5°N to 17.5°N and longitude 80.0E to 82.5E. The minimum cloud top temperature was recorded at {{convert|-90|C}}. Coastal surface observations from various locations on the coast indicated a maximum [[wind speed]] of {{convert|60|knot}} and a minimum sea level pressure of {{convert|988|hPa|inHg}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mausam.imd.gov.in/imd_latest/contents/cyclone.php|title=Tropical weather outlook|access-date=6 December 2023|publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]]|archive-date=25 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725083517/https://mausam.imd.gov.in/imd_latest/contents/cyclone.php|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cyclone Information|publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]]|url=https://mausam.imd.gov.in/responsive/cycloneinformation.php|access-date=6 December 2023|archive-date=26 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026120928/https://mausam.imd.gov.in/responsive/cycloneinformation.php|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Nungambakkam]] in Chennai recorded the maximum rainfall of {{convert|530|mm|in|abbr=on}} in the three-day period between December 2 and 4.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/michaung-dumped-more-rain-than-2015-cyclone/articleshow/105767336.cms|title=Michaung dumped more rain than 2015 cyclone|date=6 December 2023|access-date=7 December 2023|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|archive-date=6 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206123838/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/michaung-dumped-more-rain-than-2015-cyclone/articleshow/105767336.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Preparations and impact==
As the storm approached the east coast of India, India's meteorological department issued a [[Tropical cyclone warnings and watches|red alert]] for the region. In Tamil Nadu, over 500 personnel of National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) and [[Tamil Nadu Disaster Response Force]] (TNDRF) were deployed.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/cyclone-michaung-intensifies-tamil-nadu-on-high-alert-sdrf-deployed-in-chennai-adjoining-regions/videoshow/105695881.cms?from=mdr|title=Cyclone Michaung intensifies, Tamil Nadu on 'high alert'; SDRF deployed in Chennai, adjoining regions|date=3 December 2023|access-date=6 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Economic Times|Economic Times]]|archive-date=7 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207203436/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/cyclone-michaung-intensifies-tamil-nadu-on-high-alert-sdrf-deployed-in-chennai-adjoining-regions/videoshow/105695881.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/cyclone-michaung-500-personnel-from-ndrf-and-sdrf-at-work-752289|title=500 NDRF, SDRF personnel at work|date=3 December 2023|access-date=6 December 2023|newspaper=DT Next|archive-date=7 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207203437/https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/cyclone-michaung-500-personnel-from-ndrf-and-sdrf-at-work-752289|url-status=live}}</ref> 121 multi-purpose centres and 4,967 relief centres were set-up in the eight coastal districts of Tamil Nadu to help in the aftermath of the cyclone.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/cyclone-michaung-tn-ministers-review-precautionary-measures-ndrf-sdrf-personnel-positioned-in-eight-coastal-districts/article67600860.ece|title=T.N. Ministers review precautionary measures; NDRF, SDRF personnel positioned in eight coastal districts|date=3 December 2023|access-date=6 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=4 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204082413/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/cyclone-michaung-tn-ministers-review-precautionary-measures-ndrf-sdrf-personnel-positioned-in-eight-coastal-districts/article67600860.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> In Andhra Pradesh, 181 relief camps were set up across the eight districts, with the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) and AP State Disaster Response Force (APSDRF) deploying five teams each to assist in the affected areas.<ref>{{Cite news|date=4 December 2023|title=Cyclone 'Michaung': 181 relief camps, NDRF & SDRF deployed for rescue ops in Andhra Pradesh|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/cyclone-michaung-relief-camps-ndrf-sdrf-rescue-andhra-pradesh-101701688775352.html|access-date=6 December 2023|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|language=en|archive-date=5 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205150803/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/cyclone-michaung-relief-camps-ndrf-sdrf-rescue-andhra-pradesh-101701688775352.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=5 December 2023|title=Cyclone Michaung landfall between Andhra Pradesh's Nellore and Machilipatnam|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/michaung-landfall-between-nellore-and-machilipatnam/articleshow/105740531.cms|access-date=5 December 2023|issn=0971-8257|archive-date=5 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205063948/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/michaung-landfall-between-nellore-and-machilipatnam/articleshow/105740531.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Southern districts of [[Odisha]] were also to receive heavy rainfall due to the cyclone, and the [[Odisha Disaster Rapid Action Force]] were deployed to assist local authorities.<ref>{{Cite news|date=5 December 2023|title=Cyclone Michaung makes landfall; 12 dead; IAF drops relief supplies in Chennai|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/cyclone-michaung-makes-landfall-12-dead-iaf-drops-relief-supplies-in-chennai-top-updates-101701794676373.html|access-date=6 December 2023|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|language=en|archive-date=6 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206122348/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news|url-status=live}}</ref>

Heavy rain and strong winds battered the coastal areas.<ref>{{Cite news|date=4 December 2023|title=Michaung cyclone: Heavy rains lash several district of Andhra Pradesh, schools declare holiday|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/michaung-cyclone-triggers-heavy-rains-in-tirupati-nellore-chittoor-and-few-other-districts-heavy-rains-continue-in-most-parts-of-the-state-schools-declared-holiday/articleshow/105723246.cms|access-date=5 December 2023|issn=0971-8257|archive-date=5 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205015842/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/michaung-cyclone-triggers-heavy-rains-in-tirupati-nellore-chittoor-and-few-other-districts-heavy-rains-continue-in-most-parts-of-the-state-schools-declared-holiday/articleshow/105723246.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Persistent rains caused widespread flooding and inundation in Chennai, the capital of Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Chennai Flooded, 2015 All Over Again! Cyclonic Storm Michaung to blame or infrastructure|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/chennai/chennai-flooded-2015-all-over-again-cyclonic-storm-michaung-to-blame-or-infrastructure-article-105728590|newspaper=Times Now|date=4 December 2023|access-date=5 December 2023|archive-date=4 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204114100/https://www.timesnownews.com/chennai/chennai-flooded-2015-all-over-again-cyclonic-storm-michaung-to-blame-or-infrastructure-article-105728590|url-status=live}}</ref> Rivers including [[Cooum river|Cooum]] and major lakes overflowed in Chennai causing further water logging in the low-lying areas along the banks.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/video-cyclone-michaung-chennai-battles-flood-cars-roads-bridges-washed-away-3070718|title=Cyclone Michaung: Chennai Battles Flood, Cars, Roads, Bridges Washed Away!|newspaper=DNA|date=4 December 2023|access-date=5 December 2023|archive-date=5 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205182742/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/video-cyclone-michaung-chennai-battles-flood-cars-roads-bridges-washed-away-3070718|url-status=live}}</ref> At least 17 people were killed, and more than 41,000 people were evacuated and temporarily relocated, including 32,158 in Tamil Nadu and 9,500 in Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite news|date=4 December 2023|title=Cyclone Michaung LIVE: Tropical storm crosses crosses Andhra Pradesh coast|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/cyclone-michaung-live-updates-tamil-nadu-rains-section-144-in-puducherry-schools-shut-trains-cancelled-imd-rain-update-11701670126917.html|access-date=5 December 2023|newspaper=Mint|language=en|archive-date=5 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205010720/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/cyclone-michaung-live-updates-tamil-nadu-rains-section-144-in-puducherry-schools-shut-trains-cancelled-imd-rain-update-11701670126917.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=5 December 2023|title=Chennai rain death toll rises to 17 as Cyclone Michaung makes landfall in Andhra Pradesh|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/chennai-rain-death-toll-cyclone-michaung-landfall-andhra-9055801/|access-date=6 December 2023|newspaper=[[Indian Express]]|language=en|archive-date=6 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206121752/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/chennai-rain-death-toll-cyclone-michaung-landfall-andhra-9055801/|url-status=live}}</ref> Power supply was cut off by the government in flooded areas in Chennai as a preventive measure to avert [[electrocution]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Chennai still flooded, no power for third straight day, hundreds in relief camps|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/cities/chennai/story/cyclone-michaung-chennai-floods-power-cut-waterlogging-tamil-nadu-2472731-2023-12-06|access-date=6 December 2023|date=6 December 2023|newspaper=[[India Today]]|language=en|archive-date=7 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207055519/https://www.indiatoday.in/cities/chennai/story/cyclone-michaung-chennai-floods-power-cut-waterlogging-tamil-nadu-2472731-2023-12-06|url-status=live}}</ref> Economic loss in Tamil Nadu exceeded [[Indian rupee|₹]]11,000 crore (US$1.32 billion).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/loss-due-to-cyclone-michaung-expected-to-be-over-rs-11000-crore/articleshow/105882259.cms|title=Loss due to Cyclone Michaung expected to be over Rs 11,000 crore|work=The Economic Times|date=10 December 2023|accessdate=11 December 2023|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

[[Chennai International Airport]] closed its operations on December 4 due to flooding in the apron and [[runway]]s, with flights being diverted or cancelled and operations resuming the next day.<ref>{{Cite news|date=4 December 2023|title=Cyclone Michaung: Heavy rains in southern India as storm makes landfall|language=en-GB|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-67617727|access-date=6 December 2023|publisher=BBC|archive-date=5 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205060038/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-67617727|url-status=live}}</ref> Schools and offices were closed due to heavy rains and flooding.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Chennai airport runway flooded as Cyclone Michaung nears India|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/india-shuts-schools-offices-evacuates-thousands-cyclone-michaung-nears-2023-12-04/|newspaper=Reuters|date=4 December 2023|access-date=5 December 2023|archive-date=4 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204222711/https://www.reuters.com/world/india/india-shuts-schools-offices-evacuates-thousands-cyclone-michaung-nears-2023-12-04/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railways]] and [[East Coast Railway zone|East Coast Railways]] re-directed and cancelled several trains.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/cyclone-michaung-southern-railway-cancels-train-services/article67603712.ece|title=Cyclone Michaung: Southern Railway cancels train services|date=4 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=5 December 2023|archive-date=5 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205005813/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/cyclone-michaung-southern-railway-cancels-train-services/article67603712.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Several businesses and industries in Chennai were impacted adversely as operations were ceased due to power shortages, flooding and damage to equipment.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/cyclone-michaung-leaves-chennai-businesses-bruised/article67612045.ece|title=Cyclone Michaung leaves Chennai businesses bruised|date=7 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=7 December 2023|archive-date=7 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207132909/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/cyclone-michaung-leaves-chennai-businesses-bruised/article67612045.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> In Andhra Pradesh, crop damage and losses were reported due to the flooding of fields.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/cyclone-michaung-massive-waterlogging-in-chennai-koovam-river-rages-123120500141_1.html|title=Cyclone Michaung: Massive waterlogging in Chennai, Koovam River rages|date=7 December 2023|newspaper=Business Standard|access-date=7 December 2023}}</ref> There was also a shortage of essential commodities including [[milk]] which was exacerbated by [[panic buying]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/cities/chennai/story/chennai-floods-cyclone-michaung-milk-shortage-minister-mano-thangaraj-meets-aavin-suppliers-2472871-2023-12-06|title=Chennai floods trigger milk shortage across city, minister meets suppliers|date=6 December 2023|access-date=6 December 2023|newspaper=[[India Today]]|archive-date=6 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206164443/https://www.indiatoday.in/cities/chennai/story/chennai-floods-cyclone-michaung-milk-shortage-minister-mano-thangaraj-meets-aavin-suppliers-2472871-2023-12-06|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Relief efforts==
The [[Indian Air Force]] [[air drop]]ped more than {{convert|2300|kg|lbs}} of food packets and relief supplies in affected areas of Chennai, while the [[Indian Navy]], in collaboration with the [[Indian Army]] and [[National Disaster Response Force]] (NDRF), was tasked with rescuing people and providing supplies using [[inflatable boat]]s.<ref>{{Cite news|date=7 December 2023|title=Cyclone Michaung: Schools, colleges closed across 4 Tamil Nadu districts today|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/cyclone-michaung-live-news-schools-colleges-remain-closed-tamil-nadu-chennai-andhra-pradesh-trains-cancelled-rain-imd-11701909873610.html|access-date=7 December 2023|publisher=Mint|language=en|archive-date=7 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207055437/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/cyclone-michaung-live-news-schools-colleges-remain-closed-tamil-nadu-chennai-andhra-pradesh-trains-cancelled-rain-imd-11701909873610.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Relief efforts intensify as Cyclone Michaung weakens|url=https://ddnews.gov.in/international/relief-efforts-intensify-cyclone-michaung-weakens|date=6 December 2023|access-date=6 December 2023|publisher=DD News|archive-date=6 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206121927/https://ddnews.gov.in/international/relief-efforts-intensify-cyclone-michaung-weakens|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=6 December 2023|title=Cyclone Michaung: Air Force, Navy step in for relief and rescue operations|language=en-IN|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/cyclone-michaung-navy-air-force-step-in-for-rescue-relief-operations/article67608109.ece|access-date=6 December 2023|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=6 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206122504/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/cyclone-michaung-navy-air-force-step-in-for-rescue-relief-operations/article67608109.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Greater Chennai Corporation]] pressed more workers for flood recovery and aiding stranded people while citing staff crunch for delays in clearing fallen trees and garbage.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/greater-chennai-corporation-to-launch-intensive-cleaning-campaign-post-michaung/article67608516.ece|title=Greater Chennai Corporation to launch intensive cleaning campaign post-Michaung|date=5 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=5 December 2023|archive-date=6 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206035625/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/greater-chennai-corporation-to-launch-intensive-cleaning-campaign-post-michaung/article67608516.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/cyclone-michaung-chennai-corporation-cites-staff-crunch-as-reason-for-delayed-removal-of-trees-garbage/article67610387.ece|title=Chennai Corporation cites staff crunch as reason for delayed removal of trees, garbage|date=6 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=6 December 2023|archive-date=7 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207203436/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/cyclone-michaung-chennai-corporation-cites-staff-crunch-as-reason-for-delayed-removal-of-trees-garbage/article67610387.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Volunteers engaged in distributing food packets, milk, water bottles and rescuing stranded people through boats in the inundated areas.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/cyclone-michaung-live-updates-chennai-rains-tamil-nadu-andhra-pardesh-damages-deaths-9056463/|title=As Tamil Nadu, Andhra reel under floodwaters, schools in Chennai shut tomorrow|date=7 December 2023|newspaper=[[Indian Express]]|access-date=7 December 2023|archive-date=7 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207203436/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/cyclone-michaung-live-updates-chennai-rains-tamil-nadu-andhra-pardesh-damages-deaths-9056463/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Relief materials were sent from various [[districts of Tamil Nadu]] to the affected areas.<ref>{{Cite press release|url=https://salem.nic.in/michaung-flood-relief-07-12-2023/|title=Michaung flood relief|publisher=District administration of Salem|access-date=10 December 2023|date=7 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite press release|url=https://kallakurichi.nic.in/drinking-water-bottles-biscuits-milk-powders-were-sent-to-chennai-for-michaung-cyclone-rescue-and-relief-efforts/|title=Drinking water bottles, biscuits, milk powders were sent to Chennai for Michaung Cyclone Rescue and Relief Efforts|publisher=District administration of Kallakurichi|access-date=10 December 2023|date=8 December 2023}}</ref> Various [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]]s, religious and volunteer groups helped in the relief effort.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://imedia.chennaimath.org/blogs/tag/cyclone-michaung-relief-work/|title=Cyclone Michaung relief effort|access-date=10 December 2023|publisher=[[Ramakrishna Math]]|archive-date=11 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211043900/https://imedia.chennaimath.org/blogs/tag/cyclone-michaung-relief-work/|url-status=live}}</ref> On December 9, [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]] [[M. K. Stalin]] announced a relief of ₹5 lakh (US$6,000) for families of those who lost their lives, ₹37,500 (US$450) for individuals who lost [[cattle]], ₹17,000 (US$200) per hectare for [[Paddy (unmilled rice)|paddy]] cultivators who lost the crop and ₹8,000 (US$96) for who lost their homes. A relief package worth ₹6,000 (US$72) was announced to be distributed through [[Public Distribution System (India)|Public Distribution System]] (PDS) outlets for those who were impacted by the cyclone.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/chennai-floods-mk-stalin-announces-compensation-of-rs-5-lakhs-to-families-of-deceased|title=Chennai floods: MK Stalin announces compensation of Rs 5 lakhs to families of deceased|access-date=10 December 2023|date=9 December 2023|newspaper=The News Minute|archive-date=10 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210071517/https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/chennai-floods-mk-stalin-announces-compensation-of-rs-5-lakhs-to-families-of-deceased|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/cyclone-michaung-cash-relief-likely-to-cover-25-to-30-lakh-families-in-tn/article67624089.ece|title=Cyclone Michaung: Cash relief likely to cover 25 to 30 lakh families in T.N.|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=10 December 2023|access-date=11 December 2023|archive-date=11 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211043641/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/cyclone-michaung-cash-relief-likely-to-cover-25-to-30-lakh-families-in-tn/article67624089.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> but this relief package was provided only to families which don't pay any [[Income tax in India|income tax]] to [[Government of India]]. Many [[political parties]] including [[AIADMK]], [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] and [[BJP]] ran relief campaigns and distribution programmes.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/edappadi-k-palaniswami-charges-dmk-with-prioritising-youth-wing-conference-in-salem-than-cyclone/articleshow/105865990.cms|title=Edappadi K Palaniswami charges DMK with prioritising youth wing|access-date=10 December 2023|date=9 December 2023|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|archive-date=11 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211051605/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/edappadi-k-palaniswami-charges-dmk-with-prioritising-youth-wing-conference-in-salem-than-cyclone/articleshow/105865990.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/India/cyclone-michaung-tn-bjp-chief-annamalai-wades-through-water-to-distribute-relief-materials-watch/ar-AA1l4KEc|title=Cyclone Michaung: TN BJP Chief Annamalai Wades Through Water To Distribute Relief Materials|access-date=10 December 2023|date=9 December 2023|newspaper=ABP news}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/lifestyle/pets-animals/cyclone-michaung-aftermath-dmk-s-tr-baalu-distributes-relief-material-to-people-in-chennai/vi-AA1lfpOv|title=DMK distributes relief material to people in Chennai|access-date=10 December 2023|date=9 December 2023|newspaper=[[Times of India]]}}</ref>

Stalin donated one month salary to the state disaster relief fund and appealed to others to donate.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/cyclone-michaung-tn-cn-stalin-donates-one-months-salary-to-relief-fund-appeals-to-mps-mlas-public-to-donate/article67617360.ece|title=TN CM Stalin donates one month's salary to relief fund; appeals to MPs, MLAs, public to donate|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=8 December 2023|access-date=11 December 2023|archive-date=11 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211043901/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/cyclone-michaung-tn-cn-stalin-donates-one-months-salary-to-relief-fund-appeals-to-mps-mlas-public-to-donate/article67617360.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> [[TVS Motors]] and [[Ashok Leyland]] contributed ₹3 crore (US$360,000) each to flood relief.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.autocarpro.in/news/tvs-motor-company-contributes-rs-3-crore-to-tn-relief-fund-for-cyclone-michaung-118165|title=TVS Motor Company contributes Rs 3 crore to TN relief fund for Cyclone Michaung|date=9 December 2023|newspaper=Autocar|access-date=11 December 2023|archive-date=11 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211044423/https://www.autocarpro.in/news/tvs-motor-company-contributes-rs-3-crore-to-tn-relief-fund-for-cyclone-michaung-118165|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indiacsr.in/csr-ashok-leyland-mitigate-impact-michaung-cyclone/|title=CSR: Ashok Leyland contributes Rs 3 Cr to Mitigate the Impact of Michaung Cyclone|publisher=CSR India|date=9 December 2023|access-date=11 December 2023|archive-date=11 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211050100/https://indiacsr.in/csr-ashok-leyland-mitigate-impact-michaung-cyclone/|url-status=live}}</ref> Actors [[Suriya]] and [[Karthi]] donated ₹10 lakh (US$12,000) each to the relief fund.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/etimes/bollywood/cyclone-michaung-suriya-and-karthi-donate-rs-10-lakh-for-relief-work-vishal-questions-chennais-mayor/videoshow/105749479.cms|title=Cyclone Michaung: Suriya and Karthi donate Rs 10 lakh for relief work; Vishal questions Chennai's mayor|date=5 December 2023|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|access-date=11 December 2023|archive-date=11 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211043859/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/etimes/bollywood/cyclone-michaung-suriya-and-karthi-donate-rs-10-lakh-for-relief-work-vishal-questions-chennais-mayor/videoshow/105749479.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

As many personal and transport vehicles were damaged during the floods, auto companies announced various aid measures. [[Maruti Suzuki]] helped mobilize [[tow trucks]], provide road side assistance; [[Hyundai Motor Group|Hyundai]] announced a relief package of ₹3 crore (US$360,000) for flood relief; [[Tata Motors]] announced an extension of the warranty, maintenance contracts and provided emergency road assistance; [[Mahindra & Mahindra|Mahindra]] announced complimentary roadside assistance, no-cost inspection and financial discounts; [[Toyota]] set-up special emergency helpline and designated personnel for immediate assistance.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/auto/latest-auto-news/story/cyclone-michaung-maruti-hyundai-tata-mahindra-toyota-announce-customer-support-initiatives-2473188-2023-12-07|title=Cyclone Michaung: Maruti, Hyundai, Tata, Mahindra, Toyota announce customer support initiatives|date=7 December 2023|newspaper=[[India Today]]|access-date=11 December 2023|archive-date=11 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211035309/https://www.indiatoday.in/auto/latest-auto-news/story/cyclone-michaung-maruti-hyundai-tata-mahindra-toyota-announce-customer-support-initiatives-2473188-2023-12-07|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Response==
===National===
On December 4, [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Home minister]] [[Amit Shah]] spoke to chief ministers of Tamil Nadu and [[Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh]] assuring of all the help required and stating that the NDRF and [[Indian Armed Forces|Armed forces]] will be pressed into action.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.india.com/news/cyclone-michaung-amt-shah-dials-andhra-pradesh-tamil-nadu-cms-assures-all-help-from-centre-6560175/|title=Cyclone Michaung: Amit Shah Dials Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu CMs; Assures All Help From Centre|date=4 December 2023|access-date=5 December 2023|publisher=India.com|archive-date=5 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205011938/https://www.india.com/news/cyclone-michaung-amt-shah-dials-andhra-pradesh-tamil-nadu-cms-assures-all-help-from-centre-6560175/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] [[Kanimozhi]] stated on December 5 that the government of Tamil Nadu have taken proactive measures to address the impact of the cyclone with the establishment of over 400 shelters for the affected population, pumping of stagnant water and restoration of electricity.<ref>{{Cite news|date=5 December 2023|title=Tamil Nadu govt much more prepared to deal with heavy rain than in 2015: Kanimozhi|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/tamil-nadu-govt-much-more-prepared-to-deal-with-heavy-rain-than-in-2015-kanimozhi20231205214903/|access-date=7 December 2023|newspaper=ANI News|language=en|archive-date=5 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205192159/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/tamil-nadu-govt-much-more-prepared-to-deal-with-heavy-rain-than-in-2015-kanimozhi20231205214903/|url-status=live}}</ref> On December 6, [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] expressed condolences to the families of those who lost their loved ones and prayed for those injured or affected.<ref>{{Cite press release|url=https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/pm-condoles-loss-of-lives-due-to-cyclone-michaung-especially-in-tamil-nadu-andhra-pradesh-and-puducherry/|title=PM condoles loss of lives due to Cyclone Michaung, especially in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Puducherry|date=6 December 2023|publisher=PMO India|access-date=10 December 2023|archive-date=11 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211044156/https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/pm-condoles-loss-of-lives-due-to-cyclone-michaung-especially-in-tamil-nadu-andhra-pradesh-and-puducherry/|url-status=live}}</ref> He also stated that the authorities have been working tirelessly to assist those affected and will continue to work towards normalization.<ref>{{Cite tweet|url=https://twitter.com/narendramodi/status/1732293013152604218?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Etweet|title=Cyclone Michaung, statement|number=1732293013152604218|user=narendramodi|access-date=6 December 2023}}</ref> Opposition [[Member of Parliament (India)|MP]]s appealed to the Central government to extend its full assistance to Tamil Nadu in managing the repercussions of the cyclone.<ref>{{Cite news|date=5 December 2023|title=Cyclone Michaung: Provide all possible help to Tamil Nadu, opposition MPs urge Centre|url=https://theprint.in/india/cyclone-michaung-provide-all-possible-help-to-tamil-nadu-opposition-mps-urge-centre/1873010/|access-date=7 December 2023|newspaper=The Print|language=en|archive-date=7 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207203436/https://theprint.in/india/cyclone-michaung-provide-all-possible-help-to-tamil-nadu-opposition-mps-urge-centre/1873010/|url-status=live}}</ref> They demanded that the disaster be declared as a national calamity.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/tamil-nadu/declare-floods-caused-by-cyclone-michaung-as-national-calamity-dmk-mp-baalu-2799405|title=Declare floods caused by Cyclone Michaung as national calamity: DMK MP Baalu|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=6 December 2023|access-date=6 December 2023|archive-date=11 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211051913/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/tamil-nadu/declare-floods-caused-by-cyclone-michaung-as-national-calamity-dmk-mp-baalu-2799405|url-status=live}}</ref>

On December 6, chief minister of Tamil Nadu M.K.Stalin wrote to the Prime Minister seeking ₹5,060 crore (US$608 million) for interim flood relief from the disaster response fund.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/stalin-writes-to-modi-seeking-rs-5060-crore-for-interim-flood-relief-752682|title=Stalin writes to Modi seeking Rs 5,060 crore for interim flood relief|date=6 December 2023|access-date=6 December 2023|publisher=DT next|archive-date=7 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207055534/https://www.dtnext.in/pageview_candidate.html?id=752824|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Minister of Defence (India)|Defence minister]] [[Rajnath Singh]] conducted an [[aerial survey]] of the affected areas in Tamil Nadu on December 7 and met with chief minister Stalin.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/cyclone-michaung-rajnath-singh-to-visit-chennai-on-thursday/article67611982.ece|title=Cyclone Michaung: Rajnath Singh to visit Chennai on Thursday|date=7 December 2023|access-date=7 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=7 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207055604/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/cyclone-michaung-rajnath-singh-to-visit-chennai-on-thursday/article67611982.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> On December 7, Central government released a second installment of ₹450 crore (US$54 million) to the Tamil Nadu disaster relief fund and ₹493.5 crore (US$59.3 million) to the Andhra Pradesh disaster relief fund having already released the same amount earlier.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Cyclone Michaung: Centre releases ₹450 crore to Tamil Nadu's disaster response fund|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/cyclone-michaung-centre-releases-450-crore-to-tamil-nadus-disaster-response-fund/article67614002.ece|date=7 December 2023|access-date=7 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=14 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214090547/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/cyclone-michaung-centre-releases-450-crore-to-tamil-nadus-disaster-response-fund/article67614002.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/in-focus/story/centre-announces-rs-450-cr-sdf-fund-to-tamil-nadu-rs-493-cr-to-andhra-pradesh-sanctions-rs-561-cr-flood-mitigation-project-for-chennai-408561-2023-12-07|title=Centre announces Rs. 450 cr SDF fund to Tamil Nadu, Rs 493 cr to Andhra Pradesh, sanctions Rs 561 cr flood mitigation project for Chennai|date=7 December 2023|access-date=7 December 2023|newspaper=Business Today|archive-date=14 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214090549/https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/in-focus/story/centre-announces-rs-450-cr-sdf-fund-to-tamil-nadu-rs-493-cr-to-andhra-pradesh-sanctions-rs-561-cr-flood-mitigation-project-for-chennai-408561-2023-12-07|url-status=live}}</ref> Amit Shah announced that the Prime Minister has already approved the first urban flood mitigation project of ₹561.29 crore (US$67.4 million) for urban flood management activities for Chennai under the National Disaster Mitigation Fund (NDMF) with a central assistance of ₹500 crore (US$60 million).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/cyclone-michaung-chennai-facing-major-floods-pm-modi-releases-over-rs-900-crore-aid-to-tamil-nadu-andhra-5-points-11701943698232.html|title=Cyclone Michaung: Chennai facing 'major floods', PM Modi releases over ₹900 crore aid to Tamil Nadu, Andhra|date=7 December 2023|access-date=7 December 2023|newspaper=Mint|archive-date=7 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207203954/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/cyclone-michaung-chennai-facing-major-floods-pm-modi-releases-over-rs-900-crore-aid-to-tamil-nadu-andhra-5-points-11701943698232.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

On December 8, representatives of various [[micro-enterprise|micro]], [[Small enterprise|small]] and [[Small and medium-sized enterprises|medium enterprise]]s sought time to repay loans and electricity charges due to flood related losses and damages.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/cyclone-michaung-msmes-in-chennai-seek-time-to-repay-loans-electricity-charges/article67617679.ece|title=Cyclone Michaung: MSMEs in Chennai seek time to repay loans, electricity charges|date=8 December 2023|access-date=11 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=11 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211045748/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/cyclone-michaung-msmes-in-chennai-seek-time-to-repay-loans-electricity-charges/article67617679.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> On December 9, [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology|Union minister of state]] [[Rajeev Chandrasekhar]] visited Chennai to assess the damages and coordinate with the state government for further assistance <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newsx.com/union-minister-chandrasekhar-to-evaluate-impact-of-michaung-in-chennai/|title=Union Minister R.Chandrasekhar to Evaluate Impact of Michaung in Chennai|date=9 December 2023|access-date=11 December 2023|newspaper=NewsX|archive-date=11 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211050659/https://www.newsx.com/union-minister-chandrasekhar-to-evaluate-impact-of-michaung-in-chennai/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===International===
[[Australia national cricket team|Australian]] [[cricketer]] [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] shared his concern for those affected by the floods and advised safety.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/cyclone-michaung-david-warner-concerned-about-chennai-floods-cricketer-urges-people-to-seek-higher-ground-if-necessary/articleshow/105752478.cms|title=Cyclone Michaung: David Warner concerned about Chennai floods, cricketer urges people to 'seek higher ground if necessary'|date=5 December 2023|access-date=5 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Economic Times|Economic Times]]|archive-date=7 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207055607/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/cyclone-michaung-david-warner-concerned-about-chennai-floods-cricketer-urges-people-to-seek-higher-ground-if-necessary/articleshow/105752478.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Tropical cyclones}}
*[[Weather of 2023]]
*[[Tropical cyclones in 2023]]
*[[2015 South Indian floods]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Cyclone Michaung}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20231205124253/https://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/tcdat/tc23/IO/08B.MICHAUNG/ 08B.MICHAUNG] from the [[United States Naval Research Laboratory]]

{{2023 North Indian Ocean cyclone season buttons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Michaung}}
[[Category:2023 disasters in India]]
[[Category:2023 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]]
[[Category:2020s in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:2020s in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:December 2023 in India]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in 2023]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in India]]
[[Category:Disasters in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Disasters in Tamil Nadu]]

Kumbhalgarh Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:34:44Z

User987delhi: put up a article...

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kumbhalgarh
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-174-Kumbhalgarh.svg
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Rajsamand district|Rajsamand]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Rajsamand Lok Sabha constituency|Rajsamand]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = None
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 174
| mla = Surendra Singh
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2023
| electors = {{formatnum:226463}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
}}
'''Kumbhalgarh Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref>

It comprises [[Kumbhalgarh tehsil|Kumbhalgarh]] and [[Amet tehsil|Amet]] tehsils, both in [[Rajsamand district|Rajsamand]] district.<ref name=delimitation2008/> As of 2023, its representative is Surendra Singh of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="election2023-1">{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/kumbhalgarh-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470789-2023-12-03 |title=Kumbhalgarh Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: BJP's Surendra Singh Rathore with 78133 defeats INC's Yogendra Singh Parmar |date= |author= |access-date= 25 December 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2029|2}}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| Ganesh Singh Parmar<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3407-rajasthan-2008/|title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3411-rajasthan-2013/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref>
|rowspan=2| Surendra Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name=election2018/>
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Kumbhalgarh<ref name="election2023"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Surendra Singh Rathore
|votes = {{formatnum:78133}}
|percentage = 50.11
|change = -0.61
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Yogendra Singh Parmar
|votes = {{formatnum:56073}}
|percentage = 35.96
|change = -1.55
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharat Adivasi Party
|candidate = Ram Meena
|votes = {{formatnum:8813}}
|percentage = 5.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Neeraj Singh Ranawat
|votes = {{formatnum:4237}}
|percentage = 2.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Tribal Party
|candidate = Chaman Dana
|votes = {{formatnum:1843}}
|percentage = 1.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Narayan Lal Balai
|votes = {{formatnum:1623}}
|percentage = 1.04
|change = -0.7
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1915}}
|percentage = 1.23
|change = -1.14
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:22060}}
|percentage = 14.15
|change = +0.94
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:155916}}
|percentage = 68.85
|change = +0.69
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Kumbhalgarh<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Surendra Singh
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:70803}}
|percentage = 50.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ganesh Singh
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:52360}}
|percentage = 37.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Narsingh Bhil
|votes = {{formatnum:5652}}
|percentage = 4.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Narayan Lal Balai
|votes = {{formatnum:2436}}
|percentage = 1.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Bhanwar Lal Gurjar
|votes = {{formatnum:1688}}
|percentage = 1.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3307}}
|percentage = 2.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:18443}}
|percentage = 13.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:139600}}
|percentage = 68.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Rajsamand district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|25.15|73.58|display=title}}

[[Category:Rajsamand district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Katihar Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:56:16Z

User987delhi: put up a article

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Katihar
|type= SLA
| map_image = 63-Katihar constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|mla = [[Tarkishore Prasad]] 
|party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]] 
|region =
|state = [[Bihar]]
|district = [[Katihar district|Katihar]]
|division =
| loksabha_cons =
|constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|-]]
|established = 1957
| electors = 262,016
| reservation = None
|abolished = 
}}
'''Katihar''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Katihar district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]].

==Overview==
As per Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No 63. Katihar Assembly constituency is composed of the following: Katihar [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]] including [[Katihar]] nagar nigam; and Hasanganj CD Block.<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref> In [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]], Katihar will be one of the 36 seats to have VVPAT enabled electronic voting machines.<ref name="election2043">{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/36-seats-in-bihar-to-have-electronic-voting-machines-with-paper-trail-facility-1204308|title=36 Seats in Bihar to Have Electronic Voting Machines With Paper Trail Facility}}</ref><ref name="election2015">{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/poll-bound-bihar-to-get-36-evms-with-paper-trail-facility/|title=Poll-bound Bihar to get 36 EVMs with paper trail facility|date=5 August 2015}}</ref>

Katihar Assembly constituency is part of No 11 [[Katihar (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=commission/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web|title=Katihar Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/katihar.html|access-date=|website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Babulal Manjhi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|Sukhdeo Narain Singh
|-
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Sukhdeo Narain Singh
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Jagbandhu Adhikari
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Satya Narain Biswas
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|Lok Tantrik Congress
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Raj Kishore Prasad Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Jagbandhu Adhikari
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Sitaram Chamaria
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Satya Narayan Prasad
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|[[Ram Prakash Mahto]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|Jagbandhu Adhikari
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Ram Prakash Mahto]]
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Tarkishore Prasad]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Katihar<ref name="election2025">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-15 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/ae/2025/16 |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Tar Kishore Prasad]]
|votes = {{formatnum:100255}}
|percentage = 50.52
|change = +2.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Vikassheel Insaan Party
|candidate = Saurabh Agarwal
|votes = {{formatnum:78101}}
|percentage = 39.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Dr. Ram Prakash Mahto
|votes = {{formatnum:7411}}
|percentage = 3.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Peoples Party of India (Democratic)
|candidate = Manisha Kumari
|votes = {{formatnum:3253}}
|percentage = 1.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|candidate = Dr Ghazi Sharique
|votes = {{formatnum:2853}}
|percentage = 1.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2178}}
|percentage = 1.1
|change = +0.64
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:22154}}
|percentage = 11.16
|change = +4.99
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:198448}}
|percentage = 75.74
|change = +13.45
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Katihar<ref name="election2020">{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12787-bihar-legislative-election-2020/|title=Bihar Legislative Election, 2020
|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=6 March 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Tar Kishore Prasad]]
|votes = {{formatnum:82669}}
|percentage = 48.47
|change = +5.49
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = Dr. [[Ram Prakash Mahto]]
|votes = {{formatnum:72150}}
|percentage = 42.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Md Kalamuddin Ansari
|votes = {{formatnum:2533}}
|percentage = 1.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = Rajesh Gurnani
|votes = {{formatnum:2173}}
|percentage = 1.27
|change = -11.0
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:787}}
|percentage = 0.46
|change = -0.28
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:10519}}
|percentage = 6.17
|change = -3.52
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:170554}}
|percentage = 62.29
|change = -0.99
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Katihar<ref name="election2015"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Tarkishore Prasad
|votes = {{formatnum:66048}}
|percentage = 42.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Bijay Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:51154}}
|percentage = 33.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = Dr. Ram Prakash Mahto
|votes = {{formatnum:18856}}
|percentage = 12.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Jaynandan Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:1801}}
|percentage = 1.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Samrendra Kunal
|votes = {{formatnum:1777}}
|percentage = 1.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1139}}
|percentage = 0.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:14894}}
|percentage = 9.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:153667}}
|percentage = 63.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
* Jagbandhu Adhikari (JNP): 27,588 votes<ref name="election1977">{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/1977-election-results.html|title=Bihar Assembly Election Results in 1977}}</ref>
* Raj Kishare Prasad Singh (CPI): 6684 votes

===1972===
* Rajkishor Prasad Singh (CPI): 18,315 votes<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/katihar-bihar-assembly-constituency|title = Katihar Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency}}</ref>
* Satya Narayan Biswas (IND): 13,127 votes
* Jagdish Prasad Mandal (Jana Sangh): 10,945 votes

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Purnia Division topics}}
{{coord|25|32|N|87|35|E|region:IN-BR|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Katihar district]]
[[Category:Katihar]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Bihar]]

Federation of Indian Fantasy Sports

2026-04-12T20:27:04Z

User987delhi: started new page!

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Short description|Indian fantasy sports regulatory body}}
{{Infobox organisation
| name = Federation of Indian Fantasy Sports
| logo = FIFSLOGO.png
| formation = 2017
| abbreviation = FIFS
| former_name = Indian Federation of Sports Gaming
| headquarters = [[New Delhi]], Delhi, India
| location = [[India]]
| services = Fantasy sports industry regulation
| fields = [[Fantasy sports]]
| membership = {{As of|2024|1}}, 21 members
| language = English
| leader_title = President
| leader_name = Harsh Jain
| website = {{URL|https://www.fifs.in}}
}}

The '''Federation of Indian Fantasy Sports''' ('''FIFS''') is a self-regulatory industry body for [[fantasy sports]] in [[India]], headquartered in [[New Delhi]]. Established in 2017 as the Indian Federation of Sports Gaming (IFSG), it serves as the primary organization for fantasy sports operators in India.<ref name="hindu2022">{{cite news |date=2022-10-06 |title=Federation of Indian Fantasy Sports welcomes I&B Ministry's advisory |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/federation-of-indian-fantasy-sports-welcomes-ib-ministrys-advisory-against-online-betting-ads/article65976634.ece |access-date=2022-10-30}}</ref>

== History ==
The organization was founded in 2017 as the Indian Federation of Sports Gaming and is registered under Section 8 of the Indian Companies Act, 2013.<ref name="news18_2020">{{cite web |date=2020-10-22 |title=Bimal Julka Appointed As Chairman Of FIFS |url=https://www.news18.com/news/sports/bimal-julka-appointed-as-the-chairman-of-federation-of-indian-fantasy-sports-2994353.html |website=News18 |access-date=2022-10-22}}</ref> Former Supreme Court Justice [[Arjan Kumar Sikri]] serves as the organization's [[ombudsman]] and ethics officer.<ref name="toi2019">{{cite news |last=Hariharan |first=Sindhu |title=Justice A K Sikri appointed ombudsman of Indian Federation of Sports Gaming |work=The Times of India |date=29 July 2019 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/justice-a-k-sikri-appointed-ombudsman-of-indian-federation-of-sports-gaming/articleshow/70434768.cms |access-date=2022-10-30}}</ref>

== Legal Framework ==
=== Regulatory Status ===
The legal status of fantasy sports in India has evolved through several court decisions:

* The [[Bombay High Court]] declared fantasy sports legal on 13 April 2019.<ref name="g2g2021">{{cite web |date=2021-10-02 |title=Is it legal to play fantasy sports like Dream11 for real money in India? |url=https://g2g.news/fantasy-sports/is-it-legal-to-play-fantasy-sports-for-real-money-in-india-dream11/ |website=G2G News |access-date=2022-10-22}}</ref>

* The [[Supreme Court of India]] officially recognized fantasy sports as legal on 8 August 2021, classifying them as games of skill rather than gambling.<ref name="et2021">{{cite news |title=Supreme Court upholds Dream11 fantasy sports format as game of skill |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/startups/supreme-court-upholds-dream11-fantasy-sports-format-as-game-of-skill/articleshow/85040855.cms |work=The Economic Times |access-date=2022-10-20}}</ref>

However, fantasy sports remain prohibited in [[Sikkim]], [[Nagaland]], [[Odisha]], [[Telangana]], and [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name="lexology2022">{{cite web |last=Suri |first=Rajiv |date=2022-01-19 |title=Fantasy or Reality- Leveraging Technology for money Games |url=https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=d3432fad-5063-4b57-a745-445702825637 |website=Lexology |access-date=2022-10-21}}</ref>

== Charter and Governance ==
The FIFS Charter establishes operational standards for member organizations, including:<ref name="news18_2022">{{cite web |date=2022-10-04 |title=Federation of Indian Fantasy Sports Onboards Spice Fantasy as a Start-up Member |url=https://www.news18.com/news/sports/federation-of-indian-fantasy-sports-onboards-spice-fantasy-as-a-start-up-member-6095761.html |website=News18 |access-date=2022-10-30}}</ref>

* Legal incorporation requirements in India
* Age restrictions (18+) for paid contests
* Separation of operational and prize pool funds
* Responsible gaming policies
* Prohibition of platform employee participation

== Leadership ==
{{as of|2023|12}}, key positions include:<ref name="mint2022">{{cite web |last=Khosla |first=Varuni |date=2022-07-15 |title=Joy Bhattacharjya appointed director general Federation of Indian Fantasy Sports |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/joy-bhattacharjya-appointed-director-general-federation-of-indian-fantasy-sports-11657875910957.html |website=mint |access-date=2022-10-30}}</ref>

* '''President:''' Harsh Jain
* '''Chairman:''' Bimal Julka
* '''Director General:''' Joy Bhattacharjya
* '''Ombudsman and Ethics Officer:''' Justice Arjan Kumar Sikri

== Member Organizations ==
{{as of|2024|1}}, FIFS has 21 member organizations. Notable members include:

{| class="wikitable"
!Platform
!Organization
|-
|[[Dream11]]
|Sporta Technologies Pvt Ltd
|-
|Fantasy Akhada
|Super Six Sports Gaming Pvt Ltd
|-
|A23
|Head Digital Works Pvt Ltd
|-
|Sportasy
|Blossomfield Gamingzone Pvt Ltd
|}

== See also ==
* [[All India Gaming Federation]]
* [[Esports Federation of India]]
* [[Daily fantasy sports]]
* [[Fantasy sport in India]]
* [[Video games in India]]
* [[Online gaming in India]]
* [[Sports betting]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{official website|https://www.fifs.in/}}
* [https://www.mib.gov.in/ Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]
* [https://www.meity.gov.in/ Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology]

{{Portal bar|India|Gaming|2010s|Sports|Business}}

[[Category:Sports governing bodies in India]]
[[Category:Sports organizations established in 2017]]
[[Category:2017 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Gaming organizations]]
[[Category:Fantasy sports]]
[[Category:Gambling regulators]]

Gagan Arora

2026-04-09T07:12:24Z

User987delhi: started a stub!

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gagan Arora
| image = Gagan Arora at the premiere of Kacchey Limbu (cropped).jpg
| birth_place =
| caption = Arora in 2023
| birth_date = 
| years_active = 2018–present
| occupation = Actor
| alma_mater =
| known_for =
| spouse = {{marriage|Muditaa|2022}}
}}
'''Gagan Arora''' is an Indian actor best known for his roles in the shows ''[[College Romance]]'' (2018-present), and the [[Sony Liv]] drama series ''[[Tabbar]]'' (2021) for which he won a [[Filmfare OTT Awards|Filmfare OTT Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series]].

==Personal life==
Arora completed his graduation in [[Delhi]]. After graduation, he moved to [[Mumbai]] to pursue a career in acting.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/i-am-lucky-to-be-in-industry-at-this-point-of-time-gagan-arora/story-MaGK7uD3SYdVnWk3ZXMqEL.html |title=I am lucky to be in industry at this point of time: Gagan Arora | Latest News India |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=2020-07-02 |access-date=2021-11-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Goel |first=Sonali |date=29 October 2021 |title=I'm A Greedy Actor, So I'll Continue To Strive Hard; Says, Gagan Arora |url=https://womansera.com/im-a-greedy-actor-so-ill-continue-to-strive-hard-says-gagan-arora-deets-inside/ |website=[[Woman's Era]]}}</ref>

In February 2022, Arora tied the knot with his longtime girlfriend Muditaa.<ref>{{Cite news |title='The Fame Game' actor Gagan Arora gets married to his longtime girlfriend; shares pictures from the ceremony - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/the-fame-game-actor-gagan-arora-gets-married-to-his-longtime-girlfriend-shares-pictures-from-the-ceremony/articleshow/90359905.cms |access-date=2022-03-23 |website=The Times of India |date=21 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Fame Game Actor Gagan Arora Got Married Last Month. See Wedding Pics |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/the-fame-game-actor-gagan-arora-got-married-last-month-see-wedding-pics-2835520 |access-date=2022-03-23 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

==Career==
Before his acting debut, Arora worked as an assistant director on [[Amar Kaushik]]'s 2018 film ''[[Stree (2018 film)|Stree]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/screen-time-important-for-actor-raima-sen/articleshow/64481153.cms |title='Stree' to release on August 31 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> He made his acting debut with [[The Viral Fever]]'s ''[[College Romance]]'' (2018), for which he received praise from critics and the audience.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/college-romance/season-1/seasonreview/80496119.cms|title=College Romance season 1 review|website=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=January 16, 2022}}</ref> He subsequently starred in [[The Viral Fever]]'s series ''Girls Hostel'' (2018–2021), ''Basement Company'' (2020) and ''4 Thieves'' (2020). In 2019, he starred in a short film titled ''Padh Le Basanti'', which is directed by Sangram Naiksatam.

He made his film debut with ''[[Ujda Chaman]]'' (2019) in a supporting role, which was directed by Abhishek Pathak.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/bollywood/ujda-chaman-trailer-sunny-singh-maanvi-gagroo|title='Ujda Chaman' Trailer: Sunny Singh's Take on Premature Balding|date=2019-10-01|website=The Quint|language=en|access-date=2019-10-01}}</ref> The film was about a balding 30-year-old bachelor who is in search of a wife and is given a deadline to find one or remain celibate forever. The film starred [[Sunny Singh (actor)|Sunny Singh]] and [[Maanvi Gagroo]].

In 2021, Arora reprised his role of Bagga in ''[[College Romance|College Romance 2]]''. The show was well received by critics and audience. In October 2021, he appeared in [[Sony LIV]]'s ''[[Tabbar]]'', directed by Ajitpal Singh.<ref>{{cite news |title=Watch: Trailer of SonyLIV web series 'Tabbar' starring Supriya Pathak |url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-watch-trailer-of-sonyliv-web-series-tabbar-starring-supriya-pathak-417434 |access-date=4 October 2021 |work=[[WION]] |language=en}}</ref> The show starred [[Pavan Malhotra]], [[Supriya Pathak]], [[Ranvir Shorey]] and [[Kanwaljeet Singh]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Tanna |first=Amrita |date=25 October 2021 |title=Gagan Arora: "'Tabbar' gave me a chance to learn from the legends" |url=https://www.bizasialive.com/gagan-arora-tabbar-gave-me-a-chance-to-learn-from-the-legends/ |website=Bizasialive.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tabbar trailer out: SonyLIV's series heads to rural Punjab |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/videos/2021/oct/02/tabbar-trailer-out-sonylivs-series-heads-to-rural-punjab-27037.html |access-date=4 October 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The show received positive reviews, from critics and audiences.<ref>{{cite news |title=Review {{!}} 'Tabbar' Is A Great Show About Going To Incredible Lengths For Family |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/entertainment/review-tabbar-is-an-incredible-show-about-going-to-incredible-lengths-to-protect-family-7585621.html |access-date=15 October 2021 |work=[[Moneycontrol]] |language=en}}</ref>

In 2022, he appeared in [[Madhuri Dixit]] starrer [[Netflix]]'s ''[[The Fame Game (TV series)|The Fame Game]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/madhuri-dixit-debut-web-series-finding-anamika-new-title-the-fame-game-7744359/|title=Madhuri Dixit's debut web series Finding Anamika gets a new title|date=27 January 2022 |publisher=the Indian Express|access-date=28 February 2022}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
!Year !!Title !!Role !!Notes
|-
| 2018
| scope="row" |''[[Stree (2018 film)|Stree]]''
| {{N/A}}
| Assistant director
|-
| rowspan=2|2019
| scope="row" |''Padh Le Basanti''
| Dj Kabir Singh
| Short film
|-
| scope="row" |''[[Ujda Chaman]]''
| Goldy
|
|-
| 2025
| scope="row" |''[[Jewel Thief (2025 film)|Jewel Thief – The Heist Begins]]''
| Avi Roy
|
|}

===Web series===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2018–2023
| scope="row" | ''[[College Romance]]''
| Bagga
|
|-
| 2018–2021
| scope="row" | ''[[Girls Hostel]]''
| Aarav
|
|-
| rowspan=2|2020
| scope="row" | ''4 Thieves''
| Vicky
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''Basement Company''
| Raj Chadda
|
|-
| 2021
| scope="row" |''[[Tabbar]]''
| Happy
|
|-
| 2022
| scope="row" | ''[[The Fame Game (TV series)|The Fame Game]]''
| Madhav
|
|-
| 2023
| scope="row" | ''SK Sir Ki Class''
| Ashish Arora
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-08 |title=SK Sir Ki Class Review: दिल को छू लेती है सीरीज की कहानी, सिखाती है जिंदगी जीने का तरीका |url=https://www.aajtak.in/entertainment/news/story/sk-sir-ki-class-web-series-review-story-based-on-upsc-abhilash-thapliya-gagan-arora-know-more-tmovf-1650830-2023-03-08 |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|[[Industry (miniseries)|''Industry'']]
|Ayush Verma
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Industry on Amazon MiniTV – Plot, cast, trailer, release date and time |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/industry-on-amazon-minitv-plot-cast-trailer-release-date-and-time/b94f04def9856 |access-date=2025-08-05 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''[[Khauf]]''
|Nakul
|
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Work
! Result
! {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2022
| [[Filmfare OTT Awards]]
| Best Supporting Actor in a Series (Male): Drama
| rowspan="2" |''[[Tabbar]]''
| {{Won}}
| <ref>{{cite instagram|postid=CaG45hZJneZ|title=Nominations of Critics' Choice Awards - Here are your nominations for Best Supporting Actor (series)|date=February 18, 2022|user=ccssa.india}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Filmfare OTT Awards 2022: Check full list of winners |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/filmfare-ott-awards-2022-rocket-boys-and-tabbar-dominate-panchayat-also-wins-big-check-full-list-2312286-2022-12-22 |access-date=2022-12-22 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2023
| [[27th Critics' Choice Awards|Critics' Choice Awards]]
| Best Supporting Actor (Series)
| {{nominated}}
| <ref>{{cite instagram|postid=CaG45hZJneZ|title=Nominations of Critics' Choice Awards - Here are your nominations for Best Supporting Actor (series)|date=February 18, 2022|user=ccssa.india}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare OTT Awards]]
| Best Actor in a Series (Male): Comedy
| ''[[College Romance]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominees for Filmfare OTT Awards 2023 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-ott-awards-2023/vote |access-date=2023-11-06 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|nm10033173}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arora, Gagan}}
[[Category:Indian actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1993 births]]

Tribanadhari Barbarik

2026-04-01T10:24:26Z

User987delhi: adding data!

{{short description|Indian Telugu-language thriller film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Tribanadhari Barbarik
| image = Tribanadhari Barbarik.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = 
| director = Mohan Srivatsa
| writer = Mohan Srivatsa
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Vijaypal Reddy Adidhala
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Sathyaraj]]
*[[Vasishta N. Simha]]
*[[Satyam Rajesh]]
*[[Udaya Bhanu (actress)|Udaya Bhanu]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Kushendar Ramesh Reddy
| editing = [[Marthand K. Venkatesh]]
| music = Infusion Band
| studio =
| distributor = [[Maruthi|A Maruthi Team Product]]
| released = {{Film date|2025|8|29|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Tribanadhari Barbarik''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[thriller film]] directed by Mohan Srivatsa and starring [[Sathyaraj]], [[Vasishta N. Simha]], [[Satyam Rajesh]], and [[Udaya Bhanu (actress)|Udaya Bhanu]].

== Plot ==
Dr. Shyam Kathu is a well-known psychiatrist. After losing his son and daughter-in-law, his life becomes centered on granddaughter Nidhi. In parallel, Ram is a B.Tech graduate who desperately wants to go abroad for work. To do this, he needs 30 lakhs, which he does not have. His childhood best friend Dev is a taxi driver at his aunt Vakili Padma's travel service. Padma also runs a big milk business. Ram works at the travel agency part-time for extra cash.

Shyman idolizes a mythological figure named Barbarik, a man who could end a war in seconds using his three arrows. Whoever stands beside him gets immense courage. Nidhi feels that Shyam is her Barbarik.

One day, Nidhi goes missing. After contacting Nidhi's bus driver, Nidhi's friend, and others, Shyam goes to the police station to get help. SI Purushottam is currently working on the case of a minister's missing dog, while Shyam comes to the station. He assigns Chandu, a man scared of dead bodies, to Shyam's case. The first clue is by tracking Nidhi's digital watch. This leads to someone's home, where the man living there had found it on the road. After going down this road, they check the security cameras.

The movie switches back to Ram, who meets Satya while trying to go to America. She helps him get his papers, and they soon fall in love. After Ram kisses Satya and plays around with her, Satya gets flashbacks of her abusive uncle and slaps Ram away. Later in the evening, Satya tells Ram about this, and they reconcile. Dev is part of a drug-smuggling business owned by Dasanna. He hides drugs in dog fur and sells them without the police knowing. Dev owes Dasanna 30 lakhs, but every time he earns any money, he gambles it all away. This leads Dasanna to threaten Dev to tell Padma. Also, Dev is in love with Padma's daughter Mahalakshmi. Padma secretly knows of their relationship and approves of it. After multiple threats from Dasanna and only a week to pay Ram's abroad fees, Dev says the only way to earn money is either by kidnapping or robbing someone.

Meanwhile, after looking at the CCTV footage, Shyam and Chandu see three men in a van kidnapping Nidhi. The men are brought to the station and beaten by Purushottam and Chandu. The men tell what they know. Nidhi was with a boy, who bought some drugs from the men. They saw the boy kissing Nidhi's cheek, but Nidhi slapped him and went away. Then, the three men took Nidhi in their car and attempted to touch her. Nidhi escaped, but one man ripped a bit of her shirt, then she ran away. Shyam and Chandu find out that the boy is from Nidhi's school and is named Pranav. Pranav is a drug addict who smokes a lot. Shyam goes to Pranav's father to inquire, but Pranav is out with his friends smoking. Pranav's father thinks that they are studying and goes to Pranav's friend's house. After cleaning a bit, Pranav goes and talks with Shyam, Chandu, and his father. Nidhi and Pranav, and friends, but Pranav likes Nidhi. When Nidhi needs a textbook, Pranav offers to take her to a shop on his bike. After getting the textbook and riding around for a while, Nidhi and Pranav stop at the location where the man found her watch. Pranav kisses Nidhi, but she slaps him away. After riding home, he sees Nidhi entering a taxi, and her shirt is ripped a bit. On the taxi is a bull symbol.

Meanwhile, Ram steals a minister's granddaughter's puppy. The minister is furious, and Ram demands 50 lakhs for the dog back. The minister agrees but asks the police to help retrieve the puppy without incurring any money loss. Purushottam and three other cops go to the drop-off points along with one of the Minister's men.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Sathyaraj]] as Dr. Shyam Kathu
*[[Vasishta N. Simha]] as Ram
*[[Satyam Rajesh]] as Constable Satya
*[[Udaya Bhanu (actress)|Udaya Bhanu]] as Vakili Padma
*Sanchi Rai as Satya
*Kranthi Kiran as Dev
*[[VTV Ganesh]] as Purushottam
*[[Rajendran]] as Dasanna
*Meghana Sunil as Nidhi
*Kaarthikeyaa Dev as Pranav
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "''Tribanadhari Barbarik'' narrates a familiar story and yet tweaks it just enough to keep the audiences invested for over two hours".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tribanadhari-barbarik-movie-review-sathyaraj-leads-a-taut-self-aware-redemption-drama/article69987578.ece|title=‘Tribanadhari Barbarik’ movie review: Sathyaraj leads a taut, self-aware redemption drama|first=Srivathsan|last=Nadadhur|date=29 August 2025|via=www.thehindu.com|access-date=20 September 2025|archive-date=31 August 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250831172537/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tribanadhari-barbarik-movie-review-sathyaraj-leads-a-taut-self-aware-redemption-drama/article69987578.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Cinema Express]]'' rated the film 1.5/5 and wrote, "the difference between wanting to say something and knowing how to say it is everything. Tribanadhari Barbarik mistakes lecture for drama and reference for depth making it a boring affair for viewers".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2025/Aug/29/tribanadhari-barbarik-review-a-hollow-thriller-with-loud-mythological-symbolism|title=Tribanadhari Barbarik review: A hollow thriller with loud mythological symbolism|first=Aditya|last=Devulapally|date=29 August 2025|website=Cinema Express}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' wrote, "''Tribanadhari Barbarik'' is impressive, overall. The screenplay is fairly suspenseful".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/barbarik-movie-reviewsuspenseful-drama-1900478|title=Barbarik Movie Review:Suspenseful drama|first=|last=|date=29 August 2025|website=www.deccanchronicle.com|access-date=20 September 2025|archive-date=11 September 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250911083404/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/barbarik-movie-reviewsuspenseful-drama-1900478|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[OTTplay]]'' rated the film 3/5 and wrote, "On the whole, ''Tribanadhari Barbarik'' is a crime thriller which has simple story but the manner in which it is narrated with decent thrills makes things interesting".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/tribanadhari-barbarik-review-sathyarajs-film-keeps-you-hooked-despite-a-few-flaws/8761b82dc5259|title=Tribanadhari Barbarik Review: Sathyaraj's film keeps you hooked despite flaws|website=OTTPlay}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/tribanadhari-barbarik-review-in-telugu/0203/125157451|title=tribanadhari barbarik review: రివ్యూ: త్రిబాణధారి బార్బరిక్‌.. సత్యరాజ్‌, ఉదయ భానుల మూవీ ఎలా ఉంది?|website=EENADU|access-date=2025-09-20|archive-date=2025-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250902174012/https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/tribanadhari-barbarik-review-in-telugu/0203/125157451|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|34479177}}

[[Category:Telugu-language thriller films]]
[[Category:2025 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2025 thriller films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]

Jugantar

2026-03-31T00:52:29Z

User987delhi: correct section further and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Secret revolutionary group operating in Bengal for Indian independence}}
{{About|the political party|the newspaper|Jugantar Patrika}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}

{{Anushilan Samiti}}
'''Jugantar''' or '''Yugantar''' ({{langx|bn|যুগান্তর}} ''Jugantor''; [[Literal translation|lit.]] ''New Era'' or ''Transition of an Epoch'') was one of the two main secret revolutionary trends operating in [[Bengal]] for [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence]]. This association, like [[Anushilan Samiti]], started in the guise of a suburban health and fitness club while secretly nurturing revolutionaries. Several Jugantar members were arrested, hanged, or deported for life to the [[Cellular Jail]] in [[Andaman Islands|Andaman]] and many of them joined the [[Communist Consolidation]] in the [[Cellular Jail]].

==The beginning==
The Jugantar party was established in April 1906 by leaders like [[Aurobindo Ghosh]], his brother [[Barin Ghosh]], [[Hemchandra Kanungo]], and Upen Banerjee.<ref>{{cite book |last=Shah |first=Mohammad |year=2012 |chapter=Jugantar Party |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Jugantar_Party |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> Along with 21 revolutionaries, they started to collect arms, explosives and manufactured bombs. The headquarters of Jugantar were located at 27 Kanai Dhar Lane then 41 Champatola 1st Lane in [[Kolkata]].<ref>Mukhopadhyay Haridas & Mukhopadhyay Uma. (1972) ''Bharater svadhinata andolané 'jugantar' patrikar dan'', p15.</ref>

==Activities==
[[File:Jugantar Possessed Cast Iron Bomb Shells - 1930 CE - Kolkata 2017-02-05 5145.JPG|thumb|The Jugantar party possessed cast iron bombshells those manufactured in 1930 by themselves.]]
Some senior members of the group were sent abroad. One of the first batches included [[Surendra Mohan Bose]], [[Tarak Nath Das]] and [[Guran Ditt Kumar]], who, since 1907, were extremely active among the Hindu and Sikh immigrants on the Western coast of North America. These units were to compose the future [[Ghadar Party]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Ker |first=James Campbell |authorlink=J. Campbell Ker |title=Political Trouble in India, 1907–1917 |year=1960 |orig-year=First published 1917 |location=[[Calcutta]] |publisher=Editions Indian |pages=208, 210, 218, 227–228 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12832/page/n244/mode/1up |oclc=1129475950}}</ref> In Paris [[Hemchandra Kanungo]] alias '''Hem Das''', along with [[Senapati Bapat|Pandurang M. Bapat]], obtained training in explosives from the Russian anarchist Nicholas Safranski.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Heehs |first=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G4JuAAAAMAAJ |title=The Bomb in Bengal: The Rise of Revolutionary Terrorism in India, 1900–1910 |date=1993 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-563350-4 |page=90 |language=en}}</ref> After returning to Kolkata, [[Hemchandra Kanungo]] joined the combined school of 'self-culture' (''anushilan'') and opened a bomb factory at a garden house in [[Maniktala]], a suburb of Calcutta. However, the attempted murder of Kingsford, the-then district Judge of [[Muzaffarpur]] by [[Khudiram Bose]] and [[Prafulla Chaki]] (30 April 1908) initiated a police investigation that led to the arrest of many of the revolutionaries. The prisoners were tried in the famous [[Alipore bomb case|Alipore bomb conspiracy case]] in which several activists were deported for life to the [[Cellular Jail]] in Andaman.

In 1908, as a next step, Jugantar chose to censure persons connected with the arrest and trial of revolutionaries involved in the Alipore Bomb Case. On 10 February 1909, Ashutosh Biswas, who conducted the prosecution of Kanai and Satyen for the murder of Naren Gosain (a revolutionary turned approver), was shot dead by Charu Basu in the Calcutta High Court premises. Samsul Alam, Deputy Superintendent of Police, who conducted the Alipore Case was shot and killed by Biren Dutta Gupta on the stairs of Calcutta High Court building on 24 January 1910. Charu Basu and Biren Dutta Gupta were later hanged.<ref>''Rowlatt Report''; Samanta, op. cit.</ref>

Several including [[Jatindra Nath Mukherjee]] were arrested in connection with the murder of Police inspector Samsul Alam on 24 January 1910 in [[Calcutta]] and other charges. Thus started the [[Howrah-Sibpur Conspiracy case]] that tried the prisoners for treason, waging war against the Crown and tampering with the loyalty of Indian soldiers, such as those belonging to the [[Jat Regiment]] posted in [[Fort William, India|Fort William]], and soldiers in Upper Indian Cantonments.<ref>The major charge... during the trial (1910–1911) was "conspiracy to wage war against the King-Emperor" and "tampering with the loyalty of the Indian soldiers" (mainly with the [[10th Jats]] Regiment) (cf: ''Sedition Committee Report'', 1918)</ref>

==The German plot==
{{Main|Hindu German Conspiracy}}
''Nixon's Report'' corroborates that Jugantar under [[Jatindra Nath Mukherjee]] counted a good deal on the ensuing [[World War]] to organise an armed uprising with the Indian soldiers in various regiments.<ref>Samanta, op. cit. Vol II, p 591</ref> During [[World War I]] the Jugantar Party arranged importation of German arms and ammunitions<ref>'' Rowlatt Report'' (§109-110)</ref> (notably the 32 bore German automatic pistols) via [[Virendranath Chattopadhyay]] alias [[Virendranath Chattopadhyaya|Chatto]] and other revolutionaries residing in Germany. They had contacted Indian revolutionaries active in the United States, as well as Jugantar leaders in Kolkata. Jatindra Nath Mukherjee informed [[Rash Behari Bose]] to take charge of Upper India, aiming at an All-Indian Insurrection with the collaboration of native soldiers in different cantonments. History refers to it as the Hindu German Conspiracy. To raise fund, the Jugantar party organized a series of dacoities, organized robbery by armed gangs, which came to be known as ''Taxicab dacoities'' and ''Boat dacoities'', in order to procure funds to prepare the ground for working out the ''Indo-German Conspiracy''.

The first of the Taxicab dacoities took place at [[Garden Reach]], [[Kolkata]] on 12 February 1915, by a group of armed revolutionaries under the leadership of Narendra Bhattacharya under the direct supervision of Jatindranath Mukherjee. Similar dacoities were organized on different occasions and in various parts of Calcutta. Dacoities were accompanied by political murders in which the victims were mostly zealous police officers investigating into the cases, or approvers who helped the police.

==Failure of the German plot==
On receiving instructions from Berlin, Jatindra Nath Mukherjee selected Naren Bhattacharya (alias [[M. N. Roy]]) and Phani Chakravarti (alias Pyne) to meet the German legation at Batavia. The Berlin committee had decided that the German arms were to be delivered at two or three places like Hatia on [[Chittagong]] coast, Raimangal in the [[Sunderbans]] and [[Balasore]] in [[Orissa, India|Orissa]]. The plan was to organize a [[guerrilla]] force to start an uprising in the country, backed by a mutiny among the Indian Armed Force.
The whole plot leaked out locally owing to a native traitor and,{{citation needed|date=June 2022}} internationally, through [[Czech people|Czech]] revolutionaries in the United States.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Voska |first1=Emanual Victor |author1-link=Emanuel Viktor Voska |last2=Irwin |first2=Will |author2-link=Will Irwin |year=1940 |title=Spy and Counterspy |publisher=Doubleday, Doran & Co. |page=141}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Masaryk |first1=Thomas Garrigue |author-link=Tomáš Masaryk |year=1969 |orig-year=First published 1927 |title=The Making of a State |url=https://archive.org/details/makingofstate0000masa |publisher=Howard Fertig |page=242}}</ref> As soon as the information reached the British authorities, they alerted the police, particularly in the delta region of the [[Ganges]], and sealed all the sea approaches on the eastern coast from [[Noakhali District|Noakhali]]-[[Chittagong]] side to Orissa. Sramajibi Samabaya and Harry & Sons of Calcutta, the two business concerns run respectively by [[Amarendra Chatterjee]] and [[Harikumar Chakrabarti]] which were taking an active part in the Indo-German Conspiracy were searched.
The police learned that Bagha Jatin was in Balasore awaiting a German arms delivery. Police went on to find out the hiding places of Bagha Jatin and associates and after a gun-fight, the revolutionaries were either killed or arrested.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}} The German plot thus failed.

==Unification and failure==

Following these major setbacks, and in the new circumstances of the colonial powers practising their divide and rule policy, there was an attempt to unify the revolutionary factions in Bengal. Anushilan Samiti and Jugantar were brought close by the joint leadership of [[Narendra Mohan Sen]] of Anushilan, and [[Jadugopal Mukherjee]] of Jugantar. However, this merger failed to revive the revolutionary activities up to the expected level.<ref>{{cite book |last=Islam |first=Sirajul |year=2012 |chapter=Revolutionary Terrorism |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Revolutionary_Terrorism |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref>

==Notable members==


* [[Abinash Chandra Bhattacharya]] (1882–1962)
* [[Basanta Kumar Biswas]] (1895–1915)
* [[Khudiram Bose]] (1889–1908)
* [[Satyendranath Bosu]] (1882–1908)
* [[Prafulla Chaki]] (1888–1908)
* [[Ambika Chakrabarty]] (1891–1962)
* [[Amarendra Chatterjee]] (1880–1957)
* [[Hemchandra Kanungo|Hemchandra Das Kanungo]], alias '''Hem Das''' (1871–1951)
* [[Taraknath Das]] (1884–1958)
* [[Bhupendra Kumar Datta]] (1894–1979)
* [[Kanailal Dutta]] (1888–1908)
* [[Ullaskar Dutta]]
* [[Bipin Behari Ganguli]] (1887–1954)
* [[Santi Ghose]] (1916–1989)
* [[Surendra Mohan Ghose]] alias Madhu Ghosh (1893–1976)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ghosh |first1=Pansy Chhaya |year=1973 |chapter=Ghosh, Surendra Mohan (1893-) |editor-last=Sen |editor-first=S. P. |title=Dictionary of National Biography |volume=II |publisher=Institute of Historical Studies |location=Calcutta |pages=63–64 |oclc=58642818}}</ref>
* [[Aurobindo Ghosh]] (1872–1950)
* [[Barin Ghosh]] (1880–1959)
* [[Ganesh Ghosh]] (b. 1900 )
* [[Arun Chandra Guha]] (b. 1892)
* [[Bagha Jatin]] alias Jatindra Nath Mukherjee (1879–1915)
* [[Hare Krishna Konar]] (1915–1974)
* [[Bhavabhushan Mitra]]
* [[Santosh Kumar Mitra]] (1901–1931)
* [[Satyendra Chandra Mitra]] (1888–1942)
* [[Mohit Moitra]]
* [[Jadugopal Mukherjee]] (1866–1976)
* [[Subodh Chandra Mullick]]
* [[Surya Sen]] (1894–1934)
* [[M. N. Roy]] (1889–1954)

==References==
{{Reflist|40em}}

{{Indian independence movement}}
{{Indian Revolutionary Movement}}
{{Hindu-German Conspiracy}}
{{West Bengal}}

[[Category:Hindu–German Conspiracy]]
[[Category:Revolutionary movement for Indian independence]]
[[Category:Bengali nationalism]]
[[Category:Bengal Presidency]]
[[Category:Organisations of Indian independence movement]]

Battle of Thermopylae

2026-03-27T03:32:41Z

User987delhi: expand information also and corrected details per standard format

{{Short description|480 BC engagement of the Greco-Persian Wars}}
{{good article}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{hatnote group|

{{for|the 2006 film fictional retelling of the battle|300 (film)}}
{{for|other battles at Thermopylae|Battle of Thermopylae (disambiguation)}}

}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Thermopylae
| partof = the [[Graeco-Persian Wars]]
| image = Léonidas aux Thermopyles - Jacques-Louis David - Musée du Louvre Peintures INV 3690 ; L 3711.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = ''[[Leonidas at Thermopylae]]'' [[Jacques-Louis David]], 1814
| date = 21–23 July,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sci-cult.com/wp-content/uploads/7.2/7_2_6_Gongaki_et_al.pdf |title=Gongaki (2021) |access-date=22 July 2021 |archive-date=30 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730205559/https://sci-cult.com/wp-content/uploads/7.2/7_2_6_Gongaki_et_al.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> 20 August<ref>Bradford (1980), p.162</ref> or 8–10 September<ref>Greswell (1827), p. 374</ref> 480 BC
| place = [[Thermopylae]], [[Ancient Greece|Greece]]
| map_type = Greece#Europe
| map_relief = yes
| coordinates = {{Coord|38|47|45|N|22|32|13|E|type:event|display=inline,title}}
| map_size = 300
| map_marksize = 7
| map_caption = Location of Thermopylae within present-day [[Greece]]##Location of Thermopylae within [[Europe]]
| map_label = Thermopylae
| territory = Persia gains control of [[Phocis]], [[Boeotia]], and [[Attica]]<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=S6BevAUWSGAC&q=persians+Attica%2F&pg=PA278 The Persian Empire: A Corpus of Sources of the Achaemenid Period] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510094919/https://books.google.com/books?id=S6BevAUWSGAC&q=persians+Attica/&pg=PA278 |date=10 May 2023 }} : page 278</ref>
| result =  Persian victory{{efn|Although some authors state the result was a [[pyrrhic victory]] for Persia,<ref name="Tung & Tung, p. 239"/><ref name="Marozzi, p. 74"/> the majority of authors do not apply this label to the result. See [[#Aftermath|§ Aftermath]].}}<ref name="BRAMWELL">
"After the Persian victory at Thermopylae, the Greeks and Persians met at a naval battle at Salamis."{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/ancientpersia0000bram/page/6/mode/1up|title=Ancient Persia|last=Bramwell|first=Neil D.|date=1932|publisher=NJ Berkeley Heights|page=6|isbn=978-0-7660-5251-2 }}</ref>
| combatant1 = [[Polis|Greek city-states]] {{*}} [[Sparta]] {{*}} [[Thespiae]] {{*}} [[Thebes, Greece|Thebes]] {{*}} [[#Greek army|Others]]
| combatant2 = [[Achaemenid Empire]]
| commander1 = '''[[Leonidas I|Leonidas I of Sparta]]{{KIA}}''' [[Demophilus of Thespiae]]{{KIA}} [[Leontiades (Thermopylae)|Leontiades of Thebes]]{{Surrendered}}
| commander2 = '''[[Xerxes I]]''' [[Mardonius (nephew of Darius I)|Mardonius]] [[Hydarnes the Younger|Hydarnes]] [[Artapanus (general)|Artapanus]]<ref name =ctes/>
| strength1 = 7,000<ref name="VIII, 24">Herodotus [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+8.24 VIII, 24] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020051630/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+8.24 |date=20 October 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p004y278 |title=BBC Radio 4 – In Our Time, Thermopylae |work=BBC |access-date=26 November 2014 |archive-date=26 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426014607/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p004y278 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| strength2 = 120,000–300,000<ref>{{cite web |title=Battle of Thermopylae {{!}} Date, Location, and Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Thermopylae-Greek-history-480-BCE |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=30 August 2019 |language=en |archive-date=6 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006193324/https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Thermopylae-Greek-history-480-BC |url-status=live }}</ref>{{efn|name=b}}<ref>Barkworth, 1992. The Organization of Xerxes' Army. Iranica Antiqua Vol. 27, pp. 149–167</ref>
| casualties1 = 4,000 ([[Herodotus]])<ref>Herodotus [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+8.25 VIII, 25] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020012748/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+8.25 |date=20 October 2022 }}</ref>
| casualties2 = {{circa|20,000}} (Herodotus)<ref name="VIII, 24"/>
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Second Persian invasion of Greece}}
| units1 = [[Spartan army]]{{bulletedlist|[[Helots]]}}Other Greek forces
| units2 = [[Military history of Iran#Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BCE)|Persian army]]
}}
The '''Battle of Thermopylae''' ({{IPAc-en|θ|ər|ˈ|m|ɒ|p|ᵻ|l|iː}} {{respell|thər|MOP|i-lee}})<ref>{{langx|grc|Μάχη τῶν Θερμοπυλῶν|Máchē tōn Thermopylōn|label=[[Ancient Greek|Greek]]}}; {{Langx|fa|نبرد ترموپیل|Nbrd Trmwpeal}}</ref> was fought in 480 BC at [[Thermopylae]] between the [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid Persian Empire]] under [[Xerxes I]] and an alliance of [[Polis|Greek city-states]] led by [[Sparta]] under [[Leonidas I]]. Lasting over the course of three days, it was one of the most prominent battles of both the [[second Persian invasion of Greece]] and the wider [[Graeco-Persian Wars|Greco-Persian Wars]].

The engagement occurred simultaneously with the naval [[Battle of Artemisium]]: between July and September during 480 BC. The second [[Persians|Persian]] invasion under [[Xerxes I]] was a delayed response to the failure of the [[first Persian invasion of Greece|first Persian invasion]], which had been initiated by [[Darius the Great|Darius I]] and ended in 490 BC by an [[Classical Athens|Athenian]]-led [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] victory at the [[Battle of Marathon]]. By 480 BC, a decade after the Persian defeat at [[Marathon, Greece|Marathon]], Xerxes had amassed a massive land and naval force, and subsequently set out to conquer all of Greece. In response, the Athenian politician and general [[Themistocles]] proposed that the allied Greeks block the advance of the [[Military history of Iran#Achaemenid Empire (550 BCE–330 BCE)|Persian army]] at the pass of Thermopylae while simultaneously blocking the [[Achaemenid navy|Persian navy]] at the [[Artemisium|Straits of Artemisium]].

Around the start of the invasion, a Greek force of approximately 7,000 men – including an estimated 300 Spartans – led by [[Leonidas I|Leonidas]] marched north to block the pass of Thermopylae. Ancient authors vastly inflated the size of the Persian army, with estimates in the millions, but modern scholars estimate it at between 120,000 and 300,000 soldiers. They arrived at Thermopylae by late August or early September; the outnumbered Greeks held them off for seven days (including three of direct battle) before their rear-guard was annihilated in one of history's most famous [[List of last stands#Land-based last stands|last stands]]. During two full days of battle, the Greeks blocked the only road by which the massive Persian army could traverse the narrow pass. After the second day, a local resident named [[Ephialtes of Trachis|Ephialtes]] revealed to the Persians the existence of a path leading behind the Greek lines. Subsequently, [[Leonidas I|Leonidas]], aware that his force was being outflanked by the Persians, dismissed the bulk of the Greek army and remained to guard their retreat along with 300 [[Spartan army|Spartans]] and 700 [[Thespiae|Thespians]]. It has been reported that others also remained, including up to 900 [[helots]] and 400 [[Thebes, Greece|Thebans]]. With the exception of the Thebans, most of whom reportedly surrendered, the Greeks fought the Persians to the death.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.livius.org/sources/content/herodotus/herodotus-on-thermopylae/ |title=Herodotus on Thermopylae – Livius |access-date=13 September 2023 |archive-date=4 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004052742/https://www.livius.org/sources/content/herodotus/herodotus-on-thermopylae/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Themistocles]] was in command of the Greek naval force at [[Artemisium]] when he received news that the Persians had taken the pass at Thermopylae. Since the Greek defensive strategy had required both Thermopylae and Artemisium to be held, the decision was made to withdraw to the island of [[Salamis Island|Salamis]]. The Persians overran [[Boeotia]] and then captured the evacuated city of [[Athens]]. The Greek fleet—seeking a decisive victory over the Persian armada—attacked and defeated the invading force at the [[Battle of Salamis]] in late 480 BC. Wary of being trapped in [[Southeast Europe|Europe]], Xerxes withdrew with much of his army to [[Western Asia|Asia]], reportedly losing many of his troops to starvation and disease while also leaving behind the Persian military commander [[Mardonius (nephew of Darius I)|Mardonius]] to continue the [[Achaemenid Empire]]'s Greek campaign. However, the following year saw a Greek army decisively defeat Mardonius and his troops at the [[Battle of Plataea]], ending the second Persian invasion.

Both ancient and modern writers have used the Battle of Thermopylae as a flagship example of the power of an army defending its native soil. The performance of the Greek defenders is also used as an example of the advantages of training, equipment, and use of terrain as [[Force multiplication|force multipliers]].

==Sources==
The primary source for the [[Graeco-Persian Wars]] is the Greek historian [[Herodotus]]. The [[Sicilians|Sicilian]] historian [[Diodorus Siculus]], writing in the 1st century BC in his ''[[Bibliotheca historica]]'', also provides an account of the Graeco-Persian Wars, partially derived from the earlier Greek historian [[Ephorus]]. Diodorus is fairly consistent with Herodotus' writings.<ref>Diodorus [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Diod.+11.28 XI, 28–34] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914181833/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Diod.+11.28 |date=14 September 2020}}</ref> These wars are also described in less detail by a number of other ancient historians including [[Plutarch]], [[Ctesias of Cnidus]], and are referred to by other authors, as by [[Aeschylus]] in ''[[The Persians]]''.{{cn|date=December 2024}}

Archaeological evidence, such as the [[Serpent Column]] (now in the [[Hippodrome of Constantinople]]), also supports some of Herodotus' specific reports.<ref>Note to Herodotus [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+9.81 IX, 81] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914180823/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+9.81 |date=14 September 2020 }}</ref> George B. Grundy was the first modern historian to do a thorough topographical survey of Thermopylae, and led some modern writers (such as [[Sir Basil Henry Liddell Hart|Liddell Hart]]) to revise their views of certain aspects of the battle.<ref>''The Great Persian War and its Preliminaries; A Study of the Evidence, Literary and Topographical'', George B. Grundy, John Murray, Albemarle Street, London, 1901. [http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009789346] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223035306/http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009789346|date=23 February 2015}}</ref><ref>Chapter II, ''Strategy'', Second Revised Edition, Frederick A. Praeger, New York, 1967</ref> Grundy also explored [[Plataea]] and wrote a treatise on that battle.<ref>''The Topography of the Battle of Plataea: The City of Plataea, the Field of Leuctra'', G.B.Grundy [http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000665049] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223034440/http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000665049|date=23 February 2015}}</ref>

On the Battle of Thermopylae itself, two principal sources, Herodotus' and [[Simonides]]' accounts, survive.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cartledge |first1=Paul |title=Thermopylae : the battle that changed the world |date=2007 |publisher=Pan |location=London |isbn=9780330419185 |page=215 |edition=1. pbk.}}</ref> Herodotus' account in Book VII of his ''Histories'' is such an important source that [[Paul Cartledge]] wrote: "we either write a history of Thermopylae with [Herodotus], or not at all".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cartledge |first1=Paul |title=Thermopylae : the battle that changed the world |date=2007 |publisher=Pan |location=London |isbn=9780330419185 |page=224 |edition=1. pbk.}}</ref> Also surviving is an epitome of the account of Ctesias, by the eighth-century Byzantine [[Photios I of Constantinople|Photios]], though this is "almost worse than useless",<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cartledge |first1=Paul |title=Thermopylae : the battle that changed the world |date=2007 |publisher=Pan |location=London |isbn=9780330419185 |page=231 |edition=1. pbk.}}</ref> missing key events in the battle such as the betrayal of [[Ephialtes of Trachis|Ephialtes]], and the account of Diodorus Siculus in his ''Universal History''. Diodorus' account seems to have been based on that of Ephorus and contains one significant deviation from Herodotus' account: a supposed night attack against the Persian camp, of which modern scholars have tended to be skeptical.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bradford |first1=Ernle |title=Thermopylae : the battle for the West |date=2004 |publisher=Da Capo Press |location=New York |isbn=9780306813603 |page=137 |edition=1st Da Capo Press pbk.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Cartledge |first1=Paul |title=Thermopylae : the battle that changed the world |date=2007 |publisher=Pan |location=London |isbn=9780330419185 |page=146 |edition=1. pbk.}}</ref>

==Background==
{{Main|Graeco-Persian Wars|Second Persian invasion of Greece}}
[[File:Map Greco-Persian Wars-en.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.5|Map of Greece during the Persian Wars from the Ionian Revolt.]]
The city-states of [[Athens]] and [[Eretria]] had aided the unsuccessful [[Ionian Revolt]] against the Persian Empire of [[Darius I]] in 499–494 BC. The Persian Empire was still relatively young and prone to revolts amongst its subject peoples.<ref name = h47>Holland, p. 47–55</ref><ref name="h203"/> Darius, moreover, was a
usurper and had spent considerable time extinguishing revolts against his rule.<ref name = h47/>

The Ionian revolt threatened the integrity of his empire, and Darius thus vowed to punish those involved, especially the Athenians, "since he was sure that [the Ionians] would not go unpunished for their rebellion".<ref>Herodotus [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+5.105 V, 105] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831183046/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+5.105 |date=31 August 2021 }}</ref> Darius also saw the opportunity to expand his empire into the fractious world of Ancient Greece.<ref name = h171>Holland, 171–178</ref> A preliminary expedition under [[Mardonius (general)|Mardonius]] in 492 BC secured the lands approaching Greece, re-conquered [[Thrace]], and forced [[Macedon]] to become a client kingdom of Persia.<ref>Herodotus [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+6.44.1 VI, 44] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831183044/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+6.44.1 |date=31 August 2021 }}</ref>

[[File:Spartians throw Persian envoys into a well.jpg|thumb|left|The Spartans throw Persian envoys into a well]]
Darius sent emissaries to all the Greek city-states in 491 BC asking for a gift of "[[earth and water]]" as tokens of their submission to him.<ref name = h178>Holland, pp. 178–179</ref> Having had a demonstration of his power the previous year, the majority of Greek cities duly obliged. In Athens, however, the ambassadors were put on trial and then executed by throwing them in a pit; in Sparta, they were simply thrown down a well.<ref name = h178/><ref>Herodotus [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+7.133.1 VII, 133] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831183010/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+7.133.1 |date=31 August 2021 }}</ref> This meant that Sparta was also effectively at war with Persia.<ref name = h178/> However, in order to appease the Persian king somewhat, two Spartans were voluntarily sent to [[Susa]] for execution, in atonement for the death of the Persian heralds.<ref>"Two Spartans of noble birth and great wealth, Sperthias son of Aneristus and Bulis son of Nicolaus, undertook of their own free will that they would make atonement to Xerxes for Darius' heralds who had been done to death at Sparta. Thereupon the Spartans sent these men to Media for execution." in {{cite book |title=LacusCurtius Herodotus Book VII: Chapter 134 |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Herodotus/7B*.html}}</ref>

Darius then launched an amphibious expeditionary force under [[Datis]] and [[Artaphernes (son of Artaphernes)|Artaphernes]] in 490 BC, which [[Siege of Naxos (490 BC)|attacked Naxos]] before receiving the submission of the other [[Cyclades|Cycladic Islands]]. It then besieged and destroyed Eretria.<ref>Herodotus [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+6.100.1 VI, 101] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831183132/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+6.100.1 |date=31 August 2021 }}</ref> Finally, it moved to attack Athens, landing at the bay of [[Marathon, Greece|Marathon]], where it was met by a heavily outnumbered Athenian army. At the ensuing [[Battle of Marathon]], the Athenians won a remarkable victory, which resulted in the withdrawal of the Persian army to Asia.<ref>Herodotus [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+6.113 VI, 113] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831183105/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+6.113 |date=31 August 2021 }}</ref>

[[File:Thermopylae ancient coastline large.jpg|thumb|The site of the battle today. [[Mount Kallidromon]] on the left, and the wide [[coastal plain]] formed by accretion of [[fluvial]] deposits over the centuries; the road to the right approximates the 480 BC shoreline.]]
At this, Darius began raising a huge new army with which to completely subjugate Greece; however, in 486 BC, his [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptian]] province revolted, indefinitely postponing any Greek expedition.<ref name = h203>Holland, p. 203</ref> Darius died while preparing to march on Egypt, and the throne of Persia passed to his son Xerxes I.<ref>Holland, pp. 206–206</ref> Xerxes crushed the Egyptian revolt and quickly restarted preparations for the invasion of Greece.<ref name = h208>Holland, pp. 208–211</ref> No mere expedition, this was to be a full-scale invasion supported by long-term planning, stockpiling, and conscription.<ref name = h208/> Xerxes directed that the [[Hellespont]] be bridged to allow his army to cross to Europe, and that a canal be dug across the isthmus of [[Mount Athos]] (cutting short the route where a Persian fleet had been destroyed in 492 BC).<ref name = h213/> These were both feats of exceptional ambition beyond any other contemporary state.<ref name = h213>Holland, pp. 213–214</ref> By early 480 BC, the preparations were complete, and the army which Xerxes had mustered at [[Sardis]] marched towards Europe, crossing the Hellespont on two [[pontoon bridge]]s.<ref name=VII35>{{cite web |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+7.35.1 |title=VII, 35 |publisher=Perseus.tufts.edu |access-date=26 November 2014 |archive-date=13 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913070756/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+7.35.1 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to Herodotus, Xerxes' army was so large that, upon arriving at the banks of the Echeidorus River, his soldiers proceeded to drink it dry. In the face of such imposing numbers, many Greek cities capitulated to the Persian demand for a tribute of earth and water.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cox |first=Jeremy |year=2016 |title=They Died the Spartan's Death |journal=Thermopylae, the Alamo, and the Mirrors of Classical Analogy, Advances in the History of Rhetoric.}}</ref>

The Athenians had also been preparing for war with the Persians since the mid-480s BC, and in 482 BC the decision was taken, under the strategic guidance of the Athenian politician [[Themistocles]], to build a massive fleet of [[trireme]]s to resist the Persians.<ref name = h217>Holland, p. 217–223</ref> However, the Athenians lacked the manpower to fight on both land and sea, requiring reinforcements from other Greek city-states. In 481 BC, Xerxes sent ambassadors around Greece requesting "earth and water" but very deliberately omitting Athens and Sparta.<ref>Herodotus [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+7.32.1 VII, 32] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831183038/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+7.32.1 |date=31 August 2021 }}</ref> Support thus began to coalesce around these two leading cities. A congress met at [[Corinth]] in late autumn of 481 BC,<ref name=VII145>Herodotus [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+7.145.1 VII, 145] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831183027/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+7.145.1 |date=31 August 2021 }}</ref> and a confederate alliance of [[History of Greece|Greek city-states]] was formed. It had the power to send envoys to request assistance and dispatch troops from the member states to defensive points, after joint consultation. This was remarkable for the disjointed and chaotic Greek world, especially since many of the supposed allies were still technically at war with each other.<ref name = h226>Holland, p. 226</ref>

The congress met again in the spring of 480 BC. A [[Thessaly|Thessalian]] delegation suggested that the Greeks could muster in the narrow [[Vale of Tempe]], on the borders of Thessaly, and thereby block Xerxes' advance.<ref name = h248>Holland, pp. 248–249</ref> A force of 10,000 [[hoplite]]s was dispatched to the Vale of Tempe, through which they believed the Persian army would have to pass. However, once there, being warned by [[Alexander I of Macedon]] that the vale could be bypassed through Sarantoporo Pass and that Xerxes' army was overwhelming, the Greeks retreated.<ref name=VII173>Herodotus [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+7.173.1 VII, 173] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106023457/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+7.173.1 |date=6 November 2023 }}</ref> Shortly afterwards, they received the news that Xerxes had crossed the Hellespont.<ref name = h248/>

Themistocles, therefore, suggested a second strategy to the Greeks: the route to southern Greece (Boeotia, Attica, and the Peloponnesus) would require Xerxes' army to travel through the very narrow pass of [[Thermopylae]], which could easily be blocked by the Greek hoplites, jamming up the overwhelming force of Persians.<ref name = h255>Holland, pp. 255–257</ref> Furthermore, to prevent the Persians from bypassing Thermopylae by sea, the Athenian and allied navies could block the straits of Artemisium. Congress adopted this dual-pronged strategy.<ref name = h255/> However, in case of Persian breakthrough, the Peloponnesian cities made fall-back plans to defend the [[Isthmus of Corinth]], while the women and children of Athens would evacuate ''en masse'' to the Peloponnesian city of [[Troezen]].<ref>Herodotus [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+8.40.1 VIII, 40] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203235338/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+8.40.1 |date=3 December 2020 }}</ref>

==Prelude==
[[File:Thermopylae & Artemisium campaign map.png|thumb|upright=1.2|Map showing Greek and Persian advances to [[Thermopylae]] and [[Artemisium]]]]
The Persian army seems to have made slow progress through Thrace and Macedon. News of the imminent Persian approach eventually reached Greece in August thanks to a Greek spy.<ref>Holland, pp. 255–256</ref> At this time of the year, the Spartans, ''de facto'' military leaders of the alliance, were celebrating the festival of [[Carneia]]. During the Carneia, military activity was forbidden by Spartan law; the Spartans had arrived too late at the Battle of Marathon because of this requirement.<ref name=VII206>[[Herodotus]] [https://archive.today/20130813084302/http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0016.tlg001.perseus-eng1:7.205 VII, 206]</ref> It was also the time of the [[Ancient Olympic Games|Olympic Games]], and therefore the Olympic truce, and thus it would have been doubly sacrilegious for the whole Spartan army to march to war.<ref name=VII206/><ref name = h258>Holland, pp. 258–259.</ref> On this occasion, the [[ephor]]s decided the urgency was sufficiently great to justify an advance expedition to block the pass, under one of its kings, [[Leonidas I]]. Leonidas took with him the 300 men of the royal bodyguard, the ''Hippeis''.<ref name=VII205/> This expedition was to try to gather as many other Greek soldiers along the way as possible and to await the arrival of the main Spartan army.<ref name = h258/>

The renowned account of the Battle of Thermopylae, as documented by Herodotus, includes a significant consultation with the [[Oracle at Delphi]]. It is said that the Oracle delivered a prophetic message to the Spartans, foretelling the impending conflict:
{{poemquote|Hear your fate, O dwellers in Sparta of the wide spaces;
Either your famed, great town must be sacked by Perseus' sons,
Or, if that be not, the whole land of Lacedaemon
Shall mourn the death of a king of the house of Heracles,
For not the strength of lions or of bulls shall hold him,
Strength against strength, for he has the power of Zeus,
And will not be checked till one of these two he has consumed.|char=The Oracle at Delphi|source=The Histories by Herodotus, translated by Aubrey de Selincourt, revised by John Marincola}}

Herodotus tells us that Leonidas, in line with the prophecy, was convinced he was going to certain death since his forces were not adequate for a victory, and so he selected only Spartans with living sons.<ref name = VII205>Herodotus [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+7.205.1 VII, 205] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107022823/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+7.205.1 |date=7 November 2020 }}</ref>

The Spartan force was reinforced ''en route'' to Thermopylae by contingents from various cities and numbered more than 7,000 by the time it arrived at the pass.<ref name = VII202/> Leonidas chose to camp at, and defend, the "middle gate", the narrowest part of the pass of Thermopylae, where the [[Phocis (ancient region)|Phocians]] had built a defensive wall some time before.<ref name = VII176/> News also reached Leonidas, from the nearby city of [[Trachis]], that there was a mountain track that could be used to outflank the pass of Thermopylae. Leonidas stationed 1,000 Phocians on the heights to prevent such a manoeuvre.<ref name = VII217>Herodotus [https://archive.today/20130813084253/http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0016.tlg001.perseus-eng1:7.217 VII, 217]</ref>

Finally, in mid-August, the Persian army was sighted across the [[Malian Gulf]] approaching Thermopylae.<ref>Holland, pp. 269–270</ref> With the Persian army's arrival at Thermopylae the Greeks held a council of war.<ref name = VII207/> Some Peloponnesians suggested withdrawal to the Isthmus of Corinth and blocking the passage to Peloponnesus.<ref name = VII207/> The Phocians and Locrians, whose states were located nearby, became indignant and advised defending Thermopylae and sending for more help. Leonidas calmed the panic and agreed to defend Thermopylae.<ref name=VII207>Herodotus [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+7.207.1 VII, 207] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128102946/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+7.207.1 |date=28 November 2020 }}</ref> According to Plutarch, when one of the soldiers complained that, "Because of the arrows of the barbarians it is impossible to see the sun", Leonidas replied, "Won't it be nice, then, if we shall have shade in which to fight them?"<ref>Plutarch, [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Moralia/Sayings_of_Spartans* /main.html Apophthegmata Laconica], section "Leonidas, son of Anaxandridas", saying 6, Vol. III of the Loeb Classical Library edition, 1931</ref> Herodotus reports a similar comment, but attributes it to [[Dienekes]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/hh/hh7220.htm |title=Herodotus Book 7: Polymnia, 226 |publisher=Sacred-texts.com |access-date=26 November 2014 |archive-date=16 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016145728/https://sacred-texts.com/cla/hh/hh7220.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

Xerxes sent a Persian emissary to negotiate with Leonidas. The Greeks were offered their freedom, the title "Friends of the Persian People", and the opportunity to re-settle on land better than that they possessed.<ref name = h270>Holland, pp. 270–271</ref> When Leonidas refused these terms, the ambassador carried a written message by Xerxes, asking him to "Hand over your arms". Leonidas' famous response to the Persians was ''"[[Molon labe|Molṑn labé]]"'' (Μολὼν λαβέ – literally, "having come, take [them]", but usually translated as "come and take them").<ref>Plutarch, Apophthegmata Laconica, section "Leonidas, son of Anaxandridas", saying 11</ref> With the Persian emissary returning empty-handed, battle became inevitable. Xerxes delayed for four days, waiting for the Greeks to disperse, before sending troops to attack them.<ref name="VII210"/>

==Opposing forces==
===Persian army===
{{for|a full discussion of the size of the Persian invasion force|Second Persian invasion of Greece#Size of the Persian forces}}
[[File:Xerxes all ethnicities.jpg|thumb|upright=1.6|Soldiers of the [[Achaemenid army]] of [[Xerxes I]] at the time of the Battle of Thermopylae. Tomb of Xerxes I, circa 480 BC, [[Naqsh-e Rustam]].<ref name="iranicaonline.org">{{cite book |title=Naqs-e Rostam – Encyclopaedia Iranica |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/naqs-e-rostam |language=en |access-date=18 October 2018 |archive-date=16 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916231949/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/naqs-e-rostam |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Naqs-e Rostam – Encyclopaedia Iranica List of nationalities of the Achaemenid military with corresponding drawings |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/uploads/files/Clothing/v5f7a014_f1_300.jpg |language=en |access-date=18 October 2018 |archive-date=17 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917035945/https://iranicaonline.org/uploads/files/Clothing/v5f7a014_f1_300.jpg |url-status=live }}</ref> '''Top rank''': [[Persian Empire|Persian]], [[Media (region)|Median]], [[Elam]]ite, [[Parthian Empire|Parthian]], [[Aria (region)|Arian]], [[Bactria]]n, [[Sogdia]]n, [[Khwarezm|Chorasmian]], [[Zarangia]]n, [[Sattagydian]], [[Gandharan]], [[Hindush]] (Indians), [[Scythian]]. '''Bottom rank''': [[Scythian]], [[Babylonia]]n, [[Assyria]]n, [[Arabia]]n, [[Egyptians|Egyptian]], [[Armenians|Armenian]], [[Cappadocian]], [[Lydians|Lydian]], [[Ionians|Ionian]], [[Scythian]], [[Skudrian|Thracian]], [[Ancient Macedonians|Macedonian]], [[Libyan]], [[Ethiopian]].]]
The number of troops which Xerxes mustered for the second invasion of Greece has been the subject of endless dispute, most notably between ancient sources, which report very large numbers, and modern scholars, who surmise much smaller figures. Herodotus claimed that there were, in total, 2.6 million military personnel, accompanied by an equivalent number of support personnel.<ref name=VII186>Herodotus [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+7.186 VII, 186] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419090109/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+7.186 |date=19 April 2021 }}</ref> The poet [[Simonides of Ceos|Simonides]], who was a contemporary, talks of four million; [[Ctesias]] gave 800,000 as the total number of the army that was assembled by Xerxes.<ref name="ctes">{{cite web |title=Photius' excerpt of Ctesias' Persica |url=https://www.livius.org/sources/content/ctesias-overview-of-the-works/photius-excerpt-of-ctesias-persica/ |url-status=live |access-date=26 November 2014 |publisher=Livius.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402145945/http://www.livius.org/sources/content/ctesias-overview-of-the-works/photius-excerpt-of-ctesias-persica/ |archive-date=2 April 2017}}</ref>

Modern scholars tend to reject the figures given by Herodotus and other ancient sources as unrealistic, resulting from miscalculations or exaggerations on the part of the victors.<ref name = h237>Holland, p. 237</ref> Modern scholarly estimates are generally in the range 120,000 to 300,000.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cassin-Scott |first=Jack |title=The Greek and Persian Wars 500–323 B.C. |year=1977 |publisher=Osprey |isbn=978-0-85045-271-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=geWUfjew_PEC&pg=PA11 |page=11}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="Holland, p. 394">Holland, p. 394.</ref>{{efn|name=b|A huge number of estimates have been made since the 19th century, ranging from 15,000 to acceptance of Herodotus' 1,800,000. No real consensus exists, although the most recent estimates by academics vary between 120,000 and 300,000.<ref name="Holland, p. 394"/>}} These estimates usually come from studying the logistical capabilities of the Persians in that era, the sustainability of their respective bases of operations, and the overall manpower constraints affecting them. Whatever the real numbers were, however, it is clear that Xerxes was anxious to ensure a successful expedition by mustering an overwhelming numerical superiority by land and by sea.<ref name=souza>de Souza, p. 41.</ref>
The number of Persian troops present at Thermopylae is therefore as uncertain as the number for the total invasion force. For instance, it is unclear whether the whole Persian army marched as far as Thermopylae, or whether Xerxes left garrisons in Macedon and Thessaly.

===Greek army===
According to Herodotus<ref name=VII202>Herodotus, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+7.202.1 VII, 202] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108120608/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+7.202.1 |date=8 January 2021 }}</ref><ref name=VII203>[[Herodotus]] [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+7.203.1 VII, 203] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831183009/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+7.203.1 |date=31 August 2021 }}</ref> and Diodorus Siculus,<ref name=dsXI4>Diodorus Siculus [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Diod.+11.4 XI, 4] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831183019/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Diod.+11.4 |date=31 August 2021 }}</ref> the Greek army included the following forces:

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|- style="background:gold;"
|'''Group'''
|'''Number – Herodotus'''
|'''Numbers – Diodorus Siculus'''
|-
| align=left|[[Lacedaemon]]ians/ [[Perioeci]]
|900?<ref name = "Macan"/>
|700 or 1,000
|-
| align="left" |[[Sparta]]n [[hoplites]]
|300<ref name = "Macan"/>
| 300
|-
| align=left|[[Mantinea]]ns
|500
| rowspan="7" |3,000 (other Peloponnesians sent with Leonidas)
|-
| align=left|[[Tegea]]ns
|500
|-
| align=left|[[Arcadian Orchomenos]]
|120
|-
| align=left|Other [[Arcadia (ancient region)|Arcadia]]ns
|1,000
|-
| align=left|[[Corinth, Greece|Corinthians]]
|400
|-
| align=left|[[Phlius|Phlians]]
|200
|-
| align=left|[[Mycenae]]ans
|80
|- style="background:wheat;"
| align=left|'''Total [[Peloponnesus|Peloponnesians]]'''
|'''3,100'''<ref name = VII202/> or '''4,000'''<ref name="VII228"/>
|'''4,000''' or '''4,300'''
|-
| align=left|[[Thespiae|Thespians]]
|700
| –
|-
| align=left|[[Malians (Greek tribe)|Malians]]
| –
|1,000
|-
| align=left|[[Thebes, Greece|Thebans]]
|400
|400
|-
| align=left|[[Phocis (ancient region)|Phocians]]
|1,000
|1,000
|-
| align=left|[[Opuntian Locris|Opuntian Locrians]]
|"All they had"
|1,000
|- style="background:wheat;"
| align=left|'''Grand total'''
|'''5,200 (or 6,100) plus the Opuntian Locrians'''
|'''7,400 (or 7,700)'''
|}
Notes:
* The number of Peloponnesians
:Diodorus suggests that there were 1,000 [[Laconia|Lacedemonians]] and 3,000 other Peloponnesians, totalling 4,000. Herodotus agrees with this figure in one passage, quoting an inscription by [[Simonides]] saying there were 4,000 Peloponnesians.<ref name = VII228>Herodotus [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+7.228.1 VII, 228] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161741/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+7.228.1 |date=2 August 2021 }}</ref> However, elsewhere, in the passage summarised by the above table, Herodotus tallies 3,100 Peloponnesians at Thermopylae before the battle.<ref name = VII202/> Herodotus also reports that at Xerxes' public showing of the dead, "helots were also there for them to see",<ref name = VIII25>Herodotus [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+8.25.1 VIII, 25] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914185717/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+8.25.1 |date=14 September 2020 }}</ref> but he does not say how many or in what capacity they served. Thus, the difference between his two figures can be squared by supposing (without proof) that there were 900 helots (three per Spartan) present at the battle.<ref name = "Macan">Macan, note to Herodotus VIII, 25</ref> If helots were present at the battle, there is no reason to doubt that they served in their traditional role as armed retainers to individual Spartans.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}} Alternatively, Herodotus' "missing" 900 troops might have been [[Perioeci]], and could therefore correspond to Diodorus' 1,000 Lacedemonians.<ref name = "Macan"/>
* The number of Lacedemonians
:[[File:Hoplite1.gif|thumb|upright=.6|A modern recreation of a [[hoplite]]]]Further confusing the issue is Diodorus' ambiguity about whether his count of 1,000 Lacedemonians included the 300 Spartans. At one point he says: "Leonidas, when he received the appointment, announced that only one thousand men should follow him on the campaign".<ref name=dsXI4/> However, he then says: "There were, then, of the Lacedemonians one thousand, and with them three hundred Spartiates".<ref name=dsXI4/> It is therefore impossible to be clearer on this point.

[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]]' account agrees with that of Herodotus (whom he probably read) except that he gives the number of Locrians, which Herodotus declined to estimate. Residing in the direct path of the Persian advance, they gave all the fighting men they had – according to Pausanias 6,000 men – which added to Herodotus' 5,200 would have given a force of 11,200.<ref>Pausanias [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+10.20.1 X, 20] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831183121/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+10.20.1 |date=31 August 2021 }}</ref>

Many modern historians, who usually consider Herodotus more reliable,<ref name=Green>Green, p. 140</ref> add the 1,000 Lacedemonians and the 900 helots to Herodotus' 5,200 to obtain 7,100 or about 7,000 men as a standard number, neglecting Diodorus' Melians and Pausanias' Locrians.<ref>Bradford, p. 106</ref><ref name = russel>Bury, pp. 271–282</ref> However, this is only one approach, and many other combinations are plausible. Furthermore, the numbers changed later on in the battle when most of the army retreated and only approximately 3,000 men remained (300 Spartans, 700 Thespians, 400 Thebans, possibly up to 900 helots, and 1,000 Phocians stationed above the pass, less the casualties sustained in the previous days).<ref name=Green/>

==Strategic and tactical considerations==
[[File:Nicolo arena battleofthermopylae.svg|thumb|A flow map of the battle]]
From a strategic point of view, by defending Thermopylae, the Greeks were making the best possible use of their forces.<ref name = L248/> As long as they could prevent a further Persian advance into Greece, they had no need to seek a decisive battle and could, thus, remain on the defensive. Moreover, by defending two constricted passages (Thermopylae and Artemisium), the Greeks' inferior numbers became less of a factor.<ref name = L248/> Conversely, for the Persians the problem of supplying such a large army meant they could not remain in the same place for very long.<ref name = h285>Holland, pp. 285–287</ref> The Persians, therefore, had to retreat or advance, and advancing required forcing the pass of Thermopylae.<ref name = h285/>

Tactically, the pass at Thermopylae was ideally suited to the Greek style of warfare.<ref name = L248/> A hoplite [[phalanx formation|phalanx]] could block the narrow pass with ease, with no risk of being outflanked by cavalry. Moreover, in the pass, the phalanx would have been very difficult to assault for the more lightly armed Persian infantry.<ref name = L248/> The major weak point for the Greeks was the mountain track which led across the highland parallel to Thermopylae, that could allow their position to be outflanked. Although probably unsuitable for cavalry, this path could easily be traversed by the Persian infantry (many of whom were versed in [[mountain warfare]]).<ref name = h288>Holland, p 288</ref> Leonidas was made aware of this path by local people from Trachis, and he positioned a detachment of Phocian troops there in order to block this route.<ref name = h262>Holland, pp. 262–264</ref>

===Topography of the battlefield===
[[File:Plan du passage desThermo-Pyles accomodé au temps de l’invasion de Xerxes dans la Grèce - Jean-Jacques Barthélemy - 1832.jpg|thumb|Map of Thermopylae area with a reconstructed shoreline of 480 BC.]]
It is often claimed that at the time, the pass of Thermopylae consisted of a track along the shore of the Malian Gulf so narrow that only one chariot could pass through at a time.<ref name="VII176" /> In fact, as noted below, the pass was 100 metres wide, probably wider than the Greeks could have held against the Persian masses. Herodotus reports that the Phocians had improved the defences of the pass by channelling the stream from the hot springs to create a marsh, and it was a causeway across this marsh which was only wide enough for a single chariot to traverse. In a later passage, describing a Gaulish attempt to force the pass, Pausanias states "The cavalry on both sides proved useless, as the ground at the Pass is not only narrow, but also smooth because of the natural rock, while most of it is slippery owing to its being covered with streams...the losses of the barbarians it was impossible to discover exactly. For the number of them that disappeared beneath the mud was great."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160%3Abook%3D10%3Achapter%3D21 |title=Pausanias, Description of Greece, Phocis and Ozolian Locri, chapter 21 |access-date=20 February 2021 |archive-date=11 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511071121/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160%3Abook%3D10%3Achapter%3D21 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On the north side of the roadway was the Malian Gulf, into which the land shelved gently. When at a later date, an army of Gauls led by [[Brennus (3rd century BC)|Brennus]] attempted to force the pass, the shallowness of the water gave the Greek fleet great difficulty getting close enough to the fighting to bombard the Gauls with ship-borne missile weapons.

Along the path itself was a series of three constrictions, or "gates" (''pylai''), and at the centre gate a wall that had been erected by the Phocians, in the previous century, to aid in their defence against [[Thessalian]] invasions.<ref name="VII176">Herodotus [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+7.176.1 VII, 176] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831183019/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+7.176.1 |date=31 August 2021 }}</ref> The name "Hot Gates" comes from the [[hot spring]]s that were located there.<ref name="VIII201">Herodotus [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+7.201.1 VIII, 201] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831183022/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+7.201.1 |date=31 August 2021 }}</ref>

The terrain of the battlefield was nothing that [[Xerxes I|Xerxes]] and his forces were accustomed to. Although coming from a mountainous country, the Persians were not prepared for the real nature of the country they had invaded. The pure ruggedness of this area is caused by torrential downpours for four months of the year, combined with an intense summer season of scorching heat that cracks the ground. Vegetation is scarce and consists of low, thorny shrubs. The hillsides along the pass are covered in thick brush, with some plants reaching {{convert|10|ft|m}} high. With the sea on one side and steep, impassable hills on the other, King Leonidas and his men chose the perfect topographical position to battle the Persian invaders.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Battle for the West: Thermopylae |last=Bradford |first=Ernle |publisher=McGraw-Hill Book Company |year=1980 |isbn=0-07-007062-8 |location=New York |pages=68–69}}</ref>

Today, the pass is not near the sea, but is several kilometres inland because of [[Sedimentation#In geology|sedimentation]] in the Malian Gulf. The old track appears at the foot of the hills around the plain, flanked by a modern road. Recent [[core sample]]s indicate that the pass was only {{convert|100|m}} wide, and the waters came up to the gates: "Little do the visitors realize that the battle took place across the road from the monument."<ref>Dore, pp. 285–286</ref> The pass still is a natural defensive position to modern armies, and forces of the [[Commonwealth of Nations|British Empire]] in the [[Second World War]] made a [[Battle of Thermopylae (1941)|defence in 1941]] against the invasion by [[Nazi Germany]] mere metres from the original battlefield.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.leonidas.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Battle-of-Thermopylae.pdf |title=1941 Battle of Thermopylae |access-date=1 August 2019 |archive-date=14 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914183853/http://www.leonidas.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Battle-of-Thermopylae.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

* Maps of the region:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/Cities/Thermopylae.jpg |format=JPG |title=Map of Thermopylae |access-date=26 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930030341/http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/Cities/Thermopylae.jpg |archive-date=30 September 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://uoregon.edu/~klio/maps/gr/Thermopylae.jpg |title=Map of Thermopylae |publisher=Uoregon.edu |access-date=26 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100524094702/http://uoregon.edu/~klio/maps/gr/Thermopylae.jpg |archive-date=24 May 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Image of the battlefield, from the east<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.livius.org/pictures/greece/thermopylae/thermopylae-attempt-to-reconstruct-the-ancient-landscape/ |title=Thermopylae, Attempt to reconstruct the ancient landscape – Livius |access-date=30 January 2022 |archive-date=30 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130130135/https://www.livius.org/pictures/greece/thermopylae/thermopylae-attempt-to-reconstruct-the-ancient-landscape/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Battle==

===First day===
[[File:Hoplite circa 500 BCE and Scythian soldier of the Achaemenid army circa 480 BCE enhanced.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Contemporary depictions: probable [[Spartan]] [[hoplite]] ([[Vix crater]], {{circa|500}} BC),<ref>{{cite book |last1=Freeman |first1=Charles |title=Egypt, Greece, and Rome: Civilizations of the Ancient Mediterranean |date=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199651917 |page=154 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kXIVDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT172 |language=en |access-date=18 October 2018 |archive-date=6 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106023454/https://books.google.com/books?id=kXIVDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT172#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Scythian]] warrior of the [[Achaemenid army]]<ref name="iranicaonline.org"/><ref>{{cite book |title=Naqs-e Rostam – Encyclopaedia Iranica List of nationalities of the Achaemenid military with corresponding drawings |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/uploads/files/Clothing/v5f7a014_f1_300.jpg |language=en |access-date=18 October 2018 |archive-date=17 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917035945/https://iranicaonline.org/uploads/files/Clothing/v5f7a014_f1_300.jpg |url-status=live }}</ref> (tomb of [[Xerxes I]], {{circa|480}} BC), at the time of the [[Second Persian invasion of Greece]] (480–479 BC).]]
On the fifth day after the Persian arrival at Thermopylae and the first day of the battle, Xerxes finally resolved to attack the Greeks. First, he ordered 5,000 archers to shoot a barrage of arrows, but they were ineffective; they shot from at least 100 yards away, according to modern day scholars, and the Greeks' wooden shields (sometimes covered with a very thin layer of bronze) and bronze helmets deflected the arrows.<ref>{{cite web |last=Zimmel, Girard |first=Jonathan, Todd |title=Hoplites Arms and Armor |url=http://faculty.fairfield.edu/rosivach/cl115/military/hoplites.htm |access-date=9 September 2014 |archive-date=26 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026213835/http://faculty.fairfield.edu/rosivach/cl115/military/hoplites.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref>
After that, Xerxes sent a force of 10,000 [[Medes]] and [[Cissia (area)|Cissians]] to take the defenders prisoner and bring them before him.<ref name=VII210>Herodotus [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+7.210.1 VII, 210] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123194057/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+7.210.1 |date=23 November 2020 }}</ref><ref name="dsIX9">Diodorus Siculus [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Diod.+11.6.1 XI, 6] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914184919/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Diod.+11.6.1 |date=14 September 2020 }}</ref> The Persians soon launched a [[frontal assault]], in waves of around 10,000 men, on the Greek position.<ref name=VII210/> The Greeks fought in front of the Phocian wall, at the narrowest part of the pass, which enabled them to use as few soldiers as possible.<ref name=VII208>Herodotus [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+7.208.1 VII, 208] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211174253/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+7.208.1 |date=11 December 2020 }}</ref><ref name = VII223/> Details of the tactics are scant; Diodorus says, "the men stood shoulder to shoulder", and the Greeks were "superior in valour and in the great size of their shields."<ref name=dsXI7>Diodorus Siculus [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Diod.+11.7.1 XI, 7] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914192901/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Diod.+11.7.1 |date=14 September 2020 }}</ref> This probably describes the standard Greek phalanx, in which the men formed a wall of overlapping shields and layered spear points protruding out from the sides of the shields, which would have been highly effective as long as it spanned the width of the pass.<ref>Holland, p. 274</ref> The weaker shields, and shorter spears and swords of the Persians prevented them from effectively engaging the Greek hoplites.<ref name=dsXI7/><ref name="VII211">Herodotus [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+7.211.1 VII, 211.1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831183119/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+7.211.1 |date=31 August 2021 }}, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126%3Abook%3D7%3Achapter%3D211%3Asection%3D2 211.2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918213649/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126:book%3D7:chapter%3D211:section%3D2 |date=18 September 2021 }}, and [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126%3Abook%3D7%3Achapter%3D211%3Asection%3D3 211.3] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928230153/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126%3Abook%3D7%3Achapter%3D211%3Asection%3D3 |date=28 September 2021 }}.</ref> Herodotus says that the units for each city were kept together; units were rotated in and out of the battle to prevent fatigue, which implies the Greeks had more men than necessary to block the pass.<ref name=VII204>Herodotus [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+7.208.1 VII, 204] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211174253/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+7.208.1 |date=11 December 2020 }}</ref> The Greeks killed so many Medes that Xerxes is said to have stood up three times from the seat from which he was watching the battle.<ref name=VII212>Herodotus [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+7.212.1 VII, 212] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219090208/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+7.212.1 |date=19 December 2020 }}</ref> According to Ctesias, the first wave was "cut to ribbons", with only two or three Spartans killed in return.<ref name = ctes/>

According to Herodotus and Diodorus, Xerxes, having taken the measure of the enemy, threw his best troops into a second assault the same day, the [[Persian Immortals|Immortals]], an elite corps of 10,000 men.<ref name=dsXI7/><ref name=VII211/> However, the Immortals fared no better than the Medes, and failed to make any headway against the Greeks.<ref name=VII211/> The Spartans reportedly used a tactic of feigning retreat, and then turning and killing the enemy troops when they ran after them.<ref name=VII211/>

===Second day===
[[File:Battle of Thermopylae.pdf|thumb|upright=1.35|The flank exposed by Ephialtes]]
On the second day Xerxes again sent in the infantry to attack the pass, "supposing that their enemies, being so few, were now disabled by wounds and could no longer resist."<ref name=VII212/> However, the Persians had no more success on the second day than on the first.<ref name=VII212/> Xerxes at last stopped the assault and withdrew to his camp, "totally perplexed".<ref name =ctes/>

Later that day, however, as Xerxes was pondering what to do next, he received a windfall; a Trachinian named Ephialtes informed him of the mountain path around Thermopylae and offered to guide the Persian army.<ref name = VII213/> Ephialtes was motivated by the desire for a reward.<ref name = VII213>Herodotus [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+7.213.1 VII, 213] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831183055/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+7.213.1 |date=31 August 2021 }}</ref> For this act, the name "Ephialtes" received a lasting stigma; it came to mean "nightmare" in the Greek language and to symbolise the archetypal traitor in Greek culture.<ref>Tegopoulos, entry for Εφιάλτης</ref>

Herodotus reports that Xerxes sent his commander [[Hydarnes the Younger|Hydarnes]] that evening, with the men under his command, the Immortals, to encircle the Greeks via the path. However, he does not say who those men were.<ref>Herodotus [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+7.215.1 VII, 215] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831183019/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+7.215.1 |date=31 August 2021 }}</ref> The Immortals had been bloodied on the first day, so it is possible that Hydarnes may have been given overall command of an enhanced force including what was left of the Immortals; according to Diodorus, Hydarnes had a force of 20,000 for the mission.<ref>Green (2006), p. 59</ref> The path led from east of the Persian camp along the ridge of Mt. Anopaea behind the cliffs that flanked the pass. It branched, with one path leading to Phocis and the other down to the Malian Gulf at Alpenus, the first town of Locris.<ref name=VII217/>

===Third day===
[[File:Scene of the Battle of the Thermopylae.jpg|thumb|alt=19th-century painting by John Steeple Davis, depicting combat during the battle|Scene of the Battle of the Thermopylae (19th century illustration).]]

At daybreak on the third day, the Phocians guarding the path above Thermopylae became aware of the outflanking Persian column by the rustling of oak leaves. Herodotus says they jumped up and were greatly amazed.<ref name=VII218>Herodotus [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+7.218.1 VII, 218] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109100143/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+7.218.1 |date=9 November 2020 }}</ref> Hydarnes was perhaps just as amazed to see them hastily arming themselves as they were to see him and his forces.<ref name = h291>Holland, p. 291–293</ref> He feared they were Spartans but was informed by Ephialtes that they were not.<ref name=VII218/> The Phocians retreated to a nearby hill to make their stand (assuming the Persians had come to attack them).<ref name=VII218/> However, not wishing to be delayed, the Persians merely shot a volley of arrows at them, before bypassing them to continue with their [[encirclement]] of the main Greek force.<ref name=VII218/>

Learning from a runner that the Phocians had not held the path, Leonidas called a [[council of war]] at dawn.<ref name = VII219/> According to Diodorus, a Persian called Tyrrhastiadas, a [[Cyme (Aeolis)|Cymaean]] by birth, warned the Greeks.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0084%3Abook%3D11%3Achapter%3D8%3Asection%3D5 |title=Diodorus Siculus, Library, Book XI, Chapter 8, section 5 |access-date=9 October 2013 |archive-date=25 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925100341/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0084%3Abook%3D11%3Achapter%3D8%3Asection%3D5 |url-status=live }}</ref> Some of the Greeks argued for withdrawal, but Leonidas resolved to stay at the pass with the Spartans.<ref name = VII219/> Upon discovering that his army had been encircled, Leonidas told his allies that they could leave if they wanted to. While many of the Greeks took him up on his offer and fled, around 2,000 soldiers stayed behind to fight and die. Knowing that the end was near, the Greeks marched into the open field and met the Persians head-on. Many of the Greek contingents then either chose to withdraw (without orders) or were ordered to leave by Leonidas (Herodotus admits that there is some doubt about which actually happened).<ref name = VII219>Herodotus [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+7.219.1 VII, 219] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831183042/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+7.219.1 |date=31 August 2021 }}</ref><ref>Herodotus [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+7.220.1 VII, 220] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106154700/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+7.220.1 |date=6 November 2020 }}</ref> The contingent of 700 [[Thespiae|Thespians]], led by their general [[Demophilus (Thespiae)|Demophilus]], refused to leave and committed themselves to the fight.<ref name=VII222>Herodotus [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+7.222.1 VII, 222] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122050701/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+7.222.1 |date=22 November 2020 }}</ref> Also present were the 400 Thebans and probably the [[helot]]s who had accompanied the Spartans.<ref name = h291/>

Leonidas' actions have been the subject of much discussion. It is commonly stated that the Spartans were obeying the laws of Sparta by not retreating. It has also been proposed that the failure to retreat from Thermopylae gave rise to the notion that Spartans never retreated.<ref name = L144>Lazenby, pp. 144–145</ref> It has also been suggested that Leonidas, recalling the words of the Oracle, was committed to sacrificing his life in order to save Sparta.<ref name = L144/>

One commonly accepted theory is that Leonidas chose to form a rearguard so that the other Greek contingents could get away.<ref name = L144/><ref name = h294/> If all the troops had retreated, the open ground beyond the pass would have allowed the Persian cavalry to run the Greeks down. If they had all remained at the pass, they would have been encircled and would eventually have all been killed.<ref name = h291/> By covering the retreat and continuing to block the pass, Leonidas could save more than 3,000 men, who would be able to fight again.<ref name = h294/>

The Thebans have also been the subject of some discussion. Herodotus suggests they were brought to the battle as hostages to ensure the good behavior of Thebes.<ref name = VII205/> However, Plutarch had argued that if they were hostages, they would have been sent away with the rest of the Greeks.<ref name = L144/> The likelihood is that these were the Theban "loyalists", who unlike the majority of their fellow citizens, objected to Persian domination.<ref name = L144/> They thus probably came to Thermopylae of their own free will and stayed to the end because they could not return to Thebes if the Persians conquered Boeotia.<ref name = h291/>

The Thespians, resolved as they were not to submit to Xerxes, faced the destruction of their city if the Persians took Boeotia.<ref name = L144/> However, this alone does not explain the fact that they remained; the remainder of Thespiae was successfully evacuated before the Persians arrived there.<ref name = L144/> It seems that the Thespians volunteered to remain as a simple act of self-sacrifice, all the more amazing since their contingent represented every single hoplite the city could muster.<ref>Lazenby, pp. 259–260</ref> This seems to have been a particularly Thespian trait – on at least two other occasions in later history, a Thespian force would commit itself to a fight to the death.<ref name = L144/>

[[File:Battle of Thermopylae Spartans and Persians.jpg|thumb|left|Spartans surrounded by Persians, Battle of Thermopylae. 19th century illustration.]]
At dawn, Xerxes made [[libation]]s, pausing to allow the Immortals sufficient time to descend the mountain, and then began his advance.<ref name=VII223>Herodotus [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+7.223.1 VII, 223] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206055116/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+7.223.1 |date=6 December 2020 }}</ref> A Persian force of 10,000 men, comprising light infantry and cavalry, charged at the front of the Greek formation. The Greeks this time sallied forth from the wall to meet the Persians in the wider part of the pass, in an attempt to slaughter as many Persians as they could.<ref name=VII223/> They fought with spears, until every spear was shattered, and then switched to ''[[xiphos|xiphē]]'' (short swords).<ref name=VII224/> In this struggle, Herodotus states that two of Xerxes' brothers fell: [[Abrocomes]] and [[Hyperanthes]].<ref name=VII224/> Leonidas also died in the assault, shot down by Persian archers, and the two sides fought over his body; the Greeks took possession.<ref name=VII224>Herodotus [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+7.224.1 VII, 224] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209204816/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+7.224.1 |date=9 December 2020 }}</ref> As the Immortals approached, the Greeks withdrew and took a stand on a hill behind the wall.<ref name=VII225/> The Thebans "moved away from their companions, and with hands upraised, advanced toward the barbarians..." (Rawlinson translation), but a few were slain before their surrender was accepted.<ref name=VII225/> The king later had the Theban prisoners branded with the royal mark.<ref name=VII233>Herodotus [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+7.233.1 VII 233] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109154044/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+7.233.1 |date=9 November 2020 }}</ref> Of the remaining defenders, Herodotus says:
[[File:Achaemenid king killing a Greek hoplite.jpg|thumb|Crown-wearing Achaemenid king killing a Greek [[hoplite]]. Impression from a [[cylinder seal]], sculpted circa 500 BC–475 BC, at the time of [[Xerxes I]]. [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]].]]
<blockquote> Here they defended themselves to the last, those who still had swords using them, and the others resisting with their hands and teeth.<ref name=VII225>Herodotus [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+7.225.1 VII, 225] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201227141103/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+7.225.1 |date=27 December 2020 }}</ref></blockquote> Tearing down part of the wall, Xerxes ordered the hill surrounded, and the Persians rained down arrows until every last Greek was dead.<ref name=VII225/> In 1939, archaeologist [[Spyridon Marinatos]], excavating at Thermopylae, found large numbers of Persian bronze arrowheads on [[Kolonos Hill]], which changed the identification of the hill on which the Greeks were thought to have died from a smaller one nearer the wall.<ref>Crawford, p. 302</ref>

The pass at Thermopylae was thus opened to the Persian army, according to Herodotus, at the cost to the Persians of up to 20,000 fatalities.<ref name = VIII24>Herodotus [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+8.23.1 VIII, 24] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114131248/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+8.23.1 |date=14 November 2020 }}</ref> The Greek rearguard, meanwhile, was annihilated, with a probable loss of 2,000 men, including those killed on the first two days of battle.<ref>Holland, p. 397</ref> Herodotus says, at one point 4,000 Greeks died, but assuming the Phocians guarding the track were not killed during the battle (as Herodotus implies), this would be almost every Greek soldier present (by Herodotus' own estimates), and this number is probably too high.<ref>Lazenby, p. 148</ref>

==Aftermath==
{{Main|Second Persian invasion of Greece|Achaemenid destruction of Athens}}

[[File:Xerxes I tomb Persian soldier circa 480 BCE.jpg|thumb|upright|A Persian soldier at the time of the Second Achaemenid invasion of Greece.]]
After the Persians' departure, the Greeks collected their dead and buried them on the hill. A full 40 years after the battle, Leonidas' bones were returned to Sparta, where he was buried again with full honours; funeral games were held every year in his memory.<ref name="VII224" /><ref>Pausanias [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+3.14 III, 14] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621143457/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+3.14 |date=21 June 2021 }}</ref>

With Thermopylae now opened to the Persian army, the continuation of the blockade at Artemisium by the Greek fleet became irrelevant. The simultaneous naval Battle of Artemisium had been a tactical stalemate, and the Greek navy was able to retreat in good order to the [[Saronic Gulf]], where it helped to ferry the remaining Athenian citizens to the island of [[Salamis Island|Salamis]].<ref name = h294>Holland, p. 294</ref>

[[File:The Capture of the Acropolis by the Persians.jpg|thumb|left|The Capture of the [[Acropolis (Athens)|Acropolis]] and the [[Achaemenid destruction of Athens|destruction of Athens]] by the Achaemenids, following the battle of Thermopylae.]]
Following Thermopylae, the Persian army proceeded to sack and burn Plataea and Thespiae, the Boeotian cities that had not submitted, before it marched on the now evacuated city of Athens and accomplished the [[Achaemenid destruction of Athens]].<ref>Herodotus [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+8.49.1 VIII, 50] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831183121/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+8.49.1 |date=31 August 2021 }}</ref> Meanwhile, the Greeks (for the most part Peloponnesians) preparing to defend the Isthmus of Corinth, demolished the single road that led through it and built a wall across it.<ref>Herodotus [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+8.72.1 VIII, 71] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831183007/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+8.72.1 |date=31 August 2021 }}</ref> As at Thermopylae, making this an effective strategy required the Greek navy to stage a simultaneous blockade, barring the passage of the Persian navy across the Saronic Gulf, so that troops could not be landed directly on the Peloponnese.<ref name = h299>Holland, pp. 299–303</ref> However, instead of a mere blockade, Themistocles persuaded the Greeks to seek a decisive victory against the Persian fleet. Luring the Persian navy into the Straits of Salamis, the Greek fleet was able to destroy much of the Persian fleet in the [[Battle of Salamis]], which essentially ended the threat to the Peloponnese.<ref name = h327>Holland, pp. 327–334</ref>

Fearing the Greeks might attack the bridges across the Hellespont and trap his army in Europe, Xerxes now retreated with much of the Persian army back to Asia,<ref name = VIII97>Herodotus [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+8.97.1 VIII, 97] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831183023/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+8.97.1 |date=31 August 2021 }}</ref> though nearly all of them died of starvation and disease on the return voyage.<ref name = VIII115>Herodotus [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+8.115.1 VIII, 115] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815204451/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+8.115.1 |date=15 August 2022 }}</ref> He left a hand-picked force, under Mardonius, to complete the conquest the following year.<ref>Holland, p. 327–329</ref> However, under pressure from the Athenians, the Peloponnesians eventually agreed to try to force Mardonius to battle, and they marched on Attica.<ref name = h338/> Mardonius retreated to Boeotia to lure the Greeks into open terrain, and the two sides eventually met near the city of Plataea.<ref name = h338>Holland, pp. 338–341</ref> At the [[Battle of Plataea]], the Greek army won a decisive victory, destroying much of the Persian army and ending the invasion of Greece.<ref name = h338/> Meanwhile, at the near-simultaneous naval [[Battle of Mycale]], they also destroyed much of the remaining Persian fleet, thereby reducing the threat of further invasions.<ref>Holland, p. 357–359</ref>

[[File:Xerxes detail Hidush enhanced.jpg|thumb|upright|''[[Hindush|Hidush]]'' ([[Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley|Indian soldier of the Achaemenid army]]), circa 480 BC. [[Xerxes I]] tomb. Herodotus explained that Indians participated on the Second Persian invasion of Greece.<ref>Herodotus [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Herodotus/7B* .html VII 64–66]</ref>]]
Thermopylae is one of the most famous battles in European ancient history, repeatedly referenced in ancient, recent, and [[Battle of Thermopylae in popular culture|contemporary culture]].{{citation needed|date=July 2022}} In Western culture at least, it is the Greeks who are lauded for their performance in battle.<ref name = hxviii>Holland, p. ''xviii''.</ref> However, within the context of the Persian invasion, Thermopylae was undoubtedly a defeat for the Greeks.<ref name="Lazenby, p. 151">Lazenby, p. 151.</ref> It seems clear that the Greek strategy was to hold off the Persians at Thermopylae and Artemisium;<ref name = L248/> whatever they may have intended, it was presumably not their desire to surrender all of Boeotia and Attica to the Persians.<ref name = L248/> The Greek position at Thermopylae, despite being massively outnumbered, was nearly impregnable.<ref name = h294/> If the position had been held for even a little longer, the Persians might have had to retreat for lack of food and water.<ref name = h285/> Thus, despite the heavy losses, forcing the pass was strategically a Persian victory,<ref name = h294/> but the successful retreat of the bulk of the Greek troops was in its own sense a victory as well. The battle itself had shown that even when heavily outnumbered, the Greeks could put up an effective fight against the Persians, and the defeat at Thermopylae had turned Leonidas and the men under his command into martyrs. That boosted the morale of all Greek soldiers in the second Persian invasion.<ref name = h294/>

It is sometimes stated that Thermopylae was a [[Pyrrhic victory]] for the Persians<ref name="Tung & Tung, p. 239">Tung & Tung, p. 239.</ref><ref name="Marozzi, p. 74">Marozzi, p. 74.</ref> (i.e., one in which the victor is as damaged by the battle as the defeated party). However, there is no suggestion by Herodotus that the effect on the Persian forces was that. The idea ignores the fact that the Persians would, in the aftermath of Thermopylae, conquer the majority of Greece,<ref name = Cawk105>Cawkwell, pp. 105–106</ref> and the fact that they were still fighting in Greece a year later.<ref name = IX1>Herodotus [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+9.1.1 IX, 1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914183217/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+9.1.1 |date=14 September 2020 }}</ref> Alternatively, the argument is sometimes advanced that the last stand at Thermopylae was a successful delaying action that gave the Greek navy time to prepare for the Battle of Salamis.{{efn|"The Battle of Thermopylae was a Pyrrhic victory for [the Persians] but it offered Athens invaluable time to prepare for the decisive naval battle of Salamis one month later."<ref name="Tung & Tung, p. 239"/>}} However, compared to the probable time (about one month) between Thermopylae and Salamis, the time bought was negligible.<ref name = hnet>{{cite web |url=http://www.historynet.com/greco-persian-wars-battle-of-thermopylae.htm/6 |title=Greco-Persian Wars: Battle of Thermopylae |date=12 June 2006 |publisher=HistoryNet |access-date=27 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228234109/http://www.historynet.com/greco-persian-wars-battle-of-thermopylae.htm/6 |archive-date=28 February 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> Furthermore, this idea also neglects the fact that a Greek navy was fighting at Artemisium during the Battle of Thermopylae, incurring losses in the process.<ref>Herodotus [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+8.1.1 VIII, 1–19] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914184311/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+8.1.1 |date=14 September 2020 }}</ref> [[George Cawkwell]] suggests that the gap between Thermopylae and Salamis was caused by Xerxes' systematically reducing Greek opposition in Phocis and Boeotia, and not as a result of the Battle of Thermopylae; thus, as a delaying action, Thermopylae was insignificant compared to Xerxes' own procrastination.<ref name = Cawk105/> Far from labelling Thermopylae as a Pyrrhic victory, modern academic treatises on the Graeco-Persian Wars tend to emphasise the success of Xerxes in breaching the formidable Greek position and the subsequent conquest of the majority of Greece. For instance, Cawkwell states: "he was successful on both land and sea, and the Great Invasion began with a brilliant success.
... Xerxes had every reason to congratulate himself",<ref>Cawkwell, p. 104.</ref> while Lazenby describes the Greek defeat as "disastrous".<ref name="Lazenby, p. 151"/>

The fame of Thermopylae is thus principally derived not from its effect on the outcome of the war but for the inspirational example it set.<ref name = hnet/><ref>Lazenby, p. 150</ref> Thermopylae is famous because of the heroism of the doomed rearguard, who, despite facing certain death, remained at the pass.<ref name="hxviii"/> Ever since, the events of Thermopylae have been the source of effusive praise from many sources: "Salamis, Plataea, Mycale and Sicily are the fairest sister-victories which the Sun has ever seen, yet they would never dare to compare their combined glory with the glorious defeat of King Leonidas and his men".<ref>Michel de Montaigne, quoted in Holland, p. ''xviii''.</ref> A second reason is the example it set of free men, fighting for their country and their freedom:

<blockquote>So almost immediately, contemporary Greeks saw Thermopylae as a critical moral and culture lesson. In universal terms, a small, free people had willingly outfought huge numbers of imperial subjects who advanced under the lash. More specifically, the Western idea that soldiers themselves decide where, how, and against whom they will fight was contrasted against the Eastern notion of despotism and monarchy—freedom proving the stronger idea as the more courageous fighting of the Greeks at Thermopylae, and their later victories at Salamis and Plataea attested.<ref name="hanson">{{cite web |url=http://www.victorhanson.com/articles/hanson101106.html |title=History and the Movie "300" |first=Victor Davis |last=Hanson |date=11 October 2006 |website=Private Papers |access-date=27 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090319045718/http://www.victorhanson.com/articles/hanson101106.html |archive-date=19 March 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref></blockquote> While this paradigm of "free men" outfighting "slaves" can be seen as a rather sweeping overgeneralisation (there are many counter-examples), it is nevertheless true that many commentators have used Thermopylae to illustrate this point.<ref name = L248>Lazenby, pp. 248–253</ref>

Militarily, although the battle was actually not decisive in the context of the Persian invasion, Thermopylae is of some significance on the basis of the first two days of fighting. The performance of the defenders is used as an example of the advantages of training, equipment, and good use of terrain as [[force multiplier]]s.<ref name=usarmy>Eikenberry, 1996</ref>

==Legacy==
===Monuments===
There are several monuments around the battlefield of Thermopylae. One is a statue of King Leonidas I, portrayed as bearing a spear and shield.

====Epitaph of Simonides====
[[File:Thermopiles memorial epitaph.jpg|right|thumb|Epitaph with [[Simonides of Ceos|Simonides]]' epigram]]

A well-known [[epigram]], usually attributed to Simonides, was engraved as an [[epitaph]] on a commemorative stone placed on top of the burial mound of the Spartans at Thermopylae. It is also the hill on which the last of them died.<ref name="VII228" /> The original stone has not survived, but in 1955, the epitaph was engraved on a new stone. The text from Herodotus is:<ref name="VII228"/>

:{{lang|grc|Ὦ ξεῖν', ἀγγέλλειν Λακεδαιμονίοις ὅτι τῇδε}}
:{{lang|grc|κείμεθα, τοῖς κείνων ῥήμασι πειθόμενοι}}.

:''Ō ksein', angellein Lakedaimoniois hoti tēide''
:''keimetha, tois keinōn rhēmasi peithomenoi.''

:O stranger, tell the Lacedaemonians that
:we lie here, obedient to their words.<ref name="Ziogas">{{cite journal |last=Ziogas |first=Ioannis |title=Sparse Spartan Verse: Filling Gaps in the Thermopylae Epigram |journal=Ramus |publisher=Aureal Publications |date=9 November 2014 |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=115–133 |doi=10.1017/rmu.2014.10 |hdl=1885/13680 |s2cid=109914629 |url=https://www.academia.edu/3387164 |access-date=10 October 2014 |hdl-access=free |archive-date=25 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725154859/https://www.academia.edu/3387164 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The alternative ancient reading {{lang|grc|πειθόμενοι νομίμοις}} (''peithomenoi nomίmois'') for {{lang|grc|ῥήμασι πειθόμενοι}} (''rhēmasi peithomenoi'') substitutes "laws" ([[:wikt:νόμος#Ancient Greek|νόμοι]]) for "words".<ref>"this sublime distich (ἡ θρυλουμένη ἐπιγραφή) is quoted with variations by Strabo 429 (and others): (1) ὦ ξέν᾽, ἀπάγγειλον and (2) τοῖς κείνων πειθόμενοι νομίμοις. ''Longe praestat Herodotea lectio'' (Valck.). [[Cicero]], [[Tusculanae Disputationes|Tusc.]] 1. 42. 101, translates (from the inferior version) ''dic hospes Spartae, nos te hic vidisse iacentes, dum sanctis patriae legibus obsequimur.''" (Macan, note to Herodotus VII, 228)</ref>

The form of this ancient Greek poetry is an [[elegiac couplet]], commonly used for epitaphs. Some English renderings are given in the table below. It is also an example of [[Laconic phrase|Laconian brevity]], which allows for varying interpretations of the meaning of the poem.<ref name="Ziogas"/> Ioannis Ziogas points out that the usual English translations are far from the only interpretation possible, and indicate much about the romantic tendencies of the translators.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ziogas |first=Ioannis |date=2014 |title=Sparse Spartan Verse: Filling Gaps in the Thermopylae Epigram |url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/13680/2/Ziogas%20Sparse%20Spartan%20Verse%202014.pdf |website=Ramus: Critical Studies in Greek and Roman Literature 43 (2)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921205437/https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/13680/2/Ziogas%20Sparse%20Spartan%20Verse%202014.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2017 }}</ref>

It was well known in ancient Greece that all the Spartans who had been sent to Thermopylae had been killed there (with the exception of [[Aristodemus of Sparta|Aristodemus]] and [[Pantites]]), and the epitaph exploits the conceit that there was nobody left to bring the news of their deeds back to Sparta. Greek epitaphs often appealed to the passing reader (always called 'stranger') for sympathy, but the epitaph for the dead Spartans at Thermopylae took this convention much further than usual, asking the reader to make a personal journey to Sparta to break the news that the Spartan expeditionary force had been wiped out. The stranger is also asked to stress that the Spartans died 'fulfilling their orders'.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!'''Translation'''
!'''Notes'''
|+
|-
|Go tell the Spartans, thou who passest by, That here, obedient to their laws, we lie.<ref>Strachey, p. 481</ref>
|[[William Lisle Bowles]]
|-
|Stranger, tell the Spartans that we behaved as they would wish us to, and are buried here.<ref>Golding, excerpt from ''The Hot Gates''.</ref>
|[[William Golding]]
|-
|Stranger! To Sparta say, her faithful band Here lie in death, remembering her command.<ref>Merivale, p. 64</ref>
|[[Francis Hodgson]]
|-
|Stranger, report this word, we pray, to the Spartans, that lying Here in this spot we remain, faithfully keeping their laws.<ref>Macauley translation of Herodotus, p. 220</ref>
|[[George Campbell Macaulay]]
|-
|Stranger, bear this message to the Spartans, that we lie here obedient to their laws.<ref>Paton, p. 139</ref>
|[[William Roger Paton]]
|-
|Go tell the Spartans, stranger passing by, that here obedient to their laws we lie.<ref>Pressfield, p. 384</ref>
|[[Steven Pressfield]]
|-
|Go, stranger, and to Lacedaemon tell That here, obeying her behests, we fell.<ref name="Rvii-228">Rawlinson translation of Herodotus, p. 51</ref>
|[[George Rawlinson]]
|-
|Go, way-farer, bear news to Sparta's town that here, their bidding done, we laid us down.<ref>Robinson, p. 65</ref>
|[[Cyril E. Robinson]]
|-
|Go tell the Spartans, you who read: We took their orders, and lie here dead.<ref>Sélincourt translation of Herodotus (1954)</ref>
|[[Aubrey de Sélincourt]]
|-
|Friend, tell Lacedaemon Here we lie Obedient to our orders.<ref>Translation by William Shepherd, from the Cambridge series of translations by Greek and Roman authors.</ref>
|William Shepherd
|-
|Tell them in Lacedaemon, passer-by, that here obedient to their word we lie
|Hadas (1950)<ref>Moses Hadas, '' A History of Greek Literature'' (1950), p. 56.</ref>
|-
|Oh Stranger, tell the Spartans That we lie here obedient to their word.<ref>Credited writers for the film are: George St. George, Gian Paolo Callegari, Remigio Del Grosso, Giovanni d'Eramo, and Ugo Liberatore.</ref>
|From the 1962 film ''[[The 300 Spartans]]''
|-
|Stranger, when you find us lying here, go tell the Spartans we obeyed their orders.<ref>Screenplay by Wendell Mayes, based on the novel "Incident at Muc Wa" by Daniel Ford.</ref>
|From the 1977 film ''[[Go Tell the Spartans]]''
|-
|Go tell the Spartans, passerby: That here, by Spartan law, we lie.
|[[Frank Miller]] (1998; subsequently used in the 2007 film, ''[[300 (film)|300]]'')
|}

The first line of the epigram was used as the title of the short story "[[Stranger, Bear Word to the Spartans We…]]" by the German [[Nobel Prize]] laureate [[Heinrich Böll]]. A variant of the epigram is inscribed on the [[Polish Cemetery at Monte Cassino]].

[[John Ruskin]] expressed the importance of this ideal to [[western culture|Western civilisation]] as follows:<blockquote>Also obedience in its highest form is not obedience to a constant and compulsory law, but a persuaded or voluntary yielded obedience to an issued command ... His name who leads the armies of Heaven is "Faithful and True"... and all deeds which are done in alliance with these armies ... are essentially deeds of faith, which therefore ... is at once the source and the substance of all known deed, rightly so called ... as set forth in the last word of the noblest group of words ever, so far as I know, uttered by simple man concerning his practice, being the final testimony of the leaders of a great practical nation ... [the epitaph in Greek]<ref name=rusk>Ruskin, p. 212</ref></blockquote>

[[Cicero]] recorded a [[Latin]] variation in his ''[[Tusculanae Disputationes]]'' (1.42.101):

:''Dic, hospes, Spartae nos te hic vidisse iacentes''
:''dum sanctis patriae legibus obsequimur.''

:Tell, stranger, to Sparta that you saw us lying here
:since we followed the sacred laws of the fatherland.<ref name="Ziogas" />

====Leonidas monument====
Additionally, there is a modern monument at the site, called the "Leonidas Monument" by Vassos Falireas, in honour of the Spartan king. It features a bronze statue of Leonidas. A sign, under the statue, reads simply: "[[Molon labe|Μολὼν λαβέ]]" ("Come and take them!"—as in answer to Xerxes' demand that the Greeks give up their weapons). The [[metope (architecture)|metope]] below depicts battle scenes. The two marble statues on the left and the right of the monument represent, respectively, the river [[Eurotas River|Eurotas]] and Mount [[Taygetos]], famous landmarks of [[Sparta]].<ref name="RingWatson2013">{{cite book |last1=Ring |first1=Trudy |last2=Watson |first2=Noelle |last3=Schellinger |first3=Paul |title=Southern Europe: International Dictionary of Historic Places |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qcr9AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA695 |date=5 November 2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-25958-8 |page=695}}</ref>

====Thespian monument====
[[File:Thespians monument.jpg|thumb|Thespian monument]]
In 1997 a second monument was officially unveiled by the Greek government, dedicated to the 700 Thespians who fought with the Spartans <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gale |first=Alexander |date=11 September 2024 |title=Thespians: The Forgotten Heroes of the Battle of Thermopylae |url=https://greekreporter.com/2024/09/11/thespians-heroes-battle-thermopylae/ |access-date=9 January 2025 |website=GreekReporter.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Karapalides |first=Harry |date=20 September 2015 |title=Thermopylae and the "Other" Spartans ⋆ Cosmos Philly |url=https://cosmosphilly.com/thermopylae-and-the-other-spartans/ |access-date=9 January 2025 |website=Cosmos Philly |language=en-US}}</ref>The monument is made of marble and features a bronze statue depicting the god [[Eros (mythology)|Eros]], to whom the ancient Thespians accorded particular [[Religion in ancient Greece|religious veneration]]. Under the statue, a sign reads: "In memory of the seven hundred Thespians."

A plate below the statue explains its symbolism:
* The headless male figure symbolises the anonymous sacrifice of the 700 Thespians to their country.
* The outstretched chest symbolises the struggle, the gallantry, the strength, the bravery and the courage.
* The open wing symbolises the victory, the glory, the soul, the spirit and the freedom.
* The broken wing symbolises the voluntary sacrifice and death.
* The naked body symbolises Eros, the most important god of the ancient Thespians, a god of creation, beauty and life.

The monument to the Thespians is placed beside the one to the Spartans.

===Associated legends===
[[File:The Battle of Thermopylae engraving.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|''The Battle of Thermopylae'', 19th century engraving]]
Herodotus' colourful account of the battle has provided history with many apocryphal incidents and conversations away from the main historical events. These accounts are obviously not verifiable, but they form an integral part of the legend of the battle and often demonstrate the [[laconic]] speech (and wit) of the Spartans to good effect.

For instance, Plutarch recounts, in his ''Sayings of Spartan Women'', upon his departure, Leonidas' wife [[Gorgo, Queen of Sparta|Gorgo]] asked what she should do if he did not return, to which Leonidas replied, "Marry a good man and have good children."<ref>Plutarch, Apophthegmata Laconica [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0197%3Achapter%3D51%3Asection%3D2 Plut. Apoph. 51.2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808021334/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0197%3Achapter%3D51%3Asection%3D2 |date=8 August 2022 }} and Moralia, 240 E (6)</ref>

It is reported that, upon arriving at Thermopylae, the Persians sent a mounted scout to reconnoitre. The Greeks allowed him to come up to the camp, observe them, and depart. Xerxes found the scout's reports of the size of the Greek force, and that the Spartans were indulging in [[calisthenics|callisthenics]] and combing their long hair, laughable. Seeking the counsel of [[Demaratus]], an exiled Spartan king in his retinue, Xerxes was told the Spartans were preparing for battle, and it was their custom to adorn their hair when they were about to risk their lives. Demaratus called them "the bravest men in Greece" and warned the Great King they intended to dispute the pass. He emphasised that he had tried to warn Xerxes earlier in the campaign, but the king had refused to believe him. He added that if Xerxes ever managed to subdue the Spartans, "there is no other nation in all the world which will venture to lift a hand in their defence."<ref name=VII209>Herodotus [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+7.209.1 VII, 209] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109202317/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+7.209.1 |date=9 November 2020 }}</ref>

Herodotus also describes Leonidas' reception of a Persian envoy. The ambassador told Leonidas that Xerxes would offer him the kingship of all Greece if he joined with Xerxes. Leonidas answered: "If you had any knowledge of the noble things of life, you would refrain from coveting others' possessions; but for me to die for Greece is better than to be the sole ruler over the people of my race."<ref>Plutarch, Moralia, 225, saying 10</ref> Then the ambassador asked him more forcefully to surrender their arms. To this Leonidas gave his famous answer: Μολὼν λαβέ ("Come and get them.")<ref>Plutarch, Apophthegmata Laconica, Saying 11.</ref>

Such laconic bravery doubtlessly helped to maintain morale. Herodotus writes that when Dienekes, a Spartan soldier, was informed that Persian arrows would be so numerous as "to block out the sun", he retorted, "So much the better...then we shall fight our battle in the shade."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+7.226.1 |title=Herodotus, The Histories, Book 7, chapter 226, section 1 |publisher=Perseus.tufts.edu |access-date=26 November 2014 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154045/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+7.226.1 |url-status=live }}</ref>

After the battle, Xerxes was curious as to what the Greeks had been trying to do (presumably because they had had so few men) and had some Arcadian deserters interrogated in his presence. The answer was: all the other men were participating in the Olympic Games. When Xerxes asked what the prize was for the winner, the answer was: "an olive-wreath". Upon hearing this, [[Tigranes]], a Persian general, said: "Good heavens, Mardonius, what kind of men are these that you have pitted against us? It is not for riches that they contend but for honour!" (Godley translation) or otherwise, "Ye Gods, Mardonius, what men have you brought us to fight against? Men that fight not for gold, but for glory."<ref name=VIII26>{{cite web |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+8.26.1 |title=Herodotus,'' The Histories'', Book 8, chapter 26, section 1 |publisher=Perseus.tufts.edu |access-date=26 November 2014 |archive-date=13 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913152518/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+8.26.1 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Commemoration===
Greece has announced two commemorative coins to mark 2,500 years since the historic battle.<ref name=GR>{{cite web |url=https://greece.greekreporter.com/2020/02/03/greece-issues-commemorative-coins-for-2500th-anniversary-of-battle-of-thermopylae/ |title=Greece Issues Commemorative Coins for 2500th Anniversary of Battle of Thermopylae |last=Kampouris |first=Nick |date=3 February 2020 |website=Greek Reporter |access-date=9 February 2020 |quote=Greece will soon issue two commemorative coins to mark 2500 years since the historic battle of Thermopylae, fought in 480 BC. |archive-date=8 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408091548/https://greece.greekreporter.com/2020/02/03/greece-issues-commemorative-coins-for-2500th-anniversary-of-battle-of-thermopylae/ |url-status=live }}</ref> While this anniversary took place in 2021, the coins show the dates 2020 and 480 BC and the text "2,500 years since the Battle of Thermopylae."


==Analogues==
[[File:2persian gate wall.JPG|thumb|The [[Persian Gates]] narrow pass leading to [[Persepolis]]]]

Similarities between the Battle of Thermopylae and the [[Battle of the Persian Gate]] have been recognised by both ancient and modern authors,<ref>W. Heckel, "Alexander at the Persian Gates", ''Athenaeum'' '''58''', 1980, p. 171</ref> which describe it as a kind of reversal of the Battle of Thermopylae,<ref name=Prevas17>[[John Prevas|J. Prevas]], ''Envy of the Gods: Alexander the Great's Ill-Fated Journey across Asia'' (USA: Da Capo Press, 2004), {{ISBN|0-306-81268-1}}, page 17</ref> calling it "the Persian Thermopylae".<ref>A. R. Burn, ''Alexander the Great and the Middle East'', Harmondsworth, 1973, p. 121</ref> Here, on [[Alexander the Great]]'s campaign against Persia in 330 BC, he faced the same situation, encountering a last stand of the Persian forces, commanded by [[Ariobarzanes of Persis|Ariobarzanes]], at a narrow pass near Persepolis who held the invaders for a month, until the enemy found a path to their rear. There are even accounts that a local shepherd informed Alexander's forces about the secret path, just as a local Greek showed the Persian forces a secret path around the pass at Thermopylae.<ref name=Prevas17/><ref>{{cite book |last=Sarathi Bose |first=Partha |title=Alexander the Great's Art of Strategy |publisher=Gotham |year=2003 |pages=134 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=49Tc7jRSBrIC&pg=PA134 |isbn=1-59240-053-1 |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=10 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510094920/https://books.google.com/books?id=49Tc7jRSBrIC&pg=PA134 |url-status=live }}</ref> Curtius describes the subsequent battle fought by the surrounded, unarmed Persians as "memorable".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Shahbazi |first1=A. Sh. |author-link1=Alireza Shapour Shahbazi |title=ARIOBARZANES – Encyclopaedia Iranica |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ariobarzanes-greek-form-of-old-iranian-proper-name-arya-brzana |website=www.iranicaonline.org |access-date=10 August 2018 |language=en |archive-date=5 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305100324/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ariobarzanes-greek-form-of-old-iranian-proper-name-arya-brzana |url-status=live }}</ref>

==In popular culture==
{{main|Battle of Thermopylae in popular culture}}

The battle's earliest known appearance in culture is a series of epigrams commemorating the dead written by Simonides of Ceos in the battle's aftermath.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Clough |first=Emma |title=Spartan Society |date=2004 |publisher=ISD LLC |isbn=978-1-914535-21-5 |editor-last=Figueira |editor-first=Thomas J. |pages=363 |language=en |chapter=Loyalty and Liberty: Thermopylae in the Western Imagination |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0hctEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA363 |access-date=10 January 2023 |archive-date=6 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106023454/https://books.google.com/books?id=0hctEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA363#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> In Europe, interest in the battle was revitalized in the 1700s with the publication of the poems ''[[Leonidas, A Poem]]'' by [[Richard Glover (poet)|Richard Glover]] in 1737 and ''[[Leonidas (poem)|Leonidas]]'' by [[Willem van Haren]] in 1742.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Morris |first=Ian Macgregor |title=Cultural Responses to the Persian Wars: Antiquity to the Third Millennium |date=2007 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-155751-4 |editor-last=Bridges |editor-first=Emma |pages=231–232 |language=en |chapter='Shrines of the Mighty': Rediscovering the Battlefields of the Persian Wars |editor-last2=Hall |editor-first2=Edith |editor-link2=Edith Hall |editor-last3=Rhodes |editor-first3=P. J. |editor-link3=P. J. Rhodes |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uxZREAAAQBAJ&pg=PA231 |access-date=10 January 2023 |archive-date=6 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106023454/https://books.google.com/books?id=uxZREAAAQBAJ&pg=PA231#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

The battle has been featured in numerous works of art, and overall, there is a long tradition of upholding the story of the battle as an example of virtuous self-sacrifice. [[Steven Pressfield]]'s 1998 novel ''[[Gates of Fire]]'' is unusual in depicting the battle as gruesome rather than glorious.

In 2006 director [[Zack Snyder]] released the action film [[300 (film)|''300'']], which depicts the battle and grossed US$456 million globally.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Levene |first=D. S. |title=Cultural Responses to the Persian Wars: Antiquity to the Third Millennium |date=2007 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-155751-4 |editor-last=Bridges |editor-first=Emma |pages=383 |language=en |chapter=Xerxes Goes to Hollywood |editor-last2=Hall |editor-first2=Edith |editor-link2=Edith Hall |editor-last3=Rhodes |editor-first3=P. J. |editor-link3=P. J. Rhodes |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uxZREAAAQBAJ&pg=PA383 |access-date=10 January 2023 |archive-date=6 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106023454/https://books.google.com/books?id=uxZREAAAQBAJ&pg=PA383#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was based on a 1998 comic book series [[300 (comics)|of the same name]] by [[Frank Miller]].

==See also==
{{Portal|Ancient Greece|Greece}}
* [[List of last stands]]

==References==
'''Informational notes'''
{{notelist}}

'''Citations'''
{{reflist|colwidth=25em}}

'''Bibliography'''
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* Bradford, Ernle (1980). ''The Battle for the West: Thermopylae''. McGraw-Hill. {{ISBN|0-07-007062-8}}.
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* {{cite book |first=J.K. |last=Merivale |title=From the Greek Anthology by the Late Rev. Robert Bland, and Others: A New Edition: Comprising the Fragments of Early Lyric Poetry, With Specimens of All the Poets Included in Meleager's Garland |publisher=Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longman; and John Murray |year=1833}}
* {{cite comic |cartoonist=[[Frank Miller|Miller, Frank]] |title=[[300 (comics)|300]] |publisher=Dark Horse Comics |date=1999 |id={{ISBN|1569714029}}}}
* {{cite book |first= |last= |title=The Greek Anthology |url=https://archive.org/details/greekanthology01patogoog |publisher=W. Heineman |year=1918 |editor-last=Capps |editor-first=E. |translator-last=Paton |translator-first=William Roger |editor-last2=Page |editor-first2=T. E. |editor-last3=Rouse |editor-first3=W. H. D.}}
* {{cite web |last=Plutarch |author-link=Plutarch |title=Apophthegmata Laconica |work=Sayings of Spartans – 208B-236E |publisher=Bill Thayer |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/e/roman/texts/plutarch/moralia/sayings_of_spartans*/main.html |access-date=26 October 2007}}
* {{cite web |last=Plutarch |author-link=Plutarch |title=Lacaenarum Apophthegmata |work=Sayings of Spartan Women |publisher=Bill Thayer |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Moralia/Sayings_of_Spartan_Women*.html |access-date=26 October 2007}}
* {{cite book |first=Steven |last=Pressfield |author-link=Steven Pressfield |title=[[Gates of Fire|Gates of Fire: An Epic Novel of the Battle of Thermopylae]] |publisher=Doubleday |year=1998 |isbn=1407066595}}
* {{cite book |first=C.E. |last=Robinson |title=Hellas – A Short History of Ancient Greece |publisher=Pantheon Books |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-4067-6699-8}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ruskin |first=John |author-link=John Ruskin |chapter=Part VIII: Of Ideas of Relation – I. of Invention Formal: Chapter I: The Law of Help |title=The Complete Works: Modern Painters: Volume the Fifth |publisher=Bryan, Taylor and Company |year=1894 |location=New York |oclc=4631131}}
* {{cite journal |last=Strachey |first=Edward |author-link=Edward Strachey, 1st Baron Strachey |title=The Soldiers' Duty |journal=The Contemporary Review |volume=XVI |pages=480–485 |publisher=Strahan & Co |location=London |date=February 1871}}
* {{cite book |first=G. |last=Tegopoulos |author2=A. Phytrakis |title=Elliniko Lexico (Greek Dictionary) |publisher=Armonia |year=1988 |location=Athens}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Tung |first1=Douglas S. |last2=Tung |first2=Teresa K. |title=36 Stratagems Plus: Illustrated by International Cases |publisher=Trafford Publishing |year=2010 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ghpmAcUJM_EC |isbn=978-1-4269-2806-2}}

'''Further reading'''
* {{cite book |last=Campbell |first=George |title=The History of Herodotus: Translated into English: Vol. II |publisher=MacMillan and Co., Limited |location=London |year=1889}}
* {{cite book |last=Grundy |first=George |author-link=George Beardoe Grundy |title=The Great Persian War and its preliminaries; A Study of the Evidence, Literary and Topographical |url=https://archive.org/details/greatpersianwar00grungoog |publisher=John Murray, Albemarle Street |location=London |year=1901}}
* {{cite book |last=Cartledge |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Cartledge |title=Thermopylae: The Battle That Changed the World |location=Woodstock, New York |publisher=The Overlook Press |year=2006 |isbn=1-58567-566-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/thermopylaebattl00cart}}
* {{cite book |last=Matthews |first=Rupert |title=The Battle of Thermopylae: A Campaign in Context |location=Stroud, Gloucestershire, UK |publisher=Tempus Publishing |year=2006 |isbn=1-86227-325-1}}
* Fehling, D. ''Herodotus and His "Sources": Citation, Invention, and Narrative Art''. Translated by J.G. Howie. Arca Classical and Medieval Texts, Papers, and Monographs, 21. Leeds: Francis Cairns, 1989
* {{Cite journal |doi=10.2307/530139 |issn=0093-4690 |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=181–98 |last1=Kraft |first1=John C. |last2=Rapp |first2=George |last3=Szemler |first3=George J. |last4=Tziavos |first4=Christos |last5=Kase |first5=Edward W. |title=The pass at Thermopylae, Greece |journal=Journal of Field Archaeology |url=http://faculty.uml.edu/Ethan_Spanier/Teaching/documents/Thermopylaegeology.pdf |date=July 1987 |jstor=530139 |access-date=5 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009111537/http://faculty.uml.edu/Ethan_Spanier/Teaching/documents/Thermopylaegeology.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2014 |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book |last=Finley |first=Moses |author-link=Moses Finley |title=Thucydides – History of the Peloponnesian War (translated by Rex Warner) |chapter=Introduction |publisher=Penguin |year=1972 |isbn=0-14-044039-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofpelopo000thuc}}
* {{cite journal |last=Barkworth |first=Peter R. |title=The Organization of Xerxes' Army |journal=Iranica Antiqua |volume=XXVII |pages=149–167 |year=1993 |url=http://www.azargoshnasp.net/300/xerxesorganizationarmy.pdf |access-date=18 October 2007 |doi=10.2143/ia.27.0.2002126}}
* {{cite journal |last=Morris |first=Ian Macgregor |title=To Make a New Thermopylae: Hellenism, Greek Liberation, and the Battle of Thermopylae |journal=Greece & Rome |volume=47 |issue=2 |year=2000 |pages=211–230 |doi=10.1093/gr/47.2.211}}
* {{cite journal |title=Herodotus and the Dating of the Battle of Thermopylae |journal=The Classical Quarterly |year=1976 |first=Kenneth S. |last=Sacks |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=232–248 |jstor=638269 |doi=10.1017/S0009838800033127 |s2cid=170336169}}
* Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους = History of the Greek nation volume Β', Athens 1971

==External links==
{{Commons category|Battle of Thermopylae}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090208155836/http://edsitement.neh.gov/ EDSITEment] Lesson Plan: [https://web.archive.org/web/20101011194523/http://edsitement.neh.gov//view_lesson_plan.asp?id=735 300 Spartans at the Battle of Thermopylae: Herodotus' Real History] (from the National Endowment for the Humanities)
* {{cite web |first=Jona |last=Lendering |author-link=Jona Lendering |title=Herodotus' twenty-second logos: Thermopylae |publisher=Livius articles on ancient history |date=1996–2007 |url=https://www.livius.org/he-hg/herodotus/logos7_22.html |access-date=19 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011204924/https://www.livius.org/he-hg/herodotus/logos7_22.html |archive-date=11 October 2007 |url-status=live}}
* [http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=7343618077473282887 ''The Five Great Battles of Antiquity''] by David L. Smith, [http://symposionlectures.googlepages.com Symposion Lectures] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090504211507/http://symposionlectures.googlepages.com/ |date=4 May 2009 }}, 30 June 2006.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061219193949/http://www.siu.edu/~dfll/classics/Johnson/HTML/Thermopylae/Tmon.jpg Modern monument] at siu.edu
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070108192514/http://www.coloradocollege.edu/dept/CL/images/thermop.jpg Spartan burial mound] at coloradocollege.edu
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p004y278 Thermopylae], BBC Radio 4 discussion with Tom Holland, Simon Goldhill & Edith Hall (''In Our Time'', 5 February 2004)
{{Achaemenid Empire}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Battle of Thermopylae}}
[[Category:Battle of Thermopylae| ]]
[[Category:480s BC conflicts|Thermopylae]]
[[Category:480 BC]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Achaemenid Empire|Thermopylae]]
[[Category:Battles of the Greco-Persian Wars|Thermopylae]]
[[Category:Last stands|T]]
[[Category:Military history of Lamia (city)]]
[[Category:Encirclements]]
[[Category:Battles involving Sparta]]

A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada

2026-03-23T03:06:57Z

User987delhi: rework article per standard format and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Indian spiritual teacher (1896–1977)}}
{{Redirect2|Bhaktivedanta|Prabhupada|the college|International Society for Krishna Consciousness|other people called Prabhupada|Prabhupad (disambiguation){{!}}Prabhupad}}
{{Use American English|date=April 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
| name = A.{{nbsp}}C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada
| image = Prabhupada singing (Germany 1974).jpg
| alt = A portrait of an elderly Indian man in light-saffron robes with a red flower garland around his neck, sitting cross-legged with his eyes closed, playing hand cymbals and signing.
| caption = A.{{nbsp}}C. Bhaktivedanta Swami in Germany, 1974
| title = Founder-{{IAST|[[Acharya]]}} of the [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness]]
| honorific-prefix = His Divine Grace
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1896|09|01}}
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| birth_name = Abhay Charan De
| alma_mater = [[Scottish Church College|Scottish Churches College]], [[University of Calcutta]]{{sfn|Jones|2007|pp=77-78}}
| initiation = {{Ubl|{{IAST|[[Diksha]]}}: 1933 (by [[Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati]])|{{IAST|[[Sannyasa]]}}: 1959 (by [[Bhakti Prajnan Keshava]])}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1977|11|14|1896|09|01}}
| death_place = [[Vrindavan]], India
| resting_place = Srila Prabhupada's {{IAST|[[Samadhi (shrine)|Samadhi Mandir]]}}, [[Krishna Balaram Mandir|ISKCON Vrindavan]]
| resting_place_coordinates = {{Coord|27.57196|77.67729}}
| guru = [[Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Thakur]]
| lineage = from [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]]
| known_for = [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|the Hare Krishna movement]]{{sfn|Klostermaier|2000|p=25}}
| works = {{Ubl|{{IAST|[[Bhagavata Purana|Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam]]}} (trans. and comm.) | {{IAST|[[Chaitanya Charitamrita|Caitanya-caritāmṛta]]}} (trans. and comm.)|''[[Bhagavad-Gītā As It Is]]'' (trans. and comm.) | ''[[Krishna, the Supreme Personality of Godhead|Kṛṣṇa, the Supreme Personality of Godhead]]'' | ''Teachings of Lord Caitanya'' | ''The Nectar of Devotion'' | {{IAST|[[Isha Upanishad|Īśopaniṣad]]}} (trans. and comm.)}}
| module = {{Listen
|filename = Prabhupada's purport on Hare Krsna mantra.ogg
|title = A.{{nbsp}}C. Bhaktivedanta Swami explains the ''Hare Krishna maha-mantra''
|description = recorded in October 1966. (5:20)
|image = none
| embed = yes
}}
| signature = Srila Prabhupada's signature.svg
| signature_alt = Close-up of the name written in English with angular letters
| background = Orange
| native_name_lang = Bengali
| nationality = Indian
| father = Gour Mohan De
| mother = Rajani De
| denomination = [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]]
}}

'''Abhay Charanaravinda Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada''' ({{IAST3|Abhaya Caraṇāravinda Bhaktivedānta Svāmī Prabhupāda}}; {{Langx|bn|অভয় চরণারবিন্দ ভক্তিবেদান্ত স্বামী প্রভুপাদ}}; 1 September 1896 – 14 November 1977) was a spiritual, philosophical, and religious teacher from [[India]] who spread the [[Hare Krishna (mantra)|Hare Krishna mantra]] and the teachings of "[[#Philosophy and teachings|Krishna consciousness]]" to the world. Born as Abhay Charan De and later legally named Abhay Charanaravinda Bhaktivedanta Swami, he is often referred to as "Bhaktivedanta Swami", "Srila Prabhupada", or simply "Prabhupada".{{sfn|Goswami|2012|p=22}}

To carry out an order received in his youth from his spiritual teacher to spread "Krishna consciousness" in [[English language|English]], he journeyed from [[Kolkata]] to [[New York City]] in 1965 at the age of 69, on a [[cargo ship]] with little more than a few trunks of books. He knew no one in [[United States|America]], but he chanted Hare Krishna in a [[Tompkins Square Park|park in New York City]], gave [[Pravacana|classes]], and in 1966, with the help of some early students, established the [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON)]], which now has centers around the world.

He taught a path in which one aims at realizing oneself to be an [[Ātman (Hinduism)|eternal spiritual being]], distinct from one's temporary material body, and seeks to revive one's dormant relationship with the [[Svayam Bhagavan|supreme living being]], known by the [[Sanskrit]] name [[Krishna]]. One does this through various practices, especially through hearing about Krishna from standard texts, chanting [[mantra]]s consisting of names of Krishna, and adopting a life of devotional service to Krishna. As part of these practices, Prabhupada required that his initiated students strictly refrain from non-[[Lacto vegetarianism|vegetarian]] food (such as meat, fish, or eggs), [[gambling]], [[Psychoactive drug|intoxicants]] (including coffee, tea, or cigarettes), and [[extramarital sex]]. In contrast to earlier Indian teachers who promoted the idea of an impersonal ultimate truth in the West, he taught that the [[Absolute (philosophy)|Absolute]] is ultimately personal.

He held that the duty of a [[guru]] was to convey intact the message of Krishna as found in core spiritual texts such as the {{IAST|[[Bhagavad Gita]]}}. To this end, he wrote and published a translation and commentary called ''[[Bhagavad-Gītā As It Is]].'' He also wrote and published translations and commentaries for texts celebrated in India but hardly known elsewhere, such as the {{IAST|Srimad-Bhagavatam}} ({{IAST|[[Bhagavata Purana]]}}) and the {{IAST|[[Chaitanya Charitamrita]]}}, thereby making these texts accessible in English for the first time. In all, he wrote more than eighty books.

In the late 1970s and the 1980s, ISKCON came to be labeled a [[Cult|destructive cult]] by critics in America and some European countries. Although scholars and courts rejected claims of cultic [[brainwashing]] and recognized ISKCON as representing an authentic branch of [[Hinduism]], the "cult" label and image have persisted in some places. Some of Prabhupada's views or statements have been perceived as [[Racism|racist]] towards [[Black people]], discriminatory against [[Caste|lower castes]], or [[Misogyny|misogynistic]].{{sfn|Lorenz|2004|pp=112-128, 347–390}}{{sfn|Brown|2020|p=122}}{{sfn|Lucia|2014|p=238}} Decades after his death, Prabhupada's teachings and the Society he established continue to be influential,{{sfn|Lewis|2005|p=128}} with some scholars and Indian political leaders calling him one of the most successful propagators of Hinduism abroad.{{sfn|Klostermaier|1998|p=183}}{{sfn|Hopkins|1983|pp=136, 142}}{{sfn|Cox|1983|pp=40–41}}{{sfn|Ivanenko|2008|pp=73–74}}

== Early life (1896–1922) ==

Abhay Charan De was born into a [[Bengali Hindus|Bengali Hindu]] Family in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] (now Kolkata), [[India]], on 1 September 1896, the day after [[Krishna Janmashtami|Janmashtami]] (the birth anniversary of [[Krishna]]).{{sfn|Ketola|2008|p=66}} His parents, Gour Mohan De and Rajani De, named him Abhay Charan, meaning "one who is fearless, having taken shelter of Lord Krishna's lotus feet".{{sfn|Goswami|2012|p=22}} Following Indian tradition, Abhay's father invited an astrologer, who predicted that at the age of seventy, Abhay would cross the ocean,{{sfn|Chryssides|1999|p=171}} become a famous religious teacher, and open 108 [[Hindu temple|temples]] around the world.{{sfn|Bhat|2004|p=61}}

Abhay was raised in a religious family belonging to the {{Transliteration|bn|[[Suvarna Banik|suvarna-vanik]]}} mercantile community. His parents were [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism|Gaudiya Vaishnavas]], or followers of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]], who taught that Krishna is the [[Svayam Bhagavan|Supreme Personality]] and that [[Bhakti|pure love]] for Krishna is the highest attainment.{{sfn|Zeller|2010|p=74}}{{sfn|Goswami|2012|p=33}}

Gour Mohan was a middle-income merchant and had his own fabric and clothing store.{{sfn|Shinn|1987|p=34}} He was related to the rich and aristocratic Mullik mercantile family,{{sfn|Chryssides|1999|p=171}} who had been trading in gold and salt for centuries.{{sfn|Shinn|1987|p=34}}

Opposite the De house was a temple of [[Radha Krishna|Radha-Krishna]] that for a century and a half had been supported by the Mullik family.{{sfn|Shinn|1987|p=34}} Every day, young Abhay, accompanied by his parents or servants, attended temple services.{{sfn|Shinn|1987|p=34}}

At the age of six, Abhay organized a likeness of the "chariot festival", or [[Ratha Yatra|Ratha-yatra]], an annual [[Vaishnavism|''Vaishnava'']] festival in the city of [[Puri]], [[Odisha]].{{sfn|Shinn|1987|p=35}} For this purpose, Abhay persuaded his father to obtain for him a scaled-down copy of the massive chariot on which the form of [[Jagannath]]a (Krishna as "Lord of the universe") rides in procession in Puri.{{sfn|Shinn|1987|p=35}} Decades later, after going to [[United States|America]], Abhay would bring Ratha-yatra festivals to the West.{{sfn|R. S. Dasa|1985|pp=69–70}}

Though Abhay's mother wanted him to go to [[London]] to study law,{{sfn|Mitchiner|1992|p=146}} his father rejected the idea, fearing Abhay would be negatively influenced by [[Western culture|Western society]] and acquire bad habits.{{sfn|Ketola|2008|p=66}} In 1916, Abhay began his studies at the [[Scottish Church College]], a prestigious school in Calcutta founded by [[Alexander Duff (missionary)|Alexander Duff]], a [[Christian mission]]ary.{{sfn|Emmott|1965|p=160}}{{Efn|After the unification of the Church of Scotland in 1929, the institution became known as Scottish Church College. "Sen, Asit and John Abraham. Glimpses of college history, 2008 (1980). Retrieved on 2009-10-03" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 November 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20091222083113/http://scottishchurch.ac.in/College%20History02.pdf}}

In 1918, while in college, Abhay, as arranged by his father, married Radharani Datta, also from an aristocratic family.{{sfn|Ketola|2008|p=66}}{{sfn|Shinn|1987|p=35}}{{sfn|Zeller|2010|p=76}} They had five children over the course of their marriage.{{sfn|Goswami|2012|p=33}} After graduation from college, Abhay began a career in pharmaceuticals{{sfn|Sooklal|1986|p=24}} and later opened his own pharmaceutical company in [[Prayagraj|Allahabad]].{{sfn|Hopkins|1989|p=50}}

Abhay grew up while India was under [[British Raj|British rule]], and like many other youth of his age he was attracted to [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s [[Non-cooperation movement (1909–22)|non-cooperation movement]]. In 1920, Abhay graduated from college with a specialization in English, philosophy, and economics.{{sfn|Melton|1992|p=233}} He successfully passed the final exams, but as a sign of opposition to British rule he refused to take part in the graduation ceremony and receive a diploma.{{sfn|Ketola|2008|p=66}}{{sfn|Zeller|2010|p=76}}

== Midlife (1922–1965) ==
[[File:Bhaktivinoda_Asan_Roof_2_-_ISKCON_Ultadanga,_Kolkata.jpg|alt=Sculptures of five people clad in traditional Indian clothing sitting under an ornate black canopy in a semicircle on the floor around a sculpture of a bespectacled person in saffron clothes.|thumb|Memorial at the spot of Abhay Charan De's first meeting with [[Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati]]. Kolkata|upright=1.3]]

In 1922, while still in college, Abhay was persuaded by a friend, Narendranath Mullik,{{sfn|Shinn|1987|p=34}} to meet with [[Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati]] (1874–1937), a Vaishnava scholar and teacher and the founder of the [[Gaudiya Math]], a spiritual institution for spreading the teachings of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu.{{sfn|Ketola|2008|p=66}} The word [[Matha|''math'']] denotes a monastic or missionary center.{{sfn|Valpey|2006|p=97}} Bhaktisiddhanta was continuing the work of his father, [[Bhaktivinoda Thakur]] (1838–1914), who regarded Chaitanya's teachings as the highest form of [[theism]], intended not for any one religion or nation but for all of humanity.{{sfn|Sooklal|1986|p=24}}

When the meeting took place, Bhaktisiddhanta said to Abhay, "You are an educated young man. Why don't you take the message of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu and spread it in English?"{{sfn|Ketola|2008|p=66}}{{sfn|Sardella|2013|pp=102–103}}{{sfn|Rochford|1985|p=10}} However, Abhay, according to his own later account, argued that India first needed to become independent before anyone would take Chaitanya's message seriously, an argument that Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati effectively countered.{{sfn|Broo|2006|p=41}} Convinced by Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati, Abhay accepted the instruction to spread the message of Chaitanya in English, and it was in pursuing this order from Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati that he later traveled to New York.{{sfn|Judah|1974|pp=40–41}} Many years later he recalled: "I immediately accepted him as spiritual master. Not formally, but in my heart".{{sfn|Zeller|2010|p=80}}

=== The Gaudiya Math and initiation (1933) ===
After meeting Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati in 1922, Abhay had little contact with the Gaudiya Math until 1928, when {{IAST|[[Sannyasa|sannyasis]]}} (renounced, itinerant preachers) from the Math came to open a center in [[Prayagraj|Allahabad]], where Abhay and his family were living.{{sfn|Sherbow|2004|p=131}} Abhay became a regular visitor, contributed funds, and brought important people to the lectures of the Math's {{IAST|sannyasis}}. In 1932, he visited Bhaktisiddhanta in the holy town of [[Vrindavan]], and in 1933, when Bhaktisiddhanta came to Allahabad to lay the cornerstone for a new temple, Abhay received {{IAST|[[diksha]]}} (spiritual initiation) from him and was given the name Abhay Charanaravinda.{{sfn|Goswami|2012|p=22}}{{sfn|Sherbow|2004|p=131}}

Over the next three years, whenever Abhay was able to visit Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati in Calcutta{{sfn|Goswami|2002|pp=71–72}} or Vrindavan,{{sfn|Goswami|2002|p=86}} he would carefully listen to his spiritual master.{{sfn|Goswami|2002|pp=65–66, 69}} In 1935, Abhay moved for business reasons to [[Mumbai|Bombay]];{{sfn|Goswami|2002|pp=77–78}} then, in 1937, he moved back to Calcutta.{{sfn|Goswami|2002|pp=77–78; 93}} In both places, he assisted other members of the Gaudiya Math by donating money, leading {{IAST|[[kirtan]]s}}, lecturing, writing, and bringing others to the Math. At the end of 1936, he visited Vrindavan, where he again met Bhaktisiddhanta, who told him, "If you ever get money, print books",{{sfn|Shinn|1987|p=35}} an instruction that would inform his life's work.{{Citation needed|date=April 2024}}

Two weeks before his death on 1 January 1937, Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati wrote a letter to Abhay urging him to teach Gaudiya Vaishnavism in English.{{sfn|Sooklal|1986|p=25}}{{sfn|Zeller|2010|p=81}}{{sfn|Knott|1986|p=28}}{{sfn|Melton|1991|p=449}} After Bhaktisiddhanta died, the unified mission of the Gaudiya Math broke down{{sfn|Bryant|Ekstrand|2004|p=2}} as a battle for power broke out between his senior [[Guru–shishya tradition|disciples]].{{sfn|Nye|2001|p=10}} Although Abhay continued to serve with other disciples of his spiritual master and wrote articles for their publications, he kept clear of the political struggles.{{sfn|Nye|2001|p=10}}{{sfn|Goswami|2002|p=92}}

=== "Bhaktivedanta" title (1939) ===

In 1939, elders in the Gaudiya community honored Abhay Charanaravinda (A.{{nbsp}}C.) with the title "Bhaktivedanta". In the title, {{IAST|[[bhakti]]}} means "devotion", and {{IAST|[[vedanta]]}} means "the culmination of Vedic knowledge".{{sfn|Rahul Peter Das|1998}} Thus the honorary title acknowledged his scholarship and devotion.{{sfn|Goswami|2012|p=22}}

=== ''Back to Godhead'' magazine (1944) ===

In an effort to fulfill the order of his guru, in 1944, A.{{nbsp}}C. Bhaktivedanta began publishing ''[[Back to Godhead]]'', an English fortnightly [[magazine]] presenting the teachings of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu.{{sfn|Knott|1986|p=28}}{{sfn|Sooklal|1986|p=26}}{{sfn|Shinn|1987|p=36}} He single-handedly wrote, edited, financed, published, and distributed the magazine,{{sfn|Zeller|2010|p=14}}{{sfn|Goswami|2002|pp=104–105}} which is still published and distributed by his followers.{{sfn|Eck|1979}}{{sfn|Zeller|2010|p=92}}

=== Accepting {{IAST|vanaprastha}} ===

In 1950, A.{{nbsp}}C. Bhaktivedanta accepted the {{IAST|[[Vānaprastha|vanaprastha ashram]]}} (the traditional retired order of life), and went to live in Vrindavan, regarded as the site of Krishna's ''[[Lila (Hinduism)|Lila]]'' (divine pastimes),{{sfn|Sherbow|2004|p=131}} although he occasionally commuted to [[Delhi]].{{sfn|Shinn|1987|p=37}} In [[Mathura]], adjoining Vrindavan, he wrote for and edited the {{IAST|Gauḍīya Patrikā}} magazine published by his godbrother{{Efn|A term used in the [[Gaudiya Math]] and [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|ISKCON]] for denoting [[Guru–shishya tradition|disciples]] of the same {{IAST|[[Diksha|diksha-guru]]}}.}} [[Bhakti Prajnan Keshava]].{{sfn|Greene|2016|p=51}}

=== Forming "The League of Devotees" (1952) ===

[[File:Prabhupada's passport.jpg|alt=A black-and-white image of the photograph page of an old-looking Indian passport. |thumb|Prabhupada's [[Indian passport|passport]], issued for his journey to the United States. (1965)|upright=1.3]]

In 1952, A.{{nbsp}}C. Bhaktivedanta attempted to set up organized spiritual activities in the central Indian city of [[Jhansi]], where he started "The League of Devotees",{{sfn|Greene|2016|p=48}}{{sfn|Sooklal|1986|p=27}} only to see the organization collapse two years later.{{sfn|Shinn|1987|p=36}}{{sfn|Goswami|2002|pp=163–164}}

=== Taking {{IAST|sannyasa}} (1959) ===
On 17 September 1959,{{sfn|Shinn|1987|p=37}} prompted by a dream of Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati calling on him to accept {{IAST|sannyasa}} (renounced order of life), A.{{nbsp}}C. Bhaktivedanta formally entered {{IAST|sannyasa [[Āśrama (stage)|asrama]]}} from Bhakti Prajnan Keshava at his Keshavaji Gaudiya Math in [[Mathura]] and was given the name Bhaktivedanta Swami. Wishing to preserve the [[Diksha|initiatory name]] given him by Bhaktisiddhanta, as a sign of humility and connection to his spiritual master he kept the initials "A.{{nbsp}}C." before his {{IAST|sannyasa}} name, becoming A.{{nbsp}}C. Bhaktivedanta Swami.{{sfn|Sherbow|2004|pp=131–132}}

=== Staying at the Radha Damodar temple (1962–1965) ===

From 1962 to 1965, Bhaktivedanta Swami stayed in Vrindavan at the [[Radha Damodar Temple, Vrindavan|Radha-Damodar temple]]. There he began the task of translating from [[Sanskrit]] into English and [[Bhashya|commenting]] on the 1800-verse {{IAST|[[Bhagavata Purana|Srimad-Bhagavatam]]}} (Bhagavata Purana),{{sfn|Ketola|2008|p=67}} the foundational text of Gaudiya Vaishnavism.{{sfn|Kapoor|1976|p=74}} With great effort and struggle, he finally succeeded to translate, produce, raise funds for, and print the first of its twelve [[canto]]s, in three volumes.{{sfn|Goswami|2002|pp=249–256}}

=== Journey to the United States (1965) ===

{{Multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| width = 280
| image1 = MS Jaladuta, 1961.jpg
| alt1 = A black-and-white photograph of a ship
| caption1 = The ''Jaladuta''. (1961)
| image2 = Prabhupadai-handwrite.jpg
| alt2 = A old-looking note handwritten in blue ink.
| caption2 = August 31, 1965. After Prabhupada undergoes a heart attack onboard the ''Jaladuta'', for five days his diary has no entries. He then writes, "Passed over a great crisis on the struggle for life and death".{{sfn|Prabhupada|1965|p=26}}
}}

After accepting ''sannyasa'', Bhaktivedanta Swami began planning to travel to America to fulfill his spiritual master's desire to spread Chaitanya's teachings in the West.{{sfn|Sherbow|2004|p=132}}{{sfn|Selengut|1996}}

To leave India, Bhaktivedanta Swami had many hurdles to overcome. He needed a sponsor in America, official approvals in India, and a ticket for his travel. After significant difficulties he managed to secure the needed sponsorship and approvals.{{sfn|Ketola|2008|p=67}} He then approached one of his well-wishers, [[Sumati Morarjee]], the head of the [[Scindia Steam Navigation Company Ltd.|Scindia Steam Navigation Company]], to ask for free passage to America on one of her cargo ships.{{sfn|Shinn|1987|pp=37-38}} Because of his age, she at first tried to dissuade him.{{sfn|Shinn|1987|p=37}}{{sfn|Morarjee|2017}} Finally she relented and granted him a ticket on a [[Cargo ship|freighter]], the ''Jaladuta.'' Bhaktivedanta Swami began the 35-day journey to America on 13 August 1965, at the age of 69.{{sfn|Goswami|2002|p=277}}{{sfn|Sardella|2019|p=82}}

Bhaktivedanta took with him little more than a suitcase, an umbrella, some [[Cereal|dry cereal]], forty [[Indian rupee]]s (about seven US dollars), and two hundred three-volume sets of his translation of the first canto of ''Srimad-Bhagavatam''.{{sfn|Klostermaier|1998|p=186}}{{sfn|Gallagher|Willsky-Ciollo|2021|p=299}}{{sfn|Rochford|2007|p=10}}{{sfn|Goswami|2002}}

After surviving two [[Myocardial infarction|heart attacks]] during his maritime journey,{{sfn|Rosen|2007|p=12}} Bhaktivedanta Swami finally arrived at the [[Boston Harbor]] on 17 September 1965, and then continued on to [[New York City]].{{sfn|Goswami|2002|p=281}}

== Later years (1965-1977) ==

=== Beginnings in New York City ===

{{See also|International Society for Krishna Consciousness}}

Bhaktivedanta Swami had no support or acquaintances in the United States except the Agarwals, an Indian-American family, who, although strangers to him, had agreed to sponsor his visa.{{sfn|Selengut|1996}}{{Efn|Jones notes that Bhaktivedanta Swami became the first Hindu preacher to take advantage of the removal of [[National Origins Formula|national quotas]] by the [[Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965|1965 Immigration Act]] of the United States.{{sfn|Jones|2007|p=xxxvi}}}} Upon reaching New York, he took a bus to the town of [[Butler, Pennsylvania]], where the Agarwals lived. In Butler he delivered lectures to different groups at venues such as the local [[YMCA]].{{sfn|Ritts|1965}}{{sfn|Dwyer|Cole|2007|p=17}}

After a month in Butler, he returned by bus to New York City.{{sfn|Selengut|1996}} He stayed at various places — sometimes in a windowless room,{{sfn|Goswami|2002|p=301}} sometimes a [[Bowery]] loft{{sfn|Goswami|2002|pp=343-344}} — until with the help of early followers he found a place to stay on the [[Lower East Side]], where he converted a store-front curiosity shop at 26 Second Avenue with the serendipitous name "Matchless Gifts" into a small temple.{{sfn|Rochford|2007|p=12}}{{sfn|Goswami|2012|p=36}}{{sfn|Dwyer|Cole|2007|p=29}}{{sfn|Ketola|2008|p=68}}{{sfn|Zeller|2010|p=70}}{{sfn|Poling|Kenny|1986|p=7}} There he offered classes on the ''Bhagavad-gita'' and other [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] texts and held kirtan (group chanting) of the ''[[Hare Krishna (mantra)|Hare Krishna mantra]]'':
{{Blockquote|''Hare Krishna, Hare Krishna, Krishna Krishna, Hare Hare Hare Rama, Hare Rama, Rama Rama, Hare Hare.''{{sfn|Goswami|2002|p=391}}}}

[[File:Hare Krishna Tree.jpg|thumb|373x373px|The Hare Krishna Tree in [[Tompkins Square Park]], New York.]]
After he and his followers held Hare Krishna kirtan one Sunday under a tree in nearby [[Tompkins Square Park]], ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported the event: "Swami's Flock Chants in Park to Find Ecstasy; 50 Followers Clap and Sway to Hypnotic Music at East Side Ceremony".{{sfn|Sikes|1966}} He slowly gained a following, mainly from young people of the [[Counterculture of the 1960s|1960s counterculture]].{{sfn|Rochford|2007|p=12}}

In contrast to the 1960s countercultural lifestyle, he required that in order to receive [[Diksha|spiritual initiation]] his followers had to vow to follow four "regulative principles": no illicit sex (that is, sex outside of marriage), no eating of meat, fish, or eggs, no intoxicants (including drugs, alcohol, cigarettes, and even coffee and tea), and no gambling.{{sfn|Rochford|2007|p=13}}{{sfn|Rochford|2004|p=102}} New initiates also vowed to daily chant sixteen meditative "rounds" of the Hare Krishna 'mantra' (that is, to complete sixteen circuits of chanting the mantra on a 108-bead strand). During the first year in New York, he initiated nineteen people.{{sfn|Rochford|2007|p=12}}

In July 1966, he incorporated the [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness]] (ISKCON).{{sfn|Ketola|2008|p=68}}{{sfn|Rochford|2007|p=12}}{{sfn|Goswami et al.|1983|p=986}}{{Efn|Responding to suggestions that his organization be named "International Society for God Consciousness", Bhaktivedanta Swami defended his choice my maintaining that ''Krishna'' included all other forms and concepts of God.{{sfn|Bryant|Ekstrand|2004|pp=120–122}}}}

In December 1966, he made a recording of Krishna kirtan (along with a brief explanatory talk) that took the form of an album entitled ''Krishna Consciousness'',{{sfn|Lavezzoli|2006|p=195}} released under the "Happening" record label. The record helped the early spread of what he called "the Hare Krishna movement".{{sfn|Goswami|2002|pp=376-379}}{{sfn|Dasa|2011}}

With his small band of followers in a little storefront, he was already sharing a vision of spreading "Krishna consciousness" around the world. He asked them to help, for example, by typing his manuscripts for the second canto of the ''Srimad-Bhagavatam''.{{sfn|Greene|2016|p=99}} After he completed his [[Bhagavad-Gītā As It Is|''Bhagavad-gita As It Is'']] (by mid-January 1967),{{sfn|Goswami|2002|p=393}} he asked a new disciple to find a publisher for it.{{sfn|Greene|2016|p=148}}

Bhaktivedanta Swami personally taught his first followers to spread Krishna's message, prepare food to offer to Krishna, collect donations, and chant the Hare Krishna ''maha-mantra'' ("great mantra") on the streets.{{sfn|Daner|1976|p=17}}

=== San Francisco ===

{{Main|Mantra Rock Dance}}

[[File:Prabhupada's arrival in San Francisco 1967.jpg|thumb|alt= Allen Ginsberg accompanies the saffron-clad swami and a group of young followers in the airport lounge|[[Allen Ginsberg]] greeting A.{{nbsp}}C. Bhaktivedanta Swami at the [[San Francisco International Airport|San Francisco airport]]. (January 1967)|280x280px]]

In 1967, Bhaktivedanta Swami established a second center, in [[San Francisco]].{{sfn|Lewis|2005|p=128}}{{sfn|Dwyer|Cole|2007|p=22}}{{sfn|Goswami|2002|p=550}} The opening of the temple in the heart of the booming [[Hippie|hippie community]] of [[Haight-Ashbury]] attracted many new adherents and was a turning point in his movement's history, marking the beginning of rapid growth.{{sfn|Rochford|2007|p=12}}{{sfn|Ketola|2008|p=1}} To gain attention and raise funds, his disciples organized a two-hour concert with kirtan led by Bhaktivedanta Swami and rock performances by the [[Grateful Dead]] and other famous rock groups of the day.{{sfn|Brooks|1989|p=79}} This "[[Mantra-Rock Dance|Mantra Rock Dance]]", held at the popular [[Avalon Ballroom]], attracted some three thousand people{{sfn|Brooks|1989|p=79}} and brought attention to the local Hare Krishna temple. One commentator dubbed it the "ultimate high of that era".{{sfn|Greene|2006|p=139}}

[[File:1967 Mantra-Rock Dance Avalon poster.jpg|left|thumb|The [[Mantra-Rock Dance]] poster by Harvey W. Cohen (created December 1966)]]

Later that year, Bhaktivedanta Swami's followers organized San Francisco's first [[Ratha Yatra (Puri)|Ratha Yatra]], the festival he had celebrated as a child in imitation of the massive parade held annually in the Indian city of [[Puri]]. For this first San Francisco version, a [[flatbed truck]] with four pillars holding a canopy took the place of Puri's three huge ornate wooden vehicles.{{sfn|Goswami|2002|p=699}} He would later establish this annual festival in major cities around the world,{{sfn|Gelberg|1989|pp=149-150}} with big vehicles —"chariots" — and thousands of people taking part.

At first, Bhaktivedanta Swami's followers referred to him as "the [[Swami]]"{{sfn|Goswami|2011|p=352}} or "Swamiji".{{sfn|Rochford|2007|p=12}} From mid-1968 onwards they called him "Prabhupada", a respectful epithet that "enjoys currency with devotees and an increasing number of scholars".{{sfn|Goswami|2012|p=22}}

=== Great Britain and Europe ===

In 1968, Prabhupada asked three married couples among his disciples to open a temple in [[London]], England. Following his instructions, the disciples, dressed in their robes and ''[[sari]]s'', began singing Hare Krishna regularly on London streets and at once attracted attention. Soon newspapers carried headlines like "Krishna Chant Startles London" and "Happiness is Hare Krishna".{{sfn|Brooks|1989|p=83}}

A further breakthrough came in December 1969 when the disciples managed to meet with members of the rock band the [[The Beatles|Beatles]], who were at the peak of their global fame.{{sfn|Dwyer|Cole|2007|p=23}}{{sfn|Brooks|1989|p=83}} Even before then, [[George Harrison]] and [[John Lennon]] had obtained a copy of the maha-mantra recording released by Prabhupada and his students in New York and had begun singing Hare Krishna.{{sfn|Dasa|2011}}{{sfn|Lavezzoli|2006|p=195}}

In August 1969, Harrison produced a [[The Radha Krsna Temple (album)#"Hare Krishna Mantra" single|single of the Hare Krishna mantra]], sung by the London disciples, and released it on [[Apple Records]].{{sfn|Dwyer|Cole|2007|p=23}}{{sfn|Brooks|1989|p=83}}{{sfn|Lavezzoli|2006|p=195}} For the recording, the disciples called themselves "The Radha Krishna Temple".{{sfn|Badman|Miles|2001|pp=350-351}} Harrison told a press conference convened by Apple that the Hare Krishna mantra was not a [[Pop music|pop song]] but an ancient mantra that awakened spiritual bliss in the hearts of people listening to and repeating it.{{sfn|Greene|2006|p=146}} Seventy thousand copies of the record sold on the first day.{{sfn|Brooks|1989|p=83}} It rose to number 11 on the British charts,{{sfn|Lavezzoli|2006|p=195}} and Prabhupada's students performed live four times on the BBC's popular TV show ''[[Top of the Pops]]''.{{sfn|Beck|2007|p=459}} The record was also a success in [[Germany]], [[Holland]], [[France]], [[Sweden]], [[Yugoslavia]], and [[Czechoslovakia]] (as well as [[South Africa]] and [[Japan]]), and so the group was invited to perform in a number of European countries.{{sfn|Greene|2006|p=147}}The next year, 1970, Harrison produced with Prabhupada's disciples another hit single, "Govinda", and in May 1971 the album ''[[The Radha Krsna Temple (album)|The Radha Krishna Temple]]''.{{sfn|Dwyer|Cole|2007|p=23}}{{sfn|Lavezzoli|2006|p=195}} Also in 1970, Harrison sponsored the publishing of the first volume of Prabhupada's book ''[[Krishna, the Supreme Personality of Godhead|Kṛṣṇa, the Supreme Personality of Godhead]]'',{{sfn|Brooks|1989|p=83}}{{sfn|Greene|2006|p=195}} which related the activities of Krishna's life as told in the tenth [[canto]] of the ''Srimad-Bhagavatam''. In 1973 Harrison donated a seventeen-acre estate known as [[Bhaktivedanta Manor|Piggots Manor]],{{sfn|Uncut|2013}} fifteen miles northwest of London. The Hare Krishna devotees converted this into a rural temple-ashram and renamed it [[Bhaktivedanta Manor]]{{sfn|Nye|2001|p=12}} in Prabhupada's honor.
[[File:Prabhupada and the devotees outside Schloss Rettershof, Frankfurt.jpg|thumb|Prabhupada and devotees outside Schloss Rettershof, Frankfurt (1974).]]
Once Prabhupada's disciples had made a start in England, over the years Prabhupada visited England many times and from there traveled to Germany, France, [[Italy]], Sweden, [[Switzerland]], and [[Netherlands|the Netherlands]],{{sfn|Vanipedia|2024}} leading kirtans, [[Prana pratishtha|installing]] [[Murti|forms]] of Krishna in ISKCON temples, meeting religious and intellectual leaders and others keen to meet him, and guiding and encouraging his disciples.{{Efn|Prabhupada's travels to and from Europe and his programs there are described in ''Srila Prabhupada-lilamrita'', volumes 4 and 5.{{sfn|Goswami|2002}}}}

=== Africa ===

In 1970, Prabhupada made the first of several visits to [[Kenya]].{{sfn|Vanipedia|2024}} Although the disciples he had sent there had settled into doing spiritual programs for the local [[Indian diaspora|Indian]] people, Prabhupada insisted on doing programs meant for Africans. On one notable occasion in [[Nairobi]], when he was scheduled to do a program at an Indian [[Radha Krishna|Radha-Krishna]] temple in a mainly African area downtown, he ordered the doors opened to invite the local residents. Soon the hall was flooded with African people.{{sfn|Goswami|2002|p=1018}} Then he held ''kirtan'' and gave a talk. Prabhupada told his local leaders that they should spread Krishna consciousness among the local African people.{{sfn|Goswami|2002|pp=1018-1019}} Prabhupada also later visited [[Mauritius]] and South Africa{{sfn|Vanipedia|2024}} and sent his disciples to [[Nigeria]] and [[Zambia]].{{sfn|Karapanagiotis|2021|p=81}}

=== The Soviet Union ===

[[File:Prabhupada in Moscow 1971.tif|thumb|280x280px|Prabhupada in front of [[Saint Basil's Cathedral]] on [[Red Square]] in [[Moscow]]. (July 1972)]]

Prabhupada's visit to [[Moscow]] from 20 to 25 June 1971 marked the beginning of Krishna consciousness in the [[Soviet Union]].{{sfn|Anderson|1986|p=316}} During his five days in Moscow, Prabhupada managed to meet only two Soviet citizens: [[:ru:Котовский, Григорий Григорьевич|Grigory Kotovsky]], a professor of Indian and South Asian studies, and [[:ru:Пиняев, Анатолий Фёдорович|Anatoly Pinyaev]], a twenty-three-year-old Muscovite.{{Efn|Kotovsky was the head of the Department of India and [[South Asia]] of the [[Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences|Institute of Oriental Studies]] of the [[Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union|USSR Academy of Sciences]].}} Pinyaev, who went on to become the first Soviet Hare Krishna devotee, met Prabhupada through the son of an Indian diplomat stationed in Moscow.{{sfn|Kotovsky|1997|p=109-114}} Prabhupada's assistant gave Pinyaev a copy of Prabhupada's [[Bhagavad-Gītā As It Is|''Bhagavad-gita'']], which Pinyaev was able to translate into Russian, copy, and then distribute [[Underground press|underground]] in the Soviet Union.{{sfn|S. Das|2017}} Pinyaev showed a great interest in Gaudiya Vaishnavism, accepted initiation from Prabhupada, and did much to ignite interest in Krishna consciousness in the Soviet Union.{{sfn|Anderson|1986|p=316}} Pinyaev was later imprisoned in [[Smolensk]] [[Psikhushka|Special Psychiatric Hospital]] and forcibly treated with drugs for his practice of Krishna consciousness.{{sfn|Anderson|1986|p=316}}{{sfn|Marzo|1986|p=7}}

=== India ===

Having achieved some success in the West, in 1970 Prabhupada directed his attention especially to India, with the hope of turning India back toward its original spiritual sensibilities.{{sfn|Brooks|1989|p=89}} He came back to India with a party of Western disciples{{sfn|Sherbow|2004|p=132}} — ten American ''sannyasis'' and twenty other devotees{{sfn|Brooks|1989|p=83}} — and for the next seven years focused much of his effort on establishing temples in [[Mumbai|Bombay]], Vrindavan, [[Hyderabad]], and a planned international headquarters in [[Mayapur]], [[West Bengal]] (the birthplace of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]]).{{sfn|Sherbow|2004|p=132}}

By that time, Prabhupada saw that India had set a course towards [[Europeanisation|Europeanization]]{{sfn|Rosen|2007|p=12}} and sought to imitate the West. Therefore, the appearance on Indian soil of American and European Hare Krishna devotees who had rejected Western materialism and embraced Indian spiritual culture "caused nothing less than a sensation among the modernizing (i.e. [[Westernization|Westernizing]]) Indians, planting seeds for an authentic religious revival there".{{sfn|Sooklal|1986|p=31}}[[File:A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami travels.webm|thumb|360x360px|Timeline of Prabhupada's travels around the world (1965‒1977){{sfn|Vanipedia|2024}}]]By the early 1970s, Prabhupada had established his movement's American headquarters in [[Los Angeles]] and its world headquarters in Mayapur.{{sfn|Melton|1992|p=238}}

=== Around the world ===

In Latin America, Prabhupada visited [[Mexico]] and [[Venezuela]]. In Asia he visited [[Hong Kong]], [[Japan]], [[Malaysia]], [[Indonesia]], and [[Philippines|the Philippines]]. He also spent time in [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], and [[Fiji]]. In the [[Middle East]] he visited [[Iran]].{{sfn|Vanipedia|2024}} Among the places he sent disciples to spread Krishna consciousness was [[China]].{{sfn|Karapanagiotis|2021|p=81}}

Early in the movement, Prabhupada had guided his students personally, but later, as the movement rapidly expanded, he relied more on letters and his secretaries.{{sfn|Daner|1976|pp=17-18}} By giving his students instructions, advice, and encouragement, he ensured a "strong paternal presence" in their lives.{{sfn|Daner|1976|p=17}} He wrote more than six thousand letters, many now collected and kept in the Bhaktivedanta Archives.{{sfn|Greene|2016|p=227}} Besides receiving reports of accomplishments, he also had to deal through correspondence with almost daily setbacks, perplexities, quarrels, and failures. He tried to correct or resolve these as much as he could and kept on advancing his movement.{{sfn|Greene|2016|p=227}}

Wherever he was, he took an hour-long early-morning walk, which became a time for disciples to ask questions and receive personal guidance.{{sfn|Greene|2016|p=207}} On returning from his walk, he lectured daily on the ''Srimad-Bhagavatam'',{{sfn|Naughtie|2010|p=11}} often reading from the portion of the manuscript he was working on. Every afternoon he met with disciples or with dignitaries and leaders from various parts of his mission.

Traveling constantly to lecture and tend to his disciples, Prabhupada circled the world fourteen times in ten years.{{sfn|Smith|2003|p=178}} He opened more than one hundred temples and dozens of farm communities and restaurants, as well as ''[[gurukula]]s'' (boarding schools) for ISKCON's children.{{sfn|Bryant|Ekstrand|2004|p=4}} He initiated nearly five thousand disciples.{{sfn|Rochford|2004|p=103}}

=== Death (1977) ===

On 14 November 1977, at the age of 81, after a long illness,{{Efn|''[[iarchive:easternmysteries00cust/page/126/mode/2up|Eastern mysteries]]'' (1991) cites "diabetes and complications following a stroke" as the cause of Prabhupada's death.{{sfn|Doyle|1991|p=127}}}} Prabhupada died in his room at the [[ISKCON Temple, Vrindavan|Krishna Balaram Mandir]],{{sfn|Jones|2007|pp=77-78}}{{sfn|New York Times|1977|p=2}} the temple he had established in Vrindavan, India.{{sfn|Ketola|2008|p=184}}{{sfn|Rochford|2007|p=14}}{{sfn|Hopkins|2007|p=181}} His burial site is located in the courtyard of the temple beneath a ''[[Samadhi (shrine)|samadhi]]'' (memorial shrine) built by his followers.{{sfn|Jones|2007|pp=77-78}}{{sfn|De Backer|2016|p=13}}

=== Succession ===

[[File:Srila Prabhupada samadhi in Vrindavan.jpg|alt=An ornate, elaborate marble building with a faceted dome and arched staircase.|thumb|Prabhupada's ''[[Samadhi (shrine)|samadhi]]'' in [[Vrindavan]], India.|280x280px]]

In 1970, Prabhupada established a Governing Body Commission (GBC), then consisting of twelve leading disciples, to oversee ISKCON's activities around the world and to serve as ISKCON's ultimate managing authority.{{sfn|Hopkins|2007|p=181}} In 1977, four months before his death, he appointed eleven senior disciples to perform spiritual initiations on his behalf while he was ill.{{sfn|Burt|2020|pp=88-90}}

Despite the measures Prabhupada took to organize the management of his movement, his death caused a crisis of authority in ISKCON that destabilized the organization and became a turning point in its development.{{sfn|Rochford|2007|p=14}}{{sfn|Rochford|1985|p=8}}{{sfn|Dwyer|Cole|2007|p=72}} The succession process was beset by conflicts, with disagreements persisting for decades.{{sfn|Burt|2023|pp=51-54}}{{sfn|Burt|2020|pp=86-99}} Nonetheless, by 2023 nearly one hundred disciples and grand-disciples in succession from Prabhupada were serving as initiating gurus in his branch of the Gaudiya Vaishnava lineage.{{sfn|GBC|2024}}

== Philosophy and teachings ==

Within [[Indian philosophy|Eastern systems]], spiritual lineages are integral to each tradition, and a teacher is mandated to maintain theological fidelity by transmitting knowledge as given in the lineage.{{sfn|Burt|2023|p=12}} Prabhupada comes in the [[Brahma Sampradaya|Brahma-Madhva-Gaudiya lineage]], which traces back to [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]]{{sfn|Burt|2023|p=1}} and [[Madhvacharya]], and further back, its teachings say, to the beginnings of creation.{{sfn|Goswami|2012|p=23}} This lineage (''[[sampradaya]]'') follows such texts as ''[[Bhagavata Purana|Srimad-Bhagavatam]]'', the ''[[Bhagavad Gita|Bhagavad-gita]]'', and the writings of Chaitanya's disciples and their followers.{{sfn|Burt|2023|p=13}} Prabhupada's extensive [[Bhashya|commentaries]] on the sacred texts follow those of [[Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati|Bhaktisiddhanta]], [[Bhaktivinoda Thakur|Bhaktivinoda]], and other traditional teachers, such as [[Baladeva Vidyabhushana]], [[Visvanatha Chakravarti|Vishvanatha Chakravarti]], [[Jiva Goswami]], Madhvacharya, and [[Ramanuja]]charya.{{sfn|Hopkins|1983|p=141}}{{sfn|R. S. Dasa|1985|pp=71–72}}

=== The Absolute Truth ===

In accordance with the teachings of the ''Srimad-Bhagavatam'', Prabhupada taught that the supreme truth, or Absolute Truth, is the one unlimited, undivided spiritual entity that is the source of all. That Absolute Truth, he taught, is realized in three phases: as ''[[Brahman]]'' (all-pervading impersonal oneness), as ''[[Paramatman|Paramatma]]'' (the aspect of [[God]] present within the heart of every living being), and as ''[[Bhagavan]]'', the [[Svayam Bhagavan|Supreme Personality of Godhead]]. Though the Absolute Truth is one, he taught, that one Absolute is progressively realized in these three features according to one's level of spiritual advancement. In the initial stage the Absolute is realized as Brahman, in a more advanced stage as Paramatma, and at the most advanced stage as ''Bhagavan''.{{sfn|Sherbow|2004|pp=133–134}}{{sfn|Goswami|2012|pp=127, 131–132}}{{sfn|Schweig|2004|pp=15, 19}}{{sfn|Deadwyler|1989|p=66}}

[[File:Radha_Syamasundar_Vrindavan_Radhastami_2004.jpg|thumb|[[Radha Krishna|Radha-Krishna]], the supreme manifestation of God in the teachings of [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]], which Prabhupada represented. Radha-Krishna installed by Prabhupada in [[ISKCON Temple, Vrindavan|his temple]] in [[Vrindavan]], India.]]

=== Krishna, the Supreme Personality of Godhead ===

In the ''Srimad-Bhagavatam'', and so in Prabhupada's teachings, Krishna is seen as the original and supreme manifestation of Bhagavan{{sfn|Goswami|2012|p=23}} – in [[Sanskrit]], ''svayam-bhagavan'', or the Supreme Personality of Godhead himself.{{sfn|Goswami|2012|p=142–145}} No one is equal to or greater than Krishna.{{sfn|Goswami|2012|p=132}} Brahman and Paramatma are partial realizations of Krishna.{{sfn|Goswami|2012|p=132}} The various [[Vishnu]] forms, such as [[Rama]] and [[Narasimha]], are "nondifferent" from Krishna; they are the same Personality of Godhead, appearing in different roles. The form of Krishna is the original and the most complete form. In the [[Deva (Hinduism)#Important Devas|Hindu pantheon]], he taught the gods other than the Vishnu forms are [[Deva (Hinduism)|demigods]] — that is, assistants of the Supreme Personality of Godhead.{{sfn|Sherbow|2004|pp=133–134}}

=== The energies of the Absolute ===

If the Absolute Truth is one, this raises the question of how diversity can exist. If, as the ''[[Upanishads]]'' say, there is only the Absolute Truth and nothing else, we need some way to account for the existence of living beings, with all their differences, and the world, with all its many colors, forms, sounds, aromas, and so on. Prabhupada responds by referencing a statement from the ''Upanishads'' that the Absolute Truth has varied energies.{{sfn|Sherbow|2004|p=135}}{{sfn|Gupta|2007|p=45}} As a fire located in one place gives off heat and light throughout a room, the Absolute Truth fills the world with every sort of variety.{{sfn|Gupta|2007|p=40}}

=== Oneness and difference ===

Prabhupada taught Chaitanya's doctrine of ''[[Achintya Bheda Abheda|achintya bheda-abheda-tattva]]'', in which everything is seen as simultaneously, inconceivably one with the Absolute — that is, with Krishna — and yet different.{{sfn|Sherbow|2004|p=135}}{{sfn|Gupta|2007|pp=45-55}}{{sfn|Kapoor|1976|pp=150-158}} By way of analogy, Prabhupada gives the example that heat is in one sense identical with the fire from which it emerges and yet the two are different — when sitting in a fire's warmth, we are not burning in the fire itself.{{sfn|Gupta|2007|p=40}}{{sfn|Dasa|1970}} This "oneness and difference" accounts for the oneness of an Absolute Truth that includes limitless varieties.{{sfn|Sherbow|2004|p=135}}{{sfn|Gupta|2007|pp=45-55}}{{sfn|Kapoor|1976|pp=150-158}}

=== The inferior and superior energies ===

{{Vaishnavism}}

Among Krishna's energies, Prabhupada taught, the ingredients of this world collectively belong to Krishna's "inferior energy"{{sfn|Judah|1974|pp=50, 54}} — inferior in that, being inert matter, it lacks consciousness.{{sfn|Goswami|2012|p=134}}{{sfn|Kapoor|1976|p=95}} But superior to inert matter are the [[Jiva|conscious living beings]] (''jivas'') that belong to Krishna's "superior energy".{{sfn|Sooklal|1986|p=21}}{{sfn|Kapoor|1976|p=133}}

=== The predicament of the living being ===

Because the living beings belong to Krishna's "superior energy", Prabhupada taught, they share in Krishna's divine qualities, including [[Saccidānanda|knowledge, bliss, and eternality]] (''sat'', ''cit'', and ''ananda'').{{sfn|Goswami|2012|p=134}}{{sfn|Kapoor|1976|p=133}} But because of contact with the "inferior energy" since time immemorial,{{sfn|Sherbow|2004|pp=135–136}} the divine nature of the living beings has been covered, and subjecting the living beings in this world to ignorance, suffering, and repeated birth and death.{{sfn|Sherbow|2004|pp=135–137}} Living beings struggle against birth and death, disease, and old age in each life.{{sfn|Goswami|2012|p=135}} While trying to control and enjoy the resources of nature, living beings increasingly suffer from entanglement in nature's complexities.{{sfn|R. S. Dasa|1985|pp=22–23}}

As spiritual beings belonging to the "superior energy", the living beings are different from their material bodies: the body may be male or female, young or old, white or black, American or Indian, but the living being within the body is beyond what he called these "material designations".{{sfn|Goswami|2002|p=758}} Prabhupada phrased this understanding in a maxim he often used: "I am not this body".{{sfn|Goswami|2002|p=238}}{{sfn|Swami|2015|p=80}}

He taught that when we falsely identify with these bodies, we are under the influence of Maya, or illusion. Only when this illusion is dispelled can the soul become liberated from material existence.{{sfn|Goswami|2012|p=135}}

=== ''Bhakti'' ===

Prabhupada taught that living beings can be freed from illusion and from their entire material predicament by recognizing that they are tiny but eternal parts of Krishna and that their natural engagement lies in serving Krishna, just as a hand serves the body. Dormant within every living being, Prabhupada taught, is an eternal loving relationship with that Absolute, or Krishna, and when that loving relationship is revived, the living being resumes its natural eternal and joyful life.{{sfn|Knott|1998|p=62, 64}} This eternal service in devotion to Krishna, rendered by one freed from all material designation, is called ''[[bhakti]]''.{{sfn|Goswami|2012|p=132}}[[File:Hari Haraye Namah Krsna (Nama Sankirtana) by Narottama Dasa.ogg|thumb|280x280px|Prabhupada sings a Bengali ''bhajan'' by [[Narottama Dasa|Narottama Dasa Thakur]].]]One can begin practicing ''bhakti'', Prabhupada taught, even while in the earliest stages of spiritual life. In this way, ''bhakti'' is both the end and how to achieve it. As a spiritual practice, ''bhakti'' is a powerful, transformative process that purifies the soul and enables it to see God directly.{{sfn|Goswami|2012|p=135}}

=== Impersonalism ===

Prabhupada crusaded against what he called "impersonalism"—the idea that the Supreme has no form, qualities, activities, or personal attributes. In this way, he stood opposed to the teachings of [[Adi Shankara|Shankara]] (AD 788–820), who held that everything except Brahman is illusory, including the soul, the world, and God.{{sfn|Sherbow|2004|pp=140–141}} Before Prabhupada, Shankara's system of thought, known as ''[[Advaita Vedanta]]'', had generally provided the framework for Western understandings of Hinduism,{{sfn|Baird|1987|p=105}} and the "steady procession of Hindu swamis" who came to America generally aligned themselves with Shankara's [[Monism|monistic views]] and the idea of "the ultimate absorption of the self into an impersonal Reality or Brahman".{{sfn|Judah|1974|p=19}}

But prominent Vaishnava philosophers from the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, like [[Madhvacharya|Madhva]] and [[Ramanuja]], had opposed Shankara's views with personalistic understandings of [[Vedanta]]. Those teachers presented strong philosophical arguments criticizing Shankara's "illusionism" (''mayavada''), his view that personal individuality, indeed all individuality, is illusory.{{sfn|Sherbow|2004|pp=140–141}}{{sfn|Basham|1983|pp=176–180}} Philosophers in the Gaudiya line such as, in the sixteenth century, [[Jiva Goswami]] had continued to argue formidably against impersonalism, which they regarded as ''the'' essential metaphysical misconception".{{sfn|Goswami|2012|p=120}} So Prabhupada strongly opposed impersonalistic views wherever he encountered them and asserted the eternal personal existence of the Absolute and of all living beings.{{sfn|Sherbow|2004|pp=140–141}} Where [[Buddhism]] shares ground with Shankara's views by teaching that ultimately personality disintegrates, leaving nothing but a void ''[[nirvana]]'',{{sfn|Basham|1983|p=176}} Buddhism too came in for Prabhupada's strong personalistic critique.{{sfn|Basham|1983|p=176}}{{sfn|Goswami|2012|p=68}}

=== Societal organization ===

Prabhupada taught that society should ideally be organized in such a way that people have specific duties according to their occupation (''[[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]]'') and stage of life (''[[Āśrama (stage)|ashrama]]'').{{sfn|King|2012a|p=200}} The four ''varnas'' are [[Brahmin|intellectual work]]; [[Kshatriya|administrative and military work]]; [[Vaishya|agriculture and business]]; and [[Shudra|ordinary labor and assistance]]. The four ''ashramas'' are [[Brahmacharya|student life]], [[Gṛhastha|married life]], [[Vānaprastha|retired life]], and [[Sannyasa|renounced life]]. In accordance with the ''Bhagavad-gita'' and in opposition to the modern [[Hinduism|Hindu]] [[Caste|caste system]], Prabhupada taught that one's ''varna'', or occupational standing, should be understood in terms of one's qualities and the work one actually does, not by one's birth.{{sfn|Hopkins|1983|p=119}}

Moreover, devotional qualifications always supersede material ones.{{sfn|Valpey|2004|p=49}} Following Chaitanya, who challenged the caste system and undercut hierarchical power structures,{{sfn|Goswami|2012|p=131}} Prabhupada taught that anyone could take to the practice of ''[[Bhakti yoga|bhakti-yoga]]'' and become self-realized through the chanting of God's [[Names of God|holy names]], as found in the ''[[Hare Krishna (mantra)|Hare Krishna maha-mantra]]''.{{sfn|Goswami|2012|p=135}}

Prabhupada also emphasized the importance of self-sufficient farming communities as places where one could live simply and cultivate Krishna consciousness.{{sfn|Farkas|2021|p=2}}


=== Spiritual practices ===

==== ''Kirtan'' ====

[[File:Prabhupada Germany Studio.jpg|thumb|280x280px|Pranbhupada plays the [[Pump organ|harmonium]] during a recording session in Germany. (1974)]]

The primary spiritual practice Prabhupada taught was [[Kirtan|''Krishna sankirtana'']] (also called ''kirtan'' or ''kirtana''), in which people musically chant together names of Krishna, especially in the form of the ''maha-mantra'': {{Blockquote|''Hare Krishna, Hare Krishna, Krishna Krishna, Hare Hare Hare Rama, Hare Rama, Rama Rama, Hare Hare.''}}''Kirtan'' literally means "description" hence "praise", and ''sankirtana'' indicates ''kirtan'' performed by people together.{{sfn|Goswami|2012|pp=177–178}}

On the authority of traditional [[Sanskrit literature|Sanskrit texts]], Chaitanya Mahaprabhu had taught that Krishna ''kirtan'' is the most effective method for spiritual realization in the present age (''[[Kali Yuga|Kali-yuga]]'') – more effective than silent meditation (''[[Dhyana in Hinduism|dhyana]]''), speculative study (''[[Jñāna|jnana]]''), worship in temples (''[[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]''), or performing the various physical or mental disciplines of ''[[yoga]]''. ''Krishna kirtan'', he had taught, can be done by anyone, anywhere, at any time, and without hard-and-fast rules. Because the names of Krishna are "transcendental sounds", identical with Krishna himself, the chanting is spiritually uplifting.{{sfn|Ketola|2008|p=51}}

[[File:Hare Kṛṣṇa Kīrtana and purport.ogg|thumb|Prabhupada leads ''[[Kirtan|Hare Krishna kirtan]]'' and explains the ''[[Hare Krishna (mantra)|maha-mantra]]''. October 1966.|280x280px]]

When Prabhupada began his efforts to spread Krishna consciousness in the United States, he held ''kirtans'' in a [[Bowery]] loft, in his early storefront temples, in [[Tompkins Square Park]] in [[New York City|New York]] and [[Golden Gate Park]] in [[San Francisco]], and wherever else he went.{{sfn|Greene|2016|pp=117‒118}} Following Prabhupada, his disciples soon began holding ''kirtans'' regularly in streets, parks, temples, and other venues in major cities in [[North America]] and [[Europe]] and then in [[Latin America]], [[Australia]], [[Africa]], and [[Asia]]. Because of Hare Krishna ''kirtan'', Prabhupada's movement itself came to be known simply as "Hare Krishna" and its followers as "Hare Krishnas".{{Efn|See the etymologies for "Hare Krishna" in, for example, the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', the Merriam-Webster dictionaries, and ''Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary''.}}

Theologically speaking, the term ''sankirtana'' can extend from the public chanting of Hare Krishna to the distribution of books spoken by or about Krishna. ''Kirtan'' in the sense of public chanting is traditionally accompanied by ''kartals'' ([[Clash cymbals|hand cymbals]]) and [[Mridangam|mridangas]] (drums), and Prabhupada's spiritual master and grand spiritual master had said that distribution of Krishna literature was the "great ''mridanga''" because such distribution spreads Krishna consciousness still further.{{sfn|Daner|1976|pp=17-18}}{{sfn|Haddon|2013|p=262}}{{sfn|Sardella|2013|p=262}} Prabhupada therefore gave great importance to such distribution.

==== Association with devotees ====

Prabhupada's tradition constantly makes the point that "association with saints inspires saintliness, association with devotees inspires devotion. The association of genuine devotees can exert a powerful effect upon one's consciousness".{{sfn|Hopkins|1983|p=129}} And so when Prabhupada incorporated ISKCON, its founding document included as one of the Society's purposes "To bring the members of the Society together with each other and nearer to Krishna".{{sfn|Goswami|2012|p=174}}

==== Initiation vows ====

Prabhupada required of his followers, as a prerequisite for spiritual initiation, that they promise to follow four "regulative principles": no illicit sex (that is, no [[Extramarital sex|sex outside of marriage]]), no eating of meat, fish, or eggs, no [[Psychoactive drug|intoxicants]] (including drugs, alcohol, cigarettes, and even coffee and tea), and no [[gambling]].{{sfn|Rochford|2004|p=102}}{{sfn|Rochford|2007|pp=12-13}} New initiates also vowed to daily chant sixteen meditative "rounds" of the ''Hare Krishna mantra'' (that is, to complete sixteen circuits of chanting the mantra on a 108-bead strand).{{sfn|Rochford|2004|p=102}}

==== Hearing of ''Srimad-Bhagavatam'' ====

For at least the last millennium, the ''Srimad-Bhagavatam'' has been "by far the most important work in the Krishna tradition" and "the scripture ''par excellence'' of the Krishnaite schools".{{sfn|Bryant|2007|p=9}} It is sometimes described as "the ripened fruit of the Vedic tree".{{sfn|Rahul Peter Das|1998}}{{sfn|Bryant|2007|p=113}} Accordingly, Prabhupada instituted daily classes on the ''Bhagavatam'' in all his centers,{{sfn|Fahy|2014|p=8}} and he spoke on ''Bhagavatam'' daily, wherever he went.{{sfn|Satsvarupa dasa Goswami|1984|loc=Chapter 15}}

==== Deity worship ====

In accordance with Vaishnava teachings, Prabhupada introduced the worship of Krishna in the form of a ''[[murti]]'': figures cast in metal or carved in stone or wood to match descriptions of Krishna given in Vaishnava texts. Scholar of religion Kenneth Valpey writes: {{Blockquote|"Prabhupāda explained that although omnipresent, Kṛṣṇa makes himself perceivable and hence worshipable through material elements which are, after all, his own 'energies.' Based on this reasoning one should understand the image of Kṛṣṇa to be 'Kṛṣṇa personally,' appearing in a way quite suitable for our vision,' that is, perceivable by ordinary persons with ordinary powers of sight".{{sfn|Valpey|2006|p=127 citing a lecture by Prabhupada}}}}
Prabhupada taught that because Krishna is personally present as the deity (the term Prabhupada used for such a form), worshiping the deity helps one develop loving exchanges with Krishna. Prabhupada installed deities in ISKCON temples worldwide.{{sfn|R. S. Dasa|1985|pp=70–72}}

Food prepared and offered to the deity of Krishna with devotion becomes sanctified as [[Prasada|''krishna-prasadam'']] ("mercy of Krishna"). Prabhupada taught that eating only ''prasadam'' purifies one's existence and helps one develop in ''bhakti''.{{sfn|Zeller|2012|p=686}} From the beginning of his mission, Prabhupada distributed ''prasadam'' to visitors{{sfn|Dwyer|2010|p=29}}{{sfn|Zeller|2012|pp=682-683}} and soon made it into the movement's primary outreach vehicle.{{sfn|Zeller|2012|p=688}}{{sfn|Knott|1986|p=72}} A weekly ''prasadam'' feast for the public has always been a program at all of ISKCON centers.{{sfn|King|2012b|pp=444, 448}}{{sfn|Zeller|2012|p=681}} Prabhupada wrote, "The Hare Krishna Movement is based on the principle: chant Hare Krishna mantra at every moment, both inside and outside of the temples, and, as far as possible, distribute prasadam".{{sfn|King|2012b|p=442, citing Prabhupada's purport to ''Srimad-Bhagavatam'' 4.12.10}}

==== Living in Vrindavan ====

Prabhupada's predecessors such as [[Rupa Goswami]] had taught the value of living in [[Vrindavan]] (sometimes spelled "Vrindaban"), the sacred town between [[Agra]] and [[New Delhi]] that is held to be the site of Krishna's rural "pastimes" on earth and therefore conducive to constant remembrance of Krishna. Prabhupada accordingly brought his disciples on pilgrimage to Vrindavan, and there, he established the [[ISKCON Temple, Vrindavan|Krishna-Balaram temple]]. Yet with a broader outlook, he wrote one disciple, "[W]herever you remain, if you are fully absorbed in your transcendental work in Krishna consciousness, that place is eternally Vrindaban. It is the consciousness that creates Vrindaban".{{sfn|Goswami|2012|p=189}}

== Principal writings ==

[[Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati]], who had specifically encouraged writing and publishing, at one meeting told Prabhupada: If you ever get money, print books.{{sfn|Shinn|1987|p=35}}{{sfn|Goswami|2012|p=112}} So regardless of how busy or sometimes unwell Prabhupada might have been, he remained focused on producing books.{{sfn|Goswami|2012|p=113}} Prabhupada slept little, waking at 1:00 am every night{{sfn|Sherbow|2004|p=143}} to translate and comment on the ''Srimad-Bhagavatam'' and other texts.{{sfn|Goswami2012|p=114}} During the day he would give attention to guiding disciples and seeing to the affairs of his international society and its temples, and very early in the morning, while most people were asleep, he did most of his writing "because even with his age and uncertain health, he was unwilling to sacrifice his writing time for extra rest".{{sfn|Hopkins|2007|p=177}}

By 1970, he had translated the ''Bhagavad-gita'', two cantos of the ''Bhagavatam'', a summary study of its tenth canto, and a summary volume drawn from the expansive [[Chaitanya Charitamrita|Caitanya-caritamrta]]. Starting in 1970, his literary output slowed only slightly due to the demands of his expanding Hare Krishna movement.{{sfn|Goswami|2012|p=118}} His task, as scholars have observed, was not merely to translate the text but to translate an entire tradition.{{sfn|Goswami|2012|p=117}}{{sfn|Hopkins|1983|p=140}}

Historian of religion [[Thomas Hopkins (scholar of religion)|Thomas Hopkins]] relates that Prabhupada told him in a conversation in [[Philadelphia]] in 1975 that "the ''Gita'' provided the basic education on Krishna devotion, the ''Srimad-Bhagavatam'' was like graduate study, and the ''Caitanya-caritamrita'' was like [[postgraduate education]] for the most advanced devotees".{{sfn|Hopkins|2007|pp=178-179}}

Hopkins says that by presenting in English such works as the ''Bhagavatam'' and ''Caitanya-caritamrta'', Prabhupada made important texts accessible to the Western world that were simply not accessible before. Hopkins says, "[W]hat few English translations there were of the ''Bhagavata'' ''Purana'' and ''Caitanya-caritamrta'' were barely adequate and very hard to get hold of".{{sfn|Hopkins|1983|p=140}}{{Efn|Hopkins recalls that, when he was working on his doctoral work in the early 1960s, the only copy of the ''Bhagavata Purana'' he was able to obtain was by interlibrary loan on [[Microform|microfilm]] from [[Harvard University|Harvard's]] [[Widener Library]].{{sfn|Hopkins|1983|p=140}}}} Prabhupada, Hopkins says, "made these and other texts available in a way that they never were before" and "made the tradition itself accessible to the West".{{sfn|Hopkins|1983|p=140}}

=== ''Bhagavad-gita As It Is'' ===
[[File:Indian President Pratibha Patil receives Bhagavad Gita.jpg|thumb|280x280px|[[President of India]] [[Pratibha Patil]] receives a copy of [[Bhagavad-Gītā As It Is|''Bhagavad Gita As It Is'']]. (14 December 2011)]]
In 1966–67, Prabhupada wrote a translation and commentary on the [[Bhagavad Gita|''Bhagavad-gita'']] he entitled [[Bhagavad-Gītā As It Is|''Bhagavad-gita As It Is'']]. It was first published by the [[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan Company]] in 1968 in an abridged edition and later, in 1972, in full.{{sfn|Davis|2015|p=166}} For each verse he first gives the [[Sanskrit]] [[Devanagari|Devanagari script]], then a [[Romanization|roman transliteration]] and word-for-word gloss, followed by his translation and a commentary, or "purport".{{sfn|Davis|2015|p=167}} Scholar of religion Richard H. Davis comments that this was "the first English translation of the ''Gita'' to supply an authentic interpretation from an Indian devotional tradition".{{sfn|Davis|2015|p=168}} It is "by far the most widely distributed of all English Gita translations".{{sfn|Davis|2015|p=167}} In 2015 Davis wrote, "The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust estimates that twenty-three million copies of Prabhupada's translation have been sold, including the English original and secondary translations into fifty-six other languages".{{sfn|Davis|2015|p=168}} For Prabhupada, Davis says, "the essential fact about the ''Bhagavad-gita'' is its speaker. The ''Gita'' contains the words of Krishna, and Krishna is the 'Supreme Personality of Godhead.'" In Prabhupada's view, other translations lack authority because the translators use them to express their own opinions rather than the message of Krishna. In contrast, Prabhupada saw his task in presenting what Krishna wanted to say, and so he claimed to present the ''Bhagavad-gita'' "as it is".{{sfn|Davis|2015|p=165}}

=== ''Srimad-Bhagavatam'' ===
At once a sacred history, a theological treatise, and a philosophical text,{{sfn|Bryant|2003|p=xxxix}} the ''Srimad-Bhagavatam'' "stands out by reason of its literary excellence, the organization that it brings to its vast material, and the effect that it has had on later writers".{{sfn|Ingalls|1968|p=vi}} Praising the poetry of the ''Bhagavatam'', scholar of religion [[Edwin Bryant (Indologist)|Edwin Bryant]] says, "[S]cholars of the text have every right to say that 'the ''Bhagavata'' can be ranked with the best of the literary works produced by mankind.'"{{sfn|Bryant|2003|p=lx, quoting Ramnarayan Vyas, The Synthetic Philosophy of the Bhāgavata.}}

[[File:Srimad-Bhagavatam set.jpg|left|thumb|600x600px|alt=A row of multi-colored books with golden print on their spines.|Prabhupada's edition of ''[[Bhagavata Purana|Srimad-Bhagavatam]]'', with his translation and commentary.]]
It was this great work that Prabhupada, after taking ''sannyasa'', set out to present in English, with, once again, the original Sanskrit text, its word-for-word meanings, a translation, and an in-depth commentary.{{sfn|Goswami|2012|pp=35-36}} Also known as ''Srimad-Bhagavata'' [[Puranas|''Purana'']], ''Bhagavata'' ''Purana'', or just the ''Bhagavata''{{sfn|Bryant|2007|p=111}} ''Srimad-Bhagavatam'' is a work of twelve books ("[[canto]]s" was the word Prabhupada used) comprising more than fourteen thousand verse couplets.{{sfn|Gupta|Valpey|2016|p=1}} "''Srimad''" means "beautiful" or "glorious".{{sfn|Goswami|2012|p=119}}

Prabhupada began his translation and commentary on the ''Bhagavatam'' after accepting ''sannyasa'' in 1959, and by 1965 he had completed and published the first canto.{{sfn|Hopkins|1983|p=127}} He worked on translating the ''Srimad-Bhagavatam'' into English for the rest of his life.{{sfn|Hopkins|2007|p=177}}

The cantos were published one by one, as he finished them. He completed nine cantos and thirteen chapters of the tenth. The rest of the ''Bhagavatam'' was completed by his disciples.{{sfn|Hopkins|2007|p=177}}

=== ''Krsna, the Supreme Personality of Godhead'' ===

Considering his old age and the vast size of the ''Bhagavatam'', Prabhupada knew he might not live to finish it. So in 1968 he undertook to present the ''Bhagavatam''{{'}}s tenth canto — the essence of the work — in summary form as ''Krsna, the Supreme Personality of Godhead''.{{sfn|Goswami|2002|p=766}}

This summary study is "Prabhupada's own exposition of the story of Krishna as it is told in the Tenth Canto".{{sfn|Hopkins|2007|p=177}} It "laid out the account of Krishna from the ''Bhagavata Purana'' that provides the images and stories central to Krishna devotion".{{sfn|Hopkins|2007|p=178}}

As Bryant says: {{Blockquote|"The tenth book of the ''Bhāgavata'' has inspired generations of artists, dramatists, musicians, poets, singers, writers, dancers, sculptors, architects and temple-patrons across the centuries. Its stories are well known to every Hindu household across the length and breadth of the Indian subcontinent, and celebrated in regional festivals all year round".{{sfn|Bryant|2003|pp=lxviii–lxix}}}} Prabhupada himself inspired artists among his disciples to provide the text with profuse full-color illustrations. Such illustrations became a feature of nearly all his books.{{sfn|Jacobsen|2024|p=405}}

A related work is ''Light of the Bhagavat'', written by Prabhupada in Vrindavan in 1961, before he went to the West, but published only after his death. The book is a treatment of one chapter (chapter twenty) of the tenth canto. Prabhupada composed forty-eight commentaries for the chapter's verses. The book is accordingly illustrated with forty-eight paintings.{{sfn|A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami|1997}}

=== ''Ishopanishad'' ===

In 1969 Prabhupada published, again in his full verse-by-verse format, his translation and commentary for the ''[[Isha Upanishad|Ishopanishad]]''{{sfn|Sherbow|2004|p=144}} — also known as the ''Īśa Upaniṣad'' or ''Īśāvāsya Upaniṣad'',{{sfn|Olivelle|1998|p=405}} which in 1960 he had partially serialized in his ''[[Back to Godhead]]'' magazine.{{sfn|Sherbow|2004|p=144}} The ''Ishopanishad'', consisting of only eighteen ''mantras'',{{sfn|Nikhilananda|1949|p=195}} is considered one of the principal ''[[Upanishads]]''.{{sfn|Hume|1921|p=xii}} In all indigenous collections of the ''Upanishads'', the ''Iśopaniṣad'' comes first.{{sfn|Olivelle|1998|p=405}} Its first verse, "highly regarded as a capsule of Vedic theology",{{sfn|Rahul Peter Das|1998}} presents a god-centered view of the universe.{{sfn|Sherbow|2004|p=144}} The celebrated traditional commentator [[Adi Shankara|Shankara]] wrote, "One who is eager to rid himself of the suffering and delusion of saṁsāra, created by ignorance, and attain Supreme Bliss is entitled to read this ''Upaniṣad''".{{sfn|Nikhilananda|1949|p=199}}

=== ''The Nectar of Devotion'' ===

Begun in 1968,{{sfn|Hopkins|2007|p=176}} ''The Nectar of Devotion'' is a summary study of [[Rupa Goswami]]'s ''Bhakti-rasamrita-sindhu'', his "famous exposition of the principles of devotion".{{sfn|Hopkins|2007|p=176}} Scholar-practitioner [[Shrivatsa Goswami]] has described ''Bhakti-rasamrita-sindhu'' as "a textbook of devotional practice, an exposition on the philosophy of devotion, and a study of devotional psychology".{{sfn|Shrivatsa Goswami|1983|pp=246-247}} ''The Nectar of Devotion'' "gave access to Gaudiya Vaisnavism's most important theological treatise on devotion".{{sfn|Hopkins|2007|p=178}}

=== ''Caitanya-caritamrta'' ===

''Caitanya-caritamrta'' is the seventeenth-century account of the life and teachings of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu|Chaitanya]], who founded the [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism|Gaudiya Vaishnava]] tradition.{{sfn|Hopkins|2007|p=176}} Written in the [[Bengali language|Bengali]] language, it runs to more than 15,000 verses and "is regarded as the most authoritative work on Śrī Caitanya", a work of "rare merit", with "no parallel in the whole of Bengali literature".{{sfn|Kapoor|1976|pp=61-62}} Scholar of religion [[Hugh Urban]] calls it "one of the greatest works in all of Indian vernacular literature".{{sfn|Urban|2003|p=265}}

Prabhupada completed his translation in 1974, within two years,{{sfn|Goswami|2012|p=118}} and it was published in seventeen volumes, again with verse-by-verse text, transliteration, word meanings, translation and commentary.{{sfn|Goswami|2012|pp=35-36}} He based his commentary on the Bengali commentaries of his predecessors [[Bhaktivinoda Thakur]]a and [[Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati]].{{sfn|Hopkins|1983|p=141}}

Before Srila Prabhupada's translation, the work in English was simply unavailable. After Prabhupada's edition came out, scholar J. Bruce Long wrote, "The appearance of an English translation of [[Krishnadasa Kaviraja|Kṛṣṇadāsa Kavirāja Gosvāmī]]'s ''Śri Caitanya-caritāmṛta'' by A.{{nbsp}}C. Bhaktivedānta, Founder-[[Acharya|Ācārya]] of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness, is a cause for celebration among both scholars in Indian Studies and lay-people seeking to enrich their knowledge of Indian spirituality".{{sfn|Long|1978|p=286}}

Several years earlier, in 1968, Prabhupada published ''Teachings of Lord Caitanya''.{{sfn|Goswami|2012|p=233}} The book offers a summary of selected portions of ''Caitanya-caritamrita''.{{sfn|Goswami|2012|p=209}}{{Efn|Scholar and disciple [[Tamal Krishna Goswami]] writes that Prabhupada's first publishing ''Bhagavad-gītā As It Is'' in abridged form and publishing summary studies from the ''Bhagavatam'' and ''Caitanya-caritamrita'' before completing full translations and commentaries "expresses both an urgency that Prabhupāda felt in transmitting these works as essential sacred texts and the weightiness that each of these three foundational texts possessed within the tradition that Prabhupāda represented".{{sfn|Goswami|2012|p=209}}}}

=== ''The Nectar of Instruction'' ===

Prabhupada also wrote a verse-by-verse commentated translation of [[Rupa Goswami]]'s eleven-verse ''Upadeshamrita'',{{sfn|Sherbow|2004|p=144}} one of Rupa Goswami's shortest works,{{sfn|Valpey|2004|p=52}} which provides concise directions on how to carry out devotional service.{{sfn|Burt|2023|p=12}}

=== Bhaktivedanta Book Trust ===

In 1972 Prabhupada founded the Bhaktivedanta Book Trust (BBT), which manages the international publishing and distribution of his writings.{{sfn|Sherbow|2004|p=132}}{{sfn|Shrivatsa Goswami|1983|p=986}}{{sfn|Bromley|Shinn|1989|p=53}} Apart from his major works, the BBT publishes various paperbacks derived from his lectures.{{sfn|Goswami|2012|p=119}} The BBT also publishes ''[[Back to Godhead]]'', the magazine Prabhupada founded, in multiple languages.{{sfn|Sherbow|2004|p=142}} Between 1973 and 1977, Prabhupada's followers distributed several million books and other pieces of Krishna conscious literature every year in shopping malls, airports, and other public locations in the United States and worldwide.{{sfn|Rochford|1983|p=285}} As of 2023, his books had been translated into eighty-seven languages.{{sfn|''The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust''|}} In 2022, the BBT printed more than two million pieces of literature.{{sfn|Haribol|2023}}

== Critical assessments of Prabhupada's writings ==

[[Shrivatsa Goswami]] has said, "Making these Vaiṣṇava texts available is one of Śrīla Prabhupāda's greatest contributions. Apart from the masses, his books have also reached well into academic circles and have spurred academic interest in the Caitanya tradition".{{sfn|Shrivatsa Goswami|1983|p=247}} Further, he says, "The significance of making these texts available is not merely academic or cultural; it is spiritual. ''[[Jñāna]]'', knowledge, is spread, proper doctrines are made known, people come closer to reality".{{sfn|Shrivatsa Goswami|1983|p=247}} Other academics, too, have applauded Prabhupada's publications{{sfn|Knott|1998|p=81}} as his most significant legacy.{{sfn|Sharma|1981|p=971}}

But [[Bhagavad-Gītā As It Is|his edition]] of ''Bhagavad-gita'', in particular, has come in for criticism as well. [[Eric J. Sharpe|Eric Sharpe]], scholar of religion, considers Prabhupada's reading of ''Bhagavad-gita'' single-minded and fundamentalist.{{sfn|Knott|1998|p=82}} Sanskrit scholar A.L. Herman concurs.{{sfn|Goswami|2012|pp=75–76}} Another scholar, K. P. Sinha, takes exception to Prabhupada's "misinterpretations and unkind remarks" directed toward [[Advaita Vedanta]], the philosophy of absolute monism.{{sfn|Sinha|1997|loc=preface}}{{Efn|For a discussion of the criticisms by Herman, see Tamal Krishna Goswami, ''A Living Theology of Krishna Bhakti'' (2012) pp 75–76.{{sfn|Goswami|2012|pp=75-76}} Goswami leaves Sinha's critique aside on the grounds that it is "clearly a sectarian polemic rather than an academic study" and for a rebuttal points us to Gerald Surya's review of Sinha's "A critique of A.C. Bhaktivedanta" in ISKCON Communications Journal, 7:2, December 1999, http://content.iskcon.org/icj/7_2/72surya.html.}}

The most detailed critical analysis by a Western, non-Hindu scholar comes from historian of religion Robert D. Baird.{{sfn|Knott|1998|p=82}} Baird takes upon himself the task of not merely seeing Prabhupada as "an authentic proponent of Vaishnavism" but of examining as an academic scholar the way Prabhupada reads the ''Bhagavad-gita''.{{sfn|Baird|1986|p=200}}

[[File:SP in a lecture in front of Rupa Goswami samadhi.jpg|thumb|360x360px|Prabhupada lectures on ''The Nectar of Devotion'' in front of [[Rupa Goswami|Rupa Goswami's]] ''[[Samadhi (shrine)|samadhi]]'' in [[Vrindavan]], India. (1972)]]
Whereas many scholars, Baird writes, see "some degree of progression" in the ''Gita'', with different themes emphasized in different parts of the book, Prabhupada "reads the complete teaching of the book, indeed of [[Vedas|Vedic literature]] generally, into any passage".{{sfn|Baird|1986|p=201}} It appears "that he considers it legitimate to interpret any verse in the light of the whole system found in the ''Gītā'' whether it is explicitly mentioned in that verse of the Gītā or not".{{sfn|Baird|1986|p=203}} In this way, he reads "Krishna consciousness" even into portions of the text where Krishna is not explicitly mentioned.{{sfn|Baird|1986|pp=201‒203}} Prabhupada cites later passages in the ''Gita'' to explain earlier passages.{{sfn|Baird|1986|p=213}} Indeed, he even quotes from other texts in the canon (whether written before the ''Gita'' or after{{sfn|Baird|1986|p=213}}) to indicate the intention of the ''Gita'', "as though they have the same authority as the ''Gita'' itself".{{sfn|Baird|1986|p=213}} And so: "In all, a wide range of texts are used to serve as authorities for understanding the ''Gītā''. Swami Bhaktivedanta not only treats specific texts in a way that would be unusual among Western scholars, but he sees specific texts in the light of the Vedas in general".{{sfn|Baird|1986|p=216}}

Whereas other scholars, Baird writes, would give great attention to the overall structure of the ''Gita'', Prabhupada gives the structure scant notice, preferring instead to make this point: "In every chapter of ''Bhagavad-gītā'', Lord Kṛṣṇa stresses that devotional service unto the [[Svayam Bhagavan|Supreme Personality of Godhead]] is the ultimate goal of life".{{sfn|Baird|1986|p=217}}

Prabhupada uses the text of the ''Gita'' to present various aspects of Krishna theology.{{sfn|Baird|1986|p=207}} And "he also goes beyond specific texts and the ''Gītā'' itself when he makes it the occasion for the inculcation of a Vaishnava lifestyle,"{{sfn|Baird|1986|p=203}} typified by chanting the ''[[Hare Krishna (mantra)|maha-mantra]]'', regulating one's sexual activity, offering food to Krishna, and following a vegetarian diet.{{sfn|Baird|1986|pp=203‒207}} And so: "Swami Bhaktivedanta is more interested in expounding the principles of Krishna consciousness than in merely explicating the text at hand".{{sfn|Baird|1986|p=205}} In one instance cited, "the text recommends one thing [''[[Ashtanga (eight limbs of yoga)|astanga-yoga]]''] and Bhaktivedanta Swami cancels that and offers the ''mahāmantra''".{{sfn|Baird|1986|p=205}}

As for competing interpretations: "Bhaktivedanta often seeks to show the superiority of the Vaishnava position and the error of other positions".{{sfn|Baird|1986|p=208}} "The position that is attacked with the most regularity and vigor is that of Advaita Vedanta,"{{sfn|Baird|1986|p=208}} "the system of thought that is commonly used to provide the structure for Western understandings of 'Hinduism'",{{sfn|Baird|1987|p=105}} whose advocates Prabhupada calls Mayavadins, impersonalists, or monists.{{sfn|Baird|1986|p=208}} For Advaita Vedanta he reserves his strongest condemnations.{{sfn|Baird|1987|p=105}}

Nor does Prabhupada only criticize "impersonalists". Rather, "Scholars in particular come under Swami Bhaktivedanta's condemnation because they are merely 'mental speculators'".{{sfn|Baird|1986|p=220}} In Prabhupada's view, Baird says, "Since these scholars are not surrendered to Krishna, they are not Krishna conscious; they are merely offering their own ideas rather than the truth within the ''[[Guru–shishya tradition|paramparā]]'' system [the lineage of masters and disciples]".{{sfn|Baird|1986|p=220}} Prabhupada "seldom engages in the kind of argumentation that scholars are accustomed to when deciding between alternative positions".{{sfn|Baird|1986|p=221}} Instead he takes a position as a [[Guru|spiritual master]] within the disciplic succession and "merely declares" what is true.{{sfn|Baird|1986|p=221}} And so, Baird says, "The gulf between Swami Bhaktivedanta's presentation and that of the scholarly [[Exegesis|exegete]] is simply unbridgeable, for their purposes operate on different levels".{{sfn|Baird|1986|p=200}}{{Efn|For a discussion of Baird's critique, see Tamal Krishna Goswami's ''A Living Theology of Krishna Bhakti: Essential Teachings of A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada'' (2012), pp. 66–71.{{sfn|Goswami|2012|pages = 66-71}}}}

But what some scholars might see as faults, others see as virtues. Thomas Hopkins sees Prabhupada's translations and purports as successfully conveying the meaning of the text precisely because Prabhupada draws upon the commentaries of his predecessors and brings to his work the understandings of his entire tradition.{{sfn|Hopkins|1983|pp=140–141}} Moreover, Hopkins says, Prabhupada does this in such a way that the entire text becomes comprehensible to a modern reader, not only theoretically but practically.{{sfn|Hopkins|1983|p=142}} Translations of such texts as the ''Gita'', Hopkins says, cannot be done mechanically.{{sfn|Hopkins|1983|p=146}} The translator has to understand the spirit and the experience that lie behind the text.{{sfn|Hopkins|1983|p=146}} Where Prabhupada's translations expand the text, they do so "for the sake of making the meaning more clear, rather than obscuring it".{{sfn|Hopkins|1983|p=144}} Hopkins says, "Writing a commentary is not a merely intellectual or academic exercise—it has a practical goal: to engage people with a living spiritual tradition".{{sfn|Hopkins|1983|p=142}} Prabhupada, he says, brings the meaning of the text out of the past and into the present, giving it meaning in terms of people's lives.{{sfn|Hopkins|1983|p=141}}

== Challenges and controversies ==

Prabhupada's efforts to establish and expand Krishna consciousness included some difficulties internal to his new and growing movement. He had to train disciples unaccustomed to Vaishnava culture and philosophy and engage them in furthering his Hare Krishna movement;{{sfn|Deadwyler|1989|p=154}} he had to set up and then guide his Governing Body Commission to see to ISKCON's global management. He often had to intervene when clashes and controversies within ISKCON grew out of hand. He had to sort out difficulties faced by individual disciples, ensure a proper understanding of his teachings, and, more broadly, transplant an entire cultural movement.{{sfn|Goswami|2012|pp=1, 23}} He also faced challenges from the outside world.

=== Cult image and "brainwashing" ===

Until the mid-1970s, the attitude of the Western public towards Prabhupada and his movement was cordial. News reports described Hare Krishna devotees, their beliefs, and their religious practices in a spirit of curiosity.{{sfn|Melton|1989|p=92}} By the mid-1970s, this changed. The rapidly expanding Hare Krishna movement — distinctive, foreign, highly visible, and vigorous (often over-vigorous) in spreading its message — became an early target for a nascent [[anti-cult movement]]. The Hare Krishna movement no longer represented an authentic spiritual tradition. Instead, it was now one of a myriad of "destructive [[cult]]s" that won converts and took over their lives by "mind control" and "[[brainwashing]]". When young adults, supposedly robbed of free will and "programmed" by mind control, became Hare Krishna devotees, some parents hired "[[Deprogramming|deprogrammers]]" to kidnap them and "free them from the cult". "Deprogrammings" typically involved days or weeks of isolation, browbeating, and intense verbal haranguing and harassment.{{sfn|Cox|1983|p=57}}{{sfn|Shinn|1983|p=95}}{{sfn|Rochford|1995|p=217}}{{sfn|Goswami2012|p=38}}

After one such deprogramming failed, the [[New York County District Attorney|New York City District Attorney]]'s Office charged two local Hare Krishna leaders with illegally imprisoning two Hare Krishna followers by brainwashing them.{{sfn|Schumach|1977}}{{Efn|The case is People v. Murphy (N.Y. 1977) 98 Misc.2d 235.}}

Prabhupada instructed his disciples to fight these charges, among other ways, by entering his books into evidence.{{sfn|Goswami|2012|p=53}} Meanwhile, two hundred scholars signed a document defending ISKCON as an authentic Indian missionary movement.{{sfn|Melton|1989|p=95}}

In March of 1977, a [[New York Supreme Court|New York State Supreme Court]] justice threw out the charges and recognized ISKCON as a [[Good faith|bona fide]] religious tradition.{{sfn|Schumach|1977}} Nonetheless, in America and Europe the "cult" label and image persisted for the rest of Prabhupada's lifetime and beyond.{{sfn|Lewis|2005|p=129}}{{sfn|Rochford|1995|p=217}}

As scholar [[James A. Beckford|James Beckford]] notes, in the 1970s, Hare Krishna devotees became increasingly active in selling their literature and collecting donations from the public,{{sfn|Beckford|1985|p=26}} so they were sharply criticized for what was seen as harassing people for money at airports and other public places. As [[Edwin Bryant (Indologist)|Bryant]] and Ekstrand comment, "Questionable fund-raising tactics, confrontational attitudes to mainstream authorities, and an isolationist mentality, coupled with the excesses of neophyte proselytizing zeal, brought public disapproval"{{sfn|Bryant|Ekstrand|2004|p=4}} — something that Prabhupada had to deal with too.

=== Institutionalization ===

As ISKCON evolved towards being a worldwide organization, it suffered from the inevitable travails of institutionalization. Young disciples, mostly from an [[anti-establishment]], [[Anti-authoritarianism|anti-authoritarian]] background, became members of the GBC and found themselves running a worldwide institution. Preaching sometimes started giving way to revenue production; gender issues arose; leaders sometimes fell, and scandals broke out. Bureaucracy intruded on spontaneity, and many members left. As much as Prabhupada tried to leave management to the GBC, much of this he too had to deal with personally.{{sfn|Bryant|Ekstrand|2004|p=4}}{{sfn|Dasa|Goswami|2004|p=408}}

=== Child abuse ===

Prabhupada directed his disciples to train children in boarding schools called ''[[gurukula]]s'', where they would receive education from spiritual teachers. However, as reported by sociologist of religion [[E. Burke Rochford]], through mismanagement, these schools became like orphanages. After Prabhupada's departure, it came to light that physical and sexual abuse occurred within these schools due to lack of oversight.{{sfn|Rochford|2007|pp=75-91}}

=== Obstacles in India ===

In India, Prabhupada faced a special set of challenges. He had much to accomplish there, but his American and European disciples were inexperienced in how to get things done in India and even how to live there.{{sfn|Goswami|2002|p=37}}

When Prabhupada's young American followers came to India in the early 1970s and began holding festivals, including public ''sankirtana'', many Indians were surprised to see Westerners adopting Indian modes of worship and devotion. Some local people, including even some Indian officials, suspected that the American devotees must be undercover operatives of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA).{{sfn|Mehta|1993|p=78}}{{sfn|Dwyer|Cole|2007|p=33}}

Outspoken and uncompromising as he was in the way he presented Krishna's teachings in India, as elsewhere, Prabhupada found himself battling with opposing views of all sorts.{{sfn|Goswami|2012|p=99}} Therefore, another challenge came from Prabhupada's consistent rejection of the common Hindu notion of caste by birth. Since Prabhupada, like his predecessors, insisted that anyone, from any race or nation, could become spiritually purified and fit to perform the duties of priests, he faced opposition from Hindu [[brahmin]]s who held that performing such duties was an exclusive birthright of their caste.{{sfn|Goswami|2012|p=192}}{{sfn|Goswami|2002|p=155}}

When Prabhupada resolved to build a temple on land in [[Juhu|Juhu, Bombay]] (now [[Mumbai]]), the man who had sold ISKCON the land tried to [[Fraud|swindle]] the devotees and take it back. The man had deep political connections in the [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation|Bombay municipality]] and employed lawyers and even thugs to drive the devotees off, but Prabhupada persisted and eventually won.{{sfn|Goswami|2002|pp=536-537}}{{Efn|For a book-length telling of this saga, see ''I'll Build You a Temple'' by [[Giriraja Swami]].}}{{Primary source inline|date=April 2024}}

=== Deviations ===

While working to establish his movement, Prabhupada had to deal with problems caused even by leading disciples, who, monks or not, could still hold on to intellectual baggage, disdain for authority, and ambitions for power.{{sfn|Tamal Krishna Goswami|1997}} In 1968 Prabhupada's first ''sannyasi'' disciple openly disregarded Prabhupada's instructions to him and twisted core tenets of Prabhupada's teachings. This foreshadowed succession problems and issues of authority that Prabhupada's movement would face both during Prabhupada's presence and after.{{sfn|Tamal Krishna Goswami|1997}}

Unlike Indian gurus who declared themselves ''[[avatar]]s'', divine appearances of God, Prabhupada, from the very beginning of his preaching, called himself only a servant or representative of God.{{sfn|Daner|1976|p=19}} But in 1970 four of Prabhupada's early ''sannyasis'' announced at a large ISKCON gathering that Prabhupada's followers had failed to recognize that Prabhupada was Krishna: God himself. Prabhupada expelled those ''sannyasis'' from his Society (he eventually readmitted them after they recanted their claim).{{sfn|Tamal Krishna Goswami|1997}}

In 1972, without consulting Prabhupada, eight of the twelve members of the GBC held a meeting in New York aimed at centralizing control of ISKCON's activities and finances. Their plans would have lessened Prabhupada's own oversight and set aside his emphasis on the autonomy of each ISKCON center. This prompted Prabhupada to suspend the entire GBC "until further notice", establish direct lines of communication with each temple's leaders, and re-emphasize spiritual purity, the selfless and voluntary nature of devotional life, and the exemplary conduct befitting ISKCON leaders. He said he wanted this, not corporate bureaucracy and excessive centralization. (He later unsuspended the GBC).{{sfn|Tamal Krishna Goswami|1997}}

In 1975, a clash broke out when a team of ten parties of itinerant ''sannyasis'', assisted by two hundred ''[[Brahmacharya|brahmacharis]]'', crisscrossed America, visiting ISKCON temples to extoll renunciation and a missionary spirit — and urge ''brahmacharis'' to abandon the temples and join the ''sannyasi'' parties. The temples, the team argued, were led by presidents who were ''[[Gṛhastha|grihasthas]]'' (married men), and grihasthas had a propensity for enjoyment that undermined what should be an austere temple atmosphere.{{sfn|Tamal Krishna Goswami|1997}}

The conflict reached its peak in 1976 in Mayapur at ISKCON's annual global gathering when a ''sannyasi''-dominated GBC passed resolutions severely restricting the role of women and families in ISKCON.{{sfn|Tamal Krishna Goswami|1997}} After hearing from both sides, Prabhupada came down against this type of discrimination, calling it "fanaticism", and had the GBC undo the resolutions. Prabhupada said, "I cannot discriminate — man, woman, child, rich, poor, educated, or foolish. Let them all come, and let them take Krishna consciousness".{{sfn|Tamal Krishna Goswami|1997}}

=== Controversial views and statements ===

In the course of his preaching work in the West, Prabhupada made controversial statements that criticized various ideals of modern society or spoke offensively of certain groups.{{sfn|Burt|2023|p=57}}{{sfn|Gupta|2022|p=153}}{{sfn|Lorenz|2004|pp=112-128, 347-390}}{{Efn|Two essays by a student of Indology and former ISKCON disciple Ekkehard Lorenz in ''The Hare Krishna Movement: The Postcharismatic Fate of a Religious Transplant'' document controversial Prabhupada's quotes on a number of subjects. The editors of the volume, [[Edwin Bryant (Indologist)|Edwin Bryant]] and Maria Ekstrand, sought to include in the book "a wide range of voices", including those not only of well-credentialed academics but also of current ISKCON members and of former members (in the editors' words, the movement's "most vocal" critics).{{sfn|Bryant|Ekstrand|2004|p=6}}}}

"In a traditional Hindu vein",{{sfn|Lucia|2014|p=238}} Prabhupada spoke favorably of the myth of [[Aryan race|Aryan bloodlines]] and compared [[Dark skin|darker races]] to ''[[shudra]]s'' [people of low caste], thus implying them being inferior to the lighter-complexioned humans.{{sfn|Lucia|2014|p=238}} In a recorded room conversation with disciples in 1977, he calls [[African Americans]] "uncultured and drunkards", further stating that after being given freedom and equal rights, they caused a disturbance in the society.{{sfn|Lorenz|2004|p=372}}

Prabhupada called [[democracy]] "the government of the asses", "nonsense", and "farce", at the same time praising the [[Monarchy|monarchial]] form of government and speaking favorably of [[dictatorship]].{{sfn|Lorenz|2004|pp=367-369}} While comparing [[Napoleon]] and Hitler to great demons of [[Hindu mythology]] [[Hiranyakashipu]] and [[Kamsa]], he called their activities "very great". On other occasions, he made "generally approving remarks about Hitler" and said that Hitler and his regime carried out [[the Holocaust]] because Jews "were financing against Germany".{{sfn|Lorenz|2004|pp=369-370}} He also expressed some [[Misogyny|misogynistic]] views, asserting that "women cannot properly utilize freedom and it is better for them to be dependent",{{sfn|Lorenz|2004|p=379}} stating that they are "generally not very intelligent",{{sfn|Lorenz|2004|p=378}} and "in general should not be trusted".{{sfn|Lorenz|2004|p=378}}

Scholars have commented, however, on the contrast between such controversial pronouncements and the full picture of what Prabhupada actually taught and did.{{sfn|Rochford|2007|pp=126-127}} [[Kim Knott]], a religious studies scholar, extensively discusses Prabhupada's statements about women.{{sfn|Knott|2004|p=292}} Describing her perspective about ISKCON as that of an "outsider" and a "western feminist",{{sfn|Knott|2004|p=292}} she highlights Prabhupada's firm belief that [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism|"bhakti-yoga"]], the path of Krishna Consciousness, allows transcendence beyond gender distinctions.{{sfn|Knott|2004|p=296}} Knott emphasizes that, according to Prabhupada, women devotees, regardless of their gender, possess equal potential for spiritual advancement and service to Krishna.{{sfn|Knott|2004|p=296}} She further commends Prabhupada for opening up the Hare Krishna movement to women despite cultural norms and traditional prescriptions.{{sfn|Knott|2004|p=300}} In this way, she writes, Prabhupada took time, place, and circumstance into account and acted in the spirit of Krishna consciousness, "in the manner of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu|Chaitanya]]".{{sfn|Knott|2004|pp=300-301}}

Commenting on the role and degree of responsibility that Prabhupada's statements about women played in their abuse in ISKCON, [[E. Burke Rochford]] notes that Prabhupada's personal example in dealings with his earliest women disciples was "far more important".{{sfn|Rochford|2007|p=126}} Their collective personal experiences, Rochford observes, portray Prabhupada's "respectful attitude and behavior toward his women disciples"{{sfn|Rochford|2007|p=126}} and his empowerment for the same rights and duties as his male disciples.{{sfn|Rochford|2007|p=127}} Prabhupada encouraged and engaged women in conducting public [[Pravacana|scriptural discourses]], ''kirtans'' and [[Arti (Hinduism)|temple worship]], writing for ISKCON magazines and publications, personally accompanying and assisting him, and assuming "significant institutional positions in ISKCON".{{sfn|Rochford|2007|p=128}}{{sfn|Gupta|2021|p=51}}

Similarly, scholar of religion Akshay Gupta observes that Prabhupada did not regard his black disciples as lower or "untouchables",{{sfn|Gupta|2021|p=50}} displaying to some of them the same or even greater degree of affection than to his followers of other ethnicities.{{sfn|Gupta|2021|p=50}}{{Efn|One such disciple, Ghanashyama Dasa, went on to become the first [[African Americans|African-American]] ''[[Sannyasa|sannyasi]]'' and ''[[guru]]'' in history, with the name [[Bhakti Tirtha Swami]].{{sfn|McCray|1983|pp=34-36}}{{sfn|Princeton University}}}} Another scholar of religion Mans Broo adds that when Prabhupada speaks about castes, he referred to an envisioned "ideal society" in which people would be divided into different occupational groups "based not on hereditary but on individual qualifications".{{sfn|Broo|2006|p=46}}

Broo also notes that scholarly analyses{{sfn|Broo|2006|pp=47–48}} attribute some of such statements to Prabhupada's "flair for drama and overstatement"{{sfn|Smith|2004|p=185}} — particularly noting his penchant for making politically incorrect remarks to reporters{{sfn|Broo|2006|p=46}} and adding, "It is difficult to decide how seriously any single remark is meant to be taken from a transcript". However, Broo concludes that this behavior does not clear Prabhupada from responsibility for his more radical, politically incorrect statements.{{sfn|Broo|2006|p=47}}{{sfn|Broo|2006|p=46}}
Another scholar of religion, Fred Smith, suggests that some of Prabhupada's statements (such as those concerning Hitler) "must be understood in the context of the intellectual and political culture in which he matured"{{sfn|Smith|2004|pp=186-187}} — specifically that of mid-twentieth-century Bengal,{{sfn|Gupta|2022|p=153}} brewing with anti-colonialist [[Indian nationalism]] championed by such figures as [[Subhash Chandra Bose]], and therefore more favorably disposed to [[Nazi Germany]] than to Britain.{{sfn|Smith|2004|pp=186-187}}

Broo notes that Prabhupada's followers continue to grapple with his controversial statements{{sfn|Broo|2006|pp=47–48}} — which paint "a picture of a not very pleasant man, one far removed from the Gaudiya Vaishnava ideals described in the classical texts of the tradition"{{sfn|Broo|2006|p=39}} — and respond to them in different ways: Some remain silent, while others invoke context or argue that Prabhupada is being unfairly quoted due to negative biases. Still, others are willing to differentiate between his statements they deem "absolute" and those they consider "relative", acknowledging that some teachings may be contingent on the circumstances of Prabhupada's life before coming to the US.{{sfn|Broo|2006|pp=39-40}} However, some followers view this approach as "exceedingly risky", questioning who has the authority to determine which teachings are relative and which are not.{{sfn|Broo|2006|pp=47-48}} Therefore, Broo concludes, this issue is "not likely to be resolved soon".{{sfn|Broo|2006|pp=47-48}}

Commenting on the underlying causes for such controversies, scholar of religion [[Larry Shinn]] attributes the conflict between Prabhupada's teachings and Western cultural values to "[Prabhupada]'s insistence on the infallibility of the Krishna scriptures and (...) the authenticity of Prabhupada's Krishna faith and practice".{{sfn|Shinn|2004|p=xviii}}{{Efn|[[Larry Shinn]] writes: {{Blockquote|Perhaps Prabhupada's piousness centering upon his deep faith in Krishna was both his greatest strength and the source of ISKCON's most consistent tension in America. As an ''[[acharya]]'' or teacher of the Krishna scriptures and devotional faith, Prabhupada was a "holy man," a guru whose translations of the Sanskrit scripture of the ''Bhagavata Purana'', the ''Bhagavad Gita'', and of Chaitanya's teachings were the center of his own devotional life and of his education of his new American devotees. His insistence on the infallibility of the Krishna scriptures and his interpretation of them continues to be a source of unrest within ISKCON, and certainly between ISKCON and its surrounding culture.... In one respect, it was the authenticity of Prabhupada's Krishna faith and practice that enticed new converts to ISKCON and also caused the society to stand out in contrast, and even opposition, to western religious and cultural values.{{sfn|Shinn|2004|p=xviii}}}}}}

== Influence ==

By explaining the teachings of bhakti yoga and Gaudiya Vaishnavism and arousing interest in them worldwide, Prabhupada made a lasting contribution.{{sfn|Lewis|2005|p=128}}{{sfn|Hopkins|1983|pp=136, 142}}{{sfn|Klostermaier|1998|p=183}} Through his writings and his movement, many [[Western world|Westerners]] have become aware of ''bhakti'' for the first time.{{sfn|Basham|1983|p=174}} He translated and commented on important spiritual texts, particularly the ''Bhagavad-gita'', the ''Srimad-Bhagavatam'', and the ''Caitanya-caritamrta'', making these texts accessible to a global audience.{{sfn|Hopkins|1983|p=140}} His commentaries brought the traditional wisdom of these writings into a contemporary context, making possible a deeper comprehension of their spiritual meaning and its practical application in one's life.{{sfn|Hopkins|1983|pp=136, 142}} Within Gaudiya Vaishnavism, Prabhupada's preaching achievements are viewed as the fulfillment of a mission to introduce Caitanya Mahaprabhu's teachings to the world.{{sfn|Dwyer|Cole|2007|p=5}}

Although the "steady procession of Hindu swamis" who had come to America before Prabhupada had generally aligned their views with the monistic [[Advaita Vedanta]] of [[Adi Shankara|Shankara]] (AD 788‒820) and the idea of "the ultimate absorption of the self into an impersonal Reality or Brahman",{{sfn|Judah|1974|p=19}} Prabhupada rejected Advaita Vedanta{{sfn|Ketola|2008|p=6}} and coherently argued that the Absolute is ultimately the [[Svayam Bhagavan|Personality of Godhead]].{{sfn|Sherbow|2004|pp=140‒141}}

[[Ferdinando Sardella|Sardella]] has written that in the twelve years between Prabhupada's arrival in America and his demise, Prabhupada "managed to build ISKCON into an institution comprising thousands of dedicated members, establish Caitanya Vaishnava temples in most of the world's major cities, and publish numerous volumes of Caitanya Vaishnava texts (in twenty-eight languages), tens of millions of which were distributed throughout the world".{{sfn|Lewis|2005|p=128}}{{sfn|Sardella|2019|p=83}} Prabhupada also spread the chanting of the ''Hare Krishna mantra'' worldwide.{{sfn|Sardella|2019|p=83}}

In 2013, Rochford wrote, "[T]he fact that ISKCON has survived for nearly 50 years, despite significant change, is a testament to the devotees' resilience and to the power of Prabhupada's teachings and vision for ISKCON".{{sfn|Dwyer|Cole|2013|p=12}}

In India, Prabhupada's movement has become a well-respected institution, with recognition at all levels of Hindu society.{{sfn|Kazmin|1998}}{{sfn|Newsweek|2006}} ISKCON has large temple complexes active in cities like Mumbai, New Delhi, Bengaluru, Chennai, and Kolkata.{{sfn|Pandey|2020}}{{sfn|Popham|1998}} ISKCON's center in Mayapur has become an Eastern Indian place of pilgrimage for millions every year. Thousands of middle-class Hindus, both in India and elsewhere, have joined ISKCON.{{sfn|Pandey|2020}} And Hindus both in India and in the [[Hinduism by country|Hindu diaspora]] have provided ISKCON vast support.{{sfn|Newsweek|2006}}{{sfn|Sardella|2019|p=84}}

But Prabhupada's legacy also faces scrutiny on various fronts. Criticisms have emerged regarding the movement's organizational structure, controversies have arisen surrounding continuity of leadership after his death,{{sfn|Dwyer|Cole|2013|pp=35–37}}{{sfn|Nesti|2000|p=151}} and misdeeds and even criminal acts have been committed by some ISKCON members, including once-respected former leaders.{{sfn|Rose|2020|p=755}}{{Efn|Sources that have discussed ISKCON's post-charismatic crises and disruptions include Bryant and Ekstrand (2004), Dwyer and Cole (2007), and Rochford (2007).}} Concerns have been expressed about the movement's adaptability to modern values, especially concerning gender roles and societal norms.{{sfn|Dwyer|Cole|2013|pp=6–7}} And although ISKCON has benefited from the support and participation of a large and growing number of Indian families in its congregations outside India,{{sfn|Kazmin|1998}} the "Hinduization" of ISKCON has in many places tended to diminish the involvement of other audiences.{{sfn|Dwyer|Cole|2013|pp=26–28}}

Nonetheless, Prabhupada's influence endures through his writings and ISKCON's ongoing activities.{{sfn|Lewis|2005|p=128}} Despite significant setbacks, the movement he started continues to grow.{{sfn|Sardella|2013|p=247}}

== Recognition ==
=== From scholars ===

Kim Knott writes that scholars describe Prabhupada as a charismatic spiritual leader and emphasize his "humanity" and "uniqueness".{{sfn|Knott|1997}} Prabhupada's missionary successes in such a short period, and at such an advanced age, she writes, are extolled by scholars using terms such as "stunning", "remarkable", and "extraordinary".{{sfn|Knott|1997}} In the same vein, [[Klaus Klostermaier]], scholar of Hinduism and Indian history, refers to Prabhupada as "probably, the most successful propagator of Hinduism abroad".{{sfn|Klostermaier|1998|p=183}}

Representing such thoughts, [[Harvey Cox]], American theologian and Professor of Divinity Emeritus at Harvard University, said:

{{Blockquote|There aren't many people you can think of who successfully implant a whole religious tradition in a completely alien culture. That's a rare achievement in the history of religion. In his case it's even all the more remarkable for his having done this at such an advanced age. When most people would have already retired, he began a whole new phase of his life by coming to the United States and initiating this movement. He began simply, with only a handful of disciples. Eventually he planted this movement deeply in the North American soil, throughout other parts of the European-dominated world, and beyond. Although I didn't know him personally, the fact that we now have in the West a vigorous, disciplined, and seemingly well-organized movement–not merely a philosophical movement or a yoga or meditation movement, but a genuinely religious movement--introducing the form of devotion to God that he taught, is a stunning accomplishment. So when I say [he's] "one in a million," I think that's in some ways an underestimate. Perhaps he was one in a hundred million.{{sfn|Cox|1983|pp=40-41}}}}

=== From officials ===

Prabhupada's success in spreading [[Sanātana Dharma|Indian spirituality]] among non-Indians across the world brought him acclaim from Indian political leaders.{{sfn|Ivanenko|2008|pp=73-74}}

[[Prime Minister of India|Indian Prime Ministers]] [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], [[H. D. Deve Gowda|Deve Gowda]],{{sfn|Ivanenko|2008|p=43}} [[Narendra Modi]], and [[President of India|Indian Presidents]] [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]], [[Pranab Mukherjee]], and [[Pratibha Patil]] have praised Prabhupada, his work and mission.{{sfn|Ivanenko|2008|pp=73-74}}{{sfn|IANS|2018}}[[File:PM Narendra Modi on 125th birth of Prabhupada (Hindi with English subtitles ).webm|thumb|[[Narendra Modi]] speaks on Prabhupada's 125th birth anniversary. (2 September 2021){{sfn|Modi|2021b}}|280x280px]]In 1998, speaking at the opening ceremony of an ISKCON temple in New Delhi, Prime Minister Vajpayee credited Prabhupada's movement with publishing the ''Bhagavad Gita'' "in millions of copies in scores of Indian languages" and distributing it "in all nooks and corners of the world",{{sfn|Pandey|2020}} calling Prabhupada's journey to the West and the rapid global propagation of his movement "one of the greatest spiritual events of the century".{{sfn|Pandey|2020}}{{Efn|"If today the Bhagavad Gita is printed in millions of copies in scores of Indian languages and distributed in all nooks and corners of the world, the credit for this great sacred service goes chiefly to ISKCON.... For this one accomplishment alone, Indians should be eternally grateful to the devoted spiritual army of Swami Prabhupada's followers. The voyage of Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada to the United States in 1965 and the spectacular popularity his movement gained in a very short spell of twelve years must be regarded as one of the greatest spiritual events of the century".{{sfn|Pandey|2020}}}}

Releasing a 125-[[Indian rupee|rupee]] commemorative coin on the occasion of Prabhupada's 125th birth anniversary,{{sfn|India Govt Mint|2021}} Prime Minister Modi also praised Prabhupada for his efforts "to give India's most priceless treasure to the world", describing Prabhupada's accomplishments in spreading the thought and philosophy of India to the world as "nothing less than a miracle."{{sfn|Modi|2021b}}

On the fiftieth anniversary of Prabhupada's voyage to the West, [[United States Congress|US Congresswoman]] [[Tulsi Gabbard]] praised the "compassion that drove Srila Prabhupada to attempt something so brave and so daring to deliver the message of Lord Chaitanya and the Holy Name to all of mankind".{{sfn|Gabbard|2015}}

Prabhupada was conferred with the title ''[[Vishvaguru|Vishwa Guru]]'' by the [[Akhil Bharatiya Akhara Parishad]] during the [[2025 Prayag Maha Kumbh Mela]] in Uttar Pradesh in recognition of his contributions to humanity and his efforts in spreading Indian culture, traditions and "spiritual wisdom to every corner of the world".<ref>{{cite web |title=ISKCON Founder Srila Prabhupada Conferred With 'Vishwa Guru' Title During Maha Kumbh |url=https://www.news18.com/india/iskcon-founder-srila-prabhupada-conferred-with-vishwa-guru-title-during-maha-kumbh-9227233.html |website=www.news18.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ABAP honours Swami Prabhupada with 'Vishwa Guru' title at Maha Kumbh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/abap-honours-swami-prabhupada-with-vishwa-guru-title-at-maha-kumbh/articleshow/118185299.cms |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Vishwa Guru title for Srila Prabhupada|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/360-degree/vishwa-guru-title-for-srila-prabhupada-1860668 |website=deccanchronicle.com}}</ref>

On 4 December 2025, [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Narendra Modi]] presented a Russian copy of Prabhupada's ''[[Bhagavad-Gītā As It Is|Bhagavad-Gita As It Is]]'' to the [[President of Russia]] [[Vladimir Putin]] during Putin's [[state visit]] to India, writing in his official [[Twitter|X account:]] "Presented a copy of the Gita in Russian to President Putin. The teachings of the Gita give inspiration to millions across the world."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Modi |first=Narendra |date=4 December 2005 |title=X account of the Prime Minister of India |url=https://twitter.com/narendramodi/status/1996640866468090252 |access-date=5 December 2025}}</ref> The note added to the gift explained: "Its timeless wisdom inspires ethical living, mind control, and inner peace, with translations making it accessible to modern readers worldwide".<ref>{{Cite news |last=HT News Desk |date=5 December 2025 |title=M Modi's gifts to Putin span from Kashmir to Bengal and beyond, list includes special copy of Gita {{!}} Details, photos |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modis-gifts-to-putin-span-from-kashmir-to-bengal-and-beyond-list-includes-special-copy-of-gita-details-photos-101764946527495.html |url-status=live |access-date=6 December 2025 |work=[[The Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

== Commemoration ==

=== Shrines, memorials, museums ===
[[File:Samadhi Mandir of Srila Prabhupada (front), Mayapur 07102013.jpg|alt=A tall ornate domed structure, topped with a spear and flanked by green lush trees.|thumb|280x280px|''Pushpa-samadhi'' of Prabhupada in [[Mayapur]], [[West Bengal]].]]
In keeping with [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism|''Gaudiya-Vaisnava'']] rites, after Prabhupada's death at the [[ISKCON Temple, Vrindavan|Krishna-Balarama temple]] in [[Vrindavan]] ([[Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh, India]]), his disciples interred his body on the temple premises and erected a marble ''[[Samadhi (shrine)|samadhi]]'', or shrine, over his burial site.{{sfn|New York Times|1977}}{{sfn|Dwyer|Cole|2013|p=38}} In [[Mayapur]] ([[West Bengal]]), they built a much larger ''pushpa-samadhi'' — a shrine sanctified with flowers from Prabhupada's burial ceremony.{{sfn|Silva da Silveira|2014}} Daily ''[[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]'' (traditional worship) is offered to larger-than-life statues of Prabhupada at both sites.{{sfn|Silva da Silveira|2014}}

Another shrine is dedicated to Prabhupada in [[New Vrindaban]] ([[West Virginia|West Virginia, USA]]), where a residence built to host Prabhupada during his occasional visits evolved into the elaborate Prabhupada's Palace of Gold.{{sfn|Bromley|Shinn|1989|p=199}} After opening to the public in 1979, two years after Prabhupada's death, the memorial site is now a place of worship and an attraction for pilgrims and tourists,{{sfn|McCarthy|2013}}{{sfn|Shinn|Bromley|1987|p=124}} listed in America's [[National Register of Historic Places]].{{sfn|Hanz|2023}} Other rooms ‌in which Prabhupada stayed while in Vrindavan, Mumbai, Los Angeles, London, Melbourne and several other places around the world have been preserved as museums.

[[File:Prabhupada family and Jaladuta monument.jpg|thumb|360x360px|Prabhupada's son Vrindavan Chandra De (back, in red shirt) in front of the ''Jaladuta'' monument with his family (standing) and the monument's team (seated, left to right): concept director, manager, and [[:uk:Журавель Володимир Миколайович|sculptor]]. ISKCON Kolkata. (August 2015)]]Prabhupada's birthplace, in the [[Tollygunge]] neighborhood of Kolkata, was inaugurated as a memorial site in 2021, on the 125th anniversary of Prabhupada's birth, by [[List of chief ministers of West Bengal|West Bengal Chief Minister]] [[Mamata Banerjee]].{{sfn|Pandey|2021}} In the [[Ultadanga]] neighborhood of Kolkata, the building, known as Bhaktivinode Asan where Prabhupada first met his guru, [[Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati]], has also been restored as a heritage site.{{sfn|Banerjee|2022}}

On August 13, 2015, the fiftieth anniversary of Prabhupada's departure from Kolkata to the United States, a two-meter-high bronze monument, created by Ukrainian sculptor [[:uk:Журавель Володимир Миколайович|Volodymyr Zhuravel]], was unveiled in Kolkata by the [[List of governors of West Bengal|Governor of West Bengal]] [[Keshari Nath Tripathi]] and [[List of lieutenant governors of Puducherry|Lieutenant Governor of Pondicherry]] [[Kiran Bedi]].{{sfn|Jaisinghani|2015}} The monument was created in two parts — one depicting Prabhupada's departure for America, the other his arrival. After the monument was unveiled, the "departure" part was installed at the ISKCON temple in Kolkata, the "arrival" part in front of the ISKCON temple in Boston.{{sfn|Smullen|2018}}

In November 2024, [[Scottish Church College]] inaugurated the "Abhay Charan Seminar Hall", honoring A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada. The hall was constructed with support from the Bhaktivedanta Research Centre.<ref name="k927">{{cite web |title=স্কটিশ চার্চে প্রভুপাদের নামে সেমিনার কক্ষ, সহায়তায় ভক্তিবেদান্ত রিসার্চ সেন্টার |website=sangbadpratidin |date=6 Nov 2024 |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/kolkata/scottish-church-college-inaugurated-seminar-room-in-the-name-of-abhaycharan-dey/ |access-date=2 Dec 2024}}</ref><ref name="h939">{{cite web |title=অভয়চরণ নামাঙ্কিত সেমিনার হলের দ্বারোদ্ঘাটন হয়েছে |website=Hindusthan Samachar Bangali |date=6 Nov 2024 |url=https://bengali.hindusthansamachar.in/Encyc/2024/11/6/Seminar-hall-In-New-Name-at-Scottish-church-colleg.php |access-date=2 Dec 2024}}</ref>[[File:Prabhupada Seminar Room at Scottish Church College.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Prabhupada Seminar Room at Scottish Church College]]

=== Biographies, memoirs, diaries ===

In 2008, Ketola wrote that there were more than thirty historical, biographical, and autobiographical works centering on Prabhupada.{{sfn|Ketola|2008|p=8}} Since then they have increased.

Satsvarupa Dasa Goswami's official six-volume biography ''Srila Prabhupada-lilamrta'' ("carefully researched", Ketola reports{{sfn|Ketola|2008|p=8}}) has more recently been joined by a shorter biography, ''Swami in a Strange Land'', by Joshua Greene.{{sfn|Patel|2018|pp=179-181}} Both authors are Prabhupada's disciples. Among memoirs that focus on specific times or places, Ketola mentions several, including Hayagriva Dasa's ''The Hare Krishna Explosion''.{{sfn|Ketola|2008|p=8}})

Ketola also notes two published diaries kept by direct assistants of Prabhupada: Tamal Krishna Goswami's ''TKG's Diary'' and Hari Sauri Dasa's multi-volume ''Transcendental Diary''.{{Efn|E. Burke Rochford writes in his Foreword to one volume, "For scholars and students of religion the material presented represents a critically important historical record". Foreword to A Transcendental Diary: November 1975–April 1976, p. xv{{sfn|Ketola|2008|p=9}}}}

{{Collapsible list
|expand =
|bullets = on
|title = List of biographical publications about A.{{nbsp}}C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada
|framestyle = border: none
|titlestyle = color:darkblue
|''Ācārya: The Lifestory of A.{{nbsp}}C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada'' by Bhaktisiddhanta Das (2021), {{ASIN|B095PTSKC7}}
|''Ācārya: Portraits of His Divine Grace A.{{nbsp}}C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada'' by Sesa Dasa (1996), {{ISBN|978-0-9472-5905-1}}
|''Blazing Sadhus'' by Achyutananda Das (2016), {{ISBN|978-1-5375-0886-3}}
|''By His Example: The Wit and Wisdom of A.{{nbsp}}C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada'' by Guru Das (2004), {{ISBN|978-1-8870-8936-4}}
|''Chasing Rhinos With The Swami'' by Shyamasundar Das (2016), in 3 volumes, {{ISBN|978-1-4951-7708-8}}
|''Dancing White Elephants: Traveling with Srila Prabhupada in India, August 1970—March 1972'' by [[Giriraja Swami|Giriraj Swami]] (2023), {{ISBN|978-1-9258-5003-1}}
|''Five Years, Eleven Months and a Lifetime of Unexpected Love: A Memoir'' by Visakha Dasi (2016), {{ISBN|978-1-5228-3844-9}}
|''The Great Transcendental Adventure: Pastimes of His Divine Grace A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada in Australia and New Zealand by Kurma Dasa (1999),'' {{ISBN|978-0-9472-5922-8}}
|''The Hare Krishna Explosion: The Birth of Krishna Consciousness in America, 1966‒1969'' by Hayagriva Dasa (1985), {{ISBN|978-0-9322-1501-7}}
|''He Lives Forever'' by [[Satsvarupa dasa Goswami|Satsvarupa Dasa Goswami]] (2022), {{ISBN|979-8-3531-4960-6}}
|''I'll Build You a Temple — The Juhu Story'' by [[Giriraja Swami|Giriraj Swami]] (2021), {{ISBN|978-1-9258-5001-7}}
|''In Conversation with Srila Prabhupada'' by Lokanath Swami (2016), {{ASIN|B09HKRBMHG}}
|''ISKCON in the 1970s'' by [[Satsvarupa dasa Goswami|Satsvarupa Dasa Goswami]] (1997), {{ISBN|978-0-9112-3372-8}} |''Jaya Srila Prabhupada!'' by Bhakti Vikasa Swami (2014), {{ISBN|978-9-3821-0911-2}}
|''Journey to the Pacific Rim'' by Bali Mardan Das, {{ISBN|978-8-1932-9180-1}}
|''Life with the Perfect Master: A Personal Servant's Account'' by [[Satsvarupa dasa Goswami|Satsvarupa Dasa Goswami]] (2022), {{ISBN|979-8-4117-0674-1}}
|''Memories – Anecdotes of a Modern–Day Saint'' by Siddhanta Dasa (2020), in 4 volumes {{ISBN|978-8-1929-7022-6|9780972259712|9789389050806}}
|''Miracle on Second Avenue'' by [[Mukunda Goswami]] (2011), {{ISBN|978-0-9817-2734-9}}
|''Mission in the Service of His Divine Grace: Birth of the Hare Krishna Movement in South Africa'' by Riddha Dasa (2003), {{ISBN|978-1-9015-9301-3}}
|''The Mayapur Vrindavan Festivals with Srila Prabhupada (1972‒77)'' by Lokanath Swami (2020), {{ISBN|978-0-6206-9482-7}}
|''My Days with Prabhupada: A Young Man's Path to God in the Hare Krishna Movement'' by Umapati Swami (2016), {{ASIN|B01EVBQ6M4}}
|''My Glorious Master: Remembrances of Prabhupada's Mercy on a Fallen Soul'' by Bhurijana Dasa (1996), {{ISBN|978-0-9925-2194-3}}
|''My Memories of Srila Prabhupada'' by Bhakti Vikasa Swami (2012), {{ISBN|978-9-3821-0930-3}}
|''Ocean of Mercy'' by [[Bhakti Charu Swami]] (2016), {{ISBN|978-0-8921-3533-2}}
|''Our Srila Prabhupada — A Friend to All'' by Mulaprakrti Devi (2000), {{ASIN|B004Q6XSXA}}
| ''A Place of Sandalwood and Roses,'' by Govinda Dasi (2023), {{ISBN|979-8-9873-8291-2}}
|''Prabhupada Antya-lila: Final Pastimes of Srila Prabhupada'' by [[Tamal Krishna Goswami]] (1988), {{ISBN|978-0-9369-7901-4}}
|''Prabhupada Appreciation'' by [[Satsvarupa dasa Goswami|Satsvarupa Dasa Goswami]] (2022), {{ISBN|979-8-3579-6633-9}}
|''Prabhupada at Radha-Damodara'' by Mahanidhi Swami (2013), {{ASIN|B00CTRMKKK}}
|''Prabhupãda in Malaysia ''by Janananda Das Goswami (2020), {{ISBN|978-8-1938-5971-1}}
|''Prabhupada-lila'' by [[Satsvarupa dasa Goswami]] (1987), {{ISBN|978-0-9112-3336-0}}
|''Prabhupada Meditations'' by [[Satsvarupa dasa Goswami|Satsvarupa Dasa Goswami]] (2023) in 2 volumes, {{ISBN|979-8-4463-5309-5}}
|''Prabhupada: Messenger Of The Supreme Lord'' by [[Satsvarupa dasa Goswami|Sastvarupa Dasa Goswami]] (2014), {{ISBN|978-8-1895-7430-7}}
|''Prabhupāda Nectar: Anecdotes from the Life of His Divine Grace A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada ''by [[Satsvarupa dasa Goswami|Satsvarupa Dasa Goswami]] (1984), {{ISBN|978-0-9112-3322-3}}
|''Prabhupada Stories'' by Govinda Dasi
|''Servant of the Servant'' by [[Tamal Krishna Goswami]] (2019), {{ISBN|978-8-1939-9216-6}}
|''Srila Prabhupada and His Disciples in Germany'' by Bhakti Gauravani Goswami (2021), {{ISBN|978-9-3915-4504-8}}
|''Srila Prabhupada is Coming: My Personal Memories of His Divine Grace, A.C. Bhaktivehanta Swami Prabhupada'' by Mahamaya Dasi (2000), {{ISBN|978-0-9704-5301-3}}
|''Srila Prabhupada-lilamrta'' by [[Satsvarupa dasa Goswami|Satsvarupa Dasa Goswami]] (2008), in 7 volumes, {{ISBN|978-8-1895-7422-2}}
|''Srila Prabhupada Uvaca'' by Srutakirti Dasa
|''Swami in a Strange Land'' by Joshua M. Greene (Yogeshvara Dasa) (2018), {{ISBN|978-9-3879-4409-1}}
|''TKG's Diary: Prabhupãda's Final Days'' by [[Tamal Krishna Goswami]] (1999), {{ISBN|978-8-1872-1612-4}}
|''A Transcendental Diary'' by Hari Sauri Dasa (2021), in 5 volumes, {{ISBN|978-1-8804-0437-9}} |''Vrindaban Days: Memories of an Indian Holy Town'' by Howard Wheeler (Hayagriva Swami) (1990) {{ISBN|978-0-9322-1520-8}}
|''With Srila Prabhupada in the Early Days (1966‒1969): A Memoir'' by [[Satsvarupa dasa Goswami|Satsvarupa Dasa Goswami]] (1997), {{ISBN|978-0-9112-3384-1}}
|''"You Cannot Leave Boston"'' by [[Satsvarupa dasa Goswami|Satsvarupa Dasa Goswami]], in 2 volumes (1998) {{ASIN|B09HKSY9L7}}
}}

=== Film, and filmed memoir collections ===

In 1996 Gaurav Seth produced the fifty-five-minute biographical film ''Prabhupada: A Lifetime in Preparation''.{{sfn|IMDb|1996}} In 2017 John Griesser, a Prabhupada disciple, produced an uncritical 91-minute film: ''Hare Krishna! The Mantra, the Movement, and the Swami who started it All''.{{sfn|Jenkins|2017}}

Disciples have also undertaken two video projects collecting memories of Srila Prabhupada, one entitled ''Remembering Srila Prabhupada'',{{sfn|PrabhupadaMemories}} the other ''Following Srila Prabhupada''.{{sfn|TheTVDB}}

The Bhaktivedanta Archives, in North Carolina, serves as a repository for Srila Prabhupada's manuscripts and letters, for photographs of Srila Prabhupada, and for audio recordings.{{Efn|1=https://www.prabhupada.com/About/AAbout.html. Claire C. Robison describes the Archives, though not by name, in "ISKCON–Christian Encounters," Chapter 16 in The Routledge Handbook of Hindu-Christian Relations. p=194}}
{{Multiple image
| width = 140
| footer = 125-[[Indian rupee|rupee]] commemorative coin released by [[Narendra Modi]] on Prabhupada's 125th birth anniversary.
| image1 = Front side of Rs 125 commemorative coin for Prabhupada's 125th birth.jpg
| image2 = Back side of Rs 125 commemorative coin for Prabhupada's 125th birth.jpg
}}

=== Stamps, coin, and plaque ===

In 1996, the [[Government of India]] issued a commemorative stamp in Prabhupada's honor and in 2021 a 125-[[Indian rupee|rupee]] commemorative coin.<ref>Times of India, September 13, 2021</ref>

In 2001, the City of New York installed a plaque in [[Tompkins Square Park]] to mark the "Hare Krishna tree", the [[elm]] under which Prabhupada and his early followers first began chanting the ''Hare Krishna mantra'' in 1966.{{sfn|Tompkins Square Park |1966}}
[[File:TompkinsHareKrishnaTree.JPG|left|thumb|280x280px|The plaque near the Hare Krishna Tree in [[Tompkins Square Park]], New York.]]

=== Schools ===

Various ISKCON-related schools and other institutions have been named after Srila Prabhupada, including the Bhaktivedanta Research Centre in Kolkata, which holds a full collection of the works of Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati as well as publications from the first twenty years of the Gaudiya Math.{{sfn|Sardella|2019|pp=85–86}}

In 2023, [[Scottish Church College]] and the Bhaktivedanta Research Center jointly established the "A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada Memorial Award" to commemorate Prabhupada's student years at the college, meant to recognize both the most meritorious student for outstanding academic achievements and a faculty member for exceptional community service.{{sfn|Scottish Church College|2023}}{{sfn|Basan|2023}}

=== Roads ===

In 1978, a prominent entrance road into Vrindavan was named Bhaktivedanta Swami Marg after Prabhupada.{{sfn|Pandey|2019}}

== Bibliography ==

=== Translations with commentary ===

* Bhagavad-gītā As It Is, {{ISBN|978-0-8921-3134-1}}
* Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam (Bhāgavata Purāṇa) (multiple volumes) {{ISBN|978-9-1776-9300-0}} (completed by disciples)
* Śrī Īśopaniṣad, {{ISBN|978-0-8921-3138-9}}
* Śrī Caitanya-caritāmṛta (multiple volumes), {{ISBN|978-0-9472-5906-8}}
* The Nectar of Instruction, {{ISBN|978-0-9127-7685-9}}

=== Summary studies ===

* Teachings of Lord Caitanya, {{ISBN|978-0-9127-7608-8}}
* Kṛṣṇa, the Supreme Personality of Godhead (multiple volumes), {{ISBN|978-0-8921-3333-8}}
* The Nectar of Devotion, {{ISBN|978-0-9127-7605-7}}

=== Other books ===

* Easy Journey to Other Planets (1990), {{ISBN|978-0-9127-7610-1}}
* The Perfection of Yoga, {{ISBN|978-0-9127-7636-1}}
* Beyond Birth and Death, {{ISBN|978-0-9127-7641-5}}
* On the Way to Kṛṣṇa, {{ISBN|978-0-9127-7639-2}}
* Rāja-vidyā: The King of Knowledge, {{ISBN|978-1-6029-3009-4}}
* Elevation to Kṛṣṇa Consciousness, {{ISBN|978-0-9127-7643-9}}
* Kṛṣṇa Consciousness: The Matchless Gift, {{ISBN|978-0-9127-7661-3}}
* Kṛṣṇa Consciousness: The Topmost Yoga System, {{ISBN|978-0-9127-7611-8}}
* Perfect Questions, Perfect Answers, {{ISBN|978-0-9127-7662-0}}
* Teachings of Lord Kapila, the Son of Devahūti, {{ISBN|978-9-3830-9598-8}}
* The Science of Self-Realization, {{ISBN|978-1-8459-9039-8}}

=== Posthumously published ===

* Mukunda-mālā-stotra: The Prayers of King Kulaśekhara, {{ISBN|978-0-8921-3275-1}} (completed by disciples)
* Nārada-bhakti-sūtra, {{ISBN|978-0-8921-3273-7}} (completed by disciples)
* Light of the Bhāgavata, {{ISBN|978-9-1714-9267-8}}
* Message of Godhead, {{ISBN|978-0-8921-3299-7}}
* Renunciation Through Wisdom, {{ISBN|978-0-9472-5904-4}}
* Beyond Illusion and Doubt, {{ISBN|978-0-8921-3336-9}}
* Teachings of Queen Kuntī, {{ISBN|978-0-8921-3102-0}}
* Civilization And Transcendence, {{ISBN|978-0-8921-3298-0}}
* Dharma, The Way Of Transcendence, {{ISBN|978-0-8921-3326-0}}
* Kṛṣṇa, the Reservoir of Pleasure, {{ISBN|978-0-8921-3149-5}}
* The Path of Perfection, {{ISBN|978-9-3821-7651-0}}
* The Quest for Enlightenment, {{ISBN|978-0-8921-3292-8}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|20em}}

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|title = Modern Hindu Personalism: The History, Life and Thought of Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati
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|isbn = 978-0-1998-6591-8
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*{{Citation
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}}
{{Refend}}

=== Media ===
==== News ====
{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}

*{{Citation |last=Banerjee |first=Sudeshna |title=Birthplace of Gaudiya Mission and Iskcon reopens as a temple-cum-museum: The single-storeyed structure spread over eight cottahs at Gauribari Lane off Raja Dinendra Street |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=25 February 2022 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/news/birthplace-of-gaudiya-mission-and-iskcon-reopens-as-a-temple-cum-museum/cid/1853393}}

*{{Cite news |last=Basan |first=Khusboo |title=Bhaktivedanta Research Center Gives An Endowment To Scottish Church College |date=12 March 2023 |publisher=ISKCON News |url=https://iskconnews.org/bhaktivedanta-research-center-gives-an-endowment-to-scottish-church-college/}}

*{{Citation |author=BBC |title=BBC News – Americas – Krishnas to file for bankruptcy |work=[[BBC|BBC UK]] |date=8 February 2002 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world/americas/18082852}}{{dead link|date=September 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}

*{{Citation |author=Berkeley |title=Hare Krishna! A San Francisco Śrīla Prabhupāda Pilgrimage |website=Berkeley Art and Interreligious Pilgrimage Project |date=5 January 2023 |url=https://pilgrimage.gtu.edu/pilgrimage/hare-krishna-a-san-francisco-srila-prabhupada-pilgrimage-2/ |access-date=20 October 2023}}

*{{Citation |last=Bratersky |first=Alexander |date=28 November 2011 |title=Krishna Holy Book Faces Ban in Tomsk |work=[[The Moscow Times|Moscow Times]] |url=https://themoscowtimes.com/news/krishna-holy-book-faces-ban-in-tomsk-11391 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111226060418/https://themoscowtimes.com/news/krishna-holy-book-faces-ban-in-tomsk-11391 |archive-date=26 December 2011}}

*{{Citation |last=Corley |first=Felix |date=5 January 2012 |title=RUSSIA: Has "madness" of banning religious publications been stopped? |work=[[Forum 18]] |url=https://www.forum18.org/archive.php?article_id=1656 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324084058/https://www.forum18.org/archive.php?article_id=1656 |archive-date=24 March 2012 |access-date=21 March 2012}}

*{{Citation |last=Goodstein |first=Laurie |title=Hare Krishna Movement Details Past Abuse at Its Boarding Schools |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=9 October 1998 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/09/us/hare-krishna-movement-details-past-abuse-at-its-boarding-schools.html |access-date=6 February 2024}}

*{{Citation |last=Hanz |first=Joyce |title=Daycation: Palace of Gold in West Virginia on National Register of Historic Places |publisher=TribLIVE |date=8 January 2023 |url=https://triblive.com/local/valley-news-dispatch/daycation-palace-of-gold-in-west-virginia-on-national-register-of-historic-places/ |access-date=27 February 2024}}

*{{Citation |last=IANS |author-link=Indo-Asian News Service |title=Facing 'ban Gita' case, Hindus build Krishna temple in Moscow |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=4 May 2018 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/world/facing-ban-gita-case-hindus-2464409 |access-date=1 April 2024}}

*{{Citation |last=Jaisinghani |first=Bella |title=Iskcon founder's journey to west completes 50 years |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |place=Mumbai |date=13 August 2015 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/iskcon-founders-journey-to-west-completes-50-years/articleshow/48460372.cms}}

*{{Citation |last=Jenkins |first=Mark |title='Hare Krishna!' takes an uncritical look at a controversial spiritual movement and its leader |date=13 July 2017 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/goingoutguide/movies/hare-krishna-takes-an-uncritical-look-at-a-controversial-spiritual-movement-and-its-leader/2017/07/13/1b80eb62-6324-11e7-8adc-fea80e32bf47_story.html |access-date=9 February 2024}}

*{{Citation |last=Kazmin |first=Amy Louise |title=The Hare Krishnas caught up with me in New Delhi |date=25 April 1998 |newspaper=[[Financial Times]] |url=https://archive.org/stream/FinancialTimes1998UKEnglish/Apr%2025%201998%2C%20Financial%20Times%2C%20%2325%2C%20UK%20%28en%29_djvu.txt |quote=At the ceremony, [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee|Vajpayee]] praised devotees for their work towards 'the globalisation of the Gita'. He cited the rapid spread of the movement as proof of 'the disillusionment of leading western minds' with 'materialist ideologies that are incapable of satisfying the real needs of man'. For the Hare Krishnas, long dismissed as fringe weirdos, it was the ultimate stamp of legitimacy.}}

*{{Citation |last=Kenigsberg |first=Ben |title=Summer Movie Release Schedule 2017 (English) |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=5 May 2017}}

*{{Citation |author=L.A. Times |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |title=Hare Krishnas Say Suit Spurs Bankruptcy Filing |date=6 March 2016 |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2002-feb-09-me-chbrief9.2-story.html |access-date=7 February 2024}}

*{{Citation |last=Maurya |first=Abhai |date=22 December 2011 |title=Russians kick up an unholy row over holy book |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/Russians-kick-up-an-unholy-row-over-holy-book/articleshow/11231943.cms |access-date=22 October 2023}}

*{{Citation |last=McCarthy |first=Ellen |title=Can Hare Krishnas at Palace of Gold in W.Va. rebuild its tarnished community? |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=11 January 2013 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/magazine/can-hare-krishnas-at-palace-of-gold-in-wva-rebuild-its-tarnished-community/2013/01/04/38dbf6a8-ebc8-11e1-a80b-9f898562d010_story.html}}

*{{Citation |last=Mehta |first=Mona |title=Moscow courts had dismissed Gita cases |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=28 December 2011 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/moscow-courts-had-dismissed-gita-casesltbr-/ampnbsp/articleshow/11273929.cms |access-date=6 February 2024}}

*{{Citation |author=Newsweek |title=Beliefwatch: Krishnas' New Look |magazine=[[Newsweek]] |date=23 July 2006 |url=https://www.newsweek.com/beliefwatch-krishnas-new-look-112457 |quote=[Hare Krishnas] are now part of the culture in ways that the average person couldn't have imagined some 20 or 25 years ago. ... ISKCON communities offer premarital counseling, interfaith activities, social-service programs and baby-sitting—just the kind of institutional structure that many early converts were fleeing.}}

*{{Citation |author=New York Times |title=Swami Prabhupada, 'Hare Krishna', Dead |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |page=2 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/11/16/archives/swami-prabhupada-hare-krishna-head-founder-of-movement-81-came-to.html |date=16 November 1977 |access-date=12 February 2024}}

*{{Citation |last=Nordheimer |first=Jon |title=Young Ascetics Honor Lord Krishna |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=6 September 1972 |page=47 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/09/06/archives/young-ascetics-honor-lord-krishna-young-members-of-ascetic-sect.html}}

*{{Citation |last=Pandey |first=Jhimli Mukherjee |title=Iskcon complaint gets UP to revoke road name rejig |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |place=Kolkata, India |date=11 July 2019 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/iskcon-complaint-gets-up-to-revoke-road-name-rejig/articleshow/70166126.cms}}

*{{Citation |last=Pandey |first=Jhimli Mukherjee |title=Iskcon acquires founder's birthplace in Tollygunge, West Bengal CM unveils 'spiritual park' |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |place=Kolkata, India |date=2 September 2021 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/iskcon-acquires-founders-birthplace-in-tollygunge-cm-unveils-spiritual-park/articleshow/85846413.cms}}

*{{Citation |last=Pandey |first=Kirti |title=AC Bhaktivedanta Prabhupada Swami birth anniversary: Krishna devotee who founded the million-strong ISKCON |work=[[Times Now]] |date=1 September 2020 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/spiritual/religion/article/ac-bhaktivedanta-prabhupada-swami-birth-anniversary-krishna-devotee-who-founded-the-million-strong-iskcon/645946 |quote="If today the Bhagavad Gita is printed in millions of copies in scores of Indian languages and distributed in all nooks and corners of the world, the credit for this great sacred service goes chiefly to ISKCON. ... For this one accomplishment alone, Indians should be eternally grateful to the devoted spiritual army of Swami Prabhupada's followers. The voyage of Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada to the United States in 1965 and the spectacular popularity his movement gained in a very short spell of twelve years must be regarded as one of the greatest spiritual events of the century."}}

*{{Citation |last=Popham |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Popham |title=India's PM takes to robots for Krishna |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |date=12 April 1998 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/india-s-pm-takes-to-robots-for-krishna-1156126.html |quote="Some people say my government is opposed to globalisation. But let me say I am all in favour of the globalisation of the message of the Bhagavad Gita. ... What we need today is the application on a national scale of the work-related ideology of the Bhagavad Gita. This will create a new work culture, and a new work culture will create a new India."}}

*{{Citation |author=Press Trust of India |title=Devotees from 106 countries practice yoga to mark ISKCON |newspaper=[[Business Standard]] |place=Kolkata |date=13 August 2015 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/devotees-from-106-countries-practice-yoga-to-mark-iskcon-50th-115081302009_1.html}}

*{{Citation |author=PTI |title=PM Modi releases special commemorative coin on ISKCON founder's 125th birth anniversary |newspaper=[[Times of India]] |date=1 September 2021 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-releases-special-commemorative-coin-on-iskcon-founders-125th-birth-anniversary/articleshow/85835377.cms |access-date=13 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913032001/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-releases-special-commemorative-coin-on-iskcon-founders-125th-birth-anniversary/articleshow/85835377.cms |archive-date=13 September 2021}}

*{{Citation |last=Ritts |first=Penny |title=Devotee of Hindu Cult Explains Commission to Visit the West |newspaper=[[Butler Eagle]] |place=Butler, PA |date=22 September 1965}}

*{{Citation |last=Samhita |first=Garga |title=Verse 1.2.28 [Garga Samhita] |website=Wisdom Library; The portal for Hinduism, Sanskrit, Buddhism, Jainism, Mesopotamia etc... |date=16 July 2022 |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/garga-samhita-english/d/doc1122607.html |access-date=22 October 2023}}

*{{Citation |last=Schumach |first=Murray |title=Judge Rejects Charges of 'Brainwashing' Against Hare Krishna Aides |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=18 March 1977 |page=24 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/03/18/archives/judge-rejects-charges-of-brainwashing-against-hare-krishna-aides.html |access-date=9 February 2024}}

*{{Cite web |last=Scottish Church College |author-link=Scottish Church College |title=The institution of the "A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada Memorial Award |date=28 February 2023 |url=https://www.scottishchurch.ac.in/photo_gallery_A_C_Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada_Memorial_Award_28022023.php}}

*{{Citation |last=Sikes |first=James R. |title=Swami's Flock Chants in Park to Find Ecstasy |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=10 October 1966 |page=24 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1966/10/10/archives/swamis-flock-chants-in-park-to-find-ecstasy-50-followers-clap-and.html}}

*{{Citation |author=Surrealist |title=Children of ISKCON vs.ISKCON Timeline |url=https://surrealist.org/gurukula/timeline/lawsuit.html |access-date=22 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209234239/http://surrealist.org/gurukula/timeline/lawsuit.html |archive-date=9 February 2018}}

*{{Citation |last=Taylor |first=Robert |title=The Search for the Godhead in Boston |newspaper=[[The Boston Globe|Boston Sunday Globe]] |date=27 April 1969 |url=https://bostonglobe.newspapers.com/image/434626807/ |url-access=subscription}}

*{{Citation |author=The Wall |title=AC Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada Memorial Award Has Been Launched |website=The Wall |date=28 February 2023 |url=https://www.thewall.in/west-bengal/ac-bhaktivedanta-swami-prabhupada-memorial-award-has-been-launched/tid/96550 |access-date=20 October 2023 |language=Bengali |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422165943/https://www.thewall.in/news/ac-bhaktivedanta-swami-prabhupada-memorial-award-has-been-launched |archive-date=22 April 2023}}

*{{Citation |author=Tompkins Square Park |title=Tompkins Square Park Highlights |website=Hare Krishna Tree : NYC Parks |date=9 October 1966 |url=https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/tompkins-square-park/highlights/10823 |access-date=20 October 2023}}

*{{Citation |author=Uncut |title=George Harrison Memorial Garden opens to the public |website=Uncut |url=https://www.uncut.co.uk/news/george-harrison-memorial-garden-opens-to-the-public-22326/ |date=29 May 2013 |access-date=18 March 2024}}

*{{Citation |last=Vallely |first=Paul |title=Spirit of the Age: Rebirth of an ancient religion |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |date=21 November 1998 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/spirit-of-the-age-rebirth-of-an-ancient-religion-1186213.html |quote=[T]here is a growing sense that the Hare Krishnas are forming a useful bridge to Britain's Indian community - and at the same time becoming reasonable and articulate exponents to the English of the Vedic way. Perhaps the Hare Krishnas are coming of age.}}

*{{Citation |last=Vanina |first=Elena |title=Dangers of putting Gita on trial |newspaper=Russia & India Report |date=23 December 2011 |url=https://www.rbth.com/articles/2011/12/23/dangers_of_putting_gita_on_trial_14075 |access-date=6 February 2024}}

*{{Citation |last=Попова |first=Анна |title=На поле дхармы |newspaper=Lenta.ru |language=Russian |date=28 December 2011 |url=https://lenta.ru/articles/2011/12/28/iskcon/ |access-date=28 December 2011}}
{{Refend}}

==== Officials ====
{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}

*{{Citation |last=Gabbard |first=Tulsi |author-link=Tulsi Gabbard |title=Tulsi Gabbard Message for Srila Prabhupada's Journey to USA_ISKCON 50th Anniversary |date=2015 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KIKFItEm0Hg |access-date=12 February 2024}}

*{{Citation |author=India Government Mint |title=PM Modi Released Rs 125 Commemorative Coin To Honour ISKCON Founder |date=2021 |url=https://www.indiagovtmint.in/pm-modi-to-release-rs-125-commemorative-coin-to-honour-iskcon-founder-today/# |ref={{SfnRef|India Govt Mint|2021}}}}

*{{Citation |last=Modi |first=Narendra |author-link=Narendra Modi |title=PM releases a special commemorative coin on the occasion of 125th Birth Anniversary of Srila Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada Ji |date=2021a |url=https://www.narendramodi.in/prime-minister-narendra-modi-releases-commemorative-coin-on-125th-birth-anniversary-of-srila-bhaktivedanta-swami-prabhupada-ji-557050}}

*{{Citation |last=Modi |first=Narendra |author-link=Narendra Modi |title=PM's speech at release of commemorative coin on 125th Jayanti of Swami Prabhupada Ji -With Subtitles |date=1 September 2021b |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OWyILkAnNJk |language=Hindi |access-date=12 February 2024 |quote=It is as if millions of minds are bound by one emotion and millions of bodies are connected by one common consciousness! This is the Krishna consciousness which has been spread by Prabhupada Swami ji to the entire world. (...) Prabhupada Swami was not only a supernatural devotee of Krishna, but he was also a great devotee of Bharat. (...) Srila Prabhupada Swami always used to say that he is traveling in the countries because he wants to give India's most priceless treasure to the world. (...) Swami ji's revered Guruji [[Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati|Srila Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati]] ji saw that potential in him and instructed him to take the thought and philosophy of India to the world. Srila Prabhupada ji made this command of his Guru his mission, and the result of his efforts is visible in every corner of the world today. (...) When we visit any country and when people greet us with 'Hare Krishna', we feel so much warmth and pride. (...) Srila Prabhupada and ISKCON took up this great responsibility of propounding Bhakti Yoga to the world. He worked to connect Bhakti Vedanta with the consciousness of the world. This was no ordinary task. He started a global mission like ISKCON at the age of about 70, when people become inactive. This is a huge inspiration for our society and for every person. (...) Prabhupada Swami remained active for his resolutions from his childhood till his whole life. When Prabhupada ji went to America by sea, he was almost empty-pocket; he had only Gita and Shrimad Bhagwat! During the journey, he suffered heart attacks twice. When he reached New York, he did not have any arrangements for food and no place to stay. But what the world saw in the next 11 years, in the words of revered Atal ji, it was nothing less than a miracle.}}
{{Refend}}

==== Videos ====
{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}

*{{Citation |last=Das |first=Syamasundar |title=Hare Krishna! The Mantra, The Movement And The Swami Who Started It All |date=2017 |time=1:04:45 |url=https://archive.org/details/hare-krishna-the-mantra-the-movement-and-the-swami-who-started-it-all |access-date=12 February 2024 |ref={{SfnRef|S. Das|2017}}}}

*{{Cite web |author=IMDb |title=Following Srila Prabhupada (TV Series 1997– ) |editor=Gaurav Seth |publisher=[[IMDb]] |date=1996 |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0192466/ |access-date=27 February 2024}}

*{{Citation |last=Morarjee |first=Sumati |author-link=Sumati Morarjee |title=Hare Krishna! The Mantra, The Movement And The Swami Who Started It All |date=2017 |time=34:45 |url=https://archive.org/details/hare-krishna-the-mantra-the-movement-and-the-swami-who-started-it-all |access-date=12 February 2024}}

*{{Citation |last=Tripati |first=Keshari Nath |author-link=Keshari Nath Tripathi |title=Unveiling of Brass Srila Prabhupada Statue Jaladuta Journey to USA |date=2015 |time=4:35 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=40R3m4cF2Gk |access-date=12 February 2024}}
{{Refend}}

=== ISKCON-related ===
{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
*{{Citation |last=A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami |title=Light of the Bhagavata |publisher=The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust |place=Los Angeles, CA |date=1997 |isbn=978-9-1714-9267-8}}

*{{Cite web |ref={{harvid|The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust}} |author=BBT |title=Languages |website=The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust |url=https://www.bbt.org/languages |access-date=23 October 2023}}

*{{Citation |author=Bhaktivedanta Hospital |title=History of Hospital |website=Bhaktivedanta Hospital & Research Institute |url=https://www.bhaktivedantahospital.com/about-us/about-hospital |access-date=21 October 2023}}

*{{Citation |author=Bhaktivedanta Research |title=Home |website=BRC Global |date=1 March 2023 |url=https://brcglobal.org/ |access-date=21 October 2023}}

*{{Cite AV media |last=Dasa |first=Bhuta Bhavana |title=Prabhupada Memories |volume=47 |editor=Siddhanta Dasa |date=2018 |time=18:18 |url=https://youtube.com/uVFMcj2KFDw?t=1098}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}

*{{Citation |author=Child Protection Office |title=ISKCON Child Protection Guidelines |url=https://www.iskconchildprotection.org/_files/ugd/8a61c5_3cba6c1074e7427d893be8af35c40a79.pdf |date=2018 |access-date=24 March 2024 |archive-date=17 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617142527/https://www.iskconchildprotection.org/_files/ugd/8a61c5_3cba6c1074e7427d893be8af35c40a79.pdf |url-status=dead}}

*{{Citation |last=Das |first=Daiva Rama |date=29 February 2020 |title=Major Street in Ahmedabad Renamed In Honor of Srila Prabhupada |work=ISKCON News |place=Gujarat, India |url=https://iskconnews.org/major-street-in-ahmedabad-renamed-in-honor-of-srila-prabhupada,7214/}}

*{{Citation |last=Samhita |first=Garga |title=Verse 1.2.28 [Garga Samhita] |website=Wisdom Library; The portal for Hinduism, Sanskrit, Buddhism, Jainism, Mesopotamia etc... |date=16 July 2022 |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/garga-samhita-english/d/doc1122607.html |access-date=22 October 2023}}

*{{Cite web |author=GBC |title=List of Initiating Gurus in ISKCON |date=2024 |url=https://gbc.iskcon.org/list-of-initiating-gurus-in-iskcon/}}

*{{Cite web |last=Haribol |first=Thomas |title=NE-BBT Releases 2022 Stats Showing Growth in Distribution, Printing, eBooks, and More |website=ISKCON News |date=16 August 2023 |url=https://iskconnews.org/ne-bbt-releases-2022-stats-showing-growth-in-distribution-printing-ebooks-and-more/ |access-date=23 October 2023}}

*{{Cite web |author=ISKCON |title=India |website=ISKCON Centers - World wide directory of official ISKCON Centres & Branches |date=9 July 2011 |url=https://centers.iskcondesiretree.com/india/ |access-date=23 October 2023}}

*{{Citation |last=Prabhupada |first=A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami |title=The Jaladuta Diary |publisher=The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust |date=1965 |url=http://www.prabhupada.de/Prabhupada_Jaladuta-Diary.pdf}}

*{{Cite web |author=PrabhupadaDotCom |title=About Srila Prabhupada |publisher=Prabhupada.com |url=https://www.prabhupada.com/About/AAbout.html |access-date=27 February 2024}}

*{{Cite web |author=PrabhupadaMemories |title=Prabhupada Memories |url=https://www.prabhupadamemories.com/ |access-date=27 February 2024}}

*{{Citation |author=Reviews |title=Scholarly Appreciations of Srila Prabhupada's Books |url=https://www.srilaprabhupada.co.in/scholarly-appreciations-of-srila-prabhupadas-books |access-date=23 August 2013}}

*{{Citation |last=Smullen |first=Madhava |title=Srila Prabhupada and Jaladuta Sculpture Installed Outside ISKCON Boston |work=ISKCON News |date=20 August 2018 |url=https://iskconnews.org/srila-prabhupada-and-jaladuta-sculpture-installed-outside-iskcon-boston/}}

*{{Cite web |author=Vanipedia |title=Timeline of Srila Prabhupada's Life |url=https://vanipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Srila_Prabhupada%27s_Life |date=2024}}

*{{Cite web |author=Vedabase |title=Room Conversation — Varṇāśrama System Must Be Introduced |website=Online Vedabase |date=14 February 1977 |url=https://vedabase.io/en/library/transcripts/770214r2may/ |access-date=22 October 2023}}

*{{Cite web |author=Vedabase |title=Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam 3.1.10 |website=Online Vedabase |date=21 May 1973 |url=https://vedabase.io/en/library/transcripts/730521sbdal/ |access-date=22 October 2023}}

*{{Cite web |author=Vedabase |title=Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam 4.25.10 |website=Online Vedabase |date=28 July 2021 |url=https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/4/25/10/ |access-date=22 October 2023}}
{{Refend}}

=== Works by Prabhupada's followers ===
{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}

*{{Citation |last=Das |first=Kaunteya |date=2022 |title=Tough Questions, Difficult Answers on Srila Prabhupada's Contentious Remarks |publisher=Eye of the Storm Press}}

*{{Citation |last=Dasa |first=Hayagriva |title=The Spiritual Master: Emissary of the Supreme Person |magazine=Back to Godhead |issue=38 |date=1970 |url=http://back2godhead.com/newpdf-17-36/067_1970_01-38.pdf}}

*{{Citation |last=Dasa |first=Hayagriva |title=The Hare Krishna Explosion: The Birth of Krishna Consciousness in America, 1966-1969 |place=Moundsville, WV |publisher=Palace Press |date=1985 |ol=8708465W |url=https://theharekrishnamovement.files.wordpress.com/2012/11/the-hare-krishna-explosion.pdf |ref={{SfnRef|H. Dasa|1985}}}}

*{{Citation |last=Dāsa |first=Kūrma |title=The Great Transcendental Adventure: Pastimes of His Divine Grace A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada in Australia and New Zealand |place=Botany, Australia |publisher=Chakra Press |date=1999 |isbn=978-0-9472-5922-8}}

*{{Citation |last=Dasa |first=Ravindra Svarupa |author-link=Ravindra Svarupa Dasa |title=Disease |journal=Back to Godhead Magazine |publisher=The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust |volume=27 |number=1 |date=1993}}

*{{Citation |last=Dasa |first=Satyaraja |title=A Spiritual Happening on the Lower East Side |journal=Back to Godhead |volume=45 |issue=2 |date=2011 |url=https://btg.krishna.com/a-spiritual-happening-on-the-lower-east-side/}}

*{{Citation |last=Goswami |first=Mukunda |author-link=Mukunda Goswami |title=Miracle on Second Avenue: Hare Krishna Arrives in the West: New York, San Francisco, and London, 1966-1969 |publisher=Torchlight Publishing |place=Badger, CA |date=2011 |isbn=978-0-9817-2734-9}}

*{{Citation |last=Goswami |first=Satsvarupa dasa |author-link=Satsvarupa dasa Goswami |title=Srila Prabhupada-lilamrta |publisher=Bhaktivedanta Book Trust |place=Los Angeles |date=2002 |isbn=978-0-8921-3355-0 |ol=OL11297276M}}

*{{Citation |last=Greene |first=Joshua |title=Here Comes the Sun. The Spiritual and Musical Journey of George Harrison |place=Los Angeles, CA |publisher=[[Turner Publishing Company|Turner Publishing]] |date=2006 |isbn=978-0-4716-9021-4 |ol=OL3412832M}}

*{{Citation |last=Greene |first=Joshua |title=Swami in a Strange Land |place=San Rafael |publisher=Mandala Publishing |date=2016 |isbn=978-1-6088-7644-0 |ol=OL27212292M}}

*{{Citation |last1=Griesser |first1=John |last2=Ross |first2=Lauren |title=Hare Krishna: The Mantra, the Movement and the Swami Who Started It All |date=15 December 2017 |url=https://www.spiritualityandpractice.com/films/reviews/view/28458/hare-krishna-the-mantra-the-movement-and-the-swami-who-started-it-all |place=India |publisher=Spirituality & Practice |access-date=29 August 2023}}

*{{Citation |last=Rosen |first=Steven J. |title=Black Lotus: The Spiritual Journey of an Urban Mystic |publisher=Hari-Nama Press |date=2007b |isbn=979-8-6405-5071-9}}

*{{Citation |last=Swami |first=Jayadvaita |author-link=Jayadvaita Swami |title=Vanity Karma: Ecclesiastes, the Bhagavad-gita, and the meaning of life |place=Los Angeles, CA |publisher=The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust |date=2015 |isbn=978-0-8921-3449-6}}

*{{Cite web |author=TheTVDB |title=Following Srila Prabhupada |publisher=The TVDB |url=https://thetvdb.com/series/following-srila-prabhupada |access-date=27 February 2024}}
{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==

*{{Citation
|last = Zeller |first = Benjamin E.
|author-link=Benjamin E. Zeller
|chapter = The Hare Krishna Look: ISKCON Adornment as Religious Activism
|editor-last = Zeller |editor-first = Benjamin E.
|editor2-last = Dallam |editor2-first = Marie W.
|title = Religion, Attire, and Adornment in North America
|publisher = [[Columbia University Press]]
|pages = 295–319
|year = 2023
|isbn = 978-0-2315-5554-8
}}

*{{Citation
|last = Sengupta |first = Hindol |author-link = Hindol Sengupta
|title = Sing, Dance and Pray: The Inspirational Story of Srila Prabhupada Founder-Acharya of Iskcon
|publisher = India Penguin Ananda
|year = 2023
|isbn = 978-0-1434-6244-6
}}

== External links ==
{{Commons}}


* {{URL|https://vanipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page|Vanipedia}} — Online repository of A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada's legacy
* {{URL|https://vedabase.io/en/|Bhaktivedanta Vedabase}} – Official online multilingual library of A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada
* {{URL|http://prabhupada.com/|The Bhaktivedanta Archives}} — Archives of A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada
* {{IMDb name|nm4152034}}
* {{BNF|118918976}} – Bhaktivedanta Swami, A. C. (1896–1977)
* {{WorldCat|id=lccn-n79133133}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada}}

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[[Category:1896 births]]
[[Category:1977 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Hindu religious leaders]]
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[[Category:Founders of new religious movements]]
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Aaryan Krishna Menon

2026-03-22T12:22:32Z

User987delhi: Made basic page needs work...

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Indian patronymic|Aaryan|Krishna Menon}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Aaryan Krishna Menon
| image = Aryanmenon.jpg
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 26 October{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}
| birth_place = [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = Actor, [[screenwriter]], director
| yearsactive = 2010–present
| spouse = {{marriage|Sowmya Vidyadhar|2015}}
| children = 3
| alma_mater = [[University of Calicut]]
}}

'''Aaryan Krishna Menon''' is an [[Indian actor]], [[screenwriter]], and director, primarily working in the [[Malayalam film industry]].

Aaryan made his acting debut in the film ''[[Tournament – Play & Replay|Tournament]]'' in 2010 and later starred in the [[Malayalam]] [[romantic drama film|romantic drama]] ''[[Pranayam (2011 film)|Pranayam]]'' in 2011.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Nayar|first1=Parvathy|title=Blessy has an eye for detail: Aaryan Menon|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Blessy-has-an-eye-for-detail-Aaryan-Menon/articleshow/10075796.cms|accessdate=5 January 2016|work=The Times of India|issue=TNN|date=22 September 2011}}</ref> He played a leading role with [[Lal (actor)|Lal]] in the Malayalam short film "Debt" (2010), which won three [[Kerala State Film Awards|Kerala state awards]].{{citation needed |date=March 2023}}

He later ventured into directing with a short film titled "Burn My Body".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Thomas|first1=Elizabeth|title=The Long and Short of it|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151213/entertainment-mollywood/article/long-and-short-it|access-date=5 January 2016|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=13 December 2015}}</ref> Written and directed by him, the movie was acclaimed for its conceptualization, theme, and craft. It went [[Viral video|viral]] online, becoming one of the highest-viewed Malayalam short films by grossing 1.3 million [[YouTube]] views after three months.<ref>{{cite news|title=Burn My Body is all set to burn YouTube records|url=http://www.onlookersmedia.in/latestnews/burn-body-set-burn-youtube-records|accessdate=5 January 2016|publisher=onlookersmedia.in|date=24 March 2015}}</ref> The E-buzz section from ''[[Mathrubhumi]]'', news daily, reported, "A truth that is hard-hitting on the audience has been filmed with perfection and ease in just under 30 mins".<ref>{{cite news|title='Burn My Body' deals a different theme @ E-Buzz|url=http://mathrubhuminews.in/ee/ReadMore/14031/burn-my-body-deals-a-different-theme-e-buzz/E|accessdate=5 January 2016|publisher=Mathrubhumi.com|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304194935/http://mathrubhuminews.in/ee/ReadMore/14031/burn-my-body-deals-a-different-theme-e-buzz/E|url-status=dead}}</ref> E-magazine ''Evartha'' described it as "a movie par excellence in its kind as it dealt with a storyline that had never been told before".<ref>{{cite news|title=Aryan Krishna's 'Burn my Body' says an untold story ever before|url=http://www.evartha.in/english/2015/04/10/aryan-krishnas-burn-my-body-says-an-untold-story-ever.html|accessdate=5 January 2016|publisher=evartha.in|date=10 April 2015|archive-date=17 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117104445/http://www.evartha.in/english/2015/04/10/aryan-krishnas-burn-my-body-says-an-untold-story-ever.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Aaryan Menon directing a short film titled ' Burn my Body|url=http://www.kerala9.com/news-category/news/movie-news/aaryan-menon-directing-a-short-film-titled-burn-my-body|accessdate=5 January 2016|date=9 March 2014|archive-date=5 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405231440/http://www.kerala9.com/news-category/news/movie-news/aaryan-menon-directing-a-short-film-titled-burn-my-body|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=മരണത്തെയും സത്രീ ഭയക്കണം|url=http://www.eastcoastdaily.com/2015/04/05/burn-my-body-documentary|accessdate=5 January 2016|publisher=eastcoastdaily.com|language=Malayalam|quote=A woman has to fear even after death|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407154455/http://www.eastcoastdaily.com/2015/04/05/burn-my-body-documentary|archive-date=7 April 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Early life==

Aaryan was born to M. S. Girijavallabhan and T. K. Remani in [[Kodungallur]], in the [[Thrissur]] district of [[Kerala]], India.<ref>{{cite news|title=ആര്യൻ പ്രനയതിൽനിന്ന് തീയിലേക്ക്|url=http://digitalpaper.mathrubhumi.com/494891/Thrissur/07-May-2015?show=touch#page/28/1|accessdate=5 January 2016|publisher=Mathrubhumi.com|date=7 May 2015|language=Malayalam}}</ref> He has two brothers, Arjun Menon and Abhimanyu Menon. Aaryan completed his bachelor's degree in Electronics from [[Prajyoti Niketan College]], [[Puthukkad]]. Aaryan aspired to build a career in film from a very young age. He was an avid theater artist and performed in numerous professional dramas and plays during his college days and has won several university-level awards and recognition.

==Personal life==

Aaryan married his long-term girlfriend Sowmya Vidhyadhar in September 2015 in a private ceremony in [[Chennai]]. The couple has three daughters, Sana, Prakruthi, and Shakthi.<ref>{{cite news |last1=sreekumar |first1=priya |title=Posting their way to fame |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/010118/posting-their-way-to-fame.html |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=1 January 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
After receiving a postgraduate diploma in Journalism, Aaryan began his career as a senior [[radio jockey]] at [[Mathrubhumi Club FM]]. While working in Mathrubhumi, he conceptualized and hosted a popular celebrity chat show called ''Star Jam'' where he received an opportunity to interview [[Mammooty]], a Malayalam actor. Impressed by Menon's passion for cinema, [[Lal (actor)|Lal]], an actor who had accompanied Mammooty to the interview, cast Aaryan in the lead role in [[Tournament – Play & Replay|''Tournament'']]. Menon played the [[antagonist]] in the movie. His performance was well received and launched his acting career. Until 2012, he actively appeared in shorts and feature films, after which he shifted residence to Dubai and resumed his career as a radio jockey. In 2015 he made a comeback in his directorial debut with a short film titled "Burn My Body" and garnered praise for his bold attempt at filming and raising awareness about a complicated issue, [[necrophilia]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gopalakrishnan|first1=Aswathy|title=Watch This Unsettling Short 'Burn My Body'|url=http://silverscreen.in/malayalam/news/watch-this-unsettling-short-burn-my-body/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064318/http://silverscreen.in/malayalam/news/watch-this-unsettling-short-burn-my-body/|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 March 2016|accessdate=5 January 2016|publisher=silverscreen.in|date=14 April 2015|quote=A recent short film directed by Aryan Menon in Malayalam that is making waves on social networking sites}}</ref> "Burn My Body" and its poster is included as a reference for "Necrophilia", for [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|MBBS]] students in ''Textbook of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology'', edited by V V Pillay.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/burn-my-body-reference-in-mbbs-text-book.html|title=ആര്യന്റെ 'ബേൺ മൈ ബോഡി' എം.ബി.ബി.എസ് പുസ്തകത്തിൽ|work=Manoramaonline|accessdate=6 April 2016}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Director !! Notes
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Tournament – Play & Replay]]'' || John Subramaniyam || [[Lal (actor)|Lal]] ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Pranayam (2011 film)|Pranayam]]'' || Young Achuthan Menon
|| [[Blessy]] || Teenage role of [[Anupam Kher]]
|-
| 2012 || "Debt" || Jude || [[Lal Jr.]] || Short film, released directly in television
|-
| 2013 || "Srishti Samhara" || Artist || Anoop P. || Short film
|-
| 2015 || "Burn My Body" || || Himself || Short film; directorial debut
|-
| 2017 || ''[[The Great Father]]'' || Office executive || [[Haneef Adeni]] ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Lilli (2018 film)|Lilli]]'' || Ajith || Prasobh Vijayan ||
|-
| 2018 || '' Koodasa '' || Antony || Dinu Thomas Eelan ||
|-
| 2020 || ''[[King Fish]]'' || Ashwin Kumar || [[Anoop Menon]] ||
|-
| 2021 || ''[[One (2021 film)|One]]'' || Jaimon || Santhosh Vishwanathan||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|6014843}}
* {{Facebook|rjaaryanmenon}}
{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
|commons-search =
|d = yes
|d-search =
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 =
}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Thrissur]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century births]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Ritz-Carlton Bangalore

2026-03-21T16:21:33Z

User987delhi: New first page added tags

{{short description|Hotel in Bengaluru, India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox hotel
| name = Ritz-Carlton Bangalore
| logo =
| logo_size = 125px
| image =
| caption =
| location = [[Bengaluru]], India
| address =
| hotel_chain = [[Ritz Carlton]]
| coordinates = {{coord|12.97|77.60|display=inline,title}}
| opening_date = 2013
| developer =
| architect =
| operator = [[Ritz Carlton]]
| owner =
| number_of_rooms = 277
| number_of_suites =
| number_of_restaurants =
| floor_area =
| floor_count =
| height =
| parking =
| website = {{url|https://www.ritzcarlton.com/en/hotels/india/bangalore}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Ritz Carlton Bangalore''' is a [[Hotel rating|five-star]] hotel in [[Bengaluru]], India. It is the first [[Ritz Carlton]] hotel in India, with an investment of {{INR}}750 [[crore]]. It is located in the [[Bangalore Central Business District]] on Residency Road, Shanti Nagar.<ref name="India's first Ritz-Carlton opens in Bangalore">{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| title = India's first Ritz-Carlton opens in Bangalore
| newspaper = Economic Times
| location = Bengaluru
| pages =
| language =
| date = 4 November 2013
| url = https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/indias-first-ritz-carlton-opens-in-bangalore/articleshow/25211803.cms?from=mdr
| accessdate = 7 Oct 2020}}</ref> [[Ritz Carlton]] is a reputed brand in luxury hospitality.<ref name="Ritz-Carlton to throw open its doors in Bangalore in September">{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| title = Ritz-Carlton to throw open its doors in Bangalore in September
| newspaper = Business Standard
| location = Bengaluru
| pages =
| language =
| date = 26 July 2013
| url = https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/ritz-carlton-to-throw-open-its-doors-in-bangalore-in-september-113072600533_1.html#:~:text=Come%20September%2C%20a%20new%20address,in%20Bangalore%20on%20September%2030.
| accessdate = 7 Oct 2020}}</ref>

==The Hotel==
The 16-story hotel spread over {{convert|3|acre|spell=in}}, has 277 rooms, a {{cvt|15,000|sqft}} spa by ESPA, six upscale food and beverage outlets and a ballroom with a capacity of 1,000 persons.<ref name="Nitesh Estates owned The Ritz-Carlton, Bangalore to open its doors">{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| title = Nitesh Estates owned The Ritz-Carlton, Bangalore to open its doors
| newspaper = Times Now
| location = Bengaluru
| pages =
| language =
| date = 26 July 2013
| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Nitesh-Estates-owned-The-Ritz-Carlton-Bangalore-to-open-its-doors-in-September/articleshow/21368838.cms
| accessdate = 8 Oct 2020}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of hotels in Bengaluru]]
*[[List of hotels in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Hotels in India|Chains]]
[[Category:The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company]]
[[Category:Hotels established in 2013]]
[[Category:Hotel buildings completed in 2013]]

{{Asia-hotel-stub}}

Pragaash

2026-03-15T14:40:43Z

User987delhi: New a post w/ refs

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Pragaash
| image =
| caption =
| image_size =
| landscape =
| origin = [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India
| genre = Rock, pop
| years_active = 10 December 2012 – 29 February 2013<ref>{{cite web|title=Pragaash row: Why Kashmir must fight against radicals|date=5 February 2013|url=http://www.oneindia.com/2013/02/05/girl-band-pragaash-row-music-silenced-in-kashmir-1142980.html|publisher=One India|access-date=5 February 2013}}</ref>
| associated_acts = Best Performance award
| website =
}}

'''Pragaash''' ({{langx|ks|پرَٛگاش}}, ''prāgāsh'' — «moonshine»<ref>{{cite book|author=Grierson G. A.|title=A dictionary of the Kashmiri language|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/grierson_query.py?page=757|location=Calcutta|publisher=Asiatic Society of Bengal|year=1932|pages=757}}</ref>) was an Indian [[All-female band|all-female]] rock band consisting of three [[Kashmiri Muslim]] girls- Noma Nazir Bhatt, Aneeqa Khalid and Farah Deeba. The band was formed in December 2012 and received controversy from [[Islamic scholars]], who claimed that the band members allegedly broke the codes of [[Islam]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Five things you need to know about Pragash, Kashmir's first all-girl band|date=4 February 2013|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/five-things-you-need-to-know-about-pragash-kashmirs-first-all-girls-band-612438.html|publisher=First Post|accessdate=5 February 2013}}</ref> The band members all received threats of [[death threats|death]], [[rape]], and other [[Assault|physical harm]], as well as a [[fatwa]] from the [[Grand Mufti]] of India's [[Kashmir Valley|Kashmir]], which prompted them to quit the band.<ref>{{cite web|title=After Grand Mufti's fatwa, Kashmir's all-girls band 'Pragash' calls it quits|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/after-grand-muftis-fatwa-kashmirs-allgirls-band-pragash-calls-it-quits/1069090/|publisher=Indian. Express|accessdate=5 February 2013}}</ref>

== History ==
The band made their first public appearance on 10 December 2012 when they participated in a [[Battle of Bands]] competition in [[Srinagar]], India, where they received the award for "Best Performance".<ref name="NDTV">{{cite web|title=Abuses, threats can't silence Kashmir's only girl band|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/cities/abuses-threats-can-t-silence-kashmir-s-only-girl-band-325510|last=Iqbal|first=Sheikh Zaffar|date=4 February 2013|editor-last=Mukherjee|editor-first=Ashish|website=|publisher=NDTV|accessdate=5 February 2013}}</ref>

===Death threats===
Shortly after their win at the Battle of Bands, the group began to receive death and [[Rape threat|rape threats]] via their [[cell phones]] and Facebook profiles.<ref name="TOI">{{cite web|title=Kashmir's only all-girl band facing online threats, abuses|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-02/india/36703373_1_online-threats-rock-band-omar-abdullah|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216070519/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-02/india/36703373_1_online-threats-rock-band-omar-abdullah|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 February 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=5 February 2013}}</ref> The Grand Mufti publicly criticized the band, stating that they were exhibiting "indecent behaviour" and that "this kind of non-serious activity can become the first step towards our destruction".<ref>{{cite news|title=Kashmir girl band Pragaash gives up after threats|work=BBC News|date=4 February 2013|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-21325225|accessdate=5 February 2013}}</ref> On 3 February 2013 he issued a [[fatwa]] against the group, stating that music was "not good for society" and that all of the "bad things happening in the Indian society are because of music".<ref>{{cite web|title=Grand Mufti issues Fatwa against Pragaash|url=http://www.risingkashmir.in/news/grand-mufti-issues-fatwa-against-pragaash-41066.aspx|publisher=Daily Rising Kashmir|accessdate=5 February 2013}}</ref> Later that same month the police registered a [[First Information Report]] against the online attackers and [[Chief Minister]] [[Omar Abdullah]] ordered a probe in the matter.<ref name="TOI" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Police file FIR against online attackers of Kashmir girl band|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Srinagar/Police-file-FIR-against-online-attackers-of-Kashmir-girl-band/Article1-1006485.aspx|publisher=Hindustan Times|accessdate=5 February 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130205115846/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Srinagar/Police-file-FIR-against-online-attackers-of-Kashmir-girl-band/Article1-1006485.aspx|archivedate=5 February 2013}}</ref> In February 2013 three people were taken into custody and arrested for "promoting enmity between classes" and "criminal intimidation".<ref>{{cite web|title=Front Page 3 arrested in 'Pragaash' controversy remanded to judicial custody for 5 days|url=http://www.kashmirtimes.com/newsdet.aspx?q=12762|publisher=Kashmir Times|accessdate=15 March 2013}}</ref>

The band has received a large amount of global online support.<ref>{{cite web|title=Online support pours in for Pragaash|url=http://www.risingkashmir.in/news/online-support-pours-in-for-pragaash-41119.aspx|publisher=Daily Rising Kashmir|accessdate=5 February 2013}}</ref> The group initially received expressions of support and offers of security for the band from [[Chief Minister]] [[Omar Abdullah]] via Twitter, but he later deleted his tweets.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pragaash: Mufti's fatwa, Omar's reversal cost Kashmir its only all-girls band|url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/NAT-TOP-conservative-mufti-wins-pragaash-quits-music-4168793-NOR.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208034006/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/NAT-TOP-conservative-mufti-wins-pragaash-quits-music-4168793-NOR.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 February 2013|publisher=Daily Bhaskar|accessdate=5 February 2013}}</ref>

==Band members==
*Noma Nazir Bhatt, Vocals and guitar
*Farah Deeba, Drums
*Aneeqa Khalid, Bass guitar

==Popular culture==
A authorized docu-drama, PRAGAASH (the song of silence) has been made on this Pragaash band by Marijuana Films. Written and directed by Janmejay Singh, it contains the interviews of Noma and Judges along with Adnan and famous music personalities of Jammu and Kashmir.

The band is cited in [[Marlon James (novelist)|Marlon James]]'s [[Man Booker Prize]] winning novel ''[[A Brief History of Seven Killings]]'' as "First Ray of Light".

==See also==
*[[Women's rights in Jammu and Kashmir]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*{{Facebook|id=Pragaash/507094726001072|name=Pragaash}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pragash Band}}
[[Category:Indian all-female bands]]
[[Category:Indian rock music groups]]
[[Category:Musical groups established in 2012]]
[[Category:Musical groups disestablished in 2013]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:2013 disestablishments in India]]

2022 Bhadohi fire

2026-03-06T18:35:09Z

User987delhi: Made some details with sources

{{Infobox event
| title = Bhadohi fire
| image =
| image_size =
| date = {{start date|df=yes|2022|10|02}}
| time = 9:30 p.m. [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| venue = a Durga Puja Pandal in Narthuwa village
| place = [[Bhadohi district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| coordinates =
| reported death(s) = 17<ref name="17death">{{cite news |last1=Kant |first1=Utpal |title=दुर्गा पूजा पंडाल अग्निकांड में 17वीं मौत, 70 वर्षीय महिला ने तोड़ा दम, अब भी 28 भर्ती |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/bhadohi/17th-death-in-bhadohi-durga-puja-pandal-fire-70-years-old-woman-died-still-28-admitted |publisher=[[Amar Ujala]] |date=October 29, 2022 |language=Hindi}}</ref><ref name=deathtoll>{{cite news |title=Death toll in Durga puja fire tragedy in U.P.’s Bhadohi rises to 16 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/death-toll-in-durga-puja-fire-tragedy-in-u-p-s-bhadohi-rises-to-16-101665941491431.html |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=October 16, 2022}}</ref>
| reported injuries = 75
| cause = halogen light overheated causing fire
| notes =
}}
On 2 October 2022, a fire occurred at a [[Durga Puja]] ''[[pandal]]'' (temporary structure for worship) in Narthuwa village in [[Bhadohi district]] of the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Seventeen people died<ref name="17death"/><ref name=deathtoll/> and at least 75 people were injured in the incident. The investigation revealed that the decorative fiber polythene sheets had caught fire due to heat caused by [[Halogen lamp|halogen lights]]. The incident occurred around 9:30 pm (IST), during the celebration of [[Saptami]] or the seventh day of [[Navaratri]], an annual [[Hindu festival]] observed in honour of the Hindu goddess [[Durga]]. Around 150 to 300 people or more were present at the venue when the incident took place.<ref>{{cite news |title=Death toll in Durga Puja pandal fire in UP’s Bhadohi climbs to 14 |url=https://theprint.in/india/death-toll-in-durga-puja-pandal-fire-in-ups-bhadohi-climbs-to-14/1163166/ |publisher=[[The Print]] |date=October 11, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Uttar Pradesh: Bhadohi Durga Puja pandal fire death count rises to nine |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/oct/07/uttar-pradesh-bhadohi-durga-puja-pandal-fire-death-count-rises-to-nine-2505698.html |publisher=[[New Indian Express]] |date=October 7, 2022}}</ref>

== Investigation ==
On October 4, a [[Special Investigation Team (India)|Special Investigation Team]] (SIT) was constituted to investigate the incident.<ref name=pioneer/>

As per the police investigation, a fire broke out when a [[halogen light]] overheated, generating an electric wire to catch fire.<ref>{{cite news |title=Death toll rises to 10 in Bhadohi fire incident |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/death-toll-rises-to-10-in-bhadohi-fire-incident-101665343732726.html |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=October 10, 2022}}</ref> An FIR was registered against the concerned puja committee, Bal Ekta Club Durga Puja Samiti and organizers, who were found negligent in taking the required safety measures while organizing the event.<ref name=pioneer>{{cite news |title=Bhadohi pandal fire toll rises to 5, SIT to probe incident |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2022/state-editions/bhadohi-pandal-fire-toll-rises--to-5--sit-to-probe-incident.html |publisher=[[Daily Pioneer]] |date=October 4, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Toll in Bhadohi puja pandal fire accident mounts to six, 10 critical |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/toll-in-bhadohi-fire-accident-mounts-to-six-10-critical/articleshow/94654541.cms |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |date=October 5, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bhadohi fire: Case registered against organiser |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/bhadohi-fire-case-registered-against-organiser20221003163250/ |publisher=ANI News |date=October 3, 2022}}</ref>
== Fundraising ==
Financial help is being given to the victims admitted to the hospitals. On an appeal of the District Magistrate of Bhadohi district, public representatives, officers, employees and individuals provided financial aid of more than {{INR}}10 lakh rupees through [[Indian Red Cross Society|Red Cross Society]]. Bhadohi MLA [[Zahid Beg]] contributed five lakhs from the MLA fund. On the other hand, MLA from Aurai [[Dinanath Bhaskar]] has given {{INR}} 1 lakh from his salary.<ref>{{cite news |title=औराई अग्निकांड: दो ने तोड़ा दम, मृतकों की संख्या 12 पहुंची |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/uttar-pradesh/bhadohi/bhadohi-puja-pandal-fire-update-ten-dead-people-helping-thru-red-cross-society-up-news/articleshow/94717218.cms |publisher=[[Amar Ujala]] |date=October 9, 2022 |language=Hindi}}</ref>

As of October 13, 2022, the district administration of Bhadohi collected donations of over {{INR}}30 Lakh rupees through fundraising.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Binay |title=Bhadohi pandal fire: 2 more dead, toll 14 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/bhadohi-pandal-fire-2-more-dead-toll-14/articleshow/94824121.cms |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |date=October 13, 2022}}</ref>

== Response ==
The [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]] state [[Yogi Adityanath]] expressed his condolences over the loss of life.<ref>{{cite news |title=Five killed in fire at puja venue in India |url=https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/world/five-killed-in-fire-at-puja-venue-in-india-1664789743 |publisher=[[The Financial Express (Bangladesh)]] |date=October 3, 2022}}</ref> DM Bhadohi Gaurang Rathi and [[Superintendent of police (India)|Superintendent of Police]] Anil Kumar expressed condolences to the deceased.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bhadohi: DM-SP expressed condolences after reaching the house of fire victims |url=https://suspensecrime.com/UttarPradesh/Bhadohi-DM-SP-expressed-condolences-after-reaching-the/cid8755668.htm |publisher=Suspense Crime |date=October 8, 2022}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{-}}
{{Disasters in India in 2022}}

{{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhadohi fire}}
[[Category:2022 disasters in India|Bhadohi fire]]
[[Category:Disasters in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Building and structure fires in India]]
[[Category:October 2022 in India]]
[[Category:2020s in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:2022 fires in Asia]]

Varunastra (torpedo)

2026-03-06T08:13:18Z

User987delhi: add intro further and added references

{{Use Indian English|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox weapon
| name = Varunastra
| image = Varunastra.jpg
| image_size = 300
| caption = Varunastra
| type = Heavyweight [[anti-submarine]] [[torpedo]]
| is_vehicle =
| service = 29 June 2016<ref name="varunastraNewsX">{{cite web|title=Weapon of Water: India gets its first indigenous torpedo, Varunastra|url=http://www.newsx.com/national/33794-weapon-of-water-india-gets-its-first-indigenous-torpedo-varunastra|access-date=30 June 2016|publisher=NewsX|date=29 June 2016|archive-date=30 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630192720/http://www.newsx.com/national/33794-weapon-of-water-india-gets-its-first-indigenous-torpedo-varunastra|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| wars = 
| designer = [[Naval Science and Technological Laboratory]] ([[DRDO]])
| number = Unknown
| spec_label =
| length = {{cvt|7.78|m}}
| diameter = {{convert|533.4|mm|in|abbr=on}}
| unit_cost = {{INRconvert|10|c}} - {{INRconvert|12|c}}<ref name="varunastraRediff">{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/varunastra-joins-the-navy-things-you-must-know/20160630.htm |title=Varunastra joins the Navy; 9 things you must know |date=30 June 2016 |access-date=1 July 2016 |work=Rediff News }}</ref>
| origin = [[India]]
| is_ranged = yes
| is_bladed =
| is_explosive = yes
| is_artillery =
| is_missile = yes
| is_UK = 
| used_by = {{navy|India}}
| manufacturer = [[Bharat Dynamics Limited]]
| production_date =
| weight = {{convert|1500|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| filling = [[High explosive]]
| filling_weight = {{convert|250|kg|lb|abbr=on}}<ref name="varunastraFrontLine">{{cite web |url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2905/stories/20120323290509800.htm |title=Underwater might |author=T. S. Subramanian |work=Frontline |date=23 March 2014 |access-date=30 June 2016}}</ref>
| detonation =
| yield = 
| engine = Electric
| engine_power = Silver Oxide Zinc (AgOZn) batteries
| pw_ratio =
| transmission =
| payload_capacity =
| suspension =
| clearance =
| fuel_capacity =
| vehicle_range = {{convert|40|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Navy commissions fourth and final Kamorta-class corvette|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/indian-navy-commissions-fourth-and-final-kamorta-class-corvette|access-date=2021-07-07|website=Janes.com|date=22 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref> to {{convert|50|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Siddiqui |first=Huma |date=2023-06-07 |title=Varunastra Torpedo to enhance Indian Navy's anti-submarine warfare capabilities, Know all about its powerful features here |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/defence-varunastra-torpedo-to-enhance-indian-navys-anti-submarine-warfare-capabilities-know-all-about-its-powerful-features-here-3117020/ |access-date=2023-12-29 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>
| speed = {{convert|40|kn}}<ref name="varunastraFrontLine"/> to {{convert|50|kn}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Katoch |first=P.C |date=15 June 2023 |title=Varunastra Torpedo |url=https://www.spsnavalforces.com/experts-speak/?id=598&h=Varunastra-Torpedo |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=www.spsnavalforces.com}}</ref>
| guidance = Fiber Optic Wire-guided, active-passive [[acoustic homing]] + multi-[[GNSS]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Varunastra joins the Navy; 9 things you must know |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/varunastra-joins-the-navy-things-you-must-know/20160630.htm |website=Rediff |access-date=8 October 2020}}</ref>
| steering = 
| depth = {{convert|600|m|ft}}<ref name="varunastraFrontLine"/>
| launch_platform = * Ship<ref name="varunastraNewsX"/>
* Submarine<ref name="it-15feb17"/>
}}

The '''Varunastra''' ({{Lit|[[Astra (weapon)|Projectile]] of [[Varuna]]}}) is an Indian advanced autonomous heavyweight [[anti-submarine]] [[torpedo]], developed by the [[Naval Science and Technological Laboratory]] (NSTL) of the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO) for the [[Indian Navy]]. It is named after a [[Varunastra|legendary weapon]] created by the [[Hindu deities|Hindu god]] of the oceans, ''[[Varuna]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Siddiqui |first=Huma |date=2023-06-07 |title=Varunastra Torpedo to enhance Indian Navy's anti-submarine warfare capabilities, Know all about its powerful features here |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/defence-varunastra-torpedo-to-enhance-indian-navys-anti-submarine-warfare-capabilities-know-all-about-its-powerful-features-here-3117020/ |access-date=2023-12-29 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

== Design ==
This torpedo is powered by an electric propulsion system with multiple {{convert|250|kW||abbr=on}} [[Silver oxide battery|Silver Oxide]]-Zinc (AgOZn) batteries.<ref name="varunastraIndiaStrategic">{{cite web |url=http://www.indiastrategic.in/topstories3130_Indian_navy_ships_rely_on_DRDO_technology.htm |title=Indian Navy's most powerful ships rely on DRDO technology |website=indiastrategic.in |access-date=30 June 2016 |archive-date=16 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160716205939/http://indiastrategic.in/topstories3130_Indian_navy_ships_rely_on_DRDO_technology.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> It can achieve speeds in excess of {{convert|40|kn|abbr=on}}, weighs around 1.5 tonnes and can carry {{convert|250|kg|lb|abbr=on}} of conventional warhead. This torpedo has more than 95 per cent indigenous content. Varunastra has conformal array [[transducer]] which enables it look at wider angles than most common torpedoes. It also has an advanced autonomous guidance algorithms with low drift navigational aids, insensitive warhead which can operate in various combat scenarios. It is the only torpedo in the world to have a GPS-based locating aid.<ref name="varunastraRediff" /><ref name="varunastraFinancialExp">{{cite web |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/varunastra-5-things-to-know-about-the-lethal-drdo-torpedo-for-indian-navy/301924/ |title=Varunastra: 5 things to know about the lethal DRDO torpedo for Indian Navy |date=30 June 2016 |access-date=6 July 2016 |work=The Financial Express |first=Smriti |last=Jain}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-06-07 |title=Varunastra Torpedo to enhance Indian Navy’s anti-submarine warfare capabilities, Know all about its powerful features here |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/defence-varunastra-torpedo-to-enhance-indian-navys-anti-submarine-warfare-capabilities-know-all-about-its-powerful-features-here-3117020/#google_vignette |access-date=2024-10-15 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> The exercise variant of Varunastra has integrated instrumentation system for recording all the dynamic parameters of the weapon, redundancy in recovery aids in case of emergency shut down or malfunction.<ref name="varunastraRediff" />

== Development ==
In May 2014 it was reported that the [[Indian Navy]] is scheduled to carry out User Evaluation Trials (UETs) during the mid-year period. The assembly of the prototype was done by a team from [[Bharat Dynamics Limited]] at the Talwar facility of NSTL in [[Visakhapatnam]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-02-28 |title=Varunastra to undergo evaluation trials soon |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/varunastra-to-undergo-evaluation-trials-soon/article5737344.ece |access-date=2024-10-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In the [[Fiscal year|financial year]] 2015-16, the torpedo underwent 130 technical trials while 14 user trials were conducted between January and March 2015. In September 2015, MoD granted final approval for the torpedo's User Evaluation Trials (UETs) and eventually it was accepted for induction into Services.<ref name=":1" />

The development of the first variant — ship-launched, anti-submarine variant — of the torpedo was completed in July 2016. The overall development period was 11 years.<ref name="varunastraIndianExp" />

The variant of Varunastra torpedo was formally inducted in the Indian Navy by defence minister [[Manohar Parrikar]] on 26 June 2016.<ref name="varunastraNewsX" /><ref name="varunastraIndianExp">{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/anti-submarine-torpedo-varunastra-inducted-in-navy/|title=Anti-submarine torpedo Varunastra inducted in Navy|work=The Indian Express|date=29 June 2016|access-date=30 June 2016}}</ref> The minister in his speech said that the [[Government of India|Government]] is in favour of exporting the torpedo to friendly nations including [[Vietnam]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/India-joins-elite-group-of-eight-with-anti-submarine-Varunastra-in-arsenal/2016/06/30/article3506714.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701140833/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/India-joins-elite-group-of-eight-with-anti-submarine-Varunastra-in-arsenal/2016/06/30/article3506714.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 July 2016 |title=India joins elite group of eight with anti-submarine Varunastra in arsenal |work=The New Indian Express |date=30 June 2016}}</ref><ref name="varunastraExport" /> With some minor modifications the submarine variant of the torpedo is to be test fired shortly.<ref name="varunastraIndiaToday">{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/indian-navy-inducts-indigenous-heavyweight-torpedo-varunastra-17050-2016-06-29|title=Indian Navy inducts indigenous heavyweight torpedo Varunastra|work=India Today|agency=IANS|date=29 June 2016|access-date=30 June 2016}}</ref>

During [[Aero India|Aero India 2017]], it was reported that DRDO has begun test-firing of a submarine-launched variant of the torpedo. A [[Sindhughosh-class submarine|Sindhughosh-class submarine]] is being used as the launch platform for the development. The variant was reportedly accepted and ready for production.<ref name="it-15feb172">{{cite news |last1=Purohit |first1=Jugal R |date=15 February 2017 |title=India to fire self-made torpedo VARUNASTRA from our submarines, says DRDO |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/varunastra-drdo-defence-research-and-development-organisation-torpedo-submarines-mtcr-lca-tejas-960903-2017-02-15 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India To Test Fire Home-Made Torpedo From Russian EKM Class Submarine |url=http://www.defenseworld.net/news/18497/India_To_Test_Fire_Home_Made_Torpedo_From_Russian_EKM_Class_Submarine |access-date=20 February 2017 |website=www.defenseworld.net |archive-date=20 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220185717/http://www.defenseworld.net/news/18497/India_To_Test_Fire_Home_Made_Torpedo_From_Russian_EKM_Class_Submarine |url-status=dead }}</ref>

On 5 June 2023, Varunastra was fired by a [[Kamorta-class corvette|''Kamorta''-class corvette]] at an Under Water Target System (UWTS) laid by [[INS Jalashwa|INS ''Jalashwa'']]. This was the first trial where the torpedo was equipped with High Explosive (HE) live warhead.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-06 |title=Indian Navy undertakes first combat firing of Varunastra torpedo |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/defence/indian-navy-undertakes-first-combat-firing-of-varunastra-torpedo |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=Default |language=en}}</ref> On 6 June, the Navy successfully conducted a combat trial of Varunastra where the torpedo was fired from a submarine and successfully hit an underwater target.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=MINISTRY OF DEFENCE - YEAR END REVIEW 2023 |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1989502 |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |date=2023-06-06 |title=Indigenous heavy weight torpedo hits bull’s eye in live test by Indian Navy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indigenous-heavy-weight-torpedo-hits-bulls-eye-in-live-test-by-indian-navy/article66939145.ece |access-date=2025-01-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In September 2024, Apollo Micro Systems Limited received an order for [[Software-defined radio|Software Defined]] Universal Homing System for the Heavy Weight Torpedo from [[Bharat Dynamics Limited]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Apollo Micro Systems wins order from Bharat Dynamics - Check details ,Companies News, Business News {{!}} Zee Business |url=https://www.zeebiz.com/companies/news-apollo-micro-systems-order-bharat-dynamics-details-311310/amp |access-date=2024-10-15 |website=www.zeebiz.com}}</ref>

=== Production ===

* '''30 June 2016''': Reports suggested that Varunastra would be manufactured by Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL) in association with the [[Naval Science and Technological Laboratory]] (NSTL).<ref name="varunastraFinancialExp" />
* '''4 July 2016''': Order for the first batch of 73 torpedoes at a cost of {{INRConvert|8760|c|year=2016|lk=on}} was placed. The technology was formally handed over to BDL for production. The torpedo will have an indigenous content of 95%. The torpedo was also inducted by the Navy.<ref name="varunastraIndianExp" /><ref name=":2">{{cite news |last1=Bedi |first1=Rahul |date=4 July 2016 |title=Indian Navy inducts indigenous Varunastra heavyweight torpedo |url=http://www.janes.com/article/61975/indian-navy-inducts-indigenous-varunastra-heavyweight-torpedo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202030244/http://www.janes.com/article/61975/indian-navy-inducts-indigenous-varunastra-heavyweight-torpedo |archive-date=2 February 2017 |work=IHS Jane's Defence Weekly}}</ref> All future anti-submarine warfare ships will be capable of firing Varunastra.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Hon'ble RM hands over Varunastra to Indian Navy |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/government-press-release/rm-hands-over-varunastra-torpedo-to-indian-navy-116062901353_1.html |access-date=30 June 2016 |website=Business Standard}}</ref><ref name="varunastraUPI">{{cite web |last=Ziezulewicz |first=Geoff |date=30 June 2016 |title=Varunastra missile handed over to Indian navy |url=http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2016/06/30/Varunastra-missile-handed-over-to-Indian-navy/7501467295879/ |work=UPI}}</ref>
* '''11 April 2018''': BDL signed a Licensing Agreement for Transfer of Technology with NSTL for the production, testing and maintenance of Varunastra torpedoes.<ref>{{cite news|title=BDL to make 'Varunastra'|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-telangana/bdl-to-make-varunastra/article23507735.ece|work=The Hindu|date=12 April 2018|language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BDL Inks ToT Agreement with NSTL |url=https://www.psuconnect.in/memorandum-of-understanding/bdl-inks-tot-agreement-with-nstl-for-product-ionization-of-varunastra |access-date=2025-03-20 |website=www.psuconnect.in |language=en}}</ref>
* '''14 June 2019''': [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] awarded a contract worth {{INRConvert|1187|c|year=2019}} to BDL to supply 63 Varunastra torpedoes to the Indian Navy.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rao |first1=Sushil |title=India set to join heavyweight torpedo club |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-set-to-join-heavyweight-torpedo-club/articleshow/69780343.cms |work=The Times of India |date=14 June 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2020-01-09 |title=Indian Navy to soon get first batch of indigenously-built torpedo Varunastra |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-indian-navy-to-soon-get-first-batch-of-indigenously-built-torpedo-varunastra-2808706 |access-date=2020-01-15 |website=[[DNA India]] |language=en}}</ref>
* '''February 2020''': Reports suggested that first batch of torpedoes from second order would be delivered soon.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Aryasamaj |first=Team |date=2020-02-03 |title=Indigenous ‘Varunastra’ To Be Fitted in Indian Submarines And Ships |url=https://aryasamajkerala.org.in/indigenous-varunastra-to-be-fitted-in-indian-submarines-and-ships/ |access-date=2025-03-20 |website=Arya Samajam Kerala - Official {{!}} आ नो भद्राः क्रतवो यन्तु विश्वतः |language=en-US}}</ref>
* '''20 March 2025''': Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) cleared the Acceptance of Necessity for an additional batch of ship-launched variant of Varunastra Torpedo (Combat).<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 March 2025 |title=DAC clears capital acquisition proposals worth over Rs 54,000 crore to enhance defence capabilities |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2113268 |access-date=20 March 2025 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>

== Further development ==

=== Thermal Heavy Weight Torpedo Shakti ===
[[File:Shakti Thermal Torpedo.jpg|thumb|Shakti Thermal Torpedo]]
Shakti heavyweight torpedo uses thermal propulsion technology in contrast to the Varunastra torpedo which uses electric propulsion. The torpedo employs [[monopropellant]] fuel, which allows combustion to take place without aerial oxygen, and a [[Pump-jet|pumpjet]]. Its propulsion unit generates 400 kW of power for faster acceleration. A newer propulsion unit is under development which will be producing 500 kW of power .It can operate at a maximum depth of {{convert|600|m|ft}}, a maximum speed of {{convert|60|kn}}. The first image emerged publicly in [[Twitter]] on 9 June 2023 which hinted that the torpedo is undergoing sea trials.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chauhan, AVSM & Bar, VSM |first=Retd Vice Admiral Pradeep |date=2017-02-09 |title=India’s Submarine Arm — Returning to Even-Trim |url=https://cimsec.org/indias-submarine-arm-returning-even-trim/ |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=Center for International Maritime Security |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-29 |title=Indian Navy test fires Shakti thermal torpedo |url=https://indiandefenseanalysis.com/2023/06/29/indian-navy-test-fires-shakti-thermal-torpedo/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Indian Defense Analysis |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sri |first=Aman |date=2023-07-22 |title=India getting a new secret torpedo? |url=https://www.brahmastra.ltd/post/india-getting-a-new-secret-torpedo |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=brahmastraspace |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1667036821426151424 |user=PRO_Vizag |title=Alarm Torpedo – Enemy Beware!! |date=2023-06-09 |access-date=2024-08-30}}</ref>

=== Electronic Heavy Weight Torpedo Takshak ===
Takshak torpedo is the advanced version of the Varunastra torpedo which employs an electric battery for propulsion. It has a length of {{convert|6.4|m|ft}} which is shorter from the previous variant, enabling to be launched from submarines. It also features [[Ring laser gyroscope|ring laser gyro]] [[inertial navigation system]] (RLG INS) as well as [[Global Positioning System|GPS]]/[[Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System|NavIC]]-based guidance. Takshak has 2 variants: submarine-launched with optical fiber guidance and ship-launched with autonomous guidance. The torpedo, as of May 2024, is ready for sea trials with the Indian Navy which will pave way for induction for deployment.<ref>{{Cite web |last=SUBRAMANIAN |first=T. S. |title=Underwater might |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30164828.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928105811/https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30164828.ece |archive-date=2021-09-28 |access-date=2020-09-20 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-14 |title=India's Next-Gen Torpedo, Takshak, Set for Sea Trials: A Deep Dive into BDL's Latest Innovation |url=https://defence.in/threads/indias-next-gen-torpedo-takshak-set-for-sea-trials-a-deep-dive-into-bdls-latest-innovation.6551/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Defence.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

On 30 December 2024, the Indian [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] (MoD) signed a contract, worth {{INRConvert|877|c|lk=on|year=2024|}}, with the French [[Naval Group]] to integrate DRDO developed Electronic Heavy Weight Torpedo Takshak (EHWT) on [[Kalvari-class submarine (2015)|Kalvari-class submarines]].<ref>{{cite news |date=30 December 2024 |title=Rs 877 crore contract signed with Naval Group, France for integration of Electronic Heavy Weight Torpedo to augment fire power capabilities of Kalvari-Class submarines |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2088874 |access-date=31 December 2024 |publisher=Press Information Bureau |agency=Ministry of Defence, Government of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020-11-22 |title=First production Varunastra Heavy Weight Torpedo sent to the Indian Navy |url=https://frontierindia.com/first-production-varunastra-heavy-weight-torpedo-sent-to-the-indian-navy/?srsltid=AfmBOooGKEc-hubQDNH96I9G_DXAnhd5khYc0HwuBAsXEi6FcrottEKK |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=Frontier India |language=en}}</ref>

A Wire Guided Heavy Weight Torpedo (WGHWT) is also under development with the DRDO as of 2026. It is a submarine launched torpedo with high speeds. WGHWT and EHWT could be different designations for the same design.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Adithya Krishna |date=2026-01-29 |title=India showcases first Hypersonic Anti-Ship Missile System in national parade |url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2026/01/india-showcases-first-hypersonic-anti-ship-missile-system-in-national-parade/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260129170623/https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2026/01/india-showcases-first-hypersonic-anti-ship-missile-system-in-national-parade/ |archive-date=2026-01-29 |access-date=2026-01-29 |website=Naval News |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Operators ==
;{{flag|India}}
* {{Naval|IND}} – System was inducted in 2016.<ref name=":3" /> Total 136 torpedoes ordered in two batches.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" />
** {{sclass|Visakhapatnam|destroyer|1}}
** {{sclass|Kolkata|destroyer|1}}<ref name="varunastraIndianExp" />
** {{sclass|Delhi|destroyer|1}}<ref name="varunastraIndianExp" />
** {{sclass|Nilgiri|frigate|1|5=2019}}
** {{sclass|Talwar|frigate|1}}<ref name="varunastraIndianExp" />
** {{sclass|Kamorta|corvette|1}}<ref name="varunastraIndianExp" />
** [[Sindhughosh-class submarine]]<ref name="it-15feb17">{{cite news |last1=Purohit |first1=Jugal R |date=15 February 2017 |title=India to fire self-made torpedo VARUNASTRA from our submarines, says DRDO |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/varunastra-drdo-defence-research-and-development-organisation-torpedo-submarines-mtcr-lca-tejas-960903-2017-02-15 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" />
=== Possible operators ===
* {{flag|Vietnam}} - In 2016 India offered to export versions of the Varunastra to Vietnam.<ref name="varunastraExport">{{cite news |title=Eye on China, Delhi offers heavy torpedoes to Vietnam |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Eye-on-China-Delhi-offers-heavy-torpedoes-to-Vietnam/articleshow/53015236.cms |access-date=3 July 2016|work=The Times of India |date=3 July 2016}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
{{Gallery
|width=160 | height=170
|File:Manohar Parrikar and the Chief of Naval Staff, Admiral Sunil Lanba taking a close look at the ‘Varunastra’ torpedo, during the Handing Over Ceremony of ‘Varunastra’ torpedo to Indian Navy, in New Delhi.jpg
|Admiral [[Sunil Lanba]] and [[Manohar Parrikar]] taking a close look at the Varunastra, during its handing off ceremony to the Indian Navy
|File:Varunastra heavy torpedoe engaging an underwater target.ogg
|Varunastra heavy torpedo engaging an underwater target.
}}

==See also==
*{{annotated link|Torpedo Advanced Light Shyena}}
*{{annotated link|Mark 48 torpedo}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Defence Research and Development Organisation}}
{{Indian missiles}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}

[[Category:Post–Cold War weapons of India|Navy]]
[[Category:Indian Navy]]
[[Category:Torpedoes of India]]
[[Category:Military equipment introduced in the 2010s]]

Muta Mestri

2026-03-05T02:45:46Z

User987delhi: Created first info w/ refs!

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Muta Mestri
| image = Mutha Mestri.jpg
| caption = Theatrical Release poster
| director = [[A. Kodandarami Reddy]]
| producer = K. C. Sekhar Babu D. Siva Prasad Reddy
| story = Bhoopathi Raja
| screenplay = [[Paruchuri Brothers]]
| starring = [[Chiranjeevi]] [[Meena (actress)|Meena]] [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]] [[Sharat Saxena]]
| music = [[Raj–Koti]]
| cinematography = [[S. Gopal Reddy]]
| editing = [[Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao]]
| distributor =
| studio = Kamakshi Devi Kamal Combines
| released = {{Film date|1993|1|17|df=yes|India}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
}}

'''''Muta Mestri''''' or '''''Mutamestri'''''<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Blom |first1=Amélie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HnKhDwAAQBAJ&dq=muta+mestri&pg=PT275 |title=Emotions, Mobilisations and South Asian Politics |last2=Lama-Rewal |first2=Stéphanie Tawa |date=2019-07-09 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-02024-3 |language=en |access-date=27 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827120607/https://books.google.com/books?id=HnKhDwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PT275&dq=muta%20mestri&hl=en |archive-date=27 August 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> ({{translation|Labour Leader}} or {{Translation|Community Leader}}) is a 1993 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language action drama film directed by [[A. Kodandarami Reddy]]. The film stars [[Chiranjeevi]], [[Meena (actress)|Meena]], [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]] and [[Sharat Saxena]] in prominent roles. The music was composed by [[Raj–Koti]].

Released on 17 January 1993, the film was a hit at the [[box office]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-24 |title=చిరంజీవి సినీకెరీర్‌లో హిట్లెన్ని..? ఫ్లాపులెన్ని..? |trans-title=What were the hits and flops in Chiranjeevi's cine career? |url=https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/these-are-the-hits-and-flops-in-megastar-chiranjeevi-movie-career-139182.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424194049/https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/these-are-the-hits-and-flops-in-megastar-chiranjeevi-movie-career-139182.html |archive-date=24 April 2021 |access-date=2021-04-24 |website=[[TV9 Telugu]] |language=te}}</ref> Chiranjeevi won the [[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Award]] for [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Best Actor – Telugu]] for the film. It was dubbed and released in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''Manbhumigu Maistri''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-22 |title=As Chiranjeevi turns 65, his achievements keep mounting |url=https://www.siasat.com/as-chiranjeevi-turns-65-his-achievements-keep-mounting-1954518/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424194047/https://www.siasat.com/as-chiranjeevi-turns-65-his-achievements-keep-mounting-1954518/ |archive-date=24 April 2021 |access-date=2021-04-24 |website=[[The Siasat Daily]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=April 2022}}
Bose is a very patriotic man who fights for the rights of the local market workers against Aatma, the nearby underworld don. Seeing his dedication for helping the [[working poor]], the Chief Minister asks him to enter politics. As a politician, he takes charge of a special branch of commandos and destroys Aatma's illegal operations. In retaliation, Aatma has Bose's sister falsely implicated in a prostitution case, after which she commits suicide on the court steps. Bose resigns from his position and takes revenge on Aatma. Finally, he returns to his old life at the market.

== Cast ==
* [[Chiranjeevi]] as Subhash Chandra Bose aka Bose
* [[Meena (actress)|Meena]] as Bujjamma
* [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]] as Kalpana
* [[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)|Mansoor Ali Khan]] as Inspector
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Coolie
* [[Sharat Saxena]] as Athma Ram
* [[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]] as Chief Minister
* [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]]
* [[J. V. Somayajulu]]
* [[Allu Ramalingaiah]]
* [[Srihari (actor)|Srihari]]
* [[Yuvarani]]
* [[Narsing Yadav]]
* [[Silk Smitha]] special appearance in "Ee Petaku"
* [[Raghava Lawrence]] as a dancer in "Ee Petaku"

== Soundtrack ==
Music was composed by [[Raj–Koti]]. [[Veturi]] wrote five songs while [[Bhuvana Chandra]] wrote one. Music was released by [[Lahari Music]].

In 2022, Chiranjeevi dressing up as [[Batman]] and dancing in the song "Vana Gadiyaramlo" became a popular internet meme with the release of the film ''[[The Batman (film)|The Batman]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chiranjeevi as Batman meme goes viral: 'I think I downloaded the wrong Batman movie' joke memers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/chiranjeevi-as-batman-meme-goes-viral-i-think-i-downloaded-the-wrong-batman-movie-joke-memers/articleshow/90316679.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520153610/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/chiranjeevi-as-batman-meme-goes-viral-i-think-i-downloaded-the-wrong-batman-movie-joke-memers/articleshow/90316679.cms |archive-date=20 May 2022 |access-date=20 May 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 March 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=4 September 2022 |title=James Gunn shares hilarious song clip featuring 'Indian Batman' from 1993 Telugu film 'Mutamestri' |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/viral/james-gunn-shares-hilarious-song-clip-featuring-indian-batman-from-1993-telugu-film-mutamestri-article-93979818 |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=[[Times Now]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 37:48
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| title1 = Ee Petaku Nene Mestri
| lyrics1 = [[Veturi]]
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length1 = 6:36
| title2 = Anjanee Puthruda
| lyrics2 = Veturi
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[Chithra]]
| length2 = 5:11
| title3 = Chikchik Cham
| lyrics3 = [[Bhuvana Chandra]]
| extra3 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], Chithra
| length3 = 5:26
| title4 = Entha Ghatu Premayo
| lyrics4 = Veturi
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Chithra
| length4 = 5:11
| title5 = Jorugunnadi
| lyrics5 = Veturi
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Chithra
| length5 = 4:59
| title6 = Vana Gadiyaramlo
| lyrics6 = Veturi
| extra6 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length6 = 10:25
}}

== Awards ==
*Chiranjeevi won the following Awards for his performance;
*[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu]]<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=November 1994 |title=The Prized People |url=https://archive.org/details/41stAnnualFilmfareBestTeluguActor |magazine=[[Filmfare]] |access-date=10 May 2021}}</ref>
*[[Cinema Express Awards|Cinema Express Award for Best Telugu Actor]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 March 1994 |title=''Kizhakku Cheemayile'' adjudged best film |pages=3 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |agency=Express News Service |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=v2FlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=G5QNAAAAIBAJ&pg=339%2C511626 |access-date=10 May 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{A. Kodandarami Reddy}}

[[Category:1993 Indian films]]
[[Category:1993 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1993 action drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. Kodandarami Reddy]]
[[Category:Films scored by Raj–Koti]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]

Romeo Juliet (2002 film)

2026-03-03T21:47:01Z

User987delhi: added info

{{Use dmy dates|date = April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date= April 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Romeo Juliet
| image = Romeo Juliet (2002 film).jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = Gunakumar
| producer = HC Srinivas
| writer = [[V. Nagendra Prasad]] (dialogues)
| screenplay = Gunakumar
| starring = [[Vijay Raghavendra]] [[Radhika Kumaraswamy]]
| music = [[Hamsalekha]]
| cinematography = [[S. Krishna]]
| editing = K M Shankar
| studio = Srinivasa Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2002|10|11}}
| runtime = 130 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = 
| gross = 
| based_on =
}}
'''''Romeo Juliet''''' is a 2002 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romance film|romantic]] [[drama film|drama]] film written and directed by Gunakumar. It features [[Vijay Raghavendra]] and [[Radhika Kumaraswamy]] in the lead. The supporting cast includes Reethu Singh, Sagar, and [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]. The music for the film is by [[Hamsalekha]].

==Plot==
{{no plot|date= March 2024}}

== Cast ==
* [[Vijay Raghavendra]] as Acchu
* [[Radhika Kumaraswamy]] as Anu
* Reethu Singh as Rani
* Sagar as Somu
* [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]
* Bharath Bhagavathar
* Malathi Sardeshpande
* [[Doddanna]]

== Production ==
The film was directed by newcomer Gunakumar and is inspired by [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]]'s ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]''.<ref name="T1">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/jayashri-raj-weds-atlanta-engineer/articleshow/8000800.cms|title=Campus love story|date=26 April 2002|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=27 September 2023|archive-date=29 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150729044054/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Jayashri-Raj-weds-Atlanta-engineer/articleshow/8000800.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> This is the third film to feature [[Vijay Raghavendra]] and [[Radhika Kumaraswamy]] after ''[[Ninagagi]]'' (2002) and ''Prema Qaidi'' (2002).<ref name="T2">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/rekhas-dilemma-films-or-studies/articleshow/5200268.cms|title=A filmy hatrick|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=29 March 2002|first= G. S.|last=Kumar|access-date=24 October 2024}}</ref> The filming began on 17 April 2002 at colleges in [[Bangalore]] and [[Manipal]].<ref name="T2"/><ref name="T1"/>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Romeo Juliet
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Hamsalekha]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released =
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Kannada]]
| label = Ashwini Audio
| producer = H.C. Srinivas
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The film's music was composed by [[Hamsalekha]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hamsalekha - Romeo Juliet (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)|url=https://tidal.com/browse/album/104198778|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-07|work=[[Tidal (service)|Tidal]]|archive-date=7 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407123753/https://tidal.com/browse/album/104198778|url-status=live}}</ref> The music rights were acquired by Ashwini Audio.

{{tracklist
| headline = Tracklist
| total_length =
| all_lyrics = [[Hamsalekha]]
| all_writing =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Prema Gulabi
| lyrics1 =
| extra1 = Mangala, Nagachandrika, Ramya, [[Sunitha (Telugu singer)|Sunitha]]
| length1 =
| title2 = O My Dream Girl
| lyrics2 =
| extra2 = Chetan Sosca
| length2 =
| title3 = Hurry Up
| length3 =
| extra3 = Chetan Sosca, Latha Hamsalekha
| title4 = Rani Jenu
| lyrics4 =
| extra4 = Chetan Sosca, [[Hemanth (singer)|Hemanth]], Sangeetha, Vijay Aras
| length4 =
| title5 = Panchi
| lyrics5 =
| extra5 = Divya Raghavan
| length5 =
| title6 = Acha Cha Chu
| length6 =
| extra6 = [[Nanditha (singer)|Nanditha]]
| title7 = Neera Neera
| length7 =

| extra7 = Chetan Sosca, Latha Hamsalekha, Vishwanath
}}

==Reception==
Reviewing the film for ''[[Deccan Herald]]'', a critic wrote that "Despite a catchy title, ''Romeo Juliet'' seems to have failed to attract the film buffs. First and foremost the movie appears to be a duplicate of ''Ninagagi'' though both the films were made almost simultaneously by different directors".<ref>{{cite web |title=FILM REVIEWS: Romeo Juliet (Kannada) |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/oct13/filmr.asp |access-date=26 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021213013609/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/oct13/filmr.asp |archive-date=13 December 2002 |date=13 October 2002 |url-status=dead|last=Ronnie|work=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|14691918}}

[[Category:2002 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2002 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2002 films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]

First N. Biren Singh ministry

2026-03-02T07:47:08Z

User987delhi: started biography!

{{Short description|Indian ministry}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox government cabinet
| cabinet_type = Ministry
| cabinet_number =
| jurisdiction = [[Manipur]]
| flag =
| flag_border = true
| incumbent =
| image = N. Biren Singh.jpg
| image_size = 150px
| caption = [[N. Biren Singh]], [[Hon'ble]] [[Chief Minister of Manipur]]
| date_formed = 15 March 2017
| date_dissolved =
| government_head = [[N. Biren Singh]]
| government_head_history =
| state_head = Governor [[La. Ganesan]]
| members_number = 10
| former_members_number = 1
| total_number =
| political_parties =
*'''[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]'''
*'''[[National People's Party (India)|NPP]]'''
*'''[[Naga People's Front|NPF]]'''
| legislature_status = [[Coalition government|Coalition]]
| opposition_cabinet =
| opposition_party = 
| opposition_leader = 
| election = [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| last_election =
| legislature_term = 5 years
| budget =
| advice_and_consent1 =
| advice_and_consent2 =

| incoming_formation =
| outgoing_formation =
| previous = [[Third Ibobi Singh ministry]]
| successor = [[Second Biren Singh ministry]]
}}
The Cabinet of the state of [[Manipur]], India, forms the executives branch of the [[Government of Manipur]].

This is a list of minister from [[Nongthombam Biren Singh|N. Biren Singh]] cabinets starting from 15 March 2017. [[Nongthombam Biren Singh|N. Biren Singh]] is the leader of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]], who was sworn in the [[Chief Ministers of Manipur]] on 15 March 2017. Here is the list of the ministers of his ministry.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/n-biren-singh-cabinet-2017-full-list-of-ministers-and-their-portfolios-in-manipur/602124/ | title=N Biren Singh Cabinet 2017: Full list of ministers and their portfolios in Manipur | date=25 March 2017 | newspaper=Financial Express | accessdate=25 August 2018 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/biren-singh-named-bjp-s-manipur-cm-candidate-to-meet-governor-to-stake-claim-to-form-govt/story-t6IGtmnDMR2Bc7gxQTdzYJ.html BJP names N Biren Singh as chief minister candidate for Manipur]</ref><ref>[http://www.rediff.com/news/report/manipur-election-biren-singh-sworn-in-as-cm/20170315.htm Biren Singh sworn-in as Manipur CM]</ref><ref>[http://www.livemint.com/Politics/g88KvqgErUY6DkvQBzIZqO/Live-N-Biren-Singh-to-be-sworn-in-as-Manipur-CM-today-Amit.html Manipur gets its first BJP govt as Biren Singh takes oath along with 8 ministers]</ref>

==Council of Ministers==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!S.No
!Name
!Constituency
!Department
! colspan="2" scope="col" | Party
|-
| 1.
| '''[[Nongthombam Biren Singh|N. Biren Singh]]''' [[List of Chief Ministers of Manipur|Chief Minister]]
| [[Heingang (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Heingang]]
|
*Home.
*Personnel.
*Planning.
*Revenue.
*'''Other departments not allocated to any Minister.'''
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
| style="text-align: center;" colspan=6|'''[[List of deputy chief ministers of Manipur|Deputy Chief Minister]]'''
|-
| 2.
| '''[[Y. Joykumar Singh]]'''
|[[Uripok (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Uripok]]
|
*Finance.
*Science & Technology.
*Economics and Statistics.
*Civil Aviation.
| [[National People's Party (India)|NPP]]
| width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}" |
|-
| style="text-align: center;" colspan=6|'''Cabinet Ministers'''
|-
| 3.
| '''[[Thongam Biswajit Singh]]'''
| [[Thongju (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Thongju]]
|
*Public Works Department.
*Rural Development.
*Panchayati Raj.
*Commerce & Industries.
*Power.
*Administrative Reforms & Training.
*Information & Public Relations.
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
| 4.
| '''[[Losi Dikho]]'''
| [[Mao (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mao]]
|
*Public Health Engineering.
*Printing & Stationery.
| [[Naga People's Front|NPF]]
| width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Naga People's Front}}"|
|-
| 5.
| '''Shorokhaibam Rajen'''
| Lamsang
|
*Education.
*Fisheries.
*CADA.
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
| 6.
| '''[[Letpao Haokip]]'''
| [[Chandel (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chandel]]
|
*Youth Affairs &Sports.
*Irrigation & Flood Control.
| [[National People's Party (India)|NPP]]
| width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
| 7.
| '''[[Vungzagin Valte]]'''
|Thanlon
|
*Transport.
*Tribal Affairs & Hills.
*General Administration.
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
| 8.
| '''Awangbow Newmai'''
| [[Tamei (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tamei]]
|
*Forest.
*Environment.
*Climate change.
*Sericulture.
| [[Naga People's Front|NPF]]
| width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Naga People's Front}}"|
|-
| 9.
| '''[[Oinam Lukhoi Singh]]'''
|Wangoi
|
*Agriculture.
*Veterinary & Animal Husbandry.
*Tourism.
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
| 10.
| '''Thokchom Satyabrata Singh'''
|Yaiskul
|
*Consumer Affairs.
*Food and Public Distribution.
*Law and Legislature Affairs.
*Labour & Employment.
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |

|}

===Former Members===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! SI No.
! Name
! Constituency
! Department
! Tenure
! colspan="2" scope="col" | Party
! Reason
|-
| 1.
| '''[[Thounaojam Shyamkumar]]'''
| [[Andro (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Andro]]
| Minister of Forest & Environment, Horticulture & Soil Conservation, Town Planning and MAHUD.
| March 2017 – March 2020
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Supreme Court of India|Disqualified by the Supreme Court of India]]
|-
| 2.
| '''[[Nemcha Kipgen]]'''
| [[Kangpokpi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kangpokpi]]
|
*Social Welfare.
*Cooperation.
| March 2017 – September 2020
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|Removed
|-
| 3.
| '''[[Thokchom Radheshyam Singh]]'''
| [[Heirok (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Heirok]]
|
*Education.
*Labour & Employment.
| March 2017 – September 2020
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|Removed
|-
| 4.
| '''[[V. Hangkhanlian]]'''
| [[Churachandpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Churachandpur]]
|
*Agriculture.
*Veterinary & Animal Husbandry.
| March 2017 – September 2020
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|Removed
|-
| 5.
| '''[[N. Kayisii|N. Kayishii]]'''
| [[Tadubi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tadubi]]
|
*Tribal & Hill Areas Development.
*Fisheries.
| March 2017 – September 2020
| [[National People's Party (India)|NPP]]
| width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}" |
|Removed
|-
| 6.
| '''[[Langpoklakpam Jayantakumar Singh|L. Jayantakumar Singh]]'''
| [[Keishamthong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Keishamthong]]
|
*Health & Family Welfare.
*Law & Legislative Affairs.
*Arts &Culture.
*CADA.
| March 2017 – September 2020
| [[National People's Party (India)|NPP]]
| width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}" |
|Removed
|-
| 7.
| '''[[Karam Shyam]]'''
| [[Langthabal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Langthabal]]
|
*PDS and Consumer Affairs.
*Weights & Measures.
*Revenue.
*Relief & Rehabilitation.
| March 2017 – September 2020
| [[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
| width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Lok Janshakti Party}}"|
|Removed
|-
|8.
| '''[[Okram Henry Singh]]'''
|
|
*Municipal Administration, Housing and Urban Development.
*Social Welfare.
*Cooperation.
| September 2020 – March 2021
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|Due to Article 164(4) of Indian Constitution.
|}

== See also ==
* [[Government of Manipur]]
** [[Directorate of Language Planning and Implementation]]
* [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Second Biren Singh ministry]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Biren Singh ministry}}
[[Category:Lok Janshakti Party]]
[[Category:National People's Party (India)]]
[[Category:2017 in Indian politics]]
[[Category:Naga People's Front]]
[[Category:Manipur ministries|Biren I]]
[[Category:2017 establishments in Manipur]]
[[Category:Indian ministries established in 2017|Biren I]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party state ministries of Manipur|Biren I]]
[[Category:Indian ministries disestablished in 2022|Biren I]]

Tawi Wildlife Sanctuary

2026-02-24T15:37:26Z

User987delhi: adding a data

{{Short description|Wildlife sanctuary in Mizoram, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Tawi Wildlife Sanctuary
| iucn_category = IV
| image =
| image_caption =
| map = India Mizoram#India
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| map_width = 220
| map_caption = Location in Mizoram, India
| map_alt = Location of Tawi Wildlife Sanctuary in Mizoram, India
| location = Aizawl / Serchhip / Lunglei district, Mizoram, India
| nearest_city = Aizawl
| coordinates = {{coord|23|32|6|N|92|57|0|E|display=inline,title}}
| area_km2 = 35.75
| established = 16 November 2001 (notification) <ref name="moef">{{cite web |url=https://moef.gov.in/uploads/2019/06/tawi.pdf |title=Notification: Declaration of Tawi Wildlife Sanctuary |publisher=Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change |access-date=26 November 2025 }}</ref>
| governing_body = Forest Department, Government of Mizoram
| designation = Wildlife sanctuary
| website =
}}

'''Tawi Wildlife Sanctuary''' is a [[List of wildlife sanctuaries of India|wildlife sanctuary]] located in the Indian state of [[Mizoram]]. It was among the first protected wildlife areas in the state, notified under the provisions of the [[Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972|Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972]]. <ref name="moef" /><ref name="forestdept">{{cite web |url=https://forest.mizoram.gov.in/page/wildlife-of-mizoram |title=Wildlife of Mizoram – Protected Areas |publisher=Forest Department, Government of Mizoram |access-date=26 November 2025 }}</ref>

==Location and geography==
The sanctuary lies roughly 101 km from the state capital, [[Aizawl]], and spans districts including Aizawl, Serchhip and partly Lunglei. <ref name="tourism">{{cite web |url=https://mizoramtourism.com/top-destination/110 |title=Tawi Wildlife Sanctuary – Mizoram Tourism |access-date=26 November 2025 }}</ref> The elevation ranges from about 400 m to 1,300 m above sea level. <ref name="incredible">{{cite web |url=https://www.incredibleindia.gov.in/en/mizoram/aizawl/tawi-wildlife-sanctuary |title=Tawi Wildlife Sanctuary – Incredible India |access-date=26 November 2025 }}</ref> The sanctuary terrain is largely hilly, with steep slopes and rugged terrain, forming part of the hill forest ecosystem of Mizoram. <ref name="moef" />

==History==
The area was notified as a wildlife sanctuary on 16 November 2001, vide Notification No. B.12012/1/91-FST by the state government of Mizoram. <ref name="moef" /> Tawi is considered among the oldest wildlife sanctuaries of Mizoram. <ref name="wildtrails">{{cite web |url=https://forest.mizoram.gov.in/page/tawi-wildlife-sanctuary |title=Tawi Wildlife Sanctuary – Forest Department, Mizoram |access-date=26 November 2025 }}</ref>

==Flora and fauna==
Tawi Wildlife Sanctuary harbours tropical evergreen and semi-evergreen forests, as well as scrub and secondary forest in parts. <ref name="learnupsc">{{cite web |url=https://www.learnupsc.com/2023/10/tawi-wildlife-sanctuary.html |title=Tawi Wildlife Sanctuary – Ecology & Biodiversity |access-date=26 November 2025 }}</ref>

According to a botanical survey, the sanctuary supports a rich [[Pteridophyte|pteridophytic]] flora: 37 taxa of ferns and fern allies have been recorded. <ref>{{cite journal |title=Pteridophytes of Tawi Wildlife Sanctuary, Mizoram, India |journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa |year=2014 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283287162_Pteridophytes_of_Tawi_Wildlife_Sanctuary_Mizoram_India |access-date=26 November 2025 }}</ref> Among the tree and plant species present are tropical trees, bamboos and orchids, reflecting the diversity of habitats within the sanctuary. <ref name="moef" />

Notable carnivores recorded in the sanctuary include the Tiger (Sakei), Leopard (Keite), Golden cat (Keisen), Leopard cat (Sanghar), Marbled cat (Ngharrang), Jungle cat (Sauak), Himalayan black bear (Savawm), Malayan sun bear (Samang), Jackal (Sihal), Civets (Sazaw) and the Yellow-throated marten (Safia). Among ungulates and similar terrestrial species, the sanctuary is home to the Serow (Saza) and Ghoral (Sathar).

The forest canopy supports several arboreal mammals including the Hoolock gibbon (Hauhuk), [[Colobinae|Leaf monkey]] (Dawr), Common langur (Ngau), [[Assam macaque|Assamese macaque]] (Zozawng), Slow loris (Sahuai) and the Pig-tailed macaque (Zawng hmeltha).<ref name="wildtrails" />

Important birds recorded from the area include the Great Indian hornbill (Vapual), Wreathed hornbill (Kawlhawk), Pied hornbill (Vahai), Khalij pheasant (Vahrit), Bhutan peacock pheasant (Varihaw), White-cheeked partridge (Varung), Red jungle fowl (Ramar) and the Imperial pigeon (Bullut).<ref name="wildtrails" />

==Visitor information==
The sanctuary is accessible from Aizawl, and is often cited as a destination for forest walks, bird watching and nature experiences. <ref name="incredible" /><ref name="tourism" />

==See also==
* [[Protected areas of India]]
* [[Thorangtlang Wildlife Sanctuary]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official|https://forest.mizoram.gov.in/page/tawi-wildlife-sanctuary|Forest Department – Tawi Wildlife Sanctuary, Government of Mizoram}}
* {{cite web |url=https://moef.gov.in/uploads/2019/06/tawi.pdf |title=Notification: Declaration of Tawi Wildlife Sanctuary |publisher=Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change}}

[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Mizoram]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 2001]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Mizoram]]
[[Category:Aizawl district]]
[[Category:Lunglei district]]
[[Category:Serchhip district]]

Ramoji Film City

2026-02-16T22:06:28Z

User987delhi: update structure based on references

{{Short description|Film studio complex in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Ramoji Film City
| logo = Ramoji_Film_City_Logo.png
| image = Ramoji Film City.jpg
| image_caption = Entrance to Ramoji Film City
| type = [[Privately held companies|Privately held company]]
| industry = [[Film industry|Motion pictures]]
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1996}}
| founder = [[Cherukuri Ramoji Rao]]
| dissolved =
| location =
| location_city = [[Abdullapur|Abdullahpurmet]], [[Hyderabad]]
| locations =
| area_served =
| key_people =
| products =
| services =
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| num_employees =
| parent = [[Ramoji Group]]
| divisions =
| subsid =
| footnotes =
| location_country = [[India]]
| slogan =
| homepage = {{URL|ramojifilmcity.com}}
}}

'''Ramoji Film City''' is an integrated film studio facility located right outside of [[Hyderabad]], [[India]]. Spread over {{convert|2000|acre|order=out}},<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.ramojifilmcity.com/about-us |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=Ramoji Film City |language=en}}</ref> it is recognized as the world's largest film studio complex by the [[Guinness World Records]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-08-30 |title=Survey of world's biggest film facilities |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/survey-worlds-biggest-film-facilities-149124/ |access-date=2022-08-13 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Guinness World Records">{{cite web |title=Largest film studio |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-film-studio |access-date=2 January 2021 |publisher=Guinness World Records}}</ref> Established in 1996 by [[Telugu language|Telugu]] [[media proprietor]] [[Ramoji Rao]], it has been described as a "city within a city" by ''[[The Guardian]]''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Reith-Banks |first=Tash |date=29 January 2019 |title=Tollywood confidential: inside the world's biggest film city |url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2019/jan/29/tollywood-confidential-inside-the-worlds-biggest-film-city |access-date=25 June 2020 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

In addition to serving as a major hub for film production, Ramoji Film City is a popular thematic holiday destination, featuring a mix of natural landscapes, artificial sets, and an amusement park. Around 15 [[lakh]] (1.5 million) tourists visit the place every year.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Iyer |first=Pico |date=2012-02-07 |title=In India, the World's Largest Movie Studio—and Its Colorful Films |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2012/03/tollywood-201203 |access-date=2022-08-13 |website=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

== History ==
Ramoji Film City, located in [[Abdullapurmet]] on the outskirts of Hyderabad, was conceived by [[Ramoji Rao]], a businessman, media proprietor, and film producer.<ref name=":5" /> Drawing inspiration from the grandeur of [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]] studios, it was envisioned as a state-of-the-art facility for film production and a thematic destination for visitors.<ref name="Scroll">{{cite news |last=Nathan |first=Archana |date=6 February 2018 |title=At Ramoji Film City in Hyderabad, everything is about show business (and not just for filmmakers) |url=https://scroll.in/reel/860202/location-scouting-everything-is-about-show-business-at-ramoji-film-city-not-just-for-filmmakers |access-date=1 May 2018 |work=Scroll}}</ref>

Following the acquisition of land, Ramoji Rao commissioned art director [[Nitish Roy]] to design the complex. The site, which originally featured jungles and rugged terrain, was developed with a focus on preserving its natural environment and ecological features.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Reddem |first=Appaji |date=2022-03-04 |title=Is Telugu cinema set for a change of scene Hyderabad to Visakhapatnam? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/is-telugu-cinema-set-for-a-change-of-scene-from-hyderabad-to-visakhapatnam/article65191021.ece |access-date=2022-09-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |quote=Ramoji Film City, which was built in Hyderabad in 1996 ....}}</ref>

The first film to be entirely shot at Ramoji Film City was ''[[Maa Nannaku Pelli]]'' (1997).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dasagrandhi |first=Madhuri |date=8 July 2018 |title=Where the magic gets unfolded |url=https://telanganatoday.com/where-the-magic-gets-unfolded |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102091120/https://telanganatoday.com/where-the-magic-gets-unfolded |archive-date=2 November 2019 |access-date=3 December 2022 |website=[[Telangana Today]]}}</ref> According to [[urban legend]], the city was built on the battlefield of the Nizams and is haunted by the spirits of soldiers who died there many years prior.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/kajol-says-ramoji-film-city-is-prime-example-of-haunted-place-hyderabadis-says-matlab-kuch-bhi-101750319137818.html#google_vignette|title=Kajol says Ramoji Film City is ‘prime example’ of haunted place; Hyderabadis says ‘matlab kuch bhi’}}</ref>

== Studio facilities ==
[[File:Ramoji entrance.jpg|thumb|Ramoji Film City Entrance]]The film city encompasses a wide range of sets and production facilities designed to cater to various filmmaking requirements. The site includes permanent sets such as forests, gardens, mansions, apartment blocks, hotels, a railway station, and an airport,<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Reddem |first=Appaji |date=2022-03-04 |title=Is Telugu cinema set for a change of scene? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/is-telugu-cinema-set-for-a-change-of-scene-from-hyderabad-to-visakhapatnam/article65191021.ece |access-date=2022-09-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> as well as 47 [[Sound stage|sound stages]] for indoor filming. Additional infrastructure include a central kitchen to support film crews.<ref name="Guinness World Records" /><ref name="TheHindu">{{cite news |date=3 August 2005 |title=Ramoji Film City sets record |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2005/08/03/stories/2005080301301901.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121213060057/http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2005/08/03/stories/2005080301301901.htm |archive-date=13 December 2012 |accessdate=10 January 2012 |work=[[Business Line]] |publisher=}}</ref>
The film city features various entertainment facilities like Filmi Duniya, Wings (birds park), space tour, the wild west, Mahishmati sets for [[Baahubali (franchise)|''Bahubali'' franchise]], [[Chandramukhi]] sets, Fundusthan, butterfly garden, Kripalu caves, Chinese garden, Bhagavatham set, The godless temple, fake prison, Eureka fun place, Rajasthan palace sets, Mughal garden, Vrindavan garden, England sets, and the sets of airport, railway station etc. It creates a memorable moment to tourists.

The facility is equipped with six hotels and provides internal transportation via vintage buses and air-conditioned coaches. Employing approximately 1,200 staff members and 8,000 agents, Ramoji Film City handles around 400–500 film productions annually across multiple Indian languages.<ref name=":2" /> It can accommodate up to 15 simultaneous shoots.<ref name=":2" />

== Tourism ==
Beyond its role in film production, Ramoji Film City is a major tourist destination, featuring both natural and artificial attractions.<ref name="Scroll" /> Key elements include an amusement park, gardens, and film sets from notable productions such as ''[[Baahubali: The Beginning|Baahubali]]'' (2015) and ''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion|Baahubali 2]]'' (2017). Attracting nearly 15 lakh (1.5 million) visitors annually, the facility offers a range of experiences, including tours of film sets and thematic zones. The site is designed to provide a blend of entertainment and insight into the filmmaking process.<ref name=":4">{{cite news |author= |date=6 July 2006 |title=Ramoji Film City may lose land to ORR - Hyderabad - City |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-07-06/hyderabad/27800862_1_rfc-ramoji-film-city-alignment |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811045427/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-07-06/hyderabad/27800862_1_rfc-ramoji-film-city-alignment |archive-date=11 August 2011 |access-date=6 September 2010 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150">
File:Ramoji Film City, Hyderabad - views from Ramoji Film City (102).JPG|A view from Ramoji Film City
File:Ramoji Film City - Train station set (23256471982).jpg|A railway station set used in the film ''[[Chennai Express]]''
File:Bhallaladeva statue of Baahubali film.jpg|Statue of Bhallaladeva from ''[[Baahubali (franchise)|Baahubali]]'' franchise
File:Burasura at Fundustan fun area at Ramoji Film City 3499.JPG|Burasura at Fundustan fun area
File:Snap from Eureka fun place at Ramoji Film city hyderabad3548.JPG|Eureka fun place
File:Ramoji Film City, Hyderabad - views from Ramoji Film City (60).JPG|Views from Ramoji Film City
File:Dil Se restaurant at Ramoji Film city hyderabad 3539.JPG|Dil Se Restaurant
File:Bahubali Set in RFC 4.jpg|''[[Baahubali (franchise)|Baahubali]]'' film set
File:Film sets in Ramoji Film City 9.jpg|Film sets
File:Railway station sets in RFC 2.jpg|Railway station platform set
File:Film sets in Ramoji Film City 3.jpg|Film sets
File:Ramoji Film City - A view from main fun area 3231.JPG|A view from Main Fun area
File:Mock of Rajastan Palace - panoramio.jpg|Mock of a Rajasthan palace
File:Historical bhagavatam set in ramoji film city 2.jpg|Historical Bhagavatam set
File:Vrindavan garden setting.jpg|Vrindavan gardens setting
File:Ramoji Film City - Mughal Garden - Brindavan (7833132222).jpg|Mughal Garden
File:Ramojifilmcity hyderabad.jpg|Mughal Garden
File:Bahubali Set in RFC.jpg|Bahubali film set in Ramoji Film City, Hyderabad, India
File:Film sets in Ramoji Film City 5.jpg|Film sets in Ramoji Film City, Hyderabad, India
File:Ramoji Film City, Hyderabad - views from Ramoji Film City (5).JPG|Ramoji Film City, Hyderabad - views from Ramoji Film City
File:Ramoji Film city - Photo from the road from Main entrance to inside3187.JPG|Photo from road to main fun area of Ramoji Film city, Hyderabad
File:Ramoji Film City, Hyderabad - views from Ramoji Film City (40).JPG| Ramoji Film City, Hyderabad - views from Ramoji Film City
File:Ramoji Film City 111.jpg|Ramoji Film City, Hyderabad, India
File:Ramoji Film City - UK setting.jpg|A set of England
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Telugu Cinema]]
* [[Film City, Mumbai]]
* [[Film and Television Institute of India]]
* [[State Institute of Film and Television]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [https://www.ramojifilmcity.com/ Ramoji Film City]
* [https://templeknowledge.com/ramoji-film-city-facts-entry-fees-haunted-site/ On the Back Lot at the Other Bollywood]
* [https://www.bestbus.in/ramoji-film-city/details/history-of-ramoji-film-city History of Ramoji Film City]
{{coord|17.252|78.681|type:landmark_region:IN_dim:3000|display=title}}

{{Hyderabad topics}}

[[Category:Culture of Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Indian film studios]]
[[Category:Film production companies based in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Amusement parks in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Amusement parks opened in 1996]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1996]]
[[Category:Mass media companies established in 1996]]
[[Category:Ramoji Group]]
[[Category:1996 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Javid Ahmad Dar

2026-02-14T02:45:29Z

User987delhi: put up new stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{puffery|date=October 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Javid Ahmad Dar.jpg
| office = [[Second Omar Abdullah ministry|Cabinet Minister]], [[Government of Jammu and Kashmir]]
| predecessor =
| successor =
| lieutenant_governor = [[Manoj Sinha]]
| 1blankname = [[List of Chief Ministers of Jammu and Kashmir|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata = [[Omar Abdullah]]
| subterm = '''Cabinet'''
| suboffice =
| term_start = 16 October 2024
| term_end =
| 2blankname = [[Second Omar Abdullah ministry|Ministry and Departments]]
| 2namedata = *Agriculture Production,
*Rural Development
*Panchayati Raj
*Cooperative
*Election
| office1 = Member of [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Rafiabad Assembly constituency|Rafiabad]]
| term_start1 = 8 October 2024
| term_end1 =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor1 = [[Yawar Ahmad Mir]]
| party = [[File:Flag of Jammu and Kashmir (1936-1953).svg|20px]][[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]]
}}

'''Javid Ahmad Dar''' is an Indian politician from Jammu and Kashmir.<ref name=":0" /> He is a member of the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] from [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]], representing [[Rafiabad Assembly constituency]] as member of the [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]] party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Rafiabad Election Result 2024 LIVE Update: Assembly Winner, Leading, MLA, Margin, Candidates |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/rafiabad-election-result-2024-live-update-9077393.html |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rafiabad Constituency Election Results 2024: Rafiabad Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/jammu-kashmir/constituency-show/rafiabad |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

On 16 October 2024, Dar was sworn in as the cabinet minister in the newly formed Government of Jammu and Kashmir.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/jammu-and-kashmir-assembly/omar-abdullah-sworn-in-as-first-cm-of-ut-jammu-and-kashmir/article68759594.ece | title=Omar Abdullah sworn in as new CM of Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir; Surinder Kumar Choudhary to be his deputy | newspaper=The Hindu | last1=Ashiq | first1=Peerzada }}</ref> On 18 October 2024, following an order issued by [[Manoj Sinha|Lieutenant Governor Sinha]] to allocate portfolios to [[Second Omar Abdullah ministry|council of ministers]] on the advice of chief minister, Dar was given the charge of Agriculture Production, Rural Development & Panchayati Raj, Cooperative, and Election.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2024-10-18 |title=J&K L-G allocates portfolios; who gets what in newly inducted Omar Abdullah-led cabinet |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jammu-and-kashmir/jk-l-g-allocates-portfolios-who-gets-what-in-newly-inducted-omar-abdullah-led-cabinet/article68767814.ece |access-date=2024-10-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Personal life ==

Dar was born in [[Ladoora]], a village in the [[Rafiabad, India|Rafiabad]] region of Jammu and Kashmir. He is married and resides with his family in Ladoora.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Geelani |first=Syed Rizwan |date=2024-10-16 |title=Javed Ahmad Dar: From commerce graduate to 2-time cabinet minister |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/kashmir/javed-ahmad-dar-from-commerce-graduate-to-2-time-cabinet-minister/ |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=Greater Kashmir |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Educational background ==
After passing his Class 12th examination, Dar moved to Pune to pursue higher education at [[Savitribai Phule Pune University|Pune University]], where he completed his Bachelor's in Commerce in 1997. The following year, he enrolled for a Master's in Business Administration (MBA) program. However, after completing two semesters, he had to return home due to the sudden death of his father in 1998.<ref name=":1"/>

== Political career ==

Dar's political career began in 2002 after the death of his father, Muhammad Yousuf Dar, a veteran politician and close associate of [[Mufti Mohammad Sayeed]]. Initially, Javid joined the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and contested his first assembly election the same year, though he did not win. After spending six years with the PDP, he made a strategic shift to the [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]] in 2008. Supported by [[Farooq Abdullah]], he contested and won the Rafiabad assembly seat, defeating his PDP opponent, Dilawar Mir. Following this victory, Dar was appointed Minister of State, overseeing the Roads and Buildings (R&B) Department. Although he lost his seat in the 2014 elections amid a strong PDP wave, he made a remarkable comeback in 2024, securing the Rafiabad constituency with a significant margin of 9202 votes.<ref name=":1" /> His return to the assembly was marked by his swearing-in as a cabinet minister for Agriculture Production, Rural Development & Panchayati Raj, Cooperative, and Election at the Sher-e-Kashmir International Convention Centre (SKICC) in Srinagar.<ref name=":0" />

== See also ==
* [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]]
* [[Rafiabad Assembly constituency|Rafiabad]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dar, Javid Ahmad}}
[[Category:Jammu & Kashmir National Conference politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2008–2014]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:People from Baramulla district]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{JammuKashmir-politician-stub}}

Forces Goal 2030

2026-02-10T00:49:38Z

User987delhi: made a data

{{short description|Military modernisation programme in Bangladesh}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
[[File:বাংলাদেশ সামরিক বাহিনীর প্রতীক.svg|right|thumb|Crest of [[Bangladesh Armed Forces]]]]
'''Forces Goal 2030''' is a military modernization program in Bangladesh that commenced in 2009 and was updated in 2017, and later updated after [[July Revolution (Bangladesh)|July Revolution]]. It is designed to enhance the capabilities of the Bangladesh Armed Forces, including the [[Bangladesh Army|Army]], the [[Bangladesh Navy|Navy]] and the [[Bangladesh Air Force|Air Force]], as well as the [[Bangladesh Coast Guard|Coast Guard]] and [[Border Guard Bangladesh]] under a separate program. The program focuses on restructuring military organizations, expanding the forces, transforming the indigenous defense sector to support research and manufacturing, and acquiring advanced military equipment.<ref name="Shakil Bin Mushtaq">{{cite magazine |url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/01/bangladeshs-ambitious-military-modernization-drive/ |author=Shakil Bin Mushtaq |title=Bangladesh's Ambitious Military Modernization Drive |magazine=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |date=9 January 2018 |access-date=23 April 2019 |archive-date=23 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423132305/https://thediplomat.com/2018/01/bangladeshs-ambitious-military-modernization-drive/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The requirement for modernisation was realised in the aftermath of the [[2008 Bangladesh–Myanmar naval standoff]] later resulting in Bangladesh's favour. The program was revised in 2017, following the [[2015 Rohingya refugee crisis|Rohingya refugee crisis]], which facilitated a larger monetary allocation towards the modernisation program.

One of the primary objectives of the modernisation program is to develop a three-dimensional force (land, air and sea) capable of conducting multi-platform warfare.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=http://www.internationallawobserver.eu/2012/03/15/judgment-in-bangladesh-myanmar-maritime-boundary-dispute/ |title=Judgment in Bangladesh-Myanmar Maritime Boundary Dispute | International Law Observer | A blog dedicated to reports, commentary and the discussion of topical issues of international law |publisher= |access-date=27 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006025326/http://www.internationallawobserver.eu/2012/03/15/judgment-in-bangladesh-myanmar-maritime-boundary-dispute/ |archive-date=2017-10-06 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

After the [[Non-cooperation movement (2024)|2024 Non-Cooperation Movement]], which resulted in the ouster of Sheikh Hasina and the Awami League regime, the modernization program was revised and expedited. This revision could affect the program's objectives, implementation timeline, and overall scope.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rejwan |first1=Khandakar |title=Revisiting 'Forces Goal 2030': Bangladesh's Military Modernization Plan Under the New Government |url=https://thediplomat.com/2024/12/revisiting-forces-goal-2030-bangladeshs-military-modernization-plan-under-the-new-government/ |website= |publisher=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |access-date=28 December 2024}}</ref>

== Bangladesh Army ==

===Organizational restructuring===
The modernization program seeks to transform the Bangladesh Army into a technologically advanced, multi-domain force by 2030, capable of conducting both defensive and offensive operations. As part of this effort, the Army plans to reorganize its structure by establishing three independent corps—Central, Eastern, and Western. To support the creation of these corps, measures have been implemented to increase the overall size of the force.

The [[17th Infantry Division (Bangladesh)|17th Infantry Division]] was raised at [[Sylhet District|Sylhet]] in 2013,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2013/sep/18/pm-launches-17-infantry-division |title=PM launches 17 Infantry Division |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]] |access-date=21 September 2015 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923215039/http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2013/sep/18/pm-launches-17-infantry-division |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[10th Infantry Division (Bangladesh)|10th Infantry Division]] was raised at newly established [[Ramu Cantonment]] at [[Cox's Bazar District|Cox's Bazar]] in 2015,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bssnews.net/newsDetails.php?cat=0&id=474604&date=2015-03-01 |title=PM urges army to remain prepared against any threat to democracy |work=[[Bangladesh Sangbad Sangstha]] |access-date=8 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128184650/http://www.bssnews.net/newsDetails.php?cat=0&id=474604&date=2015-03-01 |archive-date=28 November 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and the [[7th Infantry Division (Bangladesh)|7th Infantry Division]] was raised at established [[Barishal Cantonment]] in [[Barishal District|Barishal]]-[[Patuakhali District|Patuakhali]] in 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/nation/2018/02/08/pm-reaches-patuakhali/ |title=PM inaugurates Sheikh Hasina Cantonment in Patuakhali |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]] |date=8 February 2018 |access-date=8 February 2018 |archive-date=8 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208113618/http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/nation/2018/02/08/pm-reaches-patuakhali/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The establishment of three infantry divisions has raised the total number of the Army's infantry divisions to ten. In 2017, the Army began the establishment of a Riverine Engineer Battalion, which will be stationed at the newly constructed [[Mithamain Cantonment]] at [[Kishorganj]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theindependentbd.com/home/printnews/104318 |title=Army to get 97 more units in 4 years |work=[[The Independent (Bangladesh)|The Independent]] |location=Dhaka |date=16 July 2017 |access-date=11 August 2017 |archive-date=11 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811221904/http://www.theindependentbd.com/home/printnews/104318 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.janes.com/article/72633/bangladesh-army-to-get-97-more-units-in-four-years-says-report |title=Bangladesh Army to get 97 more units in four years, says report |publisher=Jane's 360 |date=26 July 2017 |access-date=11 August 2017 |archive-date=11 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811183423/http://www.janes.com/article/72633/bangladesh-army-to-get-97-more-units-in-four-years-says-report |url-status=live }}</ref> Another full-fledged cantonment is being established at [[Ruma Upazila|Ruma]] in [[Bandarban District]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.theindependentbd.com/arcprint/details/52702/2016-07-25 |title=Focus on 1971 spirit, says PM |work=[[The Independent (Bangladesh)]] |location=[[Dhaka]] |access-date=1 December 2016 |archive-date=1 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201211740/http://www.theindependentbd.com/arcprint/details/52702/2016-07-25 |url-status=live }}</ref>

By 2021, the army has raised 97 new units. Of these, 19 units were formed for the [[Jalalabad Cantonment]] in Sylhet, 22 units for Ramu Cantonment in [[Cox's Bazar]], and 56 units for the Lebukhali Cantonment in [[Barisal]]. A number of existing infantry battalions are being converted into [[Paratrooper|para infantry]] battalions and [[mechanized infantry]] battalions for newly established and proposed cantonments.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bssnews.net/newsDetails.php?cat=0&id=742740&date=2018-05-13 |title=Stay alert to face internal & external threats |work=[[Bangladesh Sangbad Sangstha]] |date=13 May 2018 |access-date=16 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517152948/http://www.bssnews.net/newsDetails.php?cat=0&id=742740&date=2018-05-13 |archive-date=17 May 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> To increase special operation capabilities, the 2nd Para Commando Battalion has been raised, headquartered in Maulavibazar.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/dhaka-cafe-attack-recounting-operation-thunderbolt-1427413 |title=Recounting 'Operation Thunderbolt' |work=The Daily Star |date=3 July 2017 |access-date=11 August 2017 |archive-date=11 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811222132/http://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/dhaka-cafe-attack-recounting-operation-thunderbolt-1427413 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Army Aviation Group has set up an airbase at [[Lalmonirhat Airport]] and built a forward airbase in Chittagong.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-10-11 |title=Army aviation forward base of Bangladesh Army inaugurated in Chattogram |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/army-aviation-forward-base-bangladesh-army-inaugurated-chattogram-314545 |access-date=2023-04-17 |work=[[The Business Standard]] |language=en}}</ref>

===Weapons procurement===
Under the modernization goal, several programs have been implemented to enhance the readiness of the force. Under such programs, approaches have been taken to modernize the regular infantry outfits. The new infantry outfits are equipped with [[Night vision device|night vision goggles (NVG)]], [[SPECTRA helmet|ballistic helmets]], [[Ballistic eyewear|eye protective gear]], [[bulletproof vests]], person to person communicators, [[palmtop]] [[GPS navigation device|GPS device]] and [[Type 81 assault rifle|BD-08]] assault rifles with [[Collimator sight]].{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}
[[File:Metis-M1 (1).jpg|alt=military-affairs|thumb|194x194px|Metis M-1]]
With respect to anti-tank capabilities, [[9K115-2 Metis-M|Metis-M]]-1 anti-tank guided missile systems<ref name="SIPRI 2024"/> and [[PF-98]] rocket systems have been procured since 2012.

In 2022, the [[Bangladesh Army]] procured an undisclosed number of ALCOTAN-AT (M2) and ALCOTAN-BIV (M2) [[anti-tank guided missile]]s along with portable VOSEL (M2) firing control units from [[Spain]]. The procurement of [[AK15]] [[assault rifle]]s and [[submachine gun]]s has also been implemented.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dgdp.gov.bd/dgdp/AP_TEN/notice/411.pdf |title=Evaluation of suitable small arms/assault rifle/sub-machine gun for Bangladesh Army |website=DGDP |access-date=10 April 2018 |archive-date=11 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411025919/http://dgdp.gov.bd/dgdp/AP_TEN/notice/411.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Sixty-six [[Nora B-52|Nora B-52 K2]] self-propelled artillery systems were procured.<ref name="SIPRI 2024" />
A total of 36 units of [[Weishi Rockets#WS-22|WS-22]] Guided Multiple Rocket Launcher Systems have been added to the Bangladesh Army inventory since 2014.<ref name="Military Balance 2024" />
[[File:WS-22_MLRS_Bangladesh_Army_(23504117212).jpg|220x124px|thumb|right|alt=unit of WS-22 MLR system|WS-22]]
The Bangladesh Army received [[TRG-300 Tiger]] MBRL System and [[TRG-230]] MRLS from [[Turkey]]. In June 2021, the Army took delivery of 20 units of the TRG-300 Tiger MBRL system from Turkey. In June 2022, Turkey delivered 1 regiment of TRG-230 with armaments. The entire order of the TRG System and armaments were completed by 2022. In 2022, Turkey delivered a TEBER Guidance Kit that converts general-purpose bombs to guided smart bombs.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bangladesh Secures its Myanmar Border with Roketsan's missiles {{!}} TurDef |url=https://www.turdef.com/Article/bangladesh-secures-its-myanmar-border-with-roketsan-s-missiles/2404 |website=turdef.com |language=en}}</ref>

[[SLC-2 Radar|SLC-2]] weapon-locating radars were added to help the artillery firing. The procurement process of [[155mm]] towed howitzers,<ref name="155howitzer">{{cite web |url=http://www.dgdp.gov.bd/dgdp/AP_TEN/notice/359.pdf |title=Evaluation of 155mm Howitzer |website=DGDP |date=24 September 2017 |access-date=24 November 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201033219/http://www.dgdp.gov.bd/dgdp/AP_TEN/notice/359.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> 122 mm field artillery howitzers<ref name="122howitzer">{{cite web |url=http://www.dgdp.gov.bd/dgdp/AP_TEN/notice/374.pdf |title=Evaluation of 122mm Howitzer |website=DGDP |date=21 November 2017 |access-date=24 November 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201032313/http://www.dgdp.gov.bd/dgdp/AP_TEN/notice/374.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> and 105mm towed field artillery systems is ongoing.<ref name="105howitzer">{{cite web |url=http://www.dgdp.gov.bd/dgdp/AP_TEN/notice/373.pdf |title=Procurement of 105mm howitzer |website=DGDP |access-date=25 November 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201032748/http://www.dgdp.gov.bd/dgdp/AP_TEN/notice/373.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The procurement of long-range (120 to 280 km) [[Multiple rocket launcher|multiple launch rocket system (MLRS)]] is also in process.<ref name="longMLRS">{{cite web |url=http://dgdp.gov.bd/dgdp/AP_TEN/notice/410.pdf |title=Evaluation of multiple launch rocket system Type A |website=DGDP |access-date=10 April 2018 |archive-date=11 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411111422/http://dgdp.gov.bd/dgdp/AP_TEN/notice/410.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> To support accurate artillery firing, the Bangladesh Army has procured 36 ''[[Bramor C4EYE]]'' battlefield reconnaissance UAVs from Slovenia in 2017.<ref name="bicc_cr_ger_20">{{cite report|author1=Dr. Max Mutschler|author2=Dr. Markus Bayer|date=21 December 2020|title=Informationsdienst Sicherheit, Rüstung und Entwicklung in Empfängerländern deutscher Rüstungsexporte|url=http://www.ruestungsexport.info/user/pages/04.laenderberichte/bangladesch/2020_Bangladesch.pdf|publisher=[[Bonn International Center for Conversion]]|page=14|access-date=18 January 2021|language=de|trans-title=Information service Security armaments and development in recipient countries German arms exports|archive-date=26 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126081857/http://ruestungsexport.info/user/pages/04.laenderberichte/bangladesch/2020_Bangladesch.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> These UAVs have a maximum range of 40 kilometers and endurance of 3 hours. In October 2020, the Army published an evaluation notice for a medium-range UAV.<ref name="uav1">{{cite web |url=https://dgdp.gov.bd/dgdp/AP_TEN/notice/688.pdf |title=Preliminary Technical Specification of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Medium Range |website=[[Directorate General of Defence Purchase (Bangladesh)|DGDP]] |date=14 October 2020 |access-date=18 October 2020 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228083653/https://dgdp.gov.bd/dgdp/AP_TEN/notice/688.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Bangladesh Army procured 44 [[MBT-2000]] tanks from China in 2011. Army engineers have completed the upgrade process of [[Type 69/79 main battle tank|Type 69 tank]]s to ''[[Type 69 tank#variants|Type 69IIG]]'' standard.<ref name="thedailystar">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/city/modernisation-army-continue-89149 |title=Modernisation of army to continue |date=29 May 2015 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=8 December 2017 |archive-date=23 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223060959/http://www.thedailystar.net/city/modernisation-army-continue-89149 |url-status=live }}</ref> Upgrading of 174 [[Type 59 tank]]s to [[Type 59G(BD) Durjoy|Type 59G Durjoy]] standard is ongoing.<ref>{{cite news |date=28 May 2015 |title=Prime Minister Hasina expects greater involvement of army in development efforts |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/prime-minister-hasina-expects-greater-involvement-of-army-in-development-efforts |newspaper=bdnews24.com |access-date=29 May 2015}}</ref> The Bangladesh Army signed a contract with China for 44 [[Type 15 tank|VT-5]] light tanks in 2019. The delivery was completed by 2021.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eng.chinamil.com.cn/view/2019-12/20/content_9700539.htm |title=Bangladesh Navy receives two Chinese frigates |website=China Military Online |date=20 December 2019 |access-date=28 December 2019 |archive-date=21 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221150624/http://eng.chinamil.com.cn/view/2019-12/20/content_9700539.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The Army also started a light amphibious tank procurement process in 2019.<ref name="tender539">{{cite web |url=https://dgdp.gov.bd/dgdp/AP_TEN/notice/539.pdf |title=Standardization of light amphibious tank (tracked) and amph armoured repair and recovery vehicle (tracked) for Bangladesh Army |website=DGDP |date=23 April 2019 |access-date=30 April 2019 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228083657/https://dgdp.gov.bd/dgdp/AP_TEN/notice/539.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Two regiments of [[HQ-7#HQ-7A .28FM-90.29|FM 90C]] short-range [[surface to air missile]]s were added in 2016 to enhance air defence capabilities.<ref name="thedailystar"/> Since 2019, 4 of 8 Oerlikon Skyguard – 3 firing control radar systems with [[Oerlikon GDF|Oerlikon GDF 009]] [[Anti-aircraft warfare|anti aircraft gun]] have been procured,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dgdp.gov.bd/dgdp/AP_TEN/s_doc/2615.pdf |title=Technical Specification and Other Requirements for Item SER No. 1 Carts High Explosive Incendiary (HEI) for Radar Control Air Defence Gun System 35 MM Oerlikon GDF 009/Skyguard 3, QTY-1,000 NOS |website=DGDP |access-date=3 September 2019 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228083703/https://dgdp.gov.bd/dgdp/AP_TEN/s_doc/2615.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> and the process to procure a regiment. At the end of 2022, [[Thales Group|Thales]] delivered two units of [[Ground Master 400]] long-range portable air defence radar systems to the Bangladesh Army.<ref name="https://archive.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2021/09/16/bangladesh-purchases-air-defence-radar-systems">{{cite web |url=http://dgdp.gov.bd/dgdp/AP_TEN/s_doc/2229.pdf |title=Tender specification of Local Warning Radar |website=DGDP |access-date=24 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324224420/http://dgdp.gov.bd/dgdp/AP_TEN/s_doc/2229.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:Ground_Master_403_(KEVA2010)_Kokonaisturvallisuus_2015_01.JPG|thumb|alt=long range a defence radar system|Ground Master 400]] In the same month, another tender was issued for procuring 181 [[man-portable air-defense system]]s. Here, Chinese [[FN-6#FN-16|FN-16]], Russian [[9K38 Igla|Igla-S]] and Swedish [[RBS 70]] systems have been shortlisted.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dgdp.gov.bd/dgdp/AP_TEN/a_doc/2192.pdf |title=Tender for surface to air missile |website=DGDP |access-date=24 March 2018 |archive-date=17 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417135153/http://dgdp.gov.bd/dgdp/AP_TEN/a_doc/2192.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The Army reportedly procured the Swedish RBS 70 NG in 2020.<ref name=":0" />{{Failed verification|reason=No info about procurement of RBS 70 NG is present in the source. Failed to find any reliable sources supporting such claim.|date=September 2023}} In August 2020, the army floated a tender for the procurement of medium-range surface-to-air missiles (MRSAM).<ref name="MRSAM">{{cite web |url=https://dgdp.gov.bd/dgdp/AP_TEN/notice/662.pdf |title=Evaluation of Medium Range Surface to Air Missile System for Bangladesh Army |website=[[Directorate General of Defence Purchase (Bangladesh)|DGDP]] |access-date=25 August 2020 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228083703/https://dgdp.gov.bd/dgdp/AP_TEN/notice/662.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Modernization of the Army Aviation Group is in progress. Two [[Eurocopter AS365 Dauphin]]s were put into service in 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.infodefensa.com/latam/2012/11/28/comunicado-eurocopter-as365-n3-dauphin-helicopters-enter-service-with-the-bangladesh-army-for-use-in-humanitarian-missions-and-vip-airlift.html |title=Eurocopter AS365 N3+ Dauphin helicopters enter service with the Bangladesh Army for use in humanitarian missions and VIP airlift. |website=Información de Defensa y Seguridad |date=28 November 2012 |access-date=29 May 2015 |archive-date=30 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530023625/http://www.infodefensa.com/latam/2012/11/28/comunicado-eurocopter-as365-n3-dauphin-helicopters-enter-service-with-the-bangladesh-army-for-use-in-humanitarian-missions-and-vip-airlift.html |url-status=live |last1=Com |first1=Infodefensa }}</ref> 12 [[Mil Mi-17#Variants|Mil Mi-171Sh]] helicopters were procured since 2016. Two [[EADS CASA C-295|C-295]] transport aircraft have been bought from Spain so far. The Army took delivery of six Diamond DA40 trainer aircraft from [[Austria]] in 2020. The first 2 [[Bell 407]] GXI helicopters were supplied by 2022. In September 2021, the Army issued a tender notice to procure 8 heavy attack helicopters. The Army was interested in purchasing the [[Boeing AH-64 Apache]], [[Eurocopter Tiger]] or Leonardo's [[AW249]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/military-affairs/2021/10/24/news-analysis-bangladesh-army-attack-helicopter-requirements-at-a-glance|title=News Analysis: Bangladesh Army attack helicopter requirements at a glance|date=24 October 2021|work=Dhaka Tribune}}</ref><ref name="aagdev">{{cite news |url=https://mzamin.com/article.php?mzamin=203653 |script-title=bn:মিয়ানমারকে বলেছি রোহিঙ্গাদের ফিরিয়ে নেয়ার সব ব্যবস্থা তাদেরকে করতে হবে |work=Manab Zamin |date=13 December 2019 |language=bn |access-date=14 December 2019 |archive-date=13 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213150742/http://www.mzamin.com/article.php?mzamin=203653 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Army issued a tender notice to procure [[fixed-wing aircraft]] in the financial year 2020–2021.<ref name="682.pdf">{{cite web |url=https://dgdp.gov.bd/dgdp/AP_TEN/notice/682.pdf |title=Procurement of fixed wing aircraft in financial year 2020-2021 |website=DGDP |access-date=2 September 2020 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228083704/https://dgdp.gov.bd/dgdp/AP_TEN/notice/682.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

The number of BTR-80 APCs in the Bangladesh Army's inventory has not been clarified, possibly 330 to 645. Up to 2024, the army had received 188 units of the Otokar Cobra 1/2, at least 8 [[BOV M11]] armored reconnaissance vehicles from [[Serbia]], and 81 units of the [[Maxxpro]] MRAP.<ref name="SIPRI 2024">{{cite web |url=https://armstransfers.sipri.org/ArmsTransfer/TransferData |title=Arms transfers database |website=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]] |access-date=12 December 2024}}</ref><ref name="Military Balance 2024">{{Cite journal |author=International Institute for Strategic Studies |author-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies |year=2024 |title=Chapter Five: Asia |journal=The Military Balance |volume=124 |issue=1 |page=249 |doi=10.1080/04597222.2024.2298593}}</ref> The Bangladesh Army has deployed a large number of APCs on its UN peacekeeping missions.

[[Iveco]] delivered 200+ Trakker in 2021. Since 2017, Iveco delivered Trakker 380 prime movers, Iveco Trakker 420 gun tractors, and Trakker 310 jet fuel browsers. The first Bach [[Volvo FMX]] and Astra military trucks were delivered in 2023. Also, [[Renault VAB]], [[Mercedes-Benz]], and other Japanese, Turkish, and British military vehicles have been used.

A tender was floated for procurement of a command ship in 2017. The vessel will be used as a floating command centre for different waterborne operations.<ref name="commandship">{{cite web |url=http://www.dgdp.gov.bd/dgdp/AP_TEN/s_doc/997.pdf |title=Tender specification of vessel Type C (comd. vessel) |website=DGDP |access-date=18 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219095610/http://www.dgdp.gov.bd/dgdp/AP_TEN/s_doc/997.pdf |archive-date=19 February 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Several tenders were floated to procure a total of six [[landing craft tank]] vessels for the army between 2017 and 2018.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dgdp.gov.bd/dgdp/AP_TEN/s_doc/2261.pdf |title=Technical specification of vessel Type A |website=DGDP |access-date=23 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424072134/http://dgdp.gov.bd/dgdp/AP_TEN/s_doc/2261.pdf |archive-date=24 April 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The Bangladesh army issued a tender for procuring two ''[[Troopship|Troops Carrier Vessel (TCV)]]'' in January 2018. The vessels will be able to carry 200 personnel.<ref name="troopship">{{cite web |url=http://dgdp.gov.bd/dgdp/AP_TEN/s_doc/2082.pdf |title=Technical specification of vessel Type B |website=DGDP |access-date=2 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202190531/http://dgdp.gov.bd/dgdp/AP_TEN/s_doc/2082.pdf |archive-date=2 February 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The shipbuilding contract was awarded to [[Khulna Shipyard Limited]]. In October 2022, Vard Maritime Inc., a group of [[Fincantieri]] and KSL signed a contract to jointly build landing craft, a long-term multi-stage program. The landing craft will be built according to a design based on the famous Vard 7 507 Landing Craft Series.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-30 |title=VARD wins contract for LCT design work for the Bangladesh Navy |url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2022/11/vard-marine-receives-contract-for-the-lct-design-work-for-the-bangladesh-navy/ |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=Naval News |language=en-US}}</ref>

In a ceremony on 27 October 2021, the Prime Minister discussed the ongoing modernization plan of the Bangladesh Army and its upcoming equipment. She stated that one regiment each of 105 mm and 155 mm artillery guns have been procured to increase artillery power. She added that the process of procuring one battery of [[Oerlikon GDF|Oerlikon GDF-009]] was ongoing. The government had signed a contract to procure a Very Short Range Air Defence (VSHORAD) system and two batteries of radar-controlled air defence guns. The government also procured six [[Medium-altitude long-endurance unmanned aerial vehicle|MALE UAV]] and a tactical missile system for the Bangladesh Army.<ref>{{Cite news |title=সার্বভৌমত্ব রক্ষাসহ জাতীয় যে কোনো প্রয়োজনে সেনাবাহিনী প্রস্তুত থাকবে: প্রধানমন্ত্রী |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/bangla/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B9-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80 |date=27 October 2021 |access-date=28 October 2021 |work=The Daily Star}}</ref>

In January 2024, the Army issued a tender notice to procure [[DJI Mavic|DJI Mavic 3T]] drones.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.army.mil.bd/TenderDetails/tender-notice-of-24-inf-div-chattogram-2395 |title= Tender Notice of 24 Inf Div Chattogram |author=|date= 10 January 2024 |website= www.army.mil.bd |publisher=[[Bangladesh Army]] |access-date=10 January 2024}}</ref>

On November 25, 2025, the [[Directorate General of Defence Purchase (Bangladesh)|DGDP]] officially issued an [[Request for information|RFI]] to evaluate the [[FGM-148 Javelin]] system for the Bangladesh Army's special combat units, including [[Bangladesh special operations forces|Special Forces]] and [[Para Commando Brigade (Bangladesh)|airborne elements]].<ref>{{cite web |date= 25 November 2025 |title=SUBMISSION OF BROCHURES AND TECHNICAL DATA FOR EVALUATION PURPOSES FOR BANGLADESH ARMY |url=https://www.dgdp.gov.bd/storage/tender_file/tender_notice20251126140207.pdf |location=Dhaka, Bangladesh |publisher= [[Directorate General of Defence Purchase (Bangladesh)|DGDP]] |access-date= 28 November 2025}}</ref>

==Bangladesh Navy==
Due to the importance of Bangladesh's vast maritime area of 118,813 square kilometers, high dependence of the country's economy on maritime resources, and the geopolitical importance of the Indian Ocean, the Bangladesh Navy was given significant priority in the modernization program. The program aims to transform the Bangladesh Navy into a modern, well-equipped, three-dimensional force capable of conducting multi-domain operations. Under the program, the Navy has witnessed significant growth in firepower and weapon manufacturing capabilities. The expansion of the Navy's surface fleet and force size is simultaneously ongoing. As of 2020, the navy acquired two submarines, eight frigates, six corvettes,<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-04/03/c_137947179.htm |title=CSIC builds two light frigates for Bangladesh |work=[[Xinhua News Agency]] |date=3 April 2019 |access-date=4 April 2019 |archive-date=4 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404145310/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-04/03/c_137947179.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> and eleven patrol vessels.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2017/11/08/president-hamid-navy-ship-commissioning/ |title=President Hamid commissions four new naval ships |work=Dhaka Tribune |date=8 November 2017 |access-date=9 November 2017 |archive-date=9 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109061504/http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2017/11/08/president-hamid-navy-ship-commissioning/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Under the modernization, indigenous shipyards have made significant strides in enhancing naval shipbuilding capabilities. There are three indigenous shipyards capable of developing large surface combatants for the navy: [[Khulna Shipyard Limited]], [[Dockyard and Engineering Works Limited]], and [[Chittagong Dry Dock Limited]], all fully owned by the Bangladesh Navy. Khulna Shipyard has successfully launched the program of building eight [[Durjoy-class patrol craft|Durjoy-class]] and 23 [[Padma-class patrol vessel|Padma-class]] patrol craft. Chittagong Dry Dock Limited, ownership of which was transferred to the Navy in 2015, has been tasked with constructing six 2,000-tonne [[offshore patrol vessel]]s and six multirole [[guided missile frigate]]s.<ref name="TheIndependent_CDDL_frigate">{{cite news |url=http://www.theindependentbd.com/post/141957 |author=Deepak Acharjee |title=Building warships locally |work=[[The Independent (Bangladesh)|The Independent]] |place=Bangladesh |date=2018-03-18 |access-date=2020-10-11 |archive-date=14 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181014050021/http://www.theindependentbd.com/post/141957 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Alongside the development of the Navy's water capabilities, [[Bangladesh Naval Aviation]], the aviation wing of the Navy, was established in 2011. Naval Aviation added 4 [[Dornier 228]] NG aircraft from Germany and two [[AgustaWestland AW109]] helicopters from Italy.
[[File:Dornier Do-228 MPA of Bangladesh Navy.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Dornier 228 MPA of Bangladesh Navy.]]

The Navy attained three-dimensional capabilities with the establishment of a submarine fleet, with two [[Ming-class submarine]]s acquired from the [[People's Republic of China]].

The Bangladesh Navy has operated a submarine base, named [[BNS Sheikh Hasina]], at Pekua in [[Cox's Bazar]].<ref>{{cite news |date=12 October 2013 |title=Work started for land acquisition for submarine base: PM |url=http://primenews.com.bd/details/17340 |newspaper=Prime News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519185247/http://primenews.com.bd/details/17340 |archive-date=19 May 2014}}</ref> Commissioned in 2023, the submarine base has been one of the Bangladesh Navy's largest projects. The largest naval base in the country was constructed at Rabanabad in [[Patuakhali]], named [[BNS Sher-e-Bangla]]. The base has submarine berthing and aviation facilities.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theindependentbd.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=233041:largest-naval-base-to-be-in-patuakhali-pm&catid=132:backpage&Itemid=122 |title=Largest naval base to be in Patuakhali: PM |author=Shorwar Hossain |work=The Independent |location=Dhaka |access-date=24 December 2014 |archive-date=18 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018212027/http://www.theindependentbd.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=233041:largest-naval-base-to-be-in-patuakhali-pm&catid=132:backpage&Itemid=122 |url-status=live }}</ref> Another operational base, named ''BNS Sheikh Mujib'', has been constructed in Khilkhet in Dhaka.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bssnews.net/?p=115568 |title=PM commissions naval base 'BNS Sheikh Mujib' |work=Bangladesh Sangbad Sangstha |access-date=28 December 2019 |archive-date=6 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106143528/http://www.bssnews.net/?p=115568 |url-status=live }}</ref> The construction works of a fleet headquarters at the Sandwip channel of Chattogram, with ship berthing facilities, is also ongoing.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://unb.com.bd/bangladesh-news/One-day-BD-Navy-to-become-builder-from-buyer-hopes-PM/59066 |title=One day BD Navy to become builder from buyer, hopes PM |work=UNB |date=24 December 2017 |access-date=24 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225035005/http://unb.com.bd/bangladesh-news/One-day-BD-Navy-to-become-builder-from-buyer-hopes-PM/59066 |archive-date=25 December 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The Navy has taken initiative to produce missiles and [[Identification friend or foe|IFF]] systems in Bangladesh.<ref name="pm">{{cite web |url=https://www.ispr.gov.bd/en/honourable-prime-minister-shiekh-hasina-reviewed-the-winter-president-parade-at-bangladesh-neval-academybns-chottagram/ |title=Honourable Prime Minister Shiekh Hasina Reviewed the Winter President Parade at Bangladesh Neval Academy(BNS), Chottagram |website=ISPR |date=22 December 2019 |access-date=28 December 2019 |archive-date=28 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228044301/https://www.ispr.gov.bd/en/honourable-prime-minister-shiekh-hasina-reviewed-the-winter-president-parade-at-bangladesh-neval-academybns-chottagram/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Bangladesh Air Force==
Forces Goal 2030 plans to make the [[Bangladesh Air Force]] a technologically advanced, well-trained and well-equipped force that can deter any threat to Bangladeshi airspace. To efficiently perform increasingly challenging duties and responsibilities, the Air Force is being divided into two separate commands, Southern and Northern.<ref name ="expand">{{cite news |url=http://www.m.mzamin.com/article.php?mzamin=72866 |script-title=bn:বিমান বাহিনীতে অত্যাধুনিক সমরাস্ত্র |work=Manab Zamin |date=7 July 2017 |language=bn |access-date=13 November 2017 |archive-date=13 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113165533/http://www.m.mzamin.com/article.php?mzamin=72866 |url-status=live }}</ref> Two airbases have already been set up: BAF base Sheikh Hasina at [[Cox's Bazar]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/pm-opens-air-force-base-in-cox-s-bazar |title=PM opens Air Force base in Cox's Bazar |work=Bdnews24.com |date=3 April 2011 |access-date=23 January 2018}}</ref> and BAF base Bangabandhu at Dhaka.<ref name="f7dt">{{cite news |url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2013/04/09/pm-opens-bangabandhu-air-force-base/ |title=PM opens Bangabandhu Air Force Base |work=Dhaka Tribune |date=9 April 2013 |access-date=23 January 2018 |archive-date=24 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124070617/http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2013/04/09/pm-opens-bangabandhu-air-force-base/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="f7ds">{{cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news/pm-launches-new-air-force-base |title=PM launches new air force base |work=The Daily Star |date=10 April 2013 |access-date=23 January 2018 |archive-date=24 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124070837/http://www.thedailystar.net/news/pm-launches-new-air-force-base |url-status=live }}</ref> Two new air bases are under construction now, one at Barishal<ref name="expand"/> and another at Sylhet.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/hasina-announces-new-air-bases-to-strengthen-air-force |title=Hasina announces new air bases to strengthen air force |work=[[Bdnews24.com]] |date=31 December 2017 |access-date=1 January 2018}}</ref> A maritime air support operation center (MASOC) will be set up under southern command.<ref name="expand"/> BAF also operates the [[Bangabandhu Aeronautical Centre]] and the [[Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Aviation and Aerospace University]].

The Air Force is in the process of setting up an advanced fighter pilot training unit, the ''105 Advance Jet Training Unit'', which will consist of three training squadrons that will provide advanced training to fighter pilot trainees.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theindependentbd.com/post/93542 |title=Special training unit for BAF jet fighter pilots on the cards |work=The Independent |location=Dhaka |date=7 May 2017 |access-date=12 August 2017 |archive-date=13 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813040154/http://www.theindependentbd.com/post/93542}}</ref>

In 2013, the Bangladesh Air Force procured 16 [[List of Chengdu J-7 variants#F-7BGI|Chengdu F-7BGI]] 3.5 generation fighter aircraft from China.<ref name="f7dt"/><ref name="f7ds"/>

Bangladesh signed a government-to-government contract with the United Kingdom for the supply of five off-the-shelf [[Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules|C-130J]] aircraft that formerly served with the [[Royal Air Force]].<ref name="130j">{{cite web |url=https://www.janes.com/article/90032/bangladesh-to-receive-five-surplus-uk-c-130j-airlifters-by-end-of-year |title=Bangladesh to receive five surplus UK C-130J airlifters by end of year |publisher=Janes 360 |date=24 July 2019 |access-date=4 January 2020 |archive-date=25 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725143000/https://www.janes.com/article/90032/bangladesh-to-receive-five-surplus-uk-c-130j-airlifters-by-end-of-year |url-status=live }}</ref> All five aircraft have been delivered.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.janes.com/article/90722/bangladesh-receives-first-of-five-uk-surplus-c-130j-transport-aircraft |title=Bangladesh receives first of five UK-surplus C-130J transport aircraft |publisher=Janes 360 |date=28 August 2019 |access-date=4 January 2020 |archive-date=5 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205025456/https://www.janes.com/article/90722/bangladesh-receives-first-of-five-uk-surplus-c-130j-transport-aircraft |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.janes.com/article/95269/bangladesh-receives-final-surplus-uk-c-130j-airlifter|title=Bangladesh receives final surplus UK C-130J airlifter |website=[[IHS Jane's]] |access-date=11 April 2020}}</ref>

The Bangladesh Air Force procured 21 [[Mil Mi-17#Variants|Mil Mi-171Sh]] helicopters from Russia between 2010 and 2019, that can be used for both transport and attack roles.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://en.itar-tass.com/economy/727823 |title=Russia to deliver 5 transport combat helicopters to Bangladesh |work=TASS |access-date=24 December 2014 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228083910/https://tass.com/economy/727823 |url-status=live }}</ref> BAF also procured four [[AgustaWestland AW139]] helicopters from Italy for maritime SAR operations.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://newagebd.net/182186/self-confidence-to-take-nation-forward-pm/ |title=Self-confidence to take nation forward: PM |work=New Age |date=7 December 2015 |access-date=7 December 2015 |archive-date=10 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210213251/http://newagebd.net/182186/self-confidence-to-take-nation-forward-pm/ |url-status=live }}</ref> One [[Mil Mi-17#Variants|Mil Mi-171E]] helicopter was purchased for a VIP transport role.

BAF procured nine [[Hongdu JL-8|K-8]] intermediate jet trainers to complement the fleet of seven [[Aero L-39 Albatros|L-39]]s.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/bangladesh-air-force-inducts-new-chinese-fighters |title=Bangladesh Air Force inducts new Chinese fighters |work=Bdnews24.com |date=27 September 2014 |access-date=23 January 2018}}</ref> In 2015, BAF added three [[Let L-410 Turbolet]]s to a newly formed squadron of [[Trainer (aircraft)#Navigation trainers|transport trainer]]s.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://unb.com.bd/pm-aircraft-lead |title=BD to build fighter planes one day, hopes PM |work=UNB |year=2015 |access-date=27 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151228202214/http://unb.com.bd/pm-aircraft-lead |archive-date=28 December 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The Air Force also procured 16 [[Yakovlev Yak-130]] [[Trainer (aircraft)#Lead-in fighter training|lead-in fighter trainer]] aircraft from Russia. Two [[AgustaWestland AW119 Koala]] helicopters were procured to enhance helicopter training capabilities.

[[File:Bangladesh Air Force FM90 Crotale SAM. (38169463025).jpg|220px|thumbnail|right|FM90 Crotale SAM of [[Bangladesh Air Force]].]]
A [[Selex RAT-31DL]] [[L band]] [[Active electronically scanned array|AESA]] radar was procured from Italy.<ref name="SIPRI 2024"/> A contract was signed for procuring 6 Kronos Land AESA 3D MGFR radar systems from [[Leonardo S.p.A.]],<ref name="SIPRI 2024" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangladesh orders Leonardo's high-tech air surveillance radar |url=https://www.leonardo.com/en/press-release-detail/-/detail/bangladesh-orders-leonardo-s-high-tech-air-surveillance-radar |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=leonardo.com |language=en-US}}</ref> to be capable of providing security to the entire country. With the deal, Leonardo will also supply communications equipment, technical support, spare parts and a comprehensive training programme for Bangladeshi Air Force personnel with modules in Italy. In 2011, the BAF inducted its first [[surface-to-air missile]] system, the [[HQ-7#HQ-7A .28FM-90.29|FM 90]], from China.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-212914 |title=Remain ever ready to protect sovereignty, PM asks air force |work=The Daily Star |date=5 December 2011 |access-date=23 January 2018 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228083803/https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-212914 |url-status=live }}</ref> To date, two regiments of this system have been procured.

In February 2017, the BAF floated a tender for the procurement of a medium-range surface-to-air missile (MRSAM) system.

In December 2017, the Bangladesh Air Force floated a tender for the procurement of an [[unmanned combat aerial vehicle]] (UCAV) system. The system will consist of 3-4 unmanned combat aerial vehicles (UCAV) and a [[UAV ground control station|ground control station (GCS)]]. The UAVs will have a range of 1000 km and an endurance of 15 hours without weapon load and nine hours with weapon load. They will have 2-4 hardpoints with a minimum payload requirement of 120 kg.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dgdp.gov.bd/dgdp/AP_TEN/s_doc/1926.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222052742/https://dgdp.gov.bd/dgdp/AP_TEN/s_doc/1926.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 December 2017 |title=Tender specification for the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle for Bangladesh Air Force |website=DGDP |access-date=19 December 2017}}</ref> In 2020, Bangladesh purchased 3 Salex Falco UAVs.<ref name="SIPRI 2024" />

In October 2019, the Bangladesh Air Force was offered two types of attack helicopters, and selected the [[Boeing AH-64 Apache]], pending government approval.<ref name="BAF BD-DT">{{cite news |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/foreign-affairs/2019/10/17/bangladesh-proposes-procurement-of-high-end-military-equipment-from-us |title=Bangladesh wants to buy combat fighters, Apache helicopters, missile systems from US |date=17 October 2019 |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]] |access-date=5 September 2020 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228083722/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/foreign-affairs/2019/10/17/bangladesh-proposes-procurement-of-high-end-military-equipment-from-us |url-status=live }}</ref> In January 2020, [[Boeing]] confirmed that its AH-64E had been down-selected for a potential program in Bangladesh.<ref name="Janes_AH64-BD">{{Cite web |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/apache-down-selected-for-bangladesh-attack-helicopter-requirement |title=Apache down-selected for Bangladesh attack helicopter requirement |publisher=Jane's |access-date=2020-01-26 |archive-date=27 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727225916/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/apache-down-selected-for-bangladesh-attack-helicopter-requirement |url-status=live }}</ref> However, the purchase of AH-64 Apache helicopters is still on hold because Bangladesh has not yet signed the [[Acquisition and Cross-Servicing Agreement|Acquisition and Cross-Servicing Agreement (ACSA)]] and ''General Security of Military Information Agreement'' (GSOMIA) agreements with the United States.<ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:বাংলাদেশের সঙ্গে প্রতিরক্ষা চুক্তিতে আগ্রহী যুক্তরাষ্ট্র |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%80 |work=[[Prothom Alo]] |access-date=11 April 2021 |language=bn}}</ref> In October 2020, the Air Force received 7 more [[Hongdu JL-8|K-8W]] jet trainers.<ref name="dt15Oct2020">{{cite news|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/nation/2020/10/15/7-newly-procured-aircraft-for-baf-arrive-in-chittagong|title=7 newly procured aircraft for BAF arrive in Chittagong|work= [[Dhaka Tribune]]|date=15 October 2020|access-date=11 April 2020}}</ref> In January 2021, the Air Force floated a tender for the procurement of [[Kh-31#Variants|Kh-31A]] [[Air-to-surface missile|medium-range air-to-surface missile]] for its [[MiG-29|MiG-29B]] aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dgdp.gov.bd/dgdp/AP_TEN/doc/4625.pdf |title=Tender Notice |author= |date=19 January 2021 |website=dgdp.gov.bd |publisher=[[Directorate General of Defence Purchase (Bangladesh)|Directorate General of Defence Purchase]] |access-date=22 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128171800/https://dgdp.gov.bd/dgdp/AP_TEN/doc/4625.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2021, the Bangladesh Air Force requested the Bangladesh government to earmark around 25,200 crores [[Bangladeshi taka|taka]] (2.6 billion euros) for 16 Western-origin [[Multirole combat aircraft|multirole fighter jet]]s.<ref name="bb13Mar2021">{{cite news |script-title=bn:২৫ হাজার কোটি টাকায় ১৬টি যুদ্ধবিমান কেনার উদ্যোগ |url=https://bonikbarta.net/home/news_description/258269/%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%AB-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AC%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97 |work=[[Bonik Barta]] |date=13 March 2021|access-date=11 April 2021 |language=bn}}</ref> To sign the agreement and for the first installment council, the Bangladesh government set aside an allocation of 6,300 crores taka (620m euro) in the 2021-22 financial year.<ref name="bb13Mar2021" /> In 2021, Eurofighter World Magazine reported that Bangladesh was a potential customer for the [[Eurofighter Typhoon]].<ref name="Weapon System of Choice">{{cite web |title=Weapon System of Choice |url=https://world.eurofighter.com/articles/weapon-system-of-choice |website=Eurofighter World Magazine |date=19 February 2021|access-date=21 May 2021}}</ref>

The Bangladesh Air Force will reportedly procure Eurofighter Typhoon MRCAs from Leonardo Italy with MRO and other facilities, except for the armaments packages. All armaments will be provided by a third undisclosed country in a separate deal. As of 2023, Bangladesh had not yet signed the agreement.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-09-15 |title=Strategic Analysis: Bangladesh, UK enhancing defence-security cooperation |url=https://archive.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/military-affairs/2021/09/15/new-analysis-bangladesh-uk-enhancing-defence-security-cooperation |access-date=2023-04-01 |work=Dhaka Tribune}}</ref>

Germany had previously ordered 38 Tranche 4 Eurofighters as a launch customer at a cost of 5.4 billion euros in late 2020.<ref name="Germany approves billion-euro purchase of 38 Eurofighter jets">{{cite news |url= https://www.dw.com/en/germany-approves-billion-euro-purchase-of-38-eurofighter-jets/a-55513389|title = Germany approves billion-euro purchase of 38 Eurofighter jets
|publisher= Deutsche Welle |date= 5 November 2020
|access-date= 11 April 2021}}</ref> According to Dirk Hoke, CEO of Airbus Defense and Space, "The new Tranche 4 Eurofighter is currently the most modern European-built combat aircraft with a service life well beyond 2060."<ref name="Quadriga">{{cite web |url= https://www.airbus.com/newsroom/press-releases/en/2020/11/airbus-signs-contract-for-38-eurofighters-with-germany.html|title = Airbus signs contract for 38 Eurofighters with Germany|publisher= Airbus
|access-date= 11 April 2021}}</ref> In 2019, during the Bangladesh-UK 3rd Strategic Dialogue, the UK offered the Eurofighter Typhoon to Bangladesh. In March 2020, French Defence Minister [[Florence Parly]] visited Bangladesh and proposed the [[Dassault Rafale]] with other weapons for Bangladesh's defence needs. The Eurofighter Typhoon has been a strong consideration for Bangladesh, with another possible candidate in the Dassault Rafale.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Dhaka, Paris to boost defence cooperation |url=https://www.newagebd.net/article/101797/dhaka-paris-to-boost-defence-cooperation |access-date=2023-04-15 |work=New Age |language=en}}</ref> Plans and procedures for the procurement of 16 Western-origin multirole fighter jets were established after the cancellation of the orders of 8 to 12 Russian MRCA and 16 Yak-130s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bangladesh releases tender for new multi-role fighter |url=https://quwa.org/2017/03/01/bangladesh-releases-tender-new-multi-role-fighter/ |website=Quwa |access-date=11 April 2021 |date=1 March 2017}}</ref>

On 9 December 2025, the [[Bangladesh Air Force]] signed a [[Letter of Intent]] with [[Leonardo (company)|Leonardo S.p.A]] of Italy to procure Eurofighter Typhoon. According to the Air Force, the agreement covers the eventual supply of Eurofighter Typhoon jets, which are expected to join BAF's frontline fleet as part of its next-generation multi-role combat capabilities.<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=9 December 2025 |title=Air Force signs LOI with Italy's Leonardo for Eurofighter Typhoon procurement |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/air-force-signs-loi-italys-leonardo-eurofighter-typhoon-procurement-1305456 |work=[[The Business Standard]] |location=Dhaka, Bangladesh|access-date=9 December 2025}}</ref>

==Miscellaneous==
[[TRG-300 Tiger]] [[Multiple rocket launcher|MLRS]], delivered by Turkish defence company [[Roketsan]], were formally inducted into the [[Bangladesh Army]] in June 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/bangladesh/news/pm-includes-tiger-multiple-launch-rocket-system-bangladesh-army-2114633 |title=PM includes 'Tiger Multiple Launch Rocket System' in Bangladesh Army |work=The Daily Star |agency=UNB |date=20 June 2021}}</ref> On 3 February 2026, Bangladesh and Japan signed a formal agreement to facilitate the transfer of defence equipment and technology.<ref name="MOFA Japan 2026">{{cite web |last= |first= |date=3 February 2026 |title=Signing of the Agreement between the Government of Japan and the Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh concerning the Transfer of Defense Equipment and Technology |url=https://www.mofa.go.jp/press/release/pressite_000001_02047.html |url-status=live |access-date=3 February 2026 |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan |language=en}}</ref> The deal was signed in Dhaka by Lieutenant General S M Kamrul Hassan, the Principal Staff Officer of the Armed Forces Division of Bangladesh, and Saida Shinichi, the Japanese Ambassador to Bangladesh.<ref name="TBS 2026">{{cite news |date=3 February 2026 |title=Dhaka, Tokyo sign deal over transfer of defence equipment, technology |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/dhaka-tokyo-sign-deal-over-transfer-defence-equipment-technology-1351351 |access-date=3 February 2026 |work=The Business Standard |location=Dhaka |language=en}}</ref> This agreement establishes a legal framework that governs the handling and transfer of military equipment between the two nations.<ref name="Daily Sun 2026">{{cite news |date=3 February 2026 |title=Japan, Bangladesh sign defence equipment transfer agreement |url=https://www.daily-sun.com/bangladesh/855555/japan-bangladesh-sign-defence-equipment-transfer-agreement |url-status=live |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=3 February 2026 |work=Daily Sun |location=Dhaka |language=en}}</ref> It includes strict provisions to prevent the unauthorized diversion of transferred technology to third parties or for unintended purposes.<ref name="MOFA Japan 2026" /> The pact is part of a broader effort to upgrade the bilateral relationship, which was elevated to a "Strategic Partnership" in 2023.<ref name="Jago News 2026">{{cite news |last= |first= |date=3 February 2026 |title=Dhaka, Tokyo sign deal over transfer of defence equipment, technology |url=https://www.jagonews24.com/en/national/news/89564 |url-status=live |access-date=3 February 2026 |work=Jago News 24 |location=Dhaka |language=en}}</ref> Japanese officials stated that the agreement will support joint projects contributing to international peace and security while strengthening Japan's defense industrial base.<ref name="TBS 2026" />

==Procurements and upgrades==
===Army===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Procurements under FG program (2009-ongoing)
|-
! Tanks !! Armored Vehicle !! Artillery !! Aircraft, Ships and UAVs !! Upgrades
|-
|
* 44 [[MBT-2000]] tank from [[China]]<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Moss |first1=Trefor |title=Bangladesh Eyes China Arms |url=https://thediplomat.com/2011/06/bangladesh-eyes-china-arms/ |magazine=The Diplomat |access-date=21 May 2021}}</ref>
* 44 [[Type 15 tank|VT-5 light tank]] from [[China]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladesh receives the first batch of Chinese VT5 light tanks |url=https://english.janomot.com/news/151274/bangladesh-receives-the-first-batch-of-chinese-vt5-light-tanks |work=Janomot |access-date=21 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
||
* 1000 [[BTR-80]] [[armoured personnel carrier]] from Russia<ref name="SIPRI 2024" />
* 200+ [[Otokar Cobra|Otokar Cobra (I & II)]] [[Light Armored Vehicles|LAV]] & [[MRAP]] from [[Turkey]]<<ref name="SIPRI 2024" /><ref name="Military Balance 2024" /><ref name="UNROCA">{{cite web |url=https://www.unroca.org/ |title=Transparency in the global reported arms trade. |author= |date= |website=United Nations Register of Conventional Arms |access-date=12 January 2021}}</ref>
* 100+ [[Maxxpro]] [[MRAP]] from the United States<ref name="SIPRI 2024"/>
* 8 [[BOV M11]] [[Light Armored Vehicles|LAV]] from [[Serbia]]<ref name="SIPRI 2024"/>
||
* 50 122mm [[WS-22|WS-22 multiple launch rocket system]] from China<ref name="SIPRI 2024"/>
* 18 300mm [[TRG-300 Tiger|TRG-300 Tiger multiple launch rocket system]] from Turkey
* 18 230mm TRG-230 multiple launch rocket system from Turkey
* 18-36 [[Nora B-52|Nora B-52 K1 self-propelled artillery]] from Serbia<ref name="SIPRI 2024"/>
* 6 system [[HQ-7|FM-90 surface-to-air missile]] from China<ref name="SIPRI 2024"/>
* 1000+ [[Metis-M|Metis-M anti-tank missile]] from Russia<ref name="SIPRI 2024"/>
* [[PF98|PF98 anti-tank rockets]] from China
* 10 [[SLC-2 Radar|SLC-2 weapon-locating radar]] from China<ref name="SIPRI 2024"/>
||
* 6 [[Mi-17 helicopter|Mi-17sh combat helicopter]] from Russia
* 2 [[Eurocopter AS365 Dauphin|Eurocopter AS365 Dauphin helicopter]] from France<ref name="SIPRI 2024"/>
* 2 [[Bell 407]] [[Bell 407#Variants|GXi]] from the United States<ref>{{cite web |last1=Herk |first1=Hans van |title=Bangladesh Army Bell 407 |url=https://www.scramble.nl/military-news/bangladesh-army-bell-407 |website=scramble.nl |date=9 August 2021 |access-date=30 August 2021}}</ref>
* 2 [[EADS CASA C-295|CASA C-295 transport aircraft]] from Spain<ref name="SIPRI 2024"/>
* 6 [[Diamond DA40|Diamond DA40 trainer aircraft]] from Austria<ref name="SIPRI 2024"/>
* 36 [[Bramor C4EYE|Bramor C4EYE battlefield reconnaissance UAV]] from Slovenia
* 6 [[Bayraktar TB2]] medium-altitude long-endurance UAV<ref>{{cite web |last1=Herk |first1=Hans van |title=Bangladesh gets Bayraktar TB2 |url=https://www.scramble.nl/military-news/bangladesh-gets-bayraktar-tb-2 |website=www.scramble.nl |access-date=9 January 2024 |date=4 December 2023}}</ref>
||
* 170+ [[Type 59 tank]] upgraded to [[Type 59 Durjoy]] variant by Bangladesh Army's 902 Central Workshop.<ref name ="SAM t59g">{{cite news|url=https://southasianmonitor.com/2019/08/30/bangladesh-army-tests-indigenously-upgraded-durjoy-tanks/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901195206/https://southasianmonitor.com/2019/08/30/bangladesh-army-tests-indigenously-upgraded-durjoy-tanks/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2019-09-01|author=Abied Hassan|title=Bangladesh Army tests indigenously upgraded Durjoy tanks|work=South Asian Monitor|place=Bangladesh |date=2019-08-30|access-date=2019-09-02}}</ref>
* 50+ [[Type 69 tank|Type 69 II tank]] upgraded to [[Type 69 tank|Type 69 IIG tank]] version in Bangladesh with kits from China.<ref name="SIPRI 2024" />
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Procurements under progress (2009-ongoing)
|-
! Tanks !! Armored Vehicle !! Artillery !! Aircraft, Ships and UAVs
|-
|
* [[Amphibious vehicle#Tanks|Amphibious light tank]]<ref name="tender539" />
||
* [[Light Armored Vehicles|Light Armored Vehicles (LAV)]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Tender Notice LAV Serial 1 |url=https://dgdp.gov.bd/dgdp/AP_TEN/doc/4892.pdf |website=DGDP |publisher=Directorate General of Defence Purchase |access-date=20 May 2021 |archive-date=20 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520172723/https://dgdp.gov.bd/dgdp/AP_TEN/doc/4892.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tender Notice LAV Serial 2 |url=https://dgdp.gov.bd/dgdp/AP_TEN/doc/4893.pdf |website=DGDP |publisher=Directorate General of Defence Purchase |access-date=20 May 2021}}</ref>
||
* 100 long-range Type-A multiple launch rocket system<ref name = longMLRS/>
* 150 155mm howitzer<ref name=155howitzer/>
* 100 122mm howitzer<ref name=122howitzer/>
* 200 105mm howitzer<ref name=105howitzer/>
* Medium-range [[surface-to-air missile]]; Turkish [[Hisar (missile family)|Hisar-O]] is said to be the top contender<ref name=MRSAM/><ref>{{cite web|last=Turan|first=Orhan|title=Hisar hava savunma sistemi: TSK'dan önce Bangladeş alacak|url=https://www.orhanturan.net/2019/11/hisar-hava-savunma-sistemi-tskdan-once.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200514124316/https://www.orhanturan.net/2019/11/hisar-hava-savunma-sistemi-tskdan-once.html|archive-date=2020-05-14|access-date=2019-11-18|website=Orhan Turan Gazeteci Orhan Turan'ın kişisel sitesi}}</ref>
||
* 05 Fixed-wing transport aircraft for [[Bangladesh Army Aviation Group|Army Aviation Group (AAG)]]<ref name="682.pdf"/>
* 8 attack helicopters<ref name ="aagdev"/>
*10 Medium-range [[unmanned aerial vehicle]]<ref name=uav1/>
* [[Command ship]]s for waterborne operations<ref name=commandship/>
* 40 indigenously-made [[landing craft]]<ref name="LCT1">{{cite news |date=5 July 2017 |title=WMS to build two combat tank carriers for Army |work=The Asian Age |url=http://dailyasianage.com/news/71502/wms-to-build-two-combat-tank-carriers-for-army |url-status=live |access-date=5 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808075406/http://dailyasianage.com/news/71502/wms-to-build-two-combat-tank-carriers-for-army |archive-date=8 August 2017}}</ref>
* 6
[[Troopship|Troops Carrier Vessel (TCV)]]s with capacity of 200 personnel each<ref name=troopship/>
|-
|}

===Navy===

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Naval procurements under FG program (2009-ongoing)
|-
! Submarine & Aircraft !! Frigate !! Corvette !! Patrol Vessel !! Auxiliaries
|-
|
* 2 [[Ming class|Type 035G submarines]] from [[China]]<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Why China's Submarine Deal With Bangladesh Matters |url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/01/why-chinas-submarine-deal-with-bangladesh-matters/ |magazine=The Diplomat |access-date=23 May 2021}}</ref>
* '''Aircraft:'''
** 4 [[Dornier 228 NG|Dornier 228NG MPA]] from Germany
** 2 [[AgustaWestland AW109]] SAR helicopters from Italy
||

* 2 [[Type 053H2G frigate|Type 053H2 class]] frigates from China<ref>{{cite news |title=2 modern warships commissioned |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2-modern-warships-commissioned |work=bdnews24.com |date=1 March 2014 |access-date=23 May 2021}}</ref>
* 2 [[Type 053H3 frigate|Type 053H3 class]] frigates from China<ref name="janes20Dec2019">{{cite web |url=https://www.janes.com/article/93346/china-hands-over-two-ex-plan-frigates-to-bangladeshi-navy |title=China hands over two ex-PLAN frigates to Bangladeshi Navy |publisher=Janes 360 |date=20 December 2019 |access-date=26 December 2019 |archive-date=21 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221235836/https://www.janes.com/article/93346/china-hands-over-two-ex-plan-frigates-to-bangladeshi-navy |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2 [[Hamilton-class cutter|Hamilton-class]] frigates from the United States<ref>{{cite news |title=4 warships including Somoudra Joy commissioned |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/4-warships-including-somoudra-joy-commissioned |work=bdnews24.com |date=23 December 2013 |access-date=23 May 2021}}</ref>
||
* 4 [[Type 056 corvette]]s from China<ref>{{cite web |title=Bangladesh Navy receives final two Chinese-made Type C13B corvettes |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/bangladesh-navy-receives-final-two-chinese-made-type-c13b-corvettes |website=Janes.com |access-date=23 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
* 2 [[Castle-class corvette]]s from the [[United Kingdom]]
||
* 6 [[Durjoy-class patrol craft|Durjoy-class]] [[large patrol craft]]s jointly developed by Bangladesh and China<ref>{{cite news |title=President Hamid commissions four new naval ships |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2017/11/08/president-hamid-navy-ship-commissioning |work=Dhaka Tribune |access-date=23 May 2021 |date=2017-11-08}}</ref>
* 12 [[Padma-class patrol vessel]]s
||
* 1 [[Roebuck-class ship|Roebuck class]] [[survey vessel]] from [[United Kingdom]]
* 4 indigenously built hydrographic survey vessel
* 10 indigenously built [[landing craft utility]]
* 4indigenously built [[landing craft tank]]
* 4 indigenously built [[oil tankers]]
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Procurements under progress (2009-ongoing)
|-
! Submarine & Aircraft !! Frigate !! Patrol Vessel !! Amphibious Warfare !! Auxiliaries
|-
|
'''Submarines:'''
* [[Attack submarine|diesel-electric attack submarine]]s
'''Aircraft:'''
* [[anti-submarine warfare|ASW]] helicopters<ref name=janes2>{{cite web| url=http://www.janes.com/article/66022/bangladesh-navy-issues-new-helicopter-tender| title=Bangladesh Navy issues new helicopter tender| publisher=IHS Janes 360| date=6 December 2016| access-date=12 December 2016| archive-date=7 December 2016| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161207160125/http://www.janes.com/article/66022/bangladesh-navy-issues-new-helicopter-tender| url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://dgdp.gov.bd/dgdp/AP_TEN/s_doc/2247.pdf |title=Tender Specification of Helicopters |website=DGDP |access-date=2 April 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403112457/http://dgdp.gov.bd/dgdp/AP_TEN/s_doc/2247.pdf| archive-date=3 April 2018| url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Long-range maritime patrol aircraft
* Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV)
||
* [[High Performance Frigate Program]]: 6 [[Guided Missile Frigate|multi-role guided missile frigate]]s to be developed at [[Chittagong Dry Dock Limited]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Navy to turn into builder from buyer |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/navy-turn-builder-buyer-1509823 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=23 May 2021 |language=en |date=2017-12-25}}</ref>
||
* 2000-tonne [[offshore patrol vessel]]s being developed at [[Chittagong Dry Dock Limited]]<ref>{{cite web |title=CDDL: Bangladesh Navy orders six offshore patrol vessels |url=https://www.navaltoday.com/2020/01/23/cddl-bangladesh-navy-orders-six-offshore-patrol-vessels/ |website=Naval Today |access-date=21 May 2021 |date=2020-01-23}}</ref>
* indigenously built 700-tonne anti-ship missile boats<ref>{{cite web |title=Tender Specification for Construction of 02 X Large Patrol Craft (LPC) in Local Shipyard for BN |url=https://dgdp.gov.bd/dgdp/AP_TEN/s_doc/3466.pdf |website=dgdp.gov.bd |publisher=Directorate General of Defence Purchase |access-date=20 May 2021 |archive-date=20 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520211526/https://dgdp.gov.bd/dgdp/AP_TEN/s_doc/3466.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Padma-class patrol vessel]]s
* indigenously built survey vessels
* [[mine countermeasures vessel]]s<ref name=janes2/>
||
* [[landing craft tank]]
||
* [[diving boat]]s
* [[Submarine rescue ship|submarine support and rescue vessel]]
* [[logistics support vessel]]
* [[Ocean-going tug|ocean-going tug vessel]]
* [[floating dry dock]]
* [[oil tanker]]
* [[oceanographic research vessel]]
|}

===Air Force===
{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2025}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Air force procurements under FG program (2009-ongoing)
|-
! Fighter !! Trainer !! Transport !! Helicopter !! Air Defence
|-
|
* 16 [[Chengdu J-7|Chengdu J-7 BGI]] fighter aircraft from China
||
* 16 [[Yakovlev Yak-130]] lead-in fighter trainer from Russia
* 16 [[K-8 Karakorum|K-8]] advance jet trainer aircraft from China
* 2 [[AgustaWestland AW119 Koala|AgustaWestland AW119 KX]] training helicopters from Italy
* 24 [[Grob G 120TP]] basic trainer aircraft from Germany
* 3 [[Grob G 115]] general aviation fixed-wing aircraft from Germany
||
* 5 [[C-130J Super Hercules]] transport aircraft from United Kingdom
* 3 [[Let L-410 Turbolet]] transport aircraft from [[Czechoslovakia]]
||
* 25 [[Mil Mi-171Sh]] utility helicopters from Russia
* 4 [[AgustaWestland AW139]] utility helicopters from Italy
* 3 [[Mil Mi-17|Mil Mi-171E]] utility helicopters from Russia
||
* 5 regiment [[HQ-7|FM 90]] short-range [[surface-to-air missile]] systems with 1000 missiles
* JH-16 radar
* JY-11B radar
* YLC-2 radar
* YLC-6 radar
* Selex RAT-31DL radar
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Procurements under progress (2009-ongoing)
|-
! Fighter !! Transport !! Helicopter !! UAVs
!Air Bases
|-
||
* 20x [[Chengdu J-10|Chengdu J-10C]]<ref name="TBS J10 Bangladesh">{{cite news |last=Kashem |first=Abul |title=Bangladesh plans $2.2 b purchase of 20 Chinese J-10 fighter jets |website=[[The Business Standard]] |date=7 October 2025 |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/bangladesh-plans-22b-purchase-20-chinese-j-10-fighter-jets-1254511 |access-date=7 October 2025}}</ref><ref name ="Kalerkantho Increase Power">{{cite news |last=Islam |first=Md. Zahidul |date=15 October 2025 |title=আকাশে শক্তি বাড়াচ্ছে বাংলাদেশ |url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/print-edition/first-page/2025/10/15/1591734 |trans-title= Bangladesh is increasing its power in the sky |work= [[Kaler Kantho]] |language=bn |location=Dhaka, Bangladesh |access-date=1 December 2025}}</ref>
* 10× [[Eurofighter Typhoon]]<ref name ="Kalerkantho Increase Power"/>
* 16× [[CAC/PAC JF-17 Thunder]]<ref name ="Kalerkantho Increase Power"/>
||
*programme paused
||
*6× [[TAI/AgustaWestland T129 ATAK|TAI T129 Atak]] Attack Helicopter <ref name ="Kalerkantho Increase Power"/>
||
* Numerous units of unmanned combat aerial vehicles
|1. Operational development of [[Lalmonirhat Airport|Lalmonirhat Air Field]], Rangpur.
2. Retrieving the [[Bogra Airport|Bogra Air Field]] as an Air Force Base.
|}

==Structural and organizational developments==
{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2025}}

{| class=wikitable
|-
! Army !! Navy !! Air Force
|-
! [[File:Roundel of Bangladesh – Army Aviation.svg|140x140px|Army]] !! [[File:বাংলাদেশ নৌবাহিনীর মনোগ্রাম.svg|150x150px|Navy]]
!☢

|-
|
* Formation of [[17th Infantry Division (Bangladesh)|17th Infantry Division]] at Sylhet
* Formation of [[10th Infantry Division (Bangladesh)|10th Infantry Division]] at Cox's Bazar
* Formation of [[7th Infantry Division (Bangladesh)|7th Infantry Division]] at Barishal
* Formation of [[99th Composite Brigade (Bangladesh)|99th Composite Brigade]] near Padma Bridge
* Formation of [[Para Commando Brigade (Bangladesh)|Para-Commando Brigade]] and [[Para Commando Brigade (Bangladesh)#2nd Para Commando Battalion|2nd para-commando battalion]]
||
* Establishment of submarine base, [[BNS Pekua]] at pekua of Cox's Bazar
* Establishment of [[BNS Sher-e-Bangla]] the largest naval base of the country at Patuakhali
* Establishment of naval base [[BNS Sheikh Mujib]] at Dhaka
* Construction of [[Sandwip|BN fleet headquarters]] at the Sandwip channel of Chattogram
* Formation of [[Bangladesh Naval Aviation|Naval Aviation Branch]]
* Formation of [[Bangladesh Navy|Submarine Branch]]
* Formation of naval special force [[Special Warfare Diving and Salvage|SWADS]]
||
* Establishment of [[Air defense identification zone#Bangladesh|ADIZ]] over Bangladesh airspace
* Establishment of BAF base [[BAF Base Bir Uttom A. K. Khandker|Bir Uttom A. K. Khandker]] at Dhaka
* Establishment of BAF base [[BAF Base Cox's Bazar|Cox's Bazar]]
* Establishment of BAF base at [[Barishal Airport|Barisal]]
* Establishment of BAF base at [[Shamshernagar Airport|Sylhet]]
* Formation of 105 Advance Jet Training Unit
* Establishment of [[Bangladesh Aeronautical Centre]]
|}

==Military budget==
{{See also|Military budget of Bangladesh}}

Bangladesh military budget increased until 2022. The ongoing economic problem which caused devaluation of [[Bangladeshi taka|Bangladeshi Taka]], reduced defence budget in terms of [[United States dollar|Us Dollars]]. As imported arms are purchased using us dollars, it effectively reduced the country’s ability to purchase and operate new armament.
{| class="wikitable"
!FY 2025-26
!FY 2024-25
!FY 2023-24
!FY 2022-23
!FY 2021-22
!FY 2020–21
!FY 2019–20
!FY 2018–19
!FY 2017–18
!FY 2016–17
!FY 2015–16
!FY 2014–15
!FY 2013–14
!FY 2012–13
!FY 2011–12
!FY 2010–11
|-
|$3.35 billion<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saifuddin |title=Budget allocation for defence set at 40,698C |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/382967/budget-allocation-for-defence-services-set-at |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Dhaka Tribune |language=en}}</ref>
| $3.6 billion<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-07 |title=Bangladesh increases 2024–25 defence budget |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/industry/bangladesh-increases-202425-defence-budget |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Default |language=en}}</ref>
|$3.44
billion <ref>{{Cite web |last=Saifuddin |title=Budget FY24: Defence allocation increases by 4.3% |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/312627/budget-fy24-defence-allocation-increases-by-4.3%25 |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Dhaka Tribune |language=en}}</ref>
| $4.06 billion
|$4.4 billion
|$3.87 billion
|$3.59 billion
|$3.45 billion
|$3.24 billion
|$2.82 billion
|$2.36 billion
|$2.05 billion
|$1.82 billion
|$1.80 billion
|$1.62 billion
|}

==Indigenous defence industry==
===[[Bangladesh Machine Tools Factory]]===
[[File:Bangladesh Army upgraded T-59G 'Durjoy' MBT. (27682919308).jpg|220px|thumbnail|right|''Type 59G Durjoy'' of [[Bangladesh Army]]]]
* Upgrade of 174 [[Type 59 tank]]s to [[Type 59G(BD) Durjoy|Type 59G Durjoy]] standard
* Assembly of ''Arunima Baliyaan'' trucks
* Assembly of [[Armoured fighting vehicle|Combat Vehicle]]s.<ref name = "BMTF_VAS">{{Cite web |url= https://bmtf.com.bd/verticals/vehicle-assembly |title= Vehicle Assembly Shop|author= |date= 21 December 2024 |website= bmtf.com.bd |publisher= [[Bangladesh Machine Tools Factory]] |access-date= 21 December 2024}}</ref>

===[[Bangladesh Ordnance Factories]]===
[[File:BOF Type BD-20 60 mm Infantry mortar and ammunition.jpg|160px|thumbnail|right|''Type BD-20 60 mm mortar'' of [[Bangladesh Army]]]]
* Producing and developing the [[BD-08]] ''[[assault rifle]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bof.gov.bd/site/page/29312da4-0a1e-41e0-95bf-5850b5c5d802/- |title=Small Arms Factory |website=[[Bangladesh Ordnance Factory]] |access-date=30 December 2019 |archive-date=30 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230064810/http://www.bof.gov.bd/site/page/29312da4-0a1e-41e0-95bf-5850b5c5d802/- |url-status=live }}</ref> and BD-15 ''[[Light Machine Gun|LMG]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bof.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bof.portal.gov.bd/page/e8df0b2b_4e80_45ef_950f_713833c60426/2020-07-30-15-17-bf45b2f38b45a6279af0b6c148edb25c.pdf |title=Magazine Production Line |website=Bangladesh Ordnance Factory |access-date=8 September 2020 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228083719/http://bof.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bof.portal.gov.bd/page/e8df0b2b_4e80_45ef_950f_713833c60426/2020-07-30-15-17-bf45b2f38b45a6279af0b6c148edb25c.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="BOF EOI 2019">{{cite web |url= https://bof.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bof.portal.gov.bd/publications/cd953a95_2d55_435a_9bab_7d70bed0c70e/projects2019.pdf|title = INVITATION FOR EXPRESSION OF INTEREST (EOI)
|publisher= Bangladesh Ordnance Factories |date= 2019|access-date= 1 July 2021}}</ref>
* Producing 82mm and 60mm [[Mortar (weapon)|mortar]]s.<ref>{{cite news |author= |script-title=bn:সেনাবাহিনী জনগণের আস্থা অর্জন করেছে : প্রধানমন্ত্রী |url=http://www.dailyinqilab.com/details/12569/সেনাবাহিনী-জনগণের-আস্থা-অর্জন-করেছে-:-প্রধানমন্ত্রী |work=[[Daily Inqilab]] |location=Dhaka |date=29 May 2015 |access-date=13 April 2021|language=bn|trans-title=The army has won the trust of the people: Prime Minister|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150531005422/http://www.dailyinqilab.com/details/12569/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87-:-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80|archive-date=31 May 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Producing artillery shells of different calibres<ref name="bof.gov.bd">{{cite web |url=http://www.bof.gov.bd/capabilities/ |title=capabilities |website=Bangladesh Ordnance Factory |access-date=6 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506172758/http://www.bof.gov.bd/capabilities/ |archive-date=6 May 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> including more modern production line for 105 mm and new production line for 155 mm artillery shells with ''Free [[Shear forming#Flow forming|Flowforming]]'' technology and computerized machinery from Turkish company REPKON.<ref name="REPKON">{{cite web|url= https://www.repkon.com.tr/en/production-lines/defence|title= Leading Edge Metal Forming Methods for Modern Defense Industries|publisher= REPKON|access-date= 3 July 2021|archive-date= 11 July 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210711075047/https://www.repkon.com.tr/en/production-lines/defence|url-status= dead}}</ref>
* Producing [[Arges Type HG 84|Arges 84 BD grenades]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bof.gov.bd/site/page/1bd6a258-788d-421e-a5a8-dd92ae8b0ffa/- |title=High Calibre Ammunition Factory |website=Bangladesh Ordnance Factory |access-date=30 December 2019 |archive-date=30 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230091900/http://www.bof.gov.bd/site/page/1bd6a258-788d-421e-a5a8-dd92ae8b0ffa/- |url-status=live }}</ref>

===[[Khulna Shipyard]]===
* Building [[Padma-class patrol vessel]]
* Building [[Anti-submarine warfare|ASW]]-capable [[Durjoy-class patrol craft]]s
* Building [[survey vessel]]s

===[[Chattogram Dry Dock Limited]]===
* Construction of six 2000-tonne offshore patrol vessel (OPV)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cddl.gov.bd/file/notice/1579408834_OPV%20Notice.pdf |title=Tender notice |website=CDDL |date=16 January 2020 |access-date=22 January 2020}}</ref>
* Construction of six frigates in collaboration with a foreign partner<ref name="pm"/><ref name="TheIndependent_CDDL_frigate"/>

===[[Dockyard and Engineering Works Limited]]===
* Building ''X12 high-speed patrol boat''<ref>{{cite news |title=Indonesian co to supply 18 patrol boats |url=https://today.thefinancialexpress.com.bd/trade-market/indonesian-co-to-supply-18-patrol-boats-1568828135 |work=The Financial Express |location=Dhaka |date=19 September 2019}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Coast Guard Goal 2030]]
* [[Equipment of the Bangladesh Army]]
* [[List of active aircraft of the Bangladesh Air Force]]
* [[List of active ships of the Bangladesh Navy]]
* [[List of active Bangladesh military aircraft]]

<ref>{{Cite web |title=DGDP All Notice |url=https://dgdp.gov.bd/dgdp/AP_TEN/new/notice.php |access-date=2023-04-17 |website=dgdp.gov.bd}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.army.mil.bd/ Official Website of Bangladesh Army] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231032729/https://www.army.mil.bd/ |date=31 December 2020 }}
* [http://www.baf.mil.bd/ Official Website of Bangladesh Air Force] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100518104500/http://www.baf.mil.bd/baf/baf.html |date=18 May 2010 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141224170401/http://www.bangladeshnavy.org/ Bangladesh Navy]

{{Military of Bangladesh}}

[[Category:Bangladesh Navy]]
[[Category:Military acquisition]]
[[Category:Military of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Military reforms]]

Bara Assembly constituency

2026-01-30T23:31:57Z

User987delhi:

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bara
| map_image = 72-Barauli, Uttar Pradesh.svg
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Prayagraj district|Prayagraj]]
| reservation = SC
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 72
| mla = [[Vachaspati (politician)|Vachaspati]]
| party = {{Party index link|Apna Dal (Sonelal)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = 2022
| electors = 325,412 (2019)
}}
'''Bara''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of Bara in the [[Prayagraj district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

Bara is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Prayagraj Lok Sabha constituency|Prayagraj]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 264 amongst 403 constituencies.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]<ref name="election2002">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3260-uttar-pradesh-2002/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>
|rowspan=2|[[Udaibhan Karwaria]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]<ref name="election2007">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3261-uttar-pradesh-2007/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=20 April 2023}}</ref>
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]<ref name="election2012">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3262-uttar-pradesh-2012/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=20 April 2023}}</ref>
|rowspan=2|Ajai Kumar
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]<ref name=election2017/>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Vachaspati (politician)|Vachaspati]]<ref name=election2022/>
|{{Full party name with color|Apna Dal (Soneylal)|dab=yes}}
|-
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bara<ref name="election2022">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2022 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=4 March 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Apna Dal (Sonelal)
|candidate = [[Vachaspati (politician) | Vachaspati]]
|votes = {{formatnum:89203}}
|percentage = 43.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Ajay
|votes = {{formatnum:76679}}
|percentage = 37.38
|change = +13.61
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Dr. Ajay Kumar
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:22719}}
|percentage = 11.08
|change = -8.42
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Manju Sant
|votes = {{formatnum:3443}}
|percentage = 1.68
|change = +0.6
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Peoples Party of India (Democratic)
|candidate = Ram Kumar Vidyarthi
|votes = {{formatnum:2575}}
|percentage = 1.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2731}}
|percentage = 1.33
|change = +0.09
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:12524}}
|percentage = 6.11
|change = -11.81
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:205129}}
|percentage = 61.25
|change = +1.99
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Apna Dal (Sonelal)
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
[[Bharatiya Janta Party]] candidate Dr. Ajai Kumar won in [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Elections]] defeating [[Samajwadi Party]] candidate Ajay by a margin of 34,053 votes.<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2017 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title = [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Bar<ref name="election2017"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Dr. Ajai Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:79209}}
|percentage = 41.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Ajay (Bharti Munna Bhaiya)
|votes = {{formatnum:45156}}
|percentage = 23.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ashok Kumar Gautam
|votes = {{formatnum:37052}}
|percentage = 19.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = NISHAD Party
|candidate = Phool Chandra
|votes = {{formatnum:10704}}
|percentage = 5.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Hansraj Kol
|votes = {{formatnum:3729}}
|percentage = 1.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Ayodhya Prasad Adivasi Kol
|votes = {{formatnum:2573}}
|percentage = 1.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Suresh Kumar Verma
|votes = {{formatnum:2045}}
|percentage = 1.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2327}}
|percentage = 1.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:34053}}
|percentage = 17.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:189974}}
|percentage = 59.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
[[Samajwadi Party]] candidate Dr. Ajay Kumar defeated [[BJP]] candidate Vibhavnath Bharti.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Election results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{coord|26.59|82.45|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Prayagraj district]]
[[Category:Politics of Prayagraj]]

Prithvinagar, India

2026-01-28T15:27:28Z

User987delhi: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[Rudraprayag district]]
{{R from merge}}{{R from alternative transliteration}}

Hajong ethnic religion

2026-01-25T13:05:04Z

User987delhi: put up a stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2020}}
The '''Hajong ethnic religion''', also called '''Dyaoism''', is the [[ethnic religion]] of the [[Hajong people]] of Northeast [[India]], the fourth largest ethnicity in the Indian state of [[Meghalaya]].<ref>Hajong, B. (2002). ''The Hajongs and their struggle.'' Assam, Janata Press. p. 1.</ref> The practice is a mixture of [[Hinduism]] and the [[animism|animistic]] beliefs of the Hajong people. This sect of Hinduism includes worship of gods and deities of Hindu origin, demigods and spirits, all referred to as '''Dyao'''.

==History==
The Hajong people have been practicing Hinduism since a long time. It is not known when the process of Hinduisation started. During the pre-Hindu period, among the Hajongs [[animism]] was the indigenous religion. As it was not seen to conflict with the rites of [[nature worship]], Hinduism started to blend in with animism.

==Gods==
[[Shiva]] (Shib Dyao), [[Vishnu]] (Bisnu Dyao) and [[Durga]] (Durgâ Dyao) or [[Kali]] (Kali Dyao) are the [[God|supreme god]]s. Other Hindu deities like [[Lakshmi]] (Lukkhi Dyao), [[Sarasvati]] (Sorosuti Dyao), [[Krishna]] (Krisno Dyao), [[Ganesha]] (Gones Dyao) are worshipped by the Hajongs. Along with the Hindu deities, a number of traditional deities are worshipped by the Hajong Hindus.<ref>Hajong, B. (2002). ''The Hajongs and their struggle.'' Assam, Janata Press. pp. 34–39.</ref> Minor deities include disease causing spirits, river spirits and animal spirits. Hajongs are agrarian people, near the paddy fields animals like monkeys, elephants and foxes are offered rice and side dishes associated with each animal. The bastu group of deities also include a horse and an elephant.{{fact|date=February 2021}} Hajong people also practice some of their traditional religious rituals. The Hajongs believe in some of the evil spirits like ''Machang Dyao'', ''Jarang Dyao'', ''Bhut'', ''Muilâ Dyao'', ''Jugni Dyao'', ''Daini'', etc. They adore and worship different gods and goddesses like Kali, Durga, Lakshmi, Saraswati, Kamakhya, Manasa, Basanti and others. Kartik puja among the Hajongs are known as Kâtkâ pujâ and Manasa puja is known as Kani Dyao puja.
==Clergy==
There are two types of priests who perform the worship of the Dyaos (Gods, demigods or spirits).{{fact|date=March 2020}}

===Udhikâri===
The Hajong equivalent of the Hindu [[Brahmin]]. They are Vegetarians and perform the wedding ceremonies. But now they are largely replaced by other Brahmins.{{fact|date=March 2020}}

===Dyaoshi or Nungtang===
They are the [[shaman]]s who perform all the worship of the village to appease the deities. A Dyaoshi is selected by Hil jaga or Barun jaga.<ref>Hajong, B. (2002). ''The Hajongs and their struggle.'' Assam, Janata Press. p. 44.</ref>

==Festivals==
There are a number of Hindu and traditional festivals observed by the Hajong people. [[Pusnâ]] is a major [[harvest festival]]. A traditional festival is celebrated to honour the Bastu, Paabni and other group of deities. It is conducted by a ''Dyaoshi'' or ''Nungtang'', a Hajong shaman. Bastu pujâ does not involve idol worship and is celebrated in a particular location outside the village premises. Another festival is called ''chormaga'' in Mymensingh and ''chorkhila'' in India. Chorkhila is celebrated during the month of October in South-West Garohills Districts of Meghalaya. During this festival, a group of young people go around from house to house in the village, or from village to village, playing music and performing folklores, sometimes stories from the [[Ramayana]]. The parties receive some rice or money in return for their performance. Since every person, young and old, comes out to watch the play, this is considered a chance to check out prospective brides and grooms.<ref>Hajong, B. (2002). ''The Hajongs and their struggle.'' Assam, Janata Press. pp. 44–45.</ref> The Hajongs also celebrate their pre monsoon harvest festival known as 'Biswâ'. Kani pujâ, Kâtkâ pujâ, are also performed.

The Hajongs believe in some evil spirits like Machang Dyao, Jarang Dyao, Bhut, Muilâ Dyao, Jugni Dyao, Daini etc. They adore and worship different gods and goddess like Kali, Durga, Lakshmi, Saraswati, Kamakhya, Manasa, Basanti and others. They also practice some of their traditional religious rituals. Kartik puja among the Hajongs are known as Kâtkâ pujâ and Manasa puja is known as Kani Dyao puja. The day of [[Lakshmi Puja|Lakshmi puja]] is referred to as 'Kujâi Ghor' .<ref>Hajong, B. (2002). ''The Hajongs and their struggle.'' Assam, Janata Press. p. 41.</ref> In Bastu Pujâ tortoises and pigeons are sacrificed for Bastu.<ref>Hajong, B. (2002). ''The Hajongs and their struggle.'' Assam, Janata Press. p. 42.</ref>

===Festivals observed by the Hajongs===
{|class="wikitable" align="center" width="550"
!width="180"|Hajong Month || width="190"|Festival || width="180"|Associated Deity
|-align="center"
| Buisâk || Biswâ || -
|-align="center"
| Jesto || - || -
|-align="center"
| Asar || Âmâti Sata and Puilâ Rua || Kamakha Dyao
|-align="center"
| Srabon ||Kani pujâ || Kani Dyao
|-align="center"
| Bhadro || Halduka || -
|-align="center"
| Asin || Kati Gasa || Kâtka Dyao
|-align="center"
| Kati || Kâtkâ Pujâ || Kâtkâ Dyao
|-align="center"
| Ugran || Nuya Khawa|| Kani Dyao
|-align="center"
| Pus || Pusnâ and Dhan Dukâ || Bila Dyao
|-align="center"
| Mak || Bastu Pujâ || Bastu Deities
|-align="center"
| Phagun || Dol || Kani Dyao
|-align="center"
| Choitro || Biswâ || -
|-align="center"
|}<ref>Hajong, B. (2002). ''The Hajongs and their struggle.'' Assam, Janata Press. pp. 51–52.</ref>

==See also==
*[[Pusnâ]]
*[[Hajong people]]
*[[Hajong marriage]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*Biren Hajong & Sushmita Hajong (2002) ''The Hajongs and their Struggle''

[[Category:Hajong culture]]
[[Category:Hinduism in India]]
[[Category:Culture of Meghalaya]]

Kamakhya

2026-01-25T12:09:10Z

User987delhi: fixed issues

{{short description|Hindu tantric goddess}}
{{About||the temple|Kamakhya Temple}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| image = Kamakshya Shakespeare Sarani Arnab Dutta 2011.jpg
| caption = Kamakhya worshipped in a [[Kali Puja]] pandal.
| name = Kamakhya
| Sanskrit_transliteration = Kāmākhyā
| affiliation = * [[Mahadevi]]
* [[Parvati]]
* [[Tripura Sundari]]
* [[Bhavani]]
* [[Sati (goddess)|Sati]]
* [[Mahavidya]]
| god_of = Goddess of Desire, Fertility, and Creative Power
| abode = Neelachal parvata
| mantra = kāmākhye varade devī nīla parvata vāsinī tvaṁ devī jagataṁ mātā yonimudre namostute
| day = Sunday
| weapon = sword, trishula, discus, shield, bow, arrows, club, lotus, bell, goad, kapala, conch
| consort = [[Shiva]]
| mount = Lion
| festivals = [[Ambubachi Mela]], [[Navaratri]]
}}
'''Kamakhya''' ({{Langx|sa|कामाख्या|translit=Kāmākhyā}}), a [[mother goddess]],<ref>"Kamakhya was a new goddess unknown to the Devi herself" {{harvcol|Kakati|1989|p=38}}</ref> is a [[Shakta]] [[Tantra|Tantric]] [[deity]]; considered to be the embodiment of ''[[Kama]] (desire)'', she is regarded as the goddess of desire.<ref name="Urban H.B">{{Cite journal |last=Urban |first=Hugh B. |date=December 2008 |title=Matrix of Power: Tantra, Kingship, and Sacrifice In the Worship of Mother Goddess Kamakhya |url=https://www.academia.edu/12553181/Matrix_of_Power_Tantra_Kingship_and_Sacrifice_in_the_Worship_of_Mother_Goddess_Kamakhya?sm=b |journal=Journal of South Asian studies |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=501 |access-date=23 November 2022 |archive-date=23 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123125908/https://www.academia.edu/12553181/Matrix_of_Power_Tantra_Kingship_and_Sacrifice_in_the_Worship_of_Mother_Goddess_Kamakhya?sm=b |url-status=live }}</ref> Her abode{{endash}}[[Kamakhya Temple]] is located in the [[Kamarupa]] region of [[Assam]], India.<ref name="urban256">"Seated on top of Nīlacala hill on the banks of the Brahmaputra river in the state of Assam, Northeast India, Kamakhya temple is one of the oldest and most revered centres of Tantric practice in South Asia. Since at least the eighth century, the region of Kamarupa (the ‘place’ or ‘form of desire’, or Assam) has been recognised as one of the most important of the sakta pīthas (‘seats of power’) or centres of goddess worship that dot the sacred landscape of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh." {{harvcol|Urban|2019|p=256}}</ref><ref>"The Nilacala (blue hill) in Assam, the sacred abode of the well-known goddess Kamakhya has been one of the most significant Sakta-Tantric centres from the early medieval period and attracts millions of devotees from the neighboring states even today." {{harvtxt|Shin|2010|p=3}}</ref> Originally a [[Kirata]] goddess, Residing on Nilachal hills across the banks of the [[Brahmaputra River]], west of [[Guwahati]] in the 10th/11th century [[Temple]] rebuilt in 1565 CE,<ref>"(T)he Nilacala Hill, the sacred abode of the goddess Kamakhya as well as the ten Mahavidyas in Guwahati, Assam." {{harvcol|Shin|2018|p=87}}</ref> she is worshiped in a non-iconic and un-anthropomorphic form of stone shaped like [[yoni]] fed by a perennial stream.<ref>{{harvtxt|Shin|2010|pp=4–7}}</ref> The temple is primary amongst the 51 [[Shakta pithas]], and is one of the most important [[Shaktism#Temples and influence|Shakta temples]].<ref name="urban256"/>

==Iconography==
Kamakhya's iconography is mentioned in the Hindu scripture ''Kalika Purana.'' She has twelve arms and six heads of varying colours: white, red, yellow, green, black and colourful. Each head represents different ways to approach her in the path of [[Upasana]]. She is wearing opulent jewelry and red flowers such as hibiscus. She holds in each of ten hands a lotus, trident, sword, bell, discus, bow, arrows, club or scepter, goad, and shield. Her remaining two hands hold a bowl, which is made either of gold or a skull.

She is seated upon a lotus, representing [[Brahma]], directly on top of Sweta Preta, or a White Corpse, symbolizing [[Shiva]], who in turn lies on top of a lion.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Re-imagining South Asian Religions: Essays in Honour of Professors Harold G. Coward and Ronald W. Neufeldt |publisher=BRILL |year=2012 |isbn=978-90-04-24237-1 |pages=147–8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Description of Devi Kamakhya as per Tantra-S |url=http://adhyatmikta.com/description-of-devi-kamakhya-as-per-tantra-s/ |access-date=21 November 2021 |archive-date=21 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121185425/http://adhyatmikta.com/description-of-devi-kamakhya-as-per-tantra-s/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Origins ==
===Historical===
This historical origin of the [[Kamakhya Temple]], to which the goddess Kamakhya is associated is not certain. The earliest stratum appears to be from the seventh century, and the evidence of a temple complex is dated to 10th/11th century. The [[Kalika Purana]], dated similarly, gives an extensive description of the goddess, Assam and the temple.<ref>"It is difficult to date the historical origins of Kamakhya temple due to the many layers of sculptural fragments that currently lie scattered all over Nīlacala hill. The oldest stratum appears to date to at least the seventh century, and the numerous sculptural pieces found around the complex suggest that there was a major temple complex
there during the Pala dynasty (tenth–eleventh centuries, the Assamese counterpart to the Pala empire of Bengal). The most important text composed in Assam, the Kalika Purana, also dates to the Pala era and contains extensive descriptions of Kamakhya, the region of Assam, and the yoni pītha." {{harvcol|Urban|2019|p=261}}</ref>

===Mythical===
The origin of the Shakti Pitha at the site is associated with the legend of [[Dakshayani|Sati]], also known as Dakshayani, who was the wife of [[Shiva]] and daughter of the [[Purana|Puranic]] King [[Daksha]]. Daksha was unhappy with his daughter's choice of husband, and when he performed a grand [[Yagna|yajna]] for all the deities, he did not invite [[Shiva]] or [[Dakshayani|Sati]]. Sati however went to the sacrifice. Daksha humiliated Shiva, Sati couldn't bear the insults toward her husband and so, she jumped into the fire and left her body. Because she was the all-powerful mother goddess, Sati left her body in that moment to be reborn as the goddess [[Parvati]]. Meanwhile, [[Shiva]] was stricken with grief and rage at the loss of his wife. He threw two locks of his hair on the ground and from it emerged [[Veerabhadra|Virabhadra]] and [[Mahakali]]. Virabhadra and Mahakali destroyed the sacrifice while the former killed Daksha by cutting his head and burning it. After Daksha's family and the other gods implored Shiva to restore his life, Shiva ordered the head of the sacrificial goat to be brought to him. The goat's head was later fixed on Daksha's body. Daksha later repented for his wrongdoings. Shiva forgave him and saw Sati's charred body. He put Sati's body over his shoulder and began his ''[[tandava]]'' (dance of cosmic destruction) throughout the heavens, and vowed not to stop until the body was completely rotted away. The other gods, afraid of the annihilation of the 3 worlds, implored [[Vishnu]] to pacify Shiva. Thus, wherever Shiva wandered while dancing, Vishnu followed. He sent his weapon, the [[Sudarshana Chakra]] to destroy the corpse of Sati. Pieces of her body fell until Shiva was left without a body to carry. Seeing this, Shiva sat down to do ''Mahatapasya'' (great penance). Despite the similarity in name, scholars do not generally believe that this legend gave rise to the practice of [[sati (practice)|sati]].<ref>J.S. Hawley, ''Sati, the Blessing and the Curse.'' Oxford University Press (New York: 1994). p. 50-1.</ref>

According to various myths and traditions, there are 51 pieces of Sati's body scattered across the Indian subcontinent. These places are called Shakti Pithas and are dedicated to various powerful goddesses. [[Kamarupa]] ("form of desire") is the region in which the ''yoni'' ("vulva," "womb," or "source") is said to have fallen to earth, and the Kamakhya temple was said to have been constructed on this spot.

Devotees believe that, In Nilachal hill the yoni of [[Sati (Hindu goddess)|Sati]] fell, And that yoni took the form of a woman who is called Kamakhya. The yoni is the place where the baby is reared for 9 months, and from this the baby enters this world. And it is believed to be the reason for the creation of the world. Devotees come here to worship the fallen yoni of divine world mother Goddess Sati which is in the form of Kamakhya and worship that Goddess Sati's womb as the cause of the creation and rearing of the world. Just as a child emerges from the yoni of a human mother, in the same way, the world has arisen from the yoni of Mother Goddess Sati which is in the form of Kamakhya.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.boldsky.com/yoga-spirituality/faith-mysticism/2014/ambubasi-when-mother-earth-menstruates-041120.html | title=Ambubasi: When Mother Earth Menstruates! | date=25 June 2014 | access-date=18 August 2021 | archive-date=18 August 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818083129/https://www.boldsky.com/yoga-spirituality/faith-mysticism/2014/ambubasi-when-mother-earth-menstruates-041120.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

== Legend ==
{{Main|Narakasura}}
The legend of this goddess combines characters from Hindu literature and local traditions. Once, [[Narakasura]], motivated by his desire, wanted to marry Kamakhya. When marriage was proposed, the goddess playfully put a condition before him that if he would be able to build a staircase from the bottom of the Nilachal Hill to the temple within one night before the cock crows to indicate dawn, then she would surely marry him. Naraka took it as a challenge, and tried all with his might to do this huge task. He was almost about to accomplish the job before it was dawn. Alarmed by this news, she strangled a cock, and made it crow untimely to give the impression of dawn to Naraka. Duped by the trick, Naraka left it halfway through. Now, the place is known as Kukurakata, situated in the district of Darrang. The incomplete staircase is known as Mekhelauja Path.<ref>Kāmarūpa Anusandhān Samiti (2007),''Journal of the Assam Research Society - Volume 38'',p.30</ref>

Upset with the treachery played by the devas, and as he knew himself to be unrivalled in prowess, he brought all the kingdoms on earth under his control. Next, he turned his eyes towards [[Svarga]]. Even the mighty [[Indra]] could not withstand the assault of this son of [[Vishnu]], and had to flee the heavens. Narakasura had become the overlord of both the heavens and earth. As a punishment to all slights, he withheld the earrings of [[Aditi]], the heavenly mother goddess, and took over some of her territory, while also capturing [[Junior wives of Krishna|16000 women]] for his own pleasure.<ref>{{cite book |last=Swami |first=Parmeshwaranand |title=Encyclopaedic Dictionary of the Puranas |publisher=Sarup and Sons |year=2001 |isbn=8176252263 |location=New Delhi |page=941}}</ref>

All the [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]], led by [[Indra]], went to Vishnu to ask him to deliver them from Narakasura. Vishnu promised them that he would attend to this matter, when he would be incarnated as [[Krishna]].<ref>B. K. Chaturvedi (2017), ''Vishnu Puran''</ref>

As promised to [[Bhumi (goddess)|Bhudevi]], Narakasura was allowed to enjoy a long reign. At last, Vishnu was born as Krishna. Aditi, who was a relative of Krishna's wife, [[Satyabhama]], (believed to be an avatar of [[Bhudevi]] - Narakasura's mother), approached Satyabhama for help. Satyabhama approached Krishna for permission to wage a war against Narakasura. As promised to the devas and Aditi, Krishna attacked the great fortress of Narakasura, riding his mount [[Garuda]] with his wife, Satyabhama. Krishna used the Narayanastra and the Agneyastra against the army of Narakasura. The battle was furiously fought. Narakasura possessed 11 [[akshauhini]]s that he unleashed on Krishna. However, the deity slew them all with little effort. Krishna also killed Mura, Narakasura's general. Thus, Krishna is called 'Murāri' (the killer of Mura).<ref>Dianne M. MacMillan (2008), ''Diwali: Hindu Festival of Lights'', p.24</ref>

Narakasura used several [[Astra (weapon)|divine weapons]] against Krishna, but Krishna easily neutralised all of them. At last, when Narakasura tried to kill Krishna with a trident, he saw goddess Kamakhya standing beside Hari, and eventually Krishna beheaded him with his [[Sudarshana Chakra]] (discus).

Before Narakasura's death, he is regarded to have requested a boon from his mother, Satyabhama, that everyone should celebrate his death with colorful light. Thus, this day is celebrated as '[[Naraka Chaturdashi]]' - the day before [[Diwali|Deepavali]]. Krishna accepted the women Naraka had captured as his wives upon their insistence to save their honour, since the populace viewed them as the spoils of [[Narakasura]]. The chief amongst them is sometimes called [[Rohini (Krishna's wife)|Rohini]]. After their weddings, they all lived in [[Dvārakā|Dvaraka]].<ref>[[Junior wives of Krishna]]</ref>

== Identity ==

Kamakhya is mentioned in the ''[[Kalika Purana]]'' as the most important goddess of Tantric worship, and is referred to in the text as ''Mahamaya'', the "great goddess of illusion", who takes on many forms depending on her mood. Devotees also call her Kameshvari ("beloved goddess of desire"), and consider her a form of [[Tripura Sundari]], also called Shodashi. She is identified with Kali in the ''Kalika Purana'', ''Yoginitantra'' and ''Kamakhya Tantra'', each of which echoes this verse:<ref>B. Shastri. ''Kamakhya Tantra.'' Bharatiy Vidya Prakash (Delhi, Varanasi: 1990). p. 20. 
yā devi kālikā mātā sarva vidyāsvarūpinī | 
kāmākhyā saiva vikhyātā satyam devi nacānyathā ||</ref>
<blockquote>
"It is certainly well known that Kamakhya is truly none other than that mother goddess Kali, who is in all things the form of wisdom."
</blockquote>

Kamakhya is associated with the [[Mahavidyas]], who each have temples dedicated to them at the Kamakhya temple complex in Assam. She is also closely associated with [[Durga]].

Mantras for general worship of the Mahavidyas at the Kamakhya temple complex reveal a close identity with Kamakhya herself. Several of these goddesses are worshipped as forms of Kamakhya explicitly.<ref> {{cite book |title=''Viswa Shanti Devi Yajna.'' |publisher=Viswa Shanti Devi Yajna Committee. Mandala Communications (Guwahati: 2004). pp. 22-8.}}</ref> Kamakhya's ''Ashtashaktis'' or eight incarnations are Guptakama, Srikama, Vindhyavasini, Kotishvari, Vanadurga, Padadurga, Dirgheshvari and Bhuvaneshvari.

== See also ==
*[[Kamakhya Temple]]
*[[Kamaksha temple]]
*[[Ambubachi Mela]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation |last=Kakati |first=Banikanta |year=1989 |title=The Mother Goddess Kamakhya |publisher=Publication Board |place=Guwahati}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Shin |first1=Jae-Eun |year=2010 |title=Yoni, Yoginis and Mahavidyas : Feminine Divinities from Early Medieval Kamarupa to Medieval Koch Behar |journal=Studies in History |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=1–29 |doi=10.1177/025764301002600101 |s2cid=155252564 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Shin |first1=Jae-Eun |year=2018 |title=Change, Continuity and Complexity: The Mahavidyas in East Indian Sakta Traditions | publisher=Routledge |place=London |isbn=978-1-138-32690-3}}
* {{cite journal |last=Urban |first=Hugh |year=2019 |title='The Cradle of Tantra': Modern Transformations of a Tantric Centre in Northeast India from Nationalist Symbol to Tourist Destination |journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=256–277 |doi= 10.1080/00856401.2019.1570609|s2cid=150903863 }}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
*''Hindu Goddesses: Vision of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Traditions'' ({{ISBN|81-208-0379-5}}) by David Kinsley
*''Renowned Goddess of Desire: Women, Sex, and Speech in Tantra'' ({{ISBN|978-0195327830}}) by Loriliai Biernacki
*''The Power of Tantra: Religion, Sexuality and the Politics of South Asian Studies'' ({{ISBN|978-1845118747}}) by Hugh Urban
*''The Kalikapurana: Sanskrit Text, Introduction & Translation in English'' ({{ISBN|8170812305}}) by Biswanarayan Shastri

== External links ==

*[https://kamakhya.org/ Kamakhya the sacred shakti peeth official]

*[http://kamakhyamandir.org/featured/kamakhya/ Kamakhya: The Source and Fulfillment of Desire] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501063626/http://kamakhyamandir.org/featured/kamakhya/ |date=1 May 2013}}

{{HinduMythology}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hindu goddesses]]
[[Category:Mother goddesses]]
[[Category:Forms of Parvati]]
[[Category:Shaktism]]

21st Santosham Film Awards

2026-01-03T20:15:30Z

User987delhi: Made basic article added tags

{{Short description|2022 Tollywood award ceremony}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}

{{Infobox film awards
| name =
| number = 21
| award = Santosham Film Awards
| awarded_for = Excellence in cinematic and music achievements
| presented_date = 26 December 2022
| date = 26 December 2022
| website =
| site = JRC Convention, [[Hyderabad]], India
| host = {{plainlist|
* [[Suma Kanakala]]
* [[Baladitya (actor)|Baladitya]]
* [[Sudeepa Pinky]]
* Rohini Reddy}}
| producer = Kondeti Suresh
| organiser = ''Santosham Magazine''
| lifetime_achievement = [[P. Susheela]]
| channel =
| network = {{plainlist|
* [[Gemini TV]]
* [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]]}}
| duration =
| last = [[20th Santosham Film Awards|20th]]
| next = 22nd
| award_link = Santosham Film Awards
}}

The '''21st Santosham Film Awards''', officially known as '''Santosham South Indian Film Awards 2022''', was an awards ceremony held at [[Hyderabad]], India on 26 December 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Telugu |first=ntv |date=4 December 2022 |title=Santosham Film Awards: ‘సంతోషం’లో స్టెప్పులేయనున్న బాలీవుడ్ బ్యూటీ |url=https://ntvtelugu.com/news/bollywood-beauty-urvashirautela-shaking-legs-on-santosham-film-awards-stage-277101.html |access-date=20 March 2023 |website=NTV Telugu |language=te-IN |archive-date=20 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320175304/https://ntvtelugu.com/news/bollywood-beauty-urvashirautela-shaking-legs-on-santosham-film-awards-stage-277101.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The ceremony recognized the best films and performances from the [[Telugu cinema|Tollywood]] and other Indian language films and music released between 2021 and November 2022, along with special honors for lifetime contributions and a few special awards.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Santosham Awards: 21 ఏళ్లు పూర్తి.. త్వరలో 2022 సంతోషం అవార్డ్స్..! |url=https://telugu.news18.com/photogallery/movies/santosham-celebrates-21st-anniversary-south-indian-film-awards-2022-will-be-announced-soon-sb-1393474.html |access-date=20 March 2023 |website=News18 Telugu |language=te |archive-date=20 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320175304/https://telugu.news18.com/photogallery/movies/santosham-celebrates-21st-anniversary-south-indian-film-awards-2022-will-be-announced-soon-sb-1393474.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The awards are annually presented by ''Santosham Magazine''.

== Honorary awards ==

* Lifetime Achievement Award – [[P. Susheela]]
* Santosham Allu Ramalingaiah Smaraka Award – [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]]
* Santosham NTR Smaraka Award – [[Krishnaveni (actress)|Krishnaveni]], [[Vanisri]], [[Latha (actress)|Latha]], [[Roja Ramani]], [[Prabha (actress)|Prabha]], [[Jayamalini]], [[Kutty Padmini]], [[Baby Rani]], [[Kavitha (actress)|Kavitha]],
* Santosham Krishnam Raju Smaraka Award – [[Murali Mohan]]
* Santosham Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry Smaraka Award – [[R. P. Patnaik]]

== Main awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Category
!Recipient
!Work
|-
|[[Santosham Best Film Award|Best Film]]
|Y. Ravi Shankar, Naveen Yerneni
| rowspan="3" |''[[Pushpa: The Rise]]''
|-
|[[Santosham Best Director Award|Best Director]]
|[[Sukumar]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Santosham Best Actor Award|Best Actor]]
|[[Allu Arjun]]{{Efn|[[Sukumar]] took the award.}}
|-
|[[Adivi Sesh]]
|[[Major (film)|''Major'']]
|-
|[[Santosham Best Actress Award|Best Actress]]
|[[Pooja Hegde]]{{Efn|[[Allu Aravind]] took the award.}}
|''[[Most Eligible Bachelor]]'', ''[[Radhe Shyam]]''
|-
|Best Supporting Actor
|[[Prakash Raj]]
|[[Major (film)|''Major'']]
|-
|[[Santosham Best Villain Award|Best Villain]]
|[[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]]
|''[[Akhanda]]''
|-
|[[Santosham Best Music Director Award|Best Music Director]]
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|[[Pushpa: The Rise (soundtrack)|''Pushpa: The Rise'']]
|-
| rowspan="2" |Best Female Playback Singer
|[[Mangli]]
|"[[Saranga Dariya]]" from [[Love Story (2021 film)|''Love Story'']]
|-
|Indravathi Chauhan
|"Oo Antava Oo Oo Antava" from ''[[Pushpa: The Rise]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" |Best Lyricist
|[[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
|''[[Pushpa: The Rise]]''
|-
|[[Suddala Ashok Teja]]
|"Komuram Bheemudo" from [[RRR (film)|''RRR'']]
|-
|[[Santosham Best Dialogue Award|Best Dialogue]]
|[[Sai Madhav Burra|Burra Sai Madhav]]
|[[RRR (film)|''RRR'']]
|-
|Best Choreography
|[[Sekhar (choreographer)|Sekhar]]
|[[Love Story (2021 film)|''Love Story'']]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Santosham Best Cinematographer Award|Best Cinematographer]]
|[[Shamdat]]
|''[[Uppena]]''
|-
|[[Ram Prasad (cinematographer)|Ram Prasad]]
|''[[Akhanda]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" |Best Debut Director
|Buchi Babu Sana
|''[[Uppena]]''
|-
|Mallidi Vashist
|[[Bimbisara (film)|''Bimbisara'']]
|-
|Best Debut Actor
|Ashish Reddy
|''[[Rowdy Boys]]''
|-
|Best Debut Music Director
|Samarth Gollapudi
|''[[7 Days 6 Nights]]''
|-
|Best Director – Tamil
|[[Brinda (choreographer)|Brinda]]
|''[[Hey Sinamika]]''
|-
|Best Actor – Tamil
|[[Vasanth Ravi]]
|''[[Rocky (2021 film)|Rocky]]''
|-
|Best Actress – Tamil
|[[Shraddha Srinath]]
|''[[Chakra (2020 film)|Chakra]]'' and ''[[Maara]]''
|-
|Best Supporting Actor – Tamil
|[[Mahendran (actor)|Mahendran]]
|[[Master (2021 film)|''Master'']]
|-
| rowspan="2" |Best Supporting Actress – Tamil
| rowspan="2" |[[Raveena Ravi]]
|''[[Rocky (2021 film)|Rocky]]''
|-
|[[Love Today (2022 film)|''Love Today'']]
|-
|Best Debut Actor – Tamil
|[[Pradeep Ranganathan]]
|[[Love Today (2022 film)|''Love Today'']]
|-
| rowspan="2" |Best Film – Kannada
|Ravi Kumar
|''Rhymes''
|-
|Soumya Santosh
|''Kapala''
|-
| rowspan="2" |Best Director – Kannada
|S. Mahesh Kumar
|''[[Madhagaja]]''
|-
|[[Hari Santhosh]]
|''[[By Two Love]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" |Best Actress – Kannada
|Apporva
|''[[Krishna Talkies]]''
|-
|[[Sangeetha Sringeri]]
|''[[777 Charlie]]'', ''[[Lucky Man (2022 film)|Lucky Man]]''
|-
|Best Actress (Critics) – Kannada
|[[Manvitha Kamath]]
|''[[Shiva 143]]''
|-
|Best Supporting Actor – Kannada
|Shivaraj K. R. Pete
|''Dhamaka''
|-
|Best Debut Actor – Kannada
|Akshith Shashikumar
|''Oh My Love''
|-
| rowspan="2" |Best Villain – Malayalam
|[[Guru Somasundaram]]
|''[[Minnal Murali]]''
|-
|[[Ajmal Ameer]]
|
|-
|Best Debut Actor – Malayalam
|Ranjith Sajeev
|[[Mike (2022 film)|''Mike'']]
|-
|Best Actress – Malayalam
|[[Vinitha Koshy]]
|[[Paka (River of Blood)|''Paka'']]
|-
| rowspan="2" |Best Director – Malayalam
|[[Jeo Baby]]
|''[[The Great Indian Kitchen]]''
|-
|[[Vinayan]]{{Efn|Sudhakar Babu took the award.}}
|''[[Pathonpatham Noottandu]]''
|}

== Special awards ==

* Youth Icon of the year (Kannada) – Rajavardan

== Presenters ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Category
!Presenter(s)
|-
|Santosham Allu Ramalingaiah Smarakam Award
| rowspan="3" |[[Allu Aravind]], Srikanth Reddy
|-
|Best Actress – Tamil
|-
|Best Director – Tamil
|-
|Santosham NTR Smaraka Award (Krishnaveni)
| rowspan="2" |Nandamuri Ramakrishna, [[V. Vijayendra Prasad]], V. Srinivas Rao
|-
|Best Supporting Actor
|-
|Santosham Krishnam Raju Smaraka Award
| rowspan="2" |[[Talasani Srinivas Yadav]], Syamaladevi
|-
|Santosham NTR Smaraka Award (Vanisri)
|-
|Santosham NTR Smaraka Award (Latha)
| rowspan="6" |[[Murali Mohan]]
|-
|Santosham NTR Smaraka Award (Roja Ramani)
|-
|Santosham NTR Smaraka Award (Roja Prabha)
|-
|Santosham NTR Smaraka Award (Jayamalini)
|-
|Santosham NTR Smaraka Award (Kutty Padmini)
|-
|Santosham NTR Smaraka Award (Baby Rani)
|-
|Santosham NTR Smaraka Award (Kavitha)
|[[Murali Mohan]], Ambhika Krishna
|-
|Lifetime Achievement Award
| rowspan="9" |[[Chiranjeevi]]
|-
|Best Debut Director
|-
|Best Debut Actor – Tamil
|-
|[[Santosham Best Actor Award|Best Actor]] (Adivi Sesh)
|-
|[[Santosham Best Dialogue Award|Best Dialogue]]
|-
|Best Choreography
|-
|Best Debut Actor
|-
|Best Lyricist (Suddala Ashok Teja)
|-
|Best Female Playback Singer
|-
|[[Santosham Best Actress Award|Best Actress]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Murali Mohan]]
|-
|Best Debut Music Director
|-
|Best Villain – Malayalam (Guru Somasundaram)
| rowspan="5" |Ambhika Krishna, [[Meher Ramesh]], [[Anil Sunkara]]
|-
|Best Debut Actor – Malayalam
|-
|Best Actress – Malayalam
|-
|Best Director – Malayalam
|-
|Best Villain – Malayalam (Ajmal Ameer)
|-
|Best Supporting Actress – Tamil
| rowspan="4" |Ambhika Krishna, [[Y. Kasi Viswanath]], Madala Ravi
|-
|Best Actor – Tamil
|-
|Best Supporting Actor – Tamil
|-
|[[Santosham Best Cinematographer Award|Best Cinematographer]] (Shamdat)
|-
|Best Supporting Actor – Kannada
| rowspan="8" |[[Babu Mohan]], [[Y. Kasi Viswanath]], Madala Ravi
|-
|Best Actress – Kannada
|-
|Best Film – Kannada
|-
|Best Director – Kannada
|-
|Best Debut Director – Kannada
|-
|Best Debut Actor – Kannada
|-
|Youth Icon of the year (Kannada)
|-
|Best Actress (Critics) – Kannada
|-
|Santosham Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry Smaraka Award
|Raja Chembolu, [[Sukumar]]
|-
|[[Santosham Best Cinematographer Award|Best Cinematographer]] (Ram Prasad)
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]], [[Sukumar]]
|-
|Best Lyricist (Chandrabose)
|[[Babu Mohan]], [[Urvashi Rautela]]
|-
|[[Santosham Best Film Award|Best Film]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Babu Mohan]]
|-
|[[Santosham Best Music Director Award|Best Music Director]]
|-
|[[Santosham Best Director Award|Best Director]]
|-
|[[Santosham Best Actor Award|Best Actor]] (Allu Arjun)
|}

== Performers ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Name
!Performance
|-
|[[Urvashi Rautela]]
|Dance
|-
|[[R. P. Patnaik]], Keerthana Srinivas
|Singing
|-
|Warina Hussain
| rowspan="2" |Dance
|-
|[[Kalpika Ganesh]]
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2022 film awards]]
[[Category:2022 Indian film awards]]
[[Category:Santosham Film Awards]]
[[Category:2022 music awards]]

Chitapur

2025-12-29T16:12:17Z

User987delhi: minor cleanup

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chittapur
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.12|N|77.08|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kalaburagi district|Kalaburagi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Council]]
| governing_body = Chitapur Panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 3.5
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 403
| population_total = 52000
| population_as_of = 2021
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = 7706.86
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 585211
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08474
| registration_plate = '''KA-32'''
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 1:1 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| website = {{URL|www.chittapuratown.mrc.gov.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KA]]
| footnotes =

}}
'''Chitapur''' or '''Chittapur''' is a town and taluk in [[Kalaburagi district]] in the state of [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. It is also the headquarters of the Chittapur [[taluk]]. It is known for polished stones and [[toor dal]].

==Geography==
Chitapur is located at {{coord|17.12|N|77.08|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/19/Chitapur.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Chitapur]</ref> It is situated on the main railway from Hyderabad to Mumbai, 50 km from Gulbarga district.

It has an average elevation of 403 metres (1322 ft). The town is spread over an area of 3.5 km2.<ref name="area">The area of major towns in Karnataka has been mentioned in the webpage [http://municipaladmn.kar.nic.in/AreapopE.htm Population of Corporation/CMC/TMC/TP] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410005106/http://municipaladmn.kar.nic.in/AreapopE.htm |date=10 April 2009 }} belonging to the Municipal Administration Department of the Government of [[Karnataka]]</ref>

Chitapur Taluk has borders only with other [[Taluk]]s of [[Gulbarga]] district. It borders [[Gulbarga]] taluk to the north-west, [[Chincholi]] Taluk district to the north, [[Sedam]] taluk to the east, [[Yadgir]] Taluk to the south-east, [[Shahpur, Karnataka|Shahpur]] Taluk to the south and [[Jevargi]] Taluk to the west.

The [[Kagna River|Kagna river]] flows in this taluk.

==Governance==
The TMC has 23 wards and an equal number of councilors. Chittapur TMC stretches to an area of 17.45 km2

==Demographics==
As of 2001 India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Chitapur had a population of 26,974. Males constitute 50% of the population and females 50%. Chitapur has an average literacy rate of 46%, lower than the national average of 59.5%; with male literacy of 54% and female literacy of 38%. 16% of the population is under 6 years of age.

=== Chitapur Religion Data 2021 ===
Population, 52000

Hindu 80%
Muslim 14% others 6%

www.census2011.co.in

==Places to See==
* Chitapur Nagavi village in Chitapur Taluk was the location of a {{Transliteration|hi|ghatika}} which is an ancient education centre for higher learning.<ref name="ghatika">Description of a {{Transliteration|hi|ghatika}} in detail is provided in the webpage authored by Jyotsna Kamat: [http://www.kamat.com/database/books/kareducation/ghatikasthana.htm History of Education], 1996-2007 Kamat's Potpourri</ref>
* Sannati is located on the banks of the Bhima River in Chitapur taluka of Gulbarga District of Northern Karnataka. Sannati is famous for the Sri Lakshmi Chandrala Parameshwari Temple and the excavations by the Archaeological Survey of India. In 1986, when the roof of the Mahakali temple (sub shrine) in Chandrala Parameshwari temple complex collapsed, it destroyed the idol. However it revealed four Ashokan edicts on the floor and foundation stone of the temple. These edicts were written in the Prakrit language and Brahmi script and one of them was used as foundation of the pedestal for the Mahakali idol. Sannati is also the place where Rishi Markandeya meditated and also composed parts of Markandeya Upanishad. A small temple has been renovated at the place where Markandeya is believed to have sat in meditation. Sannati Chandrala Parmeshwari and Hongunti Hingulambika are family deities of many Brahman and Hindus families of Karnataka, Maharashtra, AP etc. Every year, the Chandrala Parameshwari Devi Mahotsav is held during the Navaratri festival. The temple has a history of nearly 800 years and was renovated in 1985. An important Buddhist site, Kanaganahalli is 3 km from Sannati, which is also on the banks of the river Bhima. It is the place where an ancient Buddhist Mahastupa site was found.
* [[Sannati]] village in Chitapur Taluk along the banks of the river [[Bhima]] where rock edicts of the period of the King [[Ashoka]] and a possible early [[Buddhist]] settlement has been excavated.<ref name="Sannati">"Rock Edicts of Asoka from Sannati, Chitapur Taluk, Gulbarga district (Karnataka)" in the Indian Museum Bulletin, Vol. XXII, (Calcutta, 1989), PP. 7-15"</ref>
* Kanaganahalli (3-km from Sannati); also on the banks of the river [[Bhima]] is the place where an ancient [[Buddhist]] [[Stupa|Mahastupa]] site has been excavated.<ref name="Kana">Excavation at Kanaganahalli has been described in [http://kannadasiri.kar.nic.in/archaeology/eng/E17_Gulbarga.htm Archaeological sites in Gulbarga] Department of [[Kannada]] and Culture, Government of [[Karnataka]]</ref>

==History==
The town has the famous and ancient Nagavi University at the southern part of the town, which operated between the 10 and 13th centuries. There are ruined temples and mosques scattered all around this area probably belongs to Rashtrakoot Empire and Nagavi temple one of the Shakti peetha of southern and 60 piller of Nagavi university about 1200 year ago they was built by rastrakuta and 2nd oldest university after nalanda. Capital Malkhed of Rashtrakoota is located east of Chittapur about 14 km.

Chittapur town has its own historic background of Nagavelambika Temple and Hajarat Chittavali shaha Darga.
The Town Municipal Council (TMC) Chittapur was constituted in 1952.

===Excavations===
In 1986, when the roof of the Kali temple in Chandralamba temple complex collapsed, it destroyed the idol. However it revealed four Ashokan edicts on the floor and foundation stone of the temple. These edicts were written in the Prakrit language and Brahmi script and one of them was used as foundation of the pedestal for the Kali idol.<ref name=yahoo/><ref name=hindu2009>{{cite news |title=Buddhist sites at Sannati lie neglected, says report |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/01/20/stories/2009012050610200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001162928/http://www.hindu.com/2009/01/20/stories/2009012050610200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 1, 2009 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=Jan 20, 2009 }}</ref> During subsequent excavations by Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) and the State Archaeology Department, tablets, sculptures, and other terracotta items were found, and most importantly numerous limestone panels of sculptures of the ruined 'Maha Stupa' or Adholoka Maha Chaitya (the Great Stupa of the Netherworld) were found. Archaeologists believe that Ranamandal was a fortified area, spread over 86 hectares (210 acres; 0.33 sq mi), out of which only 2 acres had been excavated by 2009. Clay pendants of Roman origin, black polished pottery, Shatavahana and pre-Shatavahana coins, ornaments made of copper, ivory and iron, a township with paved pathways, houses, and limestone flooring have been found. Many excavated items were later shifted to Gulbarga Museum.<ref name=hindu2009/>

The government has asked the Archaeological Survey of India to take up further exploration of the Ranamandal area to know the history of the region emperor.<ref name=yahoo>{{cite web |title=When I met Emperor Ashoka in Sannathi |url=http://in.lifestyle.yahoo.com/photos/when-i-met-emperor-ashoka-in-sannathi-slideshow/sannathi-intro-slide-photo-1334294049.html |publisher=Yahoo |access-date=16 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427011417/http://in.lifestyle.yahoo.com/photos/when-i-met-emperor-ashoka-in-sannathi-slideshow/sannathi-intro-slide-photo-1334294049.html |archive-date=27 April 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2010, ASI along with Sannati Development Authority deputed Manipal Institute of Technology to prepare a blueprint for restoration and reconstruction of the stupas.<ref>{{cite news |title=Stupas of Sannati to be renovated |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/article1136158.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=January 29, 2011 }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Chittapur railway station]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Gulbarga topics}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Kalaburagi district]]
[[Category:Taluks in Kalaburagi district]]

Gurbani

2025-11-19T18:02:59Z

User987delhi: minor cleaned up content further and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Sikh hymns}}
[[Image:Gutka7.JPG|thumb| Gurbani from [[Nitnem]] Pothi Sahib|right]]
{{Sikh scriptures}}

'''Gurbani''' ({{langx|pa|ਗੁਰਬਾਣੀ}}, pronunciation: {{IPA|pa|ɡɝbaːɳiː|}}, lit. the Guru's words) is a Sikh term, very commonly used by [[Sikh]]s to refer to various compositions by the [[Sikh Gurus]] and other [[writers of Guru Granth Sahib]]. In general, hymns in the central text of the Sikhs, the [[Guru Granth Sahib]], are called ''Gurbani''. Among [[Amritdhari]] Sikhs, a few texts from [[Dasam Granth]] which are read as [[Nitnem]], like ''Tav-Prasad Savaiye'' and ''Chaupai'', are also considered ''Gurbani''. In Adi Granth, Gurbani is a sound which comes directly from the Supreme and the text is a written form of the same in worldly language and scripts. It is also called ''Guru’s Bani''.<ref>''ਜਨੁ ਨਾਨਕੁ ਬੋਲੇ ਗੁਣ ਬਾਣੀ ਗੁਰਬਾਣੀ ਹਰਿ ਨਾਮਿ ਸਮਾਇਆ ॥੪॥੫॥'' Servant Nanak chants the Glorious Words of the Guru's Bani; through them, one is absorbed into the Naam, the Name of the Lord. ||4||5||: Page 494, M5</ref>

Prior to reading Gurbani or [[Naam Japo|meditating]], it is compulsory to cover the head with a [[turban]], [[dupatta]] or other cloth, as well as removing shoes, performing at least the ''Panj Ishnan''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kainth |first1=Gursharan Singh |title=Festivals of Sikhs |date=2024 |publisher=Booksclinic Publishing |location=Bilaspur, India |isbn=978-93-5823-642-2 |page=101 |edition=First}}</ref> (washing of the 5 main parts of the body), and if possible using a [[teeth-cleaning twig]].<ref>{{cite book |translator1=Harjinder Singh |translator2=Sukha Singh |translator3=Jaskeerth Singh |title=Sikh Code of Conduct |date=December 2020 |publisher=Akaal Publishers |location=Walsall, England |isbn=978-1-9996052-4-7 |page=108 |edition=6th}}</ref> Gurbani are explanations of qualities of the Primal Lord and Soul which a Sikh should comprehend and with which they can attain the supreme state. Sikh historical writings, unauthentic writings or apocryphal compositions written under the names of Sikh Gurus and other writings by [[Sikh]]s are not considered Gurbani and are referred to as ''Kachi Bani'' (ਕੱਚੀ ਬਾਣੀ; meaning ''adulterated verses'').<ref>[http://www.thesikhencyclopedia.com/bhai-gurdas-and-the-early-sikh-literature/apocryphal-compositions "Apocryphal Compositions"]. ''The Sikh Encyclopedia''.</ref>

==Etymology==
'''Gurbani''' is composed of two words: 'Gur' and 'Bani'. Gur has multiple meanings depending on context. In [[Guru Granth Sahib]], ''Gur'' is used for multiple meanings, as per context of hymn. The common use of ''Gur'' is either for wisdom and internal conscious mind (referred to as Chitta or Antar Atma).<ref>ਗੁਰਬਾਣੀ ,Mahankosh, Bhai Kahn Singh Nabha</ref>

According to Pashaura Singh, compositions found in the Guru Granth Sahib are referred to either as ''bani'' ("utterances") or ''gurbani'' ("utterance of the guru").<ref>{{Cite book |title=Literary Cultures in Early Modern North India: Current Research |date=Jun 11, 2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780192889362 |editor-last=Bangha |editor-first=Imre |pages=175–176 |editor-last2=Stasik |editor-first2=Danuta}}</ref>

Thereby Gurbani either means ''the speech of wisdom'' or ''the speech of conscious mind''.

Gurbani is directly received from inside after attaining a Supreme state, whereas the Granth or textual form is worldly language of the same. Gurbani is also referred to as ''Dhur Ki Bani'' (ਧੁਰ ਕੀ ਬਾਣੀ; meaning ''the speech from the Supreme house''). In the Adi Granth, it is considered a source of spiritual knowledge which illuminates the mind and gives internal bliss. The one who comprehends Gurbani is also described as an Amritdhari. Gurbani is a source of truth with which the internal filth and sins get eradicated and one who find Gurbani sweet is in supreme state.

Extracts from [[Guru Granth Sahib]] are called Gutkas (ਗੁਟਕਾ; meaning ''small books'') containing sections of Gurbani. These Gutkas can vary from just a few pages to hundreds of pages and are used by the Sikhs to read these Banis on a daily basis.

== Compilation ==
[[File:Historical painting of Bhai Mani Singh (left) scribing a manuscript alongside Guru Gobind Singh dictating (right), artwork kept at Takht Damdama Sahib.jpg|thumb|Painting of [[Bhai Mani Singh]] (left) scribing ''Gurbani'' alongside [[Guru Gobind Singh]] dictating (right), artwork kept at [[Takht Sri Damdama Sahib|Takht Damdama Sahib]]]]

Gurbani is not seen as mere intellectual, spiritual writings conjured by the [[Sikh gurus]], [[Bhagat|bhagats]], [[Bhatra Sikhs|bhatts]], and [[Gursikh|gursikhs]], but rather as divine word revealed by the creator itself.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Nayar |first=Kamala Elizabeth |title=The Sikh View on Happiness: Guru Arjan’s Sukhmani |last2=Sandhu |first2=Jaswinder Singh |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2020 |isbn=9781350139886 |pages=36}}</ref> As per Guru Arjan regarding the origin of gurbani:<ref name=":0" />

{{Blockquote|text=Bani originated from the [[Akal Purakh|Primordial One]] (''dhurki bani''), and removes all anxiety.|author=Guru Arjan|title=''The Sikh View on Happiness: Guru Arjan’s Sukhmani'' (2020)|source=page 36}}

==Nitnem compositions==
{{Main|Nitnem}}

The hymns of the [[Japji Sahib]], [[Jaap Sahib]], [[Tav-Prasad Savaiye]], [[Chaupai (Sikhism)|Chaupai Sahib]] and [[Anand Sahib]] should be read before sunrise daily according to the [[Sikh Rehat Maryada]]. These are recited by initiated Sikhs at [[Amritvela]] (before 6 a.m.). [[Rehras]] is read in the evening around sunset or after a day's work and finally [[Kirtan Sohila]] is read before going to bed. Doing ''Nitnem'' is also commonly referred as doing ''paath''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singha |first=Harbhajan |first2=Satwant |last2=Kaur |date=2008 |title=Sikhism: A Complete Introduction |series=Sikh Studies, Book V |location=New Delhi |publisher=Hemkunt Press |edition=Fifth impression |page=88 |isbn=9788170102458}}</ref>

[[Japji Sahib]], [[Anand Sahib]], and [[Kirtan Sohila]] are a part of [[Guru Granth Sahib]]. [[Jaap Sahib]], [[Tav-Prasad Savaiye]], and [[Chaupai (Sikhism)|Chaupai Sahib]] were all compiled by [[Guru Gobind Singh]] and found in the ''[[Dasam Granth]]''. [[Rehras]] is a mix with hymns from both Guru Granth Sahib and Dasam Granth. A Sikh may add more ''Gurbani'' to their Nitnem and if done frequently that ''Gurbani'' becomes a part of their ''Nitnem''.

<gallery widths="200px" heights="160px">
File:Gutka8.JPG|A ''Pothi Sahib'' (Nitnem prayerbook) is commonly wrapped in a similar cloth as a mark of respect
File:Historical 'gutka' manuscript of the Dasam Granth from the 18th century.jpg|Historical ''gutka'' manuscript of the [[Dasam Granth]] from the 18th century
File:Sikh gutka from early 18th century.jpg|Sikh ''gutka'' from early 18th century
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Anand Sahib]]
* [[Sri Guru Granth Sahib|Guru Granth Sahib]]
* [[Panj Granthi]]
* [[Japji Sahib]]
* [[Nitnem]]
* [[Sikh scriptures]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sikhism}}

[[Category:Sikh scripture]]

Kudra railway station

2025-11-04T09:09:34Z

User987delhi: put up new details

{{Short description|Railway station in Bihar}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Kudra
| type = [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = Kudra Parsathua Road, Kudra, [[Kaimur district]], [[Bihar]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|25.0485|N|83.7933|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|75|m|ft}}
| line = [[Gaya–Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction section]]
| other =
| structure = Standard on ground
| platform = 4
| tracks =
| entrances =
| parking = No
| bicycle = Yes
| opened = 1906
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = 1961–63
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = KTQ
| zone =
| division = {{rwd|Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railway]]
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_type = India Bihar
| map_dot_label = Kudra railway station
| map_size = 300
| map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=East Central Railway zone|left=Khurmabad|right=Pusauli|type=Mughalsarai–Dhanbad section}}
}}
'''Kudra railway station''' is a railway station situated on the [[Gaya–Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction section]] under [[East Central Railway zone]]. It is located beside Kudra Parsathua Road at Kudra in [[Kaimur district]] in the Indian state of [[Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kudra Railway Station Map/Atlas ECR/East Central Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/kudra-ktq/1737 |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>

==History==
The [[East Indian Railway Company]] started connecting Delhi and Howrah from the mid nineteenth century. In 1862, the railway tracks crossed Mughalsarai and reached the western bank of the [[Yamuna]]. The through link to Delhi was established in 1866.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[IRFCA] Indian Railways FAQ - IR History - Early Days |url=https://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-hist.html |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=www.irfca.org}}</ref>

==Electrification==
The Mughalsarai–Howrah sector was electrified in 1961–63.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[IRFCA] Electrification History from CORE |url=https://www.irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=www.irfca.org}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Railway stations in Bihar}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Kaimur district]]
[[Category:Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya railway division]]

M. D. Rajendran

2025-11-03T07:23:30Z

User987delhi: made post

{{BLP sources| date= February 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = M. D. Rajendran
| image =
| caption =
| image_size =
| birth_name =
| alias =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1952|07|05}}
| birth_place = [[Ponkunnam]], [[Kottayam]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| origin =
| instrument =
| genre = [[Malayalam music|Malayalam]]
| occupation = [[Music composer]], [[music director]], [[lyricist]], [[film director]], [[scriptwriter]], [[playback singer]]
| years_active = 1979–present
| label =
| website =
}}

'''M. D. Rajendran''' is a Malayalam poet, lyricist and novelist. His father Ponkunnam Damodaran was a poet and activist. His siblings, M D Rathnamma and M D Ajayaghosh are also writers in Malayalam. He was employed with All India Radio and retired from service in 2012. He has written lyrics for nearly 40 Malayalam films. He has also composed music for a few films as well as albums. His collection of songs are published as a book titled ' Nin Thumbu Kettiyitta Churul Mudiyil' . His debut film as a lyricist was [[Mochanam]] in 1979. His famous works include Shalini Ente Koottukari composed by Devarajan and Devaragam directed by Bharathan, composed by academy award winner M M Keeravani.<ref>[http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/profiles.php?i=857 MD Rajendran]</ref>

==Filmography==
*''Note '''(D)''' indicates dubbing.''
===As a lyricist===
* [[Mochanam]] (1979)
* [[Shalini Ente Koottukari]] (1980)
* [[Swathu]] (1980)
* [[Theekkali]] (1981)
* Kadhayariyathe (1981)
* Paarvathy (1981)
* [[Oru Swakaaryam]] (1983)
* [[Mangalam Nerunnu]] (1984)
* [[Koodum Thedi]] (1985)
* Adhyayam Onnumuthal (1985)
* [[Akalathe Ambili]] (1985)
* Ariyaathe (1986)
* [[Oru Kadha Oru Nunakkadha]] (1986)
* [[Manjamandaarangal]] (1987)
* Chaithram(1989)
* [[Ammaavanu Pattiya Amali]] (1989)
* Aaram Vardil Aabhyanthara Kalaham (1990)
* [[Aagneyam]] (1993)
* [[Saakshyam]] (1995)
* [[Devaraagam]] (1996)
* [[Anubhoothi]] (1997)
* Shaanthipuram Thampuraan (1997)
* Over To Delhi (1997)
* Manjeeradhwani (1998) '''(D)''' from ''Priyuralu'' (Telugu)
* [[Amma Ammaayiyamma]] (1998)
* Neelanjanam (1998)
* [[Manassil Oru Manjuthulli]] (2000)
* [[Praja]] (2001)
* Grand Mother (2002)
* [[Anyar (film)|Anyar]] (2003)
* [[Koottu]] (2004)
* The Campus (2005)
* [[Thaskaraveeran (2005 film)|Thaskaraveeran]] (2005)
* Gopaalapuraanam (2008)
* Mounam (2009)
* [[Black Stallion (film)|Black Stallion]] (2009)
* [[Pramani]] (2010)
* Ammanilavu (2010)
* Finals (2019)

===As a music composer===
* Over To Delhi (1997)
* Neelaanjanam (1998)
* Grand Mother (2002)
* Mounam (2009)
* Ammanilavu (2010)

===As a screenplay writer, director, script writer, singer and dialogue writer===
* Ammanilavu (2010)

==Awards==
* 2014: [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keralaculture.org/light-music/467 |title=Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award: Light Music |publisher=Department of Cultural Affairs, Government of Kerala|access-date=26 February 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajendran, M. D.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language lyricists]]
[[Category:People from Thrissur district]]
[[Category:Indian lyricists]]
[[Category:Film musicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian male composers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Thrissur]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Kerala]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]]
[[Category:1952 births]]

Puri–Rourkela Vande Bharat Express

2025-10-29T13:57:18Z

User987delhi: made entry

{{Italic title}}{{short description|Mini Vande Bharat Express train route in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = FF7220
| name = Puri - Rourkela Junction ''Vande Bharat Express''
| logo = Ministry of Railways India.svg
| image =
| image_width = 300px
| type = [[Vande Bharat Express]]
| locale = [[Odisha]]
| first = {{start date|2023|09|24|df=yes}} (Inaugural run) {{start date and age|25 September 2023}} (Commercial run)
| operator = [[East Coast Railway zone|East Coast Railways (ECoR)]]
| start = {{stnlnk|Puri}} '''(PURI)'''
| stops = 9
| end = {{stnlnk|Rourkela Junction}} '''(ROU)'''
| distance = {{convert|505|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 07hrs 45mins
| frequency = Six days a week {{efn|Except Tuesdays}}
| trainnumber = 20836 / 20835
| line_used = [[Tatanagar–Bilaspur section|Tatanagar-Bilaspur line (Rourkela-Jharsuguda)]] [[Jharsuguda–Vizianagaram line|Jharsuguda-Vizianagaram line (till Sarla Jn)]] [[Cuttack–Sambalpur line]] [[Kharagpur–Puri line|Kharagpur-Puri line (from Cuttack Jn)]]
| class = AC Chair Car, AC Executive Chair Car
| seating = {{Hlist|Airline style|Rotatable seats}}
| sleeping = No
| catering = On-board Catering
| observation = Large windows in all coaches
| entertainment = {{Hlist|[[Wi-Fi|On-board WiFi]]|Infotainment System|[[AC power plugs and sockets: British and related types#Indian IS 1293|Electric outlets]]|Reading light|Seat Pockets|Bottle Holder|Tray Table}}
| baggage = Overhead racks
| otherfacilities = [[Kavach (train protection system)|Kavach]]
| stock = [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation|Mini Vande Bharat 2.0]] ''(Last service: Aug 06 2025)'' [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation|Vande Bharat 2.0]] ''(First service: Aug 07 2025)''
| gauge = [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|Indian gauge]] {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| speed = {{cvt|67|km/h|0|abbr=on}} (Avg.)
| trainlength = {{convert|384|m|ft}} (16 coaches)
| owners = [[Indian Railways]]
| maintenance = [[East Coast Railway zone|Puri (PURI)]]
| map = {{Puri-Rourkela VB Express Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| electrification = [[25 kV 50 Hz AC]] Overhead line
}}

The 20836/20835 '''Puri - Rourkela ''Vande Bharat Express''''' is India's 32nd [[Vande Bharat Express]] train, connecting the city of [[Puri]] and terminating at [[Rourkela]] city in [[Odisha]]. This train was inaugurated on 24 September 2023 by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] via [[Videotelephony|video conference]] from [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vande Bharat express between Puri- Rourkela soon |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2023/sep/03/vande-bharat-express-betweenpuri-rourkela-soon-2611283.html |access-date=3 September 2023 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 September 2023 |title=Puri Second Vande Bharat Will Connect These Cities |work=The Mithila Times |url=https://themithilatimes.com/puri-second-vande-bharat-connect-these-cities/ |access-date=3 September 2023 }}</ref>

==Overview==
This train is operated by [[Indian Railways]], connecting [[Puri railway station|Puri]], [[Khurda Road Junction railway station|Khurda Road Jn]], [[Bhubaneswar railway station|Bhubaneswar]], [[Cuttack Junction railway station|Cuttack Jn]], [[Dhenkanal railway station|Dhenkanal]], [[Talcher Road railway station|Talcher Road]], [[Angul railway station|Angul]], [[Rairakhol railway station|Rairakhol]], [[Sambalpur City railway station|Sambalpur City]], [[Jharsuguda Junction railway station|Jharsuguda Jn]] and [[Rourkela Junction railway station|Rourkela Jn]]. It is currently operated with train numbers 20836/20835 on 6 days a week basis.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2023 |title=Odisha: Puri-Rourkela Vande Bharat Express by Sept 30; check trial run schedule |url=https://sambadenglish.com/odisha-puri-rourkela-vande-bharat-express-by-sept-30-check-trial-run-schedule/ |access-date=2 September 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vande Bharat Express Between Puri- Rourkela Likely By September 30 {{!}} Check Route, Fare And Other Details Here |url=https://www.india.com/news/vande-bharat-express-between-puri-rourkela-irctc-indian-railways-september-30-check-route-fare-halts-puri-bhubaneswar-cuttack-angul-rourkela-6290116/ |access-date=5 September 2023 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Rakes==
It is the thirtieth [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation (Vande Bharat 2.0)|2nd Generation]] and eighteenth [[Vande Bharat Express#Mini Vande Bharat Express|'''Mini Vande Bharat 2.0 Express train''']] which was designed and manufactured by the [[Integral Coach Factory]] at [[Perambur]], [[Chennai]] under the [[Make in India]] Initiative.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Train 18, India's Fastest, Named "Vande Bharat Express": Piyush Goyal |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/train-18-indias-fastest-named-vande-bharat-express-piyush-goyal-1983965 |access-date=19 April 2023 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

As per latest updates, this express train currently runs on '''Saturdays''' and will not run on '''Tuesdays'''. This change took place on '''June 03 2025''', under Indian Railways. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nayak |first=Subadh |date=2025-06-03 |title=Change in Weekly Off Day for Puri–Rourkela–Puri Vande Bharat Express |url=https://kalingatv.com/odisha/change-in-weekly-off-day-for-puri-rourkela-puri-vande-bharat-express/ |access-date=2025-06-04 |website=KalingaTV |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=India TV News |last2=News |first2=India TV |date=2025-06-03 |title=Vande Bharat Express on Puri-Rourkela route to run on Saturdays as well, check latest schedule |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/vande-bharat-express-on-puri-rourkela-route-to-run-on-saturdays-as-well-check-latest-schedule-2025-06-03-993137 |access-date=2025-06-04 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref>

=== Coach Augmentation ===
As of August 2025, this express train was augmented with 8 additional AC coaches and is currently running with [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation|Vande Bharat 2.0 trainset]] in order to meet the surge in passenger demand on this popular route.

== Service ==

The 20836/20835 Puri - Rourkela Jn Vande Bharat Express operates six days a week except Tuesdays, covering a distance of {{cvt|506|km}} in a travel time of 7 hours with an average speed of {{cvt|65|km/h}}. The service has 9 intermediate stops. The Maximum Permissible Speed is {{cvt|130|km/h}}.

== See also ==
* [[Vande Bharat Express]]
* [[Tejas Express]]
* [[Gatimaan Express]]
* [[Puri railway station]]
* [[Rourkela Junction railway station]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Vande Bharat Express}}

[[Category:Vande Bharat Express trains]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Higher-speed rail]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Electric multiple units of India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Odisha]]
[[Category:Transport in Odisha]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Puri]]
[[Category:Transport in Rourkela]]

Gautham Karthik

2025-10-29T07:43:39Z

User987delhi: slightly adjust details as per guidelines and corrected details per standard format

#REDIRECT [[Gautham Ram Karthik]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Lamba

2025-10-04T08:34:05Z

User987delhi: Created basic article more to come

{{wiktionary|lamba}}
'''Lamba''' may refer to:

==People==
* [[Lamba (surname)]]
* [[Jad people]], also known as Lamba, a semi-nomadic tribe in Himachal Pradesh, India
* [[Lamba people]], a major ethnic group of Togo
* [[Lamba people (Zambia)]], an ethnic group of Zambia

==Places==
* [[Lamba (Faroe Islands)]], a small village
* [[Lamba, Shetland]], an uninhabited island in the Shetland Islands
* [[Lamba, Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
* [[Lamba, Togo]]

==Other uses==
* [[Lamba language]], a language of Zambia
* [[Lamba (garment)]], a traditional garment of Madagascar
* A type of [[pinisi]], an Indonesian boat

==See also==
* [[Lambas, Russia]], a rural locality
* "Lamba Lamba", a song by Justin Prabhakaran, Karthik Netha, Christopher Stanley, Femcee Nicki Ziee G. from the 2018 Indian film ''[[Oru Nalla Naal Paathu Solren]]''

{{disambiguation|geo}}
__NOTOC__

Kaniyan Pungundranar

2025-09-25T04:25:14Z

User987delhi: correct citations for accuracy

{{Short description|Tamil philosopher}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox philosopher
| region = Mahibalanpatti, [[Sivaganga district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| name = Kaniyan Pungundranar
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| other_names =
| birth_date = Uncertain; probably around 6th century BCE.
| birth_place = [[Mahibalanpatti]], [[Sivaganga district]], Tamil Nadu, [[India]]
| main_interests = [[Ethics]], [[ahimsa]], [[justice]], [[virtue]], [[politics]], [[education]], [[family]], [[friendship]], [[love]]
| notable_works = [[Purananuru]] [[Naṟṟiṇai]]
| notable_ideas = [[Secular ethics|Common ethics]] and [[Secular morality|morality]]
}}
'''Kaniyan Poongunranar''', also '''Poongundranar''' or '''Pungundranar''' ({{indic|lang=ta|indic=கணியன் பூங்குன்றனார்|trans=Kaṉiyan Pūngunṟanār}}), was an influential [[Tamil people|Tamil]] [[Just-world fallacy|Just World]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dheivegam.com/theethum-nandrum-pirar-thara-vaara-meaning-in-tamil/|title=தீதும் நன்றும் பிறர் தர வாரா பொருள் Theethum nandrum pirar thara vaara meaning in Tamil}}</ref> philosopher from the [[Sangam age]] from around 6th century BCE.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/why-pm-modi-quoted-ancient-tamil-poet-kaniyan-pungundranar-at-un-meet-2108445|title=Why PM Modi Quoted Ancient Tamil Poet Kaniyan Pungundranar At UN Meet}}</ref> His name Kaniyan implies that he was an Kaala Kanithar ([[astronomer]]) (''kaala kanitham'' in Tamil literally means mathematics of date, time and place). Kaniyan was born and brought up in Mahibalanpatti, a village panchayat in Tamil Nadu's [[Sivaganga district]]. He composed two poems in [[Purananuru]] and [[Natrinai]].

==Purananuru (Verse 192)==
{| class="wikitable" style="max-width:70em;"
!Tamil
!Tamil Romanization
!English Paraphrase
|-
|யாதும் ஊரே யாவரும் கேளிர்
|Yātum ūrē yāvarum kēḷir
|style=max-width:20em;| Every city is your city. Everyone is your kin.
|-
|தீதும் நன்றும் பிறர்தர வாரா
|tītum naṉṟum piṟartara vārā
|style=max-width:20em;| We are responsible for our own success or failure, not others!

|-
|நோதலும் தணிதலும் அவற்றோ ரன்ன
|nōtalum taṇitalum avaṟṟō raṉṉa
|style=max-width:20em;| Nor do suffering and end of suffering.

|-
|சாதலும் புதுவது அன்றே,
|cātalum putuvatu aṉṟē,
|style=max-width:20em;| There is nothing new in death.

|-
|வாழ்தல் இனிதென மகிழ்ந்தன்றும் இலமே முனிவின்
|vāḻtal iṉiteṉa makiḻntaṉṟum ilamē muṉiviṉ
|style=max-width:20em;| Thinking that living is sweet, we do not rejoice in it.

|-
|இன்னா தென்றலும் இலமே, மின்னொடு
|iṉṉā teṉṟalum ilamē, miṉṉoṭu
|style=max-width:20em;| Even less do we say, that to live is miserable!

|-
|வானம் தண்துளி தலைஇ யானாது
|vāṉam taṇtuḷi talai'iyāṉātu
|style=max-width:20em;| Through the vision of those who have understood

|-
|கல் பொருது மிரங்கு மல்லல் பேரியாற்று
|kal porutu miraṅku mallal pēriyāṟṟu
|style=max-width:20em;| we know that life, with its hardship, makes its way like a raft

|-
|நீர்வழிப் படூஉம் புணைபோல் ஆருயிர்
|nīrvaḻip paṭū'um puṇaipōl āruyir
|style=max-width:20em;| riding the water of a huge and powerful river roaring

|-
|முறை வழிப் படூஉம் என்பது திறவோர்
|muṟai vaḻip paṭū'um eṉpatu tiṟavōr
|style=max-width:20em;| without pause as it breaks against rocks because the clouds

|-
|காட்சியில் தெளிந்தனம் ஆகலின், மாட்சியின்
|kāṭciyil teḷintaṉam ākaliṉ,māṭciyiṉ
|style=max-width:20em;| crowded with bolts of lightning pour down their cold drops of rain,

|-
|பெரியோரை வியத்தலும் இலமே,
|periyōrai viyattalum ilamē,
|style=max-width:20em;| and so we are not amazed at those who are great,

|-
|சிறியோரை இகழ்தல் அதனினும் இலமே
|ciṟiyōrai ikaḻtal ataṉiṉum ilamē
|style=max-width:20em;| even less do we despise the weak!
|}
<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hart |first1=George L. |last2=Heifetz |first2=Hank |author-link= |date=1999 |title=The four hundred songs of war and wisdom : an anthology of poems from classical Tamil : the Puṟanāṉūṟu|url=https://archive.org/details/fourhundredsongs00 |location=New York |publisher=Columbia University Press |page= |isbn=978-0-231-11562-9}}</ref>

=== Themes ===

==== Cosmopolitanism ====
Poongundranar rejected division of mankind into various categories and emphasised the universality of all humans.<ref>{{cite book|last=Pillai|first=Jaya|title=Educational system of the ancient Tamils|year=1972|publisher=South India Saiva Siddhanta Works Pub. Society|location=Tirunelveli}}</ref> The Tamil bards and intellectuals of the time of Poongundranar and those preceding his age considered that all humans, whatever their rank or station in life, were alike.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ma̲raimalaiyạtikạl|title=Ancient and modern Tamil poets|year=1971|publisher=South India Saiva Siddhanta Works Pub. Society|location=Tirunelveli}}</ref>

==== Natural law ====
Poongundranar states that the wooden log is carried by the water in its direction and similarly postulates that everything in life will also follow [[karma]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Civacaṅkari|title=Knit India Through Literature: The South|publisher=Eastwest Books|location=1998|pages=288}}</ref> This he calls 'Way of Order'({{indic|lang=ta|indic=முறை வழி|trans=muṟai vazhi}}).

==== Principles of the Way of Order ====
Throughout his poem, Poongundranar lays down the principles of his version of [[natural law]]. The first part of the poem deals with the basic principles of the 'Way of Order'({{indic|lang=ta|indic=முறை வழி|trans=muṟai vazhi}}) which is his term for [[natural law]].

*Every human of every town is of the same value because they are கேளிர் (related). Hence, all people should be bound by one, same moral and legal code.
*நன்று ([[good and evil|good]]) and தீது ([[evil]]) do not come from others. Hence, humans are liable for both the pleasure and suffering they feel.
*Death is a natural part of the cycle of life, it is not new. Hence, this life must be made use of to its full potential.

==== Allegory of the raft ====
Poongundranar further goes onto explain these principles with an example of a raft.

*He compares birth to lightning, suggesting it can happen spontaneously anywhere.
*He gives an example of a raft which is allegorical to human life going downstream a steep hill, having a perilous journey through boulders and faces its climax just as in திறவோர் காட்சியில் (lit. Wisemen's vision means fate) which is death.
*He concludes that since everyone's life is like the raft's journey, it is irrational to magnify the பெரியோ[ர்] (accomplished people) and even worse to diminish சிறியோ[ர்](less accomplished people), because everyone goes through similar tribulations whatever their social estate might be.

=== Influence ===
Poongundranar was extremely influential in the revivalist [[Self-respect movement]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Bharathi |first=S. Lakshmirathan |title=History and growth of rationalist movement in Thamizh Naadu}}</ref> The sentence "Yaadhum Oore Yaavarum Kelir" has been adopted as the motto of the [[World Tamil Conference|World Thamizh Confederation]] to represent [[Tamil people]].{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

The quote "Yaadhum Oore Yaavarum Kelir" is at present depicted in the [[United Nations Organisation]].<ref>His poems never praised any kings as that was a practice on those times.{{Cite news |title=United Nations Day celebrated |language=en |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/united-nations-day-celebrated/article3066317.ece |access-date=2017-06-27}}</ref> [[G. G. Ponnambalam]] concluded his 1966 address to the 21st session of the [[United Nations General Assembly]] by invoking this quote.<ref>United Nations General Assembly, Twenty First Session, Official Records, 1446th Plenary Meeting, 18 October 1966, New York. http://undocs.org/en/A/PV.1446</ref> [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|A. P. J Abdul Kalam]] was the first one to quote this famous quote in European Union [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AXW5oi0_epg Historical Speech by Abdul Kalam in European Union], another one is [[Narendra Modi]] who quoted it in [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-pr9ZFajui4 74th Session of the UN General Assembly].

The first musical form of Yaadhum Oore poem was composed by composer [[Rajan Somasundaram| Raleigh Rajan]] and was chosen as the theme song of 10th [[World Tamil Conference]]. It has been sung by Academy nominated singer [[Bombay Jayashri]] and [[Karthik (singer)]] among other international artists.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dinamalar.com/news/tamil-nadu-news/news/2290362 | title=உலக கலைஞர்களின், கணீர் குரலில் உலகத் தமிழ் ஆராய்ச்சி மாநாட்டு பாடல் | date=4 June 2019 }}</ref> It was part of the album [[Sandham: Symphony Meets Classical Tamil]] and became commercially successful, featuring in Amazon's Top#10 International Music albums.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/blogs/538018-thiruvarur-youth-s-international-achievement-symphony-music-for-famous-sangam-tamil-songs.html | title=புகழ்பெற்ற சங்கத் தமிழ்ப் பாடல்களுக்கு சிம்பொனி இசை! | date=20 Feb 2020 }}</ref>

== Natrinai (Verse 226) ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Tamil
!Tamil Romanization
!English Paraphrase
|-
|"மரஞ்சா மருந்தும் கொள்ளார் மாந்தர்
உரம் சாச் செய்யார் உயர்தவம் வளம் கெடப்

பொன்னும் கொள்ளார் மன்னர் நன்னுதல்

நாந்தம் உண்மையின் உளமே அதனால்

தாம் செய் பொருளன அறியார் தாம் கசிந்து

என்றூழ் நிறுப்ப நீளிடை ஒழியச்

சென்றோர் மன்ற நம் காதலர் என்றும்

இன்ன நிலைமைத்து என்ப

என்னோரும் அறிப இவ்வுலகத்தானே".
|"Marañcā maruntum koḷḷār māntar
uram cāc ceyyār uyartavam vaḷam keṭap
poṉṉum koḷḷār maṉṉar naṉṉutal
nāntam uṇmaiyiṉ uḷamē ataṉāl
tām cey poruḷaṉa aṟiyār tām kacintu
eṉṟūḻ niṟuppa nīḷiṭai oḻiyac
ceṉṟōr maṉṟa nam kātalar eṉṟum
iṉṉa nilaimaittu
eṉpa eṉṉōrum aṟipa ivvulakattāṉē".
|The Hero asks permission from the Lady Love for seeking wealth.
The Lady Love refuses.
She goes on to explain to her friend
who is a good man,
who is a good king and what is superior.
We are good because he is.
(Wouldn't the nut be pleasing if he broke up)
So he himself did not realize the usefulness of the thing he was doing.
Is he going to go the long way of burning the sweat-soaked sun,
is it fair to say I'm been here and my boyfriend went?
She says everyone knows that there should be no division, no matter what condition they live in, in the world. Indicates wilting in order of separation.
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|Tamils|India|Literature|Poetry}}
* [[Sangam literature]]
* [[List of Sangam poets]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Tamil language}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Tamil philosophy]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:Tamil poets]]
[[Category:People from Sivaganga district]]
[[Category:Scholars from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Sangam poets]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pungundranar, Kaniyan}}

Gadkari

2025-09-20T05:51:32Z

User987delhi: started page!

{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
'''Gadkari''' is a surname native to the [[India]]n state of [[Maharashtra]]. Gadkari surname is found among the Hindu [[CKP]]<ref>{{cite news | title = chandraseniya kayastha prabhus aim for better community connect| url = http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-chandraseniya-kayastha-prabhu-s-aim-for-better-community-connect-1935881|quote=CKP as a community has been known for its “writing and fighting skills”. Some prominent faces that it boasts as members are [...] Ram Ganesh Gadkari [...]}}</ref> and [[Deshastha Brahmin]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/meet/Obediently-yours/article20900332.ece|title=Obidiently yours|publisher=The Hindu|accessdate=31 October 2014|author=Kumar Ketkar}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=92F7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT20|title=
INDIA'S NEW CAPITALISTS: Caste, Business, and Industry in a Modern Nation|author=Harish Damodaran|publisher=Hachette UK|accessdate=25 November 2018|page=20|quote=The Mhaiskars are Chitpavan, while Gadkari is a Deshastha Brahmin}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Son Of The Sangh|url=http://www.caravanmagazine.in/reportage/son-of-the-sangh|accessdate=1 April 2018|publisher=The Caravan|quote=NITIN GADKARI WAS BORN in 1957, to Jairam and Bhanutai Gadkari. The Gadkaris were a Deshastha Brahmin family of modest means, with some agricultural land in Dhapewada village, near Nagpur. They lived in an area of old Nagpur called Mahal, close to the RSS’s headquarters.}}</ref> communities.<ref>{{cite book|title=Maharashtra State Gazetteers: General Series: Maharashtra, land and its people(CHAPTER 5—ORGANISATION OF SPACE)|url=https://gazetteers.maharashtra.gov.in/cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/Language%20and%20Literature/chapter_v.pdf|publisher=Directorate of Government Print., Stationery and Publications|year=1968|page=136|quote='''There was also a gadkari (head of the civil administration of the fort and for tax-collection from the surrounding villages) who was generally a Kayastha''' and a '''Brahmin who was the Temple priest, letter-writer etc'''. Sometimes, people of some other caste held these posts.}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The name Gadkari is believed to be a combination of two words (Gad and Kari). Gad means a fort and Kari means one who maintains or protects it. So Gadkari means a person who protects the fort.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://archive.siasat.com/news/gadkari-means-protector-fort-bjp-56699/|title=Gadkari means protector of fort: BJP|publisher=The Siasat Daily|accessdate=18 November 2009}}</ref>

==Gadkari as a title==
Gadkari was a historical title given mostly in [[Maharashtra]], to a person who was appointed to protect the fort.<ref>{{cite book|title=Mutiny at the Margins: New Perspectives on the Indian Uprising of 1857: Volume I: Anticipations and Experiences in the Locality|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-xZBDwAAQBAJ|publisher=SAGE Publishing|author=Crispin Bates|accessdate=26 March 2013|page=178}}</ref>

==Notable people==
* [[Ram Ganesh Gadkari]] (1885-1919), Marathi poet
* [[Chandrasekhar Gadkari]] (1928-1998), Indian test cricketer
* [[Madhav Yeshwant Gadkari]] (1928–2006), Indian Journalist, [[Padma Shri]] award recipient
* [[Nitin Gadkari]] (born 1957), India's [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways|Minister of Road Transport and Highways]]
* [[Sandesh Gadkari]] (born 1987), Indian cricketer
* [[Jui Gadkari]] (born 1988), Indian actress

==Other==
*''[[Gadkari (film)|Gadkari]]'' – 2023 Marathi language film based on Nitin Gadkari

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{surname}}

Chinmaya Vidyalayas

2025-09-04T07:44:16Z

User987delhi: page fix

{{Short description|School in Vasant Vihar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{COI|date=October 2015}}
{{third-party|date=October 2015}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2020}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox organization
|name = Chinmaya Vidyalayas
|image = Chinmaya Vidyalaya logo.png
|size = 150px
|alt = Chinmaya Vidyalaya
|caption = Chinmaya Vidyalaya Emblem
|abbreviation =
|formation = 1965
|extinction = 
|type = Group of Schools
|status =
|purpose = To offer children a value-based and holistic education
|headquarters = [[Coimbatore]]
|location = [[India]]
|coords = 
|region_served = Mainly [[India]]. Also [[Trinidad]]
|membership =
|language = 
|leader_title = Headed By
|leader_name = Swami Swaroopananda<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinmayamission.com/chinmayamission.php |title=Welcome to official website of Central Chinmaya Mission Trust |access-date=10 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100919052239/http://chinmayamission.com/chinmayamission.php |archive-date=19 September 2010 }}</ref>
|leader_title2 = Director
|leader_name2 = Swamini Vimalananda
|main_organ = CCMT Education Cell
|parent_organisation = [[Chinmaya Mission]]
|affiliations = 
|num_staff =
|num_volunteers =
|budget =
|website = {{URL|http://www.chinmayamission.com/what-we-do/schools-colleges|chinmayamission.com}}
}}
'''Chinmaya Vidyalayas''' are a group of schools operated by the [[Chinmaya Mission|Central Chinmaya Mission Trust (CCMT)]], founded by [[Chinmayananda|Swami Chinmayananda]] and currently headed by [[Tejomayananda|Swami Tejomayananda]]. There are more than 80 Chinmaya Vidyalayas across 12 states in India and one in [[Trinidad]]. They emphasise the learning of scriptures.

==CCMT Education Cell==
The [[Chinmaya Mission|CCMT(Central Chinmaya Mission Trust]]) Education Cell is the governing body of the Chinmaya Education Movement. It is headquartered at 'Chinmaya Gardens' in Coimbatore, India. It was created to monitor, integrate, streamline, upgrade, standardise, and facilitate the efficient and effective maintenance and growth of all Chinmaya Educational Institutions.

== History==

===Founding===

[[Chinmayananda|Swami Chinmayananda]] was on his first global tour. The queen of Vengunad, Radha Devi, was the president of Chinmaya Mission, Kollengode in Kerala. There was a request to start a school.

A part of the palace was offered and so the Chinmaya Education Movement (CEM) was started with the inauguration of a nursery school on 20 May 1965, with royal patronage by K.P.S. Menon (ex-ambassador to Russia). The Chinmaya nursery school grew and Swami Chinmayananda inaugurated the primary school on 17 June 1969, in a separate building near the palace. It has over time become a higher secondary school, with 555 students, a staff of 37, and structure and infrastructure.

===Growth over the years===

In 1966, Swami Chinmayananda first mentioned in a casual conversation that Chennai should have a Chinmaya Vidyalaya; the first of the seven Chinmaya Vidyalayas was inaugurated in October 1968 by the famous Bharatanatyam dancer [[Rukmini Devi Arundale]]. These Vidyalayas are considered amongst the best in this metropolitan city and are headed by Swami Tejomayananda who succeeded Swami Chinmayananda as the chancellor for all the Vidyalayas across Chennai and later India.

In the next 25 years (between mid-60 to 1980), 24 more Vidyalayas were established all over India, with 11 in Kerala, five Tamil Nadu, two each in Karnataka, Jharkhand and Odisha, one in Andhra Pradesh, and one in the metropolitan city of New Delhi.

Constructed in 1979, CV Delhi educated its first students in a small building, shifting later to its present site of nearly four acres in the sophisticated South Delhi suburb of Vasant Vihar. Swami Jyotirmayananda of Chinmaya Mission Delhi brought together man and material and forded through the political corridors of Delhi to give [[concrete]] shape to this Chinmaya Vidyalaya.

Between the years 1980 to 2013, more than 50 Vidyalayas were set up all over India. A notable one is the Chinmaya Hari Har Vidyalaya, Ellayapalle, in Andhra Pradesh. Started by Swamini Sharadapriyananda (a dynamic lawyer, Gandhian, and freedom-fighter turned {{lang|sa-Latn|sannyasin}} and one of the senior-most disciples of Swami Chinmayananda) her passion was to serve the poorest of poor, giving them material succor and spiritual solace. As of 2012 there were over 80 Chinmaya Vidyalayas with over 75,000 students all over India.

===In Trinidad===

Swami Chinmayananda first visited Trinidad in May 1965. A Chinmaya Mission centre was established by [[Swami Prakashananda (Chinmaya Mission)|Swami Prakashananda]] (a native of Trinidad) in 1997. The first Chinmaya Vidyalaya outside India was inaugurated in 2003.

==See also==
*{{lookfrom|Chinmaya Vidyalaya}}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.chinmayarjpm.in/ Chinmaya Vidyalaya, Rajalapalayam]
*[http://www.chinmayamission.com/what-we-do/schools-colleges/#.VCx3QtJDuN9 Schools and Colleges of Chinmaya Mission]
*[http://www.chinmayavidyalayanauni.com Chinmaya Vidyalaya Nauni]
*[http://chintvm.edu.in Chinmaya Vidyalaya, Kunnumpuram, Thiruvananthapuram]

[[Category:Private schools in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Educational organisations based in India]]
[[Category:1965 establishments in Madras State]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1965]]
[[Category:Co-educational schools in India]]
[[Category:Schools affiliated with the Chinmaya Mission]]

Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi

2025-09-02T02:00:10Z

User987delhi: expand information per standard format based on references

{{Short description|Indian journalist (1890–1931)}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi
|image = The heaven-gone svargiya Pandit Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi.jpg
|caption = 1940s portrait
|birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1890|10|26}}
|birth_place = [[Allahabad]], [[North-Western Provinces]], [[British India]]
|death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1931|03|25|1890|10|26}}
|death_place = [[Cawnpore]], [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]], [[British India]]
|occupation = Journalist, author, writer
|alias =
|status =
|title = Editor- '''Pratap''' (1913–1931)
|agent =
|URL =
|yearsactive = 1890–1931
}}

'''Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi''' (26 October 1890 – 25 March 1931) was an Indian journalist, a leader of the [[Indian National Congress]]<ref name="2001book">{{cite book |last=Gooptu |first=Nandini |date=2001 |title=The Politics of the Urban Poor in Early Twentieth-Century India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wZTLEEGmZfQC&pg=PA90 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |pages=90–376 |isbn=978-0521443661 }}</ref> and an [[Indian independence movement|independence movement]] activist. He was an important figure in the [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–22)|non-cooperation movement]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Pandey |first=Gyanendra |date=2002 |title=The Ascendancy of the Congress in Uttar Pradesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JwWX8E8Xz58C&pg=PA53 |publisher=Anthem Press |pages=37–77 |isbn=978-1843317623}}</ref> and the freedom movement of India, who once translated [[Victor Hugo]]'s novel ''[[Ninety-Three]]'',<ref>{{cite book |last1=Simon |first1=Sherry |last2=St. Pierre |first2=Paul |date=2000 |title=Changing the Terms: Translating in the Postcolonial Era |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cmJ5O0ZOwqsC&pg=PA89 |publisher=University of Ottawa Press |page=89 |isbn=978-0776605241 }}</ref> and is mostly known as the founder-editor of the [[Hindi language]] newspaper, ''Pratap''.<ref name="1965book">{{cite book |last=Brass |first=Paul R. |date=1965 |title=Factional Politics in an Indian State: The Congress Party in Uttar Pradesh |url=https://archive.org/details/factionalpolitic0000bras|url-access=registration |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |pages=[https://archive.org/details/factionalpolitic0000bras/page/169 169]–196 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Mukul |first=Akshaya |date= 2015-11-03|title=Gita Press and the Making of Hindu India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BOhrCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT16 |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=978-9351772316 }}</ref><ref name="2004book">{{cite book |last=Gould |first=William |date= 2004-04-15|title=Hindu Nationalism and the Language of Politics in Late Colonial India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNsganXnq-oC&pg=PA61|publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=61–100 |isbn=978-1139451956 }}</ref>

==Life==
Ganesh Shankar was born on 26 October 1890 in a Hindu [[Kayastha]] family at Allahabad, the then capital of [[North-Western Provinces]]. His father Munshi Jai Narain, also spelled as Jainarayan, was a teacher in a middle school namely Anglo-Vernacular School<ref>{{cite book|title= Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi Samajik Chetna Ke sarthi|author=Neeraj Shukla|publisher=Lokvani Prakashan Delhi|page=25|isbn=9789381487853}}</ref> in [[Mungaoli]] which is now the tehsil of Ashoknagar district of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. He was poor but a deeply religious Hindu and dedicated to high ideals. It was under him that Ganesh Shankar received his early schooling and passed the high school examination privately in 1907 after studying in [[Mungaoli]] and [[Vidisha]]. His admission register is available in this school. He could not study further due to poverty and became a clerk in the currency office and later a teacher in high school in [[Kanpur]]. At age 16, he also wrote his first book ''Hamari Atmogsargart'' and wed his wife Chandraprakashwati Vidyarthi on 4 June 1909.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.merinews.com/article/ganesh-shankar-vidyarthi-penman-in-the-battle-against-communalism/15905350.shtml|title=Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi: Penman in the battle against communalism|date=18 April 2015|publisher=merinews.com|access-date=10 September 2015}}</ref>

His real interest, however, was in journalism and public life and he came early under the influence of the nationalist upsurge, which was taking place in the country. He became an agent of the well-known revolutionary Hindi and Urdu journals – Karamyogi and Swarajya and also began to contribute to them. He adopted the pen-name 'Vidyarthi' – the seeker of knowledge. He attracted the notice of Pt. Mahabir Prasad Dwiwedi, the doyen of Hindi journalism who offered him the job of a sub-editor in his famous literary monthly, "The Saraswati", in 1911. Ganesh Shankar, however, was more interested in current affairs and politics and therefore joined the Hindi weekly "Abhyudaya" a political journal of the time. He thus served his apprenticeship under two of the greatest figures in [[Hindi literature]] and journalism of the time.

In 1913 Ganesh Shankar came back to Kanpur and launched his career as a crusading journalist and freedom fighter, which was only to end with his death 18 years later. He founded 'Pratap', his famous revolutionary weekly, which identified itself with the cause of the oppressed wherever they might be and ''Pratap'' would prove to be widespread as its circulation jumped from five hundred in 1913 to six hundred in 1916.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Burton |first1=Antoinette |author-link1=Antoinette Burton |last2=Hofmeyr |first2=Isabel |date=2014 |title=Ten Books That Shaped the British Empire: Creating an Imperial Commons |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZwedBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT200|publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0822375920 }}</ref> It was through this paper that he waged his famous fights for the oppressed peasants of [[Rae Bareli]], the workers of the [[Kanpur]] mills and the downtrodden people of Indian states. During the course of these fights, he had to face numerous prosecutions, pay heavy fines and suffer five prison sentences. On 11 January 1915, he said the following quote:<ref>{{cite book |last=Parameshwar Gaonkar |first=Dilip |date=2007 |title=Cultures of Democracy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f3LlQZ_LErEC&pg=PA48|publisher=Duke University Press |page=48 |isbn=978-0822366720 }}</ref>
{{quote|Now the time has come for our political ideology and our movement no [to] be restricted to the English-educated and to spread among the common people [samanya janta], and for Indian public opinion [lokmat], to be not the opinion of those few educated individuals but to mirror the thoughts of all the classes of the country... the democratic rule is actually the rule of public opinion".}}

Later on 31 May, he also said:
{{quote|The much-despised peasants are our true bread-givers [annadata], not those who consider themselves special and look down upon the people who live in toil and poverty as lowly beings}}

He first met Gandhiji in 1916 in Lucknow and threw himself whole-heartedly in the national movement. He took a leading part in the Home Rule Movement of 1917–18 and led the first strike of textile workers in Kanpur. In 1920 he launched the daily edition of ''Pratap'' and it was in this year that he was sentenced to two years rigorous imprisonment for championing the cause of peasants of Rae Bareli. He was released in 1922 and almost immediately sent to jail again, for delivering a "seditious" speech as the President of the Provincial Political Conference at Fatehgarh. In 1924, he met and protested along with [[Bhagat Singh]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Ahuja |first=M. L. |date=2008 |title=Eminent Indians: Revolutionaries |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JVtfKcs42zAC&pg=PT13|publisher=Rupa & Co |isbn=978-8129113955 }}</ref> who became a close colleague and friend.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bakshi |first=S. R. |date=2001 |title=Early Aryans to Swaraj |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7fXK3DiuJ5oC&pg=PA303 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |pages=302–304 |isbn=978-8176255370 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Massey |first=Reginald |date=2014 |title=Shaheed Bhagat Singh and the Forgotten Indian Martyrs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p354AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA177 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |page=177 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> He would also later associate himself with [[Chandra Shekhar Azad]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Singh Rana |first=Bhawan |date=2005 |title=Chandra Shekhar Azad (An Immortal Revolutionary of India) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sudu7qABntcC&pg=PA53 |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books |pages=53–57 |isbn=978-8128808166 }}</ref> Vidyarthi was released in 1924, greatly shattered in health, but he knew no respite and founded a short-lived union<ref name="2001book"/> and also launched himself in the preparation for the 1925 Congress session at Kanpur presided by [[Sarojini Naidu]].

In 1925, when the Congress decided to contest elections of Provincial Legislative Councils and organized the [[Swaraj Party]], Ganesh Shankar won a resounding victory on its behalf, from Kanpur and served as a Member of the U.P. Legislative Council until 1929 when he resigned at the behest of the Congress. In 1925, after Gandhi founded the Beech Wala Chowk temple in Kanpur, Vidyarthi frequently used it to host meetings.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/Midnight-flag-hoisting-at-Beech-Wala-Chowk-Mandir/articleshow/48492638.cms|title=Midnight flag hoisting at Beech Wala Chowk Manir|date=15 August 2015|newspaper=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|access-date=10 September 2015}}</ref> In 1926, Vidyarthi, who was considered an important member of Congress, encouraged [[Shiv Narayan Tandon]] to also join Congress. In 1928, he also founded the Mazdur Sabha and led it until his death in 1931.<ref name="1965book"/> In 1929 he was elected the President of the U.P. Congress Committee and was appointed the first 'dictator' to lead the Satyagrah movement in U.P. He was a supporter of the Hindi language and attended the Hindi Sahitya Sammelan conference in 1930 in [[Gorakhpur]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Kothari |first=Rita |date=1998 |title=Modern Gujarati Poetry: A Selection |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G0b71SNQ5CQC&pg=PA48|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |page=48 |isbn=978-8126002948 }}</ref> and in March 1930 at Shraddhanand Park in [[New Delhi]].<ref name="2004book" /> That same year, he was arrested and sent to jail again. He was released on 9 March 1931 under the [[Gandhi–Irwin Pact]].

=== Communalism and death ===
Communalism swept Western Uttar Pradesh in the 1920s as the Shuddhi movement gained steam and Kanpur was no exception.<ref name="2001book" /> In February 1927, Vidyarthi and other Congress leaders had organized a demonstration to the Moolganj mosque and played music for forty minutes; this was in retaliation to a Muslim mob attacking a musical band accompanying a Hindu marriage procession.<ref name="2001book" /> Despite, Vidyarthi was known for his secular politics and sympathy for Muslims.<ref name="2001book" />

In 1931, Kanpur faced communal rioting.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|last=Gandhi|first=Rajmohan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FauJL7LKXmkC&pg=PA327|title=Gandhi: The Man, His People, and the Empire|date=2006|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|isbn=978-0520255708|page=327}}</ref> Despite being scheduled to proceed for the Karachi Congress Session, he chose to stay back and rescue the people before felling to the mob.<ref name="2001book" /><ref name=":0" /> Eyewitnesses note him to have rescued members of both communities; his daughter "stated that her father had successfully rescued some Muslim women but then immediately got involved in rescuing some trapped Hindus, and at this stage he got attacked and killed."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Remembering Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi, an Editor Who Lived – and Died – for Communal Harmony |url=https://thewire.in/history/editor-lived-died-communal-harmony |access-date=2021-12-22 |website=The Wire}}</ref> His daughter also claimed that the murder was manifested by the colonial government.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Remembering Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi, an Editor Who Lived – and Died – for Communal Harmony|url=https://thewire.in/history/editor-lived-died-communal-harmony|access-date=2021-12-22|website=The Wire}}</ref>{{Efn|Vidyarthi recalls an aunt stating to her that weapons were being distributed in localities days before the riot started and it was said that the ‘Lion of Kanpur’ [Vidyarthi] would be assassinated.}} Vidyarthi's disfigured body—showing multiple stab wounds—would only be found a few days later, near litter.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bakshi |first=S. R. |date=1988 |title=Gandhi and the Mass Movements |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4i1aMXriA0sC&pg=PA198|publisher=Atlantic Publishers |page=198 }}</ref>
Fatehpur's senior journalist Premshankar Awasthi tells that who does not know Amar Shaheed Ganesh Shankar Vidyarti? Those who laid the foundation of Hindu-Muslim unity by sacrificing their lives for communal harmony proved to be an example in the history of Indian journalism. How can the country forget the immortal sacrifice of journalist Siromani Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi?"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi Jayanti: The journalist who lost his life during the Hindu-Muslim riots |url=https://www.yugantarpravah.com/news/ganesh-shankar-vidyarthi-full-biography-in-hindi-senior-journalist-prem-shankar-awasthi-article-in-hindi-690597-26-10-2022 |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=Yugantar Pravah}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
[[Mahatma Gandhi]] paid him the following tribute in the pages of 'Young India': "The death of Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi was one to be envied by us all. His blood is the cement that will ultimately bind the two communities. No pact will bind our hearts. But heroism such as Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi showed is bound in the end to melt the stoniest hearts, melt them into one. The poison has however gone so deep that the blood even of a man so great, so self-sacrificing and so utterly brave as Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi may today not be enough to wash us of it. Let this noble example stimulate us all to a similar effort should the occasion arise again". Author Siyaramsharan Gupta also made Vidyarthi the subject of the works ''Atmotsarg Patheya'' and ''Mrinmoyee Atmotsarg''.<ref>{{cite book |author=Premshankar |date=2006 |title=Siyaramsharan Gupta (Hindi Writer) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RdTyXSQgjeMC&pg=PA37|pages=5–94 |isbn=978-8126013401 }}</ref>

In 2006, there was a controversy involving an unauthorized unveiling of a statue in Mungawali, Madhya Pradesh honoring Vidyarthi by Member of Parliament of [[Indian National Congress|INC]], [[Jyotiraditya Madhavrao Scindia]]. The police and state government claimed it was unauthorized and seized the statue despite local congressman and journalists insisting it be restored.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1055067141.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301095952/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1055067141.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 March 2016|title=Unveiling of Vidyarthi's statue runs into trouble|date=9 June 2006|url-access=subscription |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=10 September 2015}}</ref> In 2007, journalist [[Alok Mehta]] was awarded the Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi Award by the [[Makhanlal Chaturvedi National University of Journalism and Communication]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/award-for-alok-mehta/article1812191.ece |title=Award for Alok Mehta |date=18 March 2007 |newspaper=thehindu.com |access-date=11 September 2015}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi had one son, Hari Shankar Vidyarthi and two grand daughters Srilekha Vidyarthi and Madhulekha Vidyarthi.[https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2015/dec/18/hindu-widow-can-be-manager-of-joint-family-rules-sc-854874.html]

== Honors ==
[[File:Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi 1962 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi on a 1962 stamp of India]]
* [[Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi Puraskar]] is given to renowned journalists by honourable [[President of India]] every year from 1989.
* The Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi Memorial ([[GSVM]]) [[Medical College Kanpur]] is named in his remembrance.
* Ganesh Chowk, a square is named after him in the heart of the city of [[Gorakhpur]].
* [[Phool Bagh]], earlier Queen's Park in Kanpur is also called as [[Ganesh Vidyarthi Udyan]].
* The Ganesh Shanker Vidyarthi Inter College (GSV Inter College Hathgaon-Fatehpur) is named in his remembrance.
* Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi Smarak Inter College (GSVS Inter College Maharajganj, UP) is named after his remembrance.
* On 18 July 2017, the Uttar Pradesh government has renamed [[Kanpur Airport]] as Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi Airport to pay respect to his contribution for the independence of India.

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Commons category|Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vidyarthi, Ganesh Shankar}}
[[Category:1890 births]]
[[Category:1931 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Kanpur]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Journalists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]

Indian Sandhurst Committee

2025-08-23T04:32:20Z

User987delhi: put up a details...

{{Short description|British colonial committee formed in 1925}}The '''Indian Sandhurst Committee''', also known as the '''Skeen Committee''', was a British colonial committee formed in 1925 to study the Indianization of the Indian Army’s officer cadre and recommend the establishment of a military academy in India, modeled on the [[Royal Military Academy Sandhurst]] in the United Kingdom. Chaired by General [[Andrew Skeen]], the committee’s work contributed to the founding of the [[Indian Military Academy]] (IMA) in [[Dehradun]] in 1932.

== Background ==
During [[World War I]] (1914–1918), 1.3 million Indians served in the [[British Indian Army]], prompting nationalist demands for greater Indian representation in senior military roles. In 1918, the [[British government of India|British government]] reserved 10 annual vacancies for Indians at [[Sandhurst, Berkshire|Sandhurst]], but this was deemed insufficient by Indian leaders.<ref name=":2" />

The [[Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms|Montague-Chelmsford Reforms]] (1919) and the Sapru Committee (1921) further pressed for Indianization, leading to the establishment of the [[Prince of Wales Royal Indian Military College]] in Dehradun in 1922 to prepare cadets for Sandhurst. In 1923, the [[Eight Unit Scheme of Indianisation|Eight Unit Scheme]] Indianized only eight units of the [[Indian Army]], drawing criticism for its limited scope.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=How Indians rose up to be Officers |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/features/how-indians-rose-up-to-be-officers-10124/ |access-date=2025-08-20 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

== Formation and objectives ==
Appointed in June 1925 under Viceroy [[Lord Reading]] (1921–1926), the Indian Sandhurst Committee was tasked with addressing these demands.<ref name=":1">{{Citation |last=Dutta |first=Vipul |title=The ‘Indian Sandhurst’: 1925–45 |date=2021-03-12 |work=Making Officers out of Gentlemen: Military Institution-Building in India, c. 1900-1960 |pages=0 |editor-last=Dutta |editor-first=Vipul |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190130220.003.0003 |access-date=2025-08-20 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-013022-0}}</ref>

Its objectives included evaluating the induction of Indian aspirants for the King’s Commission, expanding eligibility to technical branches (Artillery, Signals, Engineers), and proposing a military academy in India.<ref name=":1" />

The committee, chaired by General [[Andrew Skeen]], conducted visits to military educational institutions in [[England]] and other countries to inform its recommendations.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== Recommendations ==
The committee submitted its report on November 14, 1926, recommending:<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=A. Skeen |first=Member |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.csl.2265 |title=Report of the Indian Sandhurst Committee |last2=M. A. Jinnah |first2=Member |last3=Jogendra Singh |first3=Member |last4=Phiroze Sethna |first4=Member |last5=M. Ramachandra Rao |first5=Member |last6=Abdul Qaiyum |first6=Member |last7=Hira Singh |first7=Member |last8=Ziauddin Ahmad |first8=Member |last9=J. N. Banerjee |first9=Member |date=1927 |publisher=Calcuttra, Central Publication Branch}}</ref>

• Increasing the number of Indian cadet vacancies at Sandhurst from 10 to 20 per year.

• Making Indians eligible for King’s Commissions in Artillery, Signals, and Engineers, beyond infantry roles.

• Using the University Training Corps (UTC) as a suitable training mechanism for officer candidates.

• Establishing an Indian military academy to train officers locally, reducing reliance on Sandhurst.

While the British government did not fully adopt these recommendations, it agreed to increase Sandhurst vacancies to 20. The report laid the groundwork for the Chetwode Committee (1931), which finalized plans for the [[Indian Military Academy]], opened in Dehradun on October 1, 1932.

== Impact ==
The Indian Sandhurst Committee was a pivotal step in the Indianization of the Indian Army, addressing nationalist aspirations for greater military representation.

The IMA, established as a result of its recommendations, trained officers who became key figures in post-independence India and Pakistan, including Field Marshal [[K. M. Cariappa|K.M. Cariappa]], the first Indian Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Army, and Field Marshal [[Ayub Khan]], [[President of Pakistan]].

The committee’s work is recognized in historical and academic studies for its role in shaping modern Indian military institutions.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Sandhurst Committee}}
[[Category:Organizations established in 1925]]
[[Category:Indian Army]]

List of ministers of roads and buildings of Andhra Pradesh

2025-06-08T08:06:49Z

User987delhi: Created new entry basic info!

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Minister of Roads and Buildings
| body =
| native_name = {{transliteration|te|Rahadārūlu mariyu Bhavanāla Śākha Mantrī}}
| insignia =
| insigniasize = 200px
| insigniacaption =
| insigniaalt =
| flag =
| flagsize =
| flagalt =
| flagborder =
| flagcaption = [[Emblem of Andhra Pradesh]]
| image = B. C. Janardhan Reddy.jpg
| imagesize = 150px
| alt =
| imagecaption =
| incumbent = [[B. C. Janardhan Reddy]]
| acting =
| incumbentsince = 12 June 2024
| department = Department of Roads and Buildings
| style =
| type =
| status =
| abbreviation = R&B
| member_of = [[Andhra Pradesh Council of Ministers|Andha Pradesh Cabinet]]
| reports_to = [[List of governors of Andhra Pradesh|Governor of Andhra Pradesh]] [[List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh]] [[Andhra Pradesh Legislature]]
| residence =
| seat =
| nominator =
| appointer = [[List of governors of Andhra Pradesh|Governor of Andhra Pradesh]]
| appointer_qualified = on the advice of the [[List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh]]
| termlength =
| termlength_qualified =
| constituting_instrument =
| precursor =
| inaugural = Sidda Raghava Rao<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chandrababu Naidu allocates portfolios, has two deputy CMs|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/Chandrababu-Naidu-allocates-portfolios-has-two-deputy-CMs/article20796521.ece|date=11 June 2014|website=The Hindu Business Line|language=en}}</ref>
| formation = 8 June 2014
| first =
| last =
| abolished =
| superseded_by =
| succession =
| unofficial_names =
| deputy =
| salary =
| website = {{url|https://aprdc.ap.gov.in/UI/Home.aspx|Official website}}
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Minister for Roads and Buildings''' is the head of the Department of Roads and Buildings in the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]].

The incumbent Minister of Transport is [[B. C. Janardhan Reddy]] from [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andhra Pradesh: 25 Ministers get portfolios, Pawan Kalyan to be CM Naidu's Deputy, Nara Lokesh to be IT Minister|url=https://government.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/governance/andhra-pradesh-25-ministers-get-portfolios-pawan-kalyan-to-be-cm-naidus-deputy-nara-lokesh-to-be-it-minister/111011024|date=16 June 2024|website=Economic Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Andhra Pradesh Council of Ministers: Full list|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly/andhra-pradesh-council-of-ministers-full-list/article68288989.ece|date=14 June 2024|website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref>

== List of ministers ==
{| class="wikitable" style="line-height:1.4em; text-align:center"
! rowspan=2 |#
! rowspan=2 colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan=2 style="width:16em" | Minister {{small|(Lifespan) Constituency}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan=2 style="width:5em" |Election {{small|(Term)}}
! rowspan=2 style="width:8em" |Party
! rowspan=2 style="width:8em" |Ministry
! rowspan=2 style="width:10em" |Chief Minister
!rowspan=2 |Ref.
|-
!Term start
!Term end
!Duration
|-
!
| bgcolor="{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}"|
!
![[K. Vijayarama Rao]]
MLA for khairatabad
!11 October 1999
!14 May 2004
!
|[[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]] {{small|[[11th Andhra Pradesh Assembly|(11th)]]}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|[[Second N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry|Naidu II]]
|[[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
!
|-
!
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
!
![[T. Jeevan Reddy]]
!26 April 2007
!20 May 2009
!
|[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]] {{small|[[12th Andhra Pradesh Assembly|(12th)]]}}
![[Indian National Congress]]
![[First Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy ministry|Y.S.Rajasekhara Reddy I]]
![[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy]]
!
|-
!
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
!
!Dharmana Prasada Rao
MLA for srikakulam
!25 May 2009
!8 August 2013
!
|[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]] {{small|[[13th Andhra Pradesh Assembly|(13th)]]}}
![[Indian National Congress]]
![[Second Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy ministry|Y.S.Rajasekhara Reddy II]]
[[Rosaiah ministry|K.Rosaiah]]
[[Kiran Kumar Reddy ministry|Kiran Kumar Reddy]]
![[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy]]
[[Konijeti Rosaiah]]
[[Kiran Kumar Reddy]]
|-
!1
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}"|
|
|'''Sidda Raghava Rao''' {{small|(born 1957) MLA for [[Darsi Assembly constituency|Darsi]]}}
|8 June 2014
|1 April 2017
| '''{{ayd|8 June 2014|1 April 2017}}'''
|rowspan=2 |[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]] {{small|[[14th Andhra Pradesh Assembly|(14th)]]}}
|rowspan=2|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="#F5EC7D"| [[Third N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry|Naidu III]]
|rowspan=2 |[[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-06-08 |title=19 ministers take oath along with Chandrababu Naidu |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/19-ministers-take-oath-along-with-chandrababu-naidu/ |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! 2
| [[File:Ch. Ayyanna Patrudu.jpg|97x97px]]
| '''[[Chintakayala Ayyanna Patrudu]]''' {{small|(born 1957) MLA for [[Narsipatnam Assembly constituency|Narsipatnam]]}}
| 2 April 2017
| 29 May 2019
| '''{{ayd|2 April 2017|29 May 2019}}'''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=New portfolios allocated to Andhra Pradesh Cabinet ministers|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2017/Apr/03/new-portfolios-allocated-to-andhra-pradesh-cabinet-ministers-1589368.html |website = The New Indian Express|date=3 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912164010/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2017/Apr/03/new-portfolios-allocated-to-andhra-pradesh-cabinet-ministers-1589368.html|archive-date=12 September 2024|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!3
|rowspan=3 bgcolor="{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}"|
|
| '''[[Dharmana Krishna Das]]''' {{small|(born 1954) MLA for [[Narasannapeta Assembly constituency|Narasannapeta]]}}
|30 May 2019
|22 July 2020
| '''{{ayd|30 May 2019|22 July 2020}}'''
|rowspan=3 |[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]] {{small|[[15th Andhra Pradesh Assembly|(15th)]]}}
| rowspan="3" |[[YSR Congress Party]]
| rowspan=3 bgcolor="#94A2F7"| [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy ministry|Jagan]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andhra Pradesh Ministers: Portfolios and profiles |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/andhra-pradesh-ministers-portfolios-and-profiles/article27698301.ece |website= The Hindu |date=8 June 2019 }}</ref>
|-
!4
|
| '''[[Malagundla Sankaranarayana]]''' {{small|(born 1965) MLA for [[Penukonda Assembly constituency|Penukonda]]}}
|23 July 2020
|7 April 2022
| '''{{ayd|23 July 2020|7 April 2022}}'''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Portfolio allocated to newly appointed ministers in Andhra cabinet|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/portfolio-allocated-to-newly-appointed-ministers-in-andhra-cabinet20200723000950/ |website= ANI News|date=23 July 2020 }}</ref>
|-
!5
|
| '''[[Dadisetti Ramalingeswara Rao]]''' {{small|(born 1975) MLA for [[Tuni Assembly constituency|Tuni]]}}
|11 April 2022
|7 April 2024
| '''{{ayd|11 April 2022|7 April 2024}}'''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=AP New Cabinet Ministers List 2022: Meet the new ministers in Jagan's government |url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/ap-new-cabinet-ministers-list-2022-ap-new-cabinet-ministers-list-with-portfolio-new-cabinet-mini-3393184.html |website= One India |date=11 April 2022 }}</ref>
|-
!6
|bgcolor="{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}"|
|[[File: B. C. Janardhan Reddy.jpg|97x97px]]
|'''[[B. C. Janardhan Reddy]]''' {{small|(born 1960) MLA for [[Banaganapalle Assembly constituency|Banaganapalle]]}}
|12 June 2024
|''Incumbent''
| '''{{ayd|12 June 2024|}}'''
|[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]] {{small|[[16th Andhra Pradesh Assembly|(16th)]]}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|bgcolor="#F5EC7D"| [[Fourth N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry|Naidu IV]]
|[[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=14 June 2024|title=Full list of Andhra Pradesh Cabinet Ministers with portfolios: Who gets what |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly/andhra-pradesh-council-of-ministers-full-list/article68288989.ece|website=[[The Hindu]]|language=en}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Lists of government ministers of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Andhra Pradesh]]

Mukkoottuthara Thiruvambadi Sree Krishnaswami Temple

2025-03-25T05:04:23Z

User987delhi: Created a place basic info!

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{notability|Places|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox Mandir
| name = Mukkoottuthara Thiruvambadi Sree Krishnaswami Temple
| image =
| alt =
| caption = Thiruvambadi Temple
| map_type = India Kerala
| map_caption = Thiruvambadi Sree Krishnaswamy Temple, [[Mukkoottuthara]], [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]], [[Kerala]]
| coordinates = {{coord|9|27|05.9|N|76|52|39.5|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = {{flag|India}}
| state = [[Kerala]]
| district = [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]]
| location = [[Mukkoottuthara]]
| elevation_m = 136.45
| deity = [[Krishna]]
| festivals = Thiru utsavam in Makaram
| architecture = Traditional Kerala style
| temple_quantity = One
| number_of_monuments =
| inscriptions =
|date_established =
| date_built =
| creator =
| governing_body =
| website =https://thiruvambadytemple.org
}}

'''Mukkoottuthara Thiruvambadi SreeKrishna Swami temple''' is a traditional [[Kerala]]-style [[Hindu]] shrine located near [[Mukkoottuthara]] in [[Erumely]] panchayath, [[Kottayam]] district. [[Krishna|Sree Krishna swami]] is the presiding primary deity here. Other sub deities are Naga, [[Ayyappa]], and [[Devi]]. The temple is situated few meters away from the town and also an important landmark of Mukkoottuthara. '''The Thiruvutsavam begins on the day of Anizham in the month of Makara and ends with the Thiru Aarat on the day of Thiruvonam.'''Various rituals are also associated with the festival. The idol of deity is taken out of the temple for ritual bathing on the aarattu day. ''Ghoshayathra'' with Chendamelam is also an important event during the festival. Many devotees arrive at the temple to join the festivities.Web site:https://thiruvambadytemple.org/ <ref>{{Cite web |title=THIRUVAMBADY – Religious Institution Website |url=https://thiruvambadytemple.org/ |access-date=2025-03-21 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Mukkoottuthara]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* [https://thiruvambadytemple.org/ Web site of thiruvambady Sreekrishna Swami Temple], Mukkoottuthara

[[Category:Hindu temples in Kottayam district]]

Garrison Cemetery, Seringapatam

2025-03-23T12:33:52Z

User987delhi: started page!

{{Short description|Cemetery in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox Military Cemetery
|name=Garrison Cemetery, Srirangpatna
|body=[[St. Bartholomew's Church, Mysuru]]
|image=Garrison Cemetery, Seringapatam.jpg
|caption=Garrison Cemetery, Seringapatam
|use_dates=1799–1860
|established=1799
|designer=
|coordinates={{coord|12|24|56.58|N|76|40|55.32|E|type:landmark_region:FR|display=inline,title}}
|nearest_town=[[Seringapatam]], India
|total= 307
|unknowns=
|commemorated=
|by_country=[[Switzerland]]: 307
|by_war=[[Siege of Seringapatam (1799)]]
|source=
}}

'''Garrison Cemetery''' is located in [[Seringapatam]], on the banks of the river [[Cauvery]], about 300m from the Bangalore Mysore Highway. It has about 307 graves of the European officers killed in the [[Siege of Seringapatam (1799)|final assault]] on [[Tippu Sultan]] in 1799, and their family members. Among the graves, there are 80 graves of the officers of the Swiss ‘[[Regiment de Meuron|de Meuron Regiment]]’, and the rest of the graves are their family members.<ref name=Hindu-Garrison>{{cite news|last1=Kumar|first1=M T Shiva|title=There is life at the cemetery|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-districtplus/there-is-life-at-the-cemetery/article4489629.ece|accessdate=3 February 2015|issue=Bangalore|work=The Hindu|date=9 March 2013}}</ref><ref name=Mysore />

The cemetery entrance gate has a marble stone, reads, "Garrison Cemetery AD 1800. Latest burial 1860." A few tombs are imposing, while others are small, some shaped like of a coffin and said to be the remains of infants who died of the plague. Many officers of the Swiss mercenary de Meuron Regiment are buried here.<ref name=Patrao>{{cite news|last1=Patrao|first1=Michael|title=Epitaphs for European officers|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/63412/content/213015/archives.php|accessdate=3 February 2015|issue=Bangalore|publisher=Deccan Herald|date=12 April 2010}}</ref>

==Regiment de Meuron==
{{main|Regiment de Meuron}}
The Regiment de Meuron, was a Swiss mercenary unit, in the services of the [[Dutch East India Company]], and even fought against the British [[East India Company]] in [[Ceylon]]. Following the abeyance of wage payments by the [[Dutch East India Company]] in Ceylon in 1795, the regiment held negotiations with the British [[East India Company]] and joined their services with 800 men. The Regiment de Meuron took part in the [[Siege of Seringapatam (1799)]] against [[Tippu Sultan]].<ref name=Hindu-Garrison /><ref name=Mysore>{{cite web|title=Garrison Cemetery|url=http://mysore.ind.in/garrison-cemetery|website=Mysore|accessdate=3 February 2015}}</ref><ref name=Harshitha>{{cite web|last1=Harshitha|first1=Samyuktha|title=The Swiss regiment that had a hand in the defeat and death of Tipu Sultan|url=http://samharshbangalore.blogspot.com.au/2013/01/the-swiss-regiment-that-had-hand-in.html|website=Hari Sarvothama Vayu Jeevothama -The Madhwa Way of the World|accessdate=3 February 2015|date=18 January 2013}}</ref>

==History==
The Swiss officers of the Regiment de Meuron, who fell in the Siege of Seringapatam (1799) were buried at the Garrison Cemetery, Seringapatam. The first burial took place in 1800, and the cemetery was in use till 1860. The British [[East India Company]] turned Seringapatam into a garrison town, and the cemetery came to be known as the Garrison Cemetery.<ref name=Hindu-Garrison /><ref name=Pratibha>{{cite web|last1=Pratibha|title=Going sombre in Mysore and the Srirangapatna Garrison Cemetery|url=http://www.reiseyatra.com/2013/12/going-sombre-in-mysore-and.html|website=Rediscovering India in journeys through a small world|accessdate=3 February 2015|date=14 December 2013}}</ref><ref name=Deepti /><ref name=Macquarie>{{cite web|title=Military Contemporaries of Lachlan Macquarie at Seringapatam in 1799|url=http://www.lib.mq.edu.au/digital/seringapatam/grand.html|publisher=Macquarie University|accessdate=3 February 2015|date=2011}}</ref><ref name=Masson>{{cite journal|last1=David|first1=Masson|title=The Centenary of Seringapatam.|journal=Macmillan's Magazine|date=1900|page=125|url=http://www.forgottenbooks.com/readbook_text/Macmillans_Magazine_1900_1000430909/129|access-date=3 February 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203093409/http://www.forgottenbooks.com/readbook_text/Macmillans_Magazine_1900_1000430909/129|archive-date=3 February 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The Garrison Cemetery, Seringapatam, is now under the management of the [[Church of South India|CSI]] [[St. Bartholomew's Church, Mysore]].<ref name=Rotti>{{cite web|last1=Rotti|first1=Joland|title=St. Bartholomew's Church, Mysore|url=http://www.karnataka.com/mysore/st-bartholomews-church/|website=Karnataka|accessdate=3 February 2015|date=3 October 2013}}</ref><ref name=Charya2-DH>{{cite news|last1=Charya|first1=S V Upendra|title=A historic church in Mysore|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/127952/F|accessdate=3 February 2015|issue=Bangalore|publisher=Deccan Herald|date=10 January 2011}}</ref>

==Record of Constance Parsons==
In 1931, Parsons describes the cemetery having graves of many brave fallen soldiers. Among them, Lt. Col. Peter Dallas, who tried to save the life of Seyyid Saheb, J A Cassamaijor of the De Meuron Regiment, many young wives aged 20–24 years.
One gravestone laments the loss of a young wife using [[Ben Jonson]]'s epitaph for Elizabeth as
{{quote|<poem>
Underneath this stone doth lie
As much beauty as could die
Which in life did harbour give
To more virtue than doth live<ref name=Parsons /></poem>}}

==Grave of Caroline Isabella Scott==
Constance Parsons records seeing the grave of Scott's wife at the Garrison Cemetery, with the inscription that reads ''"Caroline Isabella Scott (and infant child), wife of Colonel I C Scott, Commandant of Seringapatam; who died in child-bed, 19th April 1817."''

The names are associated with the tragedy of the [[Scott's Bungalow]], Seringapatam, which is located on the banks of the river Cauvery.<ref name=Parsons>{{cite book|last1=Parsons|first1=Constance E|title=Seringapatam|date=1931|publisher=H. Milford|pages=[https://archive.org/details/SeringapatamConstanceParsons1931/page/n214 155]–157|url=https://archive.org/details/SeringapatamConstanceParsons1931|accessdate=25 September 2015}}</ref>

==Years of neglect==
Years of neglect, resulted in the magnificent memorial stones going to the brink of imminent collapse. The whole place was overrun with weeds and thick bushes.<ref name=Hindu-Garrison /><ref name=UNESCO>{{cite web|author1=Permanent Delegation of India to UNESCO|title=Monuments of Srirangapatna Island Town|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5895/|website=UNESCO: World Heritage|accessdate=3 February 2015|date=15 April 2014}}</ref>

==Restoration==
In 2007, Louis Dominique de Meuron, a descendant of the Regiment de Meuron, visited the Garrison Cemetery, along with his wife Monique. Saddened by the state of neglect of the cemetery, the couple engaged an agency in [[Mysore]] (Ravi Gundu Rao & Associates (RGRA)) to restore the graves. After their demise in 2012, restoration was continuously supported by their children Jean de Meuron and Dr. Sophie.<ref name=Hindu-Garrison /><ref name=Deepti />

The graves were restored to their original state in consultation with the Karnataka State Archaeology Department, and formally handed over to the de Meuron family in November 2008. The cost of restoration was around INR 3 million<ref name=Hindu-Garrison /><ref name=Patrao /><ref name=Deepti>{{cite news|last1=Ganapathy|first1=Deepti|title=Garrison Cemetery Restored: A Wake-Up Call To Preserve Heritage Monuments|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrint_TOI&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOIBG/2008/11/26&ID=Ar00700|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203093246/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrint_TOI&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOIBG/2008/11/26&ID=Ar00700|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2015|accessdate=3 February 2015|issue=Bangalore|work=The Times of India|date=26 November 2008}}</ref>

Lime and bricks were mainly used in the restoration, with the lime coming from a local quarry. Nearly 12–18 masons, craftsmen, and workers were involved in the restoration works.<ref name=Kunkuma>{{cite journal|last1=Kishore|first1=Kunkuma Devi|title=Restoration of the Garrison Cemetery at Srirangapatna, Karnataka|journal=ACCU Nara International Correspondent|date=2012|pages=7–10|url=http://www.nara.accu.or.jp/activities/img/dissemination/10th.pdf|accessdate=3 February 2015|publisher=Cultural Heritage Protection Cooperation Office, Asia-Pacific Cultural Centre for UNESCO (ACCU)}}</ref>

Following the restoration, the Garrison Cemetery, Seringapatam is now included in the tourist itinerary of Mysore/Srirangapatna.<ref name=Gaur-Hindu>{{cite news|last1=Gaur|first1=June|title=Whose history is it anyway?|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/whose-history-is-it-anyway/article4685098.ece|accessdate=3 February 2015|issue=Bangalore|work=The Hindu|date=5 May 2013}}</ref><ref name=SriLanka>{{cite news|title=Sensational archaeological discovery|url=https://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2013/05/19/mon21.asp|access-date=3 February 2015|issue=Sri Lanka|publisher=Sunday Observer|date=19 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203095936/http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2013/05/19/mon21.asp|archive-date=3 February 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Descendants of the soldiers often visit the cemetery and offer homage.<ref name=Deepti /> The caretaker of the cemetery is Ms. Vidyalakshmi, a local history enthusiast.<ref name=Hindu-Garrison />

==His Majesty's Cemetery, Ganjam==
According to Rev. E W Thompson and other accounts, there used to exist a Madras Army cemetery called "His Majesty's Cemetery" at [[Ganjam]], near the [[Gumbaz, Seringapatam|Gumbaz]] (a short distance in the North-West direction), much before the Garrison Cemetery. The cemetery was enclosed by a wall, with an inscription on the gate-post, "His Majesty's Cemetery, Ganjam, a.d. 1799–1808". It contains burials between 1799 and 1808, mainly from the 33rd Regiment. Daniel Pritchard, the music master of this regiment was buried at this cemetery in July 1799. Elinda Harmonci, a child aged 4 years was also buried here in November 1799.

[[Edward Montagu (Indian Army officer)|Col. Edward Montague]] of the Bengal Artillery, died 8 May 1799, 4 days after the final assault is buried near the Sangam, on the extreme east end of the island.<ref name=Thompson>{{cite book|last1=Thompson|first1=Rev. E W|title=The Last Siege of Seringapatam: An Account of the Final Assault, May 4th, I 799; of the Death and Burial of Tippu Sultan ; and of the Imprisonment of British Officers and Men; taken from the Narratives of Officers present at the Siege and of those who survived their captivity|date=1923|publisher=Wesleyan Mission Press|location=Mysore City, British India|pages=68, 69|url=http://tera-3.ul.cs.cmu.edu/NASD/4a7f1db4-5792-415c-be79-266f41eef20a/upgrade-archive-06-14-2007/data/upload-allbooks/disk%203/Jan%20N/ENGLISH/The_Last_Siege_Of_Seringapatam/HTML/00000096.htm|accessdate=27 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304091442/http://tera-3.ul.cs.cmu.edu/NASD/4a7f1db4-5792-415c-be79-266f41eef20a/upgrade-archive-06-14-2007/data/upload-allbooks/disk%203/Jan%20N/ENGLISH/The_Last_Siege_Of_Seringapatam/HTML/00000096.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Newell>{{cite book|last1=Newell|first1=H A|title=Topee and Turban, or Here and There in India|date=1921|location=London|page=242|url=http://www.forgottenbooks.com/readbook_text/Topee_and_Turban_or_Here_and_There_in_India_1000836325/315|accessdate=27 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928052852/http://www.forgottenbooks.com/readbook_text/Topee_and_Turban_or_Here_and_There_in_India_1000836325/315|archive-date=28 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Lord Harris's House==
[[File:Lord Harris Residence 02, Seringapatam.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Inscription at the Lord Harris Residence, Seringapatam]]
[[File:Lord Harris Residence 01, Seringapatam.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Lord Harris Residence, Seringapatam]]
Between the Garrison Cemetery and [[Scott's Bungalow]] a path leads to the house on the river banks. This house is known as "Lord Harris's House" or "The Doctor's Bungalow" or "Puraniah's Bungalow". This house was the residence of General Harris, for a short time after the [[Siege of Seringapatam (1799)|Siege of Seringapatam]] in 1799, and went on to become headquarters of the commanding officer of Seringapatam. In 1809, this house was the scene of a mutiny by officers of the [[Madras Army]], led by Col. Bell, against Sir. George Barlow, the Governor of Madras.

[[Purnaiah]] lived in the house after his retirement from service in 1811, and died there on 28 March 1812. Days before his death, he wrote a letter to his friend Col. Hill, Commandant of Seringapatam, "Old and infirm, after a life of unusual activity and care, I am going to the land of my fathers", for which Col. Hill replied "Say I am travelling the same road", and died a short time after Purnaiah.

A tablet on the wall of this house records the connection of Lord Harris and Puraniah to this house.<ref name=Parsons />

==See also==
* [[Regiment de Meuron]]
* [[Siege of Seringapatam (1799)]]
* [[Anglo-Mysore Wars]]
* [[Scott's Bungalow]]
* [[Gumbaz, Seringapatam]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Find a Grave cemetery|2661721|St. Bartholomew's Church Cemetery, a.k.a. St. Bartholomew's Church Cemetery Mysore}}

{{Cemeteries in India}}
{{Portal bar|United Kingdom|Switzerland|India}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Regiment De Meuron}}
[[Category:Srirangapatna]]
[[Category:Military history of the Dutch East India Company]]
[[Category:1799 in India]]
[[Category:Church of South India]]
[[Category:Anglican cemeteries in India]]
[[Category:Kingdom of Mysore]]
[[Category:Military cemeteries]]
[[Category:Cemeteries established in the 1790s]]

Jaisalmer Fort Jain temples

2025-03-22T18:12:22Z

User987delhi: put up a place

{{short description|Complex of Śvetāmbara Jain temples in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox religious building
| religious_affiliation = [[Jainism]]
| sect = [[Śvētāmbara]]
| image = File:Jain temples, Jaisalmer Fort - panoramio (cropped).jpg
| alt = Parshvanath temple
| caption = Parshvanath temple
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| map_type =
| map_alt =
| map_size = 200
| map_caption = Location within Rajasthan
| coordinates = {{coord|26|54|44|N|70|54|44|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[Jaisalmer]], [[Rajasthan]]
| festivals = [[Mahavir Jayanti]]
| deity = [[Parshvanatha]], [[Chandraprabha]], [[Rishabhanatha]], [[Sambhavanatha]], [[Shitalanatha]], [[Shantinath]] and [[Kunthunatha]]
| established = 12th century CE
| completed = 16th century CE
| creator =
| governing_body =
| temple_quantity = 7
| architecture_style =

| designation1 = WHS
| designation1_offname = [[Hill Forts of Rajasthan]]
| designation1_criteria = {{UNESCO WHS type|(ii)(iii)}}(ii)(iii)
| designation1_date = 2013 ([[World Heritage Committee|session]])
| designation1_number = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247 247rev]
}}
{{Jainism}}
'''Jaisalmer Fort Jain temples''' is a group of seven [[Śvetāmbara]] [[Jain temples]] inside [[Jaisalmer Fort]] in the Indian state of [[Rajasthan]]. It is a [[World Heritage Site]] of [[UNESCO]] as part of [[Hill Forts of Rajasthan]].{{sfn|UNESCO|2013}}

== History ==
Jaisalmer Fort has a complex of seven Jain temples built by yellow sandstone during 12-16th century.{{sfn|UNESCO|2013}}{{sfn|Melton|2014|p=125}}{{sfn|External affairs ministry}}{{sfn|Gill|2019}} [[Chandraprabha]] temple was built in 1509 CE.{{sfn|RTDC}} Askaran Chopra of [[Merta City|merta]] built a huge temple dedicated to [[Sambhavanatha]] housing more than 600 idols and ''Gyan Bhandar'' (grand library) with oldest hand written books scripted on Bhojpatra and Tadputra.{{sfn|Jain|2005|p=231}} There are about 1,000 old manuscripts written on palm leaf with painted wooden covers. These manuscripts dates back to 12th century.{{sfn|Ring|Watson|Schellinger|2012|p=392}}{{sfn|Fodor's|2009|p=302}} The library also contains paintings, astrological charts, and a copy of dronacharya's ''Oghaniryaktivritti''.{{sfn|Abram|2003|p=207}} Chopra Panchaji built Ashtapadh temple inside the fort.{{sfn|Jain|2005|p=232}}

Sambhavanatha temple and Parshvanath temple houses inscription dated 1440 CE and 1416 CE installed during the reign of Rawal Dūdā.{{sfn|Śrivastava|1981|p=140}}

== Architecture ==
[[File:Temples at Jaisalmer Fort -Jaisalmer -Rajasthan -Seal Sum 04.jpg|thumb|left|[[Torana]] at Parshvanatha temple ]]

Jaisalmer Fort has a large complex of seven Jain temples. These Jain temples of Jaisalmer are considered architectural wonders. The group of Jain temple consist of [[Parshvanatha|Parsvanatha]] temple, [[Sambhavanatha]] temple, [[Shitalanatha]] temple, [[Shantinatha]] and [[Kunthunatha]] temple, [[Chandraprabha]] temple and [[Rishabhanatha]] temple.{{sfn|Ring|Watson|Schellinger|2012|p=392}}{{sfn|ASI}}

The temple contains frescoes, mirrors and other forms of detailing, the temples boast exquisite designs, with the walls of the temples features intricate carvings of animals and human figures similar to [[Dilwara temples]].{{sfn|RTDC}}{{sfn|Hunter|1886|p=70}}{{sfn|Berger|2017|p=72}}

The Parshvanatha temple is the oldest temple in the complex. It houses a black marble idol of Parshvanatha with a hood of a serpent with multiple heads over his head, similar to that of in [[Lodhurva Jain temple]].{{sfn|Jain|2017}} The temple is rich in craftsmanship and exquisite carvings.{{sfn|Sinha|2007|p=93}} The [[garbhagriha]] wall bears carvings of animals and human figures. The [[Shikhara|shikhar]] of the temple is crowned with [[amalaka]].{{sfn|Kapoor|2002|p=3681}} The temple features an ornate porch and the main shrine is surrounded by 52 small shrines.{{sfn|Betts|McCulloch|2013|p=137}}

Chandraprabha temple plan consists of the [[mandapa]] with iconic architecture. Rishabhanatha temple houses an idol of [[Rishabhanatha]] safeguarded with glass cabinets. The remaining two temples Shantinath and Kunthunath contain carvings.{{sfn|RTDC}} Ashtapadh temple features images of [[Vishnu]], [[Kali]] and [[Lakshmi]] along with Jain deities.{{sfn|Betts|McCulloch|2013|p=137}}
{{clear}}

== Photo gallery ==
<gallery>
File:N-RJ-87 Fort including Ancient Temples Jaisalmer SolReyes20100917 332.JPG|Chandraprabha temple
File:Jaisalmer, India, Jaisalmer Fort, Jain Temple Interior.jpg|Interior
File:Jaisalmer Jain Temple 17.jpg|Intricate carvings on wall
File:Jaisalmer, India, Jaisalmer Fort, Jain Temple, Art 3.jpg|Detail of carving
File:Jaisalmer, India, Jaisalmer Fort, Jain Temple, Ceiling star.jpg|Temple ceiling
File:N-RJ-87 Fort including Ancient Temples Jaisalmer SolReyes20100917 342.JPG|Pillars inside temple
File:N-RJ-87 Fort including Ancient Temples Jaisalmer SolReyes20100917 378.JPG|Carving of devkulika on roof
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Dilwara temples]]
* [[Ranakpur Jain temple]]
* [[Lodhurva Jain temple]]

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist|23em}}

=== Bibliography ===
==== Books ====
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book | last=Abram | first=David |url={{Google books|kAMik_6LbwUC|page=207|plainurl=yes}} |title=The Rough Guide to India|series=Rough Guide Travel Guides|edition=4th|publisher=[[Rough Guides]] | year=2003 | isbn=9781843530893 }}
* {{cite book | last=Berger | first=Arthur Asa | author-link=Arthur Asa Berger | url={{Google books|QzgrDwAAQBAJ|page=72|plainurl=yes}} |title=The Golden Triangle: An Ethno-semiotic Tour of Present-day India |series=An enthno-semiotic tour of present-day India |publisher=[[Routledge]] | year=2017 | isbn=978-1-4128-0787-6 }}
* {{cite book | last1=Betts | first1=Vanessa | last2=McCulloch | first2=Victoria | url={{Google books|y-pUBAAAQBAJ|page=137|plainurl=yes}} |title=India - The North: Forts, Palaces, the Himalaya Dream Trip |series=Footprint Dream Trip|publisher=[[Footprint Travel Guides]] | year=2013 | isbn=9781907263743 }}
* {{cite book | author=Fodor's |url={{Google books|O4uFDwAAQBAJ|pg=PT302|plainurl=yes}} |title=Fodor's Essential India: with Delhi, Rajasthan, Mumbai & Kerala|edition=4th|series=Full-color Travel Guide|publisher=[[Fodor's Travel]] | year=2009 | isbn=9781640971233 }}
* {{cite book | last=Hunter | first=William Wilson | author-link=William Wilson Hunter | url={{Google books|z5EbAQAAIAAJ|page=70|plainurl=yes}} | title=The Imperial Gazetteer of India | series=[[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]] | volume=7 | edition=2nd | publisher=[[Trübner]] | location=[[London]] | year=1886 }}
* {{cite book | last=Jain | first=Chanchalmal Lodha |url={{Google books|1EVEBQAAQBAJ|page=231|plainurl=yes}} |title=History of Oswals|publisher=Panchshil Publications | location=[[New Delhi]] | year=2005 | isbn=9788192373027 }}
* {{citation |last=Kapoor | first=Subodh | title=The Indian Encyclopaedia: Indo-Pak War-Kamla Karri | volume=12 | series=The Indian Encyclopaedia: Biographical, Historical, Religious, Administrative, Ethnological, Commercial and Scientific | url={{Google books|cNkk6HjyiW8C|page=3681|plainurl=yes}} | publisher=Cosmo Publication | location=Delhi | date=2002 | isbn=978-81-7755-269-0 }}
* {{cite book |last=Melton |first=J. Gordon |url={{Google books|bI9_AwAAQBAJ|page=125|plainurl=yes}} |title=Faiths Across Time: 5,000 Years of Religious History | volume=4 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]| location=[[California]] |date=2014|isbn=978-1-61069-026-3}}
* {{cite book | last1=Ring | first1=Trudy | last2=Watson | first2=Noelle | last3=Schellinger | first3=Paul | title=Asia and Oceania: International Dictionary of Historic Places | volume=5 | url={{Google books|voerPYsAB5wC|page=392|plainurl=yes}} | year=2012 | publisher=[[Routledge]] | location=[[New York City|New York]] | isbn=9781136639791 }}
* {{cite book | last=Śrivastava | first=Vijai Shankar | title=Cultural Contours of India | volume=Dr. Satya Prakash Felicitation | url={{Google books|nKJiBUFrmfoC|pg=RA1-PA140|plainurl=yes}} | year=1981 | publisher=Abhinav Publications | isbn=9780391023581 }}
* {{cite book | last=Sinha | first=Juhi | title=Beyond the Dunes: Journeys in Rajasthan | url={{Google books|FatlGxEWo3IC|page=93|plainurl=yes}} | year=2007 | publisher=[[Penguin Books]] | location=[[Haryana]] | isbn=978-0-14306-306-3 }}
{{refend}}

==== Web ====
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite web|author=UNESCO|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title=Hill Forts of Rajasthan|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|date=21 June 2013|access-date=22 July 2021}}
* {{cite web | author=ASI | url=http://asijaipurcircle.nic.in/Jaisalmer%20fort.html | title=Jaisalmer fort | publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] | access-date=23 July 2021 }}
* {{cite web | author=RTDC | url=http://www.tourism.rajasthan.gov.in/jain-temples-of-jaisalmer.html | title=Jain temples in Jaisalmer, Rajasthan | publisher=[[Rajasthan Tourism Development Corporation]] | access-date=22 July 2021 }}
* {{cite web | author=External affairs ministry | url=https://knowindia.gov.in/culture-and-heritage/monuments/jaisalmer-fort.php | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114165435/http://knowindia.gov.in/culture-and-heritage/monuments/jaisalmer-fort.php | url-status=dead | archive-date=14 January 2018 | title=Jaisalmer Fort | series=[[Know India Programme]] | publisher=[[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] }}
* {{cite web | last=Gill | first=Simran | url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/explore/story/70080/how-to-spend-24-hours-in-jaisalmer | title=Heading To Jaisalmer? Here's How To Spend 24 Hours | work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] | location=[[New Delhi]] | date=27 November 2019 | access-date=23 July 2021 }}
* {{cite news | last=Jain | first=Swati | title=Jain temples | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/Jaisalmer/Jain-Temples/ps49580960.cms | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=19 January 2017 | access-date=23 July 2021 }}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* {{commons category-inline|Jaisalmer Fort Jain temples}}

{{Jain temples}}
{{Jainism Topics}}

[[Category:Jain pilgrimage sites]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:12th-century sculptures]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Jaisalmer]]