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<p>Uravu: started a data w/ sources!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|none}} &lt;!-- &quot;none&quot; is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[BP:SDNONE]] --&gt;<br /> {{Redirect|Drukyul}}<br /> {{HistoryOfSouthAsia}}<br /> {{Culture of Bhutan}}<br /> <br /> [[Image:Tashichoedzong-Bhutan-2001.JPG|right|thumb|250px|View of [[Tashichoedzong, Bhutan|Tashichoedzong]], Thimphu. The 17th-century fortress-[[monastery#Buddhist monasteries|monastery]] on the northern edge of the city, has been the seat of [[Politics of Bhutan|Bhutan's government]] since 1952.]]<br /> <br /> [[Bhutan]]'s early history is steeped in [[mythology]] and remains obscure. Some of the structures provide evidence that the region has been settled as early as 2000 BC. According to a legend it was ruled by a [[Cooch Behar|Cooch-Behar]] king, Sangaldip, around the 7th century BC,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Geography of a Himalayan Kingdom: Bhutan|year=2001|publisher=Concept Publishing|isbn=978-8170228875|page=1|last1=Fraser|first1=Neil|first2=Anima|last2=Bhattacharya|last3=Bhattacharya|first3=Bimalendu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OzLsd5nvzGwC&amp;q=sangaldip}}&lt;/ref&gt; but not much is known prior to the introduction of [[Tibetan Buddhism]] in the 8th century, when turmoil in [[Tibet]] forced many [[monk]]s to flee to Bhutan. In the 12th century, the [[Drukpa Kagyu]]pa school was established and remains the dominant form of Buddhism in Bhutan today. The country's political history is intimately tied to its religious history and relations among the various monastic schools and monasteries.&lt;ref name=bn&gt;[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35839.htm#history &quot;Background Note: Bhutan&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112050953/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35839.htm#history |date=2021-11-12 }}. [[U.S. Department of State]] (March 2008).&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Since at least the tenth century, no outside power has ever occupied or governed Bhutan (notwithstanding occasional nominal tributary status).&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Rose|1977|p=24}}: &quot;[T]here can be no doubt that since at least the tenth century no external power has controlled Bhutan, although there have been periods when various of its neighbors have been able to exert a strong cultural and/or political influence there.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The consolidation of Bhutan occurred in 1616 when [[Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal|Ngawanag Namgyal]], a [[lama]] from western Tibet known as the [[Zhabdrung Rinpoche]], defeated three Tibetan invasions, subjugated rival religious schools, codified the ''[[Tsa Yig]]'', an intricate and comprehensive system of law, and established himself as ruler over a system of ecclesiastical and civil administrators. After his death, infighting and civil war eroded the power of the Zhabdrung for the next 200 years. In 1885, [[Ugyen Wangchuck]] was able to consolidate power, and began cultivating closer ties with the [[United Kingdom|British]] in the subcontinent.&lt;ref name=bn/&gt;<br /> <br /> In December 1907, [[Ugyen Wangchuck]] ([[Bhutan]]:འབྲུག་རྒྱལ་དང་པ་ཨོ་རྒྱན་དབང་ཕྱུག) was enthroned as the first hereditary king of Bhutan. In 1910, King Ugyen and the British signed the [[Treaty of Punakha]] which provided that British India would not interfere in the internal affairs of Bhutan if the country accepted external advice in its external relations. When Ugyen Wangchuck died in 1926, his son [[Jigme Wangchuck]] became the second king, and when India gained independence in 1947, the new Indian Government recognized Bhutan as an independent country. In 1949, India and Bhutan signed the Treaty of Peace and Friendship, which provided that India would not interfere in Bhutan's internal affairs, but would guide its foreign policy. Succeeded in 1952 by his son [[Jigme Dorji Wangchuck]], Bhutan began to slowly emerge from its isolation and began a program of planned development. The [[National Assembly of Bhutan]], the [[Royal Bhutanese Army]], and the [[Royal Court of Justice]] were established, along with a new code of law.&lt;ref name=bn/&gt; Bhutan became a member of the [[United Nations]] in 1971.<br /> <br /> In 1972, [[Jigme Singye Wangchuck]] ascended the throne at age 16. He emphasized modern education, decentralization of governance, the development of hydroelectricity and tourism and improvements in rural developments. He was perhaps best known internationally for his overarching development philosophy of &quot;[[gross national happiness]].&quot; It recognizes that there are many dimensions to development and that economic goals alone are not sufficient. Satisfied with Bhutan's transitioning democratization process, he abdicated in December 2006 rather than wait until the promulgation of the new constitution in 2008. His son, [[Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck]], became King upon his abdication.&lt;ref name=bn/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Origins and early settlement, 600–1600==<br /> {{original research|section|date=August 2022}}<br /> A state of Lhomon (literally, southern darkness) or Monyul (dark land, a reference to the [[Monpa people|Monpa]], one of the [[Tibeto-Burman]] peoples of Bhutan), possibly a part of Tibet that was then beyond the pale of Buddhist teachings. Monyul is thought to have existed between AD 100 and AD 600. The names Lhomon Tsendenjong (southern Mon sandalwood country) and Lhomon Khazhi (southern Mon country of four approaches), found in ancient Bhutanese and Tibetan chronicles, may also have credence and have been used by some Bhutanese scholars when referring to their homeland. Variations of the [[Sanskrit]] words Bhota-ant (end of Bhot) or Bhu-uttan (meaning highlands) have been suggested by historians as origins of the name Bhutan, which came into common foreign use in the late 19th century and is used in Bhutan only in English-language official correspondence. The traditional name of the country since the 17th century has been Drukyul—country of the [[Druk]]pa, the Dragon people, or the Land of the Thunder Dragon, a reference to the country's dominant Buddhist sect.&lt;ref name=oes&gt;{{harvnb|Worden|1991|loc=&quot;Origins and Early Settlement, AD 600–1600&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Some scholars believe that during the early historical period the inhabitants were fierce mountain aborigines, the [[Monpa people|Monpa]], who were of neither the Tibetan or [[Mongol]] stock that later overran northern Bhutan. The people of Monyul practiced a shamanistic religion, which emphasized worship of nature and the existence of good and evil spirits. During the latter part of this period, historical legends relate that the mighty king of Monyul invaded a southern region known as the Duars, subduing the regions of modern [[Assam]], [[West Bengal]], and [[Bihar]] in India.&lt;ref name=oes/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Arrival of Buddhism===<br /> Buddhism was possibly first introduced to Bhutan as early as the 2nd century AD.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.mea.gov.in/portal/countryquicklink/775_country_note_on_bhutan.doc#:~:text=3.,(Land%20of%20the%20Dragon)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bhutan - Indian Travel Promotion Company |url=https://indiantravelpromotion.com/bhutan-travel-package/,%20https://indiantravelpromotion.com/bhutan-travel-package/ |access-date=2025-11-11 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-09-20 |title=Bhutan religion - Buddhism in Bhutan {{!}} Go Bhutan Tours |url=https://www.gobhutantours.com/buddhism-in-bhutan/ |access-date=2025-11-11 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Exposure |first=Bhutan Life |title=History of Bhutan {{!}} Bhutan Life Exposure |url=https://www.bletour.com/history-of-bhutan/ |access-date=2025-11-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Tibetan Buddhism]] was first introduced to Bhutan in the 7th century. Tibetan king [[Songtsän Gampo]]&lt;ref name=Padel&gt;{{cite book|title=Tigers in red weather: a quest for the last wild tigers |first=Ruth |last=Padel |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |year=2006 |isbn=0-8027-1544-3 |pages=139–40 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zYLJp0X04mUC |access-date=2011-08-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; (reigned 627–649), a Buddhist convert, constructed 108 Buddhist temples in the Himalayan region, including a few temples at [[Bumthang (town)|Bumthang]] in central Bhutan, [[Haa District|Haa]], [[Lhuntse District|Lhuentse]] and at [[Kyichu Lhakhang|Kyichu]] (near [[Paro, Bhutan|Paro]]) in the [[Paro Valley]].&lt;ref name=ab/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jambay Lhakhang, one of the Oldest Temples in Bhutan founded in 659 CE |url=https://bhutanpilgrimage.com/jambay-lhakhang-one-of-the-oldest-temples-in-bhutan-founded-in-659-ce/ |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=bhutanpilgrimage.com |date=October 2024 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kyichu Lhakhang, the Sacred Jewel of Bhutan |url=https://bhutanpilgrimage.com/kyichu-lhakhang-the-sacred-jewel-of-bhutan/ |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=bhutanpilgrimage.com |date=30 November 2024 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Buddhism was propagated in earnest&lt;ref name=Padel/&gt; in 746&lt;ref name=Hattaway&gt;{{cite book|title=Peoples of the Buddhist world: a Christian prayer diary|first=Paul |last=Hattaway |publisher=William Carey Library |year=2004 |isbn=0-87808-361-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OzEOKNPsv2EC |page=30 |access-date=2011-08-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; under King Sindhu Rāja (''also'' Künjom;&lt;ref name=Rennie&gt;{{cite book|title=Bhutan: ways of knowing |first1=Frank |last1=Rennie |first2=Robin |last2=Mason |publisher=IAP |year=2008 |pages=18, 58 |isbn=978-1-59311-734-4 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sendha Gyab; Jakar Gyalpo), an exiled [[Indian people|Indian]] king who had established a government in Bumthang at [[Jakar]] Gutho Palace.&lt;ref name=HBB&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yA9uAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Bhutan based on Buddhism |first=C. T. |last=Dorji |publisher=Sangay Xam, Prominent Publishers |year=1994 |isbn=81-86239-01-4 |access-date=2011-08-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|35}}&lt;ref name=Harding&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rlxdncBwpbgC |title=The life and revelations of Pema Lingpa |last1=Padma-gliṅ-pa |first1=(Gter-ston) |editor=Harding, Sarah |publisher=Snow Lion Publications |year=2003 |isbn=1-55939-194-4 |access-date=2011-08-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|13}}<br /> <br /> Buddhism replaced but did not eliminate the [[Bon]] religious practices that had also been prevalent in Tibet until the late 6th century. Instead, Buddhism absorbed Bon and its believers. As the country developed in its many fertile valleys, Buddhism matured and became a unifying element. It was Buddhist literature and chronicles that began the recorded history of Bhutan.&lt;ref name=ab&gt;{{harvnb|Worden|1991|loc=&quot;Arrival of Buddhism&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 810AD, a Buddhist saint, [[Padmasambhava]] (known in Bhutan as [[Guru Rinpoche]] and sometimes referred to as the Second Buddha), came to Bhutan from Nepal at the invitation of King Sindhu Rāja.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Guru Rinpoche in Bhutan: His Visits to Bhutan and Sacred Sites |url=https://bhutanpilgrimage.com/guru-rinpoche-and-his-visit-to-bhutan/ |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=bhutanpilgrimage.com |date=20 May 2021 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; After reportedly subduing [[eight classes of gods and demons]] and converting the king, Guru Rimpoche moved on to Tibet. Upon his return from Tibet, he oversaw the construction of new monasteries in the [[Paro Valley]] and set up his headquarters in [[Bumthang (town)|Bumthang]]. According to tradition, he founded the [[Nyingmapa]] sect—also known as the &quot;old sect&quot; or Red Hat sect—of [[Mahayana Buddhism]], which became for a time the dominant religion of Bhutan. Guru Rimpoche plays a great historical and religious role as the national patron saint who revealed the [[tantra]]s—manuals describing forms of devotion to natural energy—to Bhutan. Following the guru's sojourn, Indian influence played a temporary role until increasing Tibetan migrations brought new cultural and religious contributions.&lt;ref name=ab/&gt;<br /> <br /> There was no central government during this period. Instead, small independent monarchies began to develop by the early 9th century. Each was ruled by a deb (king), some of whom claimed divine origins. The [[kingdom of Bumthang]] was the most prominent among these small entities. At the same time, Tibetan Buddhist monks (lam in [[Dzongkha]], Bhutan's official national language) had firmly rooted their religion and culture in Bhutan, and members of joint Tibetan-Mongol military expeditions settled in fertile valleys. By the 11th century, all of Bhutan was occupied by Tibetan-Mongol military forces.&lt;ref name=ab/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/columbiachronolo00john|url-access=registration|title=Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2000|isbn=0-231-11004-9|editor-last=Bowman|editor-first=John S.|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/columbiachronolo00john/page/385 385]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Sectarian rivalry===<br /> By the 10th century, Bhutan's political development was heavily influenced by its religious history. Following a period in which [[Buddhism]] was in decline in [[Tibet]] in the 11th century, contention among a number of subsects emerged. The [[Yuan dynasty]] overlords of [[Tibet under Yuan rule|Tibet]] and Bhutan patronized a sequence of subsects until their own political decline in the 14th century. By that time, the [[Gelugpa]] or Yellow Hat school had, after a period of anarchy in Tibet, become a powerful force resulting in the flight to Bhutan of numerous monks of various minor opposing sects. Among these monks was the founder of the [[Lhapa]] subsect of the [[Kargyupa]] school, to whom is attributed the introduction of strategically built [[Dzong architecture|dzong]]. Although the Lhapa subsect had been successfully challenged in the 12th century by another Kargyupa subsect—the [[Drukpa Lineage|Drukpa]]—led by Tibetan monk [[Phajo Drugom Shigpo|Phajo Drugom Zhigpo]], it continued to proselytize until the 17th century. The Drukpa spread throughout Bhutan and eventually became a dominant form of religious practice. Between the 12th century and the 17th century, the two Kargyupa subsects vied with one another from their respective dzong as the older form of Nyingmapa Buddhism was eclipsed.&lt;ref name=ras&gt;{{harvnb|Worden|1991|loc=&quot;Rivalry among the Sects&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Theocratic government, 1616–1907==<br /> <br /> ===Consolidation and defeat of Tibetan invasions, 1616–51===<br /> [[File:CEM-36-Regno-della-China-2355.jpg|thumb|280px|A 17th-century Italian map showing a large &quot;Kingdom of Barantola or Boutan&quot; bordering on Nepal and [[Tibet]], as well as, surprisingly, [[Yunnan]], [[Sichuan]], and the [[Western Xia|Kingdom of Tanguts]]]]<br /> In the 17th century, a [[dual system of government|theocratic government]] independent of [[Tibet]]an political influence was established, and premodern Bhutan emerged. The theocratic government was founded by an expatriate Drukpa monk, [[Ngawang Namgyal]], who arrived in Bhutan in 1616 seeking freedom from the domination of the Gelugpa subsect led by the [[Dalai Lama]] (Ocean Lama) in Lhasa. After a series of victories over rival subsect leaders and Tibetan invaders, Ngawang Namgyal took the title ''Zhabdrung'' (At Whose Feet One Submits, or, in many Western sources, ''Dharma Raja''), becoming the temporal and spiritual leader of Bhutan. Considered the first great historical figure of Bhutan, he united the leaders of powerful Bhutanese families in a land called Drukyul. He promulgated a code of law and built a network of impregnable forts (''dzong''), a system that helped bring local lords under centralized control and strengthened the country against Tibetan invasions. Many forts were extant in the late 20th century.&lt;ref name=cdti&gt;{{harvnb|Worden|1991|loc=&quot;Consolidation and Defeat of Tibetan Invasions, 1616–51&quot; (pp.&amp;nbsp;256–257)}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> During the first war with Tibet, c. 1627, [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] [[Jesuits]] [[Estêvão Cacella]] and [[João Cabral]] were the first recorded Europeans to visit Bhutan on their way to Tibet. They met with Ngawang Namgyal, presented him with firearms, [[gunpowder]] and a [[telescope]], and offered him their services in the war against Tibet, but the Zhabdrung declined the offer.&lt;ref name=cdti/&gt; After a stay of nearly eight months Cacella wrote a long letter from the [[Chagri Monastery]] reporting the travel. This is a rare report of the Zhabdrung remaining.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |url=http://www.bhutannica.org/index.php?title=Estevao_Cacella |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522081607/http://www.bhutannica.org/index.php?title=Estevao_Cacella |url-status=usurped |archive-date=May 22, 2011 |contribution=Stephen Cacella |title=Bhutannica}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Tibetan armies invaded Bhutan around 1629, in 1631, and again in 1639, hoping to throttle Ngawang Namgyal's popularity before it spread too far. In 1634 Ngawang Namgyal defeated [[Karma Tenkyong]]'s army in the [[Battle of Five Lamas]]. The invasions were thwarted, and the Drukpa subsect developed a strong presence in western and central Bhutan, leaving Ngawang Namgyal supreme. In recognition of the power he accrued, goodwill missions were sent to Bhutan from [[Cooch Behar]] in the Duars (present-day northeastern West Bengal), Nepal to the west, and [[Ladakh]] in western Tibet. The ruler of Ladakh even gave a number of villages in his kingdom to Ngawang Namgyal.<br /> <br /> Bhutan's troubles were not over, however. In 1643, a joint Mongol-Tibetan force sought to destroy Nyingmapa refugees who had fled to Bhutan, [[Sikkim]], and Nepal. The Mongols had seized control of religious and civil power in Tibet in the 1630s and established [[Gelugpa]] as the state religion. Bhutanese rivals of Ngawang Namgyal encouraged the Mongol intrusion, but the Mongol force was easily defeated in the humid lowlands of southern Bhutan. Another Tibetan invasion in 1647 also failed.&lt;ref name=cdti/&gt;<br /> <br /> During [[Ngawang Namgyal]]'s rule, administration comprised a state monastic body with an elected head, the [[Je Khenpo]] (lord abbot), and a theocratic civil government headed by the [[Druk Desi]] (regent of Bhutan, also known as Deb Raja in Western sources). The Druk Desi was either a monk or a member of the [[laity]]—by the 19th century, usually the latter; he was elected for a three-year term, initially by a monastic council and later by the State Council ([[Lhengye Zhungtshog]]). The State Council was a central administrative organ that included regional rulers, the Zhabdrung's chamberlains, and the [[Druk Desi]]. In time, the Druk Desi came under the political control of the State Council's most powerful faction of regional administrators. The Zhabdrung was the head of state and the ultimate authority in religious and civil matters. The seat of government was at [[Thimphu]], the site of a 13th-century dzong, in the spring, summer, and fall. The winter capital was at [[Punakha Dzong]], a [[dzong]] established northeast of Thimphu in 1527. The kingdom was divided into three regions (east, central, and west), each with an appointed [[ponlop]], or governor, holding a seat in a major dzong. Districts were headed by [[dzongpon]], or district officers, who had their headquarters in lesser [[dzong]]. The ponlop were combination tax collectors, judges, military commanders, and procurement agents for the central government. Their major revenues came from the trade between [[Tibet]] and India and from land taxes.&lt;ref name=cdti/&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Ngawang Namgyal]]'s regime was bound by a legal code called the [[Tsa Yig]], which described the spiritual and civil regime and provided laws for government administration and for social and moral conduct. The duties and virtues inherent in the Buddhist [[dharma]] (religious law) played a large role in the new legal code, which remained in force until the 1960s.&lt;ref name=cdti/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Administrative integration and conflict with Tibet, 1651–1728===<br /> To keep Bhutan from disintegrating, [[Ngawang Namgyal]]'s death in 1651 apparently was kept a carefully guarded secret for fifty-four years. Initially, Ngawang Namgyal was said to have entered into a religious retreat, a situation not unprecedented in Bhutan, Sikkim, or Tibet during that time. During the period of Ngawang Namgyal's supposed retreat, appointments of officials were issued in his name, and food was left in front of his locked door.&lt;ref name=aict&gt;{{harvnb|Worden|1991|loc=&quot;Administrative Integration and Conflict with Tibet, 1651–1728&quot; (pp.&amp;nbsp;257–258)}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Ngawang Namgyal]]'s son and [[stepbrother]], in 1651 and 1680, respectively, succeeded him. They started their reigns as minors under the control of religious and civil regents and rarely exercised authority in their own names. For further continuity, the concept of multiple reincarnation of the first Zhabdrung—in the form of either his body, his speech, or his mind—was invoked by the [[Je Khenpo]] and the [[Druk Desi]], both of whom wanted to retain the power they had accrued through the [[dual system of government]]. The last person recognized as the bodily reincarnation of Ngawang Namgyal died in the mid-18th century, but speech and mind reincarnations, embodied by individuals who acceded to the position of [[Zhabdrung Rinpoche]], were in the early 1990s. The compulsory admission to monastic life of at least one son from any family having three or more sons was instituted in the late 17th century. In time, however, the State Council became increasingly secular as did the successive Druk Desi, [[ponlop]], and [[dzongpon]], and intense rivalries developed among the ponlop of [[Trongsa Province|Tongsa]] and [[Paro Province|Paro]] and the [[dzongpon]] of [[Punakha Province|Punakha]], [[Thimphu Province|Thimphu]], and [[Wangdue Phodrang Province|Wangdue Phodrang]].&lt;ref name=aict/&gt;<br /> <br /> During the first period of succession and further internal consolidation under the Druk Desi government, there was conflict with [[Tibet]] and [[Sikkim]]. Internal opposition to the central government resulted in overtures by the opponents of the Druk Desi to Tibet and Sikkim. In the 1680s, Bhutan invaded Sikkim in pursuit of a rebellious local lord. In 1700, Bhutan again invaded Sikkim, and in 1714 Tibetan forces, aided by [[Mongolia]], invaded Bhutan but were unable to gain control.&lt;ref name=aict/&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Bhutan exclaves in western Tibet====<br /> During the 17th century Bhutan maintained close relations with [[Ladakh]], and assisted Ladakh in its 1684 war with Tibet. Ladakh had earlier granted Bhutan several [[enclave and exclave|enclaves]] near [[Mount Kailash]] in western Tibet; these were monasteries of the Southern branch of the Drukpa sect and so fell under the authority of the Bhutanese Je Khenpo and the Zhabdrung. These enclaves persisted under Bhutanese control even after the rest of western Tibet came under the control of the Dalai Lama and his Gelugpa sect, until 1959 when the Bhutanese enclaves were seized by the Chinese.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Rose|1977|pp=70, 80}}&lt;/ref&gt; In addition to these outposts in Tibet, Bhutan for a time{{vague|date=June 2023}} held monastic fiefs in Ladakh, [[Zanskar]], and [[Lahul]] (now part of India), as well as in [[Lo Manthang]] and [[Dolpo]] (now part of Nepal).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=The Raven Crown: The Origins of Buddhist Monarchy in Bhutan |last=Aris |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Aris |publisher=Serindia Publications |location=Chicago |year=2005 |isbn=1-932476-21-0 |page=42 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Bhutan: The Early History of a Himalayan Kingdom |last=Aris |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Aris |publisher=Aris &amp; Phillips Ltd. |location=Warminster, England |year=1979 |isbn=0-85668-082-6 |page=249 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Civil conflict, 1728–1772===<br /> Though the invaders were unable to take control, the political system remained unstable. Regional rivalries contributed to the gradual disintegration of Bhutan at the time the first British agents arrived.&lt;ref name=cc&gt;{{harvnb|Worden|1991|loc=&quot;Civil Conflict, 1728–72&quot; (pp.&amp;nbsp;258–259)}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the early 18th century, Bhutan had successfully developed control over the principality of [[Cooch Behar state|Cooch Behar]]. The [[raja]] of Cooch Behar had sought assistance from Bhutan against the Indian [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]]s in 1730, and Bhutanese political influence was not long in following. By the mid-1760s, Thimphu considered Cooch Behar its dependency, stationing a garrison force there and directing its civil administration. When the [[Druk Desi]] invaded [[Kingdom of Sikkim|Sikkim]] in 1770, Cooch Behari forces joined their Bhutanese counterparts in the offensive. In a succession dispute in [[Cooch Behar state|Cooch Behar]] two years later, however, the Druk Desi's nominee for the throne was opposed by a rival who invited British troops, and, in effect, Cooch Behar became a dependency of the British East India Company.&lt;ref name=cc/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===British intrusion, 1772–1907===<br /> Under the Cooch Behari agreement with the [[British Empire|British]], a British expeditionary force drove the Bhutanese garrison out of Cooch Behar and invaded Bhutan in 1772–73. The Druk Desi petitioned Lhasa for assistance from the [[Panchen Lama]], who was serving as regent for the youthful Dalai Lama. In correspondence with the British governor general of India, however, the Panchen Lama instead punished the Druk Desi and invoked Tibet's claim of suzerainty over Bhutan.&lt;ref name=bi&gt;{{harvnb|Worden|1991|loc=&quot;British Intrusion, 1772–1907&quot; (pp.&amp;nbsp;259–261)}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Failing to receive help from Tibet, the Druk Desi signed a Treaty of Peace with the [[British East India Company]] on 25 April 1774. Bhutan agreed to return to its pre-1730 boundaries, paid a symbolic tribute of five horses to Britain, and, among other concessions, allowed the British to harvest timber in Bhutan. Subsequent missions to Bhutan were made by the British in 1776, 1777, and 1783, and commerce was opened between British India and Bhutan, and, for a short time, Tibet. In 1784, the British turned over to Bhutanese control Bengal Duars territory, where boundaries were poorly defined. As in its other foreign territories, Bhutan left administration of the Bengal [[Duars]] territory to local officials and collected its revenues. Although major trade and political relations failed to develop between Bhutan and Britain, the British had replaced the Tibetans as the major external threat.&lt;ref name=bi/&gt;<br /> <br /> Boundary disputes plagued Bhutanese–British relations. To reconcile their differences, Bhutan sent an emissary to [[Calcutta]] in 1787, and the British sent missions to [[Thimphu]] in 1815 and 1838. The 1815 mission was inconclusive. The 1838 mission offered a treaty providing for extradition of Bhutanese officials responsible for incursions into [[Assam]], free and unrestricted commerce between India and Bhutan, and settlement of Bhutan's debt to the British. In an attempt to protect its independence, Bhutan rejected the British offer. Despite increasing internal disorder, Bhutan had maintained its control over a portion of the Assam Duars more or less since its reduction of Cooch Behar to a dependency in the 1760s. After the British gained control of [[Lower Assam]] in 1826, tension between the countries began to rise as Britain exerted its strength. Bhutanese payments of annual tribute to the British for the Assam Duars gradually fell into arrears. British demands for payment led to military incursions into Bhutan in 1834 and 1835, resulting in defeat for Bhutan's forces and a temporary loss of territory.&lt;ref name=bi/&gt;<br /> <br /> The British proceeded in 1841 to annex the formerly Bhutanese-controlled Assam Duars, paying a compensation of 10,000 [[rupee]]s a year to Bhutan. In 1842, Bhutan gave to the British control of some of the troublesome Bengal Duars territory it had administered since 1784.&lt;ref name=bi/&gt;<br /> <br /> Charges and countercharges of border incursions and protection of fugitives led to an unsuccessful Bhutanese mission to Calcutta in 1852. Among other demands, the mission sought increased compensation for its former Duars territories; instead the British deducted nearly 3,000 rupees from the annual compensation and demanded an apology for alleged plundering of British-protected lands by members of the mission. Following more incidents and the prospect of an anti-Bhutan rebellion in the Bengal Duars, British troops deployed to the frontier in the mid-1850s. The [[Sepoy Rebellion]] in India in 1857-58 and the demise of the British East India Company's rule prevented immediate British action. Bhutanese armed forces raided Sikkim and Cooch Behar in 1862, seizing people, property, and money. The British responded by withholding all compensation payments and demanding release of all captives and return of stolen property. Demands to the Druk Desi went unheeded, as he was alleged to be unaware of his frontier officials' actions against Sikkim and Cooch Behar.&lt;ref name=bi/&gt;<br /> <br /> Britain sent a peace mission to Bhutan in early 1864, in the wake of the recent conclusion of a civil war there. The [[dzongpon]] of [[Punakha Province|Punakha]]—who had emerged victorious—had broken with the central government and set up a rival [[Druk Desi]], while the legitimate Druk Desi sought the protection of the ponlop of Paro and was later deposed. The British mission dealt alternately with the rival [[penlop]] of [[Paro Province|Paro]] and the [[Penlop of Trongsa]] (the latter acting on behalf of the Druk Desi), but Bhutan rejected the peace and [[friendship treaty]] it offered. Britain declared war in November 1864. Bhutan had no regular army, and what forces existed were composed of dzong guards armed with matchlocks, bows and arrows, swords, knives, and catapults. Some of these dzong guards, carrying shields and wearing chainmail armor, engaged the well-equipped British forces.&lt;ref name=bi/&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Duar War]] (1864–65) lasted only five months and, despite some battlefield victories by Bhutanese forces, resulted in Bhutan's defeat, loss of part of its sovereign territory, and forced cession of formerly occupied territories. Under the terms of the [[Treaty of Sinchula]], signed on 11 November 1865, Bhutan ceded territories in the Assam Duars and Bengal Duars, as well as the eighty-three-square-kilometer territory of [[Dewangiri]] in southeastern Bhutan, in return for an annual subsidy of 50,000 [[rupee]]s.&lt;ref name=bi/&gt; The land that was to become [[Bhutan House]] was ceded from [[Bhutan]] to [[British India]] in 1865 at the conclusion the [[Duar War]] and as a condition of the [[Treaty of Sinchula]].&lt;ref name=Syamukapu&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hbgVAQAAMAAJ |title=Syamukapu: The Lhasa Newars of Kalimpong and Kathmandu |first=Deb Shova Kansakar |last=Hilker |publisher=Vajra Publications |year=2005 |isbn=99946-644-6-8 |access-date=2011-08-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eONIAQAAIAAJ |title=Arts of Asia |volume=17 |publisher=Arts of Asia Publications |year=1987 |page=107 |access-date=2011-08-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the 1870s and 1880s, renewed competition among regional rivals—primarily the pro-British [[Penlop of Trongsa]] and the anti-British, pro-Tibetan ponlop of Paro—resulted in the ascendancy of [[Ugyen Wangchuck]], the Penlop of Trongsa. From his power base in central Bhutan, Ugyen Wangchuck had defeated his political enemies and united the country following several civil wars and rebellions in 1882–85. His victory came at a time of crisis for the central government, however. British power was becoming more extensive to the south, and in the west Tibet had violated its border with Sikkim, incurring British disfavor. After 1,000 years of close ties with Tibet, Bhutan faced the threat of British military power and was forced to make serious geopolitical decisions. The British, seeking to offset potential Russian advances in Lhasa, wanted to open trade relations with Tibet. [[Ugyen Wangchuck]], on the advice of his closest adviser [[Ugyen Dorji]], saw the opportunity to assist the British and in 1903-4 volunteered to accompany a British mission to Lhasa as a mediator. For his services in securing the [[Anglo-Tibetan Convention]] of 1904, Ugyen Wangchuck was knighted and thereafter continued to accrue greater power in Bhutan.&lt;ref name=bi/&gt; [[Ugyen Dorji]], as well as his [[Dorji family|descendants]], went on to maintain British favor on behalf of the government from [[Bhutan House]] in [[Kalimpong]], India.<br /> <br /> ==Establishment of the hereditary monarchy, 1907==<br /> {{further|House of Wangchuck}}<br /> [[Ugyen Wangchuck]]'s emergence as the national leader coincided with the realization that the [[dual system of government|dual political system]] was obsolete and ineffective. He had removed his chief rival, the ponlop of Paro, and installed a supporter and relative, a member of the pro-British [[Dorji family]], in his place. When the last Zhabdrung died in 1903 and a reincarnation had not appeared by 1906, civil administration came under the control of Ugyen Wangchuck. Finally, in 1907, the fifty-fourth and last Druk Desi was forced to retire, and despite recognitions of subsequent reincarnations of Ngawang Namgyal, the Zhabdrung system came to an end.&lt;ref name=ehm&gt;{{harvnb|Worden|1991|loc=&quot;Establishment of the Hereditary Monarchy, 1907&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In November 1907, an assembly of leading Buddhist monks, government officials, and heads of important families was held to end the moribund 300-year-old [[dual system of government]] and to establish a new absolute monarchy. Ugyen Wangchuck was elected its first hereditary Druk Gyalpo (&quot;Dragon King&quot;) and subsequently reigned from 1907 to 1926. Bhutan's [[Political officer (British Empire)|Political Officer]] [[John Claude White]] took photographs of the coronation ceremony.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first1=John|last1=Hannavy|title=Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-Century Photography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kd5cAgAAQBAJ|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-87327-1|page=1496}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Dorji family]] became hereditary holders of the position of Gongzim (Chief Chamberlain), the top government post. The British, wanting political stability on their northern frontier, approved of the entire development.&lt;ref name=ehm/&gt;<br /> <br /> Britain's earlier entreaties in Lhasa had unexpected repercussions at this time. The Chinese [[Qing dynasty]], concerned that Britain would seize [[Tibet under Qing rule|Tibet]], [[Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)|established direct rule in Tibet]] in 1910 (the Qing dynasty had previously [[Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)|incorporated Tibet]] in 1720 but placed it under the administration of the [[Lifan Yuan]]). The Dalai Lama then fled to India. China laid claim not only to Tibet but also to Bhutan, Nepal, and [[Sikkim]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}} With these events, Bhutanese and British interests coalesced.&lt;ref name=ehm/&gt;<br /> <br /> On January 8, 1910, Sikkim Political Officer and [[Tibetologist]] Sir [[Charles Alfred Bell]] engaged Bhutan and signed the [[Treaty of Punakha]]. The Treaty of Punakha amended two articles of the 1865 treaty: the British agreed to double their annual stipend to 100,000 rupees and &quot;to exercise no interference in the internal administration of Bhutan.&quot; In turn, Bhutan agreed &quot;to be guided by the advice of the British Government in regard to its external relations.&quot; The Treaty of Punakha guaranteed Bhutan's defense against China; China, in no position to contest British power, conceded the end of the millennium-long Tibetan-Chinese influence.&lt;ref name=ehm/&gt; It also assigned land in [[Motithang]] ([[Thimphu]]) and a hill station between [[Chukha District|Chukha]] and [[Thimphu]] to the British, assigning a portion of [[Kalimpong]] ([[Bhutan House]]) to Bhutan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rDxx_ibIwZ0C |title=Himalayan kingdom Bhutan: tradition, transition, and transformation |first=Awadhesh Coomar |last=Sinha |publisher=Indus Publishing |year=2001 |isbn=81-7387-119-1 |access-date=2011-08-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Much of Bhutan's modern development has been attributed by Bhutanese historians to the first Druk Gyalpo. Internal reforms included introducing Western-style schools, improving internal communications, encouraging trade and commerce with India, and revitalizing the Buddhist monastic system. Toward the end of his life, Ugyen Wangchuck was concerned about the continuity of the family dynasty, and in 1924 he sought British assurance that the Wangchuck family would retain its preeminent position in Bhutan. His request led to an investigation of the legal status of Bhutan vis-à-vis the suzerainty held over Bhutan by Britain and the ambiguity of Bhutan's relationship to India. Both the suzerainty and the ambiguity were maintained.&lt;ref name=ehm/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Development of centralized government, 1926–1952==<br /> [[Ugyen Wangchuck]] died in 1926 and was succeeded by his son, [[Jigme Wangchuck]] (reigned 1926–52). The second Druk Gyalpo continued his father's centralization and modernization efforts and built more schools, dispensaries, and roads. During Jigme Wangchuck's reign, monasteries and district governments were increasingly brought under royal control. However, Bhutan generally remained isolated from international affairs.&lt;ref name=dcg&gt;{{harvnb|Worden|1991|loc=&quot;Development of Centralized Government, 1926–52&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The issue of Bhutan's status vis-à-vis the government of India was reexamined by London in 1932 as part of the issue of the status of India itself. It was decided to leave the decision to join an Indian federation up to Bhutan when the time came. When British rule over India ended in 1947, so too did Britain's association with Bhutan. India succeeded Britain as the de facto protector of the Himalayan kingdom, and Bhutan retained control over its internal government. It was two years, however, before a formal agreement recognized Bhutan's independence.&lt;ref name=dcg/&gt;<br /> <br /> Following the precedent set by the [[Treaty of Punakha]], on August 8, 1949, Thimphu signed the Treaty of Friendship Between the Government of India and the Government of Bhutan, according to which external affairs, formerly guided by Britain, were to be guided by India. Like Britain, India agreed not to interfere in Bhutan's internal affairs. India also agreed to increase the annual subsidy to 500,000 rupees per year. Important to Bhutan's national pride was the return of Dewangiri. Some historians believe that if India had been at odds with China at this time, as it was to be a decade later, it might not have acceded so easily to Bhutan's request for independent status.&lt;ref name=dcg/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Modernization under King Jigme Dorji, 1952–72==<br /> The third Druk Gyalpo, [[Jigme Dorji Wangchuck]], was enthroned in 1952. Earlier he had married the European-educated cousin of the chogyal (king) of Sikkim and with her support made continual efforts to modernize his nation throughout his twenty-year reign. Among his first reforms was the establishment of the National Assembly — the [[Tshogdu]] — in 1953. Although the Druk Gyalpo could issue royal decrees and exercise veto power over resolutions passed by the National Assembly, its establishment was a major move toward a constitutional monarchy.&lt;ref name=mjd&gt;{{harvnb|Worden|1991|loc=&quot;Modernization under Jigme Dorji, 1952–72&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> When the Chinese communists took over Tibet in 1951, Bhutan closed its frontier with Tibet and sided with its powerful neighbor to the south. To offset the chance of Chinese encroachment, Bhutan began a modernization program. Land reform was accompanied by the abolition of [[slavery in Bhutan|slavery and serfdom]] and the separation of the judiciary from the executive branch of government. Mostly funded by India after China's Tibetan uprising in 1959, the modernization program also included the construction of roads linking the Indian plains with central Bhutan. An all-weather road was completed in 1962 between Thimphu and [[Phuntsholing]], the overland gateway town on the southwest border with India. Dzongkha was made the national language during Jigme Dorji's reign. Additionally, development projects included establishing such institutions as a national museum in Paro and a national library, national archives, and national stadium, as well as buildings to house the National Assembly, the High Court ([[Thrimkhang Gongma]]), and other government entities in Thimphu. The position of gongzim, held since 1907 by the [[Dorji family]], was upgraded in 1958 to lonchen (prime minister) and was still in the hands of the Dorji. Jigme Dorji Wangchuck's reforms, however, although lessening the authority of the absolute monarchy, also curbed the traditional decentralization of political authority among regional leaders and strengthened the role of the central government in economic and social programs.&lt;ref name=mjd/&gt;<br /> <br /> Modernization efforts moved forward in the 1960s under the direction of the [[Prime Minister of Bhutan|lonchen]], [[Jigme Palden Dorji]], the Druk Gyalpo's brother-in-law. In 1962, however, Dorji incurred disfavor with the [[Royal Bhutan Army]] over the use of military vehicles and the forced retirement of some fifty officers. Religious elements also were antagonized by Dorji's efforts to reduce the power of the state-supported religious institutions. In April 1964, while the Druk Gyalpo was in [[Switzerland]] for medical care, Dorji was assassinated in Phuntsholing by an army corporal. The majority of those arrested and accused of the crime were military personnel and included the army chief of operations, [[Namgyal Bahadur]], the Druk Gyalpo's uncle, who was executed for his part in the plot.&lt;ref name=mjd/&gt;<br /> <br /> The unstable situation continued under Dorji's successor as acting [[Prime Minister of Bhutan|lonchen]], his brother [[Lhendup Dorji]], and for a time under the Druk Gyalpo's brother, Namgyal Wangchuck, as head of the army. According to some sources, a power struggle ensued between pro-Wangchuck loyalists and &quot;modernist&quot; Dorji supporters. The main issue was not an end to or lessening of the power of the monarchy but &quot;full freedom from Indian interference.&quot; Other observers believe the 1964 crisis was not so much a policy struggle as competition for influence on the palace between the [[Dorji family]] and the Druk Gyalpo's Tibetan consort, Yanki, and her father. Lhendup Dorji had earlier threatened to kill Yanki—his sister's rival—and ordered her arrest when, fearing for her life and that of her 2-year-old son by the Druk Gyalpo, she sought refuge in India during the political crisis.&lt;ref name=Yadov&gt;{{citation |title=Indo-Bhutan Relations and China Interventions |last=Yadav}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lhendup also incurred the disapproval of the Druk Gyalpo by seeking to become sole regent of the kingdom after his brother's death, eliminating the Queen and the king's brother.&lt;ref name=Yadov/&gt; Before returning to Bhutan from Switzerland, Jigme Dorji met with the Indian Secretary General and Foreign Secretary in Calcutta who offered Indian support, including paratroopers if necessary, to help the Druk Gyalpo restore order in the kingdom.&lt;ref name=Yadov/&gt; Unable to regain the Druk Gyalpo's trust, Lhendup fled to London, while other supporters in the military and government fled to Nepal and Calcutta.&lt;ref name=Yadov/&gt; Afterwards, in concurrence of the National Assembly, Lhendup Dorji and other family members were exiled in 1965. However, the exiles continued their attacks on the Druk Gyalpo and India, worsening relations between India and China.&lt;ref name=Yadov/&gt; The tense political situation continued and in July 1965 there was an assassination attempt on the Druk Gyalpo. The Dorjis were not implicated in the attempt—which was described as a &quot;private matter&quot;—and the would-be assassins were pardoned by the Druk Gyalpo.&lt;ref name=mjd/&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1966, to increase the efficiency of government administration, [[Jigme Dorji Wangchuck]] made [[Thimphu]] the year-round capital. In May 1968, the comprehensive Rules and Regulations of the National Assembly revised the legal basis of the power granted to the National Assembly. The Druk Gyalpo decreed that henceforth sovereign power, including the power to remove government ministers and the Druk Gyalpo himself, would reside with the National Assembly. The following November, the Druk Gyalpo renounced his veto power over National Assembly bills and said he would step down if two-thirds of the legislature passed a no-confidence vote. Although he did nothing to undermine the retention of the Wangchuck dynasty, the Druk Gyalpo in 1969 called for a triennial vote of confidence by the National Assembly (later abolished by his successor) to renew the Druk Gyalpo's mandate to rule.&lt;ref name=mjd/&gt;<br /> <br /> Diplomatic overtures also were made during Jigme Dorji Wangchuck's reign. Although always seeking to be formally neutral and nonaligned in relations with China and India, Bhutan also sought more direct links internationally than had occurred previously under the foreign-policy guidance of India. Consequently, in 1962 Bhutan joined the [[Colombo Plan for Cooperative, Economic, and Social Development in Asia]] and the Pacific known as the Colombo Plan, and in 1966 notified India of its desire to become a member of the United Nations (UN). In 1971, after holding observer status for three years, Bhutan was admitted to the UN. In an effort to maintain Bhutan as a stable buffer state, India continued to provide substantial amounts of development aid.&lt;ref name=mjd/&gt;<br /> <br /> Jigme Dorji Wangchuck ruled until his death in July 1972 and was succeeded by his seventeen-year-old son, [[Jigme Singye Wangchuck]]. The close ties of the [[House of Wangchuck|Wangchuck]] and [[Dorji family|Dorji families]] were reemphasized in the person of the new king, whose mother, Azhi Kesang Dorji (Azhi means Queen), was the sister of the lonchen, Jigme Palden Dorji. Jigme Singye Wangchuck, who had been educated in India and Britain, had been appointed ponlop of Tongsa in May 1972 and by July that year had become the Druk Gyalpo. With his mother and two elder sisters as advisers, the new Druk Gyalpo was thrust into the affairs of state. He was often seen among the people, in the countryside, at festivals, and, as his reign progressed, meeting with foreign dignitaries in Bhutan and abroad. His formal coronation took place in June 1974, and soon thereafter the strains between the Wangchucks and Dorjis were relieved with the return that year of the exiled members of the latter family. The reconciliation, however, was preceded by reports of a plot to assassinate the new Druk Gyalpo before his coronation could take place and to set fire to the [[Tashichho Dzong]] (Fortress of the Glorious Religion, the seat of government in [[Thimphu]]). Yanki (who had four children with the Druk Gyalpo, including two sons, between 1962 and 1972) was the alleged force behind the plot, which was uncovered three months before the coronation; thirty persons were arrested, including high government and police officials. However, Lawrence Sittling, secretary to Jigme Dorji Wangchuck, later reported that the assassination plot was a fabrication by a Chinese diplomat designed to alienate Bhutan from India. But the truth was not any more politically acceptable—those arrested were Tibetan Khampas rebels, trained in India, who were traveling through Bhutan on a mission to Tibet. (Encyclopaedia of Saarc Nations, Syed) Under pressure from China, the Bhutanese government demanded that the four thousand Tibetan refugees living in Bhutan either become Bhutanese citizens or go into exile. Most chose exile. (Syed)<br /> <br /> ==International relations, 1972–present==<br /> {{main|Foreign relations of Bhutan}}<br /> When civil war broke out in [[Pakistan]] in 1971, Bhutan was the first nation to recognize the new government of [[Bangladesh]], and formal diplomatic relations were established in 1973. An event in 1975 may have served as a major impetus to Bhutan to speed up reform and modernization. In that year, neighboring [[Chogyal|Sikkim's monarchy]], which had endured for more than 300 years, was ousted following a plebiscite in which the Nepalese majority outvoted the Sikkimese minority. Sikkim, long a protectorate of India, became India's twenty-second state.&lt;ref name=eow&gt;{{harvnb|Worden|1991|loc=&quot;Entering the Outside World, 1972–present&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> To further ensure its independence and international position, Bhutan gradually established diplomatic relations with other nations and joined greater numbers of regional and international organizations. Many of the countries with which Bhutan established relations provided development aid. Modernization of daily life brought new problems to Bhutan in the late 1980s.&lt;ref name=eow/&gt; Television broadcast was official introduced in Bhutan in 1999.&lt;ref&gt;[[Timeline of the introduction of television in countries]]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Assamese separatists===<br /> Several guerrilla groups seeking to establish an independent Assamese state in northeast India have set up guerrilla bases in the forests of southern Bhutan, from which they launched cross-border attacks on targets in Assam. The largest guerrilla group was the ULFA ([[United Liberation Front of Asom]]). Negotiations aimed at removing them peacefully from these bases failed in the spring of 2003. Bhutan was faced with the prospect of having to strengthen its token army force to evict the guerrillas.<br /> <br /> ===Military action against Assamese separatists December 2003===<br /> On 15 December 2003 the [[Royal Bhutan Army]] began military operations against guerrilla camps in southern Bhutan, in coordination with Indian armed forces who lined the border to the south to prevent the guerrillas from dispersing back into Assam. News sources indicated that of the 30 camps that were targeted, 13 campers were controlled by ULFA, 12 camps by the [[National Democratic Front of Bodoland]] (NDFB), and 5 camps by the [[Kamatapur Liberation Organisation]] (KLO). By January, government news reports indicated the guerillas had been routed from their bases.<br /> <br /> ===Refugee community===<br /> {{main|Bhutanese refugees|Lhotshampa}}<br /> In 1988, Bhutan evicted some number of Nepali-speaking residents (Bhutanese reports say about 5,000 and Refugee reports says over 100,000) from districts in southern Bhutan, creating a large refugee community that was now being detained in seven temporary United Nations refugee camps in Nepal and Sikkim. The actual numbers were difficult to establish, as many of those in the camps were reported to be holding forged identity papers, and impoverished Nepalese citizens and started to migrate to the Nepalese community leaving their refugee camps. The reason for leaving refugee camps was to find a job, and services to those living in camps. Few of them returned to the refugee camps. As a result, the number of people living in the camps decreased exponentially. Although the Bhutanese government claimed that only about 5000 initially left the country, the number of actual migration was more than that.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hrdc.net/sahrdc/hrfeatures/HRF38.htm|title=Home - South Asia Human Rights Documentation Centre (SAHRDC)|website=www.hrdc.net|access-date=2009-05-04|archive-date=2009-04-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429171730/http://www.hrdc.net/sahrdc/hrfeatures/HRF38.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> After years of negotiations between Nepal and Bhutan, in 2000 Bhutan agreed in principle to allow certain classes of the refugees to return to Bhutan. However the situation was at a standstill, after violence was committed on Bhutanese officials by the angered people in the camps. Significant unrest was now reported to be fomenting in the camps, especially as the United Nations terminated a number of educational and welfare programmes in an effort to force Bhutan and Nepal to come to terms.<br /> As the Bhutanese government was unwilling to take them into their country many developed nations offered the refugees to allow them to settle in their own countries which included USA and Australia. As many as 20,000 Bhutanese refugees have been resettled in these countries.<br /> <br /> ==Formalized democracy==<br /> <br /> ===Constitution===<br /> {{main|Constitution of Bhutan}}<br /> On March 26, 2005, &quot;an auspicious day when the stars and elements converge favourably to create an environment of harmony and success&quot;, the king and government distributed a draft of the country's first constitution, requesting that every citizen review it. A new house of parliament, the National Council, is chartered consisting of 20 elected representatives from each of the dzonghags, persons selected by the King. The National Council would be paired with the other already existing house, the National Assembly.<br /> <br /> Per the Constitution, the monarchy is given a leadership role in setting the direction for the government as long as the King shall demonstrate his commitment and ability to safeguard the interests of the kingdom and its people.<br /> <br /> ===Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck===<br /> On December 15, 2006, the fourth [[Druk]] Gyalpo, His Majesty [[Jigme Singye Wangchuck]], abdicated all of his powers as King to his son, Prince [[Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck]], with a specific intention to prepare the young King for the country's transformation to a full-fledged, democratic form of government due to occur in 2008.<br /> <br /> The previous King's abdication in favor of his son was initially set to occur in 2008 as well. Still, there was an apparent concern that the new King should have hands-on experience as the nation's leader before presiding over a transformation in the country's form of government. According to the national newspaper, the [[Kuensel]], the previous King stated to his cabinet that &quot;as long as he continued to be King, the Crown Prince would not gain the experience of dealing with issues and carrying out the responsibilities of a head of state. With parliamentary democracy to be established in 2008, there was much to be done; so he needed to gain this valuable experience.&quot;<br /> <br /> The fourth Druk Gyalpo further stated that: &quot;Bhutan could not hope for a better time for such an important transition. Today, the country enjoys peace and stability, ensuring its security and sovereignty. After phenomenal development and progress, the country is closer than ever to the goal of economic self-reliance. Bhutan’s relationship with its closest neighbor and friend, India, has reached new heights. International organizations and bilateral development partners are ready to support Bhutan’s development efforts and political transformation.&quot;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{refbegin|2}}<br /> *[[History of Asia]]<br /> *[[History of India]]<br /> *[[List of rulers of Bhutan]]<br /> *[[Outline of South Asian history]]<br /> *[[Politics of Bhutan]]<br /> *[[Timeline of Bhutanese history]]<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ===Bibliography===<br /> * {{citation |last=Rose |first=Leo E. |title=The Politics of Bhutan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ICNuAAAAMAAJ |year=1977 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-0-8014-0909-7}}<br /> * {{cite book |first=Karma |last=Phuntsho |author-link=Karma Phuntsho |title=The History of Bhutan | publisher=Random House India |year=2013 |location=Nodia |isbn=9788184003116}}<br /> * {{citation |last=Worden |first=Robert L. |chapter=Bhutan |editor1-last=Savada |editor1-first=Andrea Matles |title=Nepal and Bhutan: Country Studies |publisher=Library of Congress |year=1991 |chapter-url=https://www.loc.gov/resource/frdcstdy.nepalbhutancount00sava}}. ''This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the [[public domain]].''<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> * {{Citation |first=Sonam |last=Kinga |title=Polity, Kingship, and Democracy: A biography of the Bhutaneae state |publisher=Ministry of Education |location= Thimphu |date=2009 |oclc=477284586 |ol=24074384M}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081031105040/http://www.bhutanstudies.org.bt/admin/pubFiles/v11-2.pdf Formation of the State of Bhutan in the 17th Century and its Tibetan Antecedents] (archived 31 October 2008)<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20020811171019/http://www.bhutannewsonline.com/monarchy.html Profile of Bhutanese Kings] (archived 11 August 2002)<br /> <br /> {{Bhutan topics}}<br /> {{British overseas territories}}<br /> {{History of Bhutan}}<br /> {{History of Asia}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:History Of Bhutan}}<br /> [[Category:History of Bhutan| ]]</div>

Uravu https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bugadihalli&diff=492494 2026-05-07T15:06:36Z

<p>Uravu: new</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Bugadihalli<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = <br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | governing_body = Nelamangala Poursabha<br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = &lt;!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --&gt;<br /> | postal_code = 562111<br /> | registration_plate = <br /> | blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city<br /> | blank1_info_sec1 = Bengaluru<br /> | blank2_name_sec1 = Civic agency<br /> | blank2_info_sec1 = Village Panchayat<br /> | website = <br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|13.2869216|N|77.2548837|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = village<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India<br /> | government_type = <br /> | native_name = <br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Bengaluru North district|Bengaluru North]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | parts_type = [[Taluk]]s<br /> | parts = Nelamangala<br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | other_name = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> ''' Bugadihalli ''' is a village in the southern state of [[Karnataka]], India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General &amp; Census Commissioner, India|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/Listofvillagesandtowns.aspx|access-date=2021-08-02|website=censusindia.gov.in|series=Village code- 624724}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bugadihalli · Karnataka 562111, India|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Bugadihalli,+Karnataka+562111/@13.2800431,77.2316976,14z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x3bb1d4434269e80f:0x199f35ffe122c087!8m2!3d13.2800439!4d77.2492072?sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwiGy7Dx1pHyAhUX7XMBHQHsD5wQ8gF6BAgGEAE&amp;shorturl=1|access-date=2021-08-02|website=Bugadihalli · Karnataka 562111, India|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is located in the [[Nelamangala]] [[taluk]] of [[Bengaluru North district]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Village &amp; Panchayats {{!}} Bangalore Rural District, Government of Karnataka {{!}} India|url=https://bangalorerural.nic.in/en/village-panchayats/|access-date=2021-08-02|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Demographics ==<br /> Bugadihalli had population of 667 of which 364 are males while 303 are females as per report released by Census India 2011.&lt;ref name=Census75&gt;https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2929_PART_B_DCHB_BANGALORE%20RURAL.pdf Page-74&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Geography ==<br /> The total geographical area of village is 216.13 hectares.&lt;ref name=Census75 /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Bus route from Bengaluru City ==<br /> [[Yeswanthpur|Yeshwantapura]] - Darasahalli - [[Nelamangala]]<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Heggunda]]<br /> * [[Bengaluru North district]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> *{{cite web|url=https://bangalorerural.nic.in/en/|title=Bangalore Rural District, Government of Karnataka &amp;#124; City of Silk production &amp;#124; India|website=bangalorerural.nic.in|access-date=2021-08-02}}<br /> <br /> {{Settlements in Bangalore Rural district}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Villages in Bangalore Rural district]]<br /> <br /> {{BengaluruNorth-geo-stub}}</div>

Uravu https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinnanchiru_Kiliye&diff=494234 2026-05-06T14:38:05Z

<p>Uravu: done!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox television<br /> | image = <br /> | image_size = <br /> | caption = <br /> | alt_name = <br /> | genre = [[Melodrama]]<br /> | based_on = <br /> | writer = Anandh {{small|(dialogues)}} &lt;br&gt; Initial Concept and Writer: [[Ananda Vikatan|Vikatan Televistas]]<br /> | screenplay = V.K. Amirtharaj<br /> | director = S. Anandh Babu<br /> | starring = {{ubl|Swathika|Naresh Raj|Harsha Nair|[[Jangiri Madhumitha]]}}<br /> | executive_producer = <br /> | company = Seyon Media<br /> | producer = Sundaram &lt;br&gt; Bhavani<br /> | num_seasons = <br /> | num_episodes = 95 &lt;!-- as of 23 October 2025 --&gt;<br /> | language = Tamil<br /> | country = India<br /> | open_theme = <br /> | music = Aron Suresh<br /> | editor = AJ<br /> | cinematography = Guna Ramesh<br /> | runtime = approx. 22–24 minutes per episode<br /> | camera = [[Multi-camera]]<br /> | network = [[Zee Tamil]]<br /> | first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2025|6|21}}<br /> | last_aired = present<br /> | related = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Chinnanchiru Kiliye''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Tamil-language]] family [[Melodrama]] television series starring Swathika, Naresh Raj, Harsha Nair and [[Jangiri Madhumitha]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/swathika-madhumitha-and-abitha-to-play-titular-roles-in-upcoming-tamil-serial-chinnanchiru-kiliye/articleshow/122635586.cms|title=Swathika, Madhumitha, and Abitha to play titular roles in upcoming Tamil serial 'Chinnanchiru Kiliye'|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=17 July 2025|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; It premiered on [[Zee Tamil]] on 21 June 2025, and airs on Monday to Saturday at 19:00 and streams digitally on [[ZEE5]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://cineulagam.com/article/zee-tamizh-chinna-siru-kiliye-serial-launch-date-1753072483|title=ஜீ தமிழின் புதிய தொடர் 'சின்னஞ்சிறு கிளியே' சீரியல்... Launch Date|website=cineulagam.com|date=20 June 2025|language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is produced by Sundaram and Bhavani, and directed by S. Anandh Babu.<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> The story is about a self-made, middle-class woman, Indhu, who vows never to bow or borrow. However, she marries Karna, who is a young debt collector. It is about how, who marries into a male-dominated family by a twist of fate, fights for her rights and wins.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.medianews4u.com/chinnan-siru-kizhiye-brings-fresh-energy-to-zee-tamils-fiction-slate/|title='Chinnan Siru Kizhiye' brings fresh energy to Zee Tamil's fiction slate|website=www.medianews4u.com|date=28 July 2025|language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> === Main ===<br /> * Swathika as Indhu<br /> * Naresh Raj as Karna<br /> * [[Abitha]] / Harsha Nair as Suguna Kirubakaran<br /> * [[Jangiri Madhumitha]] as Jayanthi Divakaran<br /> <br /> === Recurring ===<br /> * Rowthiram Syed as Kirubakaran<br /> * Shivam as Divakaran<br /> * Vincent Roy as Deenadayal<br /> * Punitha Balakrishnan as Deepa<br /> * --- as Painter Balu<br /> * --- as Ganesan<br /> * Simran Advani as Chitra<br /> * Thidiyan as Bullet Pandi<br /> * Indu as Lakshmi Teacher<br /> * [[Sujitha]] as Lakshmi <br /> * [[Vinodhini Vaidyanathan]] as Judge<br /> * [[Rekha Harris]] as Usharani<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> === Casting ===<br /> Newcomer actress Swathika plays the lead role as Indhu in the series,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/swathika-to-play-titular-role-in-upcoming-tamil-serial-chinnanchiru-kiliye/articleshow/121992076.cms|title=Swathika to play titular role in upcoming Tamil serial 'Chinnanchiru Kiliye'|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 June 2025|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; alongside actor Naresh Raj was cast as the male lead Karna, marking his first series as a lead actor. ''[[Thirumathi Selvam]]'' fame [[Abitha]] was cast as Sugana, marking her return after ''[[Maari (2022 TV series)|Maari]]''. [[Jangiri Madhumitha]] was cast as Jayanthi, marking her full-fledged return to television series after a five-year hiatus.<br /> <br /> In August 2025, [[Sujitha]] was cast as Lakshmi in special appearances.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-sujitha-dhanush-makes-a-special-appearance-in-chinnansiru-kiliye/articleshow/123613527.cms|title=Actress Sujitha Dhanush makes a special appearance in Chinnansiru Kiliye|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=31 August 2025|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In January 2026, [[Rekha Harris]] was cast as Usharani in special appearances.<br /> <br /> === Release ===<br /> On 21 June 2025,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://cineulagam.com/article/chinnanchiru-kiliye-new-serial-launch-timing-1752215256|title=ஜீ தமிழின் சின்னஞ்சிறு கிளியே புத்தம் புதிய சீரியல் ஆரம்பம் எப்போது?|website=cineulagam.com|date=20 June 2025|language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt; the first Launch promo was released, which gave a brief insight in both Karna and Indhu's lives.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://cineulagam.com/article/chinnanchiru-kiliye-new-serial-in-zee-tamizh-1750500183|title=ஜீ தமிழில் புத்தம் புதிய மெகா தொடர், சின்னஞ்சிறு கிளியே... புரொமோவுடன் இதோ|website=cineulagam.com|date=10 June 2025|language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt; It began airing on [[Zee Tamil]], from 21 June 2025 on Monday to Saturday at 19:00, replacing ''[[Gettimelam]]'' time slot.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.dinamani.com/tamilnadu/2025/Jul/21/gettimelam-veera-serial-time-change-chinnanjiru-kiliye|title=முக்கிய தொடர்களின் ஒளிபரப்பு நேரத்தில் மாற்றம்!|website=[[Dinamani]]|date=21 July 2025|language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist|2}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [https://www.zee5.com/global/tv-shows/details/chinnan-siru-kiliye/0-6-4z5789559 ''Chinnanchiru Kiliye''] at [[ZEE5]]<br /> <br /> {{Zee Tamil shows}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Zee Tamil original programming]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language melodrama television series]]<br /> [[Category:2025 Tamil-language television series debuts]]<br /> [[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]</div>

Uravu https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palacode_Assembly_constituency&diff=523802 2026-05-05T20:16:19Z

<p>Uravu: starting - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|State Legislative Assembly Constituency in Tamil Nadu}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | constituency_no = 57<br /> | map_image = Constitution-Palacode.svg<br /> | district = [[Dharmapuri district|Dharmapuri]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Dharmapuri Lok Sabha constituency|Dharmapuri]]<br /> | established = 1967<br /> | state = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | mla = [[K. P. Anbalagan]]<br /> | party = {{Party index link|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> | alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]<br /> | name = Palacode<br /> | electors = 240,322 <br /> | reservation = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Palacode''' or '''Palacodu''' is a [[Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu|state assembly]] constituency in [[Dharmapuri district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date= 23 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Its State Assembly Constituency number is 57. It comprises a portion of [[Palacode taluk]] and is a part of [[Dharmapuri Lok Sabha constituency]] for national elections to the [[Parliament of India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Tamilnadu/Final%20Notification%20&amp;%20Order%20.pdf |title= Tamil Nadu - Final Notification &amp; Order |website= Delimitation Commission of India |publisher= National Informatics Centre |access-date= 26 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India. Elections and winners in the constituency are listed below.<br /> <br /> ==Members of Legislative Assembly==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Year<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Winner<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]<br /> | [[M. V. Karivengadam]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br /> | [[B. M. Krishnan]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br /> | [[M. B. Munusamy]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]<br /> | [[P. Theertharaman]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<br /> | [[K. Madhapan]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam }}(Jayalalithaa)<br /> |-<br /> | [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<br /> | [[M. G. Sekhar]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br /> | [[G. L. Venkatachalam]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]<br /> | rowspan=6|[[K. P. Anbalagan]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=6}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> {{bar box<br /> |float=right<br /> |title= Vote share of winning candidates<br /> |titlebar=#ddd<br /> |width=300px<br /> |barwidth=275px<br /> |bars=<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|53.63}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|40.34}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|60.72}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|44.21}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|62.38}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|49.74}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|62.17}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|38.77}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|65.93}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|52.36}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|32.87}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|52.84}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|50.05}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> === 2026 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Palacode}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. P. Anbalagan]]|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes= |percentage= |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Senthilkumar (Dharmapuri politician)|S. Senthilkumar]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes= |percentage= |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Bhoopathi|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes= |percentage= |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= R. Gopi |party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}<br /> {{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 240322|change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2021 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Palacode&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=PALACODE Election Result|url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a057|access-date= 12 Jun 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. P. Anbalagan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=110,070 |percentage=53.63% |change=+13.29 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. K. Murugan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=81,970 |percentage=39.94% |change=+2.77 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Kalaiselvi |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=7,704 |percentage=3.75% |change=+3.49 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Vijayasankar |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=2,409 |percentage=1.17% |change=-1.43 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,351 |percentage=0.66% |change=-0.34 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Rajasekar |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=1,176 |percentage=0.57% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=28,100 |percentage=13.69% |change=10.52% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=205,244 |percentage=86.46% |change= -2.11% }}<br /> {{Election box rejected|votes=342|percentage=0.17% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 237,391 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 13.29% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2016 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Palacode&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. P. Anbalagan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=76,143 |percentage=40.34% |change=-20.38 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. K. Murugan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=70,160 |percentage=37.17% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Mannan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=31,612 |percentage=16.75% |change=-16.32 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. G. Kaverivarman |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=4,915 |percentage=2.60% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,880 |percentage=1.00% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,983 |percentage=3.17% |change=-24.49% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=188,767 |percentage=88.57% |change= 1.85% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 213,136 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -20.38% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2011 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Palacode&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf| archive-date =15 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. P. Anbalagan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=94,877 |percentage=60.72% |change=+16.51 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Selvam |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=51,664 |percentage=33.06% |change=-7.93 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Harinath |party=Independent politician |votes=2,449 |percentage=1.57% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. P. Kumaradevan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,937 |percentage=1.24% |change=+0.46 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Ramasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=1,101 |percentage=0.70% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Kalaichelvan |party=Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi |votes=874 |percentage=0.56% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=43,213 |percentage=27.65% |change=24.44% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=180,193 |percentage=86.72% |change= 9.86% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 156,258 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 16.51% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2006===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Palacode&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 2006 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| access-date = 12 May 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. P. Anbalagan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=66,711 |percentage=44.21% |change=-18.17 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Mannan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=61,867 |percentage=41.00% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Vijayashankar |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=11,882 |percentage=7.87% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Rajagopal |party=Independent politician |votes=2,612 |percentage=1.73% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Ravishankar |party=Independent politician |votes=2,356 |percentage=1.56% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Maran |party=Independent politician |votes=1,700 |percentage=1.13% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Mathivanan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,418 |percentage=0.94% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Rameshkumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,181 |percentage=0.78% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,844 |percentage=3.21% |change=-30.13% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=150,902 |percentage=76.86% |change= 17.24% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 196,330 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -18.17% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2001===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Palacode&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. P. Anbalagan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=75,284 |percentage=62.38% |change=+31.93 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[G. L. Venkatachalam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=35,052 |percentage=29.04% |change=-20.7 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. V. Madhiyan |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,648 |percentage=3.85% |change=-1.66 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Prakash N |party=Independent politician |votes=2,781 |percentage=2.30% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Vijaya Kumar M |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=1,169 |percentage=0.97% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Anwarbasha |party=Independent politician |votes=1,113 |percentage=0.92% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Chandrasekar |party=Independent politician |votes=638 |percentage=0.53% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=40,232 |percentage=33.34% |change=14.04% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=120,685 |percentage=59.62% |change= -7.76% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 202,427 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 12.64% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1996===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Palacode&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 1996 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[G. L. Venkatachalam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=56,917 |percentage=49.74% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Gopal |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=34,844 |percentage=30.45% |change=-31.72 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Mannan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=13,909 |percentage=12.16% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. V. Madhaiyan |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=6,307 |percentage=5.51% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Muthuraj |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=944 |percentage=0.83% |change=-0.19 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=22,073 |percentage=19.29% |change=-19.35% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=114,419 |percentage=67.38% |change= 1.21% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 181,729 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -12.43% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1991===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Palacode&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=M. G. Sekhar |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=63,170 |percentage=62.17% |change=+23.4 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Arunachalam |party=Janata Dal |votes=23,911 |percentage=23.53% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Mannan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=12,423 |percentage=12.23% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. V. Shivasankaran |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,027 |percentage=1.01% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Saminathan |party=Independent politician |votes=749 |percentage=0.74% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=39,259 |percentage=38.64% |change=33.94% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=101,609 |percentage=66.17% |change= -1.66% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 161,704 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 23.40% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1989===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Palacode&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=K. Madhapan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=37,168 |percentage=38.77% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Chandrasekar |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=32,668 |percentage=34.08% |change=+3.12 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Theertharaman |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,440 |percentage=17.15% |change=-48.78 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. M. Nagarajan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=7,430 |percentage=7.75% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Chinnasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=671 |percentage=0.70% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,500 |percentage=4.69% |change=-30.27% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=95,857 |percentage=67.83% |change= -2.03% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 145,254 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -27.16% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1984===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Palacode&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| archive-date = 17 Jan 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=P. Theertharaman |party=Indian National Congress |votes=55,459 |percentage=65.93% |change=+19.13 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. B. Munusamigounder |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=26,045 |percentage=30.96% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Balaraman |party=Independent politician |votes=2,131 |percentage=2.53% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Govindasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=482 |percentage=0.57% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=29,414 |percentage=34.97% |change=29.42% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=84,117 |percentage=69.86% |change= 3.23% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 125,689 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 13.57% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1980===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Palacode&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf| archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=M. B. Munusamy |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=38,999 |percentage=52.36% |change=+19.48 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Balasubhrmaniam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=34,864 |percentage=46.81% |change=+34.43 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Krishnan |party=Janata Party |votes=624 |percentage=0.84% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,135 |percentage=5.55% |change= -0.82% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=74,487 |percentage=66.63% |change= 0.46% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 113,628 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 19.48% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1977===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Palacode&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=B. M. Krishnan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=21,959 |percentage=32.87% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. T. Govindan |party=Janata Party |votes=17,701 |percentage=26.50% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. M. Munisamy Gounder |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=17,507 |percentage=26.21% |change=-26.63 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. D. Narayanaswamy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,266 |percentage=12.37% |change=-34.79 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. M. Saminathan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,364 |percentage=2.04% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,258 |percentage=6.37% |change= 0.70% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=66,797 |percentage=66.17% |change= 0.88% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 102,568 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -19.96% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1971===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Palacode&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=M. V. Karivengadam |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=32,378 |percentage=52.84% |change=+8.08 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. K. Narashiman |party=Indian National Congress |votes=28,901 |percentage=47.16% |change=-2.89 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,477 |percentage=5.67% |change= 0.37% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=61,279 |percentage=65.28% |change= -3.23% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 102,286 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 2.78% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1967===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Palacode&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|archive-date=20 March 2012|access-date= 19 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=K. Murugesan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=29,186 |percentage=50.05% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. B. Munusamy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=26,096 |percentage=44.75% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. K. Gounder |party=Independent politician |votes=1,135 |percentage=1.95% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Nanjappan |party=Independent politician |votes=996 |percentage=1.71% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. A. Pandit |party=Independent politician |votes=897 |percentage=1.54% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,090 |percentage=5.30% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=58,310 |percentage=68.52% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 88,883 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> * {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|access-date= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archive-date= 5 October 2010}}<br /> <br /> {{Tamil Nadu assembly elections|state=expanded}}<br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|12.303|N|78.073|E|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Dharmapuri district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]<br /> [[Category:1967 establishments in Madras State]]</div>

Uravu https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jerrssis_Wadia&diff=506082 2026-05-03T17:25:06Z

<p>Uravu: created info!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Australian cricketer (born 2001)}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox cricketer<br /> | name = Jerrssis Wadia<br /> | image = <br /> | fullname = Jerrssis Dillzan Wadia<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|2001|11|12|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Mumbai]], India<br /> | batting = Left-handed<br /> | bowling = [[Slow left-arm orthodox]]<br /> | role = All-rounder<br /> <br /> | club1 = [[Adelaide Strikers]]<br /> | year1 = {{nowrap|2025/26–present}} <br /> | clubnumber1 = 55<br /> <br /> | columns = 1<br /> | column1 = [[T20 Cricket|T20]]<br /> <br /> | matches1 = 7<br /> | runs1 = 52<br /> | bat avg1 = 8.66<br /> | 100s/50s1 = 0/0<br /> | top score1 = 34<br /> | deliveries1 = 72<br /> | wickets1 = 2<br /> | bowl avg1 = 45.50<br /> | fivefor1 = 0<br /> | tenfor1 = 0<br /> | best bowling1 = 2/11<br /> | catches/stumpings1 = 5/–<br /> <br /> | date = 24 January 2026<br /> | source = https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/jerrssis-wadia-1499149 Cricinfo<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Jerrssis Dillzan Wadia''' (born 22 November 2001) is an Indian-born cricketer based in Australia who plays for [[Adelaide Strikers]]. He is a left-handed batsman and [[Left-arm orthodox spin|left-arm orthodox spin]] bowler. He made his [[Big Bash League]] debut against [[Melbourne Stars]] on 23 December 2025.<br /> <br /> ==Early and personal life==<br /> Wadia was born in [[Mumbai]], India.&lt;ref name=&quot;bailey&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/4425870/the-surge-podcast-an-overnight-sensation-years-in-the-making-jerrssis-wadia-adelaide-strikers-brisbane-heat-bbl-bbl15-kfc-big-bash-league-australia-south-australia-india-mumbai-bharat-sundaresan-adam-white |website=Cricket.com.au|accessdate=31 December 2025|title= Overnight sensation Wadia reaps reward for years of sacrifice|first=Luke|last=Mason|date=31 December 2025<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wadia’s father, Dilzan Wadia, is a Bollywood actor based in Mumbai. Fellow Indian cricketer [[Hardik Pandya]] would take tuition from Wadia's mother, and stayed at his family house in Mumbai. His grandfather Neville Wadia became the oldest player to score a century in minor cricket, earning a place in the [[Guinness Book of World Records]]. He speaks Hindi and Gujarati, as well as English. Wadia played U16 and U19 cricket for the Baroda Cricket Association, before moving to [[Adelaide]].&lt;ref name=&quot;lewis&quot;&gt;{{cite web|website=Times of India|accessdate=31 December 2025|title= Meet Jerrssis Wadia: The Six-Hitting Sensation Shipped To Adelaide From Vadodara, With A Hardik Pandya Connection|first=<br /> Pratyush |last=Raj |date=31 December 2025 |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/meet-jerrssis-wadia-the-six-hitting-sensation-shipped-to-adelaide-from-vadodara-with-a-hardik-pandya-connection/articleshow/126251471.cms}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Wadia first came to Australia at the age of 17 years-old, and played for the South Australia U19s and with the Adelaide Strikers Academy, only to return to Mumbai as the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] stopped cricket and international borders closed.&lt;ref name=&quot;bailey&quot;/&gt; Having moved back to Adelaide in 2022, Wadia played South Australian Premier Cricket from the 2022–23 campaign onwards, and featured for clubs such as East Torrens and Tea Tree Gully.&lt;ref name=&quot;baker&quot;&gt; {{cite web|first= V.M.Suriya |last=Narayanan|date=28 December 2025|website=Crictoday|accessdate=30 December 2025|url=https://crictoday.com/cricket/news/who-is-jerrssis-wadia-india-born-australia-player-hits-24-runs-in-one-over/|title= Who is Jerrssis Wadia? India-born Australia player hits 24 runs in one over}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Wadia was playing at a T10 tournament in Melbourne, when he was spotted by former Australia captain and current [[Adelaide Strikers]] coach [[Tim Paine]].&lt;ref name=&quot;lewis&quot;/&gt; Wadia was brought into the Adelaide Strikers squad for the [[Big Bash League]] in 2025; as a local player replacement for [[Alex Carey]]. He made his debut against [[Melbourne Stars]] on 23 December 2025.&lt;ref name=&quot;baker&quot;/&gt; In his second appearance on 27 December, he hit three sixes from the first three balls he faced from [[Jack Wildermuth]], scoring 22 from his first four balls, and ultimately scoring 34 from 16 deliveries against [[Brisbane Heat]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://www.cricket.com.au/videos/4426172/surge-pod-jerrssis-wadias-incredible-journey-to-the-big-bash |title= Jerrssis Wadia's incredible journey to the Big Bash|date=31 December 2025|accessdate=31 Dec 2025|website=Cricket.com.au}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title= WATCH: 6, 6, 6, 4… 34 in 16 balls, Indian-origin Jerrssis Wadia steals the show for Adelaide Strikers in BBL |date=28 Dec 2025|url= https://www.cricketcountry.com/news/watch-6-6-6-4-34-in-16-balls-indian-origin-jerrssis-wadia-steals-the-show-for-adelaide-strikers-in-bbl-1317067/|website=Cricket Country|accessdate=31 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|website=Adelaide Now|url=https://www.adelaidenow.com.au/sport/who-is-jerrssis-wadia-the-new-adelaide-strikers-star-lighting-up-cricket/news-story/a5c3e1b9b64c23010b4e168c3ec7d85e?amp&amp;nk=94bca714d8e48702240b809b8be8ebf5-1767174426 |title=Who is Jerrssis Wadia? The new Adelaide Strikers star lighting up cricket<br /> |first=Ross |last=Papadakis|date=<br /> December 29, 2025|accessdate=31 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{Cricinfo}}<br /> <br /> {{Adelaide Strikers current squad}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Wadia, Jerrssis}}<br /> [[Category:2001 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Adelaide Strikers cricketers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian cricketers]]<br /> [[Category:Cricketers from Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]</div>

Uravu https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Velichappadu&diff=544010 2026-04-30T19:43:48Z

<p>Uravu: started new post initial version</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Mediator between a deity and devotees at a Hindu temple}}<br /> {{italic title}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}<br /> A '''{{translit|ml|velichappadu}}''' ({{langx|mal|വെളിച്ചപ്പാട്}}, 'Revealer of Light') is the [[oracle]] or mediator between a deity and devotees at a Hindu temple in [[Kerala]]. Prominent in [[Kingdom of Valluvanad|Valluvanad]], the {{translit|ml|velichappadu}}, also known as {{translit|ml|komaram}} in some parts, is an integral part of the rituals in a [[Bhagavathi]] temple.&lt;ref name=&quot;DNA-REF1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-kerala-mystical-land-of-oracles-1729741|title=Kerala: Mystical land of oracles|accessdate=5 September 2017|agency=DNA India}}&lt;/ref&gt; There are both male and female {{translit|ml|velichappadu}} and often belong to a particular family. People, in Kerala and beyond, have enormous respect for these mediating oracles when they are in their trances and heed to their words.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=el-sawy|first1=tewfic|title=Velichappadu|url=https://medium.com/@thetravelphotog/the-oracles-of-kerala-99d33e32562a|website=Medium|publisher=Medium|accessdate=5 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{unreliable source|date=April 2026}}<br /> <br /> == Appearance ==<br /> As followers of Goddess [[Bhadrakali]] (Kannagi), {{translit|ml|velichapadu}} are seen dressed in red, body smeared with turmeric powder and adorned with heavy ritual ornaments and garlands. A heavy hooked sword or sickle-shaped sword, chilambu (anklet), and aramani (huge and heavy waist belt studded with bells) are a part of the ensemble. Often, as their identity, a {{translit|ml|velichapadu}} grows long hair, which hangs loose on their forehead and back.<br /> <br /> == Performance ==<br /> The {{translit|ml|velichapadu}} makes their customary appearance in the temple after performing a {{translit|sa|[[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]}}. Here they perform a frantic dance called {{translit|ml|thullal}}, usually accompanied by beatings of drums and cymbals, and gets into a trance with the spirit of the presiding deity. The deity is believed to speak through him as the {{translit|ml|velichapadu}} dances, delivering the frenzied forecasts. They may also predict solutions to problems put forward by devotees and hence the name which also translates as 'the one who sheds light (on problems)'. Their counsel, often delivered in incomprehensible words and abrupt gestures, is translated to the devotees by an assistant. During the {{translit|ml|thullal}}, a {{translit|ml|velichapadu}} may also cut his forehead with his sword offering his blood to the deity as a symbol of unshakable faith.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://lapazgroup.net/2012/06/01/velichappadu-mediator-between-dieties-and-devotees/|title=Velichappadu – Mediator between dieties and devotees|date=31 May 2012|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Kodungalloor Bharani ==<br /> Velichappadus from across the state flock to the annual [[Kodungallur Bhagavathy Temple|Kodungalloor Bharani]]&lt;ref name=&quot;KeralaToursim-1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Kodungalloor Bharani|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/video-clips/kodungalloor-bharani/155|website=Kerala Tourism(Govt. Website)|accessdate=5 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; event performing the frenzied dance, thullal, around the temple and singing Bharani Paattu.<br /> <br /> == In popular culture ==<br /> === Kakkarissi Natakam ===<br /> [[Kakkarissi Natakam]] is a satirical dance-drama based on the puranic legends of Lord Siva and his consort Parvati when they assumed human forms as Kakkalan and Kakkathi&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Laxman Varadpande |first1=Manohar |title=History of Indian Theatre, Volume 2 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=81-7017-278-0 |pages=227}}&lt;/ref&gt; – a nomadic tribe of fortune tellers. The legend only serves as a skeletal framework for the play, which often turns into a subtle critique of contemporary society. The language is a blend of Tamil and Malayalam. The chief characters are Kakkalan, Kakkathi, Vetan, Velichappadu, Thampuraan and the ubiquitous Jester. The [[Dholak]], [[Kanchira|Ganchira]], [[Chenda]] and the [[Harmonium]] provide the background score.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Ritual Arts|url=http://www.ourkeralam.com/artandculture/ritualarts.htm|website=ourkeralam|accessdate=5 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Hinduism in Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:Arts of Kerala]]</div>

Uravu https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shah_Jahan_Begum_(first_lady)&diff=534231 2026-04-30T17:27:14Z

<p>Uravu: started first page basic info</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|First Lady of India}}<br /> {{Other uses|Shah Jahan Begum (disambiguation){{!}}Shah Jahan Begum}}<br /> {{Cleanup rewrite|date=July 2024}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}<br /> <br /> '''Shah Jahan Begum''' was the [[First Lady of India]], (having previously served as the Second Lady of India).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Women were a Power in Jamia Millia Islamia ever since its inception |url=https://ummid.com/news/2021/june/19.06.2021/women-were-a-power-in-jamia-millia-islamia-ever-since-its-inception.html |access-date=2022-09-16 |website=ummid |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dr Zakir Husain, News Photo, Dr Zakir Husain, along with hi... |url=https://www.timescontent.com/tss/showcase/preview-buy/126381/News/Dr-Zakir-Husain-Mrs-Shahjahan-Begum.html |access-date=2022-09-16 |website=www.timescontent.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; She was the spouse of [[Zakir Husain (politician)|Zakir Husain]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dr.Zakir Hussain {{!}} Vice President of India {{!}} Government of India |url=https://www.vicepresidentofindia.nic.in/former-vice-president/drzakir-hussain |access-date=2022-09-16 |website=www.vicepresidentofindia.nic.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> She observed [[purdah]] as a strict Muslim, and therefore kept a low profile.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Times |first=Judith Special to The New York |date=1974-10-25 |title=India's First Lady Moves Into the Official Spotlight |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/10/25/archives/indias-first-lady-moves-into-the-official-spotlight-politics-for-29.html |access-date=2022-09-27 |issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:First ladies and gentlemen of India]]<br /> [[Category:Second ladies and gentlemen of India]]<br /> [[Category:Heads of universities and colleges in India]]<br /> [[Category:Academic staff of Jamia Millia Islamia]]<br /> [[Category:Year of death missing]]</div>

Uravu https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urdu_keyboard&diff=542792 2026-04-30T06:37:49Z

<p>Uravu: started first entry v1</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Keyboard layout used for the Urdu alphabet}}<br /> [[Image:Urdukey.jpg|thumb|400px|Urdu Keyboard layout]]<br /> The '''Urdu keyboard''' is any [[keyboard layout]] for [[Urdu]] [[computer keyboard|computer]] and [[typewriter keyboard]]s. Since the first Urdu [[typewriter]] was made available in 1911, the layout has gone through various phases of evolution.&lt;ref name=&quot;zia&quot;&gt;Zia (1999a)&lt;/ref&gt; With time, the variety of layouts introduced in the 1950s for [[mechanization|mechanized]] compositions have reduced to very few that are compatible with the new [[Digital Age|digital age]]. Modern improvements in Urdu keyboard were pioneered by the [[National Language Authority]] ({{transliteration|ur|Muqtadra-e-Qaumi Zaban}}) in [[Pakistan]], which standardized the linguistic aspects such as [[orthography]] and [[lexicography]]. These developments helped the keyboard layout to evolve from the [[typewriter]]s to be compatible with [[computer]]s, to increase the [[productivity]] and textual efficiency of the language, especially through modern [[electronic media]].<br /> <br /> ==Evolution of the Urdu keyboard==<br /> When Urdu was declared as the [[national language]] of the independent Pakistan in 1947, a variety of keyboard designs were quickly brought into the market by various individuals and organizations.&lt;ref&gt;Dil (1962)&lt;/ref&gt; However, differences remained in the order of the keys and the number of characters. This underscored an urgent need for a standard form of keyboard adaptable for diverse users.&lt;ref name=&quot;zia&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Third generation===<br /> In 1980, the National Language Authority of Pakistan developed a new keyboard layout for typewriters based on [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] script. The keyboard had 46 keys to type 71 Urdu [[consonant]]s, [[vowel]]s, [[diacritic]]s, and [[punctuation]] marks, and 21 key symbols for [[arithmetic]] calculations and [[numerical digit|digits]]. However, with the arrival of the digital age, the layout became inadequate for computerized processing that required [[software]]&lt;ref&gt;Afzal (1997)&lt;/ref&gt; backup to select the shape of the character appropriate to the context, and the ability to store multiple language [[character encoding|character sets]].&lt;ref&gt;Zia (1996)&lt;/ref&gt; These issues were addressed through the standardization of keyboard.&lt;ref&gt;Zia (1999b)&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Fourth generation===<br /> In 1998 National Language Authority, under Dr. [[Attash Durrani]]'s supervision started working on a research and development project to standardize the Urdu encoding. This resulted in the formation of {{transliteration|ur|Urdu Zabta Takhti}} ({{lang|ur|{{nq|اردو ضابطہ تختی}}}}) (UZT). In July 2000, UZT 1.01 was standardized for all kinds of electronic computing, communications, and storage.&lt;ref&gt;Afzal and Hussain (2002)&lt;/ref&gt; Based on this version, Urdu language support was incorporated into the Versions 3.1 and 4.0 of [[Unicode]]. The Keyboard version 1 was finalized by NLA on December 14, 1999. In 2001, the [[National Database and Registration Authority]] of Pakistan fully adopted this keyboard for Data Entry operations of the [[Identity document#Pakistan|Computerized National Identity Cards]].{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}<br /> <br /> ===Phonetic Keyboard===<br /> [[File:Phenotic urdu.JPG|thumb|Layout of Urdu Phonetic Keyboard]]<br /> Along with the UZT keyboards, phonetic keyboards have been developed for Urdu. Phonetic keyboards works with the sound of the words, e.g. 'a' button of the English keyboard contain an Urdu word which is similar to the sound of 'a' and same is the case for other characters. Though less common in the past, phonetic keyboards have seen wider use recently. CRULP (Center for Research for Urdu Language Processing) has been working on phonetic keyboard designs for Urdu and other local languages of Pakistan. Their Urdu Phonetic Keyboard Layout v1.1 for Windows is widely used and considered as a standard for typing Urdu on the Microsoft platform. However it has not been adopted by Microsoft for any Windows platform.&lt;ref&gt;Parekh, R. (2008). [https://www.dawn.com/news/1071303/dawn-features-june-24-2008 Can Urdu become the language of the internet?]. Dawn Newspaper. 24 June. Retrieved on 21 May 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Nasta'liq script]]<br /> * [[Perso-Arabic script]]<br /> * [[Urdu alphabet]]<br /> * [[Urdu Informatics]]<br /> * [[Urdu Wikipedia]]<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> * Afzal, M. (1997). Urdu Software Industry: Prospects, Problems and Need for Standards. ''4th National Computer Conference''. [[Islamabad]].<br /> * Afzal, M. and Hussain, S. (2002). Urdu computing standards: development of Urdu Zabta Takhti. (UZT) 1.01. Proceedings of the Multi Topic IEEE Conference (INMIC 2001) - Technology for the 21st Century. {{ISBN|0-7803-7406-1}}. pp.&amp;nbsp;216–22<br /> * Dil, A.S. (1962). ''Pakistani Linguistics''. Linguistic Research Group of Pakistan.<br /> * Zia, K. (1996). Information Processing in Urdu. ''International Symposium on Multilingual Information Processing'', AIST, MITI, [[Tsukuba]], [[Japan]]. March.<br /> * Zia, K. (1999a). [http://www.cicc.or.jp/english/hyoujyunka/mlit4/7-10Pakistan/Pakistan2.html A Survey of Standardization in Urdu]. ''4th Symposium on Multilingual Information Processing'' (MLIT-4). [[Yangon]], [[Myanmar]]. CICC, Japan.<br /> * Zia, K (1999b). Information Processing in Urdu. International Symposium on Multilingual Information Processing, AIST, MITI, [[Tsukuba]], Japan. March.<br /> <br /> {{keyboard layouts}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Urdu Keyboard}}<br /> [[Category:Arabic-script keyboard layouts]]<br /> [[Category:Urdu-language computing]]</div>

Uravu https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_speakers_of_the_Himachal_Pradesh_Legislative_Assembly&diff=513218 2026-04-28T14:25:45Z

<p>Uravu: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Presiding officer for HP Assembly}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox political post<br /> | post = [[Speaker (politics)|Speaker]]<br /> | native_name = <br /> | body = the [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | insignia = <br /> | insigniasize = <br /> | insigniacaption = <br /> | incumbent = [[Kuldeep Singh Pathania]]<br /> | image = <br /> | imagesize = <br /> | incumbentsince = 5 January 2023<br /> | department = [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | style = [[The Honourable]]<br /> | nominator = Members of the [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | appointer = [[Governor of Himachal Pradesh]]<br /> | termlength = During the life of the Assembly (five&amp;nbsp;years maximum)<br /> | termlength_qualified = Renewable<br /> | inaugural = [[Jaiwant Ram]] {{small|(1952–1956)}}<br /> | formation = {{start date and years ago|df=yes|1952|03|24}}<br /> | deputy = <br /> | salary = <br /> | website = <br /> | imagecaption = <br /> | member_of = [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br /> }}<br /> The '''Speaker of the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly''' is the presiding officer of the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh, the main law-making body for the [[India]]n state of [[Himachal Pradesh]]. The Speaker is elected in the very first meeting of the [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] after the general elections for a term of 5 years from amongst the members of the assembly. The Speaker must be a member of the assembly. The Speaker can be removed from office by a resolution passed in the assembly by an effective majority of its members. In the absence of Speaker, the meeting of the Legislative Assembly is presided by the Deputy Speaker.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://hpvidhansabha.nic.in/Member/Speaker/442|title = Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==List of the Speakers==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=text-align:center<br /> |-<br /> !scope=col| #<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Portrait<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Name<br /> !scope=col| Constituency<br /> ! colspan=&quot;3&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; | Term<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Party<br /> |-<br /> |1<br /> |<br /> |[[Jaiwant Ram]]<br /> |[[Bhattiyat Assembly constituency|Bhattiyat]]<br /> |24 March 1952<br /> |31 October 1956<br /> |{{ayd|24 March 1952|31 October 1956}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[Indian National Congress]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; style=background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Desh Raj Mahajan]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Banikhet Assembly constituency|Banikhet]]<br /> |4 January 1963<br /> |18 March 1967<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{ayd|4 January 1963|17 March 1972}}<br /> |-<br /> |20 March 1967<br /> |19 March 1972<br /> |-<br /> |3<br /> |<br /> |[[Kultar Chand Rana]]<br /> |[[Shahpur, Himachal Pradesh Assembly constituency|Shahpur]]<br /> |28 March 1972<br /> |29 June 1977<br /> |{{ayd|28 March 1972|29 June 1977}}<br /> |-<br /> |4<br /> |<br /> |[[Sarvan Kumar]]<br /> |[[Palampur Assembly constituency|Palampur]]<br /> |30 June 1977<br /> |18 April 1979<br /> |{{ayd|30 June 1977|18 April 1979}}<br /> |[[Janata Party]]<br /> | style=background-color:{{party color|Janata Party}}|<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |5<br /> |rowspan=2|<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Thakur Sen Negi]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Kinnaur Assembly constituency|Kinnaur]]<br /> |8 May 1979<br /> |21 June 1982<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|{{ayd|8 May 1979|14 September 1984}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Independent politician|Independent]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=background-color:{{party color|Independent}}|<br /> |-<br /> |22 June 1982<br /> |14 September 1984<br /> |-<br /> |6<br /> |<br /> |[[Vidya Stokes]]<br /> |[[Theog Assembly constituency|Theog]]<br /> |11 March 1985<br /> |19 March 1990<br /> |{{ayd|11 March 1985|19 March 1990}}<br /> |[[Indian National Congress]]<br /> |style=background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|<br /> |-<br /> |7<br /> |<br /> |[[Radha Raman Shastri]]<br /> |[[Chopal Assembly constituency|Chopal]]<br /> |20 March 1990<br /> |17 August 1990<br /> |{{ayd|20 March 1990|17 August 1990}}<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|<br /> |-<br /> |(5)<br /> |<br /> |[[Thakur Sen Negi]]<br /> |[[Kinnaur Assembly constituency|Kinnaur]]<br /> |20 August 1990<br /> |14 December 1993<br /> |{{ayd|20 August 1990|14 December 1993}}<br /> |-<br /> |8<br /> |<br /> |[[Kaul Singh Thakur]]<br /> |[[Darang Assembly constituency|Darang]]<br /> |15 December 1993<br /> |12 March 1998<br /> |{{ayd|15 December 1993|12 March 1998}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Indian National Congress]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|<br /> |-<br /> |9<br /> |<br /> |[[Gulab Singh Thakur]]<br /> |[[Jogindernagar Assembly constituency|Jogindernagar]]<br /> |30 March 1998<br /> |7 March 2003<br /> |{{ayd|30 March 1998|7 March 2003}}<br /> |-<br /> |10<br /> |<br /> | [[Gangu Ram Musafir]]<br /> |[[Pachhad Assembly constituency|Pachhad]]<br /> |11 March 2003<br /> |9 January 2008<br /> |{{ayd|11 March 2003|9 January 2008}}<br /> |-<br /> |11<br /> |<br /> | [[Tulsi Ram]]<br /> |[[Bharmour Assembly constituency|Bharmour]]<br /> |11 January 2008<br /> |1 January 2013<br /> |{{ayd|11 January 2008|1 January 2013}}<br /> |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> |style=background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|<br /> |-<br /> |12<br /> |[[File:BBL Butail.jpg|94x94px]]<br /> |[[Brij Behari Lal Butail]]<br /> |[[Palampur Assembly constituency|Palampur]]<br /> |9 January 2013<br /> |5 January 2018<br /> |{{ayd|9 January 2013|5 January 2018}}<br /> |[[Indian National Congress]]<br /> |style=background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|<br /> |-<br /> |13<br /> |<br /> |[[Rajeev Bindal]]<br /> |[[Nahan Assembly constituency|Nahan]]<br /> |10 January 2018<br /> |16 January 2020<br /> |{{ayd|10 January 2018|16 January 2020}}<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|<br /> |-<br /> |14<br /> |<br /> |[[Vipin Singh Parmar]]<br /> |[[Sullah Assembly constituency|Sullah]]<br /> |26 February 2020<br /> |13 December 2022<br /> |{{ayd|26 February 2020|13 December 2022}}<br /> |-<br /> |15<br /> |<br /> |[[Kuldeep Singh Pathania]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Five-time MLA Kuldeep Singh Pathania elected Speaker of Himachal Assembly2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=The Economic Times |date=5 January 2023 |title=Five-time MLA Kuldeep Singh Pathania elected Speaker of Himachal Assembly |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/five-time-mla-kuldeep-singh-pathania-elected-speaker-of-himachal-assembly/articleshow/96758461.cms?from=mdr |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510060042/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/five-time-mla-kuldeep-singh-pathania-elected-speaker-of-himachal-assembly/articleshow/96758461.cms?from=mdr |archivedate=10 May 2024 |accessdate=10 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;5-time MLA Kuldeep Singh Pathania elected Speaker of Himachal Assembly&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |date=5 January 2023 |title=5-time MLA Kuldeep Singh Pathania elected Speaker of Himachal Assembly |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/five-time-mla-kuldeep-singh-pathania-elected-speaker-of-himachal-assembly/article66341169.ece |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510060114/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/five-time-mla-kuldeep-singh-pathania-elected-speaker-of-himachal-assembly/article66341169.ece |archivedate=10 May 2024 |accessdate=10 May 2024 |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |[[Bhattiyat Assembly constituency|Bhattiyat]]<br /> |5 January 2023<br /> |''Incumbent''<br /> |{{ayd|5 January 2023}}<br /> |[[Indian National Congress]]<br /> |style=background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Pro tem Speaker ==<br /> <br /> [[Chander Kumar]] 2022<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Current Indian legislative speakers and chairpersons}}<br /> {{Himachal Pradesh}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Lists of legislative speakers in India|H]]<br /> [[Category:Speakers of the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly| ]]</div>

Uravu https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=P._Leela&diff=523385 2026-04-27T13:12:30Z

<p>Uravu: starting - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian playback singer (1934 – 2005)}}<br /> {{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox musical artist &lt;!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --&gt;<br /> | name = P. Leela<br /> | image = P Leela.jpg<br /> | background = solo_singer<br /> | caption = P. Leela<br /> | native_name = പി. ലീല<br /> | birth_name = Porayath Leela<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1934|5|19}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Chittur]], [[Palakkad]], British India<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2005|10|31|1934|5|19}}<br /> | death_place = [[Chennai]], India<br /> | genre = [[Carnatic music]] and [[Playback singer|playback singing]]<br /> | occupation = Singer, Composer<br /> | instrument = Vocalist<br /> | awards = Padma Bhushan, Kalaimamani<br /> | years_active = 1948–2005<br /> }}<br /> {{More citations needed section|date=August 2025}}<br /> [[File:PLeela.jpg|thumb|P Leela in late 1940s]]<br /> '''Porayath Leela''' (19 May 1934 – 31 October 2005) was an [[Indian playback singers|Indian playback singer]], [[Carnatic music|a Carnatic]] vocalist, and a [[music director]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=P. Leela |url=https://musicbrainz.org/artist/be044867-c5ab-4e03-865c-165607d10326 |website=musicbrainz.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; She began her career as a [[playback singer]] in the 1948 Tamil film ''[[Kangkanam]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=P. Leela, 'forgotten' singer who sang unforgettable film songs {{!}} Daily FT |url=https://www.ft.lk/d-b-s-jeyaraj/p-leela-forgotten-singer-who-sang-unforgettable-film-songs/10496-424077 |website=[[Daily FT]] |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt; She recorded songs in various [[Languages of India|Indian languages]], including [[Malayalam]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Kannada]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], and [[Sinhalese language|Sinhala]]. Leela was posthumously awarded the ''[[Padma Bhushan]]'' in 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=PREVIOUS AWARDEES |url=https://dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/?Award=Padma%20Bhushan |website=padmaawards.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> During her career, Leela collaborated with composers such as [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]], [[Baburaj]], [[G. Devarajan]], [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]], [[M. S. Viswanathan]], [[K. Raghavan]], [[Br Lakshmanan]], [[L. P. R. Varma]], [[B. A. Chidambaranath]], A.T. Ummer, [[M. K. Arjunan]], Johnson, [[Ouseppachan]], [[Ilaiyaraja]], as well as playback singers [[K. J. Yesudas]] and [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=P. Leela age, biography|url=https://www.last.fm/music/P.+Leela/+wiki|access-date=2021-07-14|website=Last.fm|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Leela described her vocal style using the term Ganamani''.''{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}}<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> Leela was born in 1934 in [[Chittur taluk|Chittur]], [[Palakkad]], [[Kerala]], to V.K. Kunjanmenon (Menon) and Porayath Meenakshi Amma. She was the youngest of three daughters, with sisters Sharadha and Bhanumathi. Her father, V.K. Kunjanmenon, was a teacher at Ramavarma Higher Secondary School in [[Ernakulam]]. He encouraged his daughters to learn [[Carnatic music]], and Leela attributes her passion for singing to his influence.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=P. Leela |url=https://www.veethi.com/india-people/p._leela-profile-2767-24.htm |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=veethi.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> By age 13, Leela had sung over 5,000 film songs in the South Indian languages of [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]], [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]], and [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2012-05-19 |title=Singer P Leela - Business of Tollywood |url=https://www.businessoftollywood.com/singer-p-leela/ |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=businessoftollywood |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; She has also recorded songs for [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali]] and [[Sinhala films]]. Leela sang during the same era as the Carnatic musicians [[M. S. Subbulakshmi|M.S. Subbulakshmi]], [[M. L. Vasanthakumari|M.L. Vasanthakumari]], and [[D. K. Pattammal|D.K. Pattammal]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2010-10-01 |title=P. Leela Female Playback Singer of India |url=https://singers-in-india.blogspot.com/2010/10/p-leela-female-playback-singer-of-india.html |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=singers in india}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> {{More citations needed section|date=August 2025}}<br /> Leela's first [[guru]] was Thiribuvana Manibhagavadhar, the uncle of musician [[T. V. Gopalakrishnan]]. Later, she learned from Paththamadai Krishna Ayyar, Maruthuvakudi Rajagopala Iyer, and Rama Bhagavathar. Leela was trained in Carnatic music by [[Chembai Vaidyanatha Bhagavathar]] and [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]]. Vadakkancheri Ramabhagavadhar was a close friend of Leela's father, Menon. He had settled down in Madras. He would invite Menon and Leela to [[Madras]] to learn music whenever he visited Ernakulam. The headmistress of the school where Leela was studying advised her father to take her to Madras for further music training.&lt;ref name=&quot;thehindu-leela&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Ramanathan |first=Sowmya |date=3 October 2021 |title=Remembering P. Leela, a versatile and gifted singer |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/remembering-p-leela-a-versatile-and-gifted-singer/article36811926.ece |access-date=2025-06-11 |newspaper=The Hindu}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Menon resigned from his job in Ernakulam and took Leela to Madras in 1944. They stayed with Vadakkancheri Ramabagavathar in [[Mylapore]] and the 10-year-old Leela began learning in the [[gurukula]] style. Her father insisted that Leela do [[Sādhaka|sadhaka]] (practice music) early in the morning.<br /> <br /> In Madras, Leela had opportunities to listen to concerts of singers like [[Ariyakudi Ramanuja Iyengar]], [[S. Ramanathan (musician)|S. Ramanathan]], [[G. N. Balasubramaniam]], [[Chembai]], and others. Leela said this 'kelvi gnanam' (learning music by listening) helped her much in developing and refining her.&lt;ref name=kabali&gt;{{Cite news|title=Tribute to the Nightingale - P.Leela passes away|first=Satya|last=Kabali|url=http://www.telusuna.org/all-articles/p_leela.html |access-date=2025-08-05 |publisher=Telugu Sadassu North America}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1946, Leela participated in several music competitions in her city, receiving multiple awards. [[Durgabai Deshmukh]] gave Leela her first formal [[concert]] opportunity at [[Andhra Mahila Sabha|Andra Mahila Sabha]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}}<br /> <br /> === Entry into film industry ===<br /> The Columbia Recording Company was looking for a female voice. The manager at the time, Ganabathirama Iyer, recommended Leela. She was appointed as their artist, which paved the way for her entry into films.<br /> <br /> In Tamil, ''[[Nandakumar (film)|Nandakumar]]'' was the first movie to introduce playback singing. [[A. V. Meiyappan|A.V. Meiyappa Chettiar]] came up with the idea of replacing the soundtrack with voice and the playback system was introduced in Tamil cinema in 1938. It gradually got accepted and many singers entered the movie world.<br /> <br /> When she landed in Madras, she did not know Tamil or Telugu. She would write the songs in Malayalam and practice them to perfection. Once she started her career as a playback singer, she arranged for tutors and learned other languages.<br /> <br /> She got her first offer to sing in 1948 for a Tamil movie. Her father was initially reluctant but later he was persuaded to accept. Leela made her first appearance as a playback singer in the movie ''Kangkanam''. She sang her first song, ''Sree Varalakshmi'', at age 13. C.H. Padmanabhasastry was the music director of the film. She sang all the songs for the heroine in that film. After her debut in ''Kangkanam'', she was the most sought-after playback singer in [[Cinema of South India|South Indian cinema]] for more than two decades, according to ''[[The Hindu]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/11/04/stories/2005110401660100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060523031827/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/11/04/stories/2005110401660100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 May 2006|title=Entertainment Chennai / Tribute : This nightingale will be heard forever|date=4 November 2005|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=27 February 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1948, she sang ''Paaduka Poonkuyile'' for the Malayalam movie ''Nirmala'', though ''[[Balan (film)|Balan]].'' The film was made in 1938 and it was the first Malayalam &quot;talkie&quot; with a soundtrack. ''Balan'' was produced by T.R Sundaram for Modern Theatres, Salem, with [[S. Nottani]] as the director.{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}}<br /> <br /> === Telugu movies ===<br /> In 1949, Leela made her debut in [[Telugu cinema]] singing in three films: ''[[Mana Desam]]'', ''[[Keelu Gurram]],'' and ''[[Gunasundari Katha]]''. Singer and music director [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] (with whom Leela has sung the most songs) introduced Leela in ''Manadesam''. She sang all the songs for the heroine in the film ''Gunasundari Katha.''{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}}<br /> <br /> By the 1950s, Leela was recording playback songs in all major South Indian languages. Around the same period, she contributed to ''[[Shavukaru]]'', the debut production of [[Vijaya Productions]], which did not achieve commercial success at the box office.{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}}<br /> <br /> She sang in the film ''Missamma'' (made as ''Missiyamma'' in Tamil) and worked as a music director for a film called '[[Chinnari Papalu]]' (Telugu) in 1968. The film was produced exclusively by women. She sang eight songs along with [[P. Susheela]] in the film ''[[Lava Kusa (1963 film)|Lava Kusa]]'' (1963).{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}}<br /> <br /> ==Discography==<br /> {{main|List of songs by P. Leela}}{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2025}}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Film<br /> ! Songs<br /> |-<br /> | 1948<br /> | ''[[Kangkanam]]''<br /> |&quot;Sree Varalakshmi&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | 1948<br /> | ''[[Thirumalisai Alvar]]''<br /> | ''Giridhaari''<br /> |-<br /> | 1949<br /> | ''[[Inbavalli]]''<br /> | *Inbamana Mohini maane with [[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]]<br /> |-<br /> | 1949<br /> | ''[[Gunasundari Katha]]''<br /> | &quot;Sri Tulasi Jaya Tulasi&quot; &lt;br&gt; &quot;Upakara Gunalayavai&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | 1951<br /> |''[[Patala Bhairavi]]''<br /> |&quot;Pranaya Jeevulaku Devi Varaale&quot; &lt;br&gt; &quot;Entha Ghaatu Premayo&quot; &lt;br&gt; &quot;Kalavaramaaye Madilo&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | 1951<br /> |''[[Singari]]''<br /> |&quot;Jighu Jighu Samakku Paarungo&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&quot;O! Chellaiah Nee Vallaiah&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Kaanil Vennilaa Poleh&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Bhaarathi Enge Solladi&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Vaanavillaipoleh Oru Vaaliban&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | 1952<br /> |''[[Amarakavi]]''<br /> |&quot;Chedi Maraivile Oru Poongodi&quot;, &quot;Yaanai Thandham Pole&quot; and &quot;Konji Pesum Kiliye&quot; with [[M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar|MKT]]&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Mullaich Chirippile&quot; and &quot;Mookuthi Minnudhu&quot; with N. L. Ghanasaraswathi <br /> |-<br /> | 1953<br /> | ''[[Bratuku Theruvu]]''<br /> | &quot;Andame Anandam Anandame Jeevita Makarandam&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | 1954<br /> | ''[[Pudhu Yugam (1954 film)|Pudhu Yugam]]''<br /> | &quot;Vaazhvinile Inba Saubhagyam&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Kaadhal Kondu Poovil Vandu&quot; with [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Pudhu Yugam, Pudhu Yugam&quot; with [[Jikki]]<br /> |-<br /> | 1954<br /> | ''[[Vaira Malai]]''<br /> | &quot;Nadana Kala Rani&quot; (Dance Drama) with [[A. P. Komala]] and [[G. K. Venkatesh]]<br /> |-<br /> | 1955<br /> | ''[[Jayasimha (1955 film)|Jayasimha]]''<br /> | &quot;Eenaati Eehaayi Kalakadoyi Nijamoyi&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | 1955<br /> | ''[[Missamma]]''<br /> | &quot;Karuninchu Mary Matha&quot;&lt;br&gt;&quot;Telusukonave Chelli&quot;&lt;br&gt;&quot;Yemito Ee Maaya Challani Raja&quot; &lt;br&gt; &quot;&quot;Raavoyi Chandamaama&quot; &lt;br&gt; &quot;Raaga Sudha Rasa&quot;<br /> |- &quot;<br /> | 1956<br /> | ''[[Chiranjeevulu (1956 film)|Chiranjeevulu]]''<br /> | &quot;Thellavaaraga Vachhe Theliyaka Naasaami Malliparundevu Lera&quot; &lt;br&gt; &quot;Kanupaapa Karuvaina Kanulenduko&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | 1956<br /> | ''[[Tenali Ramakrishna (1956 film)|Tenali Ramakrishna]]''<br /> | &quot;Jagamula Dayanele Janani Sadashivuni Manoharini&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | 1956<br /> | ''[[Tenali Raman]]''<br /> | &quot;Ulagellaam Unatharulaal Malarum&quot;, &quot;Ulagellaam Unatharulaal Malarum (pathos)&quot;, &quot;Aadum Kalaiyellam Paruva Mangaiyar Azhagu Koorum&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | 1957<br /> | ''[[Maya Bazaar]]''<br /> | &quot;Chinnari Sasirekha Vardhillavamm&quot; &lt;br&gt; &quot;Vinnava Yashodamma&quot; &lt;br&gt; &quot;Neekosame Ne Jeevinchunadi&quot; &lt;br&gt; &quot;Neevena Nanu Thalachinadi&quot; &lt;br&gt; &quot;Laahiri Laahiri Laahirilo&quot; &lt;br&gt; &quot;Choopulu Kalasina Subhavela&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | 1957<br /> | ''[[Suvarna Sundari]]''<br /> | &quot;Bangaaru Vannela Rangaaru Sanjala Rangeli Yetenchene&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | 1957<br /> | ''[[Pathini Deivam]]''<br /> | &quot;Gnaanakkanna Ezhundhiru&quot; (with [[T. M. Soundararajan]])&lt;br&gt;&quot;Vaaraai Indre Mohana&quot;&lt;br&gt;&quot;Chinna Chinna Vayasile&quot; with group <br /> |-<br /> | 1957<br /> | ''Babruvaahana''<br /> | &quot;Yelara Manohara &lt;br&gt; Manasemo Vayyaraala&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | 1958<br /> | ''[[Uthama Puthiran (1958 film)|Uthamaputhiran]]''<br /> | &quot;Kathiruppan Kamalakannan&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | 1958<br /> | ''[[Appu Chesi Pappu Koodu]]''<br /> | &quot;Joharu Gaikonara Deva&quot;&lt;br&gt;&quot;Rama Rama Saranam Bhadradri Rama Saranam&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | 1958<br /> | ''[[Pelli Naati Pramanalu]]''<br /> | &quot;Sreemanturalivai Cheluvondu Maata Mammu Deevimpuma Maa Andhramata&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | 1959<br /> | ''[[Abalai Anjugam]]''<br /> | &quot;Daaladikkum Paappaa Jaaliyaaga&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | 1959<br /> | ''[[Amudhavalli]]''<br /> | &quot;Anbum Amaidhiyum&quot; (with [[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]])&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Singaara Vadivamaana Thithikkum&quot; (with [[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]])<br /> |-<br /> | 1959<br /> | ''[[Nalla Theerpu]]''<br /> | &quot;Azhagaana Maaran Yaaradi&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | 1960<br /> | ''[[Chavukkadi Chandrakantha]]''<br /> | &quot;Aadchiyum Soozhchchiyum Sernthaal&quot; (with [[A. G. Rathnamala]])&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Malarvana Veedhiyile Vasantha Thaerile&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | 1960<br /> | ''Shanti Nivasam''<br /> | &quot;Kalanaina Nee Valape Kalavaramandaina Nee Talape&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | 1960<br /> | ''Raja Makutam''<br /> | &quot;Ooredi Peredi &lt;br&gt; &quot;Sadiseyako Gaali&quot; &lt;br&gt; &quot;Amba Jagadamba&quot; &lt;br&gt; Edanunnado Ekkadunnado&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | 1961<br /> | ''[[Jagadeka Veeruni Katha]]''<br /> | &quot;Nanu Dayaganave Naa Moravinava&quot; &lt;br&gt; &quot;Jalakaalaatalalo kalakalapaatalalo&quot; along with P. Suseela and &quot;Varinchi Vachchina Maanavaveerudu also along with P. Suseela&quot;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | 1961<br /> | ''[[Kumara Raja (1961 film)|Kumara Raja]]''<br /> | &quot;Yettil Padithathodu Irundhuvidaathe&quot;&lt;br&gt;&quot;Naan Vandhu Serndha Idam Nalla Idam&quot;&lt;br&gt;&quot;Aanundu Paada, Pennundu Aada&quot; (with [[J. P. Chandrababu]])<br /> |-<br /> | 1963<br /> | ''[[Lava Kusha]]''<br /> | &quot;Ramakathanu Vinarayyaa Ihapara Sukhamulanosage&quot;&lt;br&gt;&quot;Voorake Kanneeru Nimpa Karanamemamma&quot;&lt;br&gt;&quot;Vinudu Vinudu Ramayana Gaatha Vinudee Manasara&quot;&lt;br&gt;&quot;Sriraamuni Charithamunu Telipedamamma&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |1965<br /> |''[[Pandava Vanavasam]]''<br /> |&quot;Devaa Deena Baandhavaa&quot; &lt;br&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |1966<br /> |''[[Sri Krishna Pandaveeyam]]''<br /> |&quot;Swagatam Suswagatam&quot; along with P. Suseela<br /> |-<br /> |1967<br /> |''[[Rahasyam (1967 film)|Rahasyam]]''<br /> |&quot;Shrilalitha Shivajyothi Sarvakaamadaa&quot; &lt;br&gt; &quot;Evo Kanulu Karuninchinavee&quot; (duet with Ghantasala Master, who was the music director too for this movie)<br /> |}<br /> # ''[[Sampoorna Ramayanam (1971 film)|Sampoorna Ramayanam]]'' (1971)<br /> # ''[[Paramanandayya Shishyula Katha]]'' (1966)<br /> # ''Tirupathamma Katha'' (1963)<br /> # ''Mahamantri Timmarasu'' (1962)<br /> # ''[[Gundamma Katha]]'' (1962)<br /> # ''[[Dakshayagnam (1962 film)|Dakshayagnam]]'' (1962)<br /> # ''Sri Seetha Rama Kalyanam'' (1961)<br /> # ''Deepavali'' (1960)<br /> # ''Sahasra Siracheda Apoorva Chinthamani'' (1960)<br /> # ''[[Sri Venkateswara Mahatyam]]'' (1960)<br /> # ''Krishna Leelalu'' (1959)<br /> # ''Pelli Sandadi'' (1959)<br /> # ''Mangalya Balam'' (1958)<br /> # ''Dongallo Dora'' (1957)<br /> # ''[[Panduranga Mahatyam]]'' (1957)<br /> # ''Preme Daivam'' (1957)<br /> # ''Sarangadhara'' (1957)<br /> # ''Bhakta Markandeya'' (1956)<br /> # ''[[Bhale Ramudu]]'' (1956)<br /> # ''Jayam Manade'' (1956)<br /> # ''[[Anarkali]]'' (1955)<br /> # ''Vadina Gari Gajulu'' (1955)<br /> # ''Vaddante Dabbu'' (1954)<br /> # ''Oka Talli Pillalu'' (1953)<br /> # ''[[Palletooru]]'' (1952)<br /> # ''[[Pelli Chesi Choodu]]'' (1952)<br /> # ''[[Patala Bhairavi]]'' (1951)<br /> # ''Navvite Navaratnalu'' (1951)<br /> # ''Paramanandayya Shishyula Katha'' (1950){{Citation needed|date=August 2025}}<br /> <br /> == Personal life ==<br /> {{Unreferenced section|date=August 2025}}<br /> <br /> Leela married a lawyer, but the marriage was unsuccessful. In her later years, she devoted herself to performing classical concerts and light music programs. She lived with her nieces and nephews in Defence Colony, [[St. Thomas Mount]] (Parangimalai).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Leela Biography, Age, Early Life, Career and More |url=https://tamilbio.net/leela-biography-age-early-life-career-and-more/ |access-date=2025-10-31 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Legacy, singing style==<br /> She was known for her ability to sing both classical and light film music. Satya Kabali, an actor, said that Leela had an emotional touch and classical discipline which she imparted in film music.&lt;ref name=kabali/&gt;<br /> <br /> On her death, the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Jayalalitha said: <br /> <br /> ''“One of the greatest vocal musicians of India, who made a name for herself by singing exquisite songs in her mellifluous voice in Malayalam, Tamil and Telugu both for the film industry, as well as in Carnatic music.&quot;''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=P. Leela, ‘forgotten’ singer who sang unforgettable film songs {{!}} Daily FT |url=https://www.ft.lk/columns/p-leela-forgotten-singer-who-sang-unforgettable-film-songs/4-424077 |access-date=2025-10-31 |website=www.ft.lk |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Awards and recognition ==<br /> {{More citations needed section|date=August 2025}}<br /> <br /> ===Government of India===<br /> <br /> She was awarded [[Padma Bhushan]] posthumously for her contributions in the year 2006.&lt;ref name=&quot;Padma Awards2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=2015|title=Padma Awards|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf|access-date=21 July 2015|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|archive-date=15 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Tamil Nadu State===<br /> She was awarded the [[Kalaimamani]] title in 1992&lt;ref name=hinduobit/&gt; by Chief Minister J Jayalalithaa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=P. Leela, ‘forgotten’ singer who sang unforgettable film songs {{!}} Daily FT |url=https://www.ft.lk/columns/p-leela-forgotten-singer-who-sang-unforgettable-film-songs/4-424077 |access-date=2025-10-31 |website=www.ft.lk |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Kerala State===<br /> Leela received the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Singer|best playback singer award]] from the Kerala government in 1969 for the song ''Ujjayiniyile Gaayika'' from the movie [[Kadalpalam]].<br /> <br /> She received a Certificate of Honour for the Growth and Development of Malayalam Films from the [[Government of Kerala|Kerala Government]].&lt;ref name=&quot;lakshmansruthi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=P Leela - Profile {{!}} Lakshman Sruthi - 100% Manual Orchestra|url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/profilesmusic/p-leela.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021060944/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/profilesmusic/p-leela.asp|url-status=usurped|archive-date=21 October 2011|access-date=2021-06-24|website=www.lakshmansruthi.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Other awards===<br /> *Janmashtami Puraskaram instituted by Balasamskara Kendram for her efforts in spreading 'Narayaniyam', 'Jnanappana' and 'Harinamakeerthanam'&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Balasanskara Kendra |url=https://balagokulam.in/english/balasanskara-kendra/ |access-date=2025-10-31 |website=ബാലഗോകുലം - Balagokulam Keralam |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]] for Best Classical Musician (1983)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi|url=http://www.keralasangeethanatakaakademi.in/fa.php|access-date=2021-05-28|website=www.keralasangeethanatakaakademi.in|archive-date=13 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813144417/http://www.keralasangeethanatakaakademi.in/fa.php|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Kerala Film Critics Association Chalachithra Prathibha Awards for overall contributions to [[Malayalam cinema]].(1986)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Critics |first=kerala Film |title=CHALACHITRA PRATHIBHA AWARDS ചലച്ചിത്ര പ്രതിഭാ അവാര്‍ഡ് ഇതുവരെ |url=https://www.keralafilmcritics.com/2020/10/chalachitra-prathibha-awards.html |access-date=2025-11-11 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Kamukara Awards&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2014-05-17|title=Baburaj selected for Kamukara Music award|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/baburaj-selected-for-kamukara-music-award-114051700695_1.html|access-date=2021-05-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Thyagaraja Bhagavthar special awards by the Tamil Nadu government&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2006-02-11|title=Siddharth time has come - Tamil News|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/state-film-awards-announced-tamil-news-20363|access-date=2021-05-28|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Madras Music Academy Gold Medal{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}}<br /> * [[Swaralaya Kairali Yesudas Award|Swaralaya Kairali Yesudas]] Special Jury Awards{{cn|date=November 2025}}<br /> *Film fans awards{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}}<br /> *Life achievement awards by the sangam kala group-hero honda&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|agency=PTI|date=Feb 2, 2002|title=Award for Leela, Gokulapalan {{!}} Thiruvananthapuram News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/award-for-leela-gokulapalan/articleshow/149874665.cms|access-date=2021-07-19|website=The Times of India|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Sivapadmam Award{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}}<br /> *Swathi Ratna award and Title by Malayali club Madras for propagating Swathi Thirunal krithis&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Honours &amp; Awards {{!}} Bharata Kalanjali|date=22 August 2018|url=https://bharatakalanjali.in/honours-awards/|access-date=2021-06-23|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Vayalar Memorial Cultural Award 1997&quot; by Kala Kairali and Vayalar Memorial Cultural Award Academy.{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}}<br /> *Malayalam Cine Technicians Association (MACTA&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=MACTA|url=https://www.mactaonline.com/|access-date=2021-05-30|website=www.mactaonline.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;) honorary membership{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}}<br /> <br /> === Titles ===<br /> Leela has been awarded many titles, including:<br /> *Curnool - Thyagaraja Sangeetha Sabha - &quot;Ganamathi&quot;<br /> *Anbathur - Maunaswamigal - &quot;Sangeetha Hamsani&quot;<br /> *Guntur - Guntur Cultural Academy - &quot;Ganakokila&quot;<br /> *Chennai - St. Thomas Arts Academy - &quot;Sangeetha Saraswathi&quot;<br /> *Trivandrum - Trivandrum Devaswom Board - &quot;Kalaratnam&quot;<br /> *Newyork - Kannada Kota &amp; Tamil Sangam - &quot;Gana Varshini&quot;<br /> *Guruvayoor - Venkatachalapathi Temple - &quot;Nada Sudha&quot;<br /> *Guruvayoor - Sangeerthana Trust - &quot;Bakthi Gana Thilakam&quot;<br /> *Arni - Sri Thyagaraja Sabha - &quot;Irai Isai Mamani&quot;<br /> *Guruvayoor - Guruvayoor Temple - &quot;Sangeetha Narayani&quot;<br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;lakshmansruthi&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Death ==<br /> {{More citations needed section|date=August 2025}}<br /> P. Leela died on 31 October 2005, at 00:40 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] at [[Sri Ramachandra Medical Centre]] in Chennai. She was hospitalized in late September after suffering serious injuries sustained due to a fall in the bathroom in her home. Though she was operated on, her condition suddenly worsened due to [[pneumonia]], possibly a complication from her long-standing [[asthma]]. She went into a deep [[coma]] a day before she died. She was cremated with full state honours on the day of her death at Besant Nagar Crematorium.{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}}<br /> The Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, [[Jayalalitha]] eulogised her after her death.&lt;ref name=hinduobit&gt;{{Cite news|date=2016-01-14| title=Kerala News: P. Leela's death mourned|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/11/01/stories/2005110108140400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114193037/http://www.thehindu.com/2005/11/01/stories/2005110108140400.htm|archive-date=14 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ===Memorial===<br /> An open stage named Thiruvarangu was built in 2018 at her native place Chittur-Tathamangalam in her memory.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=പി. ലീലയുടെ ഓര്‍മയ്ക്കായി ചിറ്റൂരില്‍ സ്ഥിരം വേദി|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/palakkad/malayalam-news/singer-p-leela-1.2630880|access-date=2021-07-09|website=Mathrubhumi|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184517/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/palakkad/malayalam-news/singer-p-leela-1.2630880|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=P.Leela Smriti Mandapam in the city Chittur|url=https://in.worldorgs.com/catalog/chittur/amusement-park/pleela-smriti-mandapam|access-date=2021-08-11|website=in.worldorgs.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb name|0654901}}<br /> * {{Cite web|url=http://dbsjeyaraj.com/dbsj/archives/41475|title=P. Leela, 'Forgotten' Singer Who Sang Unforgettable Songs in Tamil Cinema|author=D. B. S. Jeyaraj|website=dbsjeyaraj.com|access-date=4 January 2018|archive-url=https://archive.today/20180104050230/http://dbsjeyaraj.com/dbsj/archives/41475|archive-date=4 January 2018|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}<br /> <br /> {{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2000–09}}<br /> {{Padma Award winners of Kerala}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Leela, P.}}<br /> [[Category:1934 births]]<br /> [[Category:2005 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Indian women playback singers]]<br /> [[Category:Singers from Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]<br /> [[Category:Malayalam-language playback singers]]<br /> [[Category:Kannada-language playback singers]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts]]<br /> [[Category:People from Palakkad district]]<br /> [[Category:Film musicians from Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:Women musicians from Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]]</div>

Uravu https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rawal_Samarasimha&diff=530055 2026-04-27T10:36:51Z

<p>Uravu: new - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox royalty<br /> | name = Samarasimha<br /> | title = Maharajakula &lt;br /&gt; Raula &lt;br /&gt; Maharawal &lt;br /&gt; Rawal<br /> | succession = Maharawal of the [[Guhila dynasty]]<br /> | reign = 1272-1301<br /> | predecessor = [[Tejasimha]]<br /> | successor = [[Ratnasimha]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Maharawal Samarsimha''' or '''Maharawal Samar Singh''' was the ruler of the [[Guhila dynasty]] from 1272 to 1301. He was the son of Rawal [[Tejasimha]] and father of [[Ratnasimha]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Somani|first=Ramavallabha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NcIBAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=history%20of%20mewar|title=History of Mewar, from Earliest Times to 1751 A.D.|publisher=Mateshwari Publications|year=1976|location=India|pages=90|language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He assisted the ruler of Gujarat, Sarangdeva Baghela against a Turkish Invasion. This Turkish invader is speculated to be [[Ghiyas ud din Balban]] or [[Alauddin Khalji]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Somani|first=Ramavallabha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NcIBAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=history%20of%20mewar|title=History of Mewar, from Earliest Times to 1751 A.D.|publisher=Mateshwari Publications|year=1976|location=India|pages=90–91|language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt; If the invader was Alauddin Khalji, then his motives for invasion would not be devastation or annexation but passage to invade Gujrat. Since Alauddin was refused passage from [[Marwar]], so the passage was drawn from [[Mewar]]. Samarsimha offered strong resistance from Mewar but Alauddin was able to do minor attack on Hindu shrines. but no major devastation was found.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Somani|first=Ramavallabha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NcIBAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=history%20of%20mewar|title=History of Mewar, from Earliest Times to 1751 A.D.|publisher=Mateshwari Publications|year=1976|location=India|pages=91|language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> [[List of Mewar–Delhi conflicts]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Samarsimha, Rawal}}<br /> [[Category:Date of birth uncertain]]<br /> [[Category:Date of death unknown]]<br /> [[Category:11th-century Indian monarchs]]<br /> [[Category:12th-century Indian monarchs]]<br /> [[Category:Monarchs of Mewar]]<br /> [[Category:Guhila dynasty]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-royal-stub}}</div>

Uravu https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mumbai%E2%80%93Chennai_line&diff=519028 2026-04-26T14:40:14Z

<p>Uravu: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Railway line in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2014}}<br /> {{Infobox rail line<br /> | box_width = <br /> | name = Mumbai–Chennai line<br /> | color = <br /> | logo = <br /> | logo_width = <br /> | image = Pune Junction stationboard.jpg<br /> | image_width = 330<br /> | caption = [[Pune Junction railway station]] is an important Railway station on Mumbai–Chennai line<br /> | type = <br /> | system = <br /> | status = Operational<br /> | locale = {{hlist |[[Maharashtra]] |[[Karnataka]] |[[Telangana]] |[[Andhra Pradesh]] |[[Tamil Nadu]] }}<br /> | start = [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus|Mumbai CSMT]]<br /> | end = [[Chennai Central railway station|Chennai Central]]<br /> | stations = <br /> | routes = <br /> | daily_ridership = <br /> | open = 1871<br /> | close = <br /> | owner = [[Indian Railways]]<br /> | operator = {{ubl |[[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]] |[[South Central Railway zone|South Central Railway]] |[[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]]}}<br /> | character = <br /> | depot = <br /> | stock = <br /> | linelength = {{cvt|1281|km}}<br /> | tracklength = <br /> | tracks = 2/1<br /> | gauge = {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]<br /> | old_gauge = <br /> | minradius = <br /> | racksystem = <br /> | electrification = [[25 kV AC railway electrification|25 kV 50 Hz AC]] [[overhead line]]<br /> | speed = {{cvt|130|kph}}<br /> | elevation = [[Lonavala railway station|Lonavala]] {{cvt|622|m}}<br /> | website = <br /> | map = [[File:Mumbai-Chennai Express Trains Route map.jpg|thumb|center|Mumbai–Chennai route map]]<br /> {{Mumbai–Chennai line}}<br /> | map_state = collapsed<br /> }}<br /> The '''Mumbai–Chennai line''', earlier known as '''Bombay–Madras line''', is an Indian railway line connecting [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus|Mumbai CSMT]] and [[Chennai Central]]. It is one of the seven major trunk routes of the [[Indian Railways]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=124694|title=Decongestion of Trunk railway routes|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=10 August 2015|archive-date=29 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529114915/https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=124694|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://indiainfrahub.com/news/trains-to-run-at-160-kmph-on-major-trunk-routes/ |title=Trains to run at 160 Kmph on major Trunk routes |work=India InfraHub |date=20 July 2020 |access-date=16 February 2024 |archive-date=16 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216151856/https://indiainfrahub.com/news/trains-to-run-at-160-kmph-on-major-trunk-routes/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; It traverses about {{cvt|1281|km}} along the [[Indian peninsula]] across the states of [[Maharashtra]], [[Karnataka]], [[Telangana]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], and [[Tamil Nadu]]. The line forms part of the planned [[Diamond Quadrilateral]] rail network.<br /> <br /> ==Sections==<br /> The {{cvt|1281|km}}-long trunk line is divided into the following sections:<br /> #[[Central line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)]]<br /> #[[Dadar–Solapur section]]<br /> #[[Solapur–Guntakal section]]<br /> #[[Guntakal–Renigunta section]]<br /> #[[Gudur–Chennai section|Renigunta–Chennai section]]<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The first passenger train in India from [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus]] in Mumbai to [[Thane railway station|Thane]] ran on 16 April 1853 on the track laid by the [[Great Indian Peninsula Railway]]. The GIPR line was extended to [[Kalyan Junction railway station|Kalyan]] in 1854 and then on the south-east side to [[Khopoli railway station|Khopoli]] via [[Palasdhari railway station|Palasdhari]] at the foot of the [[Western Ghats]] in 1856. While construction work was in progress across the [[Bhor Ghat]], GIPR opened to public the [[Khandala railway station|Khandala]]–[[Pune Junction railway station|Pune]] track in 1858.<br /> <br /> The Bhor Ghat incline connecting Palasdari to Khandala was completed in 1862, thereby connecting Mumbai and Pune.&lt;ref name=&quot;IR History: Early Days – I&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-hist.html| title = IR History: Early Days – I : Chronology of railways in India, Part 2 (1832–1865)| publisher= IRFCA| access-date= 20 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Western Ghats presented a big obstacle to the railway engineers in the 1860s. The summit of the [[Bhor Ghat]] (earlier spelt as Bhore Ghat) incline being 2,027 feet. The maximum gradient was: 1 in 37 with extreme curvature. &quot;The works on the Bhore ghat comprised 25 tunnels of a total length of nearly 4,000 yards, two of the longest being 435 yards and 341 yards respectively. The Bhore ghat have eight lofty viaducts having a total length of 2,961 feet. Two of the largest are more than 500 feet long with a maximum height of 1160 and 163 feet. There are 22 bridges of spans from 7 to 30 feet and 81 culverts of various sizes.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url =http://www.irfca.org/articles/eminent-railwaymen.html|title = Eminent Railwaymen of Yesteryears by R.R.Bhandari|work= James J. Berkley / Bhore Ghat | publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 3 December 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The construction of the Bhor Ghat incline came at a high price: an estimated 24,000 builders died during the eight years of construction.&lt;ref name=&quot;livehistoryindia&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url = https://www.livehistoryindia.com/snapshort-histories/2019/05/09/bhor-ghat-incline-triumph-tragedy|title= Bhor Ghat Incline: Triumph &amp; Tragedy |author= Aditi Shah |date=9 May 2019 |access-date= 30 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bangaloremirror&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url = https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/news/india/24000-dead-workers-ghats-have-a-hell-station-and-a-story-to-tell/articleshow/57621653.cms |title= 24,000 dead workers: Ghats have a hell station, and a story to tell |author= Kamal Mishra |date=14 March 2017 |access-date= 30 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Pune–Raichur sector of the Mumbai–Chennai line was opened in stages: the portion from Pune to Barshi Road was opened in 1859, from Barshi Road to Mohol in 1860 and from Mohol to Solapur also in 1860. Work on the line from Solapur southwards was begun in 1865 and the line was extended to Raichur in 1871. Thus the line met the line of [[Madras Railway]] thereby establishing direct Mumbai–Chennai link.&lt;ref name=&quot;IR History: Early Days – II&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history2.html | title = IR History: Early Days – II | last = Chronology of railways in India, Part 2 (1870–1899)| publisher= IRFCA| access-date= 3 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The first passenger train in southern India and the third in India was operated by [[Madras Railway]] from [[Royapuram railway station|Royapuram]] to Wallajah Road (Arcot) in 1856. MR extended its trunk route to Beypur / Kadalundi (near Calicut) and initiated work on a north-western branch out of [[Arakkonam Junction railway station|Arakkonam]] in 1861. The branch line reached Renigunta in 1862,&lt;ref name=&quot;IR History: Early Days – I&quot;/&gt; and to [[Raichur railway station|Raichur]] in 1871, where it connected to the [[Great Indian Peninsula Railway]] line from Mumbai.&lt;ref name=&quot;IR History: Early Days – II&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Electrification==<br /> <br /> Railway electrification in India began with the first electric train, between [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus|Bombay Victoria Terminus]] and [[Kurla]] by the [[Great Indian Peninsula Railway]]'s (GIPR) on 3 February 1925, on 1.5 kV DC. The Kalyan–Pune section was electrified with 1.5 kV DC overhead system in 1930.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-elec.html|title= Electric Traction I |work= History of Electrification| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 20 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The previously used 1.5 kV DC was converted to 25 kV AC on 5 May 2013 from Kalyan to Khopoli and Kalyan to Kasara.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140116220742/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-30/mumbai/38929007_1_signalling-system-long-distance-trains-lokmanya-tilak-terminus &quot;From May 5, faster Central Railway with AC power&quot; - ''Times Of India'']. Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com (30 April 2013). Retrieved on 2013-07-16.&lt;/ref&gt; Conversion from 1.5 kV DC to 25 kV AC on the Lokmanya Tilak Terminus-Thane-Kalyan section was completed on 12 January 2014.&lt;ref name=&quot;indiatimes1&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140115031241/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2014-01-13/mumbai/46148994_1_long-distance-trains-new-trains-faster-trains &quot;Soon, faster trains on Kalyan-LTT route&quot; - ''The Times of India'']. Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com (13 January 2014). Retrieved on 2014-06-11.&lt;/ref&gt; The CSMT to LTT section was converted from 1.5 kV DC to 25 kV AC on 8 June 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;indiatimes2&quot;&gt;[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Central-Railway-plans-DC/AC-switch-in-May/articleshow/32622006.cms &quot;Central Railway plans DC/AC switch in May&quot; - ''The Times of India'']. Timesofindia.indiatimes.com (25 March 2014). Retrieved on 2014-06-11.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=DC to AC conversion on Mumbai's Central Railways rail route completed|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/dc-to-ac-conversion-on-mumbais-central-railways-rail-route-completed/articleshow/47582271.cms|access-date=2 January 2016|work=The Economic Times|publisher=PTI|date=8 June 2015|location=Mumbai}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Kasara-Pune section was also converted from 1.5 kV DC to 25 kV AC.<br /> <br /> The Pune–Daund section as well as Daund -Bhigwan section was electrified in 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/civic/pune-daund-local-brings-respite-for-daily-commuters/articleshow/56631901.cms|title=Pune-Daund local brings respite for daily commuters|website=Pune Mirror|date=18 January 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The electrification of the Bhigwan - Kalaburgi section was completed by March 2022.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.railpost.in/march-2021-when-the-mumbai-chennai-railway-route-will-be-fully-doubled-electrified/|title=March 2021: When the Mumbai-Chennai Railway Route Will Be Fully Doubled, Electrified|date=1 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Kalaburgi -Wadi section was electrified in 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The Renigunta–Nandalur sector electrification was completed in 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.processregister.com/Renigunta_-_Guntakal_Rly_Electrification/Project/pid14748.htm |title = Reenigunta-Guntakal Railway Electrification Project | publisher= Progress Register| access-date = 20 March 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=22318 |title = Rail Projects in Andhra Pradesh | publisher= Press Information Bureau, 21 November 2006 | access-date = 20 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Nandalur–Guntakal sector was electrified by Dec 2013.&lt;ref name=electrificationprogress&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.core.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&amp;id=0,294,302,532 |title = Brief on Railway Electrification |work=Electrification Work in Progress | publisher= Central Organisation for Railway Electrification | access-date = 20 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; The electrification of the Guntakal-Wadi section was completed in 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The Chennai Central–Tiruvallur sector, as well as the Basin Bridge–Chennai Beach sector were electrified in 1979–80. The Tiruvallur –Arakkonam sector was electrified in 1982–83, Arakkonam–Tiruttani sector in 1983–84 and the Tiruttani–Renigunta sector in 1984–85.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html|title = History of Electrification| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 20 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Hence, the entire Mumbai-Chennai route is completely electrified.<br /> <br /> ==Speed limit==<br /> The stretch between [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus]] and [[Kalyan Junction railway station|Kalyan]] is classified as 'Group A' line, where trains run with speed up to 110&amp;nbsp;km/h due to train density and curve limitations . The Kalyan–Pune–Daund–Wadi line and the Wadi–Raichur–Adoni–Arrakonam–Chennai Central line are classified as 'Group B' lines and can take speeds up to 130&amp;nbsp;km/h.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/codesmanual/IRPWM/PermanentWayManualCh2_data.htm |title = Chapter II – The Maintenance of Permanent Way| access-date = 20 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Passenger movement==<br /> [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus|Mumbai CSMT]], [[Pune railway station|Pune]], [[Solapur railway station|Solapur]] and [[Chennai Central]] on the line, are amongst the top hundred booking stations of Indian Railway.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in/7days_Avl.html |title=Indian Railways Passenger Reservation Enquiry |work=Availability in trains for Top 100 Booking Stations of Indian Railways |publisher=IRFCA |access-date=20 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140510115649/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/7days_Avl.html |archive-date=10 May 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[http://indiarailinfo.com/departures/mumbai-cst-cstm/1620 Trains at Mumbai CST]<br /> *[http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/pune-junction-pune/76 Trains at Pune]<br /> *[http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/daund-junction-dd/148 Trains at Daund]<br /> *[http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/solapur-sur/147 Trains at Solapur]<br /> *[http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/wadi-junction-wadi/145 Trains at Wadi]<br /> *[http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/raichur-junction-rc/144 Trains at Raichur]<br /> *[http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/adoni-ad/142 Trains at Adoni]<br /> *[http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/guntakal-junction-gtl/141 Trains at Guntakal]<br /> *[http://indiarailinfo.com/departures/chennai-central-mas/35 Trains at Chennai Central]<br /> <br /> {{Indian Railways}}<br /> {{Central Railway}}<br /> {{Railways in Western India}}<br /> {{Railways in Southern India}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Mumbai-Chennai line}}<br /> [[Category:Main railway lines of India]]<br /> [[Category:Railway lines opened in 1871]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:1871 establishments in India]]</div>

Uravu https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sreejaya_Nair&diff=536988 2026-04-25T16:20:35Z

<p>Uravu: started the stub initial version</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian film actress and dancer}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Sreejaya Nair<br /> | image = Sreejaya Nair.jpg<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_name = &lt;!-- only use if different from name --&gt;<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1977|9|7|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = <br /> | other_names = <br /> | occupation = Actress, dancer<br /> | years_active = 1992 – 2000 (acting)&lt;br /&gt;2014 – present (acting)<br /> | spouse = Madhan Nair(2000-Present)<br /> | children = Mythili Nair<br /> | parents = Chandrasekhar, Jaya<br /> | website = {{URL|http://sreejaya.in}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Biography==<br /> <br /> '''Sreejaya Nair''' is an Indian actress and dancer born on 7 September 1977 to Chandrasekhar &amp; Jaya at Kothamangalam. She worked in the [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film industry]] throughout 1990s and retired after marriage and returned to acting in 2014. She is a professional dancer and conducts a dance school named Sreejaya's School of Classical Dance in [[Bangalore]].<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> <br /> Sreejaya hails from [[Kothamangalam]], [[Kerala]], India. She began learning dance from the age of five under the teachers Kalamandalam Sumathi who is actress Asa Sharath’s mother and Kalamandalam Saraswathi. She joined [[Kerala Kalamandalam]] and took classes in [[Bharatanatyam]], [[Mohiniyattam]] and [[Kuchipudi]]. She later began training under the teacher Chitra Chandrasekhar Dasarathy.&lt;ref name=&quot;mangalam&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=അേശാക്|first=അശതി|title=നടന ചാരുതയില്‍ ശ്രീജയ|url=http://www.mangalam.com/news/detail/240060-celebrity.html|accessdate=4 March 2019|work=[[Mangalam Publications]]|language=ml}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> She made her film debut in the Malayalam drama film ''[[Kamaladalam]]'' in 1992.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=മമ്മൂട്ടിയെ സൈക്കിളിൽ നിന്നു വീഴ്ത്തിയ കഥ ശ്രീജയ പറയുന്നു|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/actress-sreejaya-careful-mammootty-mohanlal-sreejayanair-1.2021730|accessdate=4 March 2019|work=[[Mathrubhumi]]|date=17 June 2017|language=ml}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1998, she acted in comedy drama ''[[Summer in Bethlehem]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title='സമ്മര്‍ ഇന്‍ ബത്‌ലഹേം' എന്ന ചിത്രത്തിന്റെ ക്ലൈമാക്‌സില്‍ ജയറാമിന് പൂച്ചയെ അയച്ചതാര്: ചിത്രത്തിലഭിനയിച്ച നടി ശ്രീജയ പറയുന്നു|url=http://www.chandrikadaily.com/sreejaya-about-summer-in-bathlahem.html|accessdate=4 March 2019|work=[[Chandrika (newspaper)|Chandrika]]|date=29 May 2017|language=ml}}&lt;/ref&gt; She took a break after her marriage.&lt;ref name=&quot;mangalam&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> <br /> Sreejaya is married to businessman Madhan Nair and the couple has a daughter named Mythili. They moved to [[Kozhikode]] and then to [[Bangalore]] and [[Canada]] after marriage. Later returned to and settled in Bangalore. Sreejaya conducts a dance school named Sreejaya's School of Classical Dance in Bangalore, which has 1 branche in the city and trains more than 20 students.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title='അന്നു ഞാൻ ഡിപ്രഷനിലേക്ക് വഴുതി വീണു, കാനഡയിൽ നിന്നു മകളുടെ കൈപിടിച്ചു വന്നപ്പോൾ സ്വന്തമായി ഒന്നും ഉണ്ടായിരുന്നില്ല!'; ശ്രീജയ പറയുന്നു ആ കാലഘട്ടത്തെക്കുറിച്ച്!|url=https://www.vanitha.in/justin/actress-sreejaya-interview-in-vanitha-magazine-latest-issue.html|accessdate=4 March 2019|work=[[Vanitha]]|date=4 February 2019|language=ml}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mangalam&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> {{BLP unreferenced section|date= December 2022}}<br /> <br /> ===Films===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year!! Title !! Role!! Notes<br /> |-<br /> | 1992 || ''[[Kamaladalam]]'' || Dancer, Malavika's friend ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=4 | 1994 || ''[[Sagaram Sakshi]]'' || Indu ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Vendor Daniel State Licency]]'' || Balagopalan's sister ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Ponthan Mada]]'' || Reshmi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Parinayam (1994 film)|Parinayam]]'' || Unnimaya's friend ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=2 | 1995 || ''[[Ormakalundayirikkanam]]'' || Ammu ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Boxer'' || Reena Cheriyan ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=3 | 1997 || ''[[Superman (1997 film)|Superman]]'' || Nalini ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Vamsam'' || Meenu / Meenakshi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Lelam]]'' || Ammini ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=6 | 1998 || ''[[Kanmadam]]'' || Suma ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Summer in Bethlehem]]'' || Devika ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Meenakshi Kalyanam]]'' || Lakshmi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Anuragakottaram]]'' || Anna ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Ayal Kadha Ezhuthukayanu]]'' || Shobha ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Rakthasakshikal Sindabad]]'' || Ammini ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=5 | 1999 || ''[[Pathram]]'' || Jessy Peter ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Parassala Pachan Payyannur Paramu'' || Maneesha ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Stalin Sivadas]]'' || Indhu ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Veendum Chila Veettukaryangal]]'' || Lizzy ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Mohakottaram'' || Nisha ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=2 | 2000 || ''Aanamuttathe Aangalamar'' || Mamatha Menon ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Ayyappantamma Neyyappam Chuttu]]'' || Sr.Tissa ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2014 || ''[[Avatharam (2014 Malayalam film)|Avatharam]]'' || Valsala George ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2017 || ''[[Careful (2017 film)|Careful]]'' || Mrs. Sudeep ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=2 | 2018 || ''[[Aravindante Athidhikal]]'' || Janaki Subhramanyam ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Odiyan]]'' || Thankamani Varassiar ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2021 || ''Vishudha Rathrikal'' || Noble Lady ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2026 || ''[[Madhuvidhu (2026 film)|Madhuvidhu]]'' || Mercy ||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-03-31 |title=Sharaf U Dheen-Kalyani Panicker starrer Madhuvidhu prepones to this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2026/Mar/31/sharaf-u-dheen-kalyani-panicker-starrer-madhuvidhu-prepones-to-this-date |access-date=2026-04-07 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Television===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year !! Show !! Role !! Channel !! Notes<br /> |-<br /> |1994 || ''Melappadam'' || || [[DD Malayalam]] || Serial<br /> |-<br /> |1999-2000 || ''Shamanathalam'' || || [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] || Serial<br /> |-<br /> |2012-2013 || ''Aayirathil Oruval'' || || [[Mazhavil Manorama]] || Serial &lt;br&gt;Character - Vrinda &lt;br&gt;Best actress at Kazhcha TV Awards 2013<br /> |-<br /> | || ''Verutha Alla Bharya'' || || [[Mazhavil Manorama]] || Reality TV<br /> |-<br /> | || ''Vanitha'' || || [[Mazhavil Manorama]] ||<br /> |-<br /> | || ''Tharapakittu'' || || [[Kaumudy TV]] ||<br /> |-<br /> | || '' Annie's Kitchen'' || Herself || [[Amrita TV]] || Talk show<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb name|8997617}}<br /> * {{Official website|http://sreejaya.in}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Nair, Sreejaya}}<br /> [[Category:Actresses from Bengaluru]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses from Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Bharatanatyam dancers]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian dancers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian female classical dancers]]<br /> [[Category:Dancers from Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:Indian dance teachers]]<br /> [[Category:Teachers of Indian classical dance]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]<br /> [[Category:1977 births]]</div>

Uravu https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_paisa&diff=504247 2026-04-23T02:27:36Z

<p>Uravu: created post!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Subdivision of the Indian rupee}}<br /> {{About|the subunit of the [[Indian rupee]]|other uses|Paisa}}<br /> {{Infobox coin<br /> | Country = India <br /> | Denomination = Paisa<br /> | Value = 0.01 Indian Rupee <br /> | Mass_troy_oz = <br /> | Mass = <br /> | Diameter_inch = <br /> | Diameter = <br /> | Thickness_inch = <br /> | Thickness = <br /> | Edge = Plain<br /> | Composition = (1957–present) <br /> | Years of Minting = 1957—2002<br /> }}<br /> The '''Indian paisa''' (plural: ''paise'')([[File:Indian_Paisa_symbol.svg|12px]]) is a {{frac|1|100}} (one-hundredth) subdivision of the [[Indian rupee]]. The paisa was first introduced on 1 April 1957 after [[decimalisation]] of the Indian rupee.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Reserve Bank of India |url=https://www.rbi.org.in/commonman/English/Currency/Scripts/RetrospectIndianCoins.aspx |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=www.rbi.org.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1955, the [[Government of India]] first amended the ''Indian Coinage Act'' and adopted the &quot;[[metric system]] for [[coin]]age&quot;. From 1957 to 1964, the paisa was called ''naya paisa'' ({{Translation|'new paisa'}}) to distinguish it from the old paisa/pice which was a {{frac|1|64}} subdivision of the Indian Rupee. On 1 June 1964, the term &quot;naya&quot; was dropped and the denomination was named ''paisa''. Paisa has been issued in 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 20, 25, and 50 paise coins. Though as of 2023, coins of the [[Denomination (currency)|denomination]] of 1 rupee are the lowest value in use.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> {{Main|Coins of the Indian rupee}}<br /> <br /> Prior to 1957, the [[Indian rupee]] was not [[Decimalisation|decimalised]] and the rupee from 1835 to 1957 was further divided into 16 [[Anna (monetary subunit)|annas]]. Each anna was further divided to four [[Indian pice]]s and each pice into three [[Pie (monetary subunit)|pies]] till 1947 when the pie was demonetised.&lt;ref name=&quot;Republic India Coinage&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Republic India Coinage|publisher=[[Reserve Bank of India]]|access-date=27 November 2016|url=https://rbi.org.in/SCRIPTs/mc_republic.aspx|archive-date=28 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128133655/https://rbi.org.in/SCRIPTs/mc_republic.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Global Financial Data&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Global Financial Data|publisher=Global Financial Data|access-date=27 November 2016|url=https://www.globalfinancialdata.com/index_tabs.php?action=showghoc&amp;country_name=India}}{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Denomination !! Corresponding value !! From !! To !! Comments<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | One [[Indian rupee]] || rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Sixteen [[Indian anna]] || 1835 || 1947 || <br /> |-<br /> | 1947 || 1950 || <br /> |-<br /> | 1950 || 1957 || <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Hundred paise || 1957 || 1964 || Naya paisa series<br /> |-<br /> | 1964 || Present || Except 50 paise, rest all paise, anna, pice and pies coins [[demonetised]].<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | One Indian anna || rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Four [[Indian pice]] || 1835 || 1947 || <br /> |-<br /> | 1947 || 1950 || <br /> |-<br /> | 1950 || 1957 || Anna and pice demonetised in 1957.<br /> |-<br /> | One Indian pice || Three [[Pie (monetary subunit)|Indian pies]] || 1835 || 1947 || Pies demonetised in 1947.<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;5&quot; | ''One Indian rupee = 100 paise = 16 anna = 64 pice = 192 pies''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Republic India Coinage&quot;/&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Coins==<br /> <br /> ===Naya paisa series (1957{{ndash}}1964)===<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;11&quot;|Naya paisa series<br /> |-<br /> !rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Value !!colspan=&quot;4&quot;| Technical parameters !!colspan=&quot;3&quot;| Description !! colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Year of minting !! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Monetary&lt;br/&gt;status<br /> |-<br /> ! Weight !! Diameter !! Thickness !! Metal !! Edge !! Obverse !! Reverse !! First !! Last<br /> |-<br /> || 1 naya&lt;br/&gt;paisa || 1.5&amp;nbsp;g || 16&amp;nbsp;mm || 1&amp;nbsp;mm || Bronze || Plain || rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| [[State Emblem of India]] and country name&lt;br/&gt;in Hindi and English. || rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Face-value and year. || 1957 || 1962 || [[Demonetised]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=1 Naya Paisa|publisher=Numista|access-date=28 November 2016|url=http://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces5494.html|archive-date=29 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129021248/http://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces5494.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> || 2 naya&lt;br/&gt;Paise || 2.95&amp;nbsp;g || 18&amp;nbsp;mm || 1.80&amp;nbsp;mm || [[Cupronickel]] || Smooth || 1957 || 1963 || Demonetised.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=2 Naya Paise|publisher=Numista|access-date=28 November 2016|url=http://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces1625.html|archive-date=29 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129020940/http://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces1625.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> || 5 naya&lt;br/&gt;paise || || || || || || || || || ||<br /> |- <br /> || 10 naya&lt;br/&gt;paise || || || || || || || || || ||<br /> |-<br /> || 20 naya&lt;br/&gt;paise || || || || || || || || || ||<br /> |-<br /> || 50 naya&lt;br/&gt;paise || || || || || || || || || ||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Paisa series (1964{{ndash}}2002)===<br /> <br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;11&quot;|Paisa{{snd}}Aluminum series<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Value !! colspan=&quot;4&quot;| Technical parameters !! colspan=&quot;3&quot;| Description !! colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Year of minting !! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Monetary&lt;br/&gt;status<br /> |-<br /> ! Mass !! Diameter !! Thickness !! Metal !! Edge !! Obverse !! Reverse !! First !! Last<br /> |-<br /> || 1 paisa || 0.75&amp;nbsp;g || 17&amp;nbsp;mm || 1.72&amp;nbsp;mm || rowspan=&quot;8&quot;| Aluminium || rowspan=&quot;8&quot;| Smooth || rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| [[State Emblem of India]] and&lt;br/&gt;country name in Hindi and English. || rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| Face-value and year. || rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 1965 || rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 1981 || [[Demonetised]].&lt;ref name=&quot;1 Indian paisa&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=1 Indian paisa|publisher=Numista|access-date=29 November 2016|url=http://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces7179.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> |-<br /> || 2 paise || 1.0&amp;nbsp;g || 20&amp;nbsp;mm || 1.58&amp;nbsp;mm || Demonetised.&lt;ref name=&quot;2 Indian paise&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=2 Indian paise|publisher=Numista|access-date=29 November 2016|url=http://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces1743.html|archive-date=29 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129145702/http://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces1743.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> || 3 paise || 1.2&amp;nbsp;g || 21&amp;nbsp;mm || 2.0&amp;nbsp;mm || 1964 || 1971 || Demonetised.&lt;ref name=&quot;3 Indian paise&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=3 Indian paise|publisher=Numista|access-date=29 November 2016|url=http://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces1847.html|archive-date=1 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901051218/https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces1847.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |- <br /> || 5 paise || 1.5&amp;nbsp;g || 22.0&amp;nbsp;mm || 2.17&amp;nbsp;mm || [[State Emblem of India]] country&lt;br/&gt;name and face-value. || Year and &quot;Save for development&quot; lettering.&lt;br/&gt;Coin minted to commemorate [[Food and Agriculture Organization|FAO]]. || 1977 || 1977 || Demonetised.&lt;ref name=&quot;5 Indian paise&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=5 Indian paise|publisher=Numista|access-date=29 November 2016|url=http://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces16626.html|archive-date=1 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901051102/https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces16626.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> || 10 paise || 2.27&amp;nbsp;g || 25.91&amp;nbsp;mm || 1.92&amp;nbsp;mm || rowspan=&quot;4&quot;| [[State Emblem of India]] and&lt;br/&gt;country name in Hindi and English. || rowspan=&quot;4&quot;| Face-value and year. || 1971 || 1982 || Demonetised.&lt;ref name=&quot;10 Indian paise&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=10 Indian paise|publisher=Numista|access-date=29 November 2016|url=http://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces1651.html|archive-date=1 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901051203/https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces1651.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> || 20 paise || 2.2 g || 26&amp;nbsp;mm || 1.7&amp;nbsp;mm || 1982 || 1997 || Demonetised.&lt;ref name=&quot;20 Indian paise&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=20 Indian paise|publisher=Numista|access-date=29 November 2016|url=http://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces1635.html|archive-date=29 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129150404/http://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces1635.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> || 25 paise || 2.83 g || 19.05&amp;nbsp;mm || 1.55&amp;nbsp;mm || 1957 || 2002 || Demonetised.&lt;ref name=&quot;25 Indian paise&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=25 Indian paise|publisher=Numista|access-date=11 May 2023|url=https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces1610.html|archive-date=11 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511164546/https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces1610.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> || 50 paise || 2.9 g || 19&amp;nbsp;mm || 1.5&amp;nbsp;mm || 1957 || 2002 || Demonetised.&lt;ref name=&quot;50 Indian paise&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=50 Indian paise|publisher=Numista|access-date=11 May 2023|url=https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces23187.html|archive-date=19 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219152928/https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces23187.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Mint mark===<br /> <br /> * No mintmark = [[India Government Mint, Kolkata|Kolkata]]<br /> * ⧫ = [[India Government Mint, Mumbai|Mumbai mint]]<br /> * B = Mumbai Proof issues<br /> * * = [[India Government Mint, Hyderabad|Hyderabad]]<br /> * ° = [[India Government Mint, Noida|Noida]]<br /> <br /> == Symbol for Paisa ==<br /> {{Main|Indian rupee sign#Symbol for paisa}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Indian Paisa symbol.svg|thumb|upright 0.5|Proposed symbol for Paisa]]<br /> A symbol for the paisa ⟨[[File:Indian Paisa symbol.svg|frameless|10x10px]]⟩ was designed using the same concept as the [[Indian rupee sign|symbol for rupee]].&lt;ref name=&quot;iitb.ac.in&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.idc.iitb.ac.in/events/Indian_Rupee_Symbol.pdf |title=Currency Symbol for Indian Rupee |first=D. Udaya |last=Kumar |author-link=D. Udaya Kumar | publisher=Indian Institute of Technology Bombay|access-date=14 November 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821132944/http://www.idc.iitb.ac.in/events/Indian_Rupee_Symbol.pdf |archive-date=2010-08-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, the proposed symbol never appeared on any coin, as the [[Reserve Bank of India]] had stopped minting any paisa coins before this proposal.<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Paisa]]<br /> *[[History of the rupee]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br /> <br /> {{Portal bar|India|Money|Numismatics}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{commons category|Paisa (coins)}}<br /> <br /> {{Indian currency}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Coins of India]]<br /> [[Category:Historical currencies of India]]</div>

Uravu https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siddeswara_kshetram&diff=535630 2026-04-21T00:41:51Z

<p>Uravu: started basic stub w/ infobox</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Hindu temple in India}}<br /> {{Multiple issues|<br /> {{refimprove|date=July 2016}}<br /> {{Unreferenced|date=April 2026}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox temple<br /> | name = Siddeswara kshetram<br /> | image = <br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = Chennai Ekambareswarar Kovil<br /> | map_type = India Tamil Nadu<br /> | map_caption =<br /> | coordinates = <br /> | country = India<br /> | state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> | district = [[Annamayya district|Annamayya]]<br /> | location = [[Gurramkonda]]<br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | deity = Lord Siddeswara along with Parvathi Ammavaru and Nandi <br /> | year_completed = <br /> | architecture = <br /> | creator = <br /> | website = <br /> }}<br /> '''Siddeswara Kshetram''', popularly known for &quot;Siddeswara Swamy Temple&quot;, is an ancient [[Hinduism|Hindu]] temple of Lord Siddeswara on the hilltop of Siddeswara Gutta in [[Gurramkonda]] in India. It is one of the oldest temples in [[Annamayya district]].<br /> <br /> The sanctum sanctorum of the temple has Lord Siddeswara along with Parvathi Ammavaru and Nandi The temple is located on a hilltop.<br /> <br /> == History and legend ==<br /> Locals used to celebrate jathara at the time of [[shivarathri]] at the temple. The practice was renewed in 2013 and three new idols were placed in the temple.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{coord missing|Andhra Pradesh}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Hindu temples in Annamayya district]]</div>

Uravu https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baburam_Nishad&diff=488847 2026-04-18T23:01:00Z

<p>Uravu: Starting the stub added tags</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Baburam Nishad<br /> | image = IMAGE PROFILE.jpg<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|15 August 1969}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Hamirpur, Uttar Pradesh]], India<br /> | alma_mater = [[Bundelkhand University]]<br /> | death_date =<br /> | death_place = <br /> | office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]<br /> | constituency = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> | term_start = 5 July 2022<br /> | term_end = <br /> | predecessor = <br /> | successor = <br /> | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> | spouse = {{Marriage|Neetu Nishad|2005}}<br /> | children = 2 (1 son and 1 daughter)<br /> | father = Ramsi Nishad<br /> | mother = Sukhiya Devi<br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> | date = <br /> | year = <br /> | source = <br /> }}<br /> '''Baburam Nishad''' is an Indian politician and a member of the [[Rajya Sabha]], upper house of the Parliament of India from [[Uttar Pradesh]] as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/elections/11-rajya-sabha-candidates-in-up-including-8-from-bjp-elected-unopposed-122060400093_1.html | title=11 Rajya Sabha candidates in UP, including 8 from BJP elected unopposed | publisher=Business Standard | date=4 June 2022 | accessdate=4 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Navbharat Times 1970 b476&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=baburam nishad bjp candidate for rajya sabha latest news: बाबू राम निषाद भारतीय जनता पार्टी के पुराने कार्यकर्ता रहे हैं। पहले इनकी पहचान उमा भारती के करीबी होने के नाते होती थी | website=Navbharat Times | date=1 Jan 1970 | url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/metro/lucknow/politics/know-all-about-baburam-nishad-bjp-candidate-for-rajya-sabha-election-2022/articleshow/91874497.cms | language=hi | access-date=25 Jun 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sansad TV 2022 g785&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Babu Ram Nishad takes oath as Rajya Sabha member from Uttar Pradesh - 08 July 2022 | website=Sansad TV | date=12 Jul 2022 | url=https://sansadtv.nic.in/rajyasabha/babu-ram-nishad-takes-oath-as-rajya-sabha-member-from-uttar-pradesh-08-july-2022 | access-date=25 Jun 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Political background==<br /> Baburam Nishad is considered to be the grassroots leader of Bundelkhand Region. From former Chief Minister [[Kalyan Singh]]'s government to Government of Chief Minister [[Yogi Adityanath]], he worked in various positions in the party and government. During a political program, Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath had praised him on the stage.<br /> Between 2018-2022 Baburam Nishad was Chairman Uttar Pradesh Backward Classes Finance Development Corporation equivalent to (mos rank). From 1999-2004 he had also been President - Uttar Pradesh Fisheries Cooperative Federation, Uttar Pradesh in [[Kalyan Singh]] Government (mos rank).He also held various positions within the party, He was made State Vice President, Uttar Pradesh in 2016. He became Regional Coordinator Kanpur - Bundelkhand, BJP. Regional President - Bundelkhand, Bharatiya Janata Party, District President of Hamirpur-Uttar Pradesh Bharatiya Janata Party️.He started District President Yuva Morcha - Hamirpur, Uttar Pradesh Bharatiya Janata Party In 1992.<br /> <br /> Baburam Nishad has made a remarkable revolutionary contribution in the interest of fishermen in Uttar Pradesh after independence, especially as the President of Uttar Pradesh Matsya Jeevi Sahakari Sangh Limited, Lucknow. In 1998, at the age of just 29, he became the youngest President of this cooperative union. At that time the Matsya Jeevi Sahakari Sangh was in loss. Under his leadership, within about 5 years the cooperative union not only covered the loss but also made a profit and distributed dividends.<br /> <br /> During his tenure, Matsya Jeevi Sahakari Sangh Limited of Uttar Pradesh became a successful example across the country, especially in the field of development of fishermen. Which empowered the fishermen economy in the state.<br /> <br /> With the efforts of Baburam Nishad, the movement in the interest of Nishads in Uttar Pradesh became transparent and effective. He toured the entire state during his tenure, during his tenure mainly promoted fisheries, ensured socio-economic upliftment of the fishermen community, and strengthened their position by organizing primary fisheries cooperative societies and district unions. During this period, the main focus was to promote fisheries in rural areas, organize the fishermen community and create employment for them. The union contributed to accelerating the Blue Revolution, under which fisheries were encouraged in ponds, reservoirs and natural lakes.<br /> <br /> Due to his achievements, he came to be known as the &quot;Development Man of Fishermen&quot; in Uttar Pradesh.<br /> <br /> '''Major achievements:'''<br /> <br /> Bringing Uttar Pradesh Matsya Jeevi Sahakari Sangh Limited, Lucknow from loss to profit.<br /> <br /> Promoting Matsya Jeevi Sahakari Sangh Limited at the national level.<br /> <br /> Strengthening Matsya Jeevi Sahakari Sangh Limited.<br /> <br /> Economic empowerment: During this period, financial assistance was provided to small and marginal fishermen under the schemes of the Government of India.<br /> <br /> Membership expansion: Providing membership to as many primary fisheries cooperative societies and district unions as possible.<br /> <br /> This contribution shows the vision and organizational skills of Baburam Nishad in the hit to fishermen of Uttar Pradesh.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Nishad, Baburam}}<br /> [[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:1969 births]]<br /> [[Category:Bundelkhand University alumni]]</div>

Uravu https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhavika_Sharma&diff=491077 2026-04-17T16:05:48Z

<p>Uravu: Starting basic bio more to come</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian television actress}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | honorific_prefix = <br /> | name = Bhavika Sharma<br /> | honorific_suffix = <br /> | image =<br /> | caption = Sharma in 2023<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1998|08|05|df=yes}}&lt;ref name=&quot;age&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/photomazza/tv-photogalleries/ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-mein-actress-bhavika-sharma-personal-life-why-she-lest-maddam-sir/photoshow/101410268.cms|title=Bhavika Sharma: 4 बहनों में सबसे छोटी भाविका शर्मा, 25 की उम्र में बनी टॉप शो की हीरोइन, क्यों छोड़ा 'मैडम सर'?|date=1 July 2023 |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | birth_place = [[Mumbai, Maharashtra]], [[India]]<br /> | occupation = {{hlist|[[Actress]]|[[Model (person)|Model]]}}<br /> | years_active = 2015–present<br /> | known_for = {{ubl|''[[Jiji Maa]]''|''[[Maddam Sir]]''|''[[Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Mein]]''}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Bhavika Sharma''' (born 5 August 1998) is an Indian actress who primarily works in [[Hindi]] television.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/ghums-bhavika-sharma-being-an-actor-weve-hectic-schedules-it-gets-tough-to-pamper-ourselves/videoshow/102236155.cms|title=Ghum's Bhavika Sharma: Being an actor we've hectic schedules, it gets tough to pamper ourselves|newspaper=The Times of India |date=31 August 2023|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sharma is best known for her portrayal of Niyati Purohit Rawat in ''[[Jiji Maa]]'', [[Constable]] Santosh Sharma in ''[[Maddam Sir]]'' and [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] Savi Chavan Thakkar in ''[[Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mumbailive.com/en/television/sony-sab-launches-a-light-hearted-television-show-maddam-sir-45492|title=Sony SAB Launches A Light-Hearted Show 'Maddam Sir'|date=17 February 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.abplive.com/entertainment/television/ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-mein-20-year-leap-bhavika-sharma-will-play-savi-joshi-role-know-about-her-2439923|title=GHKKPM: जानिए-कौन हैं भाविका शर्मा ? 'गुम है..' शो में 20 साल के लीप के बाद सवी जोशी के रोल में आएंगी नजर|newspaper=ABP Live|date=26 June 2023|language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> Bhavika Sharma was born on 5 August 1998 in [[Mumbai, Maharashtra]]. She has been fond of acting since childhood and started working in television shows at the age of 17.&lt;ref name=&quot;age&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Bhavika Sharma made her debut in ''[[Parvarrish - Season 2]]'',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/trps-add-a-lot-of-pressure-on-actors-actress-bhavika-sharma/articleshow/74442031.cms|title=TRPs add a lot of pressure on actors: Actress Bhavika Sharma|newspaper=The Times of India |date=3 March 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; in 2015, portraying the character of Riya Gupta. In 2017, she portrayed the role of Niyati Purohit in the show ''[[Jiji Maa]]''. Later, she was seen in ''[[Maddam Sir]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/video/entertainment/tv-actress-bhavika-sharma-talks-about-her-show-madam-sir-677925|title=TV actress Bhavika Sharma talks about her show 'Madam Sir'|date=13 January 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; playing the role of [[Constable]] Santosh Sharma opposite [[Priyanshu Singh]]. She quit the show as she was not happy with the growth of her character in the show.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-bhavika-sharma-on-quitting-maddam-sir-i-want-to-grow-as-an-artiste-and-try-new-things/articleshow/95180554.cms|title=Exclusive! Bhavika Sharma on quitting Maddam Sir: I want to grow as an artiste and try new things|newspaper=The Times of India |date=30 October 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> She made her film debut with ''Cookie'' playing the character of Minnie Kapoor. She was last seen in the lead role of Savi Chavan Thakkar in [[StarPlus]]'s ''[[Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin]]'' opposite [[Shakti Arora]] from June 2023 to June 2024, [[Hitesh Bharadwaj]] from June 2024 to January 2025 and [[Param Singh (actor)|Param Singh]] from May 2025 until the show ended in July 2025.&lt;ref name=&quot;cookie&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bhavika-sharma-likely-to-play-the-new-protagonist-in-ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin/articleshow/100824885.cms|title=Exclusive! Bhavika Sharma likely to play the new protagonist in Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin|newspaper=The Times of India |date=7 June 2023 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2025, she was chosen to play the lead opposite [[Shakti Arora]] in the series ''Mounaragam'', however she quit the series after featuring in it's first promo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Malik |first=Ashna |date=2 March 2026 <br /> |title=Mounaragam: As soon as Bhavika Sharma left, this actress fell into the lead role, will romance Shakti Arora|url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/entertainment/television/mounaragam-this-actress-to-play-lead-after-bhavika-sharma-will-romance-with-shakti-arora-article-153731533 |website=Times Now Hindi |language=hi |access-date=17 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Deep |first=Johar |date=19 December 2025 |title=In Video: First promo of Shakti Arora &amp; Bhavika Sharma’s ‘Mounraagam’ on Colors|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/in-video-first-promo-of-shakti-arora-bhavika-sharmas-mounraagam-on-colors/|website=BizAsiaLive |access-date=17 April 2026 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> ===Films===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Year<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Title<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Role<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Ref.<br /> |-<br /> | 2020<br /> | ''Cookie''<br /> | Minnie Kapoor<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;cookie&quot;/&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Television ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Year(s)<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Title<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Role<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Notes<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Ref.<br /> |-<br /> | 2015–2016<br /> | ''[[Parvarrish – Season 2]]''<br /> | Riya Gupta<br /> | <br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/parvarrish-season-2-to-bid-adieu-to-the-viewers-new-show-to-occupy-the-prime-time-slot/articleshow/52879636.cms|title=Parvarrish - Season 2 to bid adieu to the viewers|newspaper=The Times of India |date=23 June 2016 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2017–2019<br /> | ''[[Jiji Maa]]'' <br /> | Niyati &quot;Bittu&quot; Purohit Rawat<br /> | Lead role<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bhavika-sharma-surprises-tanvi-dogra-on-her-birthday-opens-up-about-the-bond-that-they-share/articleshow/103257436.cms|title=Bhavika Sharma surprises Tanvi Dogra on her birthday; opens up about the bond that they share|newspaper=The Times of India |date=31 August 2023|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2019<br /> | ''Ye Ishq Nahin Aasaan''<br /> | Moushmi<br /> | Episode 4<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | 2020–2022; 2023<br /> | ''[[Maddam Sir]]'' <br /> | [[Constable]] Santosh &quot;Santu&quot; Sharma<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; | Lead role<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=25 February 2021 |title=Gulki Joshi and Bhavika Sharma on their show Maddam Sir completing one year |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/gulki-joshi-and-bhavika-sharma-on-their-show-maddam-sir-completing-one-year/articleshow/81213342.cms|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2023–2025<br /> |''[[Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin]]'' <br /> | [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] Savi Chavan Thakkar<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ghum-hain-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-takes-20-year-leap-shakti-arora-bhavika-sharma-express-their-excitement-on-joining-it/articleshow/101342998.cms|title='Ghum Hain Kisikey Pyaar Meiin' takes 20 year leap. Shakti Arora, Bhavika Sharma express their excitement on joining it|newspaper=The Times of India|date=28 June 2023|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 June 2024 |title=Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin new poster: Bhavika Sharma and Hitesh Bharadwaj to play lead roles |url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-new-poster-bhavika-sharma-hitesh-bharadwaj-to-play-lead-roles-8937830.html |access-date=21 June 2024 |website=News18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 May 2025 |title=Ghum Hai Kisi Key Pyaar Meiin: Bhavika Sharma returns as Savi, says 'This comeback is for every viewer who believed in her' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ghum-hai-kisi-key-pyaar-meiin-bhavika-sharma-returns-as-savi-says-this-comeback-is-for-every-viewer-who-believed-in-her/articleshow/120822262.cms |access-date=4 May 2025 |website=Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==== Special appearances ====<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Title <br /> !Role <br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Ref.<br /> |-<br /> | 2024<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''[[Udne Ki Aasha]]''<br /> | Savi Chavan<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | <br /> |-<br /> | 2026<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; | Savi Chavan Thakkar<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | 2024<br /> | ''Yeh Teej Badi Hai Mast Mast''<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-08-03 |title=Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin's Rajat and Savi celebrate Teej with 'Yeh Teej Badi Hai Mast Mast' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiins-rajat-and-savi-celebrate-teej-with-yeh-teej-badi-hai-mast-mast/articleshow/112242684.cms |access-date=2025-01-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Hathi Ghoda Paalki Birthday Kanhaiya Laal Ki''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | <br /> |-<br /> |''Maati Se Bandhi Dor''<br /> |-<br /> | ''Iss Ishq Ka... Rabb Rakha''<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/shorts/hkTr3-HNKSQ?si=L9QEwDxVQ2Lk4JE0 |title=Diwali Mahasangam {{!}} Ghum Dil Ka Rabb Rakha |language=en |access-date=2025-01-15 |via=www.youtube.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2025<br /> | ''[[Jaadu Teri Nazar – Daayan Ka Mausam]]''<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Awards and nominations ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Year<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Award<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Category<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Work<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Result<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Ref.<br /> |-<br /> | 2022<br /> | [[Indian Television Academy Awards]]<br /> | [[ITA Award for Best Actress - Comedy|Best Actress - Comedy]]<br /> | ''[[Maddam Sir]]''<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Check Out The 21st Indian Television Academy Awards Winners List |url=https://www.theita2021.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110094223/http://www.theita2021.com/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=10 November 2021 |access-date=7 March 2022 |website=TheITA2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2024<br /> |Bollywood Life Awards<br /> |Best Onscreen Jodi On TV <br /> |''[[Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin]]''<br /> |{{won}}<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[List of Hindi television actresses]]<br /> * [[List of Indian television actresses]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb name|id=nm9435790}}<br /> {{Commons}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Bhavika}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:1999 births]]<br /> [[Category:Indian television actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]<br /> [[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]</div>

Uravu https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Natrampalli_Assembly_constituency&diff=521172 2026-04-15T23:49:11Z

<p>Uravu: put up the article v1</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Former Legislative Assembly Constituency in Tamil Nadu, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | map_image = <br /> | established = 1967<br /> | district = [[Tirupathur district|Tirupathur]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Vellore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vellore]]<br /> | state = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam<br /> | mla = N. K. R. Sooriyakumar<br /> | name = Natrampalli<br /> | electors= 2,10,823<br /> | reservation = <br /> | abolished= 2008<br /> }}<br /> '''Natrampalli''' is a state assembly constituency in [[Vellore district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date= 23 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Elections and winners in the constituency are listed below.<br /> <br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Winner<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]<br /> | [[T. C. Thimmaraya Gounder]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br /> | [[T. Anbazhagan]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br /> | T. Anbazhagan<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]<br /> | T. Anbazhagan<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<br /> | R. Mahendran<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<br /> | [[R. Indrakumari]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br /> | R. Mahendran<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]<br /> | S. Natarajan<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]<br /> | [[N. K. R. Sooriyakumar]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> ===2006===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Natrampalli&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 2006 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | access-date = 12 May 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=N. K. R. Sooriyakumar |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=78,689 |percentage=50.79% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. G. Subramani |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=61,446 |percentage=39.66% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Fayas Basha |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=8,951 |percentage=5.78% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Pushparaj |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,931 |percentage=1.25% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Varadharajan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,466 |percentage=0.95% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Prakasam |party=Independent politician |votes=681 |percentage=0.44% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Shamaraj |party=Independent politician |votes=549 |percentage=0.35% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Perumal |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=346 |percentage=0.22% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Ramamoorthy |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=335 |percentage=0.22% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Devaraj |party=Independent politician |votes=290 |percentage=0.19% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Chinnathambi |party=Independent politician |votes=232 |percentage=0.15% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,243 |percentage=11.13% |change=2.30% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=154,916 |percentage=73.48% |change= 5.78% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 210,823 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Pattali Makkal Katchi |swing= 1.83% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2001===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Natrampalli&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001 |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=S. Natarajan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=67,046 |percentage=48.96% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. Anbazhagan]] |party=MGRK |votes=54,958 |percentage=40.13% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Krishnamurthy |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,352 |percentage=3.18% |change=1.61% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Perumal |party=Independent politician |votes=3,033 |percentage=2.21% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Amirtham |party=Independent politician |votes=2,995 |percentage=2.19% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. A. Asokan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,447 |percentage=1.79% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Prema Barathi |party=Independent politician |votes=1,104 |percentage=0.81% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Kalahastri |party=Independent politician |votes=1,003 |percentage=0.73% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,088 |percentage=8.83% |change=6.28% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=136,938 |percentage=67.70% |change= -2.29% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 202,275 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Pattali Makkal Katchi |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 9.31% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1996===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Natrampalli&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1996 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=R. Mahendran |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=50,118 |percentage=39.65% |change=11.31% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. Anbazhagan]] |party=Independent politician |votes=46,897 |percentage=37.10% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=H. D. Hanumanthan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=24,321 |percentage=19.24% |change=-48.81% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. C. Mahendiran |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=2,105 |percentage=1.67% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Rajendran |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,987 |percentage=1.57% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. C. Vajjiram |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=193 |percentage=0.15% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. H. Kasinathan |party=Independent politician |votes=177 |percentage=0.14% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. K. Arjunan |party=Independent politician |votes=165 |percentage=0.13% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Magadevan |party=Independent politician |votes=150 |percentage=0.12% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. G. Pannerselvan |party=Independent politician |votes=128 |percentage=0.10% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Venkatesan |party=Independent politician |votes=84 |percentage=0.07% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,221 |percentage=2.55% |change=-37.16% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=126,395 |percentage=69.99% |change= -0.12% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 194,832 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -28.40% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1991===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Natrampalli&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Indira Kumari]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=81,446 |percentage=68.05% |change=44.39% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. K. Raja |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=33,917 |percentage=28.34% |change=-3.66% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. C. Mahendiran |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=3,837 |percentage=3.21% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate|candidate=V. N. Thathappan |party= |votes=329 |percentage=0.27% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Ramasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=153 |percentage=0.13% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=47,529 |percentage=39.71% |change=31.38% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=119,682 |percentage=70.10% |change= -3.00% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 176,023 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 36.06% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1989===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Natrampalli&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=R. Mahendran |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=36,774 |percentage=32.00% |change=3.72% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. R. Rajendran |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=27,193 |percentage=23.66% |change=-34.88% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. Anbazhagan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=21,558 |percentage=18.76% |change=-39.79% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. K. Kamalalakannan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,906 |percentage=16.45% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Arumugam |party=Independent politician |votes=8,944 |percentage=7.78% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Kannan |party=Independent politician |votes=478 |percentage=0.42% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Kalahastri |party=India Farmers and Tailers Party |votes=353 |percentage=0.31% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. G. Panneerselvam |party=Independent politician |votes=244 |percentage=0.21% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. M. Raja |party=Independent politician |votes=151 |percentage=0.13% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Anandan |party=Independent politician |votes=111 |percentage=0.10% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. N. Krishnamurthy |party=Independent politician |votes=84 |percentage=0.07% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,581 |percentage=8.34% |change=-21.93% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=114,931 |percentage=73.10% |change= -2.22% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 160,322 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -26.55% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1984===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Natrampalli&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | archive-date = 17 Jan 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. Anbazhagan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=56,503 |percentage=58.55% |change=8.72% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. K. Raja |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=27,293 |percentage=28.28% |change=-13.83% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Durai Jayaraman |party=Independent politician |votes=11,000 |percentage=11.40% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. K. Velayudham |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=544 |percentage=0.56% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Mani |party=Independent politician |votes=419 |percentage=0.43% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. C. Vajjiram |party=Independent politician |votes=341 |percentage=0.35% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Subramaniam |party=Independent politician |votes=223 |percentage=0.23% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mani Varadarajan |party=Independent politician |votes=123 |percentage=0.13% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Manickammal |party=Independent politician |votes=66 |percentage=0.07% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=29,210 |percentage=30.27% |change=22.55% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=96,512 |percentage=75.32% |change= 6.76% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 137,300 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 8.72% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1980===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Natrampalli&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. Anbazhagan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=42,786 |percentage=49.82% |change=5.39% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. K. Raja |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=36,161 |percentage=42.11% |change=20.67% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K P. Namachivayam |party=Janata Party |votes=6,934 |percentage=8.07% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,625 |percentage=7.71% |change=-15.29% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=85,881 |percentage=68.56% |change= 8.34% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 127,218 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 5.39% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1977===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Natrampalli&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. Anbazhagan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=31,015 |percentage=44.43% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Marappan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=14,960 |percentage=21.43% |change=-33.90% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. V. Lakshmipathy Gounder |party=Janata Party |votes=14,294 |percentage=20.48% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. M. Kandasamy Gounder |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,161 |percentage=8.83% |change=-35.84% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=L. K. Karibeera Gounder |party=Independent politician |votes=1,432 |percentage=2.05% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Krishnan |party=Independent politician |votes=788 |percentage=1.13% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Ramaswami |party=Independent politician |votes=694 |percentage=0.99% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. S. Singaravelu |party=Independent politician |votes=456 |percentage=0.65% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,055 |percentage=23.00% |change=12.33% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=69,800 |percentage=60.22% |change= -14.40% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 117,533 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -10.90% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1971===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Natrampalli&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=T. C. Thimmaraya Gounder |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=33,303 |percentage=55.33% |change=3.16% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Shanmugasundaram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=26,882 |percentage=44.67% |change=-3.16% }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,421 |percentage=10.67% |change=6.31% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=60,185 |percentage=74.62% |change= 1.55% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 84,331 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 3.16% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1967===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Natrampalli&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2012 |access-date= 19 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=T. C. Thimmaraya Gounder |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=29,215 |percentage=52.18% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. C. S. Gounder |party=Indian National Congress |votes=26,776 |percentage=47.82% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,439 |percentage=4.36% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=55,991 |percentage=73.07% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 79,565 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|accessdate= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archivedate= 5 October 2010}}<br /> <br /> {{Defunct assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}<br /> {{coord|12.59|78.50|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Vellore district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]<br /> [[Category:1967 establishments in Madras State]]<br /> [[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]<br /> [[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]</div>

Uravu https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chadi,_Rajasthan&diff=493079 2026-04-15T17:50:12Z

<p>Uravu: done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}<br /> {{multiple issues|<br /> {{cleanup|date=July 2011}}<br /> {{onesource|date=January 2019}}<br /> {{Unreferenced|date=April 2026}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Chadi<br /> | other_name = <br /> | nickname = Laxman Nagar <br /> | settlement_type = Village<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|27|08|29|N|73|03|18|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Jodhpur district|Jodhpur]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = <br /> | governing_body = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = <br /> | population_as_of = <br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Marwari language|Marwari]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 342802<br /> | registration_plate = <br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Chadi''' also known as '''Lakshman Nagar''' is a village in [[Phalodi]] tehsil of [[Jodhpur district]] in Rajasthan. It contain a vast area in the marwar region. It has a variety of flora and fauna like desert deer, black buck deer and trees and bushes like khejdi and other desert plants.<br /> <br /> [[File:Marwari map.PNG|thumb|300px|Dark green indicates Marwari speaking home area in Rajasthan, light green indicates additional dialect areas where speakers identify their language as Marwari.|right]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Marwar Region(RAJ.) Suresh Godara.jpg|thumb|250px|Marwar region of Rajasthan]]<br /> <br /> Some new zamindars were old rajas<br /> <br /> [[File:Maharaja Lakshmeshwar Singh statue - Kolkata.JPG|thumb|200px|[[Lakshmeshwar Singh|Maharaja Lakshmeshwar Singh]], zamindar of [[Raj Darbhanga]]]]<br /> <br /> ==Area==<br /> <br /> It is in the Western Rajasthan of India. The district is bounded by Nagaur District.<br /> <br /> Chadi is a village in Phalodi Mandal in Jodhpur District in Rajasthan State in India. Chadi is 96.24&amp;nbsp;km distance from its District main city Jodhpur and 273&amp;nbsp;km distance from its State main city Jaipur. Nearby villages are Ridmalsar (4.4&amp;nbsp;km), Poonasar (7.5&amp;nbsp;km), Ishru (11. km), Champasar (13. km), Jakhan (14. km), Bapini (17. km), Jaisala (21. km).<br /> <br /> Chadi Pin Code is 342312 and Post office name is . Other villages in 342312 are Jakhan, Laxman Nagar, Ridmalsar, Raimalwara, Khindakore Sutharo ki dhani laxman nagar ramdev pura (3.km)<br /> <br /> [[File:Chinkara.jpg|thumb|left|[[Chinkara]]]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Sonchiriya.jpg|thumb|right|[[Great Indian bustard]]]]<br /> <br /> ==Government and commercial buildings==<br /> <br /> ===Schools near by Chadi===<br /> <br /> *bhatnadiya<br /> *sri krishan nagar <br /> *Capt BR Bishnoi Bana home to laxaman nagar link road<br /> *govt.sec school chadi<br /> *govt. higher school laxmannagar<br /> govt. sec. school sutharo ki dhani ramdev pure<br /> <br /> == Flora and fauna ==<br /> <br /> Much of this area is harsh and come in marwar region which means land of dryness and death. The domestic animal are cow speed and camels but horses make a very important role in every day living because horses of this area are strong and known as marwari horses which means living being of marwar .<br /> <br /> The area also contains black buck and chinkara deer, rare wild desert fox and Indian wild neeligay (Indian deer). Hunting of black buck and chikara was a very popular sport played by the royal zamindar family.<br /> <br /> [[File:Aravalli.jpg|thumb|The [[Aravalli Range]] adds diversity to the landscape of Rajasthan.]]<br /> <br /> == Marwari horses ==<br /> <br /> Traditional rulers of the Marwar region of western India, were the first to breed the Marwari. Beginning in the 12th century, they espoused strict breeding that promoted purity and hardiness. Used throughout history as a cavalry horse by the people of the Marwar region, the Marwari was noted for its loyalty and bravery in battle. The breed deteriorated in the 1930s, when poor management practices resulted in a reduction of the breeding stock, but today has regained some of its popularity<br /> <br /> The rulers of Marwar and the Rajput cavalry were the traditional breeders of the Marwari. The Rathores were forced from their Kingdom of Kanauj in 1193, and withdrew into the Great Indian and Thar Deserts. The Marwari was vital to their survival, and during the 12th century they followed strict selective breeding processes, keeping the finest stallions for the use of their subjects.<br /> <br /> [[File:MarwariHorseRajasthan.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Marwari Horse in Rajasthan]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Khengarji III.jpg|thumb| His Highness Maharajadhiraj Mirza Maharao Shri Sir [[Khengarji III of Kutch|Khengarji III]] Sawai Bahadur, Rao of Kutch, GCIE, KIH]]<br /> <br /> == Position in Rajasthan politics ==<br /> The royal family has a unique and special palace in Rajasthan politics. They have a continuing place in the ruling of Marwar and not only Marwar, but the whole Rajasthan.<br /> The last ruler of lashman nagar, nathuram ji maderna was the last landlord of lashman nagar. His son parasram maderna had made the maderna family one of the most top number ranking political family of Rajasthan.<br /> <br /> Membership of Legislature<br /> <br /> *1957 - 1962 - Member, Second Rajasthan Legislative Assembly<br /> *1962 - 1967 - Member, Third Rajasthan Legislative Assembly<br /> *1967 - 1972 - Member, Fourth Rajasthan Legislative Assembly<br /> *1972 - 1977 - Member, Fifth Rajasthan Legislative Assembly<br /> *1977 - 1980 - Member, Sixth Rajasthan Legislative Assembly<br /> *1980 - 1985 - Member, Seventh Rajasthan Legislative Assembly<br /> *1990 - 1992 - Member, Ninth Rajasthan Legislative Assembly<br /> *1993 - 1998 - Member, Tenth Rajasthan Legislative Assembly<br /> *1998 - 2003 - Member, Eleventh Rajasthan Legislative Assembly<br /> <br /> Positions held<br /> <br /> *1953 - 1956 - Sarpanch, Village - Chadi, District -Jodhpur<br /> *1957 - 1962 - Member of PAC and Estimates Committee<br /> *1961 - 1962 -<br /> *1987 - 1990 - Chairman, Central Cooperative Bank Ltd, Jodhpur<br /> *1962 - 1966 - Dy. Minister, Deptt of General Administration<br /> *1966 - 1977 - Minister Deptt of GAD, Revenue, Panchayat Raj, Cooperative, Forest, Colonization, Rehabilitation, Flood, Famine, Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, Community Development, Local Bodies and Sheep &amp; Wool, Government of Rajasthan<br /> *1974 - 1977 - Dy. Leader of INC Party in the Assembly<br /> *1977 - 1978,<br /> *Feb'1979 - Aug'1979, and 1993–1998, Leader of Opposition, Rajasthan Legislative Assembly<br /> *1980 - 1981 - Chairman, Committee on Subordinate Legislation<br /> *1981 - 1982 - Minister, Deptt of Irrigation, PHED, Revenue, Land Reforms, Energy, and Flood &amp; Famine, Government of Rajasthan<br /> *1981 - 1985 - Member, Syndicate, Jodhpur University<br /> *1982 - 1985 - Minister, Deptt of Irrigation, PHED, and Ground Water, Govt of Rajasthan<br /> *1990 - 1992 - Chairman, Public Accounts Committee<br /> *1994 - 1998 - Chairman, Public Undertakings Committee<br /> *6 Jan 1999 to 15 Jan 2004 Speaker, Rajasthan Legislative<br /> <br /> He ruled this area for 50 long years and now his two sons are taking over this rich heritage.<br /> <br /> [[File:PRMaderna.jpg|thumb|right|Shri Parasram Maderna]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Geography of Rajasthan]]<br /> [[Category:Villages in Jodhpur district]]</div>

Uravu https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mahi_Singh&diff=515023 2026-04-10T19:51:07Z

<p>Uravu: put up some biography more to come</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Sikh martyr}}<br /> {{refimprove|date=March 2023}}<br /> <br /> {{Sikhism sidebar}}{{Not to be confused with|Bhai Mani Singh}}<br /> '''Bhai Mahi Singh''' (died 9 September 1712) was a [[Martyrdom in Sikhism|Sikh martyr]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Navtej Singh |title=Challenge to imperial hegemony : the life story of a great Indian patriot Udham Singh |date=1998 |publisher=Publication Bureau, Punjabi University |others=Punjabi University. Publication Bureau |isbn=81-7380-529-6 |edition=1st |location=Patiala |pages=32 |oclc=40551190}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dilagīra |first=Harajindara Siṅgha |title=The Sikh reference book |date=1997 |publisher=Sikh Educational Trust for Sikh University Centre, Denmark |isbn=0-9695964-2-1 |edition=1st |location=Edmonton, Alb., Canada |pages=512 |oclc=37769917}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Family history ==<br /> Bhai Mahi Singh belonged to the Kamboj (''joshan'') landlord family of Sunam.{{Cn|date=March 2023}} He had taken ''[[Amrit Sanskar|Amrit]]'' from [[Guru Gobind Singh]] at the time of the [[Vaisakhi]] of 1699.{{Cn|date=March 2023}} He was the son of Bhai Bhikha Singh, grandson of Bhai Murari, great-grandson of Bhai Bhura, and great-great-grandson of Bhai Sukhia Mandan of [[Ladwa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Martyrdom of Bhai Mahi Singh ==<br /> <br /> Bhai Mahi Singh later died, a martyr to the Sikh cause, while fighting valiantly at the [[Battle of Chappar Chiri]] under the standard of [[Banda Singh Bahadur|Banda Bahadur]], twenty kilometres from Sirhind on May 12, 1710 AD.{{Cn|date=March 2023}} Another source states he was martyred on 9 September 1712 by being wrapped in cotton and being burnt to death in [[Samba, Jammu and Kashmir|Samba]] alongside his brother, Bhai Dargahi Singh.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Sikhism}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Mahi}}<br /> [[Category:Sikh warriors killed in action]]<br /> [[Category:1710 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth unknown]]<br /> [[Category:18th-century Indian people]]<br /> [[Category:Sikh martyrs]]<br /> <br /> {{Sikh-bio-stub}}</div>

Uravu https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Y_(2022_film)&diff=545900 2026-04-08T07:28:56Z

<p>Uravu: started some entry basic info</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | image = Y 2022 Marathi film poster.jpg<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | director = Ajit Suryakant Wadikar<br /> | writer = Ajit Wadikar&lt;br&gt;Swapneel Sojwal &lt;br&gt;<br /> Sandip Dandawate <br /> | starring = {{plainlist|<br /> *[[Mukta Barve]]<br /> *[[Prajakta Mali]]<br /> *[[Sandeep Pathak (actor)|Sandeep Pathak]]<br /> }}<br /> | cinematography = Rakesh K Bhilare<br /> | editing = [[Jayant Jathar]]<br /> | music = Parag Chhabra<br /> | studio = Ctrln Production Pvt.Ltd<br /> | distributor = [[AA Films]]<br /> | released = {{Film date|2022|06|24|df=y}}<br /> | runtime = 153 minutes&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Y (2022) <br /> |url=https://www.piffindia.com/Y-film.php|website=[[Pune International Film Festival]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Marathi<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Y''' is a 2022 Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language [[Thriller film|thriller]] film directed by Ajit Suryakant Wadikar, written by Ajit Wadikar, Swapneel Sojwal and Sandip Dandawate. Executive Producer of the film is Viraj Vinay Munot &lt;ref&gt; {{Cite web |last=Kadam |first=Ganesh Pandurang |title=Y चा थरारक ट्रेलर आला! चित्रपटप्रेमींची उत्कंठा शिगेला |url=https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/marathi-movie-trailer-release-mukta-barve-in-lead-role-141655121525352.html |access-date=2022-12-14 |website= [[Hindustan Times]]|language=mr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Joshi |first=Namrata |date=2019-11-29 |title=Column: Two new Marathi films that probe the everyday rot in society |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/column-two-new-marathi-films-that-probe-the-everyday-rot-in-society/article30115415.ece |access-date=2023-01-15 |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; It features [[Mukta Barve]], [[Nandu Madhav]], [[Prajakta Mali]], Omkar Govardhan, [[Sandeep Pathak (actor)|Sandeep Pathak]], Sandeep Dandawate, Rohit Kokate, Suhas Sirsath.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-06-10 |title='वाय' या मल्टिस्टारर थरारपटात दिसणार 'हे' कलाकार |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/y-movie-mukta-barve-prajakta-mali-rasika-chavan-dcp-98-2968001/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624041742/https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/y-movie-mukta-barve-prajakta-mali-rasika-chavan-dcp-98-2968001/ |archive-date=2022-06-24 |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=Marathi}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film was screened at [[Mumbai Academy of the Moving Image|MAMI Festival]] in 2019 and was released in theatres on 24 June 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-01-15 |title=Prajakta Mali Starrer Film 'Y' Reaches Pune International Film Festival (PIFF) in 2020 After Mumbai Film Festival (MAMI) in 2019 |url=https://www.spotboye.com/marathi/marathi-news/prajakta-mali-starrer-film-y-reaches-pune-international-film-festival-piff-in-2020-after-mumbai-film-festival-mami-in-2019/5e1ef706d996471ad814e458 |website=Spotboy.com |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-04-13 |title=Mukta Barve and Prajakta Mali starrer 'Y' to hit screens on June 24, 2022 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/mukta-barve-and-prajakta-mali-starrer-y-to-hit-screens-on-june-24-2022/articleshow/90815184.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413071418/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/mukta-barve-and-prajakta-mali-starrer-y-to-hit-screens-on-june-24-2022/articleshow/90815184.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=2022-04-13 |access-date=2022-11-28 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ajit Wadikar won Bhalji Pendharkar Best Director award and The film won the [[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Film]] at 57th [[Maharashtra State Film Awards]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> Story of the film Dr. Aarti Deshmukh revolves around a medical officer. Aarti, a mother of a daughter, is tasked with investigating the medical systems involved in female foeticide. In front of the conscientious Aarti who does his job well, Dr. Purushottam stands as a challenge. Despite many attempts, Aarti does not find any evidence against Purushottam. Purushottam eventually uses his powers to transfer Aarti, but in the days remaining before the transfer, Aarti takes up the task of gathering evidence.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> * [[Mukta Barve]] as Dr. Aarti Deshmukh <br /> * [[Prajakta Mali]] as Reema<br /> * Omkar Govardhan as Arjun<br /> * [[Sandeep Pathak (actor)|Sandeep Pathak]] as Siddhu<br /> * [[Nandu Madhav]] as Dr. Purshottam <br /> * Sandip Dandawate as Dinesh <br /> * Rohit Kokate as Bashir<br /> * Rasika Chavan <br /> * Pradeep Bhosale <br /> * Suhas Sirsat as Munna Mauli<br /> * Nitin Bansode as Naresh<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> === Critical reception ===<br /> Y film received positive reviews from critics. Kalpeshraj Kubal of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film 3 stars out of 5 and wrote &quot;Y, which derives its name from the Y is a film that conveys an important message and should be watched for that&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 June 2022 |title=Y Movie Review : The film conveys an important message and it should be watched for that |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/y/movie-review/92443152.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728154741/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/y/movie-review/92443152.cms |archive-date=28 July 2022 |access-date=28 July 2022 |website= [[The Times of India]] |language=English <br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; Keyur Seta of Cinestaan.com also gave it 3 stars out of 5 and similarly found that &quot;But what really stops this good film from being superlative is the abrupt climax. In fact, when the end credits start rolling, it becomes difficult to believe that the film has ended&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 June 2022 |title=Y review: Mukta Barve-starrer exposes a ghastly social evil in an unflinching manner |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/y-the-film-49929 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713211421/https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/y-the-film-49929 |archive-date=13 July 2022 |access-date=13 July 2022 |website= Cinestaan.com |language=English<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; A reviewer from ''[[Maharashtra Times]]'' gave the film a rating of 3/5 and wrote &quot;This movie will surely enlighten you. The movie is also satisfactory in technical terms. The background score is especially good&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 June 2022 |title=वाय: पुरुषप्रधान मानसिकतेचं स्टिंग ऑपरेशन |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/y-marathi-movie/moviereview/92432068.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220802020852/https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/y-marathi-movie/moviereview/92432068.cms |archive-date=2 August 2022 |access-date=2 August 2022 |website= [[Maharashtra Times]] |language=English<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; Vishal Ghatge of ''[[ABP Majha]]'' also gave it 3 stars out of 5 and wrote &quot;It would have worked even if it had not been told from the very first frame that this movie is a commentary on a serious topic. Without simplifying everything, some things should have been left for the audience to understand&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 June 2022 |title=Y Movie Review : वाय : प्रबोधन, मनोरंजन आणि झणझणीत अंजन ! |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/movie-review-review-by-vinod-ghatge-on-mukta-barve-y-movie-1073262 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708025103/https://marathi.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/movie-review-review-by-vinod-ghatge-on-mukta-barve-y-movie-1073262 |archive-date=8 July 2022 |access-date=8 July 2022 |website= [[ABP Majha]] |language=English <br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Awards ==<br /> *2024: '''Won''' – [[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Film]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-02-23 |title=57 व्या राज्य मराठी चित्रपट पुरस्काराचे वितरण, 'वाय' ठरला सर्वोत्कृष्ट चित्रपट |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/57th-state-marathi-film-awards-y-adjudged-the-best-film-maharashtra-entertainment-news-1258896 |access-date=2024-02-24 |website=[[ABP Majha]] |language=mr}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *2023: '''Won''' – Aaryans Sanman for Best Film&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aaryans Sanman:2023 |url=https://aaryanssanmana.com/ |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=qgi6ltus0n.preview-postedstuff.com |archive-date=3 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250203002918/https://aaryanssanmana.com/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *2023: '''Won''' – Aaryans Sanman for Best Screenplay – Ajit Wadikar, Swapneel Sojwal&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> *2023: '''Won''' – Aaryans Sanman for Best Actor (Special Mention) – [[Nandu Madhav]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> *2023: '''Won''' – Aaryans Sanman for Best Editor – [[Jayant Jathar]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> *2023 '''6TH MAJJA DIGITAL AWARD''' - Best Supporting Actress - [[Prajakta Mali]].<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title|id=21048424}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2022 thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:2022 Indian films]] <br /> [[Category:Indian thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:2022 Marathi-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Marathi-language thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:AA Films films]]</div>

Uravu https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jalpaiguri_Municipality&diff=505429 2026-04-02T18:08:07Z

<p>Uravu: created a bio</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Civic body in West Bengal, India}}<br /> <br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox legislature<br /> | name = Jalpaiguri Municipality<br /> | coa_pic = Jalpaiguri Municipality Logo.png<br /> | coa_res = 300px<br /> | coa_alt = Logo of Baranagar Municipality<br /> | coa_caption = <br /> | house_type = [[Municipal corporation (India)|Municipality]]<br /> | foundation = {{start date and age|1885}}<br /> | disbanded = <br /> | preceded_by = <br /> | succeeded_by = <br /> | leader1_type = Chair<br /> | leader1 = Saikat Chatterjee&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.wburbanservices.gov.in/Main/urban_local_bodies|title=WB Urban Services}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;{{small|([[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]])}}<br /> | leader2_type = Vice chair<br /> | leader2 = Sandip Mahato&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://jalpaigurimunicipality.org.in/about-us/|title=Vice – Chairperson of Jalpaiguri Municipality}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;{{small|([[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]])}}<br /> | seats = 25<br /> | structure1 = India Jalpaiguri, West Bengal Municipality 2022.svg<br /> | structure1_res = 250px<br /> | political_groups1 = <br /> '''Government (22)'''<br /> *{{colorbox|#20C646}} [[Trinamool Congress|AITC]] (22)<br /> '''Opposition (3)'''<br /> *{{colorbox|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (2)<br /> *{{colorbox|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}} [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] (1)<br /> | session_room =<br /> | session_res = 200px<br /> | meeting_place = Jalpaiguri Municipality Office <br /> | last_election1 = 2022<br /> | next_election1 = 2027<br /> | motto = <br /> | website = {{URL|https://jalpaigurimunicipality.org.in/|Official Website}}<br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Jalpaiguri Municipality''' is the civic body that governs [[Jalpaiguri]] and its surrounding areas in [[Jalpaiguri Sadar subdivision]] of [[Jalpaiguri district]] in West Bengal, India.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The name '''Jalpaiguri''' comes from the word '''Jalpai''' meaning Ceylon olive, which grew in the city and adjacent areas and '''Guri''' means a place.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Raha|first=Manis Kumar|title=Matriliny to Patriliny: A Study of the Rabha Society|year=1989|publisher=Gian Publishing House|page=22}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Civic administration==<br /> Civic administration is the responsibility of the Jalpaiguri Municipality which is one of the oldest in West Bengal. Set up in 1885, it is headed by a chairman who is elected by the residents of the city. It has 25 wards that elect the ward councillors. The [[All India Trinamool Congress]] is in the power of this municipal body. The chairperson of the municipality is Saikat Chatterjee.&lt;ref name=delimit&gt;{{cite web<br /> | url = http://www.wbgov.com/e-gov/English/DELIMITATION.pdf<br /> | title = Press Note, Delimitation Commission<br /> | access-date = 18 April 2009<br /> | work = Assembly Constituencies in West Bengal<br /> | publisher =Delimitation Commission<br /> | pages = 4, 23<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The municipality is responsible for providing basic services, such as potable water and sanitation. The water is supplied by the municipal authorities using its groundwater resources, and almost all the houses in the municipal area are connected through the system.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Guha|first=Kamal|date=11 June 2019|title=গরমে শহরবাসীকে বাড়তি পানীয় জল সরবরাহ জলপাইগুড়ি পুরসভার|url=https://bengali.oneindia.com/news/west-bengal/jalpaiguri-municipality-starts-one-hour-more-water-flow-for-055777.html|access-date=20 September 2020|website=One India|language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Elections==<br /> Jalpaiguri Municipality has '''25''' [[Ward (electoral subdivision)|wards]].<br /> <br /> ===2022 West Bengal Municipality election===<br /> {| style=&quot;width:65%; text-align:center;&quot;<br /> | style=&quot;background:{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}; width:88%;&quot; |'''22'''<br /> | style=&quot;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; width:8%;&quot; |'''2'''<br /> | style=&quot;background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; width:4%;&quot; |'''1'''<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;span style=&quot;color:#333;&quot;&gt;'''AITC'''&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |&lt;span style=&quot;color:#333;&quot;&gt;'''INC'''&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |&lt;span style=&quot;color:#333;&quot;&gt;'''CPI(M)'''&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Party<br /> ![[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]<br /> ![[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> ![[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background:{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}};&quot; |<br /> | style=&quot;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};&quot; |<br /> | style=&quot;background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Seats<br /> |-<br /> |{{Composition bar|22|25|hex={{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}}}<br /> |{{Composition bar|2|25|hex={{party color|Indian National Congress}}}}<br /> |{{Composition bar|1|25|hex={{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br /> |}<br /> In the 2022 municipal elections for Jalpaiguri Municipality, [[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]] won 22 seats, [[Indian National Congress|INC]] 2 seats and [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] 1 seat.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://portal.wbme.org/|title=Municipal General Election Results|work=Results of Municipal General Elections 2022|publisher=[[West Bengal State Election Commission]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===2015 West Bengal Municipality election===<br /> {| style=&quot;width:65%; text-align:center;&quot;<br /> | style=&quot;background:{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}; width:60%;&quot; |'''15'''<br /> | style=&quot;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; width:20%;&quot; |'''5'''<br /> | style=&quot;background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; width:20%;&quot; |'''5'''<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;span style=&quot;color:#333;&quot;&gt;'''AITC'''&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |&lt;span style=&quot;color:#333;&quot;&gt;'''INC'''&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |&lt;span style=&quot;color:#333;&quot;&gt;'''CPI(M)'''&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Party<br /> ![[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]<br /> ![[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> ![[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background:{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}};&quot; |<br /> | style=&quot;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};&quot; |<br /> | style=&quot;background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Seats<br /> |-<br /> |{{Composition bar|15|25|hex={{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}}}<br /> |{{Composition bar|5|25|hex={{party color|Indian National Congress}}}}<br /> |{{Composition bar|5|25|hex={{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br /> |}<br /> In the 2015 municipal elections for Jalpaiguri Municipality, [[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]] won 15 seats, [[Indian National Congress|INC]] 5 seats and [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] 5 seats.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://wbsec.gov.in/results/municipal_election_detailed_result/bENmTzdFMUtlYm5Ud1NlNnpoVHBqQVh2aXU4VHZ6M21XQ0UzanlKYjFPQ1VYb1RubmV3RVBqM0xmTU5oSWRkMGlCUDVOVnZWViswQUJUMEJGV0hzR3ByUFd0RWFkSEtHbXN1R1oxeWRlcjIxalBYYlVGS3Noc2FpbkVIMVhoWFdGekx4c3U3TnVVVHR6T2RRWWhTU3JvUTdPazN4NUdqODdXQXJyNk0xdnBzcXdQYTZ4YVBQQTlwdVp1eDYvN1pFaU5IZHFFSG9mSVlVMWprTENrZlBQdnA4SEdUdnczd2tjYjVVckJXMnlwc1hUKzdpdzlMK1ZxbzVYc1hwL3dUTzl6U1l4Sjh0cGFENkp1dDVzbUpzV0dEcXRDL0FYSlcwTmorbFV3Qm1jYXg3Ky9QQmpUZU1mYkhOUEgwQld2K1kvNWc1MjBLK1F6NjgxU2lnUFV0UWVUMU9LRlhWaFYzdy9vUkRsQT09|title=Municipal General Election Results|work=Results of Municipal General Elections 2015|publisher=[[West Bengal State Election Commission]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===2010 West Bengal Municipality election===<br /> {| style=&quot;width:65%; text-align:center;&quot;<br /> | style=&quot;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; width:64%;&quot; |'''16'''<br /> | style=&quot;background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; width:28%;&quot; |'''7'''<br /> | style=&quot;background:{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}; width:4%;&quot; |'''1'''<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;span style=&quot;color:#333;&quot;&gt;'''INC'''&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |&lt;span style=&quot;color:#333;&quot;&gt;'''CPI(M)'''&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |&lt;span style=&quot;color:#333;&quot;&gt;'''AITC'''&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Party<br /> ![[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> ![[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]<br /> ![[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};&quot; |<br /> | style=&quot;background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};&quot; |<br /> | style=&quot;background:{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}};&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Seats<br /> |-<br /> |{{Composition bar|16|25|hex={{party color|Indian National Congress}}}}<br /> |{{Composition bar|7|25|hex={{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br /> |{{Composition bar|1|25|hex={{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}}}<br /> |}<br /> In the 2010 municipal elections for Jalpaiguri Municipality, [[Indian National Congress|INC]] won 16 seats, [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] 7 seats and [[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]] 1 seat.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://wbsec.gov.in/results/municipal_election_final_result/eU9xZEhWS1N0cnFSMkdVc3FKRzUzTmFWM3U0RnBUK29ySi9xc3ZHay9TZk0vaDIyajFZeEpsSzlmaGhUQ1lHTDRYZ0RadVB0ZmU3MHdVdTQwOGFpdHZuM3ptTGRORzk0OThuNDNvNVJZOFI4d04yRitiemFQcERFR0t3amJvaTBydTNMWHU4bElQOUdMN1V3V2trU2wySTdxTS9IbHBUZ0VIRzJrWUdpZkUxbzVoLzVicms3UlNOUXFLTUkva1VrTTNETk8zUlEvMlhNRm5BTHlqSTR0dVN2TjVwb0lBbFpubXJUMUFCY1dGQk9TeWhkcU4zNldzMS8yNTdJdDNjQ21GTHhNMUE4M3lZZS8rZWU=|title=Municipal General Election Results|work=Results of Municipal General Elections 2010|publisher=[[West Bengal State Election Commission]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == List of councillors ==<br /> Following is the list of councillors of Jalpaiguri Municipality at present:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=List of Councillor Municipal Election 2022 |url=https://portal.wbme.org/}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+<br /> !Ward No.<br /> !Name of councillor<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Party<br /> |-<br /> |1<br /> |Nilam Chakraborty (Sharma)<br /> |[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> |2<br /> |Mahua Dutta Bandopadhyay (Mun)<br /> |[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> |3<br /> |Swarup Mandal<br /> |[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> |4<br /> |Sarita Prasad (Shah) Gupta<br /> |[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> |5<br /> |Sandip Mahato<br /> |[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> |6<br /> |Subrata Pal<br /> |[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> |7<br /> |Papia Pal<br /> |[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> |8<br /> |Saikat Chatterjee<br /> |[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> |9<br /> |Pramod Mandal<br /> |[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> |10<br /> |Dinesh Raut<br /> |[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> |11<br /> |Manashi Biswas Roy<br /> |[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> |12<br /> |Manindra Nath Barman<br /> |[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> |13<br /> |Lipika Sarkar<br /> |[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> |14<br /> |Sandip Ghosh<br /> |[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> |15<br /> |Tapan Banerjee<br /> |[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> |16<br /> |Tiyash Sinha Goswami<br /> |[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> |17<br /> |Dilip Kumar Barma<br /> |[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> |18<br /> |Uttam Bose<br /> |[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> |19<br /> |Lopamudra Adhikari Mandal<br /> |[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> |20<br /> |Shubhra Deb<br /> |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> |21<br /> |Taraknath Das<br /> |[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> |22<br /> |Pinku Biswas<br /> |[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> |23<br /> |Sanchita Panchanan (Dhar)<br /> |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> |24<br /> |Amlan Munshi<br /> |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> |25<br /> |Poushali Das (Sarkar)<br /> |[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}&quot;|<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[List of municipal corporations in India]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> <br /> {{coord missing|West Bengal}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Jalpaiguri]]<br /> [[Category:Municipalities of West Bengal]]</div>

Uravu https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Delhi-NCR&diff=513238 2026-03-25T19:05:55Z

<p>Uravu: put up a page needs work - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|None}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Skyline at Rajiv Chowk.JPG|thumb|[[New Delhi]] skyline.|397x397px]]<br /> [[File:DLF Gateway Tower.png|thumb| Gateway Tower in [[Gurugram]].|237x237px]]<br /> [[File:Efficiency in the shape.jpg|thumb|327x317px|[[GAIL]] Jubilee Tower, in [[Noida]].]]<br /> [[File:Cyber Green Building, Gurgaon, Haryana, India - 20070613.jpg|thumb|Cyber Green Hub Building in [[Gurugram]].|240x240px]]<br /> <br /> This list enumerates [[high-rise buildings]] and [[skyscrapers]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/city/newdelhi-india |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102162356/http://www.emporis.com/city/newdelhi-india |url-status=usurped |archive-date=2 January 2013 |title=New Delhi &amp;#124; Buildings |publisher=Emporis |accessdate=23 September 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?cityID=664&amp;statusID=1 |title=New Delhi |publisher=SkyscraperPage.com |accessdate=23 September 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; in the city of [[Delhi]], the capital and the largest [[metropolis]] of [[India]], along with its adjoining [[National Capital Region (India)|NCR]] areas. Currently there are around 29 [[skyscrapers]] and more than 5,200 [[high-rise buildings]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Gurgaon &amp;#124; Buildings|url=http://www.emporis.com/city/gurgaon-india|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102162400/http://www.emporis.com/city/gurgaon-india|url-status=usurped|archive-date=2 January 2013|publisher=Emporis|accessdate=23 September 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Ghaziabad &amp;#124; Buildings|url=http://www.emporis.com/city/ghaziabad-india|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102162403/http://www.emporis.com/city/ghaziabad-india|url-status=usurped|archive-date=2 January 2013|publisher=Emporis|accessdate=23 September 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Noida &amp;#124; Buildings|url=http://www.emporis.com/city/noida-india|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102162407/http://www.emporis.com/city/noida-india|url-status=usurped|archive-date=2 January 2013|publisher=Emporis|accessdate=23 September 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Greater Noida &amp;#124; Buildings|url=http://www.emporis.com/city/greaternoida-india|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111183946/http://www.emporis.com/city/greaternoida-india|url-status=usurped|archive-date=11 November 2012|publisher=Emporis|accessdate=23 September 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Farīdābād &amp;#124; Buildings|url=http://www.emporis.com/city/faridabad-india|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102162413/http://www.emporis.com/city/faridabad-india|url-status=usurped|archive-date=2 January 2013|publisher=Emporis| accessdate=23 September 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; in the Delhi [[National Capital Region (India)|NCR area]] with thousands more under construction. Cyberthum&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cyberthum - Office space noida {{!}} Retail Spaces Noida {{!}} best commercial project {{!}} bhutani cyberthum|url=https://www.bhutanigroup.com/cyberthum/|website=www.bhutanigroup.com|access-date=2025-12-01|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Towers A and B are currently the tallest buildings in Delhi [[National Capital Region (India)|NCR]] with a height of {{convert|213.7|m|ft|0}} and consisting of 50 floors.<br /> <br /> [[Supernova Spira]], which was initially proposed to rise up to {{convert|300|m|ft|0}} with 80 floors, is currently on hold. Although its revised architectural plans indicate an elevation of 68 floors, the construction work remains on hold as of November 2025.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-14 |title=Insolvency process begins against Supertech Goup's Supernova project in Noida |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/noida-news/insolvency-process-begins-against-supertech-goup-s-supernova-project-101718388829274.html |access-date=2025-11-25 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!-- Supernova Spira is officially on hold. The revised construction plans are for 68 floors only. Do not move this entry to the table of completed buildings. Please start a topic on the Talk page before making any changes. --&gt;<br /> <br /> == Tallest buildings ==<br /> <br /> This list ranks buildings in Delhi NCR that stand at least {{convert|125|m|ft|0}}, based on standard height measurement or are at least 30 floors tall, as of June 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?cityID=2113 |title=Gurgaon |publisher=SkyscraperPage.com |date= | accessdate=2022-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Gurgaon Buildings|url=https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/city/gurgaon|publisher=The Skyscraper Center|accessdate=20 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Noida Buildings|url=https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/city/noida|accessdate=20 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?cityID=2791 |title=Noida |publisher=SkyscraperPage.com |date= |accessdate=2022-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; This includes [[spire]]s and architectural details but does not include [[Radio masts and towers|antenna masts]]. Only completed buildings and under-construction and on-hold buildings that have been [[Topping out|topped out]] are included.<br /> [[File:Gurgaon skyline.jpg|thumb|240x240px| Gurgaon's skyline.]] <br /> [[File:Noidancrdelhiskyline.jpg|thumb|237x237px|[[Supernova Spira]], which was proposed to be the tallest building in the [[National Capital Region (India)|Delhi NCR]] region, is currently on hold.]]<br /> [[File:Vatika Business Towers Faridabad.png|thumb|240x240px| Vatika Business Towers in [[Faridabad]].]]<br /> <br /> {{static row numbers}}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Name<br /> ! Location<br /> ! City<br /> ! Height<br /> ! Floors<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Building type<br /> |-<br /> | Cyberthum Tower A&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Sector 140A {{coord|28.51|77.42|format=dms|display=inline|name=Cyberthum}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Noida]]<br /> | {{convert|213.7|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 50 <br /> | 2024&lt;ref&gt;{{Ctbuh|id=44050|title= Cyberthum Tower A}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | &lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;Commercial &lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Cyberthum Tower B&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;<br /> | {{convert|213.7|m|ft|0}} <br /> | 50<br /> | 2024&lt;ref&gt;{{Ctbuh|id=44062|title= Cyberthum Tower B}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | &lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;Commercial &lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | The Amaryllis Iconic Tower<br /> | New Rothak Road, [[Karol Bagh]] {{coord|28.659|77.195|format=dms|display=inline|name=Amaryllis Iconic}}<br /> | [[New Delhi]]<br /> | {{convert|208|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 49<br /> | 2025&lt;ref&gt;{{Ctbuh|id=46405|title=The Amaryllis Iconic Tower|access-date=28 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | &lt;span style=&quot;color:blue&quot;&gt;Residential&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Trump Towers Delhi NCR Tower 1 <br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Samrat Naagbhatt Gurjar Road, Sector-65 {{coord|28.399|7.072|format=dms|display=inline|name=Trump Towers}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Gurgaon|Gurugram]]<br /> | {{convert|201.53|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 55 <br /> | 2024&lt;ref&gt;{{Ctbuh|id=43788|title=Trump Tower Delhi NCR Tower 1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;https://haryanarera.gov.in/project/view_uploaded_Document_open/Mzc3MDM=&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | &lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;Commercial + Residential &lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Trump Towers Delhi NCR Tower 2<br /> | {{convert|201.53|m|ft|0}} <br /> | 55<br /> | 2024&lt;ref&gt;{{Ctbuh|id=43789|title=Trump Tower Delhi NCR Tower 2}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> | &lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;Commercial + Residential &lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | M3M IFC<br /> | Khushal Sadh Baba Marg, Sector-66 {{coord|28.404|77.058|format=dms|display=inline|name=M3M IFC}}<br /> | Gurugram<br /> | {{convert|199.3|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 44<br /> | 2023&lt;ref&gt;https://haryanarera.gov.in/project/view_uploaded_Document_open/MjA1NjM=&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ctbuh|id=44044|title=M3M IFC|access-date=2024-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | &lt;span style=&quot;color: Green&quot;&gt;Commercial&lt;/span&gt; <br /> |-<br /> | Raheja Revanta &amp; MT60<br /> | Shikohpur Village Main Road, Sector-78 {{coord|28.373|76.977|format=dms|display=inline|name=Raheja Revanta}}<br /> | Gurugram<br /> | {{convert|199.05|m|ft|0}} <br /> | 60&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/raheja-to-develop-over-17-000-housing-units-in-5-yrs/967950/ |title=Raheja to develop over 17,000 housing units in 5 yrs |work=The Indian Express|date=28 June 2012 |accessdate=23 September 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=A K Tiwary |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-11-19/news/30419441_1_real-estate-projects-floor-area-ratio-burj-khalifa |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509202901/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-11-19/news/30419441_1_real-estate-projects-floor-area-ratio-burj-khalifa |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 May 2013 |title=Skyscrapers across Delhi NCR skyline |publisher=Articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=19 November 2011 |accessdate=23 September 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 2020([[Topping out|Topped-Out]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Raheja Revanta, Guurgaon |website=skyscraperpage.com |url=https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=6198 |access-date=2023-04-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Raheja Revanta&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1212856/raheja-revanta-gurgaon-india|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318222047/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1212856/raheja-revanta-gurgaon-india|url-status=usurped|archive-date=18 March 2020|title=Raheja Revanta|publisher=Emporis.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | &lt;span style=&quot;color:blue&quot;&gt;Residential&lt;/span&gt; <br /> |-<br /> | Nova East<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Gautam Budh Road, Sector-78 {{coord|28.550|77.323|format=dms|display=inline|name=Nova}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Noida<br /> | {{convert|180|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 44<br /> | 2019&lt;ref&gt;{{Ctbuh|id=26396|title=Supertech Nova East|access-date=25 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1349925/nova-east-noida-india|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318212657/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1349925/nova-east-noida-india|url-status=usurped|archive-date=18 March 2020|title=Nova East|publisher=Emporis.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |&lt;span style=&quot;color:blue&quot;&gt;Residential&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Nova West<br /> | {{convert|180|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 44<br /> | 2019&lt;ref&gt;{{Ctbuh|id=26398|title=Supertech Nova West|access-date=25 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1349924/nova-west-noida-india|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318212659/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1349924/nova-west-noida-india|url-status=usurped|archive-date=18 March 2020|title=Nova West|publisher=Emporis.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |&lt;span style=&quot;color:blue&quot;&gt;Residential&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Wave Livork <br /> | Amity Road, Sector-125 {{coord|28.543|77.330|format=dms|display=inline|name=Wave Livork}}<br /> | Noida<br /> | {{convert|179|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 46<br /> | 2021&lt;ref&gt;{{Ctbuh|id=35047|title=Wave Livork|accessdate=20 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |&lt;span style=&quot;color:blue&quot;&gt;Residential&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Victory Valley Tower A<br /> | Main Gujjar Road, Sector-67 {{coord|28.390|77.064|format=dms|display=inline|name=Victory Valley}}<br /> | Gurugram<br /> | {{convert|178|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 51<br /> | 2015&lt;ref&gt;{{Ctbuh|id=13539|title=IREO Victory Valley Tower A}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Victory Valley Tower A&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1186207/ireo-victory-valley-a-gurgaon-india|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022120212/http://www.emporis.com/buildings/1186207/ireo-victory-valley-a-gurgaon-india|url-status=usurped|archive-date=22 October 2015|title=Victory Valley Tower A|publisher=Emporis.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |&lt;span style=&quot;color:blue&quot;&gt;Residential&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |-<br /> | Paras Quartier A<br /> | Faridabad-Gurgaon Road, Sector-2 {{coord|28.437|77.134|format=dms|display=inline|name=Paras Quartier}}<br /> | Gurugram<br /> | {{convert|170|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 44<br /> |2019&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1263352/paras-quartier-iconic-tower-gurgaon-india|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318223119/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1263352/paras-quartier-iconic-tower-gurgaon-india|url-status=usurped|archive-date=18 March 2020|title=Paras Quartier Tower A|publisher=Emporis.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |&lt;span style=&quot;color:blue&quot;&gt;Residential&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ATS Knightsbridge Tower 1<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Gautam Budh Road, Sector-94 {{coord|28.550|77.329|format=dms|display=inline|name=ATS Knightsbridge}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Noida<br /> | {{convert|169|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 47<br /> | 2022&lt;ref&gt;{{Ctbuh|id=41463|title=ATS Knightsbridge Tower 1}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |&lt;span style=&quot;color:blue&quot;&gt;Residential&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ATS Knightsbridge Tower 3<br /> | {{convert|169|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 47<br /> | 2022&lt;ref&gt;{{Ctbuh|id=44003|title=ATS Knightsbridge Tower 3}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |&lt;span style=&quot;color:blue&quot;&gt;Residential&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ATS Knightsbridge Tower 5<br /> | {{convert|169|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 47<br /> | 2022&lt;ref&gt;{{Ctbuh|id=44000|title=ATS Knightsbridge Tower 5}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |&lt;span style=&quot;color:blue&quot;&gt;Residential&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |-<br /> | Burj Noida<br /> | Eco City Road, Sector-95 {{coord|28.575|77.381|format=dms|display=inline|name=Burj Noida}}<br /> | Noida<br /> | {{convert|165|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 36<br /> | 2023&lt;ref&gt;{{Ctbuh|id=44082|title=Burj Noida}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | &lt;span style=&quot;color:blue&quot;&gt;Residential&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | M3M Golf Estate 1<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Golf Estate Road, Sector-65 {{coord|28.402|77.065||format=dms|display=inline|name=M3M Golf Estate}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Gurugram<br /> | {{convert|163|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 42<br /> | 2017&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1261558/m3m-golf-estate-1-gurgaon-india|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318220636/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1261558/m3m-golf-estate-1-gurgaon-india|url-status=usurped|archive-date=18 March 2020|title=M3M Golf Estate 1 |publisher=Emporis.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |&lt;span style=&quot;color:blue&quot;&gt;Residential&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | M3M Golf Estate 2<br /> | {{convert|163|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 42<br /> | 2017&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1261557/m3m-golf-estate-2-gurgaon-india|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318220640/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1261557/m3m-golf-estate-2-gurgaon-india|url-status=usurped|archive-date=18 March 2020|title=M3M Golf Estate 2 |publisher=Emporis.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |&lt;span style=&quot;color:blue&quot;&gt;Residential&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | M3M Golf Estate 3<br /> | {{convert|163|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 42<br /> | 2017&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1261560/m3m-golf-estate-4-gurgaon-india|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318220638/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1261560/m3m-golf-estate-4-gurgaon-india|url-status=usurped|archive-date=18 March 2020|title=M3M Golf Estate 3 |publisher=Emporis.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |&lt;span style=&quot;color:blue&quot;&gt;Residential&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |-<br /> | M3M Latitude <br /> | Golf Estate Road, Sector-65 {{coord|28.399|77.063|format=dms|display=inline|name=M3M Golf Estate}}<br /> | Gurugram<br /> | {{convert|160.5|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 44<br /> |2021&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=M3M Latitude |url=https://www.m3mrealty.com/residential/m3m-altitude-golf-estate-sector-65-gurgaon/ |date=9 August 2024 |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ctbuh|id=24029|title=M3M Laitude|access-date=2023-06-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |&lt;span style=&quot;color:blue&quot;&gt;Residential&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | DLF Camellias<br /> | Camellias Road, Sector-42 {{coord|28.450|77.100|format=dms|display=inline|name=DLF Camellias}}<br /> | Gurugram<br /> | {{convert|156|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 39<br /> | 2017&lt;ref&gt;{{Ctbuh|id=26244|title=DLF Camellias}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |&lt;span style=&quot;color:blue&quot;&gt;Residential&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | The Amaryllis Towers R-S<br /> | New Rothak Road, [[Karol Bagh]] {{coord|28.659|77.196|format=dms|display=inline|name=Amaryllis Towers R-S}}<br /> | Delhi<br /> | {{convert|155.3|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 41<br /> | 2025&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Amaryllis Tower R-S - The Skyscraper Center |url=https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/the-amaryllis-tower-e-clone/46415 |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=www.skyscrapercenter.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | &lt;span style=&quot;color:blue&quot;&gt;Residential&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Wave One<br /> | Maharaja Agrasen Marg, Sector-18 {{coord|28.569|77.323|format=dms|display=inline|name=Wave Livork}}<br /> | Noida<br /> | {{convert|155|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 41<br /> | 2015&lt;ref&gt;{{Ctbuh|id=26243|title=Wave One Noida}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1192434/wave-one-noida-india |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111204729/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1192434/wave-one-noida-india |url-status=usurped |archive-date=11 November 2017 |title=Wave One, Noida – 1192434 – EMPORIS |first=Emporis |last=GmbH |website=Emporis.com |accessdate=12 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |&lt;span style=&quot;color: Green&quot;&gt;Commercial&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Victory Valley Tower B<br /> | Main Gujjar Road, Sector-67 {{coord|28.391|77.064|format=dms|display=inline|name=Victory Valley}}<br /> | Gurugram<br /> | {{convert|155|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 45<br /> | 2015&lt;ref&gt;{{Ctbuh|id=13540|title=IREO Victory Valley Tower B}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Ireo Victory Valley Tower B|url=https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/ireo-victory-valley-tower-b/13540|accessdate=30 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |&lt;span style=&quot;color:blue&quot;&gt;Residential&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | UGCC Amber Tower 1<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Sector-45 Road, Sector-96 {{coord|28.545|77.349|format=dms|display=inline|name=UGCC Amber}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Noida<br /> | {{convert|154|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 45<br /> | 2016&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=UGCC Amber T1 |work=skyscraperpage.com |url=https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=15513 |access-date=2022-11-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |&lt;span style=&quot;color:blue&quot;&gt;Residential&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | UGCC Amber Tower 2<br /> | {{convert|154|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 45<br /> | 2016&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=UGCC Amber T2 |work=skyscraperpage.com |url=https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=15513 |access-date=2022-11-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |&lt;span style=&quot;color:blue&quot;&gt;Residential&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Primanti 2<br /> | Tatvam Villas Road, Sector-72 {{coord|28.406|77.036|format=dms|display=inline|name=Primanti 2}}<br /> | Gurugram<br /> |{{convert|154|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 40<br /> | 2016&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1261761/tata-primanti-2-gurgaon-india|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318222049/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1261761/tata-primanti-2-gurgaon-india|url-status=usurped|archive-date=18 March 2020|title=Primanti 2 |publisher=Emporis.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |&lt;span style=&quot;color:blue&quot;&gt;Residential&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |-<br /> | M3M Golfestate T9<br /> | Samrat Mihir Bhoj Road, Sector-65 {{coord|28.402|77.065|format=dms|display=inline|name=M3M Golfestate T9}}<br /> | Gurugram<br /> | {{convert|153|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 42<br /> | 2018<br /> | &lt;span style=&quot;color:blue&quot;&gt;Residential&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Primanti 1<br /> | Tatvam Villas Road, Sector-72 {{coord|28.406|77.035|format=dms|display=inline|name=Primanti 1}}<br /> | Gurugram<br /> |{{convert|147|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 38<br /> | 2015&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1261760/tata-primanti-1-gurgaon-india|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318222043/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1261760/tata-primanti-1-gurgaon-india|url-status=usurped|archive-date=18 March 2020|title=Primanti 1 |publisher=Emporis.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |&lt;span style=&quot;color:blue&quot;&gt;Residential&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Primanti 7<br /> | Southern Peripheral Road Sector-72 {{coord|28.402|77.035|format=dms|display=inline|name=Primanti 7}}<br /> | Gurugram<br /> |{{convert|147|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 38<br /> | 2016&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1261766/tata-primanti-7-gurgaon-india|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318222042/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1261766/tata-primanti-7-gurgaon-india|url-status=usurped|archive-date=18 March 2020|title=Primanti 7 |publisher=Emporis.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |&lt;span style=&quot;color:blue&quot;&gt;Residential&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | DLF One Midtown<br /> | Najafgarh Road, [[Moti Nagar, Delhi|Moti Nagar]] {{coord|28.664|77.155|format=dms|display=inline|name=DLF One Midtown}}<br /> | Delhi<br /> | {{convert|147|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 39<br /> | 2024&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=DLF One Midtown |url=https://www.dlfhomes.co.in/dlf-midtown-moti-nagar-delhi/ |access-date=9 September 2025 |website=dlfhomes.co.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |&lt;span style=&quot;color:blue&quot;&gt;Residential&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | DLF The Crest 1<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Park Dr, Sector-54 {{coord|28.444|77.111|format=dms|display=inline|name=DLF The Crest}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Gurugram<br /> |{{convert|144|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 38<br /> | 2017&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1261785/dlf-crest-1-gurgaon-india|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318222029/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1261785/dlf-crest-1-gurgaon-india|url-status=usurped|archive-date=18 March 2020|title=DLF The Crest 1 |publisher=Emporis.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |&lt;span style=&quot;color:blue&quot;&gt;Residential&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | DLF The Crest 2<br /> |{{convert|144|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 38<br /> | 2017&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1261786/dlf-crest-2-gurgaon-india|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111172524/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1261786/dlf-crest-2-gurgaon-india|url-status=usurped|archive-date=11 November 2017|title=DLF The Crest 2 |publisher=Emporis.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |&lt;span style=&quot;color:blue&quot;&gt;Residential&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | DLF The Crest 3<br /> |{{convert|144|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 38<br /> | 2017<br /> |&lt;span style=&quot;color:blue&quot;&gt;Residential&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Ansal Royal Heritage<br /> | IMT Main Road, sector-70 {{coord|28.336|77.353|format=dms|display=inline|name=Ansal Royal Heritage}}<br /> | [[Faridabad]] <br /> | {{convert|140|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 33<br /> | 2017&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1348465/ansal-royal-heritage-1-faridabad-india|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318214621/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1348465/ansal-royal-heritage-1-faridabad-india|url-status=usurped|archive-date=18 March 2020|title=Ansal Royal Heritage |publisher=Emporis.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |&lt;span style=&quot;color:blue&quot;&gt;Residential&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Mapsko Mount Ville<br /> | Mountville Road, Sector-79 {{coord|28.360|76.969|format=dms|display=inline|name=Mapsko Mountville}}<br /> | Gurugram<br /> |{{convert|140|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 37<br /> | 2017&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1261647/mapsko-mount-ville-4-gurgaon-india|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318223116/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1261647/mapsko-mount-ville-4-gurgaon-india|url-status=usurped|archive-date=18 March 2020|title=Mapsko Mount Ville |publisher=Emporis.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |&lt;span style=&quot;color:blue&quot;&gt;Residential&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Victory Valley Tower C<br /> | Ramgarh Road, Sector-67 {{coord|28.389|77.061|format=dms|display=inline|name=Victory Valley Tower C}}<br /> | Gurugram<br /> | {{convert|136|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 35<br /> | 2015&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1186209/ireo-victory-valley-c-gurgaon-india|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104010739/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1186209/ireo-victory-valley-c-gurgaon-india|url-status=usurped|archive-date=4 November 2021|title=Victory Valley Tower C |publisher=Emporis.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |&lt;span style=&quot;color:blue&quot;&gt;Residential&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Ireo Skyon<br /> | Skyon Road, Sector-60 {{coord|28.400|77.096|format=dms|display=inline|name=Ireo Skyon}}<br /> | Gurugram<br /> | {{convert|135|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 40<br /> | 2017&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1261434/ireo-skyon-1-gurgaon-india|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022085258/http://www.emporis.com/buildings/1261434/ireo-skyon-1-gurgaon-india|url-status=usurped|archive-date=22 October 2015|title=Ireo Skyon |publisher=Emporis.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |&lt;span style=&quot;color:blue&quot;&gt;Residential&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Paras quartier B<br /> | Faridabad-Gurgaon Road, Sector-2 {{coord|28.438|77.135|format=dms|display=inline|name=Paras Quartier B}}<br /> | Gurugram<br /> | {{convert|135|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 38<br /> | 2018&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1263353/paras-quartier-1-2-gurgaon-india |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318223121/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1263353/paras-quartier-1-2-gurgaon-india |url-status=usurped |archive-date=18 March 2020 |title=Paras Quartier Tower B |website=Emporis}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |&lt;span style=&quot;color:blue&quot;&gt;Residential&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | UGCC Burgundy<br /> | Sector-45 Road, Sector-97 {{coord|28.543|77.354|format=dms|display=inline|name=UGCC Burgundy}}<br /> | Noida<br /> | {{convert|135|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 36<br /> | 2017&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1350187/ugcc-burgundy-1-noida-india|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318212653/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1350187/ugcc-burgundy-1-noida-india|url-status=usurped|archive-date=18 March 2020|title=UGCC Burgundy |publisher=Emporis.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |&lt;span style=&quot;color:blue&quot;&gt;Residential&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Jaypee Krescent Homes 1<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | Wazidpur Road, Sector-129 {{coord|28.506|77.383|format=dms|display=inline|name=Jaypee Krescent}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | Noida<br /> | {{convert|132|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 35<br /> | 2016&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1350572/jaypee-krescent-homes-1-noida-india|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218151201/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1350572/jaypee-krescent-homes-1-noida-india|url-status=usurped|archive-date=18 December 2021|title=Jaypee Krescent Homes 1 |publisher=Emporis.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |&lt;span style=&quot;color:blue&quot;&gt;Residential&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Jaypee Krescent Homes 2<br /> | {{convert|132|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 35<br /> | 2016&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1350573/jaypee-krescent-homes-2-noida-india|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218151421/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1350573/jaypee-krescent-homes-2-noida-india|url-status=usurped|archive-date=18 December 2021|title=Jaypee Krescent Homes 2 |publisher=Emporis.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |&lt;span style=&quot;color:blue&quot;&gt;Residential&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Jaypee Krescent Homes 3<br /> | {{convert|132|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 35<br /> | 2016&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1350574/jaypee-krescent-homes-3-noida-india|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218151655/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1350574/jaypee-krescent-homes-3-noida-india|url-status=usurped|archive-date=18 December 2021|title=Jaypee Krescent Homes 3 |publisher=Emporis.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |&lt;span style=&quot;color:blue&quot;&gt;Residential&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Jaypee Krescent Homes 4<br /> | {{convert|132|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 35<br /> | 2016<br /> |&lt;span style=&quot;color:blue&quot;&gt;Residential&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Pioneer Araya 1<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Senapati Prataprao Gurjar Marg, Sector-62 {{coord|28.411|77.088|format=dms|display=inline|name=Pioneer Araya}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Noida<br /> | {{convert|132|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 35<br /> | 2016&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1263054/pioneer-araya-1-gurgaon-india|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218190417/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1263054/pioneer-araya-1-gurgaon-india|url-status=usurped|archive-date=18 December 2021|title=Pioneer Araya 1 |publisher=Emporis.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |&lt;span style=&quot;color:blue&quot;&gt;Residential&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Pioneer Araya 2<br /> | {{convert|132|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 35<br /> | 2016&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1263055/pioneer-araya-2-gurgaon-india|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318224117/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1263055/pioneer-araya-2-gurgaon-india|url-status=usurped|archive-date=18 March 2020|title=Pioneer Araya 2 |publisher=Emporis.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |&lt;span style=&quot;color:blue&quot;&gt;Residential&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Pioneer Araya 3<br /> | {{convert|132|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 35<br /> | 2016&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1263056/pioneer-araya-3-gurgaon-india|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218190910/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1263056/pioneer-araya-3-gurgaon-india|url-status=usurped|archive-date=18 December 2021|title=Pioneer Araya 3 |publisher=Emporis.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |&lt;span style=&quot;color:blue&quot;&gt;Residential&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Raheja Vanya 1<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Delhi-Alwar Road, Sector-99 {{coord|28.423|77.040|format=dms|display=inline|name=Raheja Vanya}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Gurugram<br /> | {{convert|132|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 35<br /> | 2019<br /> |&lt;span style=&quot;color:blue&quot;&gt;Residential&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Raheja Vanya 2<br /> | {{convert|132|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 35<br /> | 2019<br /> |&lt;span style=&quot;color:blue&quot;&gt;Residential&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Supertech Eco Village<br /> | Samrat Ashok Road, Sector-18 {{coord|28.579|77.439|format=dms|display=inline|name=Supertech Eco}}<br /> | [[Greater Noida]]<br /> | {{convert|130|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 36<br /> | 2019&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1298239/supertech-eco-village-25-greater-noida-india|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318213500/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1298239/supertech-eco-village-25-greater-noida-india|url-status=usurped|archive-date=18 March 2020|title=Supertech Eco Village |publisher=Emporis.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;Residential&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |-<br /> | Merlin Tower 7<br /> | Main Gujjar Road, Sector-67 {{coord|28.389|77.059|format=dms|display=inline|name=Merlin Tower 7}}<br /> | Gurugram<br /> | 130 metres (427&amp;nbsp;ft)<br /> | 34<br /> | 2016&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Merlin Tower 7 |website=Skyscraperpage.com |url=https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=61260 |access-date=2023-05-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;Residential&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ATS Kingston Heath<br /> | Panjetani Road, Sec-150 {{coord|28.424|77.486|format=dms|display=inline|name=ATS Kingston}}<br /> | Noida<br /> | {{convert|130|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 34<br /> | 2020<br /> |&lt;span style=&quot;color:blue&quot;&gt;Residential&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Prius Vision Tower<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Southern Peripheral Road, Sector-62 {{coord|29.411|77.085|format=dms|display=inline|name=Prius Vision Tower}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Gurugram<br /> | {{convert|130|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 30<br /> | 2016<br /> |&lt;span style=&quot;color:Green&quot;&gt;Commercial&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Prius Vision Tower A<br /> | {{convert|130|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 30<br /> |2016&lt;ref&gt;{{Ctbuh|id=14481|title=GYS Vision Tower A}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |&lt;span style=&quot;color:Green&quot;&gt;Commercial&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ATS Destinaire<br /> | LN Mishra Marg, Sector-1 {{coord|28.547|77.437|format=dms|display=inline|name=ATS Destinaire}}<br /> | Greater Noida<br /> |{{convert|130|m|ft|0}}<br /> |33<br /> |2016<br /> |&lt;span style=&quot;color:blue&quot;&gt;Residential&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | World Trade Tower A <br /> | Amaltash Marg, Sec-16 {{coord|28.576|77.317|format=dms|display=inline|name=World Trade Tower A}}<br /> | Noida<br /> | {{convert|128|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 34<br /> |2013&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1192432/world-trade-tower-a-noida-india|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318212653/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1192432/world-trade-tower-a-noida-india|url-status=usurped|archive-date=18 March 2020|title=World Trade Tower A |publisher=Emporis.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |&lt;span style=&quot;color:Green&quot;&gt;Commercial&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ATS Pious Orchards<br /> | Pushta Road, Sector-150 {{coord|28.416|77.490|format=dms|display=inline|name=ATS Pious Orchards}}<br /> | Noida<br /> | {{convert|126|m|ft|0}}<br /> |35<br /> |2021<br /> |&lt;span style=&quot;color:blue&quot;&gt;Residential&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Pioneer Park<br /> | Senapati Prataprao Gurjar Marg, Sector-61 {{coord|28.414|77.092|format=dms|display=inline|name=Pioneer Park}}<br /> | Gurugram<br /> | {{convert|125|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 33<br /> | 2014&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1150824/pioneer-park-c-gurgaon-india|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318224117/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1150824/pioneer-park-c-gurgaon-india|url-status=usurped|archive-date=18 March 2020|title=Pioneer Park |publisher=Emporis.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |&lt;span style=&quot;color:blue&quot;&gt;Residential&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Tallest buildings (under-construction) ==<br /> This list ranks buildings that are under construction in the [[National Capital Region (India)|Delhi]] NCR and are planned to rise at least {{convert|100|m|ft|abbr=on}} or 25 floors or more. Buildings that are only approved, on hold or proposed are not included in this table.<br /> [[File:New Delhi Traffic Congestion .jpg|246x246px|thumb|right|[[Gurgaon]]'s Skyline at Dusk.]]<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable mw-collapsible&quot;<br /> |+<br /> |-<br /> !Sr<br /> !Name<br /> !Area<br /> !Height<br /> !Floors<br /> !Expected year of completion<br /> |-<br /> !1<br /> |[[Supernova Spira]]<br /> |Noida Sector-94 <br /> |{{convert|300|m|ft|0}}&lt;!-- Supernova Spira is officially on hold. The revised construction plans are for 68 floors only. Do not move this entry to the table of completed buildings. Please start a topic on the Talk page before making any changes. --&gt;<br /> |80<br /> |On hold. Revised building plans indicate construction up to 68 floors only.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> !2<br /> | North Eye<br /> | [[Noida|Noida Sec-74]]<br /> | {{convert|255|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 66<br /> | 2026&lt;ref&gt;{{Ctbuh|id=11854|title=North Eye}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/ncrs-tallest-luxury-building-to-come-up-in-noida/article4075690.ece|title=NCR's tallest luxury building to come up in Noida|last1=Mehdudia|first1=Sujay|date=2012-11-08|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-01-10|last2=Mehdudia|first2=Sujay|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> !3<br /> | Golf Estate Twin Tower 1<br /> | [[Gurugram|Gurugram Sec-65]]<br /> | {{convert|190|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 52<br /> | 2025&lt;ref&gt;{{Ctbuh|id=24031|title=Golf Estate Twin Tower 1}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> !4<br /> | Golf Estate Twin Tower 2<br /> | [[Gurugram|Gurugram Sec-65]]<br /> | {{convert|190|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 52<br /> | 2025&lt;ref&gt;{{Ctbuh|id=24032|title=Golf Estate Twin Tower 2}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> !5<br /> | Delhi One 1<br /> | [[Noida|Noida Sec-16B]]<br /> |{{convert|190|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 42<br /> | 2026<br /> |-<br /> !6<br /> | Navin Minar (Leela Sky Villas)<br /> | [[Kirti Nagar]], [[Delhi]]<br /> |{{convert|190|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 42<br /> | 2025&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1522374/the-leela-sky-villas-new-delhi-india |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220312190855/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1522374/the-leela-sky-villas-new-delhi-india |url-status=usurped |archive-date=12 March 2022 |title=The Leela Sky Villas |website=Emporis}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> !7<br /> |Grandthum by Group 108<br /> |[[Greater Noida railway station|Greater Noida (West)]]<br /> |190 meters (623&amp;nbsp;ft)<br /> |34<br /> |2025<br /> |-<br /> !8<br /> |One FNG by Group 108<br /> |[[Noida|Noida Sec-142]]<br /> |176 meters (577&amp;nbsp;ft)<br /> |37<br /> |2028<br /> |-<br /> ! 9<br /> | Orb Homes 1<br /> | [[Noida|Noida Sec-74]]<br /> |{{convert|175|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 48<br /> | On hold&lt;ref&gt;{{Ctbuh|id=14489|title=ORB Homes Tower 1}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! 10<br /> | Orb Homes 2<br /> | [[Noida|Noida Sec-74]]<br /> |{{convert|175|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 48<br /> | On hold&lt;ref&gt;{{Ctbuh|id=14487|title=ORB Homes Tower 2}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! 11<br /> | Orb Homes 3<br /> | [[Noida|Noida Sec-74]]<br /> |{{convert|175|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 48<br /> | On hold&lt;ref&gt;{{Ctbuh|id=14488|title=ORB Homes Tower 3}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! 12<br /> | M3M Sky City<br /> | [[Gurugram|Gurugram Sec-66]]<br /> | {{convert|175|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 47<br /> | 2025<br /> |-<br /> ! 13<br /> | M3M 65th Avenue<br /> | [[Gurugram|Gurugram Sec-66]]<br /> | {{convert|172|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 47<br /> | 2025<br /> |-<br /> ! 14 <br /> | M3M Heights<br /> | [[Gurugram]]<br /> | {{convert|172|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 47<br /> | 2025<br /> |-<br /> ! 15<br /> | Kabana High<br /> | [[Greater Noida|Greater Noida Sec-4]]<br /> | {{convert|171|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 35<br /> | 2025<br /> |-<br /> ! 16<br /> | ATS Knightsbridge Tower 2<br /> |[[Noida|Noida Sec-124]]<br /> | {{convert|171|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 47<br /> | 2026&lt;ref&gt;{{Ctbuh|id=43874|title=Knightsbridge Tower 2}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1350231/ats-knightsbridge-2-noida-india |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111170533/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1350231/ats-knightsbridge-2-noida-india |url-status=usurped |archive-date=11 November 2017 |title=Knightsbridge Tower 2 |website=Emporis}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! 17<br /> | ATS Knightsbridge Tower 4<br /> | [[Noida|Noida Sec-124]]<br /> | {{convert|171|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 47<br /> | 2026&lt;ref&gt;{{Ctbuh|id=44001|title=Knightsbridge Tower 4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1350233/ats-knightsbridge-4-noida-india |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111173819/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1350233/ats-knightsbridge-4-noida-india |url-status=usurped |archive-date=11 November 2017 |title=Knightsbridge Tower 4 |website=Emporis}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! 18<br /> | Unitech Grande<br /> | [[Noida|Noida Sec-96]]<br /> | {{convert|162|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 45<br /> | 2025<br /> |-<br /> !19<br /> | County Courtyard<br /> | [[Pitam Pura]], [[Delhi]]<br /> | {{convert|155|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 38*2<br /> | 2026<br /> |-<br /> ! 20<br /> | Godrej Iconic Tower<br /> | [[Okhla]], [[Delhi]]<br /> | {{convert|145|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 36<br /> | 2026<br /> |-<br /> ! 21<br /> | Saya Gold Avenue<br /> | [[Ghaziabad]]<br /> | {{convert|145|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 40<br /> | 2026&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.sayahomes.in/project/index/gold-avenue |title=Saya Gold Avenue |website=Saya Homes}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! 22<br /> | BPTP Capital City 4<br /> | [[Noida|Noida Sec-94]]<br /> | {{convert|145|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 40<br /> | 2023&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=36054 |title=BPTP Capital City Tower 4 |website=skyscraperpage.com |access-date=2024-02-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! 23<br /> | Raheja Oma<br /> | [[Dharuhera]]<br /> | {{convert|145|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 40<br /> | 2023<br /> |-<br /> ! 24<br /> | Tulip Monsella 1<br /> | [[Gurugram|Gurugram Sec-53]]<br /> | {{convert|141.50|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 39<br /> | 2025 <br /> |-<br /> ! 25<br /> | Tulip Monsella 2<br /> | [[Gurugram|Gurugram Sec-53]]<br /> | {{convert|141.50|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 39<br /> | 2025 <br /> |-<br /> ! 26<br /> | Tulip Monsella 3<br /> | [[Gurugram|Gurugram Sec-53]]<br /> | {{convert|141.50|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 39<br /> | 2025 <br /> |-<br /> ! 27<br /> | Delhi One 2<br /> | [[Noida|Noida Sec-16B]]<br /> | {{convert|130|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 37<br /> | 2023<br /> |-<br /> ! 28<br /> | Apex The Kremlin<br /> | [[Noida|Taj Expressway Noida]]<br /> |{{convert|130|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 37<br /> |2021<br /> |-<br /> !29<br /> | ATS Picturesque Reprieves 1<br /> |[[Noida|Noida Sec-152]]<br /> |{{convert|130|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 37<br /> | 2023<br /> |-<br /> !30<br /> | ATS Picturesque Reprieves 2<br /> |[[Noida|Noida Sec-152]]<br /> |{{convert|130|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 37<br /> | 2023<br /> |-<br /> !31<br /> | ATS Picturesque Reprieves 3<br /> |[[Noida|Noida Sec-152]]<br /> |{{convert|130|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 37<br /> | 2023<br /> |-<br /> !32<br /> | ATS Picturesque Reprieves 4<br /> |[[Noida|Noida Sec-152]]<br /> |{{convert|130|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 37<br /> | 2023<br /> |-<br /> !33<br /> | ATS Picturesque Reprieves 5<br /> |[[Noida|Noida Sec-152]]<br /> |{{convert|130|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 37<br /> | 2023<br /> |-<br /> !34<br /> | Hero Homes Tower 1<br /> |[[Gurugram|Gurugram Sec-104]]<br /> |{{convert|130|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 37<br /> | 2025<br /> |-<br /> !35<br /> | Hero Homes Gurgaon Tower 2<br /> |[[Gurugram|Gurugram Sec-104]]<br /> |{{convert|130|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 37<br /> | 2025<br /> |-<br /> !36<br /> | Hero Homes Tower 3<br /> |[[Gurugram|Gurugram Sec-104]]<br /> |{{convert|130|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 37<br /> | 2025<br /> |-<br /> !37<br /> | Hero Homes Tower 4<br /> |[[Gurugram|Gurugram Sec-104]]<br /> |{{convert|130|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 37<br /> | 2025<br /> |-<br /> !38<br /> | Skyville 1<br /> |[[Gurugram|Gurugram Sec-68]]<br /> |{{convert|125|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 36<br /> | 2022<br /> |-<br /> ! 39<br /> | Cyprees Court 1<br /> | [[Greater Noida]]<br /> |{{convert|125|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 36<br /> | 2022<br /> |-<br /> !40<br /> | Cyprees Court 2<br /> | [[Greater Noida]]<br /> |{{convert|125|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 36<br /> | 2022<br /> |-<br /> !41<br /> | Grandstand Tower 1<br /> |[[Gurugram|Gurugram Sec-99]]<br /> |{{convert|122|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 35<br /> | 2022<br /> |-<br /> !42<br /> | Grandstand Tower 2<br /> |[[Gurugram|Gurugram Sec-99]]<br /> |{{convert|122|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 35<br /> | 2022<br /> |-<br /> !43 <br /> | Grandstand Tower 3<br /> |[[Gurugram|Gurugram Sec-99]]<br /> |{{convert|122|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 35<br /> | 2022<br /> |-<br /> !44<br /> | Grandstand Tower 4<br /> |[[Gurugram|Gurugram Sec-99]]<br /> |{{convert|122|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 35<br /> | 2022<br /> |-<br /> !45<br /> | Grandstand Tower 5<br /> |[[Gurugram|Gurugram Sec-99]]<br /> |{{convert|122|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 35<br /> | 2022<br /> |-<br /> !46<br /> | Grandstand Tower 6<br /> |[[Gurugram|Gurugram Sec-99]]<br /> |{{convert|122|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 35<br /> | 2022<br /> |-<br /> !47<br /> | M3M Duo High<br /> |[[Gurugram|Gurugram Sec-65]]<br /> |{{convert|118|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 35<br /> | 2021<br /> |-<br /> !48<br /> |M3M Broadway<br /> |[[Gurugram|Gurugram Sec-71]]<br /> |{{convert|118|m|ft|0}}<br /> |30<br /> |2023<br /> |-<br /> !49<br /> |M3M Cornerwalk<br /> |[[Gurugram|Gurugram Sec-74]]<br /> |{{convert|118|m|ft|0}}<br /> |30<br /> |2021<br /> |-<br /> !50<br /> |M3M Skywalk&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=M3M Skywalk |url=https://www.m3mrealty.com/residential/m3m-skywalk-sector-74-gurgaon/ |access-date=2020-11-30 |website=m3mheights.co.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |[[Gurugram|Gurugram Sec-74]]<br /> |{{convert|118|m|ft|0}}<br /> |30 <br /> |2025<br /> |-<br /> !51<br /> |Silvergrades Hightown<br /> |[[Gurugram|Gurugram Sec-74]]<br /> |{{convert|109|m|ft|0}}<br /> |27<br /> |2025<br /> |-<br /> !52<br /> |M3M Icon<br /> |[[Gurugram|Gurugram Sec-74]]<br /> |{{convert|105|m|ft|0}}<br /> |32<br /> |2022<br /> |-<br /> !53<br /> |M3M Skywalk<br /> |[[Gurugram|Gurugram Sec-74]]<br /> |{{convert|105|m|ft|0}}<br /> |30<br /> |2023<br /> |-<br /> !54<br /> |Risland Sky Mansion<br /> | [[Chhatarpur]], [[Delhi]]<br /> |{{convert|105|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 25<br /> | 2023<br /> |-<br /> !55<br /> |Godrej South Estate<br /> | [[Okhla]], [[Delhi]]<br /> |{{convert|105|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 36<br /> | 2025&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |title=Godrej South Estate |url=https://godrejsouthestate.co.in/ |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=Godrej South Estate |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> !56 <br /> |Unity Amaryllis- Phase 2<br /> | [[Kirti Nagar]], [[Delhi]]<br /> |{{convert|120|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 31<br /> | 2022<br /> |-<br /> !57<br /> |Krisumi Waterfall Residences<br /> |[[Gurugram|Gurugram Sec-36a]]<br /> |{{convert|100|m|ft|0}}<br /> |34<br /> |2025<br /> |-<br /> !58<br /> |M3M Capital<br /> |[[Gurugram|Gurugram Sec-113]]<br /> |{{convert|100|m|ft|0}}<br /> |36<br /> |2026<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Timeline of tallest buildings of Delhi NCR ==<br /> {| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Name<br /> ! Image<br /> ! Height<br /> ! Floors<br /> ! Years as tallest<br /> |-<br /> | Cyberthum&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;<br /> |<br /> | {{convert|213.7|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 50<br /> | 2024-2025&lt;ref name=&quot;Supernova Spira&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Supernova Spira |url=https://www.zricks.com/Updates/Possession-In-2020-at-Supertech-Supernova-Spira-Residences-Noida/10779 |publisher=zicks.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Raheja Revanta<br /> |<br /> | {{convert|196|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 56<br /> | 2018-2024&lt;ref name=&quot;Raheja Revanta&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Victory Valley Tower <br /> | <br /> | {{convert|178|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 51<br /> | 2015–2018&lt;ref name=&quot;Victory Valley Tower A&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | World Trade Tower<br /> |<br /> | {{convert|128|m|ft|0}}<br /> | 34<br /> |2013-2015&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1192432/world-trade-tower-a-noida-india|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318212653/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1192432/world-trade-tower-a-noida-india|url-status=usurped|archive-date=18 March 2020|title=World Trade Tower|publisher=Emporis.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[MCD Civic Centre|Civic Center]]<br /> | [[File:MCD HQ.jpg|100px]]<br /> | {{convert|101|m|ft|0}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/statistics/tallest-buildings/city/100258/new-delhi-india|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411121131/http://www.emporis.com/statistics/tallest-buildings/city/100258/new-delhi-india|url-status=usurped|archive-date=11 April 2016|title=New Delhi – Statistics – EMPORIS|first=Emporis|last=GmbH|website=Emporis.com|accessdate=12 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 28<br /> | 2008–2013<br /> |-<br /> | Hansalaya<br /> | [[File:Buildings in New Delhi 03.jpg|100px]]<br /> | {{convert|88|m|ft|0}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/city-s-tallest-building-is-91-5-m-and-growing/story-q2cT9PqjAI3MVqH9mJIN8O.html|title=City's tallest building is 91.5 m, and growing|date=7 March 2008|website=Hindustan Times|accessdate=12 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Cities/Civic_centre_Its_the_tallest_one_/rssarticleshow/2843954.cms|title=Civic centre: It's the tallest one – Delhi |work=The Times of India|accessdate=12 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 21<br /> | -2008<br /> |-<br /> |[[Vikas Minar]]<br /> |<br /> |82 metres&lt;ref name=&quot;The Times of India&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author=Sidharatha Roy|date=Oct 29, 2019|title=Once Delhi's tallest building, iconic Vikas Minar is all set for a facelift |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/once-citys-tallest-building-iconic-vikas-minar-is-all-set-for-a-facelift/articleshow/71797923.cms|access-date=2021-08-05|work=The Times of India|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |1976-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> <br /> * [[List of tallest buildings in India]]<br /> * [[List of tallest structures in India]]<br /> * [[List of tallest buildings in Gurgaon]]<br /> * [[List of tallest buildings in Asia]]<br /> * [[List of tallest buildings and structures in South Asia]]<br /> * [[List of tallest buildings in different cities in India]]<br /> * [[List of tallest buildings]]<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{reflist|group=upper-alpha}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{India tallest buildings lists}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Lists of tallest buildings in India|Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Lists of buildings and structures in Delhi|Tallest buildings]]<br /> [[Category:Buildings and structures in Noida]]<br /> [[Category:Buildings and structures in Gurgaon]]<br /> [[Category:National Capital Region (India)]]</div>

Uravu https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=MrMed&diff=518613 2026-03-18T11:11:16Z

<p>Uravu: put up a post from scratch</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Online pharmacy}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox company<br /> | name = MrMed<br /> | logo = MrMed logo.jpg<br /> | type = [[Privately held company|Private]]<br /> | industry = Healthcare&lt;br&gt;E-commerce<br /> | founded = 2020<br /> | founder = Saurab Jain&lt;br&gt;Devashish Singh<br /> | hq_location_city = [[Chennai]], [[India]]<br /> | area_served = India<br /> | key_people = Devashish Singh (Co-Founder &amp; CEO)&lt;br&gt;Saurab Jain (Co-Founder &amp; CBO)<br /> | revenue = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|16|c}} (2023)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Borpuzari |first1=Pranbihanga |title=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/sme-sector/from-cancer-to-rheumatology-online-pharmacy-mrmed-wants-to-make-speciality-medicines-affordable-accessible/articleshow/105028629.cms |date=7 November 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | num_employees = 66<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''MrMed''' is an online pharmacy for [[Specialty pharmacy|super-specialty]] medicines based in [[India]]. It was founded by Devashish Singh and Saurab Jain and has its headquarters in [[Chennai]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Borpuzari |first=Pranbihanga |date=2023-11-07 |title=Economic times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/sme-sector/from-cancer-to-rheumatology-online-pharmacy-mrmed-wants-to-make-speciality-medicines-affordable-accessible/articleshow/105028629.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-05-03 |issn=0013-0389}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2022, the company received an award from the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] for its contributions to healthcare.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-12-01 |title=MrMed awarded Start-up of the Year 2022 by FICCI by Mrmed Online Pharmacy - Issuu |url=https://issuu.com/mrmed/docs/mrmed_updated_article.docx |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=issuu.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> MrMed was conceived in August 2020 when Devashish Singh&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=MrMed sees 50% growth in revenue in FY24 - The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/sme-sector/mrmed-sees-50-growth-in-revenue-in-fy24/articleshow/115257283.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-08-21 |website=m.economictimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Saurab Jain&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Koul |first=Rahul |date=2023-08-29 |title=&quot;Problem statement is quite unique in specialized medications&quot; |url=https://biovoicenews.com/problem-statement-is-quite-unique-in-specialized-medications/ |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=BioVoiceNews |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; noticed challenges in specialty medicines.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-05-30 |title=MrMed's contribution to drug adherence and patient engagement - Elets eHealth |url=https://ehealth.eletsonline.com/2023/05/mrmeds-contribution-to-drug-adherence-and-patient-engagement/ |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=eHealth Magazine |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Despite facing initial setbacks due to the [[SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant|COVID Delta]] wave in [[India]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mr Med seed fund raise: Specialty pharmacy MrMed raises $500,000 from Tamil Nadu Emerging Sector Seed Fund - The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/entrepreneurship/specialty-pharmacy-mrmed-raises-500000-from-tamil-nadu-emerging-sector-seed-fund/articleshow/103207040.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-08-21 |website=m.economictimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; which prompted the founders and their team to prioritize community assistance, MrMed was officially launched in June 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; The company launched its mobile app in March 2023 for access to speciality medicines for conditions such as cancer, transplants, kidney, or liver diseases.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-03-29 |title=MrMed launches mobile app for access to affordable super-specialty medicines |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/entrepreneurship/mrmed-launches-mobile-app-for-access-to-affordable-super-specialty-medicines/articleshow/99087714.cms |access-date=2024-09-10 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}&lt;/ref&gt; It also raised $500,000 in funding from the Tamil Nadu Emerging Sector Seed Fund (TNESSF) and angel investors.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Kandavel |first=Sangeetha |date=2023-08-30 |title=Online pharmacy MrMed raises $500,000 from Tamil Nadu Emerging Sector Seed Fund |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/online-pharmacy-mrmed-raises-500000-from-tamil-nadu-emerging-sector-seed-fund/article67252619.ece |access-date=2024-05-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-08-31 |title=MrMed raises $500k from TNESSF |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/mrmed-raises-500k-from-tnessf/articleshow/103226863.cms |access-date=2024-05-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-08-30 |title=Specialty pharmacy MrMed raises $500,000 from Tamil Nadu Emerging Sector Seed Fund |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/entrepreneurship/specialty-pharmacy-mrmed-raises-500000-from-tamil-nadu-emerging-sector-seed-fund/articleshow/103207040.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-05-03 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 8 December 2025, the company announced a strategic partnership with the American multinational [[Medication|pharmaceutical]] company [[Eli Lilly and Company|Eli Lilly]] to support the distribution of specialty medicines in India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-12-08 |title=MrMed strengthens its network with cold-chain hub |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/bengaluru/mrmed-strengthens-its-network-with-cold-chain-hub-1029378 |access-date=2025-12-20 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 8, 2025 |title=MrMed announces new cold-chain hub in Bengaluru and strategic partnership with Eli Lilly |url=https://www.biospectrumindia.com/news/16/27035/mrmed-announces-new-cold-chain-hub-in-bengaluru-and-strategic-partnership-with-eli-lilly.html |access-date=2025-12-20 |website=[[BioSpectrum]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Operations ==<br /> MrMed's headquarters are in [[Chennai]], with dispatch hubs located in [[Delhi]] and [[Bangalore]]. According to the [[The Economic Times|Economic Times]], the company reported an [[Revenue stream|Annual Recurring Revenue]] (ARR) of ₹26 crore.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; In April 2024, the company entered the offline retail segment with the opening of its first store in Chennai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-04-25 |title=MrMed ventures into physical retail space with launch of store in Chennai |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/sme-sector/mrmed-ventures-into-physical-retail-space-with-launch-of-flagship-store-in-chennai/articleshow/109584775.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-04-08 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Awards and recognition ==<br /> In 2022, MrMed was awarded the Health Care Start-up Of The Year by the [[Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce &amp; Industry|Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry]] (FICCI) in [[Chennai]], presented by [[Ma. Subramanian]], the Minister for Health and Family Welfare, [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |title=medgatetoday |url=https://medgatetoday.com/breaking-barriers-in-healthcare-the-game-changer-mrmed-an-online-pharmacy-revolutionizing-specialty-medicines/ |access-date=2024-05-03 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> * [[Pharmaceutical industry in India]]<br /> * [[Healthcare in Chennai]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> <br /> * [https://www.mrmed.in/ Official website]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Online pharmacies]]<br /> [[Category:Companies based in Chennai]]<br /> [[Category:Health care companies of India]]</div>

Uravu https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andaaz&diff=486418 2026-03-16T00:47:00Z

<p>Uravu: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|2003 film by Raj Kanwar}}<br /> {{Use British English|date=March 2013}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | image = Andaaz poster.jpg<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | native_name = <br /> | director = [[Raj Kanwar]]<br /> | producer = [[Suneel Darshan]]<br /> | screenplay = {{Plainlist|<br /> *[[Robin Bhatt]]<br /> *[[Shyam Goel]]<br /> *[[Jainendra Jain (screenwriter)|Jainendra Jain]]<br /> }}<br /> | starring = {{Plainlist|<br /> *[[Akshay Kumar]]<br /> *[[Lara Dutta]]<br /> *[[Priyanka Chopra]]<br /> }}<br /> | music = {{Plainlist|<br /> '''Songs:'''<br /> *[[Nadeem-Shravan]]<br /> *'''Background score:'''<br /> *Naresh Sharma<br /> }}<br /> | cinematography = [[Ishwar R. Bidri]]<br /> | editing = Sanjay Sankla<br /> | studio = Shree Krishna International<br /> | released = {{Film date|2003|5|23|df=y}}<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Hindi<br /> | runtime = 149 minutes&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/andaaz-2003 |title=''Andaaz'' (2003) |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226121838/https://bbfc.co.uk/releases/andaaz-2003 |archive-date=26 December 2019 |access-date=11 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | budget = {{INR}}9.25 crore&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=514|title=Andaaz – Movie|publisher=[[Box Office India]]|access-date=20 September 2022|archive-date=20 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920224243/https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=514|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | gross = {{INR}}28.81 crore&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Andaaz''''' ({{translation|Style}}) is a 2003 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by [[Raj Kanwar]] and produced by [[Suneel Darshan]]. It stars [[Akshay Kumar]], [[Lara Dutta]] and [[Priyanka Chopra]]. It is written by [[Robin Bhatt]], [[Shyam Goel]] and [[Jainendra Jain (screenwriter)|Jainendra Jain]]. It features [[Lara Dutta]] in her debut film. Shot extensively in [[West Indies]], ''Andaaz''{{'}}s promotion centered around it being the acting debut of two beauty queens together for the first time, which Darshan considered was the film's main selling point.<br /> <br /> Its music was composed by [[Nadeem–Shravan]], with lyrics written by [[Sameer Anjaan|Sameer]]. The soundtrack was a success, selling 2.5 million units and was the second best-selling Bollywood soundtrack of the year.<br /> <br /> ''Andaaz'' was released in cinemas on 23 May 2003. The film was a box-office success, grossing {{INR}}288 million at the box-office against a budget of {{INR}} 80 million. It was the [[List of Bollywood films of 2003|ninth-highest-grossing Indian film of the year]]. At the [[49th Filmfare Awards]], it received 5 nominations, including [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] for Chopra, and won [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]] for Dutta and Chopra. Additionally, both actresses were also nominated for the [[Screen Award for Best Female Debut]], which Dutta won.<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> Raj Malhotra lives with his elder brother Rohit, his sister-in-law Kiran, and his niece. After an accident fractures his leg, he is unable to walk for some time, and for psychological reasons, he cannot walk even after the fracture heals. When the Malhotras move to [[Guntur]], Raj befriends his family's new neighbour, the tomboy Kajal, as both share a common passion for aeroplanes. With Kajal's encouragement, Raj regains the ability to walk. Years later, the two continue to be close friends, and everyone expects them to marry soon. Raj secretly loves Kajal and is waiting for the right time to propose to her, but she sees him only as her best friend.<br /> <br /> Raj is recruited by the [[Air India]] and spends a year and a half in training. After this is over, he rushes to Kajal to propose to her, only to discover that she is in love with multimillionaire businessman Karan Singhania. Raj still does not reveal his true feelings to Kajal, telling her that Karan is the best life partner for her. Kajal and Karan marry; during the reception party, Kajal learns of Raj's feelings for her. Dismayed by the fact that she did not recognise Raj's feelings for her despite being his best friend, Kajal asks him to move on with his life. Raj relocates to [[Cape Town]], South Africa for further training, while his brother and family move to [[Kottayam]].<br /> <br /> During a visit to a club, Raj meets the vivacious and fun-loving Jiya. She falls in love with Raj because of his clean personality, but he is unable to forget Kajal. After completing his training, Raj returns to India where he finds that Jiya has already arrived and is living as a paying guest with his family in Nainital. Jiya makes several attempts to impress Raj, but he still does not fall for her. During [[Dussehra]], Jiya performs the rituals that a wife typically does for a husband, but Raj becomes angry and asks Jiya to leave. After Raj's brother and sister-in-law reveal that they had hoped Raj would marry Jiya, he finally gives in and decides to marry her and move on with his life.<br /> <br /> While visiting Jiya's family, Raj learns that Jiya is none other than the sister of Karan Singhania. Thus, Kajal is now Jiya's sister-in-law. Not only that, but it is revealed that Kajal has been widowed by a helicopter crash which killed Karan, but which she survived. Kajal blames herself for Karan's death and has even attempted suicide. Raj helps Kajal recover from her depression, which enables her to face life again. Jiya notices their increasing closeness and suggests to her father that a second marriage be arranged for the widowed and childless Kajal.<br /> <br /> At Raj and Jiya's engagement, Kajal learns that her family is arranging an engagement for her as well. Raj urgently tells Kajal not to allow herself to be married off against her will. An angry Jiya says that Raj and Kajal will never be able to forget their past love for each other, even though Raj is supposed to be marrying her. An irate Raj places the wedding ''[[Tilak]]'' on Kajal's forehead, indicating he has now married Kajal. An emotional Jiya reveals that her real intention had been to compel Raj and Kajal to accept their feelings for each other in front of the world. The film ends with Jiya participating in Raj and Kajal's wedding ceremony.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> <br /> * [[Akshay Kumar]] as Raj Malhotra<br /> * [[Lara Dutta]] as Kajal<br /> * [[Priyanka Chopra]] as Jiya<br /> * [[Aman Verma (actor)|Aman Verma]] as Karan Singhania<br /> * [[Pankaj Dheer]] as Prof. Rohit Malhotra<br /> * [[Navni Parihar]] as Kiran Rohit Malhotra<br /> * [[Johnny Lever]] as &quot;G.I.Joe&quot;<br /> * [[Rajeev Verma]] as Ishwar Singhania, Karan and Jiya's father<br /> * [[Gajendra Chauhan]] as Dilip Sahay<br /> * [[Vivek Shauq]] as Raunak<br /> * [[Prithvi Zutshi]] as Vipin Singhania, Ishwar Singhania's brother<br /> * [[Vishwajeet Pradhan]] as Vivek Singhania, Ishwar Singhania's brother<br /> * [[Kushal Punjabi]] as Monty<br /> * Asha Sharma as Rukmini Mehra, Kajal's grandmother<br /> * [[Maya Alagh]] as Malti Singhania<br /> * [[Beena Banerjee]] as Beena Sahay<br /> * [[Supriya Karnik]] as Guest (cameo)<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> {{multiple image|total_width=500<br /> | footer = [[Akshay Kumar]], [[Lara Dutta]] and [[Priyanka Chopra]] were cast in the leading roles<br /> | image1 = AkshayKumar promoting his film 'Gabbar Is Back'.jpg<br /> | width1 = 600<br /> | height1 = 700<br /> | alt1 = A picture of Akshay Kumar looking towards the camera<br /> | image2 = Lara Dutta launches her 'Prenatal Yoga' DVD (7) (cropped).jpg<br /> | width2 = 600<br /> | height2 = 700<br /> | alt2 = A picture of Lara Dutta looking towards the camera<br /> | image3 = Priyanka At Nikon Camera Launch.jpg<br /> | width3 = 600<br /> | height3 = 700<br /> | alt3 = A picture of Priyanka Chopra looking towards the camera<br /> }}<br /> When director [[Raj Kanwar]] approached [[Suneel Darshan]] with the idea for ''Andaaz'', Darshan liked the concept and agreed to produce the film under his production company Shree Krishna International despite the poor performance of Kanwar's previous three films.&lt;ref name=&quot;sd&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/dec/30suneel.htm |title=Suneel Darshan on Talaash |date=30 December 2002 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050321191837/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/dec/30suneel.htm |archive-date=21 March 2005 |access-date=15 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Robin Bhatt]], [[Shyam Goel]] and [[Jainendra Jain (screenwriter)|Jainendra Jain]] had written the film's screenplay.&lt;ref name=&quot;cast&amp;crew&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/andaaz-3/cast/ |title=Andaaz Cast &amp; Crew |website=Bollywood Hungama |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816074707/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/andaaz-3/cast/ |archive-date=16 August 2017 |access-date=11 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sd&quot; /&gt; Darshan cast his frequent actor [[Akshay Kumar]] in the lead role and due to budget constraints, Darshan wished to cast two new actresses opposite Kumar.&lt;ref name=&quot;sd&quot; /&gt; He and Kanwar ultimately decided upon [[Miss Universe 2000]] [[Lara Dutta]] and [[Miss World 2000]] [[Priyanka Chopra]] as the most suitable actresses for the roles.&lt;ref name=&quot;sd&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;akrediff&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/feb/26akshay.htm |title='I don't want my life or career to go up in smoke' |last=Jha |first=Subhash K |date=26 February 2003 |work=Rediff.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203041645/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/feb/26akshay.htm |archive-date=3 February 2020 |access-date=15 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; The casting of the titleholders of such major beauty pageants was seen as an excellent move in the media, and Darshan has said that he chose to cast the two beauty queens together in their film debut for the first time in the history of cinema to give the film a unique selling point.&lt;ref name=&quot;sd&quot; /&gt; ''Andaaz'' was the first of many collaborations between Kumar and the actresses. Dutta would later appear in seven more films with Kumar—Chopra in three.&lt;ref name=&quot;laraakshay&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/lara-dutta-excited-to-shoot-with-akshay-kumar/articleshow/47122214.cms |title=Lara Dutta 'excited' to shoot with Akshay Kumar |date=1 May 2015 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=16 March 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200326161819/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/lara-dutta-excited-to-shoot-with-akshay-kumar/articleshow/47122214.cms |archive-date=26 March 2020 |agency=[[Press Trust of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;priyankaakshay&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Vajir |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/will-priyanka-join-the-hera-pheri-gang/story-cxlp8kIhvWyRdeTQ50HGnK.html |title=Will Priyanka join the Hera Pheri gang? |date=24 September 2008 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=16 March 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326170528/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/will-priyanka-join-the-hera-pheri-gang/story-cxlp8kIhvWyRdeTQ50HGnK.html |archive-date=26 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Kumar had wanted to become an air force pilot in real life, so he was excited to play one in the film saying that it helped him to fulfill a personal fantasy.&lt;ref name=&quot;akrediff&quot; /&gt; Concerning his preparations for the role of Raj, he added: &quot;I have done everything according to what the role requires. I have made sure I looked like an air force officer.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;akrediff&quot; /&gt; Dutta praised the writing of her character for being &quot;superbly defined&quot; and said that she had an &quot;amazing experience&quot; working on the film. According to Dutta, her role as the tomboy Kajal revealed a new and very private side of her on screen.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/mar/07lara.htm |title=All I wanted was an item number |last=Jha |first=Subhash K |date=7 March 2003 |work=Rediff.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210024054/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/mar/07lara.htm |archive-date=10 February 2020 |access-date=15 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; To differentiate Kajal from Jiya, the creators chose [[Mona Ghosh Shetty]] to dub Kajal's lines, which gave her a very high-pitched voice.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/lara-dutta-chat/story-Xt2ARP4QULSh5phth1BY7I.html |title=Lara Dutta chat |date=3 September 2003 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=16 March 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326165146/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/lara-dutta-chat/story-Xt2ARP4QULSh5phth1BY7I.html |archive-date=26 March 2020 |agency=Press Trust of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chopra identified closely with her character, saying that &quot;just like her name, [Jiya] is full of beans and loves life. She comes across as very modern, but in her heart, she is a traditional Indian girl.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;debut&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/jan/10chopra.htm |title=Controversy's child |last=Iyer |first=Rohini |date=10 January 2003 |work=Rediff.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106143724/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/jan/10chopra.htm |archive-date=6 January 2017 |access-date=15 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; About the film, Chopra said, &quot;There is nothing ''hatke'' [different] about it. But it is the way the romantic scenes have been treated, and the tiny details, that make it special.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;lovestory&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/mar/10sld4.htm |title=Andaaz: Just Another Love Story |last=Kulkarni |first=Ronjita |date=10 March 2003 |work=Rediff.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050323083049/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/mar/10sld4.htm |archive-date=23 March 2005 |access-date=16 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Andaaz'' was supposed to be Chopra's debut Bollywood film, but her other film, ''[[The Hero: Love Story of a Spy]]'', ended up being released one month before it.&lt;ref name=&quot;debut&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrity/priyanka-chopra/filmography/|title=Priyanka Chopra Filmography|work=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=23 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170430231927/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrity/priyanka-chopra/filmography/|archive-date=30 April 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, Chopra was still credited as a debutant in the opening credits of ''Andaaz''.&lt;ref&gt;''Andaaz: The Movie Disc''. Event occurs at approximately 00:13&lt;/ref&gt; Dutta and Chopra's costumes were designed by [[Manish Malhotra]].&lt;ref name=&quot;sd&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The art direction and cinematography were led by Jeena Matthew and Ishwar R Bidri, respectively.&lt;ref name=&quot;cast&amp;crew&quot; /&gt; [[Principal photography]] lasted three months, with extensive shooting in [[Cape Town]], [[South Africa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;cast&amp;crew&quot; /&gt; The South African government provided [[MiG]]s and other jets for filming, and the crew were allowed to use footage from a South African air show in the film.&lt;ref name=&quot;akrediff&quot; /&gt; Raju Khan choreographed the musical sequences, with the exception of one song which was choreographed by [[Baba Yadav]].&lt;ref name=&quot;cast&amp;crew&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''Andaaz: The Movie Disc''. Event occurs at approximately 01:15&lt;/ref&gt; While shooting one of the musical sequences on a rocky shore in Cape Town, Kumar and Dutta were pulled under the waves. Kumar rescued Dutta by pulling her ashore.&lt;ref name=&quot;ak&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/jun/03akshay.htm |title=I'm very hurt: Akshay Kumar |last=Jha |first=Subhash K |date=3 June 2003 |work=Rediff.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424151253/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/jun/03akshay.htm |archive-date=24 April 2018 |access-date=15 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Naresh Sharma composed the background score and editing was done by Sanjay Sankla.&lt;ref name=&quot;cast&amp;crew&quot; /&gt; According to Kumar, ''Andaaz''{{'}}s production was completed faster than any of Darshan's previous films.&lt;ref name=&quot;ak&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> {{Infobox album<br /> | name = Andaaz<br /> | type = Soundtrack<br /> | artist = [[Nadeem–Shravan]]<br /> | cover = <br /> | border = yes<br /> | caption = Soundtrack cover<br /> | released = {{Start date|df=y|2003|03|09}}<br /> | recorded = <br /> | venue = <br /> | studio = <br /> | genre = [[Soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]<br /> | length = {{Duration|m=45|s=42}}<br /> | language = [[Hindi]]<br /> | label = Shree Krishna Audio<br /> | producer = <br /> | prev_title = [[Yeh Dil]]<br /> | prev_year = 2003<br /> | next_title = [[Qayamat: City Under Threat|Qayamat]]<br /> | next_year = 2003<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ''Andaaz''{{'}}s soundtrack was composed by the music duo [[Nadeem–Shravan]], with lyrics by [[Sameer Anjaan]]. Vocals on the album's eight tracks were performed by [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Udit Narayan]], [[Alka Yagnik]], [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Sapna Mukherjee]], [[Kailash Kher]], [[Babul Supriyo]] and [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;bh&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/musicreview/6950/index.html |title=Andaaz: Music Review |last=Tuteja, Joginder |date=11 March 2003 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110906104640/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/musicreview/6950/index.html |archive-date=6 September 2011 |access-date=4 October 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Released on 26 February 2003 at an event in Mumbai, it was the first album issued by Darshan's record label Shree Krishna Audio.&lt;ref name=&quot;bh&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/news/type/view/id/1192969 |title='Andaaz' Music Released With Fanfare |last=Adarsh, Taran |date=28 February 2008 |website=Bollywood Hungama |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304103922/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/news/type/view/id/1192969 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=22 July 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The film's soundtrack album received positive reviews from music critics. ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' praised it as &quot;a good album, worth a buy!&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;bh&quot; /&gt; The review in ''Glamsham'' magazine was enthusiastically positive: &quot;On the whole, the soundtrack of ''Andaaz'' showcases the marvelous and creative skills of the composer duo, Nadeem-Shravan. No doubt, some of the tracks will win awards in the future. The album has upmarket music. The whole content of the soundtrack is memorable and a gorgeous gift for the people who have an ear for rhythmical music.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;glamsham&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.glamsham.com/music/reviews/andaaz.asp |title=Andaaz Music Review |last=Punn, Goher Iqbal |website=Glamsham |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924051130/http://www.glamsham.com/music/reviews/andaaz.asp |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=23 July 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Planet Bollywood'' gave it a rating of 7.5 (out of 10) calling it &quot;good&quot; and wrote: &quot;the album has two or three excellent songs and another three good numbers and a couple of ordinary ones. Overall, it's definitely worth a buy especially so for Nadeem-Shravan/Sameer and melody fans. It is better than most of their recent efforts&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.planetbollywood.com/displayReview.php?id=041906042634 |title=Andaaz Music Review |date=27 February 2003 |website=Planet Bollywood |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402185032/http://www.planetbollywood.com/displayReview.php?id=041906042634 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=23 July 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The music topped charts on a number of platforms in India. The album was the second best-selling Bollywood soundtrack of the year, with 2.5&amp;nbsp;million units sold according to ''[[Box Office India]].''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=286&amp;catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5 |title=Music Hits 2000–2009 (Figures in Units) |date=22 January 2009 |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215081557/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=286&amp;catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5&amp;PHPSESSID=108b9056cd4ca14236f9c6119d34dcce |archive-date=15 February 2008 |access-date=20 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Track listing<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | title1 = Kisi Se Tum Pyar Karo<br /> | length1 = 5:11<br /> | extra1 = [[Kumar Sanu]] &amp; [[Alka Yagnik]]<br /> | title2 = Kitna Pagal Dil Hai<br /> | length2 = 5:33<br /> | extra2 = Kumar Sanu<br /> | title3 = Allah Kare Dil Na Lage Kisise<br /> | length3 = 5:27<br /> | extra3 = [[Sonu Nigam]] &amp; Alka Yagnik<br /> | title4 = Rabba Ishq Na Hove<br /> | length4 = 6:23<br /> | extra4 = [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Kailash Kher]], [[Alka Yagnik]] &amp; [[Sapna Mukherjee]]<br /> | title5 = Aaj Kehna Zaroori Hai<br /> | length5 = 5:59<br /> | extra5 = [[Udit Narayan]] &amp; Alka Yagnik<br /> | title6 = Aayega Maza Ab Barsaat Ka<br /> | length6 = 5:32<br /> | extra6 = [[Babul Supriyo]] &amp; Alka Yagnik<br /> | title7 = Kitna Pagal Dil Hai<br /> | note7 = Female<br /> | length7 = 5:32<br /> | extra7 = Alka Yagnik<br /> | title8 = Shala La Baby<br /> | length8 = 6:05<br /> | extra8 = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]] &amp; Alka Yagnik<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Release and reception ==<br /> {{multiple image <br /> | align = left<br /> | direction = vertical<br /> | footer = Film's marketing centered around the casting of [[Miss Universe 2000]] [[Lara Dutta]] ''(top)'' and [[Miss World 2000]] [[Priyanka Chopra]] ''(bottom)'' together in their debut film<br /> | image1 = Lara Dutta at the launch of NIVEA Sun in India (12) (cropped).jpg<br /> | width1 = 150<br /> | alt1 = A picture of Lara Dutta looking towards the camera<br /> | image2 = Priyanka Chopra walks the ramp for Manish Malhotra's show at Lakme Fashion Week 2013.jpg<br /> | width2 = 150<br /> | alt2 = A picture of Priyanka Chopra looking towards the camera<br /> }}<br /> The acting debuts of the former [[Miss Universe]] and [[Miss World]], and their pairings with Kumar, were much-anticipated in the lead-up to ''Andaaz''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s release.&lt;ref name=&quot;glamsham&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bh&quot; /&gt; This joint debut of the two beauty queens in a film for the first time was the film's main marketing point.&lt;ref name=&quot;glamsham&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://in.rediff.com/movies/2003/dec/19sld03.htm |title=2003: It's all about Sex! |last=Kulkarni |first=Ronjita |date=19 December 2003 |work=Rediff.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050908035700/http://in.rediff.com/movies/2003/dec/19sld03.htm |archive-date=8 September 2005 |access-date=16 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; The early success of the film's soundtrack also helped to promote the film, with song clips regularly appearing on television.&lt;ref name=&quot;bh&quot; /&gt; Darshan reportedly spent {{INR}}10&amp;nbsp;million on television advertisements to promote the film.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/feb/28st.htm |title=Andaz, Lara-Priyanka style |last=Baldwa |first=Monika |date=28 February 2003 |work=Rediff.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171123130413/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/feb/28st.htm |archive-date=23 November 2017 |access-date=16 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Its release was scheduled for 18 April 2003 but was later postponed because of the 2003 Bollywood Producers strike.&lt;ref name=&quot;lovestory&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/apr/16bolly.htm |title=Will 2003 be Bollywood's worst year? |last=Jha |first=Subhash K |date=15 April 2003 |work=Rediff.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040924065503/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/apr/16bolly.htm |archive-date=24 September 2004 |access-date=16 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film was ultimately released on 23 May 2003 on 300 screens.&lt;ref name=&quot;boi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=514 |title=Andaaz |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170531061907/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=514 |archive-date=31 May 2017 |access-date=11 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Prior to ''Andaaz'', no Bollywood films released in 2003 had achieved much box-office success. Expectations for ''Andaaz'' were low, as films with bigger stars were failing to sell.&lt;ref name=&quot;demand&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/hyderabad-times/Andaaz-is-in-demand/articleshow/47803835.cms |title=Andaaz is in demand |date=29 May 2003 |work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=15 March 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326165445/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/hyderabad-times/Andaaz-is-in-demand/articleshow/47803835.cms |archive-date=26 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, the film opened to a huge response at the box-office, with ''[[The Times of India]]'' reporting on opening week that it &quot;could be the first bona fide all-India hit&quot; of the year.&lt;ref name=&quot;demand&quot; /&gt; According to ''[[Box Office India]]'', the film had an excellent opening; it collected {{INR}}14.4&amp;nbsp;million on its opening day, with an opening domestic weekend of {{INR}} 43.9&amp;nbsp;million. Worldwide, the film grossed {{INR}} 83.8&amp;nbsp;million on its opening weekend.&lt;ref name=&quot;boi&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;boxoffice2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=209&amp;catName=MjAwMw== |title=Box Office 2003 |publisher=Box Office India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110121000737/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=209&amp;catName=MjAwMw%3D%3D |archive-date=21 January 2011 |access-date=27 February 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Due to overwhelming demand, distributors were forced to ask Darshan for additional prints of the film.&lt;ref name=&quot;demand&quot; /&gt; The film continued to perform well throughout the week, earning {{INR}} 69.7&amp;nbsp;million at domestic box offices, and over {{INR}} 131&amp;nbsp;million worldwide, in its first week.&lt;ref name=&quot;boi&quot; /&gt; In total, the film grossed over {{INR}} 253&amp;nbsp;million in domestic sales and over {{INR}} 35&amp;nbsp;million in overseas markets for a worldwide gross of over {{INR}} 288&amp;nbsp;million against a budget of {{INR}} 80&amp;nbsp;million, a commercial success.&lt;ref name=&quot;budget&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/06/26/stories/2003062600420203.htm |title=Summer successes |date=26 June 2003 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129114021/http://hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/06/26/stories/2003062600420203.htm |archive-date=29 November 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;boi&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;boxofficeworldwide2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title=Top Worldwide Grosser 2003 |publisher=Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/worldwide-total-gross.php?year=2003 |url-status=live |access-date=7 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225151858/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/worldwide-total-gross.php?year=2003 |archive-date=25 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film also celebrated a [[Silver jubilee#South Asian film terminology|silver jubilee]] by remaining in theaters for over 100 days. ''Bollywood Hungama'' deemed it the &quot;first universal hit of the year&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;rocking&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/news/type/view/id/1192968 |title='Andaaz' Celebrations: Rocking |last=Adarsh, Taran |date=29 August 2009 |website=Bollywood Hungama |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016185910/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/news/type/view/id/1192968 |archive-date=16 October 2014 |access-date=22 July 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was the [[List of Bollywood films of 2004|ninth-highest-grossing Indian film of the year]].&lt;ref name=&quot;boxofficeworldwide2003&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Andaaz'' was released on [[DVD]] on 1 September 2003 across all regions in an [[NTSC]]-format single disc by Tip Top Video.&lt;ref name=&quot;dvd&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/andaaz-v286683/releases |title=Andaaz (2003) |website=[[AllMovie]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326164025/https://www.allmovie.com/movie/andaaz-v286683/releases |archive-date=26 March 2020 |access-date=16 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Video CD|VCD]] version was released at the same time.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.induna.com/1000010387-productdetails/ |title=Andaaz VCD 2003 |website=[[Induna.com|Induna]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529100019/http://www.induna.com/1000010387-productdetails/ |archive-date=29 May 2016 |access-date=16 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Two more DVD versions were released on 13 September 2005 and 26 January 2007 by Shree Krishna International and [[Tips Industries|Tips Films Music]], respectively.&lt;ref name=&quot;dvd&quot; /&gt; A high-definition DVD version, with audio and video digitally restored, was later released by [[Shemaroo Entertainment]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.amazon.in/Andaaz-Akshay-Kumar/dp/B01LW0F7TH |title=Andaaz DVD |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326170131/https://www.amazon.in/Andaaz-Akshay-Kumar/dp/B01LW0F7TH |archive-date=26 March 2020 |access-date=16 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Despite ''Andaaz''{{'}}s box-office success, as he had with his previous works, Darshan refused to sell the film's television rights.&lt;ref name=&quot;satelliterights&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Bhattacharya |first=Roshmila |author-link=Roshmila Bhattacharya |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/no-satellite-sale-for-suneel-darshan/story-WAKxJMHPYMDIGn5EkEVxtL.html |title=No satellite sale for Suneel Darshan |date=3 September 2010 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=16 March 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119075313/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/no-satellite-sale-for-suneel-darshan/story-WAKxJMHPYMDIGn5EkEVxtL.html |archive-date=19 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; The collective value of his films' unsold satellite rights was estimated to be {{INR}} 1&amp;nbsp;billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;satelliterights&quot; /&gt; Darshan finally sold the rights to his films to [[Essel Group|Zee]] in 2017, and ''Andaaz'' premiered on [[Zee Cinema]] on 9 September 2017, 14 years after its theatrical release.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Baddhan |first=Raj |url=https://www.bizasialive.com/zee-cinema-uk-premiere-ek-rishta-16-years/ |title=ZEE Cinema UK to premiere 'Ek Rishta' after 16 years |date=3 October 2017 |work=Biz Asia |access-date=16 March 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326165846/https://www.bizasialive.com/zee-cinema-uk-premiere-ek-rishta-16-years/ |archive-date=26 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite episode |title=Andaaz World Television Premiere |series=Zee Cinema World Television Premiere |network=[[Zee Cinema]] |date=9 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;premiere&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Baddhan |first=Raj |url=https://www.bizasialive.com/andaaz-premiere-zee-cinema-14-years-afrer-release/ |title='Andaaz' to premiere on ZEE Cinema, 14 years after release |date=25 September 2017 |work=Biz Asia |access-date=16 March 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200326171109/https://www.bizasialive.com/andaaz-premiere-zee-cinema-14-years-afrer-release/ |archive-date=26 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film's premiere garnered high ratings for the network.&lt;ref name=&quot;premiere&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Mehta |first=Paresh B |url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/mid-day/20180223/282063392452041 |title=Good movies are Timeless Gems |date=23 February 2018 |work=[[Mid-Day]] |access-date=16 March 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327151527/https://www.pressreader.com/india/mid-day/20180223/282063392452041 |archive-date=27 March 2020 |via=[[PressReader]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' rated the film at 3 out of 5, calling it a &quot;brightly wrapped&quot; love triangle, writing that &quot;with two former beauty queens gunning to serve a hotter peekaboo plethora, you can't possibly complain over timepass with ''Andaaz''.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/264/bollywood.hindi/andaaz/99/review.htm |title=Andaaz Review |last=Hindustan Times |date=23 May 2003 |website=Now Running |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225105239/http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/264/bollywood.hindi/andaaz/99/review.htm |archive-date=25 December 2013 |access-date=23 July 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Taran Adarsh]] from ''Bollywood Hungama'' noted that the performances of the newcomers, the music, the &quot;engaging&quot; second-half and the &quot;brilliant climax&quot; were the film's highlights. Although he felt that the &quot;predictable&quot; first-half diluted the impact of the film to an extent.&lt;ref name=&quot;tareview&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://indiafm.com/reviews/03/andaaz/index.shtml|title=Movie Review: Andaaz|last=Adarsh|first=Taran|work=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=23 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018093826/http://www.indiafm.com/reviews/03/andaaz/index.shtml|archive-date=18 October 2006|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Praising the cast, Adarsh felt that the newcomers &quot;stole the show&quot; and Kumar did &quot;justice to his role&quot;, writing &quot;Dutta is impressive. She handles both the emotional as well as chirpy scenes with amazing ease. However, Chopra is the one to watch out for. Combining talent with sex appeal, she emotes the various shades of her character with versatility.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;tareview&quot;/&gt; Kunal Shah of ''[[Sify]]'' described the film as &quot;a routine love story with a set formula&quot; and &quot;a classic example of old wine in [''sic''] new bottle&quot;. He praised the music, as well as Dutta's and Chopra's performances, writing: &quot;Dutta looks good in some scenes, while looks very plain in others, though no doubt she acts well. However, Chopra is just wonderful: not only does she have the glamour but also all the qualities to be a star.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;fresh&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/andaaz-old-story-fresh-faces-review-bollywood-13157317.html |title=Andaaz: Old story, fresh faces |last=Shah |first=Kunal |date=23 May 2003 |website=[[Sify]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329142128/http://www.sify.com/movies/andaaz-old-story-fresh-faces-review-bollywood-13157317.html |archive-date=29 March 2014 |access-date=19 March 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, he was critical of the formulaic script and Kumar's performance, writing that the actor &quot;lacks the necessary emotions and fails miserably to get any kind of sympathy from the audience.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;fresh&quot; /&gt; A review in ''[[Rediff.com]]'' described the film as a &quot;flight to boredom&quot; writing, &quot;''Andaaz'' just forgot a key ingredient for an entertaining film—the script.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/may/23andaaz.htm |title='Andaaz': Flight to boredom |last=Magotra |first=Ashish |date=24 May 2003 |work=Rediff.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828022903/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/may/23andaaz.htm |archive-date=28 August 2019 |access-date=15 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Legacy ==<br /> After the success of ''Andaaz'', the pairing of Chopra and Kumar proved to be popular and successful.&lt;ref name=&quot;priyankaakshay&quot; /&gt; The pair appeared in three more films: ''[[Mujhse Shaadi Karogi]]'' (2004), ''[[Aitraaz]]'' (2004) and ''[[Waqt: The Race Against Time]]'' (2005). All of their collaborations were box-office successes.&lt;ref name=&quot;priyankaakshay&quot; /&gt; Despite these successes, the pair stopped signing films.&lt;ref name=&quot;priyankaakshay&quot; /&gt; The pair came close to star in two films: ''[[Barsaat (2005 film)|Barsaat]]'' (2005) and ''[[Namastey London]]'' (2007).&lt;ref name=&quot;barsaat&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=R |first=Manishaa |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-did-you-know-barsaat-would-have-been-priyanka-chopra-and-akshay-kumar-s-6th-last-film-together-2551216 |title=Did you know? 'Barsaat' would have been Priyanka Chopra and Akshay Kumar's 6th last film together |date=8 October 2017 |access-date=27 March 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510000959/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-did-you-know-barsaat-would-have-been-priyanka-chopra-and-akshay-kumar-s-6th-last-film-together-2551216 |archive-date=10 May 2019 |website=Daily News and Analysis}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nl&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/280718/priyanka-chopra-flies-out-of-bharat.html |title=Before quitting Bharat, Peecee rubbed Salman wrong way before too; here are instances |date=28 July 2018 |access-date=27 March 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801004926/https://deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/280718/priyanka-chopra-flies-out-of-bharat.html |archive-date=1 August 2018 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, Kumar opted out of the former after filming some scenes, while Chopra was removed from the latter at the last minute.&lt;ref name=&quot;barsaat&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nl&quot; /&gt; Following the release of their last film together, several attempts have been made by different filmmakers to bring the pair again in films but the attempts never came to fruition.&lt;ref name=&quot;priyankaakshay&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Baddhan |first=Raj |url=https://www.bizasialive.com/priyanka-chopra-refuses-singh-is-bling-opposite-akshay-kumar/ |title=Priyanka Chopra refuses 'Singh is Bling' opposite Akshay Kumar? |date=23 June 2014 |access-date=27 March 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327150716/https://www.bizasialive.com/priyanka-chopra-refuses-singh-is-bling-opposite-akshay-kumar/ |archive-date=27 March 2020 |website=Biz Asia}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Andaaz'' was one of the early successes of Dutta and Chopra's careers. Dutta went on to have a decent career in Bollywood and became a popular actress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/happy-birthday-lara-dutta/937340/ |title=Happy Birthday Lara Dutta |date=16 April 2012 |access-date=27 March 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327150857/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/happy-birthday-lara-dutta/937340/ |archive-date=27 March 2020 |website=The Indian Express|publisher=[[Bollywood Hungama]] }}&lt;/ref&gt; Chopra would go on to become one of the most popular and highest-paid actresses in Bollywood, while establishing herself as a leading actress of Indian cinema.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/highlights-from-priyanka-chopras-journey-of-turning-into-a-global-star-26500-7.html |title=Highlights from Priyanka Chopra's journey of turning into a global star |last=Deshmukh |first=Ashwini |date=8 February 2018 |website=Filmfare |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327150602/https://www.filmfare.com/features/highlights-from-priyanka-chopras-journey-of-turning-into-a-global-star-26500-7.html |archive-date=27 March 2020 |access-date=9 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;globalicon&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Jain |first=Vaishali |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/on-priyanka-chopras-birthday-heres-how-she-shattered-the-glass-ceiling-to-become-global-icon-2235673.html |title=Priyanka Chopra was Destined to Become the Global Icon, the Signs were Always There |date=18 July 2019 |access-date=27 March 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719142849/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/on-priyanka-chopras-birthday-heres-how-she-shattered-the-glass-ceiling-to-become-global-icon-2235673.html |archive-date=19 July 2019 |website=CNN-News18}}&lt;/ref&gt; She would later go on to work in Hollywood and achieve international stardom.&lt;ref name=&quot;globalicon&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/maddieberg/2017/08/30/how-bollywood-crossover-priyanka-chopra-made-10-million-last-year/ |title=How Bollywood Crossover Star Priyanka Chopra Made $10 Million Last Year |last=Berg |first=Madeline |date=30 August 2017 |website=Forbes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222044311/https://www.forbes.com/sites/maddieberg/2017/08/30/how-bollywood-crossover-priyanka-chopra-made-10-million-last-year/#6ac8a1a61dc4 |archive-date=22 December 2019 |access-date=9 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Accolades ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot;| Award<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot;| Date{{efn|Linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot;| Category<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot;| Cast nominee(s)<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot;| Result<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot;| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | [[Filmfare Awards]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |[[49th Filmfare Awards|20 February 2004]]<br /> | [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | {{Sort|Chopra|[[Priyanka Chopra]]}}<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; rowspan=&quot;5&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.indiafm.com/filmfare/annual/2003/nominations.shtml|title=Annual Filmfare Awards 2003: The Nominations|website=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=7 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050412033953/http://www.indiafm.com/filmfare/annual/2003/nominations.shtml|archive-date=12 April 2005|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.indiafm.com/filmfare/annual/2004/winners.shtml|title=Annual Filmfare Awards 2004: The Winners|website=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=7 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050308112224/http://www.indiafm.com/filmfare/annual/2004/winners.shtml|archive-date=8 March 2005|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]]<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |-<br /> |{{sort|Dutta|[[Lara Dutta]]}}<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]<br /> | [[Sameer Anjaan|Sameer]] &lt;small&gt;(for song &quot;Kisise Tum Pyaar Karo&quot;)&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]<br /> | {{Sort|Sanu|[[Kumar Sanu]]}} &lt;small&gt;(for song &quot;Kisise Tum Pyaar Karo&quot;)&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Screen Awards]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 16 January 2004<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Screen Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]]<br /> |{{Sort|Chopra|[[Priyanka Chopra]]}}<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://indiafm.com/movies/awards/6950/index.html|title=Andaaz: Awards and Nominations|website=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=7 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611074903/http://www.indiafm.com/movies/awards/6950/index.html|archive-date=11 June 2008|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | {{sort|Dutta|[[Lara Dutta]]}}<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Zee Cine Awards]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 26 February 2004<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]]<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite episode |title=Zee Cine Awards 2004 |series=Zee Cine Awards |network=[[Zee TV]] |date=26 March 2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{Sort|Chopra|[[Priyanka Chopra]]}}{{efn|Also for ''[[The Hero: Love Story of a Spy]]''.}}<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Zee Cine Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]<br /> | [[Nadeem–Shravan]]<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{Bollywood Hungama movie|andaaz-3&lt;!-- id# 538791 --&gt;}}<br /> * {{IMDb title}}<br /> <br /> {{Portal bar|India|Film|Bollywood}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> {{Good article}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2003 Hindi-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2003 romantic drama films]]<br /> [[Category:2000s romantic musical films]]<br /> [[Category:2003 films]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Nadeem–Shravan]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in South Africa]]<br /> [[Category:Indian aviation films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian romantic musical films]]<br /> [[Category:Hindi-language romance films]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Raj Kanwar]]<br /> [[Category:2003 musical films]]</div>

Uravu https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Random_House&diff=470322 2026-03-15T22:09:25Z

<p>Uravu: improve information</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|American general-interest trade book publisher}}<br /> {{Use mdy dates|date=April 2020}}<br /> {{Use American English|date=October 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox company<br /> | name = Random House<br /> | logo = [[File:Random House logo.svg|frameless]]<br /> | logo_caption = Logo with the 2014 [[Penguin Random House]] wordmark<br /> | parent = [[RCA Corporation|RCA]] (1965–1980)&lt;br /&gt;[[Advance Publications]] (1980–1998)&lt;br /&gt;[[Bertelsmann]] (1998–present)<br /> | foundation = {{start date and age|1927}}<br /> | founders = [[Bennett Cerf]], [[Donald Klopfer]]<br /> | defunct = <br /> | fate = <br /> | successor = <br /> | location = [[Random House Tower]], 1745 [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]]<br /> | hq_location_city = [[New York City]]<br /> | hq_location_country = U.S.<br /> | num_locations = <br /> | area_served = Worldwide<br /> | key_people = Gina Centrello ([[President (corporate title)|president]] and publisher, The Random House Publishing Group)&lt;br /&gt;Barbara Marcus (president and publisher, Random House Children's Books)&lt;br /&gt;Nihar Malaviya ([[Chief operating officer|COO]], Random House, Inc.)<br /> | products = Books<br /> | industry = <br /> | genre = <br /> | divisions = <br /> | revenue = {{profit}}€2.142 [[1,000,000,000 (number)|billion]] (2012)<br /> | owner = <br /> | num_employees = 97,104 {{small|({{As of|2020|Sep|30|df=US|lc=y}})}}<br /> | type = [[Division (business)|Division]]<br /> | traded_as = <br /> | website = {{URL|https://www.randomhousebooks.com/|randomhousebooks.com}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Random House''' is an imprint and publishing group of [[Penguin Random House]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Random House - Bertelsmann AG&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://bertelsmann.de/Bereiche/Random-House.html |title=Random House – Bertelsmann AG |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603164501/http://bertelsmann.de/Bereiche/Random-House.html |archive-date=June 3, 2013 |access-date=August 13, 2012 |language=de |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Größter Buchverlag der Welt bekommt neuen Chef |date=May 20, 2008 |trans-title=Largest book publisher in the world gets new boss |url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/buecher/random-house-groesster-buchverlag-der-welt-bekommt-neuen-chef-1546483.html |agency=[[Reuters]] |work=[[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130822042601/http://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/buecher/random-house-groesster-buchverlag-der-welt-bekommt-neuen-chef-1546483.html |url-status=live |archive-date=August 22, 2013 |access-date=August 21, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.randomhouse.biz/about/factsandfigures/ |title=Randomhouse.biz – About Us |date=December 31, 2011 |access-date=August 12, 2013 |website=Business Solutions |publisher=Random House |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501170617/http://www.randomhouse.biz/about/factsandfigures/ |url-status=live |archive-date=May 1, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Founded in 1927 by businessmen [[Bennett Cerf]] and [[Donald Klopfer]] as an imprint of [[Modern Library]], it quickly overtook Modern Library as the parent imprint. Over the following decades, a series of acquisitions made it into one of the largest publishers in the [[United States]]. In 2013, it was merged with [[Penguin Group]] to form Penguin Random House, which is owned by the [[Germany]]-based media conglomerate [[Bertelsmann]]. Penguin Random House uses its brand for Random House Publishing Group and Random House Children's Books, as well as several imprints.<br /> <br /> ==Company history==<br /> ===20th century===<br /> Random House was founded in 1927 by [[Bennett Cerf]] and [[Donald Klopfer]], two years after they acquired the [[Modern Library]] [[imprint (trade name)|imprint]] from publisher Horace Liveright, which reprints classic works of literature. Cerf is quoted as saying, &quot;We just said we were going to publish a few books on the side at random&quot;, which suggested the name Random House.&lt;ref&gt;[http://c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/remarkable_columbians/bennett_alfred_cerf.html C250.columbia.edu] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408223715/http://c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/remarkable_columbians/bennett_alfred_cerf.html |date=April 8, 2016 }}, Bennett Alfred Cerf Biography&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> In 1934, they published the first authorized edition of [[James Joyce]]'s novel ''[[Ulysses (novel)|Ulysses]]'' in the Anglophone world.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=The most dangerous book: the battle for James Joyce's Ulysses|first=Kevin|last=Birmingham|location=London|publisher=Head of Zeus|year=2014|isbn=9781784080723}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Ulysses'' transformed Random House into a formidable publisher over the next two decades. In 1936, it acquired Smith and Haas, and Robert Haas became the third partner until retiring and selling his share back to Cerf and Klopfer in 1956. The acquisition of Smith and Haas added authors, including [[William Faulkner]], [[Isak Dinesen]], [[André Malraux]], [[Robert Graves]], and [[Jean de Brunhoff]], who wrote the [[Babar the Elephant|Babar]] children's books. <br /> <br /> Random House also hired editors Harry Maule, Robert Linscott, and Saxe Commins, and they brought authors such as [[Sinclair Lewis]] and [[Robert Penn Warren]] with them.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Bernstein, Robert L.|author-link=Robert L. Bernstein|chapter=Chapter 3|title=Speaking Freely: My Life in Publishing and Human Rights|publisher=The New Press|location=New York|year=2016|isbn=9781620971727|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZxXfCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT39}}&lt;/ref&gt; Random House entered reference publishing in 1947 with the ''[[American College Dictionary]]'', which was followed in 1966 by its first unabridged [[dictionary]]. <br /> <br /> In October 1959, Random House went public at $11.25 a [[Share (finance)|share]]. This was a factor in decisions by other publishing companies, including [[Simon &amp; Schuster]], to later go public.&lt;ref name=&quot;Another&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Korda|first1=Michael|title=Another Life : a memoir of other people|url=https://archive.org/details/anotherlifememoi00kord|url-access=registration|date=1999|publisher=Random House|location=New York|isbn=0-679-45659-7|edition=1st}}&lt;/ref&gt; American publishers [[Alfred A. Knopf]], Inc. and [[Beginner Books]] were acquired by Random House in 1960, followed by [[Pantheon Books]] in 1961; works continue to be published under these imprints with editorial independence, such as [[Everyman's Library]], a series of classical literature reprints. <br /> <br /> In 1965, [[RCA Corporation|RCA]] bought Random House as part of a diversification strategy. Random House acquired the paperback book publisher [[Ballantine Books]] in 1973.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news| issn = 0362-4331| title = Random House in Deal for Ballantine Books| work = The New York Times| access-date = November 3, 2019| date = January 9, 1973| url = https://www.nytimes.com/1973/01/09/archives/random-house-in-deal-for-ballantine-books.html| archive-date = November 8, 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201108045254/https://www.nytimes.com/1973/01/09/archives/random-house-in-deal-for-ballantine-books.html| url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt; RCA sold Random House to [[Advance Publications]] in 1980.&lt;ref name=Another/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=RCA History|url=http://www.bobsamerica.com/rca-history.html|website=bobsamerica|access-date=October 3, 2015|archive-date=February 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224130314/http://www.bobsamerica.com/rca-history.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Random House began publishing audiobooks in 1985.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Brooke |first=James |date=1985-07-02 |title=Listened to Any Good Books Lately? |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/07/02/books/listened-to-any-good-books-lately.html |access-date=2023-02-21 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220000209/https://www.nytimes.com/1985/07/02/books/listened-to-any-good-books-lately.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> In 1988, Random House acquired [[Crown Publishing Group]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news| issn = 0362-4331| last = Mitgang| first = Herbert| title = Random House Buys Crown| work = The New York Times| access-date = November 27, 2018| date = August 16, 1988| url = https://www.nytimes.com/1988/08/16/business/random-house-buys-crown.html| archive-date = September 1, 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200901163256/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/08/16/business/random-house-buys-crown.html| url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Also in 1988, [[McGraw-Hill Education|McGraw-Hill]] acquired Random House's Schools and Colleges division.&lt;ref name=&quot;mcgraw-hillannounce2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=McGraw-Hill Is Buying 2 Random House Units|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/09/29/business/the-media-business-mcgraw-hill-is-buying-2-random-house-units.html |url-access=subscription |first=Edwin|last=McDowell|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=September 29, 1988|access-date=February 12, 2017|archive-date=July 8, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708105901/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/09/29/business/the-media-business-mcgraw-hill-is-buying-2-random-house-units.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> In 1998, [[Bertelsmann AG]] bought Random House and merged it with [[Bantam Books|Bantam]] [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]] [[Dell Books|Dell]] and it soon went global.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Peers |first1=Martin |title=Germany’s Bertelsmann to buy Random House |url=https://variety.com/1998/biz/news/germany-s-bertelsmann-to-buy-random-house-1117469074/ |access-date=19 December 2025 |work=Variety |date=24 March 1998}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Petrikin |first1=Chris |title=Random House buy official |url=https://variety.com/1998/biz/news/random-house-buy-official-1117478125/ |access-date=19 December 2025 |work=Variety |date=2 July 1998}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Random-House-Inc-Company-History.html History of Random House Inc.]&quot;, from Funding Universe. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304174822/http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Random-House-Inc-Company-History.html |date=March 4, 2012 }}. Retrieved April 13, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; In 1999, Random House acquired the children's audiobook publisher Listening Library,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| title = Random House Acquires Listening Library| work = Publishers Weekly| first = Shannon| last = Maughan| date = July 12, 1999| access-date = April 2, 2019| url = https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/print/19990712/34516-random-house-acquires-listening-library.html| archive-date = November 8, 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201108185211/https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/print/19990712/34516-random-house-acquires-listening-library.html| url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and sold its distribution division.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/print/19990503/40044-executive-group-to-acquire-random-s-distribution-division.html|title=Executive Group to Acquire Random's Distribution Division|first=Jim|last=Milliot|date=May 3, 1999|website=Publishers Weekly|access-date=February 5, 2023|archive-date=January 28, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128232450/https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/print/19990503/40044-executive-group-to-acquire-random-s-distribution-division.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===21st century===<br /> In 2001, [[Phyllis E. Grann]] joined Random House as vice chairman.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://nymag.com/nymetro/news/media/features/5618/|title=Now for the Grann Finale|last=Maneker|first=Marion|date=January 1, 2002|website=New York|access-date=May 23, 2018|archive-date=August 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806061904/https://nymag.com/nymetro/news/media/features/5618/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Grann was the CEO for Putnam and had grown that house from $10&amp;nbsp;million in revenue in 1976, to more than $200&amp;nbsp;million by 1993 and without increasing their title output.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; A publishing insider commented, &quot;I think maybe instead of buying a company [Random House CEO Peter Olson] bought a person.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; <br /> <br /> In 2003, Random House reentered the distribution business.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/print/20030526/34909-random-house-to-reenter-distribution-business.html|title=Random House to Reenter Distribution Business|first=Jim|last=Milliot|date=May 27, 2003|access-date=February 5, 2023|archive-date=January 31, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131141023/https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/print/20030526/34909-random-house-to-reenter-distribution-business.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; During the [[2008 financial crisis]], the publishing industry was hit hard with weak retail sales. <br /> <br /> In May 2008, Random House CEO Peter Olson stepped down and was replaced by [[Markus Dohle]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/21/business/media/21random.html|title=Publishing Outsider Picked to Head Random House|last=Rich|first=Motoko|date=May 21, 2008|work=The New York Times|access-date=May 26, 2018|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=April 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414101358/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/21/business/media/21random.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> In October 2008, Doubleday, a division of Random House, announced that they would lay off 16 people, representing approximately 10% of its workforce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/29/books/29book.html|title=Doubleday Publishing Lays Off 10% of Its Employees|last=Rich|first=Motoko|date=October 28, 2008|work=The New York Times|access-date=May 27, 2018|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=November 7, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107115928/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/29/books/29book.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> In early December 2008, which became known as Black Wednesday in publishing circles, many publishers including Random House took steps by restructuring their divisions and laying off employees.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/12/17/new-editor-at-random-house-layoffs-at-doubleday-and-broadway/|title=New Editor at Random House, Layoffs at Doubleday and Broadway|last=Rich|first=Motoko|date=December 17, 2008|website=ArtsBeat|access-date=May 17, 2018|archive-date=September 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928102126/https://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/12/17/new-editor-at-random-house-layoffs-at-doubleday-and-broadway/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> The reorganization consolidated and created three divisions, including Random House Publishing Group, Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, and Crown Publishing Group.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/print/20090119/16845-random-puts-its-house-in-order.html|title=Random Puts Its House in Order|website=Publishers Weekly|first=Jim|last=Milliot|date=January 19, 2009|access-date=April 3, 2016|archive-date=September 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929192455/https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/print/20090119/16845-random-puts-its-house-in-order.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/12/03/major-reorganization-at-random-house/|title=Major Reorganization at Random House|last=Rich|first=Motoko|website=ArtsBeat|date=December 3, 2008|access-date=April 3, 2016|archive-date=June 18, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618101421/http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/12/03/major-reorganization-at-random-house/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Susan Kamil]] was named editorial director for Dial Press and editor-in-chief of Random House imprints reporting to Gina Centrello, the president and publisher of the Random House Publishing Group.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; There were layoffs at [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]], now part of [[Alfred A. Knopf|Knopf Publishing Group]], and [[Dial Press]], [[Bantam Books|Bantam Dell]]. [[Spiegel &amp; Grau]] was moved from Doubleday over to Random House. Random House also has an entertainment production arm for film and television, Random House Studio; which released the film, ''[[One Day (2011 film)|One Day]]'' in 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chang |first=Justin |date=2011-08-17 |title=One Day |url=https://variety.com/2011/film/reviews/one-day-2-1117945830/ |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The company also creates story content for media including video games, social networks on the web, and mobile platforms. <br /> <br /> Random House is one of the largest [[English language]] publishers, and part of a group of publishers once known as the &quot;Big 6&quot; and now known as the &quot;Big Five&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;The Big Six publishers, which have since been reduced to the &quot;Big Five&quot; by the merger on July 1, 2013 of Penguin and Random House, include Georg von Holtzbrinck Publishing Group/Macmillan, Hachette, HarperCollins, Penguin Books, Random House; and Simon &amp; Schuster.&lt;/ref&gt; In October 2012, Bertelsmann entered into talks with rival conglomerate [[Pearson plc]], over the possibility of combining their respective publishing companies, Random House and [[Penguin Group]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Pfanner |first=Eric |last2=Chozick |first2=Amy |date=2012-10-29 |title=Random House and Penguin Merger Creates Global Giant |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/30/business/global/random-house-and-penguin-to-be-combined.html |access-date=2024-08-19 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> On July 1, 2013, the merger was completed, and the new company emerged as [[Penguin Random House]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title =Penguin and Random House in deal talks|date=October 26, 2012|url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/eaf8eaaa-1eac-11e2-be82-00144feabdc0.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/eaf8eaaa-1eac-11e2-be82-00144feabdc0.html |archive-date=December 10, 2022 |url-access=subscription|last1=Edgecliffe-Johnson|first1=Andrew|last2=Wiesmann|first2=Gerrit|access-date=August 12, 2013|work=[[Financial Times]]|department=Media}}{{Registration required}}&lt;/ref&gt; When founded, Bertelsmann owned 53% of the joint venture while Pearson owned 47%.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/02/business/media/merger-of-penguin-and-random-house-is-completed.html |title=Penguin and Random House Merge, Saying Change Will Come Slowly |last=Bosman |first=Julie |date=July 1, 2013 |newspaper=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |access-date=April 4, 2016 |archive-date=July 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714165934/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/02/business/media/merger-of-penguin-and-random-house-is-completed.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; <br /> <br /> Pearson sold 22% of its shares to Bertelsmann in July 2017, and since April 2020, it is a wholly owned subsidiary of Bertelsmann, making Random House division again wholly owned by German parent. At the time of the acquisition the combined companies controlled 25% of the book business with more than 10,000 employees and 250 independent publishing imprints and with about $3.9&amp;nbsp;billion in annual revenues.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; The move to consolidate was to provide leverage against [[Amazon.com]] and battle the shrinking state of [[bookstore]]s.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; <br /> <br /> In October 2018, Penguin Random House merged two of its most known publishing lines, Random House and the Crown Publishing Group. According to Madeline McIntosh, chief executive of Penguin Random House U.S., the two lines &quot;will retain their distinct editorial identities.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |first=Alexandra |last=Alter |date=October 18, 2018 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/18/books/penguin-random-house-merges-two-of-its-successful-publishing-lines.html |title=Penguin Random House Merges Two of its Successful Publishing Lines |work=The New York Times |access-date=November 16, 2018 |archive-date=October 31, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031003509/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/18/books/penguin-random-house-merges-two-of-its-successful-publishing-lines.html |url-status=live }}{{Registration required}}&lt;/ref&gt; McIntosh explained some of the motivation behind the merger in a memo to employees, writing, &quot;Book discovery and buying patterns continue to shift, resulting in growth opportunities in the nonfiction categories in which Crown in particular already has a strong foothold: food, lifestyle, health, wellness, business, and Christian.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt; &quot;We must invest even more aggressively in title-level and scaled marketing programs, capabilities and partnerships&quot;, she added.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |first=John |last=Maher |date=October 18, 2018 |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/publisher-news/article/78369-random-house-crown-merge.html |title=The Random House and Crown Publishing Groups Merge |work=Publishers Weekly |access-date=November 16, 2018 |archive-date=November 16, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116020118/https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/publisher-news/article/78369-random-house-crown-merge.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> In 2019, Penguin Random House acquired British children's book publisher Little Tiger Group, including Tiger Tales Press, a U.S. subsidiary, and added it to Random House Children's Books.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/childrens/childrens-industry-news/article/79649-prh-acquires-u-k-s-little-tiger-group.html | title=PRH Acquires U.K.'s Little Tiger Group |first=Ed|last= Nawotka |website=Publishers Weekly|date=March 27, 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231008102848/https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/childrens/childrens-industry-news/article/79649-prh-acquires-u-k-s-little-tiger-group.html |archive-date= Oct 8, 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Penguin Random House announced an agreement to purchase [[Boom! Studios]] in July 2024, where Boom! would become part of Random House Worlds.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Milliot {{!}} |first=Jim |title=Random House Is Buying Boom! Studios |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/comics/article/95465-random-house-is-buying-boom-studios.html |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=PublishersWeekly.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Grobar |first=Matt |date=2024-07-10 |title=Random House Publishing Group To Acquire Boom! Studios |url=https://deadline.com/2024/07/boom-studios-to-be-acquired-random-house-publishing-group-1236006392/ |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Organization ==<br /> === Headquarters ===<br /> The publisher's main office in the United States is located in [[Penguin Random House Tower]], which was constructed in 2009 at 1745 [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]] in [[Manhattan]]. The 684-foot (210 m) building spans the west side of the block between West [[55th Street (Manhattan)|55th]] and West 56th Streets. The building's lobby showcases floor-to-ceiling glassed-in bookcases, which are filled with books published by the company and its subsidiaries. <br /> <br /> Prior to moving to Penguin Random House Tower, the company was headquartered at 457 [[Madison Avenue]], 20 East 57th Street, and 201 East 50th Street, all in Manhattan.{{Citation needed|date=September 2016}}<br /> <br /> === International branches ===<br /> Random House, Inc. maintains several independently managed subsidiaries around the world.<br /> <br /> '''The Random House Group''' is one of the largest general book publishing companies in the [[United Kingdom]];{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}} it is based in London.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=THE RANDOM HOUSE GROUP LIMITED - Overview (free company information from Companies House)|url=https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/00954009|access-date=2021-07-18|website=Find and update company information - GOV.UK|language=en|archive-date=July 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718081606/https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/00954009|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The group comprises nine publishing companies: Cornerstone Publishing, [[Vintage Books|Vintage Publishing]], [[Ebury Publishing]], [[Transworld Publishers]], Penguin Random House Children's, Penguin Random House UK Audio, Penguin Michael Joseph, Penguin Press, and Penguin General.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Publishing houses |url=https://www.penguin.co.uk/company/publishers |website=Penguin Books UK |access-date=1 January 2023 |archive-date=12 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212201719/https://www.penguin.co.uk/company/publishers |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Its distribution business services its own imprints, as well as 40 other UK publishers through Grantham Book Services.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sales and distribution |url=https://www.penguin.co.uk/company/work-with-us/sales-and-distribution |website=Penguin Books UK |access-date=1 January 2023 |archive-date=12 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212201731/https://www.penguin.co.uk/company/work-with-us/sales-and-distribution |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Random House archive and library is located in [[Rushden]] in Northamptonshire.<br /> <br /> In 1989, [[Hutchinson (publisher)|Century Hutchinson]] was folded into the British [[Random House#The Random House Group|Random House Group]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=McDowell |first=Edwin |date=1989-06-08|title=The Media Business; Random House to Buy British Book Publisher|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/06/08/business/the-media-business-random-house-to-buy-british-book-publisher.html|url-access=limited|access-date=2018-01-20|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=July 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718081610/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/06/08/business/the-media-business-random-house-to-buy-british-book-publisher.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; briefly known as Random Century (1990–92),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hutchinson and Company (Publishers) Limited |url=https://baskervillebooks.co.uk/publisher/hutchinson-and-company-publishers-limited.html|access-date=2021-07-18|website=Baskerville Books |language=en|archive-date=July 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718080202/https://baskervillebooks.co.uk/publisher/hutchinson-and-company-publishers-limited.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Century became an [[Imprint (trade name)|imprint]] of the group's Cornerstone Publishing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cornerstone|url=https://www.penguinrandomhouse.co.uk/publishers/cornerstone/|access-date=2017-08-15|website=Penguin Random House UK |language=en|archive-date=August 15, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815104839/https://www.penguinrandomhouse.co.uk/publishers/cornerstone/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Random House Group also operates branches in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa (as a joint venture under the name '''Random House Struik'''), and India as part of its overseas structure. In Australia offices are in Sydney and [[Melbourne]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url = http://www.randomhouse.com.au/about/contacts.aspx|title = Contact us |access-date = March 3, 2014|website = Random House Books Australia |url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130929231658/http://www.randomhouse.com.au/about/contacts.aspx|archive-date = September 29, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; In New Zealand it is based in [[Glenfield, New Zealand|Glenfield]], [[Auckland]], while Random House's Indian headquarters are located in New Delhi.<br /> <br /> Verlagsgruppe Random House was established after Bertelsmann's 1998 acquisition of Random House, grouping its German imprints (until then operating as Verlagsgruppe Bertelsmann) under the new name; before April 2020, it has explicitly no legal part of the worldwide Penguin Random House company and a hundred percent subsidiary of Bertelsmann instead but de facto is led by the same management. It is the second largest book publisher in Germany with more than 40 imprints, including historic publishing houses [[Goldmann (publisher)|Goldmann]] and [[Heyne Verlag]], as well as C. Bertelsmann, the publishing house from which today's Bertelsmann SE &amp; Co. KGaA would eventually evolve. Verlagsgruppe Random House is headquartered in [[Munich]] (with additional locations in [[Gütersloh]] (where Bertelsmann is headquartered), [[Cologne]], and [[Aßlar]]), employs about 850 people, and publishes roughly 2,500 titles per year. Following the formation of Penguin Random House, a '''Penguin Verlag''' (with no legal connection to Penguin Books) was founded for the German market in 2015, as part of the Verlagsgruppe Random House. With Bertelsmann acquiring full ownership of Penguin Random House in April 2020, Verlagsgruppe Random House is being reintegrated with the main Penguin Random House company and now known as '''Penguin Random House Verlagsgruppe.'''&lt;ref name=&quot;acq&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Bertelsmann Completes Full Acquisition of Penguin Random House |url=https://www.bertelsmann.com/news-and-media/news/bertelsmann-completes-full-acquisition-of-penguin-random-house.jsp |date=2020 |publisher=[[Bertelsmann]] |access-date=April 27, 2020 |archive-date=October 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027091110/https://www.bertelsmann.com/news-and-media/news/bertelsmann-completes-full-acquisition-of-penguin-random-house.jsp |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> '''Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial''' is Random House's Spanish-language division, targeting markets in [[Spain]] and [[Hispanic America]]. It is headquartered in [[Barcelona]] with locations in [[Argentina]], [[Chile]], [[Colombia]], [[Mexico]], [[Venezuela]], [[Uruguay]], and the United States. From 2001 until November 2012, it was a joint venture with Italian publisher [[Mondadori]] (Random House Mondadori). Upon Bertelsmann's acquisition of Mondadori's stake in the JV, the name was kept temporarily four months.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Random House Mondadori is renamed Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial | url = http://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/press-release/random-house-mondadori-is-renamed-penguin-random-house-grupo-editorial/ | access-date = November 6, 2013 | date = November 4, 2013 | publisher = Penguin Random House | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131117202430/http://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/press-release/random-house-mondadori-is-renamed-penguin-random-house-grupo-editorial/ | archive-date = November 17, 2013 | df = dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; Some Spanish-language authors published by Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial include [[Roberto Bolaño]], [[Javier Marías]], [[Mario Vargas Llosa]] and [[Guillermo Arriaga]].<br /> <br /> '''[[Random House of Canada]]'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.randomhouse.ca/about-corporate|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121126214622/http://www.randomhouse.ca/about-corporate|url-status=dead|title=Random House Canada|archivedate=November 26, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; was established in 1944. In 1986, it established its own indigenous Canadian publishing program that has become one of the most successful in Canadian history. Until January 2012, it held a 25% stake in [[McClelland &amp; Stewart]], with the remaining 75% held by the [[University of Toronto]]. It is now the sole owner of McClelland &amp; Stewart.{{citation needed|date=September 2016}}<br /> <br /> '''Takeda Random House Japan''' was founded in May 2003 as a joint venture between [[Kodansha]] and Random House. Eventually, it filed for bankruptcy on December 14, 2012.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Schreiber|first=Mark|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2013/01/13/national/media-national/magazines-struggle-to-maintain-relevance/|title=Magazines struggle to maintain relevance|date=January 13, 2013|work=The Japan Times|access-date=March 18, 2020|issn=0447-5763|archive-date=January 19, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119215932/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2013/01/13/national/media-national/magazines-struggle-to-maintain-relevance/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2006, '''Random House Korea''' was founded'''.''' In 2010, Random House divested their ownership of this branch.{{Citation needed|date=March 2020}}<br /> <br /> In April 2010, Random House Australia managing director, Margie Seale, was assigned the responsibilities of exploring and evaluating potential business opportunities for the company in [[Asia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/publisher-news/article/42983-random-house-tries-new-approach-to-asia.html|title=Random House Tries New Approach to Asia|date=April 27, 2010|website=Publishers Weekly|access-date=March 18, 2020|archive-date=March 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308134408/https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/publisher-news/article/42983-random-house-tries-new-approach-to-asia.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Random House Home Video ==<br /> {{Infobox company<br /> | name = Random House Home Video<br /> | logo = <br /> | logo_size = <br /> | type = [[Division (business)|Division]]<br /> | industry = [[Home video]]<br /> | founded = {{Start date and age|1984}}<br /> | defunct = {{Start date and age|2007}}<br /> | fate = Dormant<br /> | products = [[Sesame Street]] (1986-1995)&lt;br&gt;[[The Berenstain Bears (1985 TV series)|The Berenstain Bears First Time Video]] (1988-1998)&lt;br&gt;[[Arthur (TV series)|Arthur]] (1997-2007)<br /> | area_served = Worldwide<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Random House Home Video''' was a home video division of Random House established in 1984. It released products from well-known properties such as ''[[Sesame Street]]'' and ''[[Berenstain Bears|The Berenstain Bears]]'', as well as [[direct-to-video]] series such as ''Richard Scarry's Best Videos Ever!'' and ''Beginner Book Video''.<br /> <br /> By December 1994, it secured exclusive home video rights to the then-upcoming ''Arthur'' television series.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=McCormick |first=Moira |date=December 10, 1994 |title=Kidbits |url=https://www.worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Music/Billboard-Index/IDX/1994/1994-12-10-Billboard-Page-0078.pdf |access-date=February 19, 2026 |work=Billboard |pages=78}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the beginning of April 1995, it reached an agreement with [[Sony Wonder]], in which the latter became the former's main sales and distribution agent. By the following month, Sony Wonder became the exclusive music and home video licensee for ''Sesame Street''. At the time, Random House's agreement for ''Sesame Street'' home video products was scheduled to expire on December 31, 1995.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Fitzpatrick |first=Eileen |date=April 15, 1995 |title=One Step Closer |url=https://www.worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Music/Billboard-Index/IDX/1995/1995-04-15-Billboard-Page-0060.pdf |access-date=February 19, 2026 |work=Billboard |pages=54}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> By the middle of November 1999, the agreement between this label and Sony Wonder was expanded, in which the latter took over the main marketing responsibilities for the former.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Fitzpatrick |first=Eileen |date=November 20, 1999 |title=Sony Picks Up Random Duties |url=https://www.worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Music/Billboard-Index/IDX/1999/1999-11-20-Billboard-Page-0101.pdf |access-date=February 19, 2026 |work=Billboard |pages=109}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> {{Portal|Books|Companies}}<br /> * [[List of English language book publishers]]<br /> * [[List of largest UK book publishers]]<br /> * [[Media of New York City]]<br /> * [[Western Publishing]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * [https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/ Official website]<br /> * {{Open Library publisher|Random House}}<br /> * [https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_4079581 Finding aid to Random House records] at Rare Book &amp; Manuscript Library of [[Columbia University]]<br /> * {{Cite web |title = Bertelsmann Timeline |url = https://www.ulib.niu.edu/publishers/index.htm |work = The Academic Publishing Industry: A Story of Merger and Acquisition |author = Mary H. Munroe |year = 2004 |via = Northern Illinois University |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100607024433/http://www.ulib.niu.edu/publishers/JohnWiley.htm |archive-date = 2010-06-07}}<br /> * [https://whospeaks.library.vanderbilt.edu/ ''Who Speaks for the Negro?''] {{--}} A digital archive of materials related to [[Who Speaks for the Negro?|the book of the same name]] published in 1965 by Random House <br /> <br /> {{Penguin Random House}}<br /> {{BIG6_PUBLISHERS_USA}}<br /> {{Books}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Random House| ]]<br /> [[Category:1927 establishments in New York (state)]]<br /> [[Category:1998 mergers and acquisitions]]<br /> [[Category:American subsidiaries of foreign companies]]<br /> [[Category:Bertelsmann subsidiaries]]<br /> [[Category:Book publishing companies based in New York (state)]]<br /> [[Category:Book publishing companies of the United States]]<br /> [[Category:Publishing companies based in New York City]]<br /> [[Category:Publishing companies established in 1927]]</div>

Uravu https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shruti_Sinha&diff=535471 2026-03-15T04:38:03Z

<p>Uravu: started new stub initial version</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian television personality}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Shruti Sinha<br /> | image = Shruti Sinha snapped attending IWMBuzz Annual Celebrity Bash 2024 (cropped).jpg<br /> | caption = Sinha in 2024<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1998|04|03| df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Delhi]], [[India]]<br /> | occupation = Television personality, actress, dancer<br /> | years_active = 2015–present<br /> | known for = ''[[MTV Roadies]]''&lt;br&gt;''[[MTV Splitsvilla#Season 11|Splitsvilla 11]]''&lt;br&gt;''[[Ace Of Space 2]]''&lt;br&gt;''[[Amazon's Campus Beats]]''<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Shruti Sinha''' is an Indian actress and television personality known for winning the reality show ''[[MTV Splitsvilla|MTV Splitsvilla 11]]'' and participating in reality shows like ''[[MTV Roadies|Roadies Xtreme]]'' and ''[[Ace Of Space 2]]'' in both of which she became a finalist.<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Sinha started her career as a dancer in 2015 in ''[[Dance India Dance]]''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s fifth season,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Mudasar Ki Mandali: Shruti Sinha |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/dance-india-dance-season-5/Mudasar-Ki-Mandali-Shruti-Sinha/articleshow/48375029.cms |access-date=23 June 2022 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=August 6, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; where she emerged as one of the top 15 contestants. Later, she featured in an episode of [[MTV India]]'s show ''Love On The Run''.<br /> <br /> Sinha rose to fame when she participated in [[MTV Roadies season 16|''MTV Roadies Xtreme'']] in 2018,&lt;ref name=&quot;Farzeen 2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Farzeen |first1=Sana |title=Roadies Xtreme: A shocking double eviction before the semi-final |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/roadies-xtreme-double-eviction-5279311/ |access-date=23 June 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=July 29, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; where she finished as a semi-finalist. In 2019, she participated in season 11 of [[MTV Splitsvilla season 11|''MTV Splitsvilla'']] where she became the winner along with Gaurav Alugh.&lt;ref name=&quot;Farzeen 2019&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Farzeen |first1=Sana |title=Shruti Sinha and Gaurav Alugh win Splitsvilla 11 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/shruti-sinha-and-gaurav-alugh-win-splitsvilla-11-5567124/ |access-date=23 June 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=February 3, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=4 February 2019|title=<br /> Splitsvilla 11 winner: Shruti Sinha and Gaurav Alugh bag the trophy along with the cash prize<br /> |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/splitsvilla-11-shruti-sinha-and-gaurav-alugh-bag-the-trophy-along-with-the-cash-prize/articleshow/67818043.cms<br /> |website=Times Of India|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the same year, she also participated in MTV's ''[[Ace of Space 2]]'' and emerged as a finalist.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Chakravorty |first1=Reshmi |title=Space ace |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/051119/space-ace.html |access-date=23 June 2022 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=November 5, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Farzeen |first1=Sana |title=Ace of Space 2 winner Salman Zaidi: Baseer will always be dear |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/mtv-ace-of-space-2-winner-salman-zaidi-i-was-the-underdog-of-the-season-6102084/ |access-date=23 June 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=November 4, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2021, Sinha was seen in ''[[Mumbai Saga]]''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s song &quot;Shor Machega&quot; sung by [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]] and Hommie Dilliwala.<br /> <br /> In 2023, she starred in [[Amazon Prime Video|Amazon miniTV]]'s series ''[[Campus Beats]]'' opposite [[Shantanu Maheshwari]].<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> <br /> === Television ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Year<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Title<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Role<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Notes<br /> !Ref.<br /> |-<br /> |2015<br /> |''[[Dance India Dance Season 5|Dance India Dance 5]]''<br /> |Contestant<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2016<br /> |''MTV Love On The Run''<br /> |Herself<br /> |Guest<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2017<br /> | MTV Roadies Xtreme |''[[MTV Roadies season 16|MTV Roadies 16]]''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Contestant<br /> |5th place<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2018<br /> |''[[MTV Splitsvilla (Season 11)|MTV Splitsvilla 11]]''<br /> | Winner<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-01-14 |title=Congratulations! Gaurav Alugh and Shruti Sinha win MTV Splitsvilla XI |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/congratulations-gaurav-alugh-and-shruti-sinha-win-mtv-splitsvilla-xi-1445896-2019-02-03 |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2019<br /> |''[[MTV Roadies season 17|MTV Roadies 17]]''<br /> |Host<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Ace of Space 2]]''<br /> |Contestant<br /> | 3rd runner-up<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2023–2025<br /> |''[[Campus Beats]]''<br /> |Netra<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-15 |title=Shantanu Maheshwari starrer teen drama 'Campus Beats' to release |url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/webseries/shantanu-maheshwari-starrer-teen-drama-campus-beats-to-release-on-this-date-8578717.html |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=News18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Films ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Year<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Title<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Role<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Notes<br /> !Ref.<br /> |-<br /> |2021<br /> |''[[Mumbai Saga]]''<br /> |{{NA}}<br /> |Special appearance in the song: &quot;Shor Machega&quot;<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title='शोर मचेगा' गाने में हनी स‍िंह से ज्‍यादा इस लड़की की हो रही है चर्चा, जानिए कौन है श्रुति स‍िन्‍हा |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/entertainment/news-from-bollywood/who-is-shor-machega-song-actress-shruti-sinha-all-you-need-to-know-about-dancer-girl/articleshow/81257026.cms |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Music videos ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Year<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Title<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Singer<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Ref.<br /> |-<br /> |2021<br /> |&quot;Weekend Vibe&quot;<br /> |Jubël, Desi Crew<br /> |{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}}<br /> |-<br /> |2025<br /> |&quot;Laal Ferrari&quot;<br /> |Amruta Fadnavis<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XjpgwSQa9B4 |title=Laal Ferrari (Video): Amruta Fadnavis {{!}} Feat. Sanam Johar &amp; Shruti Sinha |date=2025-03-23 |last=T-Series |access-date=2025-04-02 |via=YouTube}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-03-24 |title=अमृता फडणवीसांच्या आवाजातील नवं कोरं गाणं प्रदर्शित, &quot;लाल फेरारी&quot;ची सोशल मीडियावर चर्चा |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/bollywood/amruta-fadnavis-new-song-laal-ferrari-released-features-shruti-sinha-and-sanam-johar-a-a988/ |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=Lokmat |language=mr}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian television actresses]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian dancers]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]<br /> [[Category:1998 births]]<br /> [[Category:MTV Splitsvilla winners]]</div>

Uravu https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prachi_Dhabal_Deb&diff=526167 2026-03-15T03:53:44Z

<p>Uravu: stub - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian cake artist}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Prachi Dhabal Deb<br /> | image = Prachi Dhabal Deb being awarded by Central Minister Mr. Nitin Gadkari.jpg<br /> | caption = [[Nitin Gadkari]] giving award by APN Live to Prachi Dhabal Deb<br /> | birth_name = Prachi Singh<br /> | birth_date = {{birth year and age|1986}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Rewa district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> | education = [[University of Calcutta]]<br /> | alma_mater = <br /> | occupation = Cake designer<br /> | spouse = Pranabesh Dhabal Deb<br /> | children = Shrihaan Dhabal Deb<br /> | mother = Anuradha Singh<br /> | father = Rajan Singh<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Prachi Dhabal Deb''' (born 1986) is an Indian cake artist. At [[Vigyan Bhawan]] in [[Delhi]], she received an award for her cakes by Union Minister of Road Transport and Highways of India, [[Nitin Gadkari]]. She is an Associate Artist with the [[Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies]]. At the Bharat Leadership Awards in 2021 she received award from [[List of governors of Maharashtra|Governor of Maharashtra]], [[Bhagat Singh Koshiyari]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-07-19 |title=An Award Ceremony To Remember |url=https://punemirror.com/others/an-award-ceremony-to-remember/cid5122650.htm |access-date=2023-02-04 |website=punemirror.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=AWARD 2022 |url=https://swadesh.apnlive.com/award-2022/ |access-date=2023-02-04 |website=Swadesh |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-03-05 |title=Pune Artist Sets Record by Making 100 kg Cake Version of Italy's Milan Cathedral |url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/pune-artist-sets-record-by-making-100-kg-cake-version-of-italys-milan-cathedral-4837895.html |access-date=2023-02-04 |website=News18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Livemint |date=2022-03-09 |title=Pune woman makes it to World Book of Records for designing 100 kg world record cake. See pics |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/pune-woman-makes-it-to-world-book-of-records-for-designing-100-kg-cake-see-pics-11646790637371.html |access-date=2023-02-04 |website=mint |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-04-01 |title=Prachi Dhabal Deb on two World Book of Records: Lovely feeling to make Pune proud |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/prachi-dhabal-deb-on-two-world-book-of-records-lovely-feeling-to-make-pune-proud-101648812846864.html |access-date=2023-02-04 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dsouza |first=Krystelle |date=2022-12-07 |title='Learnt From Princess Diana's Wedding Cake Baker': Woman's Edible Art Goes Viral |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/305439/prachi-deb-cake-artist-learned-from-england-royal-baker-bridal-cooking-viral-edible-art/ |access-date=2023-02-04 |website=The Better India |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pune Cake Artist Designs 100 Kg Cake, Makes It To World Book Of Records |url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/shestars/pune-cake-artist-prachi-dhabal-deb-designs-100-kg-cake-makes-it-to-world-book-of-records/amp/ |access-date=2023-02-04 |website=www.shethepeople.tv|date=15 March 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pune Cake Artist Clinched Two World Record Titles For Biggest Icing Structure; See Her Creation |url=https://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/cake-artist-from-pune-makes-it-to-world-book-of-records-london-for-crafting-100-kg-vegan-edible-royal-icing-structure-2806491 |access-date=2023-02-04 |website=NDTV Food |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; She has created a 100-kg cake&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-03-04 |title=Award-winning Pune cake artist makes World Book of Records with 100kg vegan Royal Icing structures |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/viral/award-wining-pune-artist-makes-world-book-of-records-with-100kg-vegan-royal-icing-structures-article-89995058 |access-date=2023-02-04 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pune cake artist's 100 kg vegan edible royal icing structure makes it to the World Book of Records |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/trending-news/story/pune-cake-artist-s-100-kg-vegan-edible-royal-icing-structure-makes-it-to-the-world-book-of-records-1920738-2022-03-04 |access-date=2023-02-04 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pune-based baker creates royal icing structures, makes world record |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/pune-based-baker-creates-royal-icing-structures-makes-world-record20220309093658/ |access-date=2023-02-04 |website=ANI News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and a 200-kg cake.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=&quot;It took nearly 1 month to finish it single-handedly&quot;: Pune-Baker Who Created Biggest Royal Icing Structure |url=https://www.mumbailive.com/en/society/pune-baker-prachi-deb-talks-shares-experience-about-baking-biggest-royal-icing-structure-72351 |access-date=2023-02-04 |website=Mumbai Live |date=27 March 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Pune cake artist, Prachi Dhabal Deb clinches two record titles |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/pune-cake-artist-prachi-dhabal-deb-clinches-two-record-titles/prachi-dhabal-deb/slideshow/90051064.cms |access-date=2023-04-18 |newspaper=The Economic Times | date=7 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Malviya |first=Pavan |date=2023-05-12 |title=एमपी की महिला ने वैश्विक स्तर पर किया भारत का नाम रौशन; प्राची धबल ने 200 किलो का केक बनाकर बनाया विश्व रिकॉर्ड |url=https://www.bhaskarhindi.com/state/madhya-pradesh/mps-woman-brought-laurels-to-india-globally-prachi-dhabal-made-world-record-by-making-200-kg-cake-932518 |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=www.bhaskarhindi.com |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.ndtv.com/video/news/news/watch-huge-palace-like-edible-structure-made-of-vegan-icing-698417 |title=Video {{!}} Watch: Huge 'Palace-Like' Edible Structure Made Of Vegan Icing |access-date=2024-04-10 |via=www.ndtv.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life and education ==<br /> Prachi Dhabal Deb was born as Prachi Singh in [[Rewa district]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]] to Rajan Singh and Anuradha Singh in 1986.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=केक कलाकार {{!}} प्राची धबल देब {{!}} वैश्विक भारतीय |url=https://www.globalindian.com/hi/story/cake-artist/debut-of-a-vegan-icing-cake-artiste-prachi-learnt-from-mbe-eddie-spence/ |access-date=2023-02-04 |website=The Global Indian |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lata |first=Kusum |date=2022-03-10 |title=पुणे की आर्टिस्ट ने बनाया 100 किलो का रॉयल आइसिंग केक, वर्ल्डबुक ऑफ रिकॉर्ड्स में दर्ज हुआ नाम {{!}} Hari Bhoomi |url=https://www.haribhoomi.com/trending/prachi-dhabal-deb-cake-artist-from-pune-made-her-place-in-the-world-book-of-records-london-416905 |access-date=2023-02-04 |website=www.haribhoomi.com |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-03-11 |title=క్యాథడ్రెల్‌ కేక్‌!.. ఆ కుటుంబం ఏది చేసినా రిచ్‌గా ఉంటుంది |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/family/pune-cake-artist-prachi-dhabal-deb-clinches-world-book-records-1440453 |access-date=2023-02-04 |website=Sakshi |language=te}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Personal life ==<br /> Prachi Dhabal Deb is married to Pranabesh Dhabal Deb and they live in Pune, Maharashtra. They have one son.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=पुणेकर महिलेनं जग जिंकलं! विदेशात चक्क केकमधून साकारली भारताची खास संस्कृती, अविश्वसनीय PHOTO |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/maharashtra/pune-news/pune-women-made-banarasi-saree-cake-in-italy-international-cake-project/articleshow/96282921.cms |access-date=2023-02-04 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=The Art Of Making Delicious Cakes by Prachi Dhabal Deb |url=https://punemirror.com/HallofFame/The-art-of-making-delicious-cakes-Prachi-Dhabal-Deb/cid6793536.htm |access-date=2023-02-04 |website=punemirror.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Awards and honours ==<br /> In December 2025, Prachi was appointed as an Associate Artist with the [[Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies]], an independent research centre based in [[Oxford]], [[United Kingdom]]. Her work in royal icing art and cultural heritage has been recognised in this academic and artistic context.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=From icing to academia: Pune artist Prachi Dhabal Deb's global recognition |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/from-icing-to-academia-pune-artist-prachi-dhabal-debs-global-recognition/amp_articleshow/126526551.cms |access-date=2026-01-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Prachi Dhabal Deb Becomes India's First Royal Icing Artist At Oxford |url=https://www.femina.in/trending/trending/prachi-dhabal-deb-becomes-indias-first-royal-icing-artist-at-oxford-289018.amp |access-date=2026-01-17 |website=femina.in |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * World Book of Records 2023&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Devanshee |date=2023-05-08 |title=Indian Cake Artist Prachi Dhabal Deb Registers Her Name In The World Book Of Records, London Third Time In A Row |url=https://thelogicalindian.com/story-feed/get-inspired/indian-cake-artist-prachi-dhabal-40769 |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=thelogicalindian.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Featured in [[History TV18]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e-8o2epZIsY |title=She made a whole cathedral out of what???? #OMGIndia S09E08 Story 3 |language=en |access-date=2024-04-10 |via=www.youtube.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * World Book of Records London 2022&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=World Book of Records {{!}} प्राची देब के 100 किलो रॉयल आइसिंग स्ट्रक्चर ने रचा अंतरराष्ट्रीय कीर्तिमान, वर्ल्ड बुक ऑफ रिकॉर्ड्स में नाम दर्ज {{!}} Navabharat (नवभारत) |url=https://www.enavabharat.com/state/maharashtra/pune/prachi-deb-100-kg-royal-icing-structure-made-an-international-record-entered-the-world-book-of-records-515420/ |access-date=2023-02-04 |website=www.enavabharat.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=World record : पुणे की आर्टिस्ट ने बनाया 100 किलो का केक, वर्ल्ड रेकॉर्ड में हुआ शामिल, देखकर रह जाएंगे दंग |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/photomazza/state-photogallery/cake-artist-prachi-dhabal-from-pune-made-her-place-in-world-book-of-records-london-see-pictures/photoshow/90090632.cms |access-date=2023-02-04 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Femina (India)|Femina]] Achievers of the year&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Royal Cake Artist- Prachi Dhabal Deb |url=https://www.femina.in/trending/achievers/the-royal-cake-artist-prachi-dhabal-254627.html |access-date=2023-02-04 |website=femina.in |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=These Edible Artworks By Prachi Dhabal Deb Have Our Heart |url=https://www.femina.in/trending/achievers/prachi-dhabal-deb-cake-masters-240170.html |access-date=2023-02-04 |website=femina.in |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * World Book of Records 2021<br /> * [[Nitin Gadkari]] presented Swadesh Samman by APN Live&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1986 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:People from Rewa district]]<br /> [[Category:People from Pune]]</div>

Uravu https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swathishta&diff=538918 2026-03-11T07:39:10Z

<p>Uravu: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian actress and television host}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Swathishta<br /> | image = Swathishta.jpg<br /> | caption = Swathishta at the press meet of ''Ondu Sarala Prema Kathe''<br /> | native_name = &lt;!-- No native name as per [[WP:NOINDICSCRIPTS]] --&gt;<br /> | other_names = Swathi<br /> | birth_name = Swathishta Krishnan<br /> | birth_date ={{birth date and age|1996|04|08|df=y}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-01-29 |title=Swathishta Krishnan: Kannada audiences embrace an actor only when there is a genuine connection|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/interviews/2024/Jan/29/swathishta-krishnankannada-audiences-embrace-an-actor-only-when-there-is-a-genuine-connection-51577.html|access-date=2025-07-15 |website=www.cinemaexpress.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> | birth_place = [[Madurai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India<br /> | nationality = &lt;!---Do not add Indian here. Nationality should be avoided when it can be inferred from birthplace per WP:INFONAT---&gt;<br /> | education = Bachelors in Electronics &amp; Instrumentation<br /> | occupation = {{hlist|Actress|Television Host}}<br /> | years_active = 2017 – present<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Swathishta Krishnan''' (born 8 April 1996) known professionally as '''Swathishta''' is an Indian actress and who works predominantly in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Kannada]] language films.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-09-24 |title=സ്വാതിഷ്ഠ കൃഷ്ണൻ - Swathishta Krishnan|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/web-stories/movies/2022/09/24/actress-swathishta-krishnan-engaging-pictures.html|access-date=2023-04-02 |website=www.manoramaonline.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; She made her acting debut in a supporting role with 2018 Tamil film ''[[Savarakathi]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-07-06 |title=Lokesh taught me to act without any dialogues: Swathishta Krishnan|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/lokesh-taught-me-to-act-without-any-dialogues-swathishta-krishnan/articleshow/92682531.cms |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=[[Times Of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; She also acted in the film [[Kee (film)|''Kee'']] (2019).<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> After graduation, she acted in Madras Central's web series named ''Half Boil,'' released in 2017 along with Gopi and Sudhakar. In 2018, she made her debut in films specifically Tamil films and acted in the film ''[[Savarakathi]]'' alongside [[Ram (director)|Ram]] and [[Shamna Kasim]]. In 2019, she also acted in the film ''[[Kee (film)|Kee]]'' opposing actor [[Jiiva]]. She also acted in films such as ''[[Jada (2019 film)|Jada]]'' (2019) and ''[[Vikram (2022 film)|Vikram]]'' (2022).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-10-26 |title=Swathishta Krishnan and Chemban Vinod to play vital roles in Kamal Haasan's 'Vikram'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/swathishta-krishnan-and-chemban-vinod-to-play-vital-roles-in-kamal-haasans-vikram/articleshow/87280667.cms|access-date=2023-04-02 |website=[[Times Of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; She also appeared in the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] music video ''Entha Baavundo'' in 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-05-19 |title=Swathishta pins hopes on two films|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/swathishta-pins-hopes-on-two-films/articleshow/69386543.cms |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=[[Times Of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; She also hosted the show ''Compass Countdown'' on [[Puthuyugam TV]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-01-06 |title=I enjoy anchoring, says swathishta|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/i-enjoy-anchoring-says-swathishta/articleshow/62381621.cms |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=[[Times Of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2023, director [[Suni (director)|Suni]] roped in Swathishta for his [[Kannada]] film ''[[Ondu Sarala Prema Kathe]].'' During an interview, Suni said “I was clear that I wanted a Kannadada hudugi, which has been my priority with all my films. I had watched Swathishta in Vikram and was impressed by how she carried her role. I was happy when I learned she was our own Uttara Karnataka hudugi. She matched our criteria, and we had her on board”.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-07-06 |title=Swathishta foray into Sandalwood with Simple Suni's Vinay Rajkumar starrer|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/swathishta-foray-into-sandalwood-with-simple-sunis-vinay-rajkumar-starrer/articleshow/97227429.cms|access-date=2023-04-02 |website=[[Times Of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her character in the movie was well received by the audience and the critics had praised her performance.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ondu Sarala Prema Kathe's Anuraga – Everyone prepared for Mallika; Swathishta came out of syllabus |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/ondu-sarala-prema-kathes-anuraga-everyone-prepared-for-mallika-swathishta-came-out-of-syllabus/2b4a4371ea864 |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> == Filmography ==<br /> {{Pending films key}}<br /> <br /> ===Films===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year !! Title !! Role <br /> !Launguage!! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Notes !! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}<br /> |-<br /> |2017<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot;|''Half Boil'' <br /> | Pritha<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |[[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br /> | Web series<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2018<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot;|''[[Savarakathi]]'' <br /> | Kayal<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2019<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot;|[[Kee (film)|''Kee'']] <br /> |Anu<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-05-08 |title=Latest sneak peek video from Jiiva's 'Kee'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/latest-sneak-peek-video-from-jiivas-kee/articleshow/69234829.cms|access-date=2023-04-02 |website=[[Times Of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot;|''[[Jada (2019 film)|Jada]]''<br /> | Lakshmi<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-11-20 |title=Swathishta speech at Jada audio launch|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/tamil/swathishta-speech-at-jada-audio-launch/videoshow/72306080.cms|access-date=2023-04-02 |website=[[Times Of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2022<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot;|''[[Vikram (2022 film)|Vikram]]''<br /> |Prabhanjan's wife<br /> |Cameo appearance<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2024<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot;|''[[Ondu Sarala Prema Kathe]]''<br /> |Anuraga<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Kannada]]<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-03-17 |title=Swathishta Krishnan speaks about her role in Ondu Sarala Prema Kathe |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/kannada/swathishta-krishnan-speaks-about-her-role-ondu-sarala-prema-kathe/videoshow/98733641.cms |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=[[Times Of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-01-23 |title=Swathishta Krishnan marks her Kannada debut with Suni-Vinay Rajkumar film |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2023/jan/23/swathishta-krishnan-marks-her-kannada-debut-with-suni-vinay-rajkumar-film-2540413.html |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=www.newindianexpress.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2026<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot;|''[[Rakkasapuradhol]]''<br /> |Roopa<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A. |title=Rakkasapuradhol gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2025/Dec/29/rakkasapuradhol-gets-a-release-date |access-date=30 December 2025 |work=Cinema Express |date=29 December 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Music video ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot;<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Show<br /> ! Notes<br /> ! Ref.<br /> |-<br /> | 2021<br /> | ''Entha Baavundo''<br /> |Telugu song<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2021<br /> |''Enna Vazhka Da''<br /> |Tamil song<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-09-24 |title=Rakshan, Swathishta and Sunita star in a funky Tamil music video|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rakshan-swathishta-and-sunita-star-in-a-funky-tamil-music-video/articleshow/86454747.cms|access-date=2023-04-02 |website=[[Times Of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{Commons category}}<br /> * {{IMDb name|9593063}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Swathishta}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:1996 births]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Indian television presenters]]</div>

Uravu https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2020_Delhi_riots&diff=465649 2026-03-09T00:02:06Z

<p>Uravu: slightly refine details after review and updated info</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|2020 series of riots in Delhi, India}}<br /> {{Protection padlock|reason=Persistent [[WP:Disruptive editing|disruptive editing]]; continued editing against sources|small=yes}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox civilian attack<br /> | title = 2020 Delhi riots<br /> | location = [[North East Delhi]], India<br /> | date = 23 February 2020 – 29 February 2020 ({{Time interval|23 February 2020|29 February 2020}})<br /> | image = {{Photomontage<br /> | photo1a = North East Delhi Riots 2020 (1).jpg<br /> | photo2a = Relief camps for Delhi riot-affected victims.jpg<br /> | photo3a = <br /> | photo4a = <br /> | spacing = 2<br /> | position = centre<br /> | size = 300<br /> | border = 0<br /> | color = #000000<br /> | foot_montage = (top) Muslim homes and businesses were set on fire during the rioting in {{Nowrap|Shiv Vihar, Delhi}}.{{Efn|The following reference to a published source that includes a similar photo supports description in caption and provides additional context. This is not the photo published by that source.&lt;ref name=ameen-telegraph-2020-2-28&gt;{{Cite news|last1 = Ameen |first1 = Furquan|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/shiv-vihar-home-for-15-years-but-not-any-more/cid/1749520|title=Shiv Vihar: Home for 15 years, but not any more|work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]|date=28 February 2020|access-date=10 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}&lt;br/&gt; (bottom) A relief camp at [[Eidgah]] in [[Mustafabad, Delhi]] set up by the [[Government of Delhi]]{{efn|The Government of Delhi is different from the [[Government of India]].}} and the Muslim [[Waqf]] board, with beds for 800 women and 700 men, and with doctors from [[St Stephen's Hospital, Delhi|St Stephens Hospital]] and Holy Family Hospital volunteering.{{efn|The following reference to a published source supports description in caption and provides additional context. This photo was not published by that source.&lt;ref name=vincent-telegraph-4-3-2020&gt;{{citation|title=After riots, volunteers offer healing touch at Delhi relief camp|first1=Pheroze L.|last1=Vincent|location= New Delhi|date=4 March 2020|work=The Telegraph (Kolkata)|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/after-riots-volunteers-offer-healing-touch-at-delhi-relief-camp/cid/1750784|access-date= 12 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> }}<br /> | coordinates = {{Coord|28.682|N|77.274|E|region:IN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki|display=inline,title}}<br /> | target = [[Muslims]] in Delhi&lt;ref name=&quot;independent-withnall-27-2-2020&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=wamsley-frayer-npr-2020-2-26-1 /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NYTimes-Analysis-March5&quot; /&gt;<br /> | type = {{Cslist|[[Riot]]ing|[[arson]]|[[burglary]]|[[shooting]]}}<br /> | fatalities = 53&lt;ref name=thewire-2020-2-12/&gt;<br /> * 2 unidentified&lt;ref name=thewire-2020-2-12/&gt;<br /> * 36 Muslims&lt;ref name=thewire-2020-2-12/&gt;<br /> * 15 Hindus&lt;ref name=thewire-2020-2-12&gt;{{cite news |title=Ground Report: As Amit Shah Praises Delhi Police, Riot Victims Tell a Different Story |url=https://thewire.in/communalism/delhi-riots-amit-shah-muslims-delhi-police |access-date=14 March 2020 |work=The Wire |date=12 March 2020 |author=Seemi Pasha }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | injuries = 200+&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/government/delhi-riots-official-toll-hurt-cases|title=It's Official: Police Says 53 Dead, 200+ Injured, 2200 Arrests in Delhi Riots|work=The Wire|date=8 March 2020|access-date=9 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | motive = * Preventing [[Citizenship Amendment Act protests]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mishra DNA 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NDTV1&quot;/&gt;<br /> * [[Ethnic persecution|Ethnic]] and [[religious persecution]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/delhi-riots-burnt-mosques-religion-caa_in_5e576054c5b66622ed76b1f4|title=4 Burnt Mosques in 48 Hours Show Delhi Riots Are About Religion, Not CAA|date=27 February 2020|website=HuffPost India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Hindutva]]&lt;ref name=&quot;IT2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/delhi-violence-four-videos-clips-that-court-made-cops-watch-1650273-2020-02-26|title=Delhi violence: Four video clips that court made cops watch<br /> |date=26 February 2020|access-date=26 February 2020|website=India Today}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mosque burnt&quot;/&gt;<br /> | convicted = 2,200 (including detained)&lt;ref name=&quot;IT690Cases&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/delhi-riots-cases-arrests-death-toll-victims-relief-camps-aap-1653524-2020-03-07|title=Delhi riots: 690 cases registered, violence victims find shelter in relief camps|date=7 March 2020|website=India Today|access-date=9 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | notes = &lt;mapframe latitude=&quot;28.676792&quot; longitude=&quot;77.273456&quot; zoom=&quot;11&quot; width=&quot;300&quot; height=&quot;227&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;{<br /> &quot;type&quot;: &quot;FeatureCollection&quot;,<br /> &quot;features&quot;: [<br /> {<br /> &quot;type&quot;: &quot;Feature&quot;,<br /> &quot;properties&quot;: {},<br /> &quot;geometry&quot;: {<br /> &quot;type&quot;: &quot;Point&quot;,<br /> &quot;coordinates&quot;: [<br /> 77.27542877197266,<br /> 28.685768802287086<br /> ]<br /> }<br /> },<br /> {<br /> &quot;type&quot;: &quot;Feature&quot;,<br /> &quot;properties&quot;: {},<br /> &quot;geometry&quot;: {<br /> &quot;type&quot;: &quot;Point&quot;,<br /> &quot;coordinates&quot;: [<br /> 77.26186752319337,<br /> 28.671310915880834<br /> ]<br /> }<br /> },<br /> {<br /> &quot;type&quot;: &quot;Feature&quot;,<br /> &quot;properties&quot;: {},<br /> &quot;geometry&quot;: {<br /> &quot;type&quot;: &quot;Point&quot;,<br /> &quot;coordinates&quot;: [<br /> 77.27251052856447,<br /> 28.693900486320242<br /> ]<br /> }<br /> },<br /> {<br /> &quot;type&quot;: &quot;Feature&quot;,<br /> &quot;properties&quot;: {},<br /> &quot;geometry&quot;: {<br /> &quot;type&quot;: &quot;Point&quot;,<br /> &quot;coordinates&quot;: [<br /> 77.28315353393556,<br /> 28.703085517776877<br /> ]<br /> }<br /> },<br /> {<br /> &quot;type&quot;: &quot;Feature&quot;,<br /> &quot;properties&quot;: {},<br /> &quot;geometry&quot;: {<br /> &quot;type&quot;: &quot;Point&quot;,<br /> &quot;coordinates&quot;: [<br /> 77.27010726928712,<br /> 28.703687786758284<br /> ]<br /> }<br /> },<br /> {<br /> &quot;type&quot;: &quot;Feature&quot;,<br /> &quot;properties&quot;: {},<br /> &quot;geometry&quot;: {<br /> &quot;type&quot;: &quot;Point&quot;,<br /> &quot;coordinates&quot;: [<br /> 77.27439880371095,<br /> 28.716786279385452<br /> ]<br /> }<br /> }<br /> ]<br /> }&lt;/mapframe&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''2020 Delhi riots''', or '''North East Delhi riots''', were multiple waves of bloodshed, property destruction, and rioting in [[North East Delhi]], India, beginning on 23 February 2020 and brought about chiefly by Hindu mobs attacking Muslims.&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian-3-16-20-1&quot;&gt;{{citation|title=Delhi's Muslims despair of justice after police implicated in riots|last1=Ellis-Peterson|first1=Hannah|last2=Azizur Rahman|first2= Shaikh|location=Delhi|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/16/delhis-muslims-despair-justice-police-implicated-hindu-riots|date=16 March 2020|access-date=17 March 2020|quote= As the mob attacks came once, then twice and then a third time in this north-east Delhi neighbourhood, desperate stallholders repeatedly ran to Gokalpuri and Dayalpur police stations crying out for help. But each time they found the gates locked from the inside. For three days, no help came. ... Since the riots broke out in Delhi at the end of February, the worst religious conflict to engulf the capital in decades, questions have persisted about the role that the Delhi police played in enabling the violence, which was predominately Hindu mobs attacking Muslims. Of the 51 people who died, at least three-quarters were Muslim, and many Muslims are still missing.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NYTimes-Analysis-March1&quot;&gt;{{citation|last1=Gettleman|first1=Jeffrey|last2=Abi-Habib|first2=Maria|title=In India, Modi's Policies Have Lit a Fuse|date=1 March 2020|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/01/world/asia/india-modi-hindus.html|access-date=1 March 2020|quote=This past week, as neighborhoods in India's capital burned and religiously driven bloodletting consumed more than 40 lives, most of them Muslim, India's government was quick to say that the violence was spontaneous... Many Muslims are now leaving, hoisting their unburned things on their heads and trudging away from streets that still smell of smoke.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Of the 53 people killed, two-thirds were Muslims who were shot, slashed with repeated blows, or set on fire.&lt;ref name=nytimes-2020-3-12-two-thirds&gt;{{citation|title='If We Kill You, Nothing Will Happen': How Delhi's Police Turned Against Muslims|first1=Jeffrey |last1=Gettleman|first2=Sameer|last2=Yasir|first3=Suhasini |last3=Raj|first4=Hari|last4=Kumar|others=Photographs by Loke, Atul|date=12 March 2020|access-date=13 March 2020|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/12/world/asia/india-police-muslims.html|quote=Two-thirds of the more than 50 people who were killed and have been identified were Muslim. }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;wapo-3-6-20-slater-1&quot;&gt;{{citation|last1=Slater|first1=Joanna|last2=Masih|first2=Niha|date=6 March 2020|title=In Delhi's worst violence in decades, a man watched his brother burn|newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/in-delhis-worst-violence-in-decades-a-man-watched-his-brother-burn/2020/03/05/892dbb12-5e45-11ea-ac50-18701e14e06d_story.html |access-date=6 March 2020|quote=At least 53 people were killed or suffered deadly injuries in violence that persisted for two days. The majority of those killed were Muslims, many shot, hacked or burned to death. A police officer and an intelligence officer were also killed. So too were more than a dozen Hindus, most of them shot or assaulted.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;wapo-3-2-20-slater-1&quot;&gt;{{citation|last1=Slater|first1=Joanna|last2=Masih|first2=Niha|date=2 March 2020|title=What Delhi's worst communal violence in decades means for Modi's India |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/what-days-of-communal-violence-mean-for-modi-and-for-india/2020/03/01/3d649c18-5a68-11ea-8efd-0f904bdd8057_story.html |access-date=15 March 2020|quote=Zaitoon, 40, who goes by one name, half-cried as she rummaged through the items. She said mobs entered her lane shouting &quot;Jai Shri Ram,&quot; or &quot;Victory to Lord Ram,&quot; a slogan favored by Modi's party, and demanded to know which houses were occupied by Muslims. She said she saw a neighbor set on fire in front of her, an account repeated by other witnesses.}}&lt;/ref&gt; The dead also included over a dozen [[Hindus]], who were shot or assaulted.&lt;ref name=&quot;wapo-3-6-20-slater-1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Wire 2020 p680&quot;&gt;{{cite news | title=Delhi Riots Death Toll at 53, Here Are the Names of the Victims | work=[[The Wire (India)]] | date=10 March 2020 &lt;!-- Though the first version of this article was 26 February 2020, it had less names --&gt; | url=https://thewire.in/communalism/delhi-riots-identities-deceased-confirmed | access-date=23 August 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Over a week after the violence had ended, hundreds of wounded were languishing in inadequately staffed medical facilities and corpses were being found in open drains.&lt;ref name=&quot;npr-3-7-20-frayer&quot;&gt;{{citation|last1=Frayer|first1=Lauren|publisher=NPR|title=Delhi Riots Aftermath: 'How Do You Explain Such Violence?'|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/03/07/812193930/delhi-riots-aftermath-how-do-you-explain-such-violence|access-date=7 March 2020|date=7 March 2020|quote=But hundreds of wounded are languishing in understaffed medical facilities. Corpses are still being discovered in drainage ditches. Victims are still dying in hospitals. The death toll has reached 53... Police are facing accusations from victims, witnesses, human rights groups, opposition politicians and Muslim leaders worldwide that they failed to protect Muslim citizens, and in some cases, even incited attacks themselves.}}&lt;/ref&gt; By mid-March many Muslims had remained missing.&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian-3-16-20-1&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Muslims were marked as targets for violence.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent-withnall-27-2-2020&quot;&gt;{{citation|last1=Withnall|first1=Adam|title=Targeted for being Muslim|work=The Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/muslim-hindu-clashes-latest-mosque-burnt-delhi-a9361601.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227154248/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/muslim-hindu-clashes-latest-mosque-burnt-delhi-a9361601.html |archive-date=27 February 2020 |url-access=limited |url-status=live|date=27 February 2020|access-date=4 March 2020|quote=His was one of around eight homes belonging to Muslims targeted by a rampaging mob in this Delhi neighbourhood on Tuesday afternoon, picked for destruction because they sat next to a mosque in this otherwise mostly Hindu-populated neighbourhood, vandalised, looted and then gutted with fire.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=wamsley-frayer-npr-2020-2-26-1&gt;{{citation |last1=Wamsley |first1=Laurel |last2=Frayer |first2=Lauren |publisher=NPR |title=In New Delhi, Days Of Deadly Violence And Riots |date=26 February 2020 |url=https://www.npr.org/2020/02/26/809628525/in-new-delhi-days-of-deadly-violence-and-riots |access-date=25 March 2020|quote=Hindu mobs appear to have targeted Muslims primarily – not people protesting the citizenship law.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NYTimes-Analysis-March5&quot;&gt;{{citation|last1=Abi-Habib|first1=Maria|title=Violence in India Threatens Its Global Ambitions|date=5 March 2020|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/05/world/asia/india-violence-diplomacy.html|access-date=6 March 2020|quote=But as the leaders celebrated each other in India's capital, Hindu mobs began going after Muslim protesters in neighborhoods just a few miles away while the police looked on or joined in.}}&lt;/ref&gt; In order to have their religion ascertained, Muslim males—who unlike Hindus are commonly [[Circumcision|circumcised]]—were at times forced to remove their lower garments before being brutalised.&lt;ref name=landrin-lemonde-2020-3-4&gt;{{citation|last1=Landrin|first1=Sophie|title=Attaques contre les musulmans à New Delhi : &quot; J'ai pensé que j'allais mourir &quot; Trois jours d'attaques meurtrières perpétrées par les nationalistes hindous dans le nord de la capitale indienne laissent des vies dévastées.|work=Le Monde|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2020/03/04/attaques-contre-les-musulmans-a-new-delhi-j-ai-pense-que-j-allais-mourir_6031809_3210.html|date=4 March 2020|access-date=25 March 2020|quote=D’autres musulmans ont été déshabillés pour vérifier s’ils étaient circoncis, battus à mort et jetés dans les égouts à ciel ouvert de ce quartier pauvre et poussiéreux. (Other Muslims were stripped naked to check if they were circumcised, beaten to death and thrown into the open sewers of this poor and dusty neighbourhood.)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian-3-6-20&quot;&gt;{{citation|title='I cannot find my father's body': Delhi's fearful Muslims mourn riot dead|last1=Ellis-Peterson|first1=Hannah|last2=Azizur Rahman|first2= Shaikh|location=Delhi|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/06/how-can-i-go-back-delhi-fearful-muslims-mourn-riot-dead|date=6 March 2020|access-date=7 March 2020|quote= According to a witness, Arshad kept quiet, so the mob forced down his trousers. On seeing he was circumcised, as is common among Muslims in India, the mob instantly beat him to death. His bloodied body was later found in a gutter, his pants still around his ankles... In the aftermath, even in unaffected areas of Delhi, an exodus of Muslim families began this week, with swathes packing up their bags and returning for good to their home villages, fearing for their safety in the capital.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=wamsley-frayer-npr-2020-2-26-3&gt;{{citation|last1=Wamsley|first1=Laurel|last2=Frayer|first2=Lauren|publisher=NPR|title=In New Delhi, Days Of Deadly Violence And Riots|date=26 February 2020|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/02/26/809628525/in-new-delhi-days-of-deadly-violence-and-riots|access-date=25 March 2020|quote=Mobs have stopped people and demanded to know their religion. 'At least one photojournalist said he was asked to remove his pants to prove his religious identity,' the BBC adds. (Circumcision is common among male adherents of Islam.)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Among the injuries recorded in one hospital were lacerated [[genitals]].&lt;ref name=apnews-saaliq-schmall-2020-2-28&gt;{{citation|last1=Saaliq|first1=Sheikh|last2=Schmall|first2=Emily|title=Prayers at fire-bombed mosques as India's riot toll grows|work=Associated Press News|date=28 February 2020|access-date=25 March 2020|url=https://apnews.com/ee9be5d458ea02781505bf4bd149178a|quote=Al-Hind hospital, a small clinic with two doctors, was the nearest medical facility for many of the victims. When the riots broke out, it turned into a chaotic emergency ward, its doctors dealing for the first time with injuries such as gunshot wounds, crushed skulls, stabbings and torn genitals.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=landrin-lemonde-2020-3-4-2&gt;{{citation|last1=Landrin|first1=Sophie|title=Attaques contre les musulmans à New Delhi : &quot; J'ai pensé que j'allais mourir &quot; Trois jours d'attaques meurtrières perpétrées par les nationalistes hindous dans le nord de la capitale indienne laissent des vies dévastées.|work=Le Monde|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2020/03/04/attaques-contre-les-musulmans-a-new-delhi-j-ai-pense-que-j-allais-mourir_6031809_3210.html|date=4 March 2020|access-date=25 March 2020|quote=A l’entrée de l’hôpital, un homme qui officie à l’accueil a tout consigné sur son registre et son téléphone portable. Quelque 800 personnes, explique-t-il, ont été amenées entre le 23 et 25 février, certaines dans un état épouvantable. Des corps écartelés, carbonisés, des blessures par balles, des visages défigurés par de l’acide, des hommes atteints aux parties génitales. &quot; Nous n’avons que de faibles moyens. Nous avons juste posé des garrots, des pansements et tenté de stopper le saignement des blessés &quot;, confie-t-il. (At the entrance to the hospital, a man who works at the reception desk wrote everything down in his register and his mobile phone. Some 800 people, he says, were brought in between February 23 and 25, some in appalling condition. Torn, charred bodies, gunshot wounds, acid-disfigured faces, men with damage to the genitals. 'We have only weak means. We just put tourniquets, bandages and tried to stop the bleeding of the injured,' he said.}}&lt;/ref&gt; The properties destroyed were disproportionately Muslim-owned and included four [[mosque]]s, which were set ablaze by rioters.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation|last1=Yasir|first1=Sameer|last2=Raj|first2=Suhasini|title=Indian Police Sweep Through Riot Zone, Making More Arrests|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/28/world/asia/india-new-delhi-violence.html|access-date=4 March 2020|date=28 February 2020|quote=The property destruction has also been lopsidedly anti-Muslim, with many Muslim-owned motorcycles, cars, houses, shops and factories reduced to ashes. At least four mosques were set on fire during 48 hours of rioting.}}&lt;/ref&gt; By the end of February, many Muslims had left these neighbourhoods.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYTimes-Analysis-March1&quot; /&gt; Even in areas of Delhi untouched by the violence, some Muslims had left for their ancestral villages, fearful for their personal safety in India's capital.&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian-3-6-20&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The riots had their origin in [[Jaffrabad, Delhi|Jaffrabad]], in North East Delhi, where a [[Shaheen Bagh protests|sit-in by women]] against India's [[Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019]] had been in progress on a stretch of the [[Seelampur metro station|Seelampur]]–[[Jaffrabad, Delhi|Jaffrabad]]–[[Maujpur - Babarpur metro station|Maujpur]] road, [[Traffic obstruction|blocking]] it.&lt;ref name=diplomat-2-27-2020&gt;{{citation|last1=Basu|first1=Soma|title=Delhi: The Anatomy of a Riot|url=https://thediplomat.com/2020/02/delhi-the-anatomy-of-a-riot/|access-date=6 March 2020|work=Diplomat|quote=BJP leader Kapil Mishra issued a 'three-day ultimatum' to police to clear a protest against the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) by women at the Jaffrabad Metro Station.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;uniindia&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.uniindia.com/protests-at-jaffarabad-against-caa-security-beefed-up-2-metro-stations-closed/india/news/1896707.html|title=Protests at Jaffarabad against CAA; security beefed up, 2 metro stations closed|work=United News of India|date=23 February 2020|access-date=2 March 2020|quote=Demanding revocation of Citizenship (Amendment) Act, protesters—mostly women—on Sunday took to streets and blocked the road below Jaffrabad metro station.}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 23 February 2020, a leader of the ruling [[Hindu nationalism|Hindu nationalist]] [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], [[Kapil Mishra]], called for [[Delhi Police]] to clear the roads, failing which he threatened to &quot;hit the streets&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/video/kapil-mishra-bjp-jaffrabad-protest-delhi-police-3-days-ultimatum-1649286-2020-02-23|title=BJP leader Kapil Mishra's 3-day ultimatum to Delhi Police|website=India Today|date=23 February 2020 |access-date=26 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/bjp-leader-kapil-mishras-3-day-ultimatum-to-delhi-police-to-clear-anti-caa-protest-jaffrabad-2184627|title=&quot;We'll Be Peaceful Till Trump Leaves,&quot; BJP Leader Kapil Mishra Warns Delhi Police|website=NDTV.com|access-date=26 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; After Mishra's ultimatum, violence erupted.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Fresh violence erupts in Indian capital during anti-CAA protests|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/02/fresh-violence-erupts-indian-capital-anti-caa-protests-200224121139653.html|website=Al Jazeera|first=Bilal|last=Kuchay|date=24 February 2020|access-date=25 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Initially, Hindu and Muslim attacks were equally lethal.&lt;ref name=nytimes-2020-3-12-1&gt;{{citation|title='If We Kill You, Nothing Will Happen': How Delhi's Police Turned Against Muslims|first1=Jeffrey |last1=Gettleman|first2=Sameer|last2=Yasir|first3=Suhasini |last3=Raj|first4=Hari|last4=Kumar|others=Photographs by Loke, Atul|date=12 March 2020|access-date=13 March 2020|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/12/world/asia/india-police-muslims.html|quote=When the violence started on Feb. 23 – as Hindu men gathered to forcibly eject a peaceful Muslim protest near their neighborhood – much of it became two-sided. By day's end, both Muslims and Hindus had been attacked, and dozens had been shot, apparently with small-bore homemade guns. But by Feb. 25 the direction had changed.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most deaths were attributed to gunfire.&lt;ref name=&quot;veconomist-2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title= Donald Trump and Narendra Modi hug as Delhi burns|url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2020/02/26/donald-trump-and-narendra-modi-hug-as-delhi-burns|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|date=26 February 2020|quote=Both sides soon resorted to shooting; most of the fatalities, which included two policemen, were caused by gunfire... The police, which in Delhi are controlled by the central government, only deployed in strength on February 26th. On the orders of a court, they also began registering complaints of incitement. Mr Modi's national-security adviser toured affected districts, giving his 'word of honour' that residents could feel safe. The prime minister himself, after three days of silence, belatedly tweeted a plea for calm.}}&lt;/ref&gt; By 25 February 2020, the balance had shifted.&lt;ref name=nytimes-2020-3-12-1/&gt; Rioters wearing helmets and carrying sticks, stones, swords or pistols, and the saffron flags of Hindu nationalism entered Muslim neighbourhoods, as the police stood by.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Landrin|first1=Sophie|title=Inde : New Delhi en proie à de violents conflits intercommunautaires|date=26 February 2020|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2020/02/26/inde-new-delhi-en-proie-a-de-violents-conflits-intercommunautaires_6030862_3210.html|trans-title=India: New Delhi plagued by violent inter-community conflicts|work=Le Monde|language=fr|quote=Des hordes d’émeutiers casqués, armés de bâtons, de pierres, de sabres ou de pistolets, portant des drapeaux safran – la couleur des nationalistes hindous – ont pris d’assaut cette zone. Des véhicules, des échoppes, ainsi que des maisons appartenant à des musulmans, ont été incendiés sous les yeux d’une police totalement passive. (Hordes of helmeted rioters, armed with sticks, stones, sabers or pistols, carrying saffron flags – the color of Hindu nationalists – stormed this area. Vehicles, stalls, as well as houses belonging to Muslims, were set on fire in front of a totally passive police force.)|access-date=4 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=nytimes-2020-3-12-2&gt;{{citation|title='If We Kill You, Nothing Will Happen': How Delhi's Police Turned Against Muslims|first1=Jeffrey |last1=Gettleman|first2=Sameer|last2=Yasir|first3=Suhasini |last3=Raj|first4=Hari|last4=Kumar|others=Photographs by Loke, Atul|date=12 March 2020|access-date=13 March 2020|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/12/world/asia/india-police-muslims.html|quote= Hindu mobs fanned out and targeted Muslim families. Violence crackled in the air. Police officers watched as mobs of Hindus, their foreheads marked by saffron stripes, prowled the streets with baseball bats and rusty bars, looking for Muslims to kill. The sky was filled with smoke. Muslim homes, shops and mosques were burned down.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chants were heard of &quot;''[[Jai Shri Ram]]''&quot; (&quot;Victory to [[Rama|Lord Rama]]&quot;), a religious slogan favoured by prime minister [[Narendra Modi]]'s party.&lt;ref name=&quot;wapo-3-2-20-slater-1&quot;/&gt; In the neighbourhood of Shiv Vihar, Hindu rioters attacked Muslim houses and businesses for three days, often firebombing them with [[fuel gas|cooking gas cylinder]]s and gutting them without resistance or intervention from the police.&lt;ref name=guardian-3-6-20-3&gt;{{citation|title='I cannot find my father's body': Delhi's fearful Muslims mourn riot dead|last1=Ellis-Peterson|first1=Hannah|last2=Azizur Rahman|first2= Shaikh|location=Delhi|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/06/how-can-i-go-back-delhi-fearful-muslims-mourn-riot-dead|date=6 March 2020|access-date=7 March 2020|quote= In Shiv Vihar, from where they and many others had escaped, almost every Muslim home lay in blackened ruins, and two mosques looked like bomb sites. For three days, Hindu rioters attacked Shiv Vihar's Muslim localities and ran mayhem without any resistance from police. The mobs repeatedly used gas canisters as weapons, setting them alight and exploding them in Muslim properties so that the walls crumbled entirely.}}&lt;/ref&gt; In some instances, Muslims countered perceived threats by returning the violence; on the 25th a Muslim mob approached a Hindu neighbourhood throwing stones and [[Molotov cocktails]] and firing guns.&lt;ref name=&quot;wapo-3-2-20-slater-2&quot;&gt;{{citation|last1=Slater|first1=Joanna|last2=Masih|first2=Niha|date=2 March 2020|title=What Delhi's worst communal violence in decades means for Modi's India |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/what-days-of-communal-violence-mean-for-modi-and-for-india/2020/03/01/3d649c18-5a68-11ea-8efd-0f904bdd8057_story.html |access-date=15 March 2020|quote=In the riots that swept northeastern Delhi, Muslims mobilized to counter perceived threats and clashed with Hindus. A two-lane road separates Muslim-dominated Mustafabad from Hindu-dominated Bhagirathi Vihar. Hindus say a large mob approached from the Muslim side Tuesday night, throwing stones and Molotov cocktails and firing guns. 'It became difficult to save our lives,' said Yogesh Kumar, 24, an accountant. 'When the fire spreads, everything gets torched,' Sanjay Kumar, 40, said bitterly as he looked around at the destroyed storefronts and burned facades along a lane leading from the main road. He blamed Kapil Mishra, the BJP leader who issued the original threat to protesters who mounted a sit-in.}}&lt;/ref&gt; During this time, stories were also told of Sikh and Hindu families coming to the aid of besieged Muslims;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian-3-1-20-sikh-hindu&quot;&gt;{{citation|title=Inside Delhi: beaten, lynched and burnt alive|last1=Ellis-Peterson|first1=Hannah|location=Delhi|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/01/india-delhi-after-hindu-mob-riot-religious-hatred-nationalists|date=1 March 2020|access-date=27 March 2020|quote= But for all the tales of discord, dozens of accounts were also given to the ''Observer'' of how Sikh and Hindu families helped save their Muslim neighbours, sheltering them in their homes as the violence broke out or helping them escape as the mobs descended.}}&lt;/ref&gt; in some neighbourhoods, the religious communities cooperated in protecting themselves from violence.&lt;ref name=&quot;Barton2020&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The Indian government swiftly characterised the violence as spontaneous.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYTimes-Analysis-March1&quot; /&gt; The [[Delhi Police]], which is directly overseen by India's [[Government of India|central government]], moved into the area in strength on 26 February after the [[Delhi High Court]] had ordered it to help remove injured victims to hospitals.&lt;ref name=&quot;veconomist-2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=economist-2020-3-12&gt;{{citation|title=First the mob, then the law|newspaper=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2020/03/12/victims-of-rioting-in-india-are-bashed-by-the-police-and-courts-too|date=12 March 2020|access-date=15 March 2020|quote=During the riots in Delhi, it was only after the high court ordered police to help evacuate wounded people to hospital that the city's 80,000-person police force began to intervene, after 48 hours of arson and murder.}}&lt;/ref&gt; India's [[National Security Advisor of India|national security advisor]], [[Ajit Doval]], visited the area; the prime minister, Narendra Modi, made an appeal for peace on Twitter.&lt;ref name=&quot;veconomist-2&quot; /&gt; The Delhi police were accused by the affected citizens, eyewitnesses, human rights organizations and Muslim leaders around the world of falling short in protecting Muslims.&lt;ref name=&quot;npr-3-7-20-frayer&quot; /&gt; Videos showed police acting in a coordinated manner against Muslims, on occasion purposefully helping Hindu gangs.&lt;ref name=nytimes-2020-3-12-6&gt;{{citation|title='If We Kill You, Nothing Will Happen': How Delhi's Police Turned Against Muslims|first1=Jeffrey |last1=Gettleman|first2=Sameer|last2=Yasir|first3=Suhasini |last3=Raj|first4=Hari|last4=Kumar|others=Photographs by Loke, Atul|date=12 March 2020|access-date=13 March 2020|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/12/world/asia/india-police-muslims.html|quote=Now, more evidence is emerging that the Delhi police, who are under the direct command of Mr. Modi's government and have very few Muslim officers, concertedly moved against Muslims and at times actively helped the Hindu mobs that rampaged in New Delhi in late February, burning down Muslim homes and targeting Muslim families.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Witnesses said some police officers joined the attacks on Muslims.&lt;ref name=&quot;wapo-3-6-20-slater-2&quot;&gt;{{citation|last1=Slater|first1=Joanna|last2=Masih|first2=Niha|date=6 March 2020|title=In Delhi's worst violence in decades, a man watched his brother burn|newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/in-delhis-worst-violence-in-decades-a-man-watched-his-brother-burn/2020/03/05/892dbb12-5e45-11ea-ac50-18701e14e06d_story.html |access-date=6 March 2020|quote=The police force – which is directly overseen by the central government – has come under criticism for failing to stop the violence. Witnesses say some officers joined the attacks on Muslims.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> After the violence had abated in the thickly-settled mixed Hindu-Muslim neighbourhoods of North East Delhi, some Hindu organisations continued to parade alleged Hindu victims of Muslim violence in an attempt to reshape the accounting of events and to further inflame hostility towards Muslims.&lt;ref name=nytimes-2020-3-12-7&gt;{{citation|title='If We Kill You, Nothing Will Happen': How Delhi's Police Turned Against Muslims|first1=Jeffrey |last1=Gettleman|first2=Sameer|last2=Yasir|first3=Suhasini |last3=Raj|first4=Hari|last4=Kumar|others=Photographs by Loke, Atul|date=12 March 2020|access-date=13 March 2020|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/12/world/asia/india-police-muslims.html|quote=The religiously mixed and extremely crowded neighborhoods in northeastern Delhi that were on fire in late February have cooled. But some Hindu politicians continue to lead so-called peace marches, trotting out casualties of the violence with their heads wrapped in white medical tape, trying to upend the narrative and make Hindus seem like the victims, which is stoking more anti-Muslim hatred.}}&lt;/ref&gt; About 1,000 Muslims sought shelter in a relief camp on the fringes of Delhi.&lt;ref name=nytimes-2020-3-12-5&gt;{{citation|title='If We Kill You, Nothing Will Happen': How Delhi's Police Turned Against Muslims|first1=Jeffrey |last1=Gettleman|first2=Sameer|last2=Yasir|first3=Suhasini |last3=Raj|first4=Hari|last4=Kumar|others=Photographs by Loke, Atul|date=12 March 2020|access-date=13 March 2020|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/12/world/asia/india-police-muslims.html|quote= Some Muslims are leaving their neighborhoods, having lost all faith in the police. More than 1,000 have piled into a camp for internally displaced people that is rising on Delhi's outskirts.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gangs of Hindus appeared in several Muslim neighbourhoods in the days preceding the Hindu festival of [[Holi]], celebrated in 2020 on 9 March, to scare Muslims into abandoning their homes.&lt;ref name=nytimes-2020-3-12-4&gt;{{citation|title='If We Kill You, Nothing Will Happen': How Delhi's Police Turned Against Muslims|first1=Jeffrey |last1=Gettleman|first2=Sameer|last2=Yasir|first3=Suhasini |last3=Raj|first4=Hari|last4=Kumar|others=Photographs by Loke, Atul|date=12 March 2020|access-date=13 March 2020|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/12/world/asia/india-police-muslims.html|quote= India's population is about 80 percent Hindu, and gangs of Hindus threatened Muslims in several Delhi neighborhoods to leave before the Hindu holiday Holi that was celebrated this week.}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the midst of prevailing anti-Muslim attitudes, senior lawyers in Delhi were not accepting cases on behalf of the riot victims.&lt;ref name=telegraph-london-2020-3-13&gt;{{citation|title=Lawyers representing Delhi riot victims 'attacked by police' |first1=Joe|last1=Wallen|date=13 March 2020|newspaper=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/03/13/lawyers-representing-delhi-riot-victims-attacked-police/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/03/13/lawyers-representing-delhi-riot-victims-attacked-police/ |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2020|quote=Many senior lawyers are refusing to take up cases on behalf of the victims of the riots amidst wider anti-Muslim sentiment, stoked by the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). Instead, volunteer lawyers – who are typically young and Muslim and from organisations like the Indian Civil Liberties Union – are taking on cases for free.}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt; Among Hindus and Muslims who continued to live in their neighbourhoods, the violence created potentially long-living divisions.&lt;ref name=reuters-jain-ahmed-2020-3-16/&gt; For at least two weeks after the rioting, they avoided each other during the day and at night blocked their lanes with barriers.&lt;ref name=reuters-jain-ahmed-2020-3-16&gt;{{citation|last1=Jain|first1=Rupam|last2=Ahmed|first2=Aftab|title=In Indian capital, riots deepen a Hindu-Muslim divide|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-citizenship-protests-divide-ins/in-indian-capital-riots-deepen-a-hindu-muslim-divide-idUSKBN2130DZ|date=16 March 2020|access-date=26 March 2020|quote=But the riots that raged through the district last month appear to have cleaved lasting divisions in the community ...During the day, Hindus and Muslims shun each other in the alleys of the Delhi districts that were hardest hit by the unrest in February. At night, when the threat of violence is greater, they are physically divided by barricades that are removed in the morning.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Background==<br /> {{See also|Citizenship Amendment Act protests}}&lt;!-- STOP removing this. The background section is nothing more than an excerpt. --&gt;<br /> Protests began across India in December 2019 in response to the passage of the [[Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019|Citizenship (Amendment) Act]] (CAA), which allows fast-tracked naturalisation for immigrants from Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan belonging to six religions vis-à-vis Hinduism, Sikhism, Christianity, Zoroastrianism, Jainism and Buddhism but not Islam. The Act has been seen as discriminatory to Muslims and threatening to their existence in India when combined with the anticipated [[National Register of Citizens]] (NRC).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Ten killed in Delhi violence during Trump visit |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-51612461 |access-date=25 February 2020 |work=BBC News |date=25 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC4Jan&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-50902909|title=Shaheen Bagh: The women occupying Delhi street against citizenship law – 'I don't want to die proving I am Indian'|date=4 January 2020|work=BBC|access-date=13 January 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108140153/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-50902909|archive-date=8 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/portraits-of-resilience-the-new-year-in-shaheen-bagh-11577952208794.html|title=Portraits of resilience: the new year in Shaheen Bagh|last1=Bakshi|first1=Asmita|date=2 January 2020|website=Livemint|access-date=13 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113064807/https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/portraits-of-resilience-the-new-year-in-shaheen-bagh-11577952208794.html|archive-date=13 January 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;antiCAA&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/shaheen-bagh-residents-brave-the-cold-as-anti-caa-stir-enters-day-15/article30422794.ece|title=Shaheen Bagh residents brave the cold as anti-CAA stir enters Day 15|date=29 December 2019|work=The Hindu|access-date=13 January 2020|issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Several anti-CAA protests were held in New Delhi. Some protesters burned vehicles and pelted stones at security forces.&lt;ref name=&quot;Livemint15&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/caa-violence-arson-in-south-delhi-as-protesters-torch-four-buses-two-injured-11576412295374.html|title=CAA: Violence, arson in south Delhi as protesters torch four buses; two injured|date=15 December 2019|website=Livemint|access-date=1 March 2020|quote=Four buses were set ablaze by a mob and two fire officials were injured in stone pelting as the protests against the newly enacted Citizenship Act&quot; (...) &quot;The situation turned critical when a bus was burned by the protestors and police got into action}}&lt;/ref&gt; In [[Shaheen Bagh protests|Shaheen Bagh]], protesters blocked roads, which led to a traffic jam.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/you-have-right-to-protest-but-do-not-block-roads-supreme-court-to-shaheen-bagh-1647293-2020-02-17|title=Shaheen Bagh: Protest but don't block roads, SC tells protesters; appoints mediator|first1=Aneesha|last1=Mathur|date=17 February 2020|website=India Today|access-date=9 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Legislative Assembly election]] was held on 8 February 2020, in which the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) was defeated by the [[Aam Aadmi Party]] (AAP); widespread usage of incendiary slogans by BJP equating the protesters to anti-national elements and asking for them to be shot were reported.{{efn|At a rally in Delhi, a [[Union Council of Ministers|Union Cabinet]] minister shouted {{transliteration|hi|''Desh ke ġaddāroṉ ko''}} (&quot;What's to be done with the traitors to the nation?&quot;) and the crowd screamed back, {{transliteration|hi|''Goli māro sāloṉ ko''}} (&quot;Shoot the bastards!&quot;).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Graveyard Talks Back |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/literature/arundhati-roy-the-graveyard-talks-back |work=Caravan Magazine |access-date=12 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} Delhi BJP chief, [[Manoj Tiwari (Delhi politician)|Manoj Tiwari]], has since attributed hate speech by fellow party-candidate [[Kapil Mishra]] (who coined the slogans) as a cause of the BJP defeat.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYTRoots&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Gettleman|first1=Jeffrey|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/26/world/asia/delhi-riots-kapil-mishra.html|title=The Roots of the Delhi Riots: A Fiery Speech and an Ultimatum|date=26 February 2020|work=The New York Times|access-date=5 March 2020|last2=Raj|first2=Suhasini|issn=0362-4331|last3=Yasir|first3=Sameer}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/hate-speech-cost-bjp-delhi-elections-people-like-kapil-mishra-should-be-removed-manoj-tiwari-1649227-2020-02-23|title=Hate speech cost BJP Delhi elections, people like Kapil Mishra should be removed: Manoj Tiwari|date=23 February 2020|website=India Today|access-date=5 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 22 February, around 500 to 1,000 protesters, including women, began a [[sit-in]] protest near the [[Jaffrabad metro station]]. The protest blocked a stretch of [[Seelampur metro station|Seelampur]]–[[Jaffrabad, Delhi|Jaffrabad]]–[[Maujpur - Babarpur metro station|Maujpur]] road, as well as the entry and exit to the metro station.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Jaffrabad anti-CAA protests: Over 500 women block road connecting Seelampur with Maujpur and Yamuna Vihar; Delhi Metro shuts station |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/jaffrabad-anti-caa-protests-over-500-women-block-road-connecting-seelampur-with-maujpur-and-yamuna-vihar-delhi-metro-shuts-station-8076371.html |access-date=25 February 2020 |work=The First Post |date=23 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Roses&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Began with roses, ended with bullets: How CAA protests in Delhi unfolded |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/in-jafrabad-maujpur-stirs-began-with-roses-but-ended-with-bullets/story-lb7ZwnsAfdSkRHXyJUs49L.html |access-date=25 February 2020 |work=Hindustan Times |date=25 February 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the protesters, the sit-in was in solidarity with the ''[[Bandh|Bharat Bandh]]'' called by the [[Bhim Army]], which was scheduled to begin on 23 February. Police and paramilitary personnel were deployed at the site.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Anti-CAA Protesters Block Seelampur-Jaffrabad Road, Cops Deployed |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/anti-caa-protesters-block-seelampur-jafrabad-road-police-deployed-bhim-army-chandrashekhar-azad |access-date=25 February 2020 |work=The Quint |date=23 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Timeline==<br /> ===23 February and incitement===<br /> On 23 February between 3.30{{nbsp}}p.m. and 4{{nbsp}}p.m., BJP leader [[Kapil Mishra]] and his supporters reached a protest site at Maujpur Chowk &quot;to give an answer to Jaffrabad [blockade]&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;NDTV1&quot; /&gt; Mishra then spoke out in a rally against the CAA protesters{{efn|Previously, on 17 December 2019, violence occurred during the CAA-protests in the Seelampur area, in North East Delhi. On 3 January 2020, DCP Surya told media that adequate security personnel and proper security arrangements were in place in the Seelampur area and no further gatherings and violence were expected.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=No gathering expected, adequate security deployed in Seelampur: DCP Ved Prakash |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/no-gathering-expected-adequate-security-deployed-in-seelampur-dcp-ved-prakash20200103131121/ |access-date=25 February 2020 |work=[[Asian News International]] (ANI) |date=3 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} and threatened to take matters into his own hands if the police failed to disperse the protesters from the Jaffrabad and Chand Bagh areas in three days' time.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mishra DNA 2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/delhi/report-two-complaints-filed-against-bjp-leader-kapil-mishra-for-inciting-violence-in-north-east-delhi-2814932|title=Two complaints filed against BJP leader Kapil Mishra for inciting violence in North-East Delhi|date=25 February 2020|work=DNA India|access-date=25 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/kapil-mishra-warns-cops-clear-road-in-3-days-after-that-we-won-t-listen-to-you/story-Ppd9qPXknizVMsaLsFIFTI.html|title=Kapil Mishra warns cops: Clear road in 3 days... after that we won't listen to you'|date=24 February 2020|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=25 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gambhir 25 Feb&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/delhi-violence-gautam-gambhir-says-kapil-mishras-speech-unacceptable-2185318|title=&quot;Kapil Mishra's Speech Unacceptable&quot;: BJP's Gautam Gambhir On Delhi Violence|date=25 February 2020|work=NDTV.com|access-date=26 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; This has been widely reported to be the major inciting factor;&lt;ref name=&quot;NYTRoots&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-violence-caa-protest-death-toll-kapil-mishra-communal-clash-6286950/|title=Divided in violence, united in grief: Families of dead say hate is to blame|date=26 February 2020|work=The Indian Express|access-date=27 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; however, Mishra rejects the characterisation that he did anything wrong.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/defiant-bjp-leader-kapil-mishra-says-did-not-commit-crime-by-supporting-caa/article30920351.ece|title=Delhi violence: Defiant BJP leader Kapil Mishra says did not commit crime by supporting CAA|date=26 February 2020|work=The Hindu|access-date=26 February 2020|agency=PTI|issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> At approximately 4{{nbsp}}p.m., protesters were reported to have hurled stones at the pro-CAA gathering at Maujpur Chowk and near a temple.&lt;ref name=&quot;IndiaTodayTimeline&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Pandey |first1=Munish |title=5, including cop, killed in clashes: How violence unfolded in northeast Delhi |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/delhi-violence-clashes-how-unfolded-northeast-sequence-1649674-2020-02-25 |access-date=26 February 2020 |work=The India Today |date=25 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Between 9 and 11{{nbsp}}p.m., clashes broke out between the anti-CAA and pro-CAA demonstrators in [[Karawal Nagar]], Maujpur Chowk, [[Babarpur]] and Chand Bagh. Vehicles were gutted and shops were destroyed.&lt;ref name=&quot;NDTV1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Varma |first1=Shaylaja |title=&quot;We'll Be Peaceful Till Trump Leaves,&quot; BJP Leader Kapil Mishra Warns Delhi Police |url=https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/bjp-leader-kapil-mishras-3-day-ultimatum-to-delhi-police-to-clear-anti-caa-protest-jaffrabad-2184627 |access-date=26 February 2020 |work=The NDTV |date=24 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Won't listen after 3 days: Kapil Mishra's ultimatum to Delhi Police to vacate Jaffrabad roads |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/won-t-listen-after-3-days-bjp-kapil-mishra-ultimatum-to-delhi-police-to-vacate-jaffrabad-chand-bagh-roads-1649271-2020-02-23 |access-date=26 February 2020 |work=The India Today |date=23 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; The police used [[baton charge|baton charges]] and [[tear gas]] to disperse the crowd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=4 cases registered in Feb 23 violence, says Delhi Police |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/4-cases-registered-in-feb-23-violence-says-delhi-police-120022400512_1.html |access-date=26 February 2020 |work=Business Standard |date=24 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IndiaTodayTimeline&quot; /&gt; Seven hundred emergency calls were made to the police control room that day.&lt;ref name=&quot;CitizenRewardHate17Mar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/9/18463/Reward-of-Public-Money-If-Delhi-Police-Registers-Your-Hate-Speech-Complaint|title=Reward of Public Money If Delhi Police Registers Your Hate Speech Complaint|last1=Kumar|first1=Aman Hasan|first2=Utkarsh|last2=Roshan|website=The Citizen|date=17 March 2020|access-date=11 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===24 February===<br /> [[File:Delhi Riots 2020.jpg|thumb|Charred cars in North East Delhi after mobs set fire to the area{{efn|The following reference to a published source that includes a similar photo is offered solely for context. This is not the photo published by that source.&lt;ref name=&quot;npr-3-7-20-frayer&quot;/&gt;}}]]<br /> [[File:Gokal Puri delhi riot 2020.jpg|thumb|Gokulpuri Tyre Market after mobs set fire to the shops{{efn|The following reference to a published source that includes a similar photo is offered solely for context. This is not the photo published by that source.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tyre market&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/gutted-tyre-market-has-a-story-to-tell/cid/1751279 |title=Gutted tyre market has a story to tell |work=The Telegraph (Kolkata) |date=5 March 2020 |access-date=23 March 2020 |author=Ameen, Furquan}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}]]<br /> On the morning of 24 February, pro-CAA groups arrived at an anti-CAA protest site at Jaffrabad and refused to leave until the anti-CAA protesters left the area. At around 12:30{{nbsp}}p.m., protesters wearing masks and waving swords clashed with the police force.&lt;ref name=&quot;IndiaTodayTimeline&quot; /&gt; By afternoon, violent clashes broke out in several areas of North East Delhi, including in the Gokulpuri and Kardampuri areas.&lt;ref name=&quot;WireBartonTyre&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Barton |first1=Naomi |title=At Gokalpuri Tyre Market, Fire Rages as Hindutva Activists Shout Slogans |url=https://thewire.in/communalism/gokalpuri-tyre-market-fire-jai-shree-ram |access-date=26 February 2020 |work=The Wire |date=25 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; There was heavy stone pelting and vandalism of property. The police used tear gas and lathi charge against the protesters in the Chand Bagh area,&lt;ref name=&quot;Dead NDTV 25Feb&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/delhi-violence-over-caa-northeast-delhi-tense-day-after-5-killed-in-caa-clashes-amid-donald-trump-vi-2185146|title=7 Dead in Delhi Clashes; Government Rules Out Calling Army, Say Sources|work=NDTV.com|access-date=25 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/maujpur-protest-stone-throwing-violence-as-citizenship-law-supporters-protesters-clash-near-delhis-j-2184831|title=Cop Killed in Delhi Clashes Over CAA, Trump Due at 7:30&amp;nbsp;pm: 10 Points|website=NDTV.com|access-date=24 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; but the protesters retaliated by throwing stones at the police.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-violence-videos-mob-attack-chand-bagh-6300568/|title=Watch: Delhi Police personnel caught in mob rampage during Chand Bagh violence|date=5 March 2020|website=The Indian Express|access-date=9 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A [[Head constable#India|head constable]], Ratan Lal, died of a bullet injury in this clash.&lt;ref name=&quot;WireConstableKilled&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://thewire.in/rights/delhi-caa-clashes-kapil-mishra-jaffrabad|title=Head Constable, Six Civilians Killed in North East Delhi Violence|date=25 February 2020|work=The Wire|access-date=26 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Hindu24&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Trivedi|first1=Saurabh|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/pro-anti-caa-groups-clash-in-northeast-delhis-maujpur/article30901937.ece|title=Policeman among 5 killed in Delhi violence over CAA|date=24 February 2020|work=The Hindu|access-date=25 February 2020|last2=Bhandari|first2=Hemani|issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IT Ratan Lal&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/constable-ratan-lal-died-of-bullet-injury-shot-dead-autopsy-report-1650095-2020-02-26|title=Constable Ratan Lal died of bullet injury not stone-pelting, says autopsy report|first1=Tanseem|last1=Haider|date=26 February 2020|website=India Today|access-date=5 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|Initial reports said that Ratan Lal had died of a head injury after being hit by a stone. However, the autopsy report said that a bullet was found in his body.&lt;ref name=&quot;IT Ratan Lal&quot;/&gt;}}<br /> <br /> In Bhajanpura, in afternoon a group numbering around 2000 attacked a petrol pump, chanting slogans of {{transliteration|hi|ISO|Āzādī}} ({{translation|'Freedom'}}) and carrying petrol bombs, sticks and weapons. They attacked the owner and employees of the petrol pump with sticks, burning vehicles and petrol tanks after looting available cash.&lt;ref name=&quot;IndiaTodayTimeline&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;India Today0227&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/when-rioters-attacked-us-police-said-they-have-no-orders-to-act-delhi-victims-tell-india-today-1650507-2020-02-27|title=When rioters attacked us, police said they have no orders to act: Delhi victims tell India Today|date=27 February 2020|website=India Today|access-date=3 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;news18bhajanpurapump&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/delhi-violence-burnt-vehicles-and-petrol-tanks-are-all-that-remain-in-bhajanpura-petrol-pump-2518323.html|title=Delhi Violence: Burnt Vehicles and Petrol Tanks Are All That Remain in Bhajanpura Petrol Pump|date=27 February 2020|website=[[News18]]|access-date=3 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Violence was also reported from the areas of Seelampur, Jaffrabad, Maujpur, Kardampuri, Babarpur, Gokulpuri and Shivpuri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/delhi-violence-over-caa-protest-live-updates-northeast-delhi-maujpur-babarpur-jaffrabad-chandbagh-bhajanpura-metro-dmrc-delhi-police-npr-nrc-latest-news-8082901.html|title=Delhi Violence Over CAA Protest LIVE Updates: Police uses tear gas to disperse crowds in Chandbagh as fresh violence erupts; Kapil Mishra's speech to be probed|website=Firstpost|date=25 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/north-east-delhi-violence-capital-remains-edge-4-die-fresh-clashes-caa-donald-trump-visit-1649643-2020-02-25|title=Delhi violence: Capital remains on edge as 5 die in fresh clashes during Trump visit|date=25 February 2020|website=India Today|access-date=25 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Unlawful assembly#India|Section 144]] (ban on assembly) was imposed in all the affected areas but to little effect.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/northeast-delhi-violence-fresh-stone-pelting-in-maujpur-kejriwal-calls-urgent-meeting-1164929|title=Northeast Delhi Violence: Fresh Stone Pelting In Maujpur &amp; Brahmpuri; Arson In Karawal Nagar|date=25 February 2020|website=ABP News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/india/delhi-violence-live-northeast-regions-maujpur-jaffrabad-chandbagh-bhajanpura-tense-caa-protests-amit-shah-arvind-kejriwal-meet-police-updates/370564/|title=Death toll rises to 11, High Court asks CBSE board to consider rescheduling exam for centres in northeast Delhi|date=25 February 2020|website=ThePrint}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Jaffrabad, a man, allegedly linked with the anti-CAA side, opened fire at the police, before being arrested days later in Uttar Pradesh.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/man-who-opened-fire-at-police-during-delhi-violence-arrested-from-uttar-pradesh/story-e0GfQbcdyF10I3VBdxLxpL.html|title=Man who pointed gun at police during Delhi violence arrested from Uttar Pradesh|date=3 March 2020|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=9 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.altnews.in/delhi-violence-jafrabad-shooter-falsely-identified-as-part-of-pro-caa-mob/|title=Delhi violence: Jafrabad shooter falsely identified as part of pro-CAA mob|date=24 February 2020|website=Alt News|access-date=3 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In Shiv Vihar, in the afternoon, several shops and homes owned by Hindus were torched by a Muslim mob. Later, mutilated bodies of workers were recovered from the site. A massive parking lot with 170 cars was burned by a mob.&lt;ref name=&quot;theprint27&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Anger towards 'other side' echoes in Hindu-dominated areas of riot-hit Northeast Delhi |url= https://theprint.in/india/anger-towards-other-side-echoes-in-hindu-dominated-areas-of-riot-hit-northeast-delhi/372502/|access-date=3 March 2020 |work=ThePrint |date=27 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hindustantimes2 March&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/shiv-vihar-residents-recall-horror-when-170-cars-went-up-in-flames/story-hcnLsfmL76vNodNv7H5X4L.html|title='What hell looks like': When 170 cars went up in flames during Delhi riots|date=2 March 2020|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=5 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ScrollBarricadesOvernight&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/954574/divided-city-how-barricades-came-up-overnight-between-hindu-and-muslim-neighbourhoods-in-delhi|title=Divided city: How barricades came up overnight between Hindu and Muslim neighbourhoods in Delhi|last1=Kohli|first1=Vijayta Lalwani &amp; Karnika|website=Scroll.in|date=28 February 2020 |access-date=5 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the evening around 8:30{{nbsp}}p.m., a tyre market (predominantly owned by Muslims) was set on fire with the screaming of {{Transliteration|hi|Jai Shri Ram}} being heard.&lt;ref name=&quot;WireBartonTyre&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WireConstableKilled&quot;/&gt; Later that night, at around 10:30{{nbsp}}p.m., a mob beat a Hindu man and his elderly father travelling on a scooter with sticks, stones and swords while screaming &quot;''[[Allahu akbar]]''&quot;. The man died on the spot.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://thewire.in/communalism/delhi-riots-gtb-hospital-deaths|title=At GTB Hospital, Families of Delhi Riot Victims Wait for Bodies to Be Released|website=The Wire|date=26 February 2020|access-date=5 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; On that day, five people died including a police constable and four civilians.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Hindu24&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> 3,500 emergency calls were made to the police control room that day.&lt;ref name=&quot;CitizenRewardHate17Mar&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PCR Calls&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Cops Got 7,500 Calls For Help On Day 3 Of Delhi Violence: Sources |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/cops-got-7-500-calls-for-help-on-day-3-of-delhi-violence-sources-2187030|access-date=28 February 2020|publisher=NDTV|first1=Mukesh|last1=Singh Sengar|date=28 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Delhi Fire Service]] stated that it had attended 45 calls from areas in northeast Delhi and three firemen were injured, on 24 February. While attending calls, a fire engine was attacked with stones, while another fire engine was set on fire by rioters.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shoot25Feb&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===25 February===<br /> [[File:North East Delhi Riot (Shiv Vihar).jpg|thumb|left|The Auliya Mosque in Shiv Vihar was firebombed with gas cylinders.{{efn|The following reference to a published source is offered solely for context. This photo was not published by that source.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation|title=Delhi violence. When the Centre cannot hold, on communal fault lines, state apathy and hope that lingers amidst despair|first1=Anuradha|last1=Raman|first2=Bindu |last2=Shajan Perappadan|date=7 March 2020|newspaper=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/delhi-violence-when-the-centre-cannot-hold-on-communal-fault-lines-state-apathy-and-hope-that-lingers-amidst-despair/article31003800.ece|access-date=12 March 2020|quote=The Auliya mosque too faced the ire of the mobs. There was an explosion of gas cylinders inside the mosque.}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}]] On 25 February, stone pelting was reported from Maujpur, Brahampuri and other neighbouring areas. [[Rapid Action Force]] were deployed in the worst affected areas.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shoot25Feb&quot; /&gt; It was a full-blown riot with intense religious sloganeering and violence from both sides.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Thapliyal|first1=Sanjay Kaw and Sunil|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/260220/delhi-burns-as-frenzied-mobs-take-over-streets.html|title=Delhi burns as frenzied mobs take over streets|date=26 February 2020|work=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=28 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In Ashok Nagar, a mosque was vandalized and a [[Hanuman]] flag was placed on one of the minarets of the mosque. It was also reported that the prayer mats of the mosque were burnt and pages torn from the [[Quran]] were strewn outside the mosque.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC23killed&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Delhi riots: 23 killed as Hindu and Muslim groups clash|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-51639856 |access-date=26 February 2020 |website=BBC |date=26 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A mob shouting the slogans {{transliteration|hi|ISO|Jai Śrī Rām}} ({{translation|&quot;Hail Lord [[Rama]]&quot;}}) and {{transliteration|hi|ISO|Hindūō̃ kā Hindustān}} ({{translation|&quot;India for Hindus&quot;}}) marched around the mosque before setting it on fire and looting adjacent shops and houses. According to local residents, the attackers did not belong to the area.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mosque burnt&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Delhi Riots: Mosque Set on Fire in Ashok Nagar, Hanuman Flag Placed on Minaret |url=https://thewire.in/communalism/delhi-violence-mosque-set-on-fire-in-ashok-vihar-hanuman-flag-placed-on-top |access-date=25 February 2020 |work=The Wire}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the first wave of violence by rioters, the police evacuated Muslim residents and took them to the police station. While the residents were away, a second mosque in Ashok Nagar and a third in Brijpuri were also torched along with a three-storey house and eight shops in the vicinity; the rioters could not be identified.&lt;ref name=&quot;25 Dec IE Mosque&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Delhi violence: Three mosques targeted, school burnt, shops &amp; homes looted |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-violence-ashok-nagar-school-mosque-6288437/ |access-date=27 February 2020 |work=The Indian Express |date=27 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IESchool&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Delhi violence: How can anyone do this to my school, asks a past student |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-violence-school-vandalisation-witness-account-6290025/ |access-date=27 February 2020 |work=The Indian Express |date=27 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another mosque was vandalised in Gokulpuri.&lt;ref name=&quot;ThePrint 25 Feb&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Khan |first1=Fatima |title='Never thought Hindu-Muslim riots are possible in Delhi, we've always co-existed peacefully' |url=https://theprint.in/india/never-thought-hindu-muslim-riots-are-possible-in-delhi-weve-always-co-existed-peacefully/370982/ |access-date=26 February 2020 |work=ThePrint |date=25 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> At 3{{nbsp}}p.m. in Durgapuri, Hindu and Muslim mobs clashed, pelting stones and shooting at each other. The rioters sported [[tilaka]] on their foreheads, and shouted religious slogans whilst shops and vehicles belonging exclusively to Muslims were torched. Police were not present initially in the area and arrived almost an hour later.&lt;ref name=&quot;Durgapuri&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Bhandari |first1=Hemani |title=Up in flames: firing, stone throwing continue... no policeman in sight |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/up-in-flames-firing-stone-pelting-continue-no-policeman-in-sight/article30917600.ece |access-date=26 February 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=26 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> At Gamri extension, a Hindu mob attacked a lane, and an 85-year-old woman was burnt to death when her house was set on fire.&lt;ref name=&quot;Johari&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Johari |first1=Aarefa |title=An 85-year-old woman was burnt to death in her home in Delhi's Gamri extension |url=https://scroll.in/article/954422/an-85-year-old-woman-was-burnt-to-death-in-her-home-in-delhis-gamri-extension |access-date=26 February 2020 |work=Scroll.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Karawal Nagar, acid was thrown by protesters on the paramilitary personnel, who were deployed in the area to maintain law and order.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/delhi-violence-acid-thrown-at-paramilitary-force-from-top-of-houses-in-karawal-nagar-1649974-2020-02-25|title=Delhi violence: Acid thrown at paramilitary forces from top of houses in Karawal Nagar|last1=Ojha|first1=Arvind|date=25 February 2020|website=India Today|access-date=25 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Muslim man was shot and burnt to death by a mob in Shiv Vihar, with cries of {{Transliteration|hi|Jai Shri Ram}} being heard.&lt;ref name=&quot;wapo-3-6-20-slater-3&quot;&gt;{{citation|last1=Slater|first1=Joanna|last2=Masih|first2=Niha|date=6 March 2020|title=In Delhi's worst violence in decades, a man watched his brother burn|newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/in-delhis-worst-violence-in-decades-a-man-watched-his-brother-burn/2020/03/05/892dbb12-5e45-11ea-ac50-18701e14e06d_story.html |access-date=6 March 2020|quote=He heard shouts of &quot;Jai Shri Ram,&quot;... The neighbors disguised them as Hindus, applying a stripe of saffron paste to their foreheads and placing a saffron-colored scarf around Saleem's neck.}}&lt;/ref&gt; People wielding sticks and iron rods were reported to be roaming streets in the areas of Bhajanpura, Chand Bagh and Karawal Nagar localities.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dead NDTV 25Feb&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> By 9:30{{nbsp}}p.m., it was reported that 13 people died due to violence.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dead NDTV 25Feb&quot;/&gt; Among the injured, more than 70 people suffered gunshot injuries. At 10{{nbsp}}p.m., [[shoot at sight]] orders were given to police in the riot-affected area.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shoot25Feb&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/delhi-violence-live-updates/article30910539.ece|title=Delhi violence live updates: Shoot at sight orders issued in northeast Delhi|date=25 February 2020|work=The Hindu|access-date=25 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The dead body of a trainee driver in the [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]] at Chanakyapuri, was found in a drain in Jaffrabad, a day after he went missing.&lt;ref name=&quot;IB_Driver&quot;&gt;Sources for trainee driver.<br /> <br /> * {{cite news|date=26 February 2020|title=Intelligence Bureau officer found dead in Chand Bagh in Northeast Delhi|work=India Today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/delhi-violence-intelligence-bureau-officer-dead-chand-bagh-1650159-2020-02-26|access-date=1 March 2020}}<br /> * {{cite news|last1=Taneja|first1=Nidhi|date=26 February 2020|title=Who was Ankit Sharma, the man who died in Delhi violence|work=indiatvnews.com|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/who-was-ankit-sharma-intelligence-bureau-officer-died-northeast-delhi-violence-592762|access-date=1 March 2020|quote=In 2017, the officer joined the Intelligence Bureau and was training as a driver.}}<br /> * {{Cite web|title=AAP Councillor Refutes Allegations on IB Staffer's Killing, Had Tweeted SOS to Police|url=https://thewire.in/communalism/tahir-hussain-aap-ankit-sharma-killing|access-date=5 March 2020|website=The Wire|quote=Ankit, who was a security assistant in the IB and was undergoing training as a driver ... had joined the IB as a probationer in 2017.}}&lt;/ref&gt; The circumstances leading to his death are under investigation,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/intelligence-bureau-officer-ankit-sharma-found-dead-in-chand-bagh-in-northeast-delhi-hit-by-violence-2185946|title=Body Of Intelligence Officer Killed in Delhi Clashes Found in Drain|website=NDTV.com|date=26 February 2020|access-date=26 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-delhi-riots-intelligence-officer-killed-body-found-in-drain-in-chand-bagh-area/347883|title=Delhi Riots: Intelligence Bureau Employee Killed, Body Found In Drain In Chand Bagh Area|website=Outlook India|date=26 February 2020|access-date=26 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; with a lot of confusion regarding them.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2020/03/05/did-the-media-spotlight-on-ankit-sharma-shed-clarity-on-his-murder-no|title=Did the media spotlight on Ankit Sharma shed clarity on his murder? No|website=Newslaundry|date=5 March 2020|first1=Ayush|last1=Tiwari|access-date=6 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Roy|first1=Krishna Pokharel, Vibhuti Agarwal and Rajesh|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/indias-ruling-party-government-slammed-over-delhi-violence-11582734524|title=India's Ruling Party, Government Slammed Over Delhi Violence|date=26 February 2020|work=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=6 March 2020|issn=0099-9660}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to a [[autopsy|post-mortem]] report, he was repeatedly stabbed, leading to his death.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-ib-operative-ankit-sharma-brutally-stabbed-to-death-post-mortem-report/347976|title=Delhi Riots: IB Operative Ankit Sharma Brutally And Repeatedly Stabbed To Death, Says Post-Mortem Report|website=Outlook India|date=28 February 2020|access-date=1 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Tahir Hussain (activist)|Tahir Hussain]], who was an AAP councillor, was arrested for allegedly murdering the trainee driver.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Khan |first1=Fatima |title=Tahir Hussain—the AAP councillor who faces murder charge now has left Chand Bagh divided |url=https://theprint.in/india/tahir-hussain-the-aap-councillor-who-faces-murder-charge-now-has-left-chand-bagh-divided/373222/ |access-date=1 March 2020 |work=ThePrint |date=29 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Tahir Hussain Charged With Murder in Delhi Violence, Suspended By AAP |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/delhi-violence-case-filed-against-aaps-tahir-hussain-for-murder-arson-2186844 |access-date=1 March 2020 |work=NDTV.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/accused-in-ib-staffer-s-killing-tahir-hussain-arrested-from-court/story-24Y6qkMVa1sfLc4vhLZZFP.html|title=Tahir Hussain, suspect in IB staffer's murder arrested, toll in Delhi riots rises to 53|date=5 March 2020|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=9 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> 7,500 emergency calls were made to the police control room throughout the day, the highest of the week.&lt;ref name=&quot;CitizenRewardHate17Mar&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PCR Calls&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===26 February===<br /> The [[National Security Advisor of India]], [[Ajit Doval]], visited violence-affected areas of North East Delhi in the evening. However, reports of violence, arson and mob lynching emerged from Karawal Nagar, Maujpur and Bhajanpura later that night.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-narendra-modi-tweets-appeal-to-my-sisters-and-brothers-of-delhi-to-maintain-peace-and-brotherhood-2185982|title=Unrest Again in Delhi, 27 Killed in Clashes Since Sunday: 10 Updates|date=26 February 2020|website=NDTV.com|access-date=26 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> 1,500 emergency calls were made to the police control room that day.&lt;ref name=&quot;CitizenRewardHate17Mar&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PCR Calls&quot; /&gt; Complaints of delayed post-mortem reports were heard from several hospitals while witnesses and affected individuals who claimed to be civilians gave statements. Some of them blamed Kapil Mishra for the riots while one individual stated that a mob attacked them with stones and swords while chanting the [[Takbir]].&lt;ref name=&quot;WireGTB&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/communalism/delhi-riots-gtb-hospital-deaths|title=At GTB Hospital, Families of Delhi Riot Victims Wait for Bodies to Be Released|date=26 February 2020|first1=Kabir|last1=Agarwal|first2=Dheeraj|last2=Mishra|website=The Wire|access-date=1 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===27 to 29 February===<br /> [[File:Delhi Riot 2020.jpg|thumb|Burnt shops at Shiv Vihar{{efn|The following reference to a published source that includes the same photo is offered solely for context.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.eurasiareview.com/09032020-riots-in-indias-capital-an-outcome-of-intoxicated-young-minds-with-hate-oped/ |title=Riots in India's Capital: An Outcome Of Intoxicated Young Minds With Hate – OpEd |work=Eurasia Review |date=9 March 2020 |access-date=10 March 2020 |author=Ahmed, Saman}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}]]<br /> On 27 February in Shiv Vihar, between 7{{nbsp}}a.m. and 9{{nbsp}}a.m., clashes were reported. Three injured persons were reported, one of whom had bullet wounds. A [[Warehouse|godown]], two shops, and a motorcycle were torched.&lt;ref name=&quot;IE 27 Feb Live&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Delhi violence LIVE updates: SIT to probe violence, death toll now at 38 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-violence-live-updates-death-toll-maujpur-babarpur-kabirnagar-6287058/ |access-date=27 February 2020 |work=The Indian Express |date=27 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; The next day a 60-year-old rag picker, who had stepped out of home assuming the situation had normalized, was attacked and died on way to the hospital due to head injuries.&lt;ref name=&quot;28Feb Hindu&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Delhi violence {{!}} 1 killed in fresh attack; toll touches 42 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/delhi-violence-1-killed-in-fresh-attack-toll-touches-42/article30943549.ece |access-date=28 February 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=28 February 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; On 29 February with no fresh cases of violence reported to the police on the day, the situation was said to be returning to normal with some shops reopening.&lt;ref name=&quot;Returning to normal&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/situation-returning-to-normal-in-riothit-northeast-delhi-some-shops-reopen/1748255 |title=Situation returning to normal in riot-hit northeast Delhi, some shops reopen |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |date=29 February 2020 |access-date=9 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Thirteen cases were registered against people posting provocative content on social media.&lt;ref name=&quot;13 cases&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/delhi-violence-13-cases-registered-for-posting-provocative-content-on-social-media-120022901043_1.html |title=Delhi violence: 13 cases registered for posting provocative content on social media |work=[[Business Standard]] |date=29 February 2020 |agency=[[Asian News International]] |access-date=9 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the Welcome area, one shop was set on fire.&lt;ref name=&quot;HTPanicViolence&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/reports-of-tensions-in-southeast-and-west-delhi-are-rumours-says-delhi-police/story-3JLMvK8N6DJHcOjyPvb8uM.html|title=Panic grips Delhi after fresh violence rumours, police say situation normal|date=1 March 2020|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=9 March 2020|quote=No riot-related deaths were reported on Saturday but a shop was set on fire in the Welcome area, said police.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Attacks on journalists==<br /> Several incidents of mobs attacking journalists were reported during the riots. A journalist of ''JK 24x7 News'' was shot by what he thought were anti-CAA protestors&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2020-02-26 |title=Delhi violence: Reporter shot at, another beaten |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-violence-reporter-shot-at-another-beaten-6286906/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241206124221/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-violence-reporter-shot-at-another-beaten-6286906/ |archive-date=2024-12-06 |access-date=2026-01-05 |work=The Indian Express |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; on 25 February while reporting in the Maujpur area.&lt;ref name=&quot;NewsMinuteJournosAttacked&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=One journalist shot at, two other reporters attacked by mob in Delhi riots |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/one-journalist-shot-two-other-reporters-attacked-mob-delhi-riots-118905 |access-date=25 February 2020 |work=The News Minute |date=25 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Two journalists of ''[[NDTV]]'' along with a cameraman were attacked by the mob while they were recording the torching of a mosque in the area. One of the journalists sustained severe injuries. A journalist involved in the same incident had to intervene and convince the mob that the journalists were Hindus to save them from further assault.&lt;ref name=&quot;AlJazeeraJournos&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/03/indian-journalists-attacked-delhi-violence-200303053851224.html|title=How Indian journalists were attacked during Delhi violence|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=3 March 2020|access-date=22 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 25 February, a photojournalist for ''[[The Times of India]]'' was heckled by the [[Hindu Sena]] members while taking pictures of a building that had been set on fire. The group tried to put a &quot;[[tilak]] on his forehead&quot; claiming that it will &quot;make his job easier&quot; as he could then be identified as a Hindu by the rioters. They questioned his intentions of taking pictures of the building on fire and further threatened to remove his pants to reveal that he is not [[circumcised]], as evidence of being a Hindu.&lt;ref name=&quot;NewsMinuteJournosAttacked&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AlJazeeraJournos&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FT 28 Feb&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=India riots: 'We were attacked because we are Muslim' |url=https://www.ft.com/content/484d22e6-5967-11ea-a528-dd0f971febbc |access-date=29 February 2020 |work=Financial Times |date=28 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; The reporter was later approached by another rioter who demanded him to prove his religion.&lt;ref name=&quot;NewsMinuteJournosAttacked&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Several journalists shared their experience with rioters on [[Twitter]]. A journalist of ''[[Times Now]]'' tweeted that she was attacked by pro-CAA and [[Right-wing politics|right-wing]] protesters. She said that she had to plead with the mob, who were carrying stones and sticks, to escape from the site.&lt;ref name=&quot;NewsMinuteJournosAttacked&quot; /&gt; Journalists of ''[[Reuters]]'',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite tweet |last1=Ghosal |first1=Devjyot |title=Eventually, as the violence continued, it got too hot to work, and we pulled out. |user=DevjyotGhoshal |number=1231980528536080384 |access-date=25 February 2020 |date=24 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[India Today]]'',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite tweet |last1=Pandey |first1=Tanushree |user=TanushreePande |title=This is a riot! Protesters from both sides heckling &amp; thrashing media persons. |number=1231916334784475137 |access-date=25 February 2020 |date=24 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; and ''[[CNN-News18]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite tweet |last1=Bose |first1=Adrija |user=adrijabose |title=The walk from Jaffrabad to Maujpur wasn't one bit easy. We were heckled and abused. |number=1232236663084081153 |access-date=25 February 2020 |date=25 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; too stated that they were assaulted.&lt;ref name=&quot;NewsMinuteJournosAttacked&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' reported that a motorcycle, which belonged to one of its photographers who was documenting the violence in [[Karawal Nagar]], was set on fire by a masked mob. After torching the motorcycle, the mob threatened, assaulted him and seized the memory card in his camera. They asked for his official identity card and took a photograph of it before letting him leave.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=HT photographer's motorcycle burnt |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ht-photographer-s-motorcycle-burnt/story-naQGBnDnWXnUwX0rSnmA6K.html |access-date=26 February 2020 |work=Hindustan Times |date=25 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Editors Guild of India]] issued a statement on 25 February expressing concern about the attacks on journalists as an assault on [[Freedom of expression in India|freedom of the press in India]]. They urged the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Home Ministry]] and the Delhi Police to investigate the incidents and bring the perpetrators to justice.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite tweet |user=IndEditorsGuild |title=The Editors Guild of India has issued a statement |number=1232358976513363975 |access-date=25 February 2020 |date=25 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Statement on assault on journalist |url=https://editorsguild.in/ |access-date=25 February 2020 |work=The Editors Guild of India |date=25 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225182906/https://editorsguild.in/ |archive-date=25 February 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Interfaith solidarity==<br /> {{further|Hindu–Muslim unity|Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb}}<br /> <br /> ''[[ThePrint]]'' journalists, who covered the incidents, reported that the people of the localities were confident that their neighbours did not engage in violence against them. Rather they blamed the &quot;outsiders&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/why-delhi-riots-are-different-what-theprints-13-reporters-photojournalists-saw-on-ground/371981/|title=Why Delhi riots are different – What ThePrint's 13 reporters, photojournalists saw on ground|date=27 February 2020|website=ThePrint|access-date=5 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; The neighbourhood between [[Jaffrabad, Delhi|Jaffrabad]] and Maujpur, which has a mixed population of Hindus and Muslims, [[Hindu–Muslim unity|demonstrated unity]] by guarding one another and barricading the gate to prevent outside mobs from entering and destroying the communal harmony that exists there.&lt;ref name=&quot;AlaviJain2020&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Alavi |first1=Mariyam |last2=Jain |first2=Sreenivasan |title=At Epicentre Of Delhi Riots, How A Mohalla Of Hindus And Muslims Kept Peace |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/delhi-violence-at-epicentre-of-delhi-riots-how-a-mohalla-of-hindus-and-muslims-kept-peace-2186047 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |access-date=3 March 2020 |date=26 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TIT2020&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=At Epicentre Of Delhi Riots, How A Mohalla Of Hindus And Muslims Kept Peace |url=https://theindiantelegraph.com.au/at-epicentre-of-delhi-riots-how-a-mohalla-of-hindus-and-muslims-kept-peace/ |work=The Indian Telegraph |access-date=3 March 2020 |date=26 February 2020 |archive-date=7 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200307093816/https://theindiantelegraph.com.au/at-epicentre-of-delhi-riots-how-a-mohalla-of-hindus-and-muslims-kept-peace/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; In the area of [[Mustafabad, Delhi|Mustafabad]], Hindus and Muslims joined to keep guard to prevent outside rioters from entering the area.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhalla2020&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Bhalla |first1=Abhishek |title=Delhi violence: Hindus, Muslims join forces to guard their colonies from outside rioters |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/delhi-violence-hindus-muslims-join-forces-to-guard-their-colonies-from-outside-rioters-1650967-2020-02-28 |work=[[India Today]] |access-date=3 March 2020 |date=28 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Some Hindu families worked to protect their Muslim friends and neighbours amidst the riots by inviting them into their homes for a few days until the riots calmed down.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sharma2020&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Sharma |first1=Milan |title=Delhi violence: Hindu family which saved Sikhs in 1984 riots, now saves a Muslim family |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/delhi-violence-hindu-family-who-saved-sikhs-in-1984-riots-now-saves-muslim-family-1651797-2020-03-03 |work=[[India Today]] |date=3 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GN2020&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Delhi riots: How Hindus saved lone Muslim family from rioters |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/delhi-riots-how-hindus-saved-lone-muslim-family-from-rioters-1.1582892630251 |work=[[Gulf News]] |access-date=3 March 2020 |date=28 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A local Hindu rescued his Muslim friends from their burning house, suffering 70% burns while doing so.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sikander2020&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Sikander |first1=Sana |title=Hindu saves 6 Muslims in Delhi riots, gets critically burned |url=https://www.siasat.com/hindu-saves-6-muslims-delhi-riots-gets-critically-burned-1841229/ |work=[[The Siasat Daily]] |access-date=3 March 2020 |date=28 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the area of Chand Bagh, some Muslims visited their Hindu neighbours and assured their safety.&lt;ref name=&quot;Barton2020&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Barton |first1=Naomi |title=How Muslim and Hindu Neighbours Protected Each Other Through the Long Night at Chand Bagh |url=https://thewire.in/communalism/chand-bagh-delhi-riots-hindu-muslim |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |access-date=3 March 2020 |date=1 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; At the Mandir Masjid Marg of Noor-e-Ilahi, Muslims gathered around Hanuman Mandir, the Hindu temple, to protect it from being damaged while Hindus did the same for Azizya Masjid, a mosque in the area.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hotstar2020&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=When Hindus protected a Masjid, Muslims saved a temple |url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/news/when-hindus-protected-a-masjid-muslims-saved-a-temple/1111167606 |publisher=[[Hotstar]] |access-date=3 March 2020 |archive-date=3 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303211952/https://www.hotstar.com/in/news/when-hindus-protected-a-masjid-muslims-saved-a-temple/1111167606 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=When Hindus protected a Masjid, Muslims saved a temple in Noor-e-Ilahi |url=https://news.abplive.com/videos/news/india-when-hindus-protected-a-masjid-muslims-saved-a-temple-in-noor-e-ilahi-1167606 |publisher=[[ABP News]] |access-date=3 March 2020 |date=29 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Delhi's Noor-E-Ilahi Area Setting Example Of Ganga-Jamuni Tehzeeb |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uuRUsgr_2rU |publisher=[[ABP News]] |access-date=3 March 2020 |date=29 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Sikh father-son duo rescued around seventy Muslims from a mosque and a madrasa that were surrounded by a mob, by transporting them to safety on their motorcycle, giving safe passage to two children at a time.&lt;ref name=&quot;EllisPetersen2020&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Ellis-Petersen |first1=Hannah |title=Inside Delhi: beaten, lynched and burnt alive |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/01/india-delhi-after-hindu-mob-riot-religious-hatred-nationalists |work=The Guardian |access-date=3 March 2020 |date=1 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amidst the rioting, the Sikh community allowed those seeking shelter into the [[gurdwara]].&lt;ref name=&quot;EllisPetersen2020&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Both Hindus and Muslims comforted one another and mourned the loss of their kin who were killed by the rioters.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kuchay2020&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title='We lost a brother': Hindu, Muslim families in Delhi share grief|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/02/lost-brother-hindu-muslim-families-delhi-share-grief-200227051613459.html|last1=Kuchay|first1=Bilal|date=27 February 2020|publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]|access-date=19 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 1 March, Muslim and Hindu residents of Jaffrabad organised a peace march together.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/delhi-violence-groups-spread-peace-message-in-jafrabad-1651438-2020-03-02|title=Delhi violence: Groups spread peace message in Jafrabad|date=2 March 2020|first1=Ram|last1=Kinkar Singh|website=India Today|access-date=4 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later that week, [[Anil Joseph Thomas Couto]], the Catholic Christian archbishop of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Delhi]] appealed &quot;for peace and non-violence&quot; and clergy from the Christian, Hindu, Muslim, Sikh and Jain faiths gathered in front of the [[Sacred Heart Cathedral, New Delhi]], to pray in solidarity.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vatican2020&quot;&gt;{{cite news|date=4 March 2020|title=Indian archbishop comforts capital's riot-affected victims|work=[[Vatican News]]|url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/church/news/2020-03/india-delhi-archbishop-couto-riots-victims-visit-comfort.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Handling by emergency services==<br /> <br /> ===Delhi Police===<br /> The Delhi Police's ability to maintain law and order and bring the peace back in riot-affected areas was questioned by multiple sources. The police took no action even though they were present when the violence escalated to murder. They remained lax in deploying policemen on 23 February, when multiple intelligence reports requested more forces to prevent the tense situation {{Em dash}}created by Mishra's speech{{Em dash}} from escalating further. Victims of the riot reported that the police did not respond promptly when called, claiming that the officers were busy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYTSwirl27Feb&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Gettleman|first1=Jeffrey|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/27/world/asia/india-violence-hindu-muslim.html|title=As New Delhi Counts the Dead, Questions Swirl About Police Response|date=27 February 2020|work=The New York Times|access-date=29 February 2020|last2=Raj|first2=Suhasini|issn=0362-4331|last3=Loke|first3=Atul}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Ali|first1=Ahmad|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/crippled-police-fail-to-act-in-delhi-riots-says-former-cop/1745896|title='Crippled' police fail to act in Delhi riots, says former cop|date=26 February 2020|work=AA|access-date=29 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Other reports suggested that the police encouraged rioters&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Gettleman|first1=Jeffrey|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/25/world/asia/new-delhi-hindu-muslim-violence.html|title=New Delhi Streets Turn into Battleground, Hindus vs. Muslims|date=25 February 2020|work=The New York Times|access-date=10 March 2020|last2=Raj|first2=Suhasini|issn=0362-4331|last3=Yasir|first3=Sameer}}&lt;/ref&gt; and physically attacked residents of riot-affected areas, going on to shoot people randomly. The police deny these assertions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/criticism-of-police-grows-after-mob-violence-kills-more-than-30-in-indias-capital/2020/02/27/6a4ee8bc-595c-11ea-8753-73d96000faae_story.html|title=Criticism of police grows after mob violence kills nearly 40 in India's capital|first1=Joanna|last1=Slater|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=27 February 2020|access-date=3 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A video shared on social media on 26 February showed a group of men being assaulted by the police as they lay on the ground, forcibly singing the [[national anthem of India]] and [[Vande Mataram|''Vande Mataram'']] on the demands of the policemen.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation|title='If We Kill You, Nothing Will Happen': How Delhi's Police Turned Against Muslims|first1=Jeffrey |last1=Gettleman|first2=Sameer|last2=Yasir|first3=Suhasini |last3=Raj|first4=Hari|last4=Kumar|others=Photographs by Loke, Atul|date=12 March 2020|access-date=13 March 2020|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/12/world/asia/india-police-muslims.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; The families of the men claimed that they were detained in the lockup for two days and beaten further. One of them, Mohammad Faizan,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Ellis-Petersen|first1=Hannah|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/16/delhis-muslims-despair-justice-police-implicated-hindu-riots|title=Delhi's Muslims despair of justice after police implicated in riots|date=16 March 2020|work=The Guardian|access-date=22 March 2020|last2=Rahman|first2=Shaikh Azizur|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; was admitted in the neurosurgery wing of [[LNJP Hospital]] and died on 29 February from critical gunshot wounds. Another was reported to have suffered serious injuries.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-delhi-riots-one-of-five-injured-men-made-to-sing-anthem-in-video-dies/348035|title=Delhi Riots: One Of Five Injured Men, Made To Sing National Anthem In Video, Dies|website=Outlook India|date=29 February 2020 |access-date=1 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-violence-video-national-anthem-6291881/|title=Delhi violence: Video showed men being made to sing anthem, one is now dead|date=29 February 2020|website=The Indian Express|first1=Somya|last1=Lakhani|access-date=1 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The lack of prompt response by the police may be attributed to the large police force deployed to line the roads for [[Namaste Trump|the visit]] of the [[United States President]] [[Donald Trump]] on 24 and 25 February. The police had reportedly informed the Ministry of Home Affairs of the shortfall of policeman available for immediately controlling the violence,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/delhi-police-says-shortage-of-forces-lead-to-spread-of-violence-deploys-1000-personnel-in-riot-hit-areas-as-toll-climbs-to-nine-8084841.html|title=Delhi Police says shortage of forces {{sic|nolink=y|lead}} to spread of violence, deploys 1,000 personnel in riot-hit areas as toll climbs to nine|date=25 February 2020|website=Firstpost|access-date=29 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; but this was denied by the Ministry.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |user=PIBHomeAffairs |number=1232889012303597568 |title=As against cited shortages of police personnel in Delhi, it is stated that there is adequate strength of forces on ground since this Monday. Based on professional assessment, 73 Coys of CAPFs deployed in addition to 40 Coys of @DelhiPolice. Situation under control. |date=26 February 2020 |access-date=29 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> When the Delhi High Court bench, on 27 February, ordered the Delhi Police to file [[First information report|FIRs]] against the people whose speeches triggered the riots, the police and the government remarked that they had consciously not done so, citing that arresting them would not restore immediate peace. They further informed the court that they would need more time to investigate the matter.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/delhi-police-says-firs-for-hate-speeches-would-need-more-time-atmosphere-not-right-1650543-2020-02-27|title=Delhi Police tells high court FIRs on hate speeches need more time, atmosphere not right|first1=Aneesha|last1=Mathur|date=27 February 2020|website=India Today|access-date=29 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> When a team of lawyers visited Jagatpuri police station to visit the anti-CAA protestors detained by the police, they were reportedly abused by police personnel.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/latest/954406/delhi-lawyers-allegedly-get-beaten-up-by-policemen-for-seeking-release-of-anti-caa-protestor|title=Delhi: Lawyers allegedly get beaten up by policemen for seeking release of anti-CAA protestor|website=Scroll.in|date=26 February 2020 |access-date=29 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; The lawyers then wrote to the Delhi commissioner of police, demanding action against the officer who assaulted them.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/lawyers-demand-action-against-police-over-assault/article30937215.ece|title=Lawyers demand action against police over assault|date=28 February 2020|work=The Hindu|access-date=29 February 2020|issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Delhi Health Services===<br /> The Jan Swasthya Abhiyaan (JSA), a public health advocacy group, compiled a report on the information gathered by their volunteers working in the hospitals during the riots. The report, titled ''The Role of Health Systems in Responding to Communal Violence in Delhi''&lt;ref name=&quot;HinduManderShame&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Perappadan|first1=Bindu Shajan|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/delhi-violence-a-matter-of-great-shame-harsh-mander/article30964727.ece|title=Delhi violence a matter of great shame: Harsh Mander|date=2 March 2020|work=The Hindu|access-date=4 March 2020|issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; and released on 2 March, alleged that doctors had harassed the victims by referring to them as terrorists, and had asked victims if they knew the full forms of &quot;NRC&quot; and &quot;CAA&quot;. The report documented instances of negligence, denying victims treatment in some cases, while disregarding the safety of patients in others. Multiple cases were reportedly rejected for not having the required medico-legal case documentation. It was also alleged that the doctors did not provide detailed reports of the injuries and autopsies to the victims and their families.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/delhi-riots-doctor-called-riot-victim-extremist-terrorist-during-treatment-claims-report_in_5e5d378bc5b67ed38b3638b8|title=Delhi Riots: Doctor Called Riot Victim 'Extremist', 'Terrorist' During Treatment, Says Report|date=2 March 2020|website=HuffPost India|first1=Akshay|last1=Deshmane|access-date=4 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The report indicated that citizens had grown fearful of government services such as ambulances and government hospitals, with victims taking private vehicles to go to private hospitals,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/03/02/from-shaming-patients-to-asking-full-form-of-caa-how-doctors-failed-delhi-violence-victims.html|title=From shaming patients to asking full form of CAA, how doctors failed Delhi violence victims|website=The Week|first1=Puja|last1=Awasthi|date=2 March 2020|access-date=4 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; due to the treatment and abuse that they had received from the police.&lt;ref name=&quot;HinduManderShame&quot; /&gt; This problem compounded the existing issues of the mobs not allowing ambulances near the riot-affected areas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/north-and-central/delhi-violence-a-tale-of-riot-wounds-bandage-and-police-809973.html|title=Delhi violence: A tale of riot wounds, bandage and police|date=3 March 2020|website=Deccan Herald|first1=Kalyan|last1=Ray|access-date=4 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; In some areas, primary health centres and hospitals remained closed throughout the riots, either due to the violence or due to lack of medical facilities available at the grassroots level even before the riots began.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/health/delhis-public-health-system-inflicted-trauma-on-riot-victims-alleges-advocacy-group/374201/|title=Delhi's public health system inflicted trauma on riot victims, alleges advocacy group|last1=Yadavar|first1=Swagata|date=2 March 2020|website=ThePrint|access-date=4 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Families of the victims also reported delayed post-mortem reports from several hospitals.&lt;ref name=&quot;WireGTB&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Response and reactions==<br /> ===Response by the government===<br /> On 24 February 2020, the Ministry of Home Affairs stated that the violence appeared orchestrated to coincide with President [[Donald Trump]]'s [[Namaste Trump|February 24–25, 2020 visit]] to India.&lt;ref name=&quot;Orchestrated&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-violence-in-delhi-orchestrated-for-publicity-as-trump-is-visiting-india-sources/347807 |title=Delhi Violence Effort To Defame India Globally: MoS Home Affairs |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |date=24 February 2020 |access-date=9 March 2020 |quote=Union Minister of State for Home Affairs on Monday said that the violence in North-East Delhi was orchestrated with an eye on US President's visit to India.}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Ministry also refused to bring in the Army to control the riots and stated that the number of central forces and policemen on the ground was adequate. More than 6,000 police and paramilitary personnel were deployed in the area.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dead NDTV 25Feb&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> On 25 February the [[Chief Minister of Delhi]], [[Arvind Kejriwal]] stated that the Delhi Police, despite its efforts, had been unable to control the violence and requested the [[Indian army|Army]]'s assistance in stopping the violence as the number of deaths climbed to 23.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC23killed&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hindu Live 26Feb&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Register FIRs against hate speeches, HC directs Delhi Police |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/delhi-violence-day-4-live-updates/article30919537.ece |access-date=26 February 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=26 February 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Delhi violence: Police unable to control situation, time to call in Army, says CM Kejriwal |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/delhi-violence-police-unable-to-control-situation-time-to-call-in-army-says-cm-kejriwal-1650088-2020-02-26 |website=India Today|date=26 February 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Home Ministry's meeting===<br /> On the morning of 25 February 2020, the Chief Minister Kejriwal chaired an urgent meeting of all party MLAs from the violence-hit areas and senior officials. Several MLAs raised concerns on the lack of deployment of enough policemen.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shoot25Feb&quot; /&gt; The concerns were raised by Kejriwal in the subsequent meeting chaired by Home Minister Shah and attended by [[Delhi Lieutenant-Governor]] [[Anil Baijal]] and senior police officials. The meeting concluded with the decision to take all possible steps to contain violence. Kejriwal stated that Shah had assured the availability of an adequate number of policemen.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shoot25Feb&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> National Security Advisor Ajit Doval was given the responsibility of restoring peace in the region.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hindu Live 26Feb&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cabinet Security Meeting&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Top Cabinet Security Meeting As 20 Killed in Delhi Clashes: 10 Points |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/delhi-violence-number-of-deaths-rises-to-17-2185746 |access-date=26 February 2020 |work=NDTV.com |date=26 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 26 February, Doval travelled to the violence-hit regions and spoke to locals, assuring them of normalcy.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=NSA Ajit Doval Takes Charge of Northeast Delhi, Briefs Amit Shah |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/nsa-ajit-doval-visits-violence-hit-northeast-delhi-reviews-security-2186149 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |access-date=26 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Relief measures===<br /> On 27 February, Kejriwal announced free treatment for the injured in government as well as private hospitals under the Farishta scheme. The government had made arrangements with the help of [[NGO]]s to supply food in areas where a curfew had been imposed. He also announced a compensation amount of {{INRConvert|1|m|lk=r}} to affected people, {{INRConvert|100|k}} ex-gratia, and {{INRConvert|500|k}} in the case of a death of a minor.&lt;ref name=&quot;IE 27 Feb Live&quot; /&gt; He also announced that the Delhi government had set up nine shelters for the people affected by the riots. For people whose houses were completely burnt, immediate assistance of {{INRConvert|25000}} was announced.&lt;ref name=&quot;28Feb Hindu&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Food and other relief materials were distributed with the help of [[resident welfare association]]s and NGOs.&lt;ref name=&quot;TH_compensation&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Government to start distributing ₹25,000 to victims of violence |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/government-to-start-distributing-25000-to-victims-of-violence/article30946782.ece |access-date=1 March 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=29 February 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; BJP leaders Tajinder Bagga and Kapil Mishra collected {{INRConvert|7.1|m}} for the Hindu victims of Delhi riots via crowdfunding.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/03/02/delhi-violence-kapil-mishra-bagga-crowdfund-over-rs-71-lakh-for-hindu-victims.html|title=Delhi violence: Kapil Mishra, Bagga crowdfund over Rs 71 lakh for Hindu victims|website=The Week|access-date=3 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Reactions===<br /> AAP leader [[Sanjay Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Sanjay Singh]] released a video in which BJP MLA from [[Laxmi Nagar (Delhi)|Laxmi Nagar]], [[Abhay Verma]], was seen leading crowds that raised slogans {{transliteration|hi|ISO|Jō Hindū hit kī bāt karēgā, vahī dēś pē rāj karēgā}} ({{translation|&quot;Whoever talks about the welfare of Hindus, only they will rule the country&quot;}}) and {{transliteration|hi|ISO|Jai Śrī Rām}} ({{translation|&quot;Hail Lord [[Rama]]&quot;}}). Singh accused [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Home Minister]] [[Amit Shah]] of holding an &quot;all-party meeting, pretending to restore peace and their MLA is engaged in inciting riots.&quot; Verma meanwhile defended himself claiming the slogans were raised by civilians.&lt;ref name=&quot;AbhayVerma&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Babu |first1=Nikhil M. |title=Delhi violence {{!}} Video of inflammatory slogans at BJP MLA's march surfaces |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/delhi-violence-video-of-inflammatory-slogans-at-bjp-mlas-march-surfaces/article30920322.ece |access-date=26 February 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=26 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Indian National Congress]] president [[Sonia Gandhi]] held a press conference at which she said that Shah should resign for failing to stop the violence. She asked for the deployment of an adequate number of security forces.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hindu Live 26Feb&quot; /&gt; Gandhi's press conference was followed by a press conference by [[Prakash Javadekar]]; he said that there is &quot;selective silence&quot; from AAP and Congress and he added that they are politicising violence.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pot-was-boiling-for-two-months-centre-hits-back-at-congress-aap-for-delhi-violence/story-n1lGcQqzae3EhTgTo82YIN.html|title='Pot was boiling for two months': Centre hits back at Congress, AAP for Delhi violence|date=27 February 2020|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=3 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> After three days of violence with 20 deaths, the [[Prime Minister of India]], Narendra Modi, shared a message on Twitter asking people to maintain peace. Commentators said that he reacted only after the departure of President Trump, whom he had been hosting on a [[List of presidential trips made by Donald Trump (2020)|state visit]] while the riots began.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC26FebEcho&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Biswas |first1=Soutik |title=Why Delhi violence has echoes of the Gujarat riots |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-51641516 |access-date=27 February 2020 |work=BBC News |date=26 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NDTV 26 Feb 21 dead&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=21 Dead in Delhi Violence, PM Appeals For &quot;Peace, Brotherhood&quot;: 10 Points |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-narendra-modi-tweets-appeal-to-my-sisters-and-brothers-of-delhi-to-maintain-peace-and-brotherhood-2185982 |access-date=26 February 2020 |work=NDTV.com |date=26 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Gettleman|first1=Jeffrey|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/26/world/asia/delhi-riots-kapil-mishra.html|title=The Roots of the Delhi Riots: A Fiery Speech and an Ultimatum|date=26 February 2020|work=The New York Times|access-date=29 February 2020|last2=Raj|first2=Suhasini|issn=0362-4331|last3=Yasir|first3=Sameer}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Gettleman|first1=Jeffrey|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/01/world/asia/india-modi-hindus.html|title=In India, Modi's Policies Have Lit a Fuse|date=1 March 2020|work=The New York Times|access-date=3 March 2020|last2=Abi-Habib|first2=Maria|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 26 February, the [[US Commission on International Religious Freedom]] (USCIRF) conveyed &quot;grave concern&quot; over the riots and requested the Indian government to provide protection to people, no matter which faith they belonged to.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/us-commission-on-religious-freedom-condemns-mob-violence-in-delhi-urges-centre-to-ensure-safety-of-all-citizens-including-muslims-8091511.html|title=US Commission on Religious Freedom condemns mob violence in Delhi, urges Centre to ensure safety of all citizens including Muslims|date=27 February 2020|website=Firstpost|access-date=27 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; US Senator and [[2020 United States presidential election|2020 US presidential]] candidate [[Bernie Sanders]] and other American politicians expressed their concerns over the events. In response, on 27 February 2020, the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] spokesperson, [[Raveesh Kumar]], stated that these remarks were &quot;factually inaccurate&quot;, &quot;misleading&quot; and &quot;aimed at politicising the issue&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/comments-by-uscirf-others-on-delhi-violence-attempt-to-politicise-issue-mea/article30929288.ece|title=Comments by USCIRF, others on Delhi violence attempt to politicise issue: MEA|date=27 February 2020|work=The Hindu|access-date=27 February 2020|issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; BJP general secretary BL Santhosh threatened Sanders with election interference due to his condemnation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/delhi-violence-bjp-leader-threatens-bernie-sanders-with-us-election-interference_in_5e573f59c5b66137fb5d90d1|title=BJP General Secretary Threatens Bernie Sanders With US Election Interference|date=27 February 2020|work=Huffington Post India|access-date=27 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; The US issued a travel advisory for its citizens to exercise caution.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://in.usembassy.gov/security-alert-u-s-embassy-new-delhi-4/|title=Security Alert – U.S. Embassy, New Delhi|date=26 February 2020|website=U.S. Embassy &amp; Consulates in India|access-date=28 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 27 February, United Nations [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|High Commissioner for Human Rights]], [[Michelle Bachelet]], stated, &quot;Indians in huge numbers, and from all communities, have expressed—in a mostly peaceful manner—their opposition to the Act, and support for the country's long tradition of [[Secularism in India|secularism]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/un-rights-chief-concerned-by-india-violence/1747209|title=UN rights chief concerned by India violence|date=27 February 2020|first1=Peter|last1=Kenny|publisher=Anadolu Agency|access-date=3 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; She expressed concern on the citizenship law and reports of &quot;police inaction&quot; during the communal attacks in Delhi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/delhi-riots-indian-un-human-rights-supreme-court-modi-a9372966.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304131708/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/delhi-riots-indian-un-human-rights-supreme-court-modi-a9372966.html |archive-date=4 March 2020 |url-access=limited |url-status=live|title=UN human rights chief launches unprecedented legal action against Indian government over citizenship protests|date=3 March 2020|first1=Adam|last1=Withnall|website=The Independent|access-date=3 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Twelve eminent citizens of [[Bangladesh]] also expressed grave concern over the communal clashes on that day. They expressed fear that India's failure to handle the situation could create a volatile environment in its neighbouring countries, which could destroy peace, democracy, development and communal harmony in the region.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title= Eminent Bangladesh citizens express concern over Delhi riots<br /> |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/world/south-asia/2020/02/27/eminent-bangladesh-citizens-express-concern-over-delhi-riots<br /> |access-date=28 February 2020 |website=Dhaka Tribune |date=27 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Governor of Meghalaya]], [[Tathagata Roy]], wanted lessons to be learned from [[Deng Xiaoping]]'s handling of the [[1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre|1989 Tiananmen Square protests]] for ways to handle the riots.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/learn-from-tiananmen-square-massacre-to-handle-the-riots-tathagata-roy/cid/1748921|title=Learn from Tiananmen Square massacre to handle the riots: Tathagata Roy|date=27 February 2020|access-date=28 February 2020|work=The Telegraph (Kolkata)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Also on the same day, [[Turkish president]] [[Erdogan]] criticised the violence. He said, &quot;India right now has become a country where massacres are widespread. What massacres? Massacres of Muslims. By who? Hindus.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/india-slams-turkey-president-for-delhi-riots-remark-calls-it-political-agenda-1502863150.html|title=India slams Turkey President for Delhi riots remark, calls it 'political agenda'|date=6 March 2020|website=The Statesman|access-date=3 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 2 March, the [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]], [[Mamata Banerjee]], alleged that the Delhi riot was a &quot;planned genocide&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title= 'দিল্লি হিংসা পরিকল্পিত গণহত্যা', বিস্ফোরক মমতা<br /> |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/politics/west-bengal-cm-mamata-banerjee-delhi-violence-genocide-197885/<br /> |access-date=3 March 2020 |website=The Indian Express|language=bn|date=3 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Singh|first1=Shiv Sahay|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/delhi-violence-was-a-planned-genocide-says-mamata/article30961965.ece|title=Delhi violence was a planned genocide, says Mamata Banerjee|date=2 March 2020|work=The Hindu|access-date=7 March 2020|issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 5 March, [[Supreme Leader of Iran]], [[Ayatollah Ali Khamenei]], asked the Indian Government to confront extremist Hindus and their parties and stop the massacre of Muslims of India, to prevent India from being isolated from the world of Islam.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/confront-extremist-hindus-and-their-parties-says-irans-supreme-leader-to-india/article30991975.ece|title=After Zarif and Qalibaf, Ayatollah Khamenei calls on India to stop 'massacre of Muslims'|date=5 March 2020|work=The Hindu|access-date=7 March 2020|issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Investigation==<br /> On 27 February 2020, the Delhi Police reported that two Special Investigation Teams (SIT) had been formed to investigate the violence.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/hindu-couple-delhi-riots_in_5e65e917c5b6670e72fa8500|title=Hindu Couple Who Lost Son To Delhi Riots Refuses To Fuel Muslim Mudslinging|date=9 March 2020|website=HuffPost India|access-date=23 March 2020|quote=Two Special Investigation Teams (SIT) of Delhi Police's crime branch have been set up to probe into the Delhi Riots.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Stella |title=2 Special Investigation Teams Formed To Probe Delhi Clashes |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/special-investigation-team-to-probe-delhi-violence-in-which-38-have-died-2186779 |access-date=28 February 2020 |work=ANI |publisher=The NDTV |date=27 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; DCP Joy Tirkey and DCP Rajesh Deo were appointed head of these SITs respectively, along with four [[Deputy superintendent of police|Assistant Commissioners]] in each team.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Two SITs to probe northeast Delhi violence; death toll mounts to 38 |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/delhi-police-transfers-northeast-delhi-riots-probe-to-crime-branch-forms-two-sits-11582810858029.html |access-date=28 February 2020 |work=The Live Mint |date=27 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Deputy inspector general of police|Additional Commissioner]] of crime branch, B.K. Singh, was announced to be supervising the work of the SITs. On 28 February 2020, the police also called in [[forensic science]] teams, who visited the crime scenes to collect evidence.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Delhi violence: Police say 630 taken into custody, 148 FIRs filed so far |url=https://scroll.in/latest/954663/delhi-violence-police-say-630-taken-into-custody-123-firs-filed-so-far |access-date=28 February 2020 |work=The Scroll |date=28 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{As of|2020|03|07|df=}}, police had registered 690 FIRs and around 2200 individuals involved in the violence were taken into custody.&lt;ref name=&quot;IT690Cases&quot; /&gt; Some activists were charged with offences under the [[Indian Penal code]] and the Arms Act. Their friends and relatives alleged that they were tortured in custody.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2020/feb/28/delhi-riots-court-rejects-bail-plea-of-arrested-ex-congress-municipal-councillor-ishrat-jahan-2109944.html |title=Delhi riots: Court rejects bail plea of arrested ex-Congress municipal councillor Ishrat Jahan|work=The New Indian Express|date=28 February 2020|access-date=3 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;incitement3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/firs-filed-in-delhi-riot-cases-double-in-last-twenty-four-hours/story-2ENuPDVMt5zMPFX09IcI6N.html|title=FIRs filed in Delhi riot cases double in last twenty-four hours|work=Hindustan Times|date=28 February 2020|access-date=13 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;incitement4&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url= https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/delhi-violence-court-rejects-bail-plea-of-arrested-excong-municipal-councillor-ishrat-jahan/1747456|title=Delhi violence: Court rejects bail plea of arrested ex-Cong municipal councillor Ishrat Jahan|publisher=Outlook India|date=28 February 2020|access-date=23 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/954538/two-anti-caa-activists-arrested-by-delhi-police-were-tortured-in-custody-allege-family-members|title=Two anti-CAA activists arrested by Delhi police were tortured in custody, allege family members|last1=Johari|first1=Aarefa|website=Scroll.in|date=27 February 2020|access-date=5 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; During a parliamentary debate over the riots on 11 March, Home Minister Amit Shah stated that rioters who had come from [[Uttar Pradesh]] had been identified.&lt;ref name=&quot;AlJazeeraHumanity13Mar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/03/humanity-india-opposition-slams-gov-delhi-violence-200313101738869.html|title='Show humanity': India opposition slams gov't on Delhi violence|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=13 March 2020|access-date=23 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2021, Mohd Wasim, Mohd Ayaz and Khalid were arrested for involvement in the murder of Delhi Police head constable Ratan Lal.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Quint |first=The |date=2023-06-21 |title=Delhi Riots 2020: Police Arrest Accused in Head Constable Ratan Lal's Murder |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/delhi-riots-2020-head-constable-ratan-lal-murder-accused-arrested |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2022, an unnammed woman and a man named Munjtajim was arrested for Ratan Lal and Intelligence Bureau officer Ankit Sharma's murder respectively.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Quint |first=The |date=2022-10-15 |title=Delhi Riots: Woman Accused in Constable Ratan Lal's Murder Arrested from Noida |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/delhi-riots-accused-woman-head-constable-ratan-lal-arrest |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-10-12 |title=IB staffer Ankit Sharma's murder during Delhi riots: Over 2 yrs on, key accused held; visit to chemist gave him away |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-riots-ankit-sharma-ib-officer-northeast-delhi-riots-8204994/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Supreme Court hearing===<br /> [[Bhim Army]] chief [[Chandrashekhar Azad Ravan]], along with former [[Chief Information Commissioner]] [[Wajahat Habibullah]] and social activist Syed Bahadur Abbas Naqvi, filed an appeal in the Supreme Court requesting that the police be directed to file reports over cases of violence that had occurred since the night of 23 February. The petition also accused Mishra of &quot;inciting and orchestrating the riots&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhim&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=In plea to Supreme Court, Bhim Army chief Chandrashekhar Azad blames BJP's Kapil Mishra for Delhi clashes |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/in-plea-to-sc-bhim-army-chief-blames-kapil-mishra-for-delhi-clashes/story-5D4yNzDdcZcQQZXG7hezEP.html |access-date=25 February 2020 |work=Hindustan Times |date=25 February 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; During the hearing held on 26 February, the Supreme Court criticized the Delhi Police for not having done enough to stop the violence. However, the bench, consisting of Justices [[Sanjay Kishan Kaul]] and [[K. M. Joseph]], did not entertain the plea, stating that the case was already in the [[Delhi High Court]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Outlook Supreme Court Plea&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Plea in SC claims Kapil Mishra incited violence |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/plea-in-sc-claims-kapil-mishra-incited-violence/1743937 |access-date=25 February 2020 |work=Outlook India |date=25 February 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SC hearing 26 Feb&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Police let instigators get away, could've stopped clashes: Supreme Court pulls up cops over violence |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/supreme-court-slams-delhi-police-over-violence-1650112-2020-02-26 |access-date=26 February 2020 |work=India Today |date=26 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Delhi High Court hearing===<br /> Activists [[Harsh Mander]] and [[Farah Naqvi]] filed a plea in the Delhi High Court, demanding that the police report and arrest those involved in the violence on 25 February. The plea further demanded that a Special Investigation Team (SIT) be set up to investigate the incident and that compensation be provided to those killed and injured. It also requested for the immediate deployment of the [[Indian Army]] in the affected areas.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shoot25Feb&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Court hearing on 26 February====<br /> At midnight on 26 February, the court bench, consisting of Justices [[S. Muralidhar]] and Talwant Singh, heard the emergency plea,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/in-unprecedented-midnight-hearing-delhi-hc-judge-orders-at-immediate-evacuation-of-the-injured-from-al-hind-hospital-at-mustafabad-6286865/|title=In midnight hearing, Delhi High Court orders evacuation of injured from Mustafabad's Al-Hind Hospital|date=26 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/law/delhi-riots-give-injured-muslims-safe-passage-hc-directs-police-in-late-night-order|title=Delhi Riots: Give Injured Muslims Safe Passage, HC Directs Police in Late Night Order|website=The Wire}}&lt;/ref&gt; following which, the court ordered the police to safeguard and help all victims to reach their nearest hospitals.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/midnight-hearing-at-justice-muralidhar-residence-delhi-hc-directs-delhi-police-to-provide-safe-passage-to-injured-victims-to-govt-hospitals|title=Hearing at 1&amp;nbsp;am at Justice Muralidhar Residence: Delhi HC directs Police to provide safe passage to injured victims to Govt hospitals|website=Bar and Bench – Indian Legal news|date=25 February 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/in-urgent-midnight-hearing-delhi-hc-asks-cops-to-give-emergency-treatment-to-injured-stuck-in-ne-delhi-hospital/story-Dy5q6xxRxZrdZOZ7n0XE2J.html|title=Delhi clashes: Cops 'didn't respond' to SOS, judges step in at midnight hearing|date=26 February 2020|website=Hindustan Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/delhi-riots-delhi-hc-holds-midnight-hearing-to-direct-police-to-ensure-safe-passage-of-injured-victims-to-hospitals-153148|title=Delhi Riots : At Midnight Hearing, Delhi HC Directs Police To Ensure Safe Passage Of Injured Victims To Hospitals|website=LiveLaw News|date=26 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the hearing during the morning, DCP of crime branch, Rajesh Deo, and the [[Solicitor General of India]], [[Tushar Mehta]], surprised the court by admitting that they had not watched the video of the inflammatory speech given by Kapil Mishra. However, Deo admitted to have watched the videos of [[Anurag Thakur]] and [[Parvesh Verma]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Mathur |first1=Anisha |title=Amazed: Delhi HC can't believe cops haven't watched Kapil Mishra hate speech |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/delhi-violence-high-court-kapil-mishra-hate-speech-video-1650153-2020-02-26 |access-date=27 February 2020 |work=The India Today |date=26 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;HC 26 Feb ABP&quot;&gt;{{cite news |work=ABP News |title=Delhi Riots {{!}} HC Directs Police To Register FIR Against Kapil Mishra, Others For Inflammatory Speeches |url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/delhi-riots-hc-directs-police-to-register-fir-against-kapil-mishra-others-for-inflammatory-speeches-1165895 |access-date=26 February 2020 |date=26 February 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Court then played the video clip of Kapil Mishra's speech.&lt;ref name=&quot;HC 26 Feb&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Kapil Mishra's controversial speech played in Delhi High Court |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kapil-mishras-controversial-speech-played-in-delhi-high-court/article30920985.ece |access-date=26 February 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=26 February 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The bench expressed &quot;anguish&quot; over the inability of the Delhi Police to control the riots and its failure to file FIRs against four BJP leaders, Kapil Mishra, Anurag Thakur, Parvesh Verma and [[Abhay Verma]]&lt;ref name=&quot;IT2&quot;/&gt; for their hate speeches. The bench also noted that incidents like the [[1984 anti-Sikh riots]] must be prevented from ever occurring again in Delhi.&lt;ref name=&quot;JudgeTransfer&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=President orders transfer of Delhi High Court judge Muralidhar day after he pulls up police over violence |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/president-orders-transfer-of-delhi-high-court-justice-muralidhar-1650395-2020-02-27 |access-date=27 February 2020 |work=India Today |date=27 February 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Transfer of Justice Muralidhar====<br /> Late on the night of 26 February, Justice S. Muralidhar, who had presided over the plea hearing, was transferred to the [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]]. This was the same day on which he had condemned the Delhi Police for its failure in controlling the riots or filing cases against BJP leaders for hate speech.&lt;ref name=&quot;GuardianToll38&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/feb/27/death-toll-from-delhis-worst-riots-in-decades-rises-to-38|title=Death toll from Delhi's worst riots in decades rises to 38|date=27 February 2020|work=The Guardian|access-date=23 March 2020|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCJudge&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Anger as judge critical of Delhi violence removed |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-51644861 |access-date=27 February 2020 |work=BBC News |date=27 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, the Law Minister [[Ravi Shankar Prasad]] stated that this was a routine transfer&lt;ref name=&quot;GuardianToll38&quot; /&gt; which had been recommended by the Supreme Court a fortnight before.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/bjp-congress-justice-muralidhar_in_5e57578ac5b66622ed76a440|title=BJP And Congress Spar Over Transfer Of Justice Muralidhar, Who Pulled Up Delhi Police|date=27 February 2020|website=HuffPost India|first1=Akshita|last1=Jain|access-date=23 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[BBC News]]'' reported that Muralidhar's &quot;biting comments could have hastened his transfer&quot;. The news of his removal from the case was criticised by many Indians who expressed concern.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCJudge&quot; /&gt; The Congress party called his transfer a move to protect the accused BJP leaders.&lt;ref name=&quot;JudgeTransferIT&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Justice Muralidhar transfer: Congress says hit and run move to protect BJP leaders |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/justice-muralidhar-transfer-congress-ravi-shankar-prasad-1650445-2020-02-27 |access-date=27 February 2020 |work=India Today |date=27 February 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Delhi High Court Bar Association criticised the transfer and asked the [[Supreme Court of India#Appointments and the collegium|Supreme Court collegium]] to revoke it.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/delhi-high-court-judge-s-muralidhar-hearing-delhi-violence-case-moved-to-punjab-and-haryana-high-cou-2186313|title=High Court Judge Who Criticised Cops Over Delhi Violence Transferred|date=27 February 2020|first1=Arvind |last1=Gunasekar|website=NDTV.com|access-date=27 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Court hearing under new bench====<br /> <br /> On 27 February, the court resumed the hearing with a new bench consisting of [[Chief Justice of India]] [[Dhirubhai Naranbhai Patel|D.N. Patel]] and Justice C. Hari Shankar. During the previous hearing, the Delhi police were given 24 hours to decide on the filing of FIRs over hate speeches by four BJP leaders. The government's lawyer claimed that the situation was not &quot;conducive&quot; and that the government needed more time before it could take appropriate action. The new bench accepted the same arguments that the previous bench had rejected and agreed to give the government more time to decide on filing of the cases for hate speech.&lt;ref name=&quot;livelawChange&quot;&gt;{{cite news |publisher=LiveLaw News Network |title=Delhi Riots Case Hearing : How Things Changed in a Day With Change Of Bench? |url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/delhi-riots-case-hearing-how-things-changed-in-a-day-with-change-of-bench-153214 |access-date=27 February 2020 |date=27 February 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The petitioners' lawyer requested an earlier hearing, citing the increasing number of deaths, but the court set 13 April as the date of the next hearing.&lt;ref name=&quot;WireHCAccepts&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Delhi HC Accepts Centre's Logic, Gives 4 Weeks to Respond to Plea Seeking Hate Speech FIR |url=https://thewire.in/law/delhi-high-court-hate-speech |access-date=27 February 2020 |work=The Wire |date=27 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 28 February, the court issued notices to the local and central governments seeking their responses on registering FIRs on Congress party leaders [[Sonia Gandhi]], [[Rahul Gandhi]], and [[Priyanka Gandhi]] on the charges of delivering hate speeches.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/delhi-high-court-issues-notices-on-plea-for-fir-against-gandhis-593358|title=Delhi High Court issues notices on plea for FIR against Gandhis, others|date=28 February 2020|publisher=India TV}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2020/02/28/delhi-violence-meet-the-politicians-taken-to-court-for-hate-speech|title=Delhi violence: Meet the politicians taken to court for hate speech|date=28 February 2020|publisher=newslaundry.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hearing another plea, the bench also issued notice to the Delhi police and the central government for their response on registering FIR on AAP MLA [[Amanatullah Khan]], actress [[Swara Bhaskar]], activist [[Harsh Mander]] and on [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]] leaders like [[Akbaruddin Owaisi]], [[Asaduddin Owaisi]], and [[Waris Pathan]]. The court later posted the matter to be heard again on 13 April.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/breaking-delhi-hc-issues-notice-in-pleas-seeking-firs-against-swara-bhasker-amanatullah-khan-harsh-mander-rj-sayema-and-owaisi-brothers|title=Breaking: Delhi HC issues notice in pleas seeking FIRs against Swara Bhasker, Amanatullah Khan, Harsh Mander, RJ Sayema and Owaisi brothers|date=28 February 2020|publisher=Bar And Bench}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/feb/28/hate-speech-delhi-hc-issues-notice-to-centre-on-pleas-seeking-fir-against-owaisi-brothers-2109804.html|title=Hate speech: Delhi HC issues notice to Centre on pleas seeking FIR against Owaisi brothers|date=28 February 2020|work=The New Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> AAP leader Tahir Hussain was denied bail.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=&quot;Enough Material On Record&quot;: Tahir Hussain Denied Bail In Two Delhi Riots Cases|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/delhi-riots-former-aap-councillor-tahir-hussain-denied-bail-in-two-cases-2442446|access-date=18 July 2021|website=NDTV.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The court said there's enough material on record to presume the former councillor was present at the spot of crime and was instigating the rioters. Karkardooma court in Delhi framed murder and conspiracy charges against Aam Aadmi Party leader Tahir Hussain and ten others for the murder of IB officer. While framing the charges, the court observed, “Tahir was continuously acting in a manner of supervising &amp; motivating this mob. All these things were done to target Hindus. Every member of the mob assembled there participated in achieving the objective of targeting Hindus&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Prashant |title=Delhi Riots 2020: Delhi Court frames murder charges against Tahir Hussain, 10 others for death for IB officer Ankit Sharma |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/delhi-riots-2020-delhi-court-frames-murder-charges-tahir-hussain-10-others-death-ib-officer-ankit-sharma |access-date=24 March 2023 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |date=23 March 2023 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Thapliyal |first=Nupur |date=23 March 2023 |title='Killed Because He Was Hindu': Delhi Court Frames Charges Against Tahir Hussain, Others For Murder Of IB Staffer Ankit Sharma |url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/delhi-court-frames-charges-tahir-hussain-others-murder-ib-staffer-ankit-sharma-224596 |access-date=24 March 2023 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 March 2023 |title=Delhi riots: Court frames charges against former AAP MLA Tahir Hussain |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/delhi-riots-court-frames-charges-against-former-aap-mla-tahir-hussain-101679597114314.html |access-date=24 March 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In September 2021, a Delhi High Court Justice, Subramonium Prasad, noted{{where|date=December 2021}} that the riots were a &quot;preplanned and pre-meditated conspiracy to disturb law and order in the city&quot; and that the rioters' conduct &quot;was a calculated attempt to dislocate the functioning of the government as well as to disrupt the normal life of the people in the city.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Staff Reporter|date=28 September 2021|title=High Court says Delhi riots were pre-planned|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/high-court-says-delhi-riots-were-pre-planned/article36707384.ece|access-date=2 October 2021|issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Court convictions ===<br /> On 13 March, court convicted nine persons involved in the riots. The court noted that the main objective of the convicts who joined the unruly mob guided by ‘communal feelings’ was to cause ‘maximum damage to the properties belonging to the people of the Hindu community'.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Thapliyal |first=Nupur |date=15 March 2023 |title=Delhi Riots: After Acquittal In Two FIRs, Court Convicts Accused Men On Basis Of Evidence Of Cop Who Earlier Cited Memory Loss |url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/delhi-riots-after-acquittal-court-convicts-accused-cop-identification-memory-loss-223770 |access-date=15 March 2023 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A further 2 have been subsequently convicted of crimes relating to the riots.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mohan |first=Anand |date=26 February 2023 |title=3 years after Delhi violence, verdicts in less than a tenth of riot, arson cases |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/3-years-after-delhi-violence-verdicts-in-less-than-a-tenth-of-riot-arson-cases-8466792/ |access-date=25 March 2023 |website=indianexpress.com/ |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Aftermath==<br /> In the aftermath of the riots, many Muslims who had been living in the riot-affected neighbourhoods left with all their belongings.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYTimes-Analysis-March1&quot; /&gt; Even in areas of Delhi which were not affected by the violence, many Muslim families packed up their belongings and left for their ancestral villages, showing no intention of ever coming back.&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian-3-6-20&quot; /&gt; According to complaints received by lawyers representing Muslim victims of the riots, the police had threatened to falsely implicate the victims in police cases if they filed any complaints against the rioters.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Ellis-Petersen|first1=Hannah|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/16/delhis-muslims-despair-justice-police-implicated-hindu-riots|title=Delhi's Muslims despair of justice after police implicated in riots|date=16 March 2020|work=The Guardian|access-date=22 March 2020|last2=Rahman|first2=Shaikh Azizur|issn=0261-3077|quote=Police are using pressure tactics and trying to ensure that no complaint is filed against the rioters. We have received hundreds of complaints from Muslim people that police are threatening people, including women and children, that if they filed complaints, they would be implicated in false cases.}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{As of|2020|10}}, many Muslim survivors of the riots reported harassment and humiliation within their immediate neighbourhoods and many even started selling their properties below the market price so as escape from this ordeal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Aswani |first1=Tarushi |title=Muslims in Northeast Delhi Sell Homes Below Market Rate to Escape 'Continuing Harassment' |url=https://thewire.in/communalism/muslims-northeast-delhi-sell-homes-harassment-riots |website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |publisher=The Wire |access-date=31 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to Zafarul Islam Khan, former chairman of the Delhi Minorities Commission, 1,300 Muslim youth have been arrested since the riots began and pressure has been constantly mounted on the Delhi police to create a fabricated narrative that these youths started the riots.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title='Delhi police arresting Muslims on fabricated charges' |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/interview/delhi-police-arresting-muslims-on-fabricated-charges/20200831.htm |website=[[Rediff.com]] |publisher=Rediff |access-date=31 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Special Commissioner of Police (Crime) had written in an order dated 8 July to senior officers heading probe teams and asked them to “suitably” guide the Investigating Officers to note that the arrests of “some Hindu youth” from riot-hit areas in Northeast Delhi has led to a “degree of resentment among the Hindu community” and “due care and precaution” must be taken while making such arrests.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Manral |first1=Mahender Singh |title=Resentment in Hindus on arrests, take care: Special CP to probe teams |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/hindu-resentment-north-east-delhi-riots-special-cp-6506063/ |website=[[The Indian Express]] (TIE) |date=16 July 2020 |publisher=TIE |access-date=31 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; This was despite the fact that the Delhi Police Crime Branch investigations into the murder of nine Muslims at and around Bhagirathi Vihar in North-East Delhi on 25 and 26 February had led to a WhatsApp group named &quot;Kattar Hindu Ekta&quot;, which was created to mobilise rioters. The investigators had filed three chargesheets in connection with three of the murder cases and nine people were chargesheeted.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Anwar |first1=Tarique |title=Delhi Violence: How 'Kattar Hindu Ekta' WhatsApp Group Mobilised Rioters for Killings |url=https://www.newsclick.in/Delhi-Violence-Kattar-Hindu-Ekta-WhatsApp-Group-Mobilised-Rioters-Killings |website=News Click |date=10 July 2020 |access-date=31 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to Hisham ul wahab,{{Who|date=March 2023}} &quot;it has been a pattern in almost all the anti-Muslim violence in India that to call it “communal riots” in order to avoid the supposed blame over the perpetrators from the Hindu fold as well as to narrate it in a balanced/neutral way as both the communities involved in it are occupying equal and parallel power. However, an assessment of such a narrative with the help of various reports including the Sachar Committee report would be sufficient to explore the historical disparity and discrimination against the Muslim community in terms of socio-political-economic and educational parameters&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wahab2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Wahab|first=P. Hisham ul|date=25 October 2020|title=A War of Narratives: Understanding 2020 Delhi Violence in India|url=http://southasiajournal.net/a-war-of-narratives-understanding-2020-delhi-violence-in-india/|access-date=27 October 2020|website=South Asia Journal|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> For those left homeless or who had run away from their homes out of fear, temporary relief camps were set up in houses, temples,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/delhi-riots-muslim-or-hindu-victims-government-absent-for-all/cid/1750491|title=Delhi riots: Muslim or Hindu victims, government absent for all|first1=Imran Ahmed|last1=Siddiqui|date=3 March 2020|website=The Telegraph|location=Kolkota|access-date=19 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[madrasas]] and the Al-Hind Hospital.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-South-Central/2020/0310/As-Delhi-riot-wounds-heal-neighbors-look-for-the-way-ahead|title=As Delhi riot wounds heal, neighbors look for 'the way ahead'|first1=Sarita|last1=Santoshini|date=10 March 2020|work=The Christian Science Monitor|access-date=9 April 2020|issn=0882-7729}}&lt;/ref&gt; Camps housing larger numbers were erected in areas like Idgah, the Mustafabad prayer ground.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Ellis-Petersen|first1=Hannah|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/06/how-can-i-go-back-delhi-fearful-muslims-mourn-riot-dead|title='I cannot find my father's body': Delhi's fearful Muslims mourn riot dead|date=6 March 2020|work=The Guardian|access-date=23 March 2020|last2=Rahman|first2=Shaikh Azizur|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Idgah camp was the largest among nine others and was funded by the government. However, it soon grew crowded. Volunteers helped victims by distributing carts to vendors and providing others with legal aid or even simple help in filling forms. Doctors volunteered to provide medical attention to people suffering from injuries. Most of the refugees were reported to suffer from skin rashes and the [[common cold]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/families-hit-by-india-riots-seek-refuge-in-delhi-camps/1764636|title=Families hit by India riots seek refuge in Delhi camps|publisher=Anadolu Agency|first1=Cheena|last1=Kapoor|date=13 March 2020|access-date=23 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Many others, including the children, were reported to be suffering from anxiety and mental trauma. They reported to have lost their homes and their livelihoods and were awaiting government help to rebuild their lives.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/delhi-riots-victims-struggle-to-rebuild-their-lives/a-52862427|title=Delhi riots: Victims struggle to rebuild their lives|last1=Welle|first1=Deutsche|website=DW.COM|date=20 March 2020|access-date=28 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/delhi-riots-forced-thousands-of-muslims-from-their-homes-and-theyre-afraid-to-go-back/|title=Delhi riots forced thousands of Muslims from their homes, and they're afraid to go back|first1=Arshad R.|last1=Zargar|work=[[CBS News]]|date=11 March 2020 |access-date=11 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; In another camp in Khajuri Khas, a team of [[paralegal]]s ran a relief assistance booth of the government. These victims then faced the threat of [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|coronavirus]], with [[social distancing]] being impossible given the number of people crowded in these camps.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/india-delhi-riots-coronavirus-new-modi-deaths-cases-a9403131.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200316154247/https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/india-delhi-riots-coronavirus-new-modi-deaths-cases-a9403131.html |archive-date=16 March 2020 |url-access=limited |url-status=live|title=The betrayal felt in the still-recovering areas hit by the Delhi riots makes coronavirus more of a threat|date=15 March 2020|website=The Independent|first1=Payal|last1=Dhar|access-date=23 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Following this, the Delhi government forcefully evicted the residents of the Idgah camp by 30 March, leaving many homeless. The victims were promised rations and a sum of {{INRConvert|3000|year=2020}} to rent rooms for themselves, but not all were able to avail of these relief measures.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Dhillon|first1=Amrit|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/mar/30/divided-delhi-under-lockdown-if-coronavirus-doesnt-kill-me-hunger-will|title=Divided Delhi under lockdown: 'If coronavirus doesn't kill me, hunger will'|date=30 March 2020|work=The Guardian|access-date=3 April 2020|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Anil Joseph Thomas Couto]], the [[Archbishop of Delhi]], stated that churches were using their resources to help those affected by the riots; the [[Holy Family Hospital (New Delhi)|Holy Family Hospital]], for example, engaged physicians, nurses, as well as ambulances to provide relief to affected people. He further stated that Catholic churches would accept those affected by the riots, especially with it being the season of [[Lent]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vatican2020&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Hindus and businesses run by them in the riot-affected areas began boycotting traders and refused to hire workers who were Muslims. They alleged that the Muslims had started the riots and had then blamed the Hindus for the violence. As a result of the growing distrust between the two communities in these areas, the Hindus and Muslims would avoid each other during the day and block the lanes to their respective neighbourhoods with barriers at night. Neighbourhoods of both communities put up metal gates to slow down the passage of rioters in the future, with some keeping themselves permanently armed with ''[[Baton (law enforcement)#Indian subcontinent|lathis]]'' (bamboo sticks).&lt;ref name=reuters-jain-ahmed-2020-3-16 /&gt;<br /> <br /> Hindu politicians paraded injured victims with bandages wrapped around their heads in multiple &quot;peace marches&quot;, alleging that they were victims of violence at the hands of Muslims. This incited more hatred towards Muslims.&lt;ref name=nytimes-2020-3-12-7 /&gt; One such rally held on 29 February was organised by the Delhi Peace Forum, an NGO backed by the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]], with people holding placards that said, &quot;Delhi against jihadi violence&quot;. Kapil Mishra was seen at the rally,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/010320/bjp-leader-kapil-mishra-back-in-focus.html|title=BJP leader Kapil Mishra back in focus|last1=Bhushan|first1=Shashi|date=1 March 2020|website=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=5 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; while inflammatory slogans inciting people to &quot;shoot the traitors&quot; were heard.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Babu|first1=Nikhil M.|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/delhi-violence-kapil-mishra-participates-in-connaught-place-peace-march/article30949482.ece|title='Inflammatory' slogans raised at Connaught Place march with BJP leader Kapil Mishra in attendance|date=29 February 2020|work=The Hindu|access-date=5 April 2020|issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-violence-kapil-mishra-march-6293334/|title=Goli maaro slogan is back as Kapil Mishra leads 'peace' march|date=1 March 2020|first1=Abhinav|last1=Rajput|website=The Indian Express|access-date=5 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gangs of Hindus later appeared in multiple neighbourhoods and threatened the Muslims living there to abandon their homes before the Hindu festival of Holi, which was celebrated on 9 March 2020.&lt;ref name=nytimes-2020-3-12-4 /&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Malayalam]] news channels [[Asianet News]] and [[MediaOne TV]] were banned by the [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]] (I&amp;B) for 48 hours on 6 March&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/delhi-violence-two-malayalam-news-channels-banned-ministry-of-information-and-broadcasting-6303175/|title=Centre bans two Malayalam TV channels for Delhi riots coverage: 'Critical of RSS, siding with one community'|date=7 March 2020|first1=Krishn|last1=Kaushik|website=The Indian Express|access-date=5 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; for broadcasting about the riots and the lack of action taken by the police. However, the ban was soon reversed by I&amp;B Minister Prakash Javadekar, following multiple complaints.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Goel|first1=Vindu|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/02/world/asia/modi-india-press-media.html|title=Under Modi, India's Press Is Not So Free Anymore|date=2 April 2020|work=The New York Times|access-date=5 April 2020|last2=Gettleman|first2=Jeffrey|issn=0362-4331|others=Photographs by Khandelwal, Saumya}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> During a parliamentary debate over the riots on 11 March, Home Minister Amit Shah gave his condolences to the families of those who died due to the violence and assured them of justice. He went on to commend the Delhi Police for their efforts and blamed Muslim leaders and members of the Congress party for instigating the riots. Another BJP [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]], [[Meenakshi Lekhi]], accused [[ISIS]] elements of having organised the riots. Members of the opposition like [[Kapil Sibal]], [[Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury]] and [[Asaduddin Owaisi]] criticised the government for its lack of timely action.&lt;ref name=&quot;AlJazeeraHumanity13Mar&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/asia/2020/03/11/opposition-blames-govt-for-new-delhi-rioting-killing-52.html|title=Opposition blames gov't for New Delhi rioting that killed 52|first1=Ashok|last1=Sharma|date=11 March 2020|website=Toronto Star|others=Associated Press|access-date=11 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In response to an [[Right to Information Act, 2005|RTI]] application on 13 April, the Delhi Police stated that 23 people had died and 48 people had been arrested in connection with the riots. This was in stark contrast to the report of 52 deaths and 3,304 arrests submitted by Junior Home Minister [[G. Kishan Reddy]] on 18 March, who had obtained the figures from the Delhi Police.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/delhi-riots-death-toll-halved-arrests-vastly-reduced-in-delhi-polices-reply-to-rti_in_5ea01dd5c5b6b2e5b83a9754|title=Delhi Riots Death Toll Halved, Arrests Vastly Reduced in Delhi Police's Reply To RTI|first1=Akshay|last1=Deshmane|date=22 April 2020|website=HuffPost India|access-date=26 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Fact finding reports==<br /> Various fact finding reports have been released about the violence surrounding the riots.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wahab2020&quot; /&gt;<br /> * Delhi Minority Commission, “Report of the DMC fact-finding Committee on North-East Delhi Riots of February 2020”, 27 June 2020, New Delhi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/DMC-delhi-riots-fact-finding-2020|title = Delhi Riots Fact-Finding 2020 by Delhi Minorities Commission|date = July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * ''Delhi Riots 2020: Report from Ground Zero – The Shaheen Bagh Model in North-East Delhi: From Dharna to Danga'', was submitted on 11 March 2020, by the ''Group of Intellectuals and Academicians (GIA)'' led by [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] advocate Monika Arora. This report suggests that the violence was attributed to an &quot;Urban-[[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency|Naxal]]-[[Jihadism|Jihadi]] network&quot; and portrays the events as a pre-planned outcome of a radicalized minority.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Delhi Riots 2020: A Critique of Two Purported Fact-Finding Reports |url=https://thewire.in/communalism/delhi-riots-2020-a-critique-of-two-purported-fact-finding-reports |access-date=2023-08-10 |website=The Wire}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * ''Delhi Riots: Conspiracy Unraveled'', submitted on 29 May 2020, by the ''Call for Justice (CFJ)'' group, led by Justice Ambadas Joshi, a retired judge of the [[Bombay High Court]], asserts that &quot;Anti-National, [[extremist Islamic]] groups and other radical groups&quot; deliberately carried out targeted attacks on the [[Hindus|Hindu]] community. This report alleges meticulous planning and coordination behind the violence.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> * [[Human Rights Watch]], “Shoot the Traitors’: Discrimination Against Muslims under India's New Citizenship Policy”, April 2020, United States of America.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2020/04/09/shoot-traitors/discrimination-against-muslims-under-indias-new-citizenship-policy|title = &quot;Shoot the Traitors&quot;| journal=Human Rights Watch |date = 9 April 2020| last1=Bajoria | first1=Jayshree }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Youth for Human Rights Documentation, “An Account of Fear &amp; Impunity: Preliminary Fact-Finding Report on Communally-Targeted Violence in North-East Delhi, February 2020”, New Delhi.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}<br /> * Sharma, Nupur J and Kalpojyoti Kashyap. (2020), Delhi Anti-Hindu Riots of 2020: The Macabre Dance of Violence Since December 2019, New Delhi: ''[[OpIndia]]''.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}{{Clarify|reason=Is this actually a &quot;fact&quot; finding report from OpIndia?|date=March 2023}}<br /> * [[Amnesty International India]], “India: Six Months Since Delhi Riots, Delhi Police Continue To Enjoy Impunity Despite Evidence Of Human Rights Violations”, 28 August 2020, New Delhi.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}<br /> * In October 2022, a fact-finding committee found that the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Union home ministry]] delayed the deployment of additional forces in the violence-hit areas. The committee headed by a former [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] judge Madan B. Lokur concluded that the communal riots continued unabated between 23 and 26 February 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Delhi Riots: 'Delayed Deployment of Additional Forces Escalated Violence,' Says Fact-Finding Panel |url=https://thewire.in/communalism/police-complicit-careless-response-by-mha-fact-finding-committee-on-delhi-riots |access-date=10 October 2022 |website=The Wire}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Books on the riots==<br /> In August 2020, a book titled ''[[Delhi Riots 2020: The Untold Story]]'' by advocate Monika Arora and academics Sonali Chitalkar and Prerna Malhotra was scheduled to be published by Bloomsbury India, which however withdrew the book after facing criticism from other writers and activists.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|agency=PTI|date=23 August 2020|title=Bloomsbury says it won't publish book on Delhi riots after social media backlash|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/bloomsbury-says-it-wont-publish-book-on-delhi-riots-after-social-media-backlash/article32420501.ece|access-date=27 August 2020|issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Ajmal|first=Anam|date=23 August 2020|title=After social media rage, book on 2020 Delhi riots withdrawn|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/bloomsbury-withdraws-book-on-delhi-riots/articleshow/77699040.cms|access-date=27 August 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=24 August 2020|title=Does Bloomsbury's decision to withdraw book on Delhi riots undermine free speech? A debate ensues|url=https://scroll.in/article/971184/does-bloomsburys-decision-to-withdraw-book-on-delhi-riots-undermine-free-speech-a-debate-ensues|access-date=27 August 2020|website=[[Scroll.in]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The new publishers ''Garuda Prakashan'' said that by 24 August, they had received 15,000 pre-orders.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Agrawal|first=Soniya|date=24 August 2020|title=Publisher Garuda gets over 15k pre-orders in a day for Delhi riots book Bloomsbury cancelled|url=https://theprint.in/india/publisher-garuda-gets-over-15k-pre-orders-in-a-day-for-delhi-riots-book-bloomsbury-cancelled/488507/|access-date=27 August 2020|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[List of riots in India]]<br /> * [[Persecution of Hindus]]<br /> * [[Religious violence in India]]<br /> * [[Violence against Muslims in India]]<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> *{{cite journal |last1=Amarasingam |first1=A. |last2=Umar |first2=S. |last3=Desai |first3=S. |title=Fight, Die, and If Required Kill&quot;: Hindu Nationalism, Misinformation, and Islamophobia in India |journal=Religions |date=2022 |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=380 |doi=10.3390/rel13050380 |doi-access=free }}<br /> * {{cite news |title=Delhi violence: Four video clips that court made cops watch |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/delhi-violence-four-videos-clips-that-court-made-cops-watch-1650273-2020-02-26 |access-date=27 February 2020 |work=[[India Today]] |date=26 February 2020}}<br /> * {{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/delhi-police-head-constable-dies-maujpur-violence-caa-jaffrabad-live-updates-1649511-2020-02-24|title=Delhi violence: Clashes between pro and anti CAA protesters kill 5 (Timeline of 24 February)|date=25 February 2020 |website=India Today|access-date=27 February 2020}}<br /> * {{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/programme/news-today/video/india-above-hate-how-hindus-helped-muslims-muslims-helped-hindus-during-delhi-violence-1651001-2020-02-28|title=India above hate: How Hindus helped Muslims, Muslims helped Hindus during Delhi violence|date=28 February 2020 |website=India Today|access-date=3 March 2020}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{Commons category-inline}}<br /> <br /> {{Navboxes|list=<br /> {{Riots in India}}<br /> {{Religious persecution}} <br /> {{Citizenship Amendment Act protests}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Delhi riots, 2020}}<br /> [[Category:2020s in Delhi|Riots]]<br /> [[Category:2020 in Islam]]<br /> [[Category:2020 murders in India]]<br /> [[Category:2020 riots]]<br /> [[Category:Anti-Muslim riots in India]]<br /> [[Category:Arson in 2020]]<br /> [[Category:2020 building bombings]]<br /> [[Category:Mosque bombings in India]]<br /> [[Category:Citizenship Amendment Act protests]]<br /> [[Category:Murder in Delhi|2020 Delhi riots]]<br /> [[Category:February 2020 crimes in Asia]]<br /> [[Category:February 2020 in India]]<br /> [[Category:Hinduism in Delhi|2020 Delhi riots]]<br /> [[Category:2020 mass murders]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century mass murders in India]]<br /> [[Category:Mosque arson in India]]<br /> [[Category:Residential building arson attacks in India]]<br /> [[Category:Stone pelting in India]]<br /> [[Category:Police misconduct in India]]<br /> [[Category:Arson attacks on vehicles in India]]<br /> [[Category:2020 fires in Asia]]<br /> [[Category:Commercial building fires in India]]<br /> [[Category:Attacks on shops in India]]<br /> [[Category:2020 mass shootings in Asia]]<br /> [[Category:Mass shootings in India]]<br /> [[Category:Attacks on warehouses]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century attacks on mosques]]<br /> [[Category:Shootouts in India]]<br /> [[Category:Riots and civil disorder in Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Building and structure fires in Delhi]]</div>

Uravu https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dante_Alighieri&diff=445451 2026-03-08T22:47:15Z

<p>Uravu: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Italian writer and philosopher (1265–1321)}}<br /> {{Redirect|Dante}}<br /> {{Use American English|date=March 2024}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}<br /> {{Infobox writer<br /> | name = Dante Alighieri<br /> | image = Bargello - Kapelle Fresko 2a.jpg<br /> | caption = Alleged Dante portrait{{efn|Attributed to [[Giotto]], it was painted {{Circa|1335}} and has been restored.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gombrich |first=E. H. |date=1979 |title=Giotto's Portrait of Dante? |url=http://www.jstor.com/stable/879612 |journal=The Burlington Magazine |volume=121 |issue=917 |pages=471–483 |jstor=879612}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} in the chapel of the [[Bargello]] palace, Florence.{{Sfn|Santagata|2016|p=6}}<br /> | alt = head-and-chest side portrait of Dante in red and white coat and cowl<br /> | birth_date = {{circa|May 1265|}}&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;His birth date is listed as &quot;probably in the end of May&quot; by [[Robert Hollander]] in &quot;Dante&quot; in ''[[Dictionary of the Middle Ages]]'', volume &amp;nbsp;4. According to [[Giovanni Boccaccio]], the poet said he was born in May. See &quot;Alighieri, Dante&quot; in the ''Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani''.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | birth_place = [[Florence]]<br /> | birth_name = Durante di Alighiero degli Alighieri{{efn|name=baptized}}<br /> | death_date = {{death date|1321|09|14|df=y}}&lt;br /&gt;(aged {{circa|56}})<br /> | death_place = [[Ravenna]], Papal States<br /> | resting_place = [[Tomb of Dante]], Ravenna<br /> | occupation = {{hlist|Statesman|poet|language theorist|[[political theory|political theorist]]}}<br /> | movement = {{lang|it|[[Dolce Stil Novo]]}}<br /> | period = [[Late Middle Ages]]<br /> | notableworks = ''[[Divine Comedy]]''<br /> | language = {{hlist|Italian ([[Tuscan dialect|Tuscan]])|[[Latin]]}}<br /> | spouse = [[Gemma Donati]]<br /> | children = 4, including [[Jacopo Alighieri|Jacopo]]<br /> | relatives = [[Alighiero di Bellincione]] (father)<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Dante Alighieri''' ({{IPA|it|ˈdante aliˈɡjɛːri|lang}}; most likely baptized '''Durante di Alighiero degli Alighieri''';{{efn|name=baptized|{{IPA|it|duˈrante dj aliˈɡjɛːro deʎʎ aliˈɡjɛːri|small=no}}. The name ''Dante'' is understood to be a [[hypocorism]] of the name ''[[Durante]]'', though no document known to survive from Dante's lifetime refers to him as ''Durante'' (including his own writings). A document prepared for Dante's son [[Jacopo Alighieri|Jacopo]] refers to &quot;Durante, often called Dante&quot;. He may have been named for his maternal grandfather Durante degli Abati.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Gorni |first=Guglielmo |date=2009 |title=Dante: storia di un visionario |location=Rome |publisher=Gius. Laterza &amp; Figli |chapter=Nascita e anagrafe di Dante |isbn=9788858101742}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} {{c.|May 1265}} – 14 September 1321), widely known [[mononym]]ously as '''Dante''',{{efn|English pronunciation: {{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|ɑː|n|t|eɪ|,_|ˈ|d|æ|n|t|eɪ|,_|ˈ|d|æ|n|t|i}} {{respell|DA(H)N|tay|,_|DAN|tee}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Dante |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/dante |access-date=20 May 2019 |work=[[Collins English Dictionary]] |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |archive-date=9 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909003610/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/dante |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Dante &quot;Dante&quot;]{{dead link|date=September 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} (US) and {{Cite dictionary |title=Dante |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Dante |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182015/https://www.lexico.com/definition/dante |archive-date=22 March 2020 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} was an Italian{{efn|Dante described himself as &quot;the humble Italian Dante Alighieri, a Florentine and guiltless refugee&quot; (&quot;{{lang|it|l'umile italiano Dante Alighieri fiorentino ed esule senza colpa}}&quot;).&lt;ref&gt;[[Dante|Dante Alighieri]], 5th Epistle&lt;/ref&gt;}} [[Italian poetry|poet]], writer, and philosopher.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2018/entries/dante/|title=Dante|encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|first1=Winthrop|last1=Wetherbee|first2=Jason|last2=Aleksander|editor-first=Edward N.|editor-last=Zalta|date=30 April 2018|publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University}}&lt;/ref&gt; His ''[[Divine Comedy]]'', originally called {{lang|it|Comedìa}} (modern Italian: {{lang|it|Commedia}}) and later christened {{lang|it|Divina}} by [[Giovanni Boccaccio]],&lt;ref&gt;[[Edward Hutton (writer)|Hutton, Edward]] (1910). ''[http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/46722 Giovanni Boccaccio, a Biographical Study] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204011955/http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/46722 |date=4 February 2021 }}''. p. 273.&lt;/ref&gt; is widely considered one of the most important poems of the [[Middle Ages]] and the greatest literary work in the Italian language.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Bloom|first=Harold|author-link=Harold Bloom|title=The Western Canon|url=https://archive.org/details/westerncanonbook00bloo|url-access=registration|year=1994|publisher=Riverhead Books|isbn=9781573225144}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Shaw|2014|p=xiii}}<br /> <br /> At a time when Latin was still the dominant language for scholarly and literary writing—and when many Italian poets drew inspiration from French or [[Provençal dialect|Provençal]] traditions—Dante broke with both by writing in the [[vernacular]], specifically his native [[Tuscan dialect]]. His ''{{lang|la|[[De vulgari eloquentia]]}}'' (''On Eloquence in the Vernacular'') was one of the first scholarly defenses of the vernacular. His use of the [[Florentine dialect]] for works such as ''[[La Vita Nuova|The New Life]]'' (1295) and ''Divine Comedy'' helped establish the modern-day standardized Italian language. His work set a precedent that important Italian writers such as [[Petrarch]] and [[Boccaccio]] would later follow.<br /> <br /> Dante was instrumental in establishing the literature of Italy, and is considered to be among the country's [[national poet]]s and the Western world's greatest literary icons.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Icons of the Middle Ages: Rulers, Writers, Rebels, and Saints |page=244 |first=Lister M. |last=Matheson |year=2012 |publisher=Greenwood Pub Group }}&lt;/ref&gt; His depictions of [[Inferno (Dante)|Hell]], [[Purgatorio|Purgatory]], and [[Paradiso (Dante)|Heaven]] provided inspiration for the larger body of [[Western art]] and [[Western literature|literature]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Haller |first=Elizabeth K. |editor-first=Lister M. |editor-last=Matheson |title=Icons of the Middle Ages: Rulers, Writers, Rebels, and Saints |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rETxD8KcnUIC&amp;pg=PA244 |volume=1 |publisher=Greenwood |location=Santa Barbara, CA |date=2012 |page=244 |chapter=Dante Alighieri |isbn=978-0-313-34080-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Human accomplishment: the pursuit of excellence in the arts and sciences, 800 B.C. to 1950|last=Murray |first=Charles A.|date=2003|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=978-0-06-019247-1|edition=1st|location=New York|oclc=52047270|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/humanaccomplishm00murr}}&lt;/ref&gt; He influenced English writers such as [[Geoffrey Chaucer]], [[John Milton]], and [[Alfred, Lord Tennyson|Alfred Tennyson]], among many others. In addition, the first use of the interlocking three-line rhyme scheme, or the ''[[terza rima]]'', is attributed to him. He is described as the &quot;father&quot; of the Italian language,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=The Cambridge Companion to Dante's 'Commedia'|editor1-first=Zygmunt G.|editor1-last=Barański|editor2-first=Simon|editor2-last=Gilson|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=2018|page=108|isbn=9781108421294}}&lt;/ref&gt; and in Italy he is often referred to as {{lang|it|il Sommo Poeta}} (&quot;the Supreme Poet&quot;).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.raicultura.it/letteratura/eventi/Alla-Casa-di-Dante-a-Roma-si-celebra-il-Sommo-Poeta-a4f07cba-5d75-4e16-bca2-e514b9c87c41.html|title=Alla 'Casa di Dante' a Roma si celebra il Sommo Poeta|language=italian}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dante, Petrarch, and Boccaccio are also called the {{lang|it|tre corone}} (&quot;three crowns&quot;) of Italian literature.<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> [[File:Casa di dante 01.JPG|thumb|left|Dante's house museum in Florence. The house has been significantly altered since Dante's time.{{Sfn|Barbero|2022|p=79}}]]<br /> Dante was born in [[Florence]].&lt;ref name=dbi&gt;{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/dante-alighieri_%28Dizionario-Biografico%29/|title=Alighieri, Dante|encyclopedia=Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani|first=Siro A.|last=Chimenz|volume=2|year=1960|publisher=Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana|language=it|access-date=22 February 2022|archive-date=17 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317041529/https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/dante-alighieri_(Dizionario-Biografico)/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The exact date of his birth is unknown, although it is believed to be around May 1265.&lt;ref name=dbi /&gt;{{Sfn|Santagata|2016|p=3}}{{Sfn|Took|2021|p=28}} This can be deduced from [[Autobiographical|autobiographic]] [[allusion]]s in the ''[[Divine Comedy]]''. Its first section, the ''[[Inferno (Dante)|Inferno]]'', begins, &quot;{{lang|it|Nel mezzo del cammin di nostra vita}}&quot; (&quot;Midway upon the journey of our life&quot;), implying that Dante was around 35 years old, since the average lifespan according to the Bible (Psalm 89:10&lt;!-- do not change to Ps. 90; in the Vulgate, as specified, the chapter is 89 --&gt;, Vulgate) is 70 years; and since his imaginary travel to the netherworld took place in 1300, he was most probably born around 1265. Some verses of the ''Paradiso'' section of the ''Divine Comedy'' also provide a possible clue that he was born under the sign of [[Gemini (astrology)|Gemini]]: &quot;As I revolved with the eternal twins, I saw revealed, from hills to river outlets, the threshing-floor that makes us so ferocious&quot; (XXII &amp;nbsp;151–154). In 1265, the sun was in Gemini between approximately 11 May and 11 June ([[Julian calendar]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Dante claimed that his family descended from the ancient Romans (''Inferno'', XV, 76), but the earliest relative he could mention by name was his great-great-grandfather [[Cacciaguida]] degli Elisei (''Paradiso'', XV, 135), born no earlier than about 1100. Dante's father was [[Alighiero di Bellincione]], a businessman and moneylender,{{Sfn|Santagata|2016|p=21}} and Dante's mother was Bella, probably a member of the Abati family, a noble Florentine family.&lt;ref name=&quot;Trecc&quot; /&gt; She died when Dante was not yet ten years old. Alighiero soon married again, to Lapa di Chiarissimo Cialuffi. It is uncertain whether he really married her, since widowers were socially limited in such matters, but she definitely bore him two children, Dante's half-brother Francesco and half-sister Tana (Gaetana).&lt;ref name=&quot;Trecc&quot;&gt;{{cite dictionary|dictionary=Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani|publisher=[[Enciclopedia Italiana]]|url=http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/dante-alighieri_(Dizionario-Biografico)/|title=Alighieri, Dante|first=S.A|last=Chimenz|year=2014|bibcode=2014bea..book...56.|language=it|access-date=7 March 2016|archive-date=8 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308070357/http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/dante-alighieri_(Dizionario-Biografico)/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> During Dante's time, most Northern Italian city states were split into two political factions: the [[Guelphs and Ghibellines|Guelphs]], who supported the [[Pope|papacy]], and the Ghibellines, who supported the [[Holy Roman Empire]].{{Sfn|Shaw|2014|p=14}} Dante's family was loyal to the Guelphs. The Ghibellines took over Florence at the [[Battle of Montaperti]] in 1260, forcing out many of the Guelphs.{{Sfn|Santagata|2016|p=14}} Although Dante's family were Guelphs, they suffered no reprisals after the battle, probably because of Alighiero's low public standing.{{Sfn|Santagata|2016|p=19}} The Guelphs later fought the Ghibellines again in 1266 at the Battle of Benevento, retaking Florence from the Ghibellines.{{Sfn|Santagata|2016|p=14}}{{Sfn|Shaw|2014|p=14}}<br /> <br /> Dante said he first met [[Beatrice Portinari]], daughter of [[Folco Portinari]], when he was nine (she was eight),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.florenceinferno.com/beatrice-portinari/|title=Beatrice and Dante Alighieri &gt; A Love Story|date=14 December 2016|access-date=13 January 2022|archive-date=13 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113235750/https://www.florenceinferno.com/beatrice-portinari/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and he claimed to have fallen in love with her &quot;[[Love at first sight|at first sight]]&quot;, apparently without even talking with her.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Delphi Complete Works of Dante Alighieri |edition=Illustrated |volume=6 |first=Dante |last=Alighieri |publisher=Delphi Classics |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-909496-19-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; When he was 12, however, he was promised in marriage to [[Gemma Donati|Gemma di Manetto Donati]], daughter of Manetto Donati, member of the powerful Donati family.&lt;ref name=Trecc/&gt; Contracting marriages for children at such an early age was quite common and involved a formal ceremony, including contracts signed before a [[civil law notary|notary]].&lt;ref name=Trecc/&gt; Dante claimed to have seen Beatrice again frequently after he turned 18, exchanging greetings with her in the streets of Florence, though he never knew her well.&lt;ref name=jmdent/&gt;<br /> <br /> Years after his marriage to Gemma, he claims to have met Beatrice again; he wrote several sonnets to Beatrice but never mentioned Gemma in any of his poems. He refers to other Donati relations, notably Forese and Piccarda, in his ''Divine Comedy''. The exact date of his marriage is not known; the only certain information is that, before his exile in 1301, he had fathered three children with Gemma (Pietro, [[Jacopo Alighieri|Jacopo]] and Antonia).&lt;ref name=Trecc/&gt;<br /> <br /> Dante fought with the Guelph cavalry at the [[Battle of Campaldino]] (11 June 1289).&lt;ref name=&quot;Davenport2005&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Davenport|first=John|title=Dante: Poet, Author, and Proud Florentine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MWWKW15MjqMC&amp;pg=PA53|year=2005|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-0415-7|page=53|access-date=7 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; This victory brought about a reformation of the Florentine constitution. To take part in public life, one had to enroll in one of the city's many commercial or artisan guilds, so Dante entered the [[Physicians' and Apothecaries' Guild]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=di Serego Alighieri |first1=Sperello |title=The Sun and the other Stars of Dante Alighieri |last2=Capaccioli |first2=Massimo |publisher=World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. |year=2022 |isbn=9789811246227 |location=Singapore |pages=48}}&lt;/ref&gt; His name is occasionally recorded as speaking or voting in the councils of the republic. Many minutes from such meetings between 1298 and 1300 were lost, so the extent of his participation is uncertain.<br /> <br /> ==Education and poetry==<br /> Not much is known about Dante's education; he presumably studied at home or in a chapter school attached to a church or monastery in Florence. It is known that he studied [[Tuscany|Tuscan]] poetry and that he admired the compositions of the Bolognese poet [[Guido Guinizelli]]—in ''Purgatorio'' XXVI he characterized him as his &quot;father&quot;—at a time when the [[Sicilian School]] ({{Lang|it|Scuola poetica Siciliana}}), a cultural group from [[Sicily]], was becoming known in Tuscany. He also discovered the [[Occitan language|Provençal]] poetry of the [[troubadours]], such as [[Arnaut Daniel]], and the Latin writers of [[classical antiquity]], including [[Cicero]], [[Ovid]] and especially [[Virgil]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.poets.org/poetsorg/poet/dante-alighieri |title=Dante Alighieri |author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |publisher=Academy of American Poets |access-date=20 December 2019 |archive-date=17 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417061211/https://www.poets.org/poetsorg/poet/dante-alighieri |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Dante's interactions with Beatrice set an example of so-called [[courtly love]], a phenomenon developed in French and Provençal poetry of prior centuries. Dante's experience of such love was typical, but his expression of it was unique. It was in the name of this love that Dante left his imprint on the {{Lang|it|[[dolce stil nuovo]]}} (&quot;sweet new style&quot;, a term that Dante himself coined), and he would join other contemporary poets and writers in exploring never-before-emphasized aspects of love. Love for Beatrice (as [[Petrarch]] would express for Laura somewhat differently) would be his reason for writing poetry and for living, together with political passions. In many of his poems, she is depicted as semi-divine, watching over him constantly and providing spiritual instruction, sometimes harshly. When Beatrice died in 1290, Dante sought refuge in Latin literature.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Names and Naming in Young Adult Literature |series=Scarecrow Studies in Young Adult Literature |volume=27 |first=Alleen Pace |last=Nilsen|author2=Don L.F. Nilsen |location=Lanham, MD |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-8108-6685-0 |page=133}}&lt;/ref&gt; The ''[[Convivio]]'' chronicles his having read [[Boethius]]'s {{Lang|la|[[The Consolation of Philosophy|De consolatione philosophiae]]}} and Cicero's {{Lang|la|[[De Amicitia]]}}.<br /> <br /> [[File:Dante and beatrice.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Dante and Beatrice (painting)|Dante and Beatrice]]'', by [[Henry Holiday]], inspired by ''[[La Vita Nuova]]'', 1883]]<br /> <br /> He next dedicated himself to philosophical studies at religious schools like the Dominican one in [[Santa Maria Novella]]. He took part in the disputes that the two principal [[mendicant order|mendicant]] orders ([[Franciscan]] and [[Dominican Order|Dominican]]) publicly or indirectly held in Florence, the former explaining the doctrines of the mystics and of St. [[Bonaventure]], the latter expounding on the theories of St. [[Thomas Aquinas]].&lt;ref name=jmdent&gt;{{cite book |title=The Paradiso of Dante Alighieri |url=https://archive.org/details/paradisoofdantea00dantrich |first=Dante |last=Alighieri |editor=Philip Henry Wicksteed, Herman Oelsner |edition=5th|publisher=J.M. Dent and Company |year=1904 |page=[https://archive.org/details/paradisoofdantea00dantrich/page/129 129]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> At around the age of 18, Dante met [[Guido Cavalcanti]], [[Lapo Gianni]], [[Cino da Pistoia]] and, soon after, [[Brunetto Latini]]; together they became the leaders of the {{Lang|it|dolce stil nuovo}}. Brunetto later received special mention in the ''Divine Comedy'' (''Inferno'', XV, 28) for what he had taught Dante: &quot;Nor speaking less on that account I go With Ser Brunetto, and I ask who are his most known and most eminent companions&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Critical Companion to Dante |first=Jay |last=Ruud |publisher=Infobase Publishing |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-4381-0841-4 |page=138}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some fifty poetical commentaries by Dante are known (the so-called ''[[The Rime|Rime]]'', rhymes), others being included in the later {{lang|it|Vita Nuova}} and {{lang|it|Convivio}}. Other studies are reported, or deduced from {{lang|it|Vita Nuova}} or the ''Comedy'', regarding painting and music.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Aste |first=Kristina |date=1 November 2008 |title=Dante’s Treatment of Music in the Divine Comedy. |url=https://doi.org/10.6017/eurj.v4i2.8891 |journal=Music as Mirror |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=10}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Florence and politics==<br /> {{Further|Guelphs and Ghibellines}}<br /> Dante, like most Florentines of his day, was embroiled in the [[Guelphs and Ghibellines|Guelph–Ghibelline conflict]]. He fought in the [[Battle of Campaldino]] (11 June 1289), with the Florentine Guelphs against [[Arezzo]] Ghibellines;&lt;ref name=&quot;Davenport2005&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=DASM&gt;{{cite web |title=Guelphs and Ghibellines |url=http://www.dantemass.org/html/guelphs-and-ghibellines.html |publisher=Dante Alighieri Society of Massachusetts |access-date=30 December 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151212042335/http://www.dantemass.org/html/guelphs-and-ghibellines.html |archive-date=12 December 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; he fought as a ''{{ill|feditore|it}}'', responsible for the first attack.{{Sfn|Santagata|2016|p=62}} To further his political career, he obtained admission to the Guild of Physicians and Apothecaries around 1295.{{Sfn|Santagata|2016|p=95}} He likely joined the guild due to association between philosophy and medicine,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Sandor|first1=Vlaicu|last2=Dumitrascu|first2=Dinu I.|last3=Bojita|first3=Marius T.|last4=Dumitrascu|first4=Dan L.|title=Medicine and Pharmacy in the Works of Dante Alighieri (1265–1321)|date=April 2022|journal=Medicine and Pharmacy Reports|volume=95|issue=2|pages=218–224|doi=10.15386/mpr-2451|doi-access=free|pmid=35721038 |pmc=9176311}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Shaw|2014|p=17}}{{Sfn|Took|2021|p=47}} but also may have joined as apothecaries were also booksellers.{{Sfn|Barbero|2022|p=138}}{{Sfn|Santagata|2016|p=78}} His guild membership allowed him to hold public office in Florence.{{Sfn|Shaw|2014|p=17}} As a politician, he held various offices over some years in a city rife with political unrest.<br /> <br /> After defeating the Ghibellines, the Guelphs divided into two factions: the White Guelphs ({{Lang|it|Guelfi Bianchi}})—Dante's party, led by Vieri dei Cerchi—and the Black Guelphs ({{Lang|it|Guelfi Neri}}), led by [[Corso Donati]]. Although the split was along family lines at first, ideological differences arose based on opposing views of the papal role in Florentine affairs. The Blacks supported the Pope and the Whites wanted more freedom from Rome. The Whites took power first and expelled the Blacks. In response, [[Pope Boniface VIII]] planned a military occupation of Florence. In 1301, [[Charles of Valois]], brother of King [[Philip IV of France]], was expected to visit Florence because the Pope had appointed him as peacemaker for Tuscany, but the city's government had treated the Pope's ambassadors badly a few weeks before, seeking independence from papal influence. It was believed Charles had received other unofficial instructions, so the council sent a delegation that included Dante to Rome to persuade the Pope not to send Charles to Florence.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www3.nd.edu/~italnet/Dante/text/Chronology.html|title=Chronology|website=Renaissance Dante in Print (1472–1629)|publisher=University of Notre Dame|access-date=25 December 2023|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225174529/https://www3.nd.edu/~italnet/Dante/text/Chronology.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book<br /> |title=The Oxford Handbook of Dante<br /> |year=2021<br /> |page=343<br /> |isbn=9780198820741<br /> |publisher=Oxford University Press<br /> |editor=Elena Lombardi |editor2=Francesca Southerden |editor3=Manuele Gragnolati<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Exile from Florence==<br /> Pope Boniface quickly dismissed the other delegates and asked Dante alone to remain in Rome. At the same time (1 November 1301), Charles of Valois entered Florence with the Black Guelphs, who in the next six days destroyed much of the city and killed many of their enemies. A new Black Guelph government was installed, and [[Cante dei Gabrielli]] da [[Gubbio]] was appointed {{Lang|it|[[podestà]]}} of the city. In March 1302, Dante, a White Guelph by affiliation, along with the [[Gherardini family]], was condemned to exile for two years and ordered to pay a large fine.&lt;ref&gt;[[Dino Compagni]], ''Cronica delle cose occorrenti ne' tempi suoi''&lt;/ref&gt; Dante was accused of corruption and financial wrongdoing by the Black Guelphs for the time that Dante was serving as city prior (Florence's highest position) for two months in 1300.{{sfn|Harrison|2015|pp=36–37}} The poet was still in Rome in 1302, as the Pope, who had backed the Black Guelphs, had &quot;suggested&quot; that Dante stay there. Florence under the Black Guelphs, therefore, considered Dante an absconder.{{sfn|Harrison|2015|p=36}}<br /> <br /> Dante did not pay the fine, in part because he believed he was not guilty and in part because all his assets in Florence had been seized by the Black Guelphs. He was condemned to perpetual exile; if he had returned to Florence without paying the fine, he could have been burned at the stake. (In June 2008, nearly seven centuries after his death, the city council of Florence passed a motion rescinding Dante's sentence.)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|first=Malcolm |last=Moore|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/2145378/Dante%27s-infernal-crimes-forgiven.html |title=Dante's infernal crimes forgiven|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|date=17 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080622172200/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/2145378/Dante%27s-infernal-crimes-forgiven.html |access-date=18 June 2008|archive-date=22 June 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1306–07, Dante was a guest of {{ill|Moroello Malaspina|it}} in the region of [[Lunigiana]].{{sfn|Raffa|2020|p=24}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Antonio Cotti - Dante a Verona.jpg|thumb|left|''Dante in Verona'', by Antonio Cotti, 1879]]<br /> <br /> Dante took part in several attempts by the White Guelphs to regain power, but these failed due to treachery. Bitter at the treatment he received from his enemies, he grew disgusted with the infighting and ineffectiveness of his former allies and vowed to become a party of one. He went to [[Verona]] as a guest of [[Bartolomeo I della Scala]], then moved to [[Sarzana]] in Liguria. Later he is supposed to have lived in [[Lucca]] with a woman named Gentucca. She apparently made his stay comfortable (and he later gratefully mentioned her in ''Purgatorio'', XXIV, 37).{{sfn|Santagata|2016|p=208}} Some speculative sources claim he visited Paris between 1308 and 1310, and other sources even less trustworthy say he went to [[Oxford]]; these claims, first made in [[Giovanni Boccaccio]]'s book on Dante several decades after his death, seem inspired by readers who were impressed with the poet's wide learning and erudition. No longer occupied with the day-to-day affairs of Florentine politics after his exile, Dante deepened his engagement with philosophy and literature, as seen in the intellectual rigor and thematic scope of his prose works from this period. Yet, while his ideas traveled widely, there is no definitive evidence that he ever left Italy. Dante's {{Lang|la|Immensa Dei dilectione testante}} to Henry VII of Luxembourg confirms his residence &quot;beneath the springs of Arno, near Tuscany&quot; in April 1311.{{sfn|Santagata|2016|p=249}}<br /> <br /> In 1310, Holy Roman Emperor [[Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry VII]] of [[Luxembourg]] marched into Italy at the head of 5,000 troops. Dante saw in him a new [[Charlemagne]] who would restore the office of the Holy Roman Emperor to its former glory and also retake Florence from the Black Guelphs. He wrote to Henry and several Italian princes, demanding that they destroy the Black Guelphs.&lt;ref&gt;Latham, Charles S.; Carpenter, George R. (1891). ''[https://archive.org/details/translationofdan00dant A Translation of Dante's Eleven Letters]''. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin. pp. 269–282.&lt;/ref&gt; Mixing religion and private concerns in his writings, he invoked the worst anger of God against his city and suggested several particular targets, who were also his personal enemies. It was during this time that he wrote {{Lang|la|[[De Monarchia]]}}, proposing a [[universal monarchy]] under Henry VII.&lt;ref&gt;Carroll, John S. (1903). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=uAd8Kp0gmoUC Exiles of Eternity: An Exposition of Dante's Inferno] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164811/https://books.google.com/books?id=uAd8Kp0gmoUC |date=26 March 2023 }}''. London: Hodder and Stoughton. pp. xlviii–l.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> At some point during his exile, he conceived of the ''Comedy'', but the date is uncertain. The work is far more assured and ambitious than anything he had written in Florence. It is likely that he would have undertaken such a project only after accepting that his political ambitions, which had been central to him before his banishment, may have been indefinitely disrupted. It is also noticeable that Beatrice has returned to his imagination with renewed force and with a wider meaning than in the {{Lang|it|Vita Nuova}}; in {{Lang|it|Convivio}} (written {{Circa|1304}}–07) he had declared that the memory of this youthful romance belonged to the past.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Wickstool |first1=Philip Henry |title=The Convivio of Dante Alighieri |date=1903 |publisher=London : J. M. Dent and Co. |page=5 |url=https://archive.org/details/convivioofdantea00dantiala/page/4/mode/2up |quote=And in that I spoke before entrance on the prime of manhood, and in this when I had already passed the same.}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{original research inline|date=May 2025}}<br /> <br /> An early indication that the poem was underway is a notice by [[Francesco da Barberino]], tucked into his {{Lang|la|Documenti d'Amore}} (''Lessons of Love''), probably written in 1314 or early 1315. Francesco notes that Dante followed the ''[[Aeneid]]'' in a poem called &quot;Comedy&quot; and that the setting of this poem (or part of it) was the underworld; i.e., hell.&lt;ref&gt;See [http://www.bookrags.com/tandf/francesco-daccorso-tf/ Bookrags.com] and Tigerstedt, E.N. 1967, ''Dante; Tiden Mannen Verket'' (''Dante; The Age, the Man, the Work''), Bonniers, Stockholm, 1967. {{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt; The brief note gives no incontestable indication that Barberino had read or even seen the ''Inferno'', or that this part had been published at the time, but it indicates composition was well underway and that the sketching of the poem might have begun some years before. (It has been suggested that a knowledge of Dante's work also underlies some of the illuminations in Francesco da Barberino's earlier ''Officiolum'' [c. 1305–08], a manuscript that came to light in 2003.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.spolia.it/online/en/argomenti/letterature_romanze/filologia/2003/barberino.htm|title=L{{'}}''Officiolum'' ritrovato di Francesco da Barberino|first=Fabio M.|last=Bertolo|year=2003|work=Spolia&amp;nbsp;– Journal of Medieval Studies|access-date=18 August 2012|archive-date=22 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422231658/http://www.spolia.it/online/en/argomenti/letterature_romanze/filologia/2003/barberino.htm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;) It is known that the ''Inferno'' had been published by 1317; this is established by quoted lines interspersed in the margins of contemporary dated records from [[Bologna]], but there is no certainty as to whether the three parts of the poem were each published in full or, rather, a few cantos at a time. ''Paradiso'' was likely finished before he died, but it may have been published posthumously.{{sfn|Santagata|2016|p=339}}<br /> <br /> In 1312, Henry assaulted Florence and defeated the Black Guelphs, but there is no evidence that Dante was involved. Some say he refused to participate in the attack on his city by a foreigner; others suggest that he had become unpopular with the White Guelphs, too, and that any trace of his passage had carefully been removed. Henry VII died (from a fever) in 1313 and with him any hope for Dante to see Florence again. He returned to Verona, where [[Cangrande I della Scala]] allowed him to live in certain security and, presumably, in a fair degree of prosperity. Cangrande was admitted to Dante's Paradise (''Paradiso'', XVII, 76).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cangrande della Scala – 'Da molte stelle mi vien questa Luce' |trans-title=Cangrande della Scala – 'This light comes to me from many stars' |work=dantealighieri.tk |access-date=1 February 2021 |url=https://www.dantealighieri.tk/paradiso/i-canti-di-cacciaguida/cangrande-della-scala/ |language=it |archive-date=5 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205184530/https://www.dantealighieri.tk/paradiso/i-canti-di-cacciaguida/cangrande-della-scala/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> During the period of his exile, Dante corresponded with Dominican theologian Fr. Nicholas Brunacci (1240–1322), who had been a student of [[Thomas Aquinas]] at the Santa Sabina ''studium'' in Rome, later at Paris,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.brunacci.it/s--tommaso.html |title=Le famiglie Brunacci |website=Brunacci.it |access-date=27 March 2017 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224220400/http://www.brunacci.it/s--tommaso.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; and of [[Albert the Great]] at the Cologne ''studium''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sVP3vBmDktQC&amp;q=brunacci&amp;pg=PA85 |title=History of Italian Philosophy: VIBS |first=Eugenio |last=Garin |page=85 |access-date=27 March 2017|isbn=978-90-420-2321-5 |year=2008|publisher=Rodopi }}&lt;/ref&gt; Brunacci became lector at the Santa Sabina ''studium'', forerunner of the [[Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas]], and later served in the [[Roman curia|papal curia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The testimonies of the chronicles|url=http://www.e-theca.net/emiliopanella/lector12.htm|website=E-theca.net|access-date=9 May 2011|archive-date=24 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324032825/http://www.e-theca.net/emiliopanella/lector12.htm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1315, Florence was forced by [[Uguccione della Faggiuola]] (the military officer controlling the town) to grant an amnesty to those in exile, including Dante. But for this, Florence required public penance in addition to payment of a high fine. Dante refused, preferring to remain in exile. When Uguccione defeated Florence, Dante's death sentence was commuted to house arrest, on condition that he go to Florence to swear he would never enter the town again. He refused to go, and his death sentence was confirmed and extended to his sons.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Burdeau |first1=Cain |title=Dante Gets a Bit of Justice, 700 Years After His Death |url=https://www.courthousenews.com/dante-gets-a-bit-of-justice-700-years-after-his-death/ |website=Courthouse News |publisher=Courthouse News Service |date=21 May 2021 |access-date=28 August 2022 |archive-date=28 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828040604/https://www.courthousenews.com/dante-gets-a-bit-of-justice-700-years-after-his-death/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Despite this, he still hoped late in life that he might be invited back to Florence on honorable terms, particularly in praise of his poetry.{{sfn|Santagata|2016|pp=333–334}}<br /> ==Death and burial==<br /> {{multiple image<br /> | align = right<br /> | image1 = Dante's tomb (Ravenna) - Facade.jpg<br /> | width1 = 141<br /> | alt1 = <br /> | caption1 = <br /> | image2 = Dante Alighieri tomb in Ravenna (interior).jpg<br /> | width2 = 165<br /> | alt2 = <br /> | caption2 = <br /> | footer = Dante's tomb exterior and interior in Ravenna, built in 1780<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Dante's final days were spent in [[Ravenna]], where he had been invited to stay in the city in 1318 by its prince, [[Guido II da Polenta]]. Dante died in Ravenna on 14 September 1321, aged about 56, of [[quartan malaria]] contracted while returning from a diplomatic mission to the [[Republic of Venice]]. He was attended by his three children, and possibly by [[Gemma Donati]], and by friends and admirers he had in the city.{{sfn|Raffa|2020|pp=23–24, 27, 28–30}} He was buried in Ravenna at the Church of San Pier Maggiore (later called [[Basilica of San Francesco, Ravenna|Basilica di San Francesco]]). [[Bernardo Bembo]], [[praetor]] of [[Venice]], erected [[Tomb of Dante|a tomb for him]] in 1483.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theflorentine.net/2017/04/10/dante-ravenna-florence-battle-of-bones/|title=Dante: the battle of the bones|date=10 April 2017|website=The Florentine|last1=Pirro|first1=Deirdre|access-date=30 April 2021|archive-date=30 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430112703/https://www.theflorentine.net/2017/04/10/dante-ravenna-florence-battle-of-bones/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.italymagazine.com/news/dantes-tomb |title=Italy Magazine, Dante's Tomb |website=Italy Magazine |date=31 October 2017 |access-date=22 July 2019 |archive-date=22 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722190530/https://www.italymagazine.com/news/dantes-tomb |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On the grave, a verse of [[Bernardo Canaccio]], a friend of Dante, is dedicated to Florence:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ballerstein |first=Andy |date=2024-04-19 |title=Lost and Found: Navigating the Dark Forests of Personal Exile and Rediscovery |url=https://mindfulpracticeinmedicine.com/lost-and-found-navigating-the-dark-forests-of-personal-exile-and-rediscovery/ |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=Mindful Practice in Medicine |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Verse translation|<br /> {{lang|la|parvi Florentia mater amoris}}<br /> |<br /> Florence, mother of little love}}<br /> <br /> In 1329, [[Bertrand du Pouget]], Cardinal and nephew of [[Pope John XXII]], classified Dante's ''Monarchia'' as heretical and sought to have his bones burned at the stake. [[Ostasio I da Polenta]] and Pino della Tosa, allies of Pouget, interceded to prevent the destruction of Dante's remains.{{sfn|Raffa|2020|p=38}}<br /> <br /> Florence eventually came to regret having exiled Dante. The city made repeated requests for the return of his remains. The custodians of the body in Ravenna refused, at one point going so far as to conceal the bones in a false wall of the monastery. Florence built a tomb for Dante in 1829, in the [[Basilica di Santa Croce di Firenze|Basilica of Santa Croce]]. That tomb has been empty ever since, with Dante's body remaining in Ravenna. The front of his tomb in Florence reads {{Lang|it|Onorate l'altissimo poeta}}—which roughly translates as &quot;Honor the most exalted poet&quot; and is a quote from the fourth canto of the ''Inferno''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.thelocal.it/20190904/dantes-tomb-italy-ravenna-florence/ |title=Dante's last laugh: Why Italy's national poet isn't buried where you think he is. |first=Jessica |last=Phelan |newspaper=The Local Italy |date=4 September 2019 |access-date=8 June 2021 |archive-date=8 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608202220/https://www.thelocal.it/20190904/dantes-tomb-italy-ravenna-florence/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1945, the [[Italian Social Republic|fascist government]] discussed bringing Dante's remains to the [[Valtellina Redoubt]], the Alpine valley in which the regime intended to make its last stand against the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]]. The case was made that &quot;the greatest symbol of Italianness&quot; should be present at fascism's &quot;heroic&quot; end, but ultimately, no action was taken.{{sfn|Raffa|2020|pp=244–245}}<br /> <br /> A copy of Dante's death mask has been displayed since 1911 in the [[Palazzo Vecchio]]; scholars today believe it is not a true death mask and was probably carved in 1483, perhaps by [[Pietro Lombardo|Pietro]] and [[Tullio Lombardo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.florenceinferno.com/dante-death-mask/ |title=Dante death mask |website=florenceinferno.com |date=July 2013 |access-date=22 July 2019 |archive-date=22 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722194116/https://www.florenceinferno.com/dante-death-mask/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{clear}}<br /> <br /> ==Legacy==<br /> [[File:Portrait de Dante.jpg|thumb|Posthumous portrait in [[tempera]] by [[Sandro Botticelli]], 1495]]<br /> The first formal biography of Dante was the {{Lang|it|Vita di Dante}} (also known as {{Lang|it|Trattatello in laude di Dante}}), written after 1348 by Giovanni Boccaccio.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04628a.htm|title=Dante Alighieri|publisher=The Catholic Encyclopedia|access-date=2 May 2010|archive-date=19 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819050159/https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04628a.htm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although several statements and episodes of it have been deemed unreliable on the basis of modern research, an earlier account of Dante's life and works had been included in the {{Lang|it|[[Nuova Cronica]]}} of the Florentine chronicler [[Giovanni Villani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Vauchez|first1=André|last2=Dobson|first2=Richard Barrie|last3=Lapidge|first3=Michael|title=Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages|year=2000|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers|location=Chicago|page=1517}}; {{cite book|last=Caesar|first=Michael|title=Dante, the Critical Heritage, 1314(?)–1870|year=1989|publisher=Routledge|location=London|page=xi}}{{ISBN?}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Some 16th-century English Protestants, such as [[John Bale]] and [[John Foxe]], argued that Dante was a [[Proto-Protestantism|proto-Protestant]] because of his opposition to the pope.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Boswell|first=Jackson Campbell|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zfyxtVZVI_sC|title=Dante's Fame in England: References in Printed British Books, 1477–1640|date=1999|publisher=University of Delaware Press|place=Newark|isbn=0-87413-605-9|page=xv|language=en|quote=After John Foxe's enormously influential ''Ecclesiastical History Contayning the Actes and Monumentes'' was published (1570), Dante's role as a proto-Protestant was sealed.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Catholic Encyclopedia: Foxe's Book of Martyrs|url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02681a.htm|access-date=13 January 2022|website=newadvent.org|archive-date=13 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113153616/https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02681a.htm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The 19th century saw a &quot;Dante revival&quot;, a product of the [[medieval revival]], which was itself an important aspect of [[Romanticism]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=19th Century: A History of English Romanticism by Henry Augustin Beers|chapter=3: Keats, Leigh Hunt, and the Dante Revival |chapter-url=http://www.online-literature.com/henry-augustin-beers/nineteenth-century-romanticism/3/ |access-date=18 August 2022 |via=online-literature.com |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326025924/http://www.online-literature.com/henry-augustin-beers/nineteenth-century-romanticism/3/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Thomas Carlyle]] profiled him in &quot;The Hero as Poet&quot;, the third lecture in ''[[On Heroes, Hero-Worship, &amp; the Heroic in History]]'' (1841): &quot;He is world-great not because he is worldwide, but because he is world-deep… Dante is the spokesman of the Middle Ages; the Thought they lived by stands here, in everlasting music.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Carlyle |first=Thomas |title=On Heroes, Hero-Worship, and the Heroic in History |year=1841 |chapter=Lecture III. The Hero as Poet. Dante: Shakspeare. |chapter-url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/1091/1091-h/1091-h.htm#link2H_4_0004 |access-date=18 August 2022 |archive-date=23 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023071731/https://www.gutenberg.org/files/1091/1091-h/1091-h.htm#link2H_4_0004 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Leigh Hunt]], [[Henry Francis Cary]] and [[Henry Wadsworth Longfellow]] were among Dante's translators of the era.<br /> <br /> Italy's first dreadnought battleship was completed in 1913 and named ''[[Italian battleship Dante Alighieri|Dante Alighieri]]'' in honor of him.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=21 July 2019|title=Italian dreadnought battleship Dante Alighieri (1910)|url=https://www.naval-encyclopedia.com/ww1/Italy/dante-alighieri|access-date=25 January 2021|website=Naval Encyclopedia|language=en-US|archive-date=30 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130150403/https://www.naval-encyclopedia.com/ww1/Italy/dante-alighieri|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 30 April 1921, in honor of the 600th anniversary of Dante's death, [[Pope Benedict XV]] promulgated an encyclical named {{Lang|la|[[In praeclara summorum]]}}, naming Dante as one &quot;of the many celebrated geniuses of whom the Catholic faith can boast&quot; and the &quot;pride and glory of humanity&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xv/encyclicals/documents/hf_ben-xv_enc_30041921_in-praeclara-summorum_en.html &quot;''In praeclara summorum'': Encyclical of Pope Benedict XV on Dante&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109070054/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xv/encyclicals/documents/hf_ben-xv_enc_30041921_in-praeclara-summorum_en.html |date=9 November 2014 }}. The Holy See. Retrieved 7 November 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; highlighting the philosophical and theological debt of Dante versus [[Thomas Aquinas]] and [[thomism]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Pinna&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Samuele Pinna |authorlink=:it:Samuele Pinna |publisher=[[Pontifical Athenaeum Regina Apostolorum]] |url=https://www.academia.edu/112789848 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250329182627/https://www.academia.edu/112789848/La_visione_di_Dio_Linflusso_di_san_Tommaso_dAquino_nella_poetica_di_Dante_pp_295_312 |archive-date=29 March 2025 |access-date=29 March 2025 |title=La visione di Dio. L'influsso di san Tommaso d'Aquino nella poetica di Dante|pages=296–300|language=it|journal=Studium|date=March–April 2020|issue=2|issn=0039-4130}} (at [[Academia.edu]] website; in ''Lecturae Dantis. Verso il 7° centenario dalla morte'')&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 7 December 1965, [[Pope Paul VI]] promulgated the Latin {{Lang|la|[[motu proprio]]}} titled {{Lang|la|Altissimi cantus}}, which was dedicated to Dante's figure and poetry.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.vatican.va/content/paul-vi/la/motu_proprio/documents/hf_p-vi_motu-proprio_19651207_altissimi-cantus.html|title=Altissimi cantus|access-date=21 March 2021|website=Vatican State|language=Latin, Italian|archive-date=21 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321152229/http://www.vatican.va/content/paul-vi/la/motu_proprio/documents/hf_p-vi_motu-proprio_19651207_altissimi-cantus.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In that year, the pope also donated a golden iron [[Crosses in heraldry#History|Greek Cross]] to Dante's burial site in Ravenna, on the occasion of the 700th anniversary of his birth.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.turismo.ra.it/cultura-e-storia/dante-alighieri-tomb/?lang=en|title=Dante Alighieri's tomb|location=Ravenna|access-date=21 March 2021|archive-date=21 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321150250/https://www.turismo.ra.it/cultura-e-storia/dante-alighieri-tomb/?lang=en|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2020-10/pope-francis-the-fascination-of-god-makes-its-powerful-attracti.html|title=Pope Francis: The fascination of God makes its powerful attraction felt|website=Vatican News|date=10 October 2020|archive-url=https://archive.today/20201016151611/https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2020-10/pope-francis-the-fascination-of-god-makes-its-powerful-attracti.html|archive-date=16 October 2020|url-status=live|access-date=21 March 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; The same cross was blessed by [[Pope Francis]] in October 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|first1=Sara|last1=Pietracci|url=https://www.ravennanotizie.it/0-copertina/2020/10/11/papa-francesco-annuncia-alla-delegazione-ravennate-la-preparazione-di-un-documento-pontificio-su-dante/|title=Papa Francesco annuncia alla delegazione ravennate la preparazione di un documento pontificio su Dante|language=Italian|trans-title=Pope Francis says to the delegation from Ravenna he his working to a pontifical document related to Dante|location=Ravenna|date=11 October 2020|access-date=21 March 2021|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210321150903/https://www.ravennanotizie.it/0-copertina/2020/10/11/papa-francesco-annuncia-alla-delegazione-ravennate-la-preparazione-di-un-documento-pontificio-su-dante/|archive-date=21 March 2021|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2007, a reconstruction of Dante's face was undertaken in a collaborative project. Artists from the [[University of Pisa]] and forensic engineers at the [[University of Bologna]] at [[Forlì]] constructed the model, portraying Dante's features as somewhat different from what was once thought.&lt;ref name=&quot;nosejob&quot;&gt;{{cite news|first=Philip|last=Pullella|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/oddlyEnoughNews/idUSL1171092320070112|title=Dante gets posthumous nose job – 700 years on |publisher=Reuters|date=12 January 2007|access-date=5 November 2007|archive-date=30 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730035856/https://www.reuters.com/article/oddlyEnoughNews/idUSL1171092320070112|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Benazzi | first1=S | year=2009 | title=The Face of the Poet Dante Alighieri, Reconstructed by Virtual Modeling and Forensic Anthropology Techniques | journal=Journal of Archaeological Science | volume=36 | issue=2| pages=278–283 | doi=10.1016/j.jas.2008.09.006| bibcode=2009JArSc..36..278B }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2008, the Municipality of Florence officially apologized for expelling Dante 700 years earlier.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/2008/07/29/Florence-sorry-for-banishing-Dante/23851217358714/|title=Florence sorry for banishing Dante|publisher=UPI|access-date=30 April 2021|archive-date=19 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619102936/https://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/2008/07/29/Florence-sorry-for-banishing-Dante/23851217358714/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1828023,00.html|title=A City's Infernal Dante Dispute|last=Israely|first=Jeff|date=31 July 2008|magazine=Time|access-date=25 September 2018|issn=0040-781X|archive-date=8 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181108140537/http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1828023,00.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7461459.stm|title=Florence 'to revoke Dante exile'|last=Duff|first=Mark|date=18 June 2008|publisher=BBC|access-date=25 September 2018|archive-date=26 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926014308/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7461459.stm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.repubblica.it/2008/05/sezioni/spettacoli_e_cultura/dante-riabilitazione/dante-riabilitazione/dante-riabilitazione.html|title=Firenze riabilita Dante Alighieri: L'iniziativa a 700 anni dall'esilio|date=30 March 2008|work=La Repubblica|access-date=25 September 2018|archive-date=26 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926014649/http://www.repubblica.it/2008/05/sezioni/spettacoli_e_cultura/dante-riabilitazione/dante-riabilitazione/dante-riabilitazione.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In May 2021, a symbolic re-trial was held virtually in Florence to posthumously clear his name.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.dw.com/en/florence-hosts-re-trial-of-dante-convicted-and-banished-in-1302/a-57607273 |title=Florence hosts 're-trial' of Dante, convicted and banished in 1302 |publisher=Deutsche Welle |date=21 May 2021 |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521195013/https://www.dw.com/en/florence-hosts-re-trial-of-dante-convicted-and-banished-in-1302/a-57607273 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A celebration was held in 2015 at Italy's [[Senate of the Republic (Italy)|Senate of the Republic]] for the 750th anniversary of Dante's birth. It included a commemoration from Pope Francis, who also issued the apostolic letter {{Lang|la|[[Cando lucis aeternae]]}} in honor of the anniversary.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2015/05/04/0333/00726.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504193814/http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2015/05/04/0333/00726.html |archive-date=4 May 2015 |title=Messaggio del Santo Padre al Presidente del Pontificio Consiglio della Cultura in occasione della celebrazione del 750° anniversario della nascita di Dante Alighieri |publisher=Press.vatican.va |access-date=21 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.microsofttranslator.com/BV.aspx?ref=IE8Activity&amp;a=http%3A%2F%2Fpress.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fsalastampa%2Fen%2Fbollettino%2Fpubblico%2F2015%2F05%2F04%2F0333%2F00726.html |title=Translator |publisher=Microsofttranslator.com |access-date=21 October 2015 |archive-date=20 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920121823/http://www.microsofttranslator.com/BV.aspx?ref=IE8Activity&amp;a=http%3A%2F%2Fpress.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fsalastampa%2Fen%2Fbollettino%2Fpubblico%2F2015%2F05%2F04%2F0333%2F00726.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Works==<br /> ===Overview===<br /> Most of Dante's literary work was composed after his exile in 1301. {{Lang|it|[[La Vita Nuova]]}} (&quot;The New Life&quot;) is the only major work that predates it; it is a collection of lyric poems (sonnets and songs) with commentary in prose, intended to be circulated in manuscript form, as was customary for such poems.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.danteonline.it/english/opere.asp?idope=5&amp;idlang=UK|title=New Life|publisher=Dante online|access-date=2 September 2008|archive-date=25 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140925225539/http://www.danteonline.it/english/opere.asp?idope=5&amp;idlang=UK|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; It also contains the story of his love for Beatrice Portinari, who later served as the ultimate symbol of salvation in the ''Divine Comedy.'' Beatrice plays a similar role in {{Lang|it|La Vita Nuova}}. The work contains many of Dante's love poems in Tuscan, which was not unprecedented; the vernacular had been regularly used for lyric works before, all during the thirteenth century. However, Dante's commentary on his own work is also in the vernacular—both in the {{Lang|it|Vita Nuova}} and in the {{Lang|it|Convivio}} (&quot;The Banquet&quot;), an unfinished work of his—instead of the Latin that was almost universally used at the time.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Scott |first=John |date=1995 |title=The Unfinished 'Convivio' as a Pathway to the 'Comedy' |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40166505 |journal=Dante Studies, with the Annual Report of the Dante Society |volume=113 |issue=113 |pages=31–56 |jstor=40166505 |access-date=15 March 2023 |archive-date=31 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331184706/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40166505 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Rafael Flores - Dante y Virgilio visitando el Infierno.jpg|thumb|upright|Dante and [[Virgil]] visiting Hell, as depicted in ''[[Inferno (Dante)|Inferno]]'', painted by Rafael Flores, 1855]]<br /> The ''Divine Comedy'' describes Dante's journey through [[Inferno (Dante)|Hell]] (''Inferno''), [[Purgatorio|Purgatory]] (''Purgatorio''), and [[Paradiso (Dante)|Paradise]] (''Paradiso''); he is first guided by the Roman poet Virgil and then by Beatrice. Of the books, ''Purgatorio'' is arguably the most lyrical of the three, referring to more contemporary poets and artists than ''Inferno''; ''Paradiso'' is the most heavily theological, and the one in which, many scholars have argued, the ''Divine Comedy''{{'s}} most beautiful and mystic passages appear.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Kalkavage |first1=Peter |title=In the Heaven of Knowing: Dante's Paradiso |url=https://theimaginativeconservative.org/2014/08/heaven-knowing-dantes-paradiso.html |website=The Imaginative Conservative |date=10 August 2014 |access-date=28 August 2022 |archive-date=28 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828040956/https://theimaginativeconservative.org/2014/08/heaven-knowing-dantes-paradiso.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Falconburg |first1=Darrell |title=The Way of Beauty in Dante |url=https://www.dappledthings.org/deep-down-things/17487/the-way-of-beauty-in-dante |website=dappledthings.org |publisher=Dappled Things |access-date=28 August 2022 |archive-date=28 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828040956/https://www.dappledthings.org/deep-down-things/17487/the-way-of-beauty-in-dante |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He wrote the ''Comedy'' in a language he called &quot;Italian&quot;, an amalgamated literary language predominantly based on the regional dialect of Tuscany, but with some elements of Latin and other regional dialects.&lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot;&gt;{{Britannica|151164|Dante}}&lt;/ref&gt; He deliberately aimed to reach a readership throughout Italy, including laymen, clergymen, and other poets. By writing a lofty, serious poem in this language, he established that it was suitable for formal works. Unlike Boccaccio, [[John Milton|Milton]] or [[Ludovico Ariosto|Ariosto]], Dante did not become an author read across Europe until the Romantic era. Throughout the 19th century, Dante's reputation grew and solidified; and by 1865, the 600th anniversary of his birth, he had become established as one of the greatest literary icons of the Western world.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=An Italian Icon |url=https://www.fu-berlin.de/en/featured-stories/research/2021/dante/index.html |website=fu-berlin.de |date=14 September 2021 |publisher=Freie Universität Berlin |access-date=28 August 2022 |archive-date=28 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828041311/https://www.fu-berlin.de/en/featured-stories/research/2021/dante/index.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Although in a modern context the term ''comedy'' may seem out of place, in the [[Comedy#Etymology|classical sense]] the word ''comedy'' refers to works that reflect belief in an ordered universe, in which events tend toward not only a happy or amusing ending but one influenced by some will that orders all things to an ultimate good. By this meaning of the word, as Dante wrote in [[Epistle to Cangrande|a letter to Cangrande]], the progression of the pilgrimage from Hell to Paradise is the exemplary expression of comedy, as the work begins with the pilgrim's moral confusion and ends with the vision of God.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dantesociety.org/publicationsdante-notes/epistle-cangrande-updated|title=Epistle to Cangrande Updated|website=Dante Society |access-date=9 June 2021|archive-date=9 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609232053/https://www.dantesociety.org/publicationsdante-notes/epistle-cangrande-updated|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A number of other works are credited to Dante. {{Lang|it|Convivio}} (&quot;The Banquet&quot;)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.danteonline.it/english/opere.asp?idope=2&amp;idlang=UK|title=Banquet|publisher=Dante online|access-date=2 September 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080927102913/http://www.danteonline.it/english/opere.asp?idope=2&amp;idlang=UK|archive-date=27 September 2008|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; is a collection of his longest poems with an (unfinished) allegorical commentary. {{Lang|la|Monarchia}} (&quot;Monarchy&quot;)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.danteonline.it/english/opere.asp?idope=4&amp;idlang=UK|title=Monarchia|publisher=Dante online|access-date=2 September 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080927104525/http://www.danteonline.it/english/opere.asp?idope=4&amp;idlang=UK|archive-date=27 September 2008|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; is a summary treatise of political philosophy in Latin which was condemned and burned after Dante's death&lt;ref&gt;Anthony K. Cassell<br /> [https://web.archive.org/web/20151208162106/http://cuapress.cua.edu/BOOKS/viewbook.cfm?Book=CAMC The Monarchia Controversy]. ''Monarchia'' stayed on the ''[[Index Librorum Prohibitorum]]'' from its inception until 1881.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Giuseppe Cappelli, [https://books.google.com/books?id=_ssFAAAAQAAJ&amp;pg=RA1-PA28 ''La divina commedia'' di Dante Alighieri], in Italian.&lt;/ref&gt; by the Papal Legate [[Bertrando del Poggetto]]; it argues for the necessity of a universal or global monarchy to establish universal peace in this life, and this monarchy's relationship to the Roman Catholic Church as guide to eternal peace.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Lepsius|first=Oliver|title=Hans Kelsen on Dante Alighieri's Political Philosophy|journal=European Journal of International Law|year=2017|volume=27|issue=4|page=1153|doi=10.1093/ejil/chw060|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Lang|la|[[De vulgari eloquentia]]}} (&quot;On the Eloquence in the Vernacular&quot;)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.danteonline.it/english/opere.asp?idope=3&amp;idlang=UK|title=De vulgari Eloquentia|publisher=Dante online|access-date=2 September 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080927104520/http://www.danteonline.it/english/opere.asp?idope=3&amp;idlang=UK|archive-date=27 September 2008|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; is a treatise on vernacular literature, partly inspired by the {{Lang|ca|Razos de trobar}} of [[Raimon Vidal de Bezaudun]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Ewert|first=A.|jstor=3716632 |title=Dante's Theory of Language|journal=The Modern Language Review|volume=35|issue=3|date=1940|pages=355–366|doi=10.2307/3716632| ref=pp. 355–366}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first1=Uc |last1=Faidit |author1-link=Uc de Saint Circ |first2=Raimon |last2=Vidal |first3=François |last3=Guessard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JIoSAAAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22raimon+vidal%22 |title=Grammaires provençales de Hugues Faidit et de Raymond Vidal de Besaudun (XIII&lt;sup&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt; siècle) |edition=2nd |location=Paris |publisher=A. Franck |year=1858}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Lang|la|Quaestio de aqua et terra}} (&quot;A Question of the Water and of the Land&quot;) is a theological work discussing the arrangement of Earth's dry land and ocean. The ''[[Eclogues (Dante)|Eclogues]]'' are two poems addressed to the poet Giovanni del Virgilio. Dante is also sometimes credited with writing {{Lang|it|Il Fiore}} (&quot;The Flower&quot;), a series of sonnets summarizing {{Lang|fro|[[Le Roman de la Rose]]}}, and {{Lang|it|Detto d'Amore}} (&quot;Tale of Love&quot;), a short narrative poem also based on {{Lang|fro|Le Roman de la Rose}}. These would be the earliest, and most novice, of his known works.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Lansing |first=Richard |title=The Dante Encyclopedia |publisher=Garland |year=2000 |isbn=0815316593 |location=New York |pages=299, 334, 379, 734 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Lang|it|[[Le Rime]]}} is a posthumous collection of miscellaneous poems.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sturm-Maddox |first=Sara |date=1987 |title=The &quot;Rime Petrose&quot; and the Purgatorial Palinode |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4174263 |journal=Studies in Philology |volume=84 |issue=2 |pages=119–133 |jstor=4174263 |issn=0039-3738}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===List of works===<br /> [[File:Alighieri - Divina Commedia, Nel mille quatro cento septe et due nel quarto mese adi cinque et sei - 2384293 id00022000 Scan00006.jpg|thumb|upright|''Divina Commedia'' (1472)]]<br /> The major works of Dante include the following:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/432861 | jstor=432861 | last1=Wilkins | first1=Ernest H. | title=An Introductory Dante Bibliography | journal=Modern Philology | date=1920 | volume=17 | issue=11 | pages=623–632 | doi=10.1086/387304 | hdl=2027/mdp.39015033478622 | s2cid=161197863 | hdl-access=free | access-date=12 April 2021 | archive-date=3 August 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803072828/https://www.jstor.org/stable/432861 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bibliothèque nationale de France {BnF Data}. &quot;[https://data.bnf.fr/en/11898585/dante_alighieri/ Dante Alighieri (1265–1321)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527122254/https://data.bnf.fr/en/11898585/dante_alighieri/ |date=27 May 2021 }}&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * ''Il Fiore'' and ''Detto d'Amore'' (&quot;The Flower&quot; and &quot;Tale of Love&quot;, 1283–87)<br /> * ''[[La Vita Nuova]]'' (&quot;The New Life&quot;, 1294)<br /> * {{Lang|la|[[De vulgari eloquentia]]}} (&quot;On Eloquence in the Vernacular&quot;, 1302–05)<br /> * ''{{Lang|it|[[Convivio]]}}'' (&quot;The Banquet&quot;, 1307)<br /> * ''[[Monarchia]]'' (&quot;Monarchy&quot;, 1313)<br /> * ''[[Divine Comedy]]'' (1320)<br /> * ''[[Eclogues (Dante)|Eclogues]]'' (1320)<br /> * ''{{Lang|la|Quaestio de aqua et terra}}'' (&quot;A Question About the Water and the Land&quot;, 1320)<br /> * ''[[Le Rime]]'' (&quot;The Rhymes&quot;)<br /> <br /> === Collections ===<br /> Dante's works reside in cultural institutions across the world. Many items have been digitized or are available for public consultation.<br /> <br /> * {{ill|Casa di Dante|it|lt=Dante's House Museum}} ([[Florence]], Italy) opened in Dante's residence in 1965 and was refurbished in 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dante's House Museum |url=https://www.museocasadidante.it/en/dante-house-museum/ |access-date=12 December 2023 |publisher=Museo Casa di Dante, Firenze |language=en-US |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212124724/https://www.museocasadidante.it/en/dante-house-museum/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Princeton University Library]] ([[New Jersey]], US) holds 160 volumes of Dante's works and books about his life, including two 15th-century editions of the ''Divine Comedy''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dante Alighieri (1265–1321) |publisher=Princeton University Library Special Collections |url=https://library.princeton.edu/special-collections/topics/dante-alighieri-1265-1321 |access-date=12 December 2023 |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212124721/https://library.princeton.edu/special-collections/topics/dante-alighieri-1265-1321 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[University College London]] Special Collections (London, UK) holds {{circa}} 3,000 volumes of material by and about Dante, including 36 editions of the ''Divine Comedy''. The collection was bequeathed to the university by the scholar [[Henry Clark Barlow]] in 1876.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=UCL Special Collections |date=23 August 2018 |title=Dante Collection |url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/library/special-collections/a-z/barlow-dante |access-date=12 December 2023 |publisher=UCL Special Collections. |language=en |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920172555/https://www.ucl.ac.uk/library/special-collections/a-z/barlow-dante |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * The [[Beinecke Rare Book &amp; Manuscript Library|Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library]] ([[Yale University Library]], [[Connecticut]], US) holds a manuscript edition of the ''Divine Comedy'' (c. 1385–1400).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 March 2021 |title=Divina Commedia, MS 428 [between 1385 and 1400] |url=https://beinecke.library.yale.edu/collections/highlights/divina-commedia-ms-428-between-1385-and-1400 |access-date=12 December 2023 |publisher=Beinecke Rare Book &amp; Manuscript Library |language=en |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212124723/https://beinecke.library.yale.edu/collections/highlights/divina-commedia-ms-428-between-1385-and-1400 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Dantedì]]<br /> * [[Dante Alighieri Society]]<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}}<br /> <br /> ==Citations==<br /> {{Reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> === References ===<br /> {{refbegin|30em}}<br /> * {{Cite book |last=Barbero |first=Alessandro |title=Dante: A Life |date=2022 |publisher=[[Pegasus Books]] |isbn=9781643139142 |translator-last=Cameron |translator-first=Allan |orig-date=Italian original publication: 2021}}<br /> *{{cite magazine |last=Harrison |first=Robert |date=19 February 2015 |title=Dante on Trial |magazine=NY Review of Books |pages=36–37}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Raffa |first=Guy P. |title=Dante's Bones: How a Poet Invented Italy |publisher=[[Belknap Press]] |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |year=2020 |isbn=978-0-674-98083-9}}<br /> * {{Cite book |last=Santagata |first=Marco |title=Dante: The Story of His Life |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |year=2016 |isbn=9780674504868 |translator-last=Dixon |translator-first=Richard |orig-date=Italian original publication: 2012}}<br /> * {{Cite book |last=Shaw |first=Prue |title=Reading Dante: From Here to Eternity |publisher=[[Liveright]] |year=2014 |isbn=9780871407801}}<br /> * {{Cite book |last=Took |first=John |title=Dante |date=2021 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=9780691208930}}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> {{refbegin|30em}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Allitt |first=John Stewart |title=Dante, il pellegrino |publisher=Edizioni Villadiseriane |language=it |location=Villa di Serio (BG) |year=2011 |isbn=978-88-96199-80-0}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Anderson |first=William |title=Dante the Maker |publisher=Routledge Kegan Paul |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-7100-0322-5}}<br /> * Barolini, Teodolinda (ed.). ''Dante's Lyric Poetry: Poems of Youth and of the 'Vita Nuova'''. University of Toronto Press, 2014.<br /> * {{cite book |last=Gardner |first=Edmund Garratt |author-link=Edmund Garratt Gardner |title=Dante |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=London |year=1921 |oclc=690699123 |url=https://archive.org/details/dantedante00gardrich |access-date=7 March 2016}}<br /> * Guénon, René (1925). ''The Esoterism of Dante'', trans. by C.B. Berhill, in the ''Perennial Wisdom Series''. Ghent, NY: Sophia Perennis et Universalis, 1996. viii, 72 p. ''N.B''.: Originally published in French, entitled L'Esoterisme de Danté, in 1925. {{ISBN|0-900588-02-0}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Hede |first=Jesper |title=Reading Dante: The Pursuit of Meaning |publisher=Lexington Books |location=Lanham |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-7391-2196-2}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Miles |first=Thomas |editor-first=Jon |editor-last=Stewart |title=Kierkegaard and the Patristic and Medieval Traditions |publisher=Ashgate |year=2008 |pages=223–236 |chapter=Dante: Tours of Hell: Mapping the Landscape of Sin and Despair |isbn=978-0-7546-6391-1}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Musa |first=Mark |author-link=Mark Musa |title=Advent at the Gates: Dante's Comedy |publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Bloomington |year=1974 |isbn=978-0253301406}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Raffa |first=Guy P. |title=The Complete Danteworlds: A Reader's Guide to the Divine Comedy |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-226-70270-4}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Scartazzini |first=Giovanni Andrea |author-link=Giovanni Andrea Scartazzini |title=La Divina Commedia riveduta e commentata (4 volumes) |year=1874–1890 |oclc=558999245}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Scartazzini |first=Giovanni Andrea |title=Enciclopedia dantesca: dizionario critico e ragionato di quanto concerne la vita e le opere di Dante Alighieri (2 volumes) |year=1896–1898 |oclc=12202483}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Scott |first=John A. |title=Dante's Political Purgatory |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |location=Philadelphia |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-585-12724-8}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Seung |first=T.K. |author-link=T. K. Seung |title=The Fragile Leaves of the Sibyl: Dante's Master Plan |publisher=Newman Press |location=Westminster, MD |year=1962 |oclc=1426455}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Toynbee |first=Paget |title=A Dictionary of the Proper Names and Notable Matters in the Works of Dante |publisher=The Clarendon Press |location=London |year=1898 |oclc=343895 |url=https://archive.org/details/adictionaryprop00toyngoog |access-date=7 March 2016}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Whiting |first=Mary Bradford |title=Dante the Man and the Poet |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924011891698 |publisher=W. Heffer &amp; Sons |location=Cambridge |year=1922 |oclc=224789}}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Sister project links|s=Author:Dante Alighieri|wikt=no|voy=no|b=no|n=no|v=no|d=Q1067}}<br /> * {{StandardEbooks|Standard Ebooks URL=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/dante-alighieri/}}<br /> * {{Gutenberg author |id=507}}<br /> * {{Internet Archive author |sname=Dante}}<br /> * {{Librivox author |id=1189}}<br /> * [https://onemorelibrary.com/index.php/en/search-results/author/dante-alighieri-381?order=loc&amp;ord_t=asc Works by Dante Alighieri] at [https://onemorelibrary.com/index.php/en One More Library] (Works in English, Italian, Latin, Arabic, German, French and Spanish)<br /> * {{cite SEP |url-id=dante |title=Dante Alighieri |last=Wetherbee |first=Winthrop}}<br /> * The [http://www.museocasadidante.it/en/ Dante Museum in Florence]: his life, his books and a history &amp; literature blog about Dante<br /> * The [https://web.archive.org/web/20170830160755/http://www.worldofdante.org/ World of Dante] multimedia, texts, maps, gallery, searchable database, music, teacher resources, timeline<br /> * The [http://etcweb.princeton.edu/dante/index.html Princeton Dante Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090603094521/http://etcweb.princeton.edu/dante/index.html |date=3 June 2009 }} texts and multimedia<br /> * The [http://dante.dartmouth.edu/ Dartmouth Dante Project] searchable database of commentary<br /> * [http://www.danteonline.it/english/home_ita.asp Dante Online] manuscripts of works, images and text transcripts by Società Dantesca Italiana<br /> * [http://dante.ilt.columbia.edu/ Digital Dante] – ''Divine Comedy'' with commentary, other works, scholars on Dante<br /> * [http://oyc.yale.edu/italian-language-and-literature/ital-310 Open Yale Course on Dante] by [[Yale University]]<br /> * [http://perunaenciclopediadantescadigitale.eu/dantesources/en/ DanteSources] project about Dante's primary sources developed by [[Istituto di Scienza e Tecnologie dell'Informazione|ISTI]]-[[National Research Council (Italy)|CNR]] and the [[University of Pisa]]<br /> * [https://research.bowdoin.edu/dante-today/ Dante Today] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111043549/https://research.bowdoin.edu/dante-today/ |date=11 January 2018 }} citings and sightings of Dante in contemporary culture<br /> * [https://repository.upenn.edu/bibdant/ Bibliotheca Dantesca] journal dedicated to Dante and his reception<br /> *[https://www.ucl.ac.uk/library/special-collections/a-z/barlow-dante Dante Collection] at [[University College London]] (c. 3000 volumes of works by and about Dante)<br /> <br /> {{Dante|state=uncollapsed}}<br /> {{Divine Comedy navbox}}<br /> {{navboxes<br /> |list=<br /> {{Social and political philosophy}}<br /> {{Political philosophy}}<br /> {{History of Catholic theology}}<br /> {{Seven Deadly Sins}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Dante Alighieri| ]]<br /> [[Category:1265 births]]<br /> [[Category:1321 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:13th-century Italian poets]]<br /> [[Category:13th-century Italian writers]]<br /> [[Category:14th-century Italian poets]]<br /> [[Category:14th-century Italian writers]]<br /> [[Category:14th-century people from the Republic of Florence]]<br /> [[Category:14th-century writers in Latin]]<br /> [[Category:Catholic poets]]<br /> [[Category:Characters in the Divine Comedy]]<br /> [[Category:Culture in Florence]]<br /> [[Category:Demonologists]]<br /> [[Category:Epic poets]]<br /> [[Category:Italian apothecaries]]<br /> [[Category:Italian exiles]]<br /> [[Category:Italian-language poets]]<br /> [[Category:Italian male poets]]<br /> [[Category:Italian political philosophers]]<br /> [[Category:Italian Roman Catholic writers]]<br /> [[Category:Latin-language Italian writers]]<br /> [[Category:Medieval Latin-language poets]]<br /> [[Category:Politicians from Florence]]<br /> [[Category:Sonneteers]]<br /> [[Category:Writers from Florence]]</div>

Uravu https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apne_Rang_Hazaar&diff=445233 2026-03-03T23:31:57Z

<p>Uravu: fix</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|1975 film}}<br /> {{Multiple issues|<br /> {{unreliable sources|date=November 2017}}<br /> {{No plot|date=July 2020}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Apne Rang Hazaar<br /> | image = Apne Rang Hazaar.jpg<br /> | caption = Movie Poster<br /> | native_name = अपने रंग हजार<br /> | director = [[Ravi Tandon]]<br /> | producer = Ravi Tandon<br /> | writer =<br /> | narrator =<br /> | starring = [[Sanjeev Kumar]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Leena Chandavarkar]]<br /> | music = [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]<br /> | cinematography =<br /> | editing =<br /> | distributor =<br /> | released = {{Film date|1975}}<br /> | runtime =<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Hindi<br /> | budget =<br /> | gross =<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Apne Rang Hazaar''''' is a 1975 [[Hindi]]-language film, which was directed by director [[Ravi Tandon]]. The soundtrack is composed by [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]] and features playback singer [[Lata Mangeshkar]] and Kishore Kumar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Apne Rang Hazar (1975) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/apne-rang-hazar-4439|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128192946/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/apne-rang-hazar-4439|url-status=live|archive-date=28 November 2020|access-date=2020-09-04|website=Cinestaan}}&lt;/ref&gt; The cast included actors like Asrani, Bindu and others.<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> <br /> * [[Sanjeev Kumar]] as Sunil Kapoor <br /> * [[Leena Chandavarkar]] as Malti 'Mala'<br /> * [[Kamini Kaushal]] as Sunil's mother<br /> * [[G. Asrani]] as Pitamber Shastri ji<br /> * [[Shyama (Hindi actress)]] as Padma - Ram Charan's sister<br /> * [[Bindu (actress)|Bindu]] as Rita<br /> * [[Danny Denzongpa]] as Vicky<br /> * [[Helen Jairag Richardson|Helen]]<br /> * [[Jankidas]] as Kailash Kapoor , Sunil,s uncle<br /> * [[Sudhir (Hindi actor)|Sudhir]] as Inspector Dinesh<br /> * [[Satyen Kappu]] as Ram Charan<br /> * [[Jagdish Raj]] as Vakil Saheb , Kailash Kapoor,s lawyer<br /> * [[Raj Kishore]] one who telephones Kamini Kaushal<br /> *[[Paintal (comedian)]] as Nilamber<br /> *[[Mac Mohan]] as Shekhar<br /> *Master Tittoo as Guddu<br /> *Ranvir Raj as Sunil's friend in party<br /> *Gurbachan Singh as the goon who threatens Sunil in the night.<br /> <br /> ==Music==<br /> Lyrics written by Anjaan<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! Track# !!Song title!! Singer<br /> |-<br /> | 1<br /> | &quot;Meri Kali Kaluti Ke Nakhre Bade&quot;<br /> | [[Kishore Kumar]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2<br /> | &quot;Ganga Me Duba Na Jamuna Me Duba&quot;<br /> | [[Lata Mangeshkar]]<br /> |-<br /> | 3<br /> | &quot;Is Qadar Aap Humko Jo Tadpayenge&quot;<br /> | [[Lata Mangeshkar]]<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Trivia==<br /> In the scene when Kamini Kaushal is dancing on recorded songs, the three songs are taken from film Anhonee (1973) which was also directed by Ravi Tandon, and also starring Sanjeev Kumar &amp; Leena Chandavarkar.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb title|id=0297738|title=Apne Rang Hazaar}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1975 films]]<br /> [[Category:1975 Hindi-language films]]<br /> [[Category:1975 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Ravi Tandon]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{1970s-Hindi-film-stub}}</div>

Uravu https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaani_(film)&diff=507204 2026-03-03T21:57:11Z

<p>Uravu: created new details!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Kaani<br /> | image = <br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | native_name = &lt;!-- {{Infobox name module|language|title}} or {{Infobox name module|title}} --&gt;<br /> | director = Abhinav Velagaleti<br /> | writer = Vara Prasad - Rambabu (dialogues)<br /> | screenplay = Abhinav Velagaleti<br /> | story = <br /> | based_on = &lt;!-- {{Based on|title of the original work|creator of the original work|additional creator(s), if necessary}} --&gt;<br /> | producer = Chandranath C.&lt;br /&gt;C Mahendranadh &lt;small&gt;'''(presents)'''&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | starring = {{Plainlist|<br /> *[[Sai Kiran]] <br /> * Meera <br /> *Jyoti <br /> }}<br /> | narrator = <br /> | cinematography = SD John<br /> | editing = <br /> | music = Sashi Kumar<br /> | studio = Creative Minds<br /> | distributor = &lt;!-- or: | distributors = --&gt;<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=yes|2004|11|26}} <br /> | runtime = <br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Telugu<br /> | budget = <br /> | gross = <br /> }}<br /> '''''Kaani''''' ({{Translation|But}}) is a 2004 Indian Telugu-language thriller film directed by Abhinav Velagaleti and starring [[Sai Kiran]], Meera and Jyoti. The film is based on ''[[The Sixth Sense]]'' (1999) and ''[[Darna Mana Hai]]'' (2003). The film released to unanimous negative reception.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> {{Cast listing|<br /> *[[Sai Kiran]] as Karthik<br /> * Meera as Priya<br /> *Jyoti as Anjali<br /> *Rithi as Madhu<br /> *[[Sameer (Telugu actor)|Sameer]] as Ghost<br /> *[[Preeti Nigam]] as Lakshmini<br /> *Karan as Siddhi<br /> *[[Ramjagan]] as Nani Babu<br /> *[[Gokina Rama Rao]] as Professor<br /> *[[Narasimha Raju (Telugu actor)|Narasimha Raju]] as Madhu's father<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' wrote that &quot;The director throws open a world full of ghosts and other super naturals without giving the audience any fright!&quot; and added that &quot;The story and screenplay has no nativity and the narration is low paced&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://sify.com/movies/telugu/review.php?id=13621208&amp;ctid=5&amp;cid=2430|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050110024435/http://sify.com/movies/telugu/review.php?id=13621208&amp;ctid=5&amp;cid=2430|title=Review: Kaani|archive-date=10 January 2005|work=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' wrote that &quot;Over all, it is an unappealing free make of ''The Sixth Sense''&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-kaani.html|title=Telugu cinema Review - Kaani - Sai Kiran, Meera, Jyothi|website=[[Idlebrain.com]]|last=jeevi|date=26 November 2004|access-date=6 December 2023|archive-date=7 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207180634/https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-kaani.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; A critic from ''Indiaglitz'' wrote that &quot;''Kaani'', on the whole, ends up as a funny sort of film, which in the context of its genre and intent, is a major failing&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/kaani-review-malayalam-movie-7363|title=Kaani review. Kaani Malayalam movie review, story, rating|website=IndiaGlitz.com|date=27 November 2004|access-date=6 December 2023|archive-date=7 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207180706/https://www.indiaglitz.com/kaani-review-malayalam-movie-7363|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]<br /> [[Category:2004 thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:2004 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:2004 Telugu-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian thriller films]]</div>

Uravu https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhangar_I&diff=462935 2026-03-02T16:54:14Z

<p>Uravu: small corrected section for consistency further and updated info</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Community Development Block in West Bengal, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Bhangar I<br /> | native_name = <br /> | other_name = <br /> | settlement_type = [[Community development block|Community Development Block]]<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_map = Bhangar-I in South 24 Parganas (West Bengal).svg<br /> | mapsize = 300<br /> | map_caption = Location of Bhangar I community development block in South 24 Parganas district<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|22.5126|N|88.6097|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Emblem of West Bengal (Banglarmukh) before 2018.png}} [[West Bengal]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of West Bengal|Division]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Presidency division|Presidency]]<br /> | subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name3 = [[South 24 Parganas]]<br /> | subdivision_type4 = [[List of subdivisions of West Bengal|Subdivision]]<br /> | subdivision_name4 = [[Baruipur subdivision|Baruipur]]<br /> | seat_type = Headquarters<br /> | seat = [[Gobindapur, Bhangar|Gobindapur]]<br /> | leader_title = [[Gram panchayat|Gram Panchayats]]<br /> | leader_name = Bodra, Chandaneswar-I, Chandaneswar-II, Durgapur, Jagulgachhi, Narayanpur, Pranganj, Shanksahar, Tarda<br /> | leader_title1 = [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]<br /> | leader_name1 = [[Jadavpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jadavpur]], [[Jaynagar Lok Sabha constituency|Jaynagar]]<br /> | leader_title2 = [[List of constituencies of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha constituencies]]<br /> | leader_name2 = [[Bhangar Assembly constituency|Bhangar]], [[Canning Purba Assembly constituency|Canning Purba]]<br /> | total_type = Total<br /> | area_total_km2 = 153.62<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_total = 249,170<br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | population_urban = 20,642<br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | demographics_type1 = Demographics<br /> | demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]<br /> | demographics1_info1 = 72.06 per cent<br /> | demographics1_title2 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]<br /> | demographics1_info2 = 951 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]<br /> | demographics_type2 = Languages<br /> | demographics2_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics2_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]&lt;ref name=&quot;wblangoff&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=Wb.gov.in|access-date=5 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=Nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=5 July 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | demographics2_title2 = Additional&amp;nbsp;official<br /> | demographics2_info2 = [[English language|English]]&lt;ref name=&quot;wblangoff&quot;/&gt;<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +05:30<br /> | website = {{URL|https://s24pgs.gov.in/}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Bhangar I''' is a [[community development block]] that forms an administrative division in [[Baruipur subdivision]] of [[South 24 Parganas|South 24 Parganas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].<br /> <br /> ==Geography==<br /> [[File:South 24 Parganas Tehsil Map (en).svg|thumb]]<br /> The Bhangar I CD block is located at {{coord|22.5126|N|88.6097|E|format=dms|}}. It has an average elevation of {{convert|9|m}}.<br /> <br /> The Bhangar I CD block is bounded by the [[Bhangar II]] CD block in the north, the [[Minakhan (community development block)|Minakhan]] CD block in the [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the east, the [[Canning II]] CD block in the south and the [[Sonarpur (community development block)|Sonarpur]] CD block in the west.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1917_PART_B_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: South 24 Parganas, Series 20, Part XII B | work= Map of South 24 Parganas with CD block HQs and Police Stations (on the fourth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 11 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/south-24-parganas.html|title = South Twenty-four Parganas | work= CD block/ tehsil map|publisher= Maps of India | access-date = 11 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[South 24 Parganas district]] is divided into two distinct physiographic zones: the marine-riverine delta in the north and the marine delta zone in the south. As the sea receded southwards, in the sub-recent [[Period (geology)|Geological Period]], a large low-lying plain got exposed. Both [[Tide|Tidal]] inflows and the rivers have been depositing sediments in this plain. The periodical collapse of both the natural [[Levee]]s and man-made embankments speed up the process of filling up of the depressions containing [[Brackish Water]] wetlands. The marine delta in the south is formed of interlacing tidal channels. As non-saline water for irrigation is scarce, agriculture is [[Monsoon]] dominated. Some parts of the wetlands are still preserved for raising fish.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = Chapter 1 South 24 Parganas: An Overview, p 9-12 | publisher = Development &amp; Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 1 April 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Bhangar I CD block has an area of {{cvt|153.62|km2}}. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 9 [[gram panchayat]]s, 161 gram sansads (village councils), 83 [[mouza]]s and 80 inhabited villages, as per District Statistical Handbook South Twenty-four Parganas. [[Bhangar Raghunathpur#Police station|Bhangar]] and [[Bantala#Police station|Kolkata Leather Complex]] police stations serve this CD Block.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 South 24 Parganas | work = Table No. 2.1, 2.2 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 11 October 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Headquarters of this CD block is at [[Gobindapur, Bhangar|Gobindapur]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2155 | title = BDO Offices under South 24 Parganas District | publisher = West Bengal Public Library Network, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 11 October 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181003083629/http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2155 | archive-date = 3 October 2018 | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Gram Panchayat]]s of Bhangar I CD block/[[Panchayat Samiti]] are: Bodra, Chandaneswar-I, Chandaneswar-II, Durgapur, Jagulgachhi, Narayanpur, Pranganj, Shanksahar and Tarda.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://s24pgs.gov.in/s24p/page.php?nm=Blocks |title= Blocks and Gram Panchayats in South 24 Parganas| publisher = South 24 Parganas District Administration |access-date = 1 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> ===Population===<br /> According to the [[2011 Census of India]], the Bhangar I CD block had a total population of 249,170, of which 228,528 were rural and 20,642 were urban. There were 127,702 (51%) males and 121,465 (49%) females. There were 35,693 persons in the age range of 0 to 6 years. The [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 52,312 (20.99%) and the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 3,133 (1.26%).&lt;ref name=census2011&gt;{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = CD block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 2 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> According to the [[2001 Census of India]], the Bhangar I CD block had a total population of 204,326, out of which 104,670 were males and 99,656 were females. The Bhangar I CD block registered a population growth of 24.50 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for the [[South 24 Parganas]] district was 20.89 per cent. Decadal growth in [[West Bengal]] was 17.84 per cent. The [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|Scheduled Castes]] at 47,822 formed around one-fourth the population. The [[Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 7,138.&lt;ref name=handbook&gt;{{cite web | url =http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title =District Statistical Handbook – 2010-11 – South 24 Parganas | work =South 24 Parganas at a glance, Tables 2.2, 2.4 (b), 4.5 | publisher =Bureau of Applied Economics and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date =3 April 2016 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date =21 January 2019 | url-status =dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_18.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date=2011-01-20 |work=Census of India 2001 – South 24 Parganas |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110719041523/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_18.htm |archive-date=July 19, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date=2011-01-20 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041813/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |archive-date=September 27, 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Census Town]]s in the Bhangar I CD block (2011 census figures in brackets): [[Maricha, Bhangar|Maricha]] (4,842), [[Bhangar Raghunathpur]] (6,037) and [[Gobindapur, Bhangar|Gobindapur]] (9,763).&lt;ref name=census2011/&gt;<br /> <br /> Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in the Bhangar I CD block (2011 census figures in brackets): Kharamba (4,591), Tardaha Kapasati (11,869), Ghunimeghi (4,151), Narayanpur (9,107), Madhabpur (4,369), Dari Madhabpur (6,556), Chak Barali (5,978), Dhara (5,231), Ghatak Pukur (5,048), Kalikapur (4,591), Rani Gachhi (4,265), Satberia (5,019), Kashinathpur (4,688), Chandaneswar (4,980), Khar Gachhi (4,673), Naora (4,572), Bodra (5,324) and Badi (4,173).&lt;ref name=census2011/&gt;<br /> <br /> Other villages in the Bhangar I block include (2011 census figures in brackets): Jagulgachhi (2,926), Durgapur (2,650) and Shaksahar (3,698).&lt;ref name=census2011/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Literacy===<br /> According to the 2011 census, the total number of literate persons in the Bhangar I CD block was 153,835 (72.06% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 84,390 (77.03% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 69,445 (66.83% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 10.20%.&lt;ref name=census2011/&gt;<br /> <br /> According to the [[2011 Census of India]], literacy in the [[South 24 Parganas]] district was 77.51&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.census2011.co.in/district.php |title = District Census 2011 |publisher= Population Census 2011 | access-date = 24 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Literacy in [[West Bengal]] was 77.08% in 2011.&lt;ref name=literacy&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_progresstables.pdf | title= Provisional population tables and annexures| work= Census 2011:Table 2(3) Literates and Literacy rates by sex |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 9 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Literacy in [[India]] in 2011 was 74.04%.&lt;ref name=literacy/&gt;<br /> <br /> According to the [[2001 Census of India]], the Bhangar I CD block had a total literacy of 60.55 per cent for the 6+ age group. While male literacy was 69.57 per cent female literacy was 51.05 per cent. [[South 24 Parganas]] district had a total literacy of 69.45 per cent, male literacy being 79.19 per cent and female literacy being 59.01 per cent.&lt;ref name=handbook/&gt;<br /> <br /> {{see also|List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate}}<br /> <br /> {{Literacy in CD Blocks of South 24 Parganas district|collapsible=y}}<br /> <br /> ===Language===<br /> {{Pie chart<br /> |caption = Languages of Bhangar I CD block (2011)&lt;ref name=&quot;languages&quot;/&gt;<br /> |label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 99.32 |color1 = orchid<br /> |label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 0.65 |color2 = orange<br /> |label3 = [[Urdu]] |value3 = 0.02 |color3 = green<br /> |label4 = Others |value4 = 0.01 |color4 = grey<br /> }}<br /> <br /> At the time of the 2011 census, 99.32% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 0.65% [[Hindi]] and 0.02% [[Urdu]] as their first language.&lt;ref name=&quot;languages&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Religion===<br /> {{bar box<br /> |title=Religion in Bhangar I CD block (2011)&lt;ref name=&quot;religion&quot;/&gt;<br /> |titlebar=#FCD116 <br /> |left1=<br /> |float=left<br /> |bars=<br /> {{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|67.38}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|32.38}}<br /> {{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.24}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> In the [[2011 Census of India]], Muslims numbered 167,892 and formed 67.38% of the population in the Bhangar I CD block. Hindus numbered 80,669 and formed 32.38% of the population. Others numbered 609 and formed 0.24% of the population.&lt;ref name=&quot;religion&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2001, Muslims and Hindus were 65.23% and 34.63% of the population respectively.<br /> <br /> The proportion of Hindus in the South Twenty-four Parganas district declined from 76.0% in 1961 to 63.2% in 2011. The proportion of Muslims in the South Twenty-four Parganas district increased from 23.4% to 35.6% during the same period. Christians were 0.8% in 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf|title = District Census Handbook South Twentfour Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Pages 52-53: Religion| publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | access-date = 5 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Rural poverty==<br /> According to the [[Human Development Report]] for the South 24 Parganas district, published in 2009, in the Bhangar I CD block the percentage of households [[Below Poverty Line|below poverty line]] was 28.22%, a moderate level of poverty. In the north-east and mid central portion of the district, all CD blocks, with the exception of the [[Kulpi (community development block)|Kulpi]] CD block, had poverty rates below 30%. As per rural household survey in 2005, the proportion of households in the South 24 Parganas with poverty rates below poverty line was 34.11%, way above the state and national poverty ratios. The poverty rates were very high in the [[Sundarbans settlements]] with all the thirteen CD blocks registering poverty ratios above 30% and eight CD blocks had more than 40% of the population in the BPL category.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas |work= Pages 42-43, Chapter 3.8: Poverty Scenario in South 24 Parganas | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 23 September 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Economy==<br /> ===Livelihood===<br /> {{Pie chart<br /> |caption= '''Livelihood&lt;br/&gt;in Bhangar I CD block'''<br /> |value1 = 20.21<br /> |label1 = Cultivators<br /> |value2 = 29.62<br /> |label2 = Agricultural labourers<br /> |value3 = 4.91<br /> |label3 = Household industries<br /> |value4 = 45.25<br /> |label4 = Other workers}}<br /> <br /> In the Bhangar I CD block in 2011, among the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 16,498 and formed 20.21%, agricultural labourers numbered 24,173 and formed 29.62%, household industry workers numbered 4,011 and formed 4.91% and other workers numbered 36,934 and formed 45.25%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf|title = District Census Handbook South Twentyfour Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 33: Distribution of Workers by Sex in Four Categories of Economic Activity in Sub-district 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 24 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Total workers numbered 81,616 and formed 32.76% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 167,554 and formed 67.24% of the population.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf|title = District Census Handbook South Twentyfour Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 30: Number and percentage of Main workers, Marginal workers and Non workers by Sex, in Sub-districts, 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 24 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The District Human Development Report points out that in the blocks of the region situated in the close proximity of the Kolkata metropolis, overwhelming majority are involved in the non-agricultural sector for their livelihood. On the other hand, in the Sundarban region, overwhelming majority are dependent on agriculture. In the intermediate region, there is again predominance of the non-agricultural sector. Though the region is not very close to Kolkata, many places are well connected and some industrial/ economic development has taken place.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas |work= Page 69 , Chapter 4.3: Occupational Diversification | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 23 September 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;small&gt;Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned by self/government/institution. When a person who works on another person's land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the [[Factories Act,1948, India|Factories Act]]. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers, entertainment artistes and so on.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook South Twentyfour Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Census Concepts and Definitions, Page 31 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 28 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/small&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Infrastructure===<br /> There are 80 inhabited villages in the Bhangar I CD block, as per the District Census Handbook, the South Twenty-four Parganas, 2011. 100% villages have power supply. 80 villages (100%) have drinking water supply. 13 villages (16.25%) have post offices. 67 villages (83.75%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 33 villages (41.25%) have pucca (paved) approach roads and 29 villages (36.25%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 6 villages (7.50%) has agricultural credit societies and 13 villages (16.25%) have banks.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 111, Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities, 2011 | publisher = Directorate of Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 26 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Agriculture===<br /> The South 24 Parganas had played a significant role in the [[Tebhaga movement]] launched by the [[Communist Party of India]] in 1946. Subsequently, “[[Operation Barga]]” was aimed at securing tenancy rights for the peasants. In the Bhangar I CD block 2,228.47 acres of land was acquired and vested. Out of this 1,292.81 acres or 58.14% of the vested land was distributed amongst the peasants. The total number of patta holders was 4,364.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = (1) Chapter 1.2, South 24 Parganas in Historical Perspective, pages 7-9 (2) Chapter 3.4, Land reforms, pages 32-33 | publisher = Development &amp; Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 3 November 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> According to the ''District Human Development Report'', agriculture is an important source of livelihood in the South Twentyfour Parganas district. The amount of cultivable land per agricultural worker is only 0.41 hectare in the district. Moreover, the irrigation facilities have not been extended to a satisfactory scale. Agriculture mostly remains a mono-cropped activity.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas |work= Pages 28-30 , Chapter 3.2: Sectoral Composition of Output | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 23 September 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> According to the ''District Census Handbook'', the saline soil of the district is unfit for cultivation, but the non-salty lands are very fertile. While rice is the main food crop, jute is the main cash crop.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 21: Agriculture | publisher = Directorate of Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 26 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2013–14, there were 72 fertiliser depots, 10 seed stores and 41 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in the Bhangar I CD block.&lt;ref name=handbook2014&gt;{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 South 24 Parganas | work = Table No. 16.1, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 – arranged as per use | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 27 September 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2013–14, the Bhangar I CD block produced 87,619 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop, from 32,784 hectares, 2,042 tonnes of Aus paddy (summer crop) from 597 hectares, 6,247 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 2300 hectares, 765 tonnes of wheat from 394 hectares, 12,523 tonnes of jute from 554 hectares and 7,773 tonnes of potatoes from 348 hectares. It also produced pulses and oilseeds.&lt;ref name=handbook2014/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Irrigation===<br /> In the Bhangar I CD block, in 2013–14, 389.82 hectares were irrigated by river lift irrigation and 8.17 hectares by deep tube wells.&lt;ref name=handbook2014/&gt;<br /> <br /> Poor irrigation and high soil salinity results in the mono-cropping pattern of cultivation in a major portion of the South 24 Parganas district. As a result of its closeness to the Bay of Bengal, the river waters are mostly saline and are unsuitable for irrigation. Added to the rather gloomy irrigation scenario is the problem of frequent floods.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas |work= Page 62 , Chapter 4.3.1: Occupational Diversification, The District Level | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 23 September 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Pisciculture===<br /> In the Bhangar I CD block, in 2013–14, net area under effective pisciculture was 808 hectares, engaging 6,880 persons in the profession, and with an approximate annual production of 107,980 quintals.&lt;ref name=handbook2014/&gt;<br /> <br /> Pisciculture is an important source of employment in the South 24 Parganas district. As of 2001, more than 4.5 lakh people were engaged in pisciculture. Out of this 2.57 lakhs were from the 13 blocks in the Sundarbans settlements.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas |work= Pages 76 , Chapter 4.5.2: Non-agriculture, (i) Pisciculture | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 23 September 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Banking===<br /> In 2013–14, the Bhangar I CD block had offices of 11 commercial banks and 2 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin banks]].&lt;ref name=handbook2014/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Backward Regions Grant Fund===<br /> The South 24 Parganas district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]]. The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 11 districts of West Bengal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | title = Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines | publisher = Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India | access-date = 22 September 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171030225317/http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | archive-date = 30 October 2017 | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=84879 | title= Backward Regions Grant Fund| work= Press Release, 14 June 2012 |publisher= Press Information Bureau, Government of India | access-date = 22 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Transport==<br /> The Bhangar I CD block has 14 originating/ terminating bus routes. The nearest railway station is 24&amp;nbsp;km from the block headquarters.&lt;ref name=handbook2014/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Education==<br /> In 2013–14, the Bhangar I CD block had 99 primary schools with 14,098 students, 15 middle schools with 1,502 students, 3 high schools with 3,165 students and 14 higher secondary schools with 15,054 students. Bhangar I CD block had 1 general degree college with 5,121 students, 1 technical/ professional institution with 970 students and 357 institutions for special and non-formal education with 24,291 students.&lt;ref name=handbook2014/&gt;<br /> <br /> See also [[Education in India]]<br /> <br /> According to the 2011 census, in the Bhangar I CD block, among the 80 inhabited villages, 2 villages did not have a school, 35 villages had two or more primary schools, 31 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 14 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, South 24 Parganas, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 931-932, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 2 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Bhangar Mahavidyalaya]] was established at [[Bhangar Raghunathpur|Bhangar]] in 1997.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.bhangarmahavidyalaya.in/index.php |title = Bhangar Mahavidyalaya |publisher= BM | access-date = 29 October 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Healthcare==<br /> Certain areas of the [[South 24 Parganas]] district have been identified where ground water is affected by [[Arsenic contamination of groundwater|Arsenic Contamination]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb4.htm | title = Groundwater Arsenic contamination in West Bengal-India (19 years study) | access-date = 2011-09-28 | work = Groundwater arsenic contamination status of North 24-Parganas district, one of the nine arsenic affected districts of West Bengal-India | publisher = SOES | archive-date = 27 September 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927002957/http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb4.htm | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; High levels of arsenic in ground water were found in twelve CD blocks of the district. Water samples collected from tubewells in the affected places contained arsenic above the normal level (10 micrograms per litre as specified by the [[World Health Organization]]). The affected CD blocks are [[Baruipur (community development block)|Baruipur]], Bhangar I, [[Bhangar II]], [[Bishnupur I]], [[Bishnupur II]], [[Basanti (community development block)|Basanti]], [[Budge Budge II]], [[Canning I]], [[Canning II]], [[Sonarpur (community development block)|Sonarpur]], [[Magrahat II]] and [[Jaynagar I]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url=http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=23&amp;id=183781&amp;usrsess=1<br /> |title=High arsenic levels in South<br /> |access-date=2011-09-28<br /> |publisher= The Statesman, 24 June 2007<br /> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929091658/http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=23&amp;id=183781&amp;usrsess=1<br /> |archive-date=2007-09-29<br /> |url-status=dead<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2014, the Bhangar I CD block had 1 rural hospital, 1 primary health centre and 5 private nursing homes with total 76 beds and 12 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 28 family welfare subcentres. 5,292 patients were treated indoor and 90,894 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD block.&lt;ref name=handbook2014/&gt;<br /> <br /> According to the 2011 census, in the Bhangar I CD block, 2 villages had community health centres, 2 villages had primary health centres, 39 villages had primary health subcentres, 3 villages had maternity and child welfare centres, 1 village had veterinary hospitals and 16 villages had medicine shops. Out of the 80 inhabited villages, 18 had no medical facilities.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 927-929, Appendix I: Summary showing total number of villages having Educational, Medical and other amenities – CD block level | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 4 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Nalmuri Rural Hospital at [[Nalmuri]], with 30 beds, is the major government medical facility in the Bhangar I CD block. There is a [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centre]] at Bhatipota (PO Beconta) (with 6 beds).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title = Health &amp; Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 1 November 2019 | archive-date = 8 October 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf | title = Health &amp; Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics – Block Primary Health Centres | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 1 November 2019 | archive-date = 16 August 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200816074737/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | title = Health &amp; Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics – Primary Health Centres | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 1 November 2019 | archive-date = 21 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180421215645/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{South 24 Parganas}}<br /> {{South 24 Parganas topics}}<br /> {{Municipalities of West Bengal}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Community development blocks in South 24 Parganas district]]</div>

Uravu https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hot_spring&diff=450568 2026-03-02T08:29:27Z

<p>Uravu: General improvements to article content</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Spring produced by the emergence of geothermally heated groundwater}}<br /> {{Redirect|Hot springs|other uses|Hot Springs (disambiguation)}}<br /> [[File:Aerial view of Grand Prismatic (23428929375).jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|[[Grand Prismatic Spring]] and Midway Geyser Basin in [[Yellowstone National Park]]]]<br /> <br /> A '''hot spring''', '''thermal spring''', '''hydrothermal spring''', or '''geothermal spring''' is a [[Spring (hydrology)|spring]] produced by the emergence of [[Geothermal activity|geothermally heated]] [[groundwater]] onto the surface of the Earth. The groundwater is heated either by shallow bodies of [[magma]] (molten rock) or by circulation through [[fault (geology)|faults]] to hot rock deep in the [[Earth's crust]].<br /> <br /> Hot spring water often contains large amounts of dissolved minerals. The chemistry of hot springs ranges from acid sulfate springs with a [[pH]] as low as 0.8, to alkaline chloride springs saturated with [[silica]], to bicarbonate springs saturated with [[carbon dioxide]] and [[carbonate minerals]]. Some springs also contain abundant dissolved iron. The minerals brought to the surface in hot springs often feed communities of [[extremophiles]], microorganisms adapted to extreme conditions, and it is possible that life on Earth had its origin in hot springs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Farmer |first1=J.D. |year=2000 |title=Hydrothermal systems: doorways to early biosphere evolution |journal=GSA Today |volume=10 |number=7 |pages=1–9 |url=https://www.geosociety.org/gsatoday/archive/10/7/pdf/gt0007.pdf |access-date=25 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Des Marais |first1=David J. |last2=Walter |first2=Malcolm R. |title=Terrestrial Hot Spring Systems: Introduction |journal=Astrobiology |date=2019-12-01 |volume=19 |issue=12 |pages=1419–1432 |doi=10.1089/ast.2018.1976|pmid=31424278 |pmc=6918855 |bibcode=2019AsBio..19.1419D }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Humans have made use of hot springs for bathing, relaxation, or medical therapy for thousands of years. However, some are hot enough that immersion can be harmful, leading to scalding and potentially death.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hot Springs/Geothermal Features - Geology (U.S. National Park Service)|url=https://www.nps.gov/subjects/geology/hot-springs.htm|access-date=2021-02-11|website=www.nps.gov|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Definitions==<br /> &lt;!-- This section is linked from [[Bath, Somerset]] --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- It's fine to show range of definitions. Do not add any new definitions that are merely slight variations on ones already here,<br /> and only if the source is particularly reliable. --&gt;<br /> There is no universally accepted definition of a hot spring. For example, one can find the phrase ''hot spring'' defined as<br /> * any spring heated by [[geothermal activity]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=MSN Encarta definition of hot spring |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?refid=1861692101 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122234830/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?refid=1861692101 |archive-date=2009-01-22 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * a spring with water temperatures above its surroundings&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?book=Dictionary&amp;va=hot+spring Miriam-Webster Online dictionary definition of hot spring]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bartleby.com/65/ho/hotsprin.html Columbia Encyclopedia, sixth edition, article on hot spring] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070211173244/http://www.bartleby.com/65/ho/hotsprin.html |date=2007-02-11 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * a natural spring with water temperature above [[human body temperature]] (normally about {{convert|37|°C|°F}})&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.wordsmyth.net/live/home.php?script=search&amp;matchent=hot+spring&amp;matchtype=exact Wordsmyth definition of hot spring]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bartleby.com/61/35/H0293500.html American Heritage dictionary, fourth edition (2000) definition of hot spring] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310162547/http://www.bartleby.com/61/35/H0293500.html |date=2007-03-10 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pubs.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|doi=10.1139/e03-083 |author1=Allan Pentecost |author2=B. Jones |author3=R.W. Renaut |title=What is a hot spring? |journal=Can. J. Earth Sci. |volume=40 |issue=11 |pages=1443–6 |year=2003 |url=http://pubs.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/cgi-bin/rp/rp2_abst_e?cjes_e03-083_40_ns_nf_cjes |bibcode=2003CaJES..40.1443P |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311064433/http://pubs.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/cgi-bin/rp/rp2_abst_e?cjes_e03-083_40_ns_nf_cjes |archive-date=2007-03-11 |url-access=subscription }} provides a critical discussion of the definition of a hot spring.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.infoplease.com/dictionary/hot+spring Infoplease definition of hot spring]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=hot+spring&amp;r=66 Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2006. definition of hot spring]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Rio Quente 16 (27822967745).jpg|thumb|Hot water springs in [[Rio Quente|Rio Quente, Brazil]]]]<br /> * a natural spring of water whose temperature is greater than {{convert|21|°C|°F|0}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=hot+spring&amp;r=66 Wordnet 2.0 definition of hot spring]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ultralingua.com/onlinedictionary/?service=ee&amp;text=hot+spring Ultralingua Online Dictionary definition of hot spring]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.rhymezone.com/r/rhyme.cgi?Word=hot_spring Rhymezone definition of hot spring]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://lookwayup.com/lwu.exe/lwu/d?s=f&amp;w=hot_spring Lookwayup definition of hot spring]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * a type of thermal spring whose water temperature is usually {{convert|6 to 8|C-change|0|abbr=on}} or more above mean air temperature.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Don L. Leet |title=Physical Geology |publisher=Prentice-Hall |location=Englewood Cliffs, NJ |year=1982 |edition=6th |url=http://www.webref.org/geology/h/hot_spring.htm |quote=A thermal spring is defined as a spring that brings warm or hot water to the surface. |isbn=978-0-13-669706-0 |access-date=2006-11-03 |archive-date=2010-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101002101223/http://www.webref.org/geology/h/hot_spring.htm }} Leet states that there are two types of thermal springs; hot springs and warm springs. Note that by this definition, &quot;thermal spring&quot; is not synonymous with the term &quot;hot spring&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * a spring with water temperatures above {{convert|50|°C|°F}}&lt;ref&gt;US [[NOAA]] Geophysical Data Center definition&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The related term &quot;'''warm spring'''&quot; is defined as a spring with water temperature less than a hot spring by many sources, although Pentecost et al. (2003) suggest that the phrase &quot;warm spring&quot; is not useful and should be avoided. In 1923, Menzier proposed that a warm spring be defined as a thermal spring where the water is below that of the human body, but above that of the mean air temperature around the spring, though this definition is contested.&lt;ref name=&quot;Out of ground-water hydrology&quot;&gt;{{Cite tech report |last=Meinzer |first=Oscar Edward |title=Outline of ground-water hydrology, with definitions |type=Water Supply Paper |publisher=United States Geological Survey |doi=10.3133/wsp494 |year=1923 |volume=494 |page=54 |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/wsp494 |access-date=13 March 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pubs.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Sources of heat==<br /> Water issuing from a hot spring is heated [[Geothermal energy|geothermally]], that is, with [[heat]] produced from the [[Earth's mantle]]. This takes place in two ways. In areas of high volcanic activity, [[magma]] (molten rock) may be present at shallow depths in the [[Earth's crust]]. [[Groundwater]] is heated by these shallow magma bodies and rises to the surface to emerge at a hot spring. However, even in areas that do not experience volcanic activity, the temperature of rocks within the earth increases with depth. The rate of temperature increase with depth is known as the [[geothermal gradient]]. If water percolates deeply enough into the crust, it will be heated as it comes into contact with hot rock. This generally takes place along [[Fault (geology)|faults]], where shattered rock beds provide easy paths for water to circulate to greater depths.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Macdonald |first1=Gordon A. |author-link=Gordon A. Macdonald |last2=Abbott |first2=Agatin T. |last3=Peterson |first3=Frank L. |title=Volcanoes in the sea: the geology of Hawaii |date=1983 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |location=Honolulu |isbn=0-8248-0832-0 |edition=2nd}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Much of the heat is created by [[radioactive decay|decay]] of naturally radioactive elements. An estimated 45 to 90 percent of the heat escaping from the Earth originates from radioactive decay of elements mainly located in the mantle.&lt;ref name=&quot;turcotte&quot;&gt;{{cite book | last=Turcotte | first=DL |author-link=Donald L. Turcotte |author2=Schubert, G | title=Geodynamics | publisher=Cambridge University Press | location=Cambridge, England, UK| date=2002 | edition=2nd | pages=136–7 | chapter=4 | isbn=978-0-521-66624-4 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name='Anuta2006'&gt;{{cite news | first=Joe | last=Anuta | title=Probing Question: What heats the earth's core? | date=2006-03-30 | publisher=physorg.com | url=http://www.physorg.com/news62952904.html | access-date = 2007-09-19 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=physicsworld&gt;{{cite web|last=Johnston|first=Hamish|title=Radioactive decay accounts for half of Earth's heat|url=http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2011/jul/19/radioactive-decay-accounts-for-half-of-earths-heat|work=PhysicsWorld.com|publisher=Institute of Physics|access-date=18 June 2013|date=19 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; The major heat-producing isotopes in the Earth are [[potassium-40]], [[uranium-238]], [[uranium-235]], and [[thorium-232]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | first=Robert | last=Sanders | title=Radioactive potassium may be major heat source in Earth's core | publisher=UC Berkeley News | date=2003-12-10 | url=http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2003/12/10_heat.shtml | access-date=2007-02-28 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In areas with no volcanic activity, this heat flows through the crust by a slow process of [[thermal conduction]], but in volcanic areas, the heat is carried to the surface more rapidly by bodies of magma.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Philpotts |first1=Anthony R. |last2=Ague |first2=Jay J. |title=Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology |date=2009 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |isbn=978-0-521-88006-0 |edition=2nd |pages=6–13}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Evolution of Earth's radiogenic heat.svg|thumb|upright=1.25|The [[radiogenic heat]] from the decay of &lt;sup&gt;238&lt;/sup&gt;U and &lt;sup&gt;232&lt;/sup&gt;Th are now the major contributors to the [[earth's internal heat budget]].]]<br /> <br /> A hot spring that periodically jets water and steam is called a [[geyser]]. In active volcanic zones such as [[Yellowstone National Park]], magma may be present at shallow depths. If a hot spring is connected to a large natural cistern close to such a magma body, the magma may [[superheating|superheat]] the water in the cistern, raising its temperature above the normal boiling point. The water will not immediately boil, because the weight of the water column above the cistern pressurizes the cistern and suppresses boiling. However, as the superheated water expands, some of the water will emerge at the surface, reducing pressure in the cistern. This allows some of the water in the cistern to flash into steam, which forces more water out of the hot spring. This leads to a runaway condition in which a sizable amount of water and steam are forcibly ejected from the hot spring as the cistern is emptied. The cistern then refills with cooler water, and the cycle repeats.{{sfn|Macdonald|Abbott|Peterson|1983}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Hot Springs/Geothermal Features |url=https://www.nps.gov/subjects/geology/hot-springs.htm |website=Geology |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=25 June 2021 |date=10 February 2020 |ref={{harvid|National Park Service|2020}}}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Geysers require both a natural cistern and an abundant source of cooler water to refill the cistern after each eruption of the geyser. If the water supply is less abundant, so that the water is boiled as fast as it can accumulate and only reaches the surface in the form of [[steam]], the result is a [[fumarole]]. If the water is mixed with mud and [[clay]], the result is a [[mud pot]].{{sfn|Macdonald|Abbott|Peterson|1983}}{{sfn|National Park Service|2020}}<br /> <br /> An example of a non-volcanic warm spring is [[Warm Springs, Georgia]] (frequented for its [[physical therapy|therapeutic]] effects by [[paraplegic]] [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|Franklin D. Roosevelt]], who built the [[Little White House]] there). Here the groundwater originates as rain and snow ([[meteoric water]]) falling on the nearby mountains, which penetrates a particular [[Formation (geology)|formation]] ([[Hollis Quartzite]]) to a depth of {{convert|3000|ft||}} and is heated by the normal geothermal gradient.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Hewett |first1=D.F. |author-link=Donnel Foster Hewett |last2=Crickmay |first2=G.W. |title=The warm springs of Georgia, their geologic relations and origin, a summary report |journal=United States Geological Survey Water Supply Paper |date=1937 |volume=819 |page=5 |doi=10.3133/wsp819|doi-access=free |bibcode=1937usgs.rept....5H }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Chemistry==<br /> [[File:GM Guelma Hammam Challala01.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hammam Maskhoutine]] in [[Algeria]], an example of a bicarbonate hot spring]]<br /> Because heated water can hold more [[solvation|dissolved]] [[solid]]s than cold water, the water that issues from hot springs often has a very high [[mineral]] content, containing everything from [[calcium]] to [[lithium]] and even [[radium]]. The overall chemistry of hot springs varies from ''alkaline chloride'' to ''acid sulfate'' to ''bicarbonate'' to ''iron-rich'', each of which defines an end member of a range of possible hot spring chemistries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Drake |first1=Bryan D. |last2=Campbell |first2=Kathleen A. |last3=Rowland |first3=Julie V. |last4=Guido |first4=Diego M. |last5=Browne |first5=Patrick R.L. |last6=Rae |first6=Andrew |title=Evolution of a dynamic paleo-hydrothermal system at Mangatete, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand |journal=Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research |date=August 2014 |volume=282 |pages=19–35 |doi=10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2014.06.010|bibcode=2014JVGR..282...19D |hdl=11336/31453 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|Des Marais|Walter|2019}}<br /> <br /> Alkaline chloride hot springs are fed by hydrothermal fluids that form when groundwater containing dissolved [[chloride]] salts reacts with silicate rocks at high temperature. These springs have nearly neutral [[pH]] but are saturated with [[silica]] ({{chem2|SiO2}}). The solubility of silica depends strongly upon temperature, so upon cooling, the silica is deposited as [[geyserite]], a form of [[opal]] (opal-A: {{chem2|SiO2·nH2O}}).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=White |first1=Donald E. |last2=Brannock |first2=W.W. |last3=Murata |first3=K.J. |title=Silica in hot-spring waters |journal=Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta |date=August 1956 |volume=10 |issue=1–2 |pages=27–59 |doi=10.1016/0016-7037(56)90010-2|bibcode=1956GeCoA..10...27W }}&lt;/ref&gt; This process is slow enough that geyserite is not all deposited immediately around the vent, but tends to build up a low, broad platform for some distance around the spring opening.{{sfn|Drake|Campbell|Rowland|Guido|2014}}{{sfn|Des Marais|Walter|2019}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=White |first1=D.E. |last2=Thompson |first2=G.A. |last3=Sandberg |first3=C.H. |title=Rocks, structure, and geologic history of Steamboat Springs thermal area, Washoe County, Nevada |journal=U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper |series=Professional Paper |date=1964 |volume=458-B |doi=10.3133/pp458B|doi-access=free |bibcode=1964usgs.rept...19W }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Acid sulfate hot springs are fed by hydrothermal fluids rich in [[hydrogen sulfide]] ({{chem2|H2S}}), which is oxidized to form [[sulfuric acid]], {{chem2|H2SO4}}.{{sfn|Drake|Campbell|Rowland|Guido|2014}} The pH of the fluids is thereby lowered to values as low as 0.8.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Cox |first1=Alysia |last2=Shock |first2=Everett L. |last3=Havig |first3=Jeff R. |title=The transition to microbial photosynthesis in hot spring ecosystems |journal=Chemical Geology |date=January 2011 |volume=280 |issue=3–4 |pages=344–351 |doi=10.1016/j.chemgeo.2010.11.022|bibcode=2011ChGeo.280..344C }}&lt;/ref&gt; The acid reacts with rock to alter it to [[clay mineral]]s, [[oxide minerals]], and a residue of silica.{{sfn|Des Marais|Walter|2019}}<br /> <br /> Bicarbonate hot springs are fed by hydrothermal fluids that form when [[carbon dioxide]] ({{chem2|CO2}}) and groundwater react with [[carbonate rocks]].{{sfn|Drake|Campbell|Rowland|Guido|2014}} When the fluids reach the surface, {{chem2|CO2}} is rapidly lost and carbonate minerals precipitate as [[travertine]], so that bicarbonate hot springs tend to form high-relief structures around their openings.{{sfn|Des Marais|Walter|2019}}<br /> <br /> Iron-rich springs are characterized by the presence of microbial communities that produce clumps of oxidized iron from iron in the hydrothermal fluids feeding the spring.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Parenteau |first1=M. N. |last2=Cady |first2=S. L. |title=Microbial biosignatures in iron-mineralized phototrophic mats at Chocolate Pots Hot Springs, Yellowstone National Park, United States |journal=PALAIOS |date=2010-02-01 |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=97–111 |doi=10.2110/palo.2008.p08-133r|bibcode=2010Palai..25...97P |s2cid=128592574 }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|Des Marais|Walter|2019}}<br /> <br /> Some hot springs produce fluids that are intermediate in chemistry between these extremes. For example, mixed acid-sulfate-chloride hot springs are intermediate between acid sulfate and alkaline chloride springs and may form by mixing of acid sulfate and alkaline chloride fluids. They deposit geyserite, but in smaller quantities than alkaline chloride springs.{{sfn|Drake|Campbell|Rowland|Guido|2014}}<br /> <br /> ==Flow rates==<br /> [[File:Islande source Deildartunguhver.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Deildartunguhver]], [[Iceland]]: the highest flow hot spring in [[Europe]]]]<br /> <br /> Hot springs range in flow rate from the tiniest &quot;seeps&quot; to veritable rivers of hot water. Sometimes there is enough pressure that the water shoots upward in a [[geyser]], or [[fountain]].<br /> <br /> ===High-flow hot springs===<br /> There are many claims in the literature about the flow rates of hot springs. There are many more high flow non-thermal springs than geothermal springs. Springs with high flow rates include:<br /> * The [[Dalhousie Springs]] complex in Australia had a peak total flow of more than 23,000&amp;nbsp;liters/second in 1915, giving the average spring in the complex an output of more than 325&amp;nbsp;liters/second. This has been reduced now to a peak total flow of 17,370&amp;nbsp;liters/second so the average spring has a peak output of about 250&amp;nbsp;liters/second.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=Desert Springs of Great Australian Arterial Basin |author=W. F. Ponder |author-link=Winston Ponder |journal=Conference Proceedings. Spring-fed Wetlands: Important Scientific and Cultural Resources of the Intermountain Region |year=2002 |url=http://www.wetlands.dri.edu |access-date=2013-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006151305/http://www.wetlands.dri.edu/ |archive-date=2008-10-06 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[File:natural iron hot spring.jpg|upright|thumb|&quot;Blood Pond&quot; hot spring in [[Beppu]], Japan ]]The 2,850 hot springs of [[Beppu]] in Japan are the highest flow hot spring complex in Japan. Together the Beppu hot springs produce about 1,592&amp;nbsp;liters/second, or corresponding to an average hot spring flow of 0.56&amp;nbsp;liters/second.<br /> * The 303 hot springs of [[Kokonoe, Ōita|Kokonoe]] in Japan produce 1,028&amp;nbsp;liters/second, which gives the average hot spring a flow of 3.39&amp;nbsp;liters/second.<br /> * [[Ōita Prefecture]] has 4,762 hot springs, with a total flow of 4,437&amp;nbsp;liters/second, so the average hot spring flow is 0.93&amp;nbsp;liters/second.<br /> * The highest flow rate hot spring in Japan is the [[Tamagawa Hot Spring]] in [[Akita Prefecture]], which has a flow rate of 150 liters/second. The Tamagawa Hot Spring feeds a {{convert|3|m|ft|abbr=on}} wide stream with a temperature of {{convert|98|°C|°F}}.<br /> * The most famous hot springs of [[Brazil]]'s [[Caldas Novas]] (&quot;New Hot Springs&quot; in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]) are tapped by 86 wells, from which 333&amp;nbsp;liters/second are pumped for 14 hours per day. This corresponds to a peak average flow rate of 3.89&amp;nbsp;liters/second per well.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}}<br /> * In [[Florida]], there are 33 recognized &quot;magnitude one [[Spring (hydrosphere)|springs]]&quot; (having a flow in excess of {{Convert|2800|L/s|abbr=on}}). [[Silver Springs, Florida]] has a flow of more than {{Convert|21000|L/s|abbr=on}}.<br /> * The [[Excelsior Geyser]] Crater in [[Yellowstone National Park]] [[yield (hydrology)|yields]] about {{Convert|4000|U.S.gal/min|abbr=on}}.<br /> * Evans Plunge in [[Hot Springs, South Dakota]] has a flow rate of {{Convert|5000|U.S.gal/min|abbr=on}} of {{Convert|87|F}} spring water. The Plunge, built in 1890, is the world's largest natural warm water indoor swimming pool.<br /> * The hot spring of [[Saturnia]], Italy with around 500 liters a second&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.termedisaturnia.it/en/thermal-spring/hot-springs Terme di Saturnia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130417062507/http://www.termedisaturnia.it/en/thermal-spring/hot-springs |date=2013-04-17 }}, website&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Lava Hot Springs, Idaho|Lava Hot Springs]] in [[Idaho]] has a flow of 130&amp;nbsp;liters/second.<br /> * [[Glenwood Springs, Colorado|Glenwood Springs]] in [[Colorado]] has a flow of 143&amp;nbsp;liters/second.<br /> * [[Elizabeth Springs]] in western [[Queensland]], Australia might have had a flow of 158&amp;nbsp;liters/second in the late 19th century, but now has a flow of about 5&amp;nbsp;liters/second.<br /> * [[Deildartunguhver]] in [[Iceland]] has a flow of 180&amp;nbsp;liters/second.<br /> * There are at least three hot springs in the [[Nage]] region {{convert|8|km|mi|abbr=on}} south west of [[Bajawa]] in [[Indonesia]] that collectively produce more than 453.6&amp;nbsp;liters/second.<br /> * There are another three large hot springs (Mengeruda, Wae Bana and Piga) {{convert|18|km|mi|abbr=on}} north east of Bajawa, [[Indonesia]] that together produce more than 450&amp;nbsp;liters/second of hot water.<br /> <br /> ==Ecosystems==<br /> {{See also|Thermophile}}<br /> [[File:Algal mats on hot pool, Orakei Korako 1.jpg|thumb|right|[[Algal mat]]s growing in the ''Map of Africa'' hot pool, [[Orakei Korako]], New Zealand]]<br /> Hot springs often host communities of microorganisms adapted to life in hot, mineral-laden water. These include [[thermophile]]s, which are a type of [[extremophile]] that thrives at high temperatures, between {{convert|45|and|80|°C|°F|abbr=on}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Brock Biology of Microorganisms | year=2006|vauthors=Madigan MT, Martino JM | edition=11th |page=136 |publisher=Pearson |isbn=978-0-13-196893-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Further from the vent, where the water has had time to cool and precipitate part of its mineral load, conditions favor organisms adapted to less extreme conditions. This produces a succession of microbial communities as one moves away from the vent, which in some respects resembles the successive stages in the evolution of early life.{{sfn|Farmer|2000}}<br /> <br /> For example, in a bicarbonate hot spring, the community of organisms immediately around the vent is dominated by filamentous thermophilic [[bacteria]], such as ''[[Aquifex]]'' and other [[Aquificales]], that oxidize sulfide and hydrogen to obtain energy for their life processes. Further from the vent, where water temperatures have dropped below {{convert|60|°C||}}, the surface is covered with microbial mats {{convert|1|cm||}} thick that are dominated by [[cyanobacteria]], such as ''[[Spirulina (genus)|Spirulina]]'', ''[[Oscillatoria]]'', and ''[[Synechococcus]]'',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Pentecost |first1=Allan |title=Cyanobacteria associated with hot spring travertines |journal=Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences |date=2003-11-01 |volume=40 |issue=11 |pages=1447–1457 |doi=10.1139/e03-075|bibcode=2003CaJES..40.1447P }}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[green sulfur bacteria]] such as ''[[Chloroflexus]]''. These organisms are all capable of [[photosynthesis]], though green sulfur bacteria produce [[sulfur]] rather than [[oxygen]] during photosynthesis. Still further from the vent, where temperatures drop below {{convert|45|°C||}}, conditions are favorable for a complex community of microorganisms that includes ''Spirulina'', ''[[Calothrix]]'', [[diatoms]] and other single-celled [[eukaryotes]], and grazing insects and protozoans. As temperatures drop close to those of the surroundings, higher plants appear.{{sfn|Farmer|2000}}<br /> <br /> Alkali chloride hot springs show a similar succession of communities of organisms, with various thermophilic bacteria and [[archaea]] in the hottest parts of the vent. Acid sulfate hot springs show a somewhat different succession of microorganisms, dominated by acid-tolerant algae (such as members of [[Cyanidiophyceae]]), [[fungi]], and diatoms.{{sfn|Drake|Campbell|Rowland|Guido|2014}} Iron-rich hot springs contain communities of photosynthetic organisms that oxidize reduced ([[ferrous]]) iron to oxidized ([[ferric]]) iron.{{sfn|Parenteau |Cady|2010}}<br /> <br /> Hot springs are a dependable source of water that provides a rich chemical environment. This includes [[Oxidation|reduced]] chemical species that microorganisms can oxidize as a source of energy.<br /> <br /> == Significance to abiogenesis ==<br /> {{Main|Abiogenesis#Hot springs}}<br /> <br /> === Hot spring hypothesis ===<br /> In contrast with &quot;[[black smokers]]&quot; (hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor), hot springs similar to terrestrial hydrothermal fields at Kamchatka produce fluids having suitable pH and temperature for early cells and biochemical reactions. Dissolved organic compounds were found in hot springs at Kamchatka .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kompanichenko |first=Vladimir N. |date=May 16, 2019 |title=Exploring the Kamchatka Geothermal Region in the Context of Life's Beginning |journal=Life |language=en |volume=9 |issue=2 |page=41 |doi=10.3390/life9020041 |pmid=31100955 |pmc=6616967 |bibcode=2019Life....9...41K |issn=2075-1729|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Metal sulfides and silica minerals in these environments would act as photocatalysts.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Mulkidjanian |first1=Armen Y. |last2=Bychkov |first2=Andrew Yu. |last3=Dibrova |first3=Daria V. |last4=Galperin |first4=Michael Y. |last5=Koonin |first5=Eugene V. |date=2012-04-03 |title=Origin of first cells at terrestrial, anoxic geothermal fields |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=109 |issue=14 |pages=E821-30 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1117774109 |pmc=3325685 |pmid=22331915|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; They experience cycles of wetting and drying which promote the formation of biopolymers which are then encapsulated in vesicles after rehydration.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Damer |first1=Bruce |last2=Deamer |first2=David |date=March 15, 2015 |title=Coupled Phases and Combinatorial Selection in Fluctuating Hydrothermal Pools: A Scenario to Guide Experimental Approaches to the Origin of Cellular Life |journal=Life |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=872–887 |doi=10.3390/life5010872 |pmid=25780958 |pmc=4390883 |bibcode=2015Life....5..872D |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Solar UV exposure to the environment promotes synthesis to monomeric biomolecules.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Patel |first1=Bhavesh H. |last2=Percivalle |first2=Claudia |last3=Ritson |first3=Dougal J. |last4=Duffy |first4=Colm D. |last5=Sutherland |first5=John D. |date=March 16, 2015 |title=Common origins of RNA, protein and lipid precursors in a cyanosulfidic protometabolism |journal=Nature Chemistry |language=en |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=301–307 |doi=10.1038/nchem.2202 |pmid=25803468 |pmc=4568310 |bibcode=2015NatCh...7..301P |issn=1755-4349}}&lt;/ref&gt; The ionic composition and concentration of hot springs (K, B, Zn, P, O, S, C, Mn, N, and H) are identical to the cytoplasm of modern cells and possibly to those of the [[Last universal common ancestor|LUCA]] or early cellular life according to phylogenomic analysis.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Van Kranendonk |first1=Martin J. |last2=Baumgartner |first2=Raphael |last3=Djokic |first3=Tara |last4=Ota |first4=Tsutomu |last5=Steller |first5=Luke |last6=Garbe |first6=Ulf |last7=Nakamura |first7=Eizo |date=2021-01-01 |title=Elements for the Origin of Life on Land: A Deep-Time Perspective from the Pilbara Craton of Western Australia |url=https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/ast.2019.2107 |journal=Astrobiology |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=39–59 |doi=10.1089/ast.2019.2107 |pmid=33404294 |bibcode=2021AsBio..21...39V |s2cid=230783184|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; For these reasons, it has been hypothesized that hot springs may be the place of origin of life on Earth.{{sfn|Farmer|2000}}{{sfn|Des Marais|Walter|2019}} The evolutionary implications of the hypothesis imply a direct evolutionary pathway to land plants. Where continuous exposure to sunlight leads to the development of photosynthetic properties and later colonize on land and life at hydrothermal vents is suggested to be a later adaptation.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Damer |first1=Bruce |last2=Deamer |first2=David |date=2020-04-01 |title=The Hot Spring Hypothesis for an Origin of Life |journal=Astrobiology |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=429–452 |doi=10.1089/ast.2019.2045 |issn=1531-1074 |pmc=7133448 |pmid=31841362|bibcode=2020AsBio..20..429D }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Recent experimental studies at hot springs support this hypothesis. They show that fatty acids self-assemble into membranous structures and encapsulate synthesized biomolecules during exposure to UV light and multiple wet-dry cycles at slightly alkaline or acidic hot springs, which would not happen at saltwater conditions as the high concentrations of ionic solutes there would inhibit the formation of membranous structures.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Deamer |first=David |date= February 10, 2021 |title= Where Did Life Begin? Testing Ideas in Prebiotic Analogue Conditions |journal=Life |volume=11 |issue=2 |page=134 |doi=10.3390/life11020134 |pmid= 33578711 |pmc= 7916457 |bibcode=2021Life...11..134D |issn=2075-1729|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Milshteyn |first1=Daniel |last2=Damer |first2=Bruce |last3=Havig |first3= Jeff |last4= Deamer |first4=David |date=May 10, 2018 |title=Amphiphilic Compounds Assemble into Membranous Vesicles in Hydrothermal Hot Spring Water but Not in Seawater |journal= Life |volume=8 |issue=2 |page=11 |doi=10.3390/life8020011 |pmid=29748464 |pmc=6027054 |bibcode=2018Life....8...11M |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[David W. Deamer|David Deamer]] and Bruce Damer note that these hypothesized prebiotic environments resemble [[Charles Darwin]]'s imagined &quot;warm little pond&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt; If life did not emerge at deep sea hydrothermal vents, rather at terrestrial pools, extraterrestrial quinones transported to the environment would generate redox reactions conducive to proton gradients. Without continuous wet-dry cycling to maintain stability of primitive proteins for membrane transport and other biological macromolecules, they would go through hydrolysis in an aquatic environment.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Scientists discovered a 3.48 billion year old geyserite that seemingly preserved fossilized microbial life, stromatolites, and biosignatures.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Djokic |first1=Tara |last2=Van Kranendonk |first2=Martin J. |last3=Campbell |first3=Kathleen A. |last4=Walter |first4=Malcolm R. |last5=Ward |first5=Colin R. |date=2017-05-09 |title=Earliest signs of life on land preserved in ca. 3.5 Ga hot spring deposits |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |article-number=15263 |doi=10.1038/ncomms15263 |pmid=28486437 |pmc=5436104 |bibcode=2017NatCo...815263D |issn=2041-1723}}&lt;/ref&gt; Researchers propose pyrophosphite to have been used by early cellular life for energy storage and it might have been a precursor to pyrophosphate. Phosphites, which are present at hot springs, would have bonded together into pyrophosphite within hot springs through wet-dry cycling.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Marshall |first=Michael |date=April 2, 2013 |title= Meteorites could have been source of life's batteries |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21829114-800-meteorites-could-have-been-source-of-lifes-batteries/ |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=New Scientist |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Like alkaline hydrothermal vents, the Hakuba Happo hot spring goes through serpentinization, suggesting methanogenic microbial life possibly originated in similar habitats.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Suda |first1=Konomi |last2=Ueno |first2=Yuichiro |last3=Yoshizaki |first3=Motoko |last4=Nakamura |first4=Hitomi |last5=Kurokawa |first5=Ken |last6=Nishiyama |first6=Eri |last7=Yoshino |first7=Koji |last8=Hongoh |first8=Yuichi |last9=Kawachi |first9=Kenichi |last10=Omori |first10=Soichi |last11=Yamada |first11=Keita |last12=Yoshida |first12=Naohiro |last13= Maruyama |first13= Shigenori |date=2014-01-15 |title=Origin of methane in serpentinite-hosted hydrothermal systems: The CH4–H2–H2O hydrogen isotope systematics of the Hakuba Happo hot spring |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X13006286 |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |language=en |volume=386 |pages=112–125 |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2013.11.001 |bibcode=2014E&amp;PSL.386..112S |issn=0012-821X|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Limitations ===<br /> A problem with the hot spring hypothesis for an origin of life is that phosphate has low solubility in water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Longo |first1=Alex |last2=Damer |first2=Bruce |date=2020-04-27 |title=Factoring Origin of Life Hypotheses into the Search for Life in the Solar System and Beyond |journal=Life |volume=10 |issue=5 |page=52 |doi=10.3390/life10050052 |issn=2075-1729 |pmc=7281141 |pmid=32349245|bibcode=2020Life...10...52L |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Pyrophosphite could have been present within protocells, however all modern life forms use pyrophosphate for energy storage. Kee suggests that pyrophosphate could have been utilized after the emergence of enzymes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Dehydrated conditions would favor phosphorylation of organic compounds and condensation of phosphate to polyphosphate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Kitadai |first1=Norio |last2=Maruyama |first2=Shigenori |date=2018-07-01 |title=Origins of building blocks of life: A review |journal=Geoscience Frontiers |language=en |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=1117–1153 |doi=10.1016/j.gsf.2017.07.007 |bibcode=2018GeoFr...9.1117K |s2cid=102659869 |issn=1674-9871|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Another problem is that solar ultraviolet radiation and frequent impacts would have inhibited habitability of early cellular life at hot springs,&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; although biological macromolecules might have undergone selection during exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; and would have been catalyzed by photocatalytic silica minerals and metal sulfides.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Carbonaceous meteors during the Late Heavy Bombardment would not have caused cratering on Earth as they would produce fragments upon atmospheric entry. The meteors are estimated to have been 40 to 80 meters in diameter however larger impactors would produce larger craters.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Pearce |first1=Ben K. D. |last2=Pudritz |first2=Ralph E. |last3=Semenov |first3=Dmitry A. |last4=Henning |first4=Thomas K. |date=2017-10-24 |title=Origin of the RNA world: The fate of nucleobases in warm little ponds |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=114 |issue=43 |pages=11327–11332 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1710339114 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=5664528 |pmid=28973920|arxiv=1710.00434 |bibcode=2017PNAS..11411327P |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Metabolic pathways have not yet been demonstrated at these environments,&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; but the development of proton gradients might have been generated by redox reactions coupled to meteoric quinones or protocell growth.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Irene A. |last2=Szostak |first2=Jack W. |date=2004-05-25 |title=Membrane growth can generate a transmembrane pH gradient in fatty acid vesicles |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=101 |issue=21 |pages=7965–7970 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0308045101 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=419540 |pmid=15148394|bibcode=2004PNAS..101.7965C |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Milshteyn |first1=Daniel |last2=Cooper |first2=George |last3=Deamer |first3=David |date=2019-08-28 |title=Chemiosmotic energy for primitive cellular life: Proton gradients are generated across lipid membranes by redox reactions coupled to meteoritic quinones |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=12447 |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-48328-5 |pmid=31462644 |pmc=6713726 |bibcode=2019NatSR...912447M |issn=2045-2322}}&lt;/ref&gt; Metabolic reactions in the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway and reverse Krebs cycle have been produced in acidic conditions and thermophilic temperatures in the presence of metals which is consistent with observations of RNA mostly stable at acidic pH.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Varma |first1=Sreejith J. |last2=Muchowska |first2=Kamila B. |last3=Chatelain |first3=Paul |last4=Moran |first4=Joseph |date=April 23, 2018 |title=Native iron reduces CO2 to intermediates and end-products of the acetyl-CoA pathway |journal=Nature Ecology &amp; Evolution |language=en |volume=2 |issue=6 |pages=1019–1024 |doi=10.1038/s41559-018-0542-2 |pmid=29686234 |pmc=5969571 |bibcode=2018NatEE...2.1019V |issn=2397-334X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Muchowska |first1=Kamila B. |last2=Varma |first2=Sreejith J. |last3=Chevallot-Beroux |first3=Elodie |last4=Lethuillier-Karl |first4=Lucas |last5=Li |first5=Guang |last6=Moran |first6=Joseph |date=October 2, 2017 |title=Metals promote sequences of the reverse Krebs cycle |journal=Nature Ecology &amp; Evolution |language=en |volume=1 |issue=11 |pages=1716–1721 |doi=10.1038/s41559-017-0311-7 |pmid=28970480 |pmc=5659384 |bibcode=2017NatEE...1.1716M |issn=2397-334X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Human uses==<br /> [[File:Jigokudani hotspring in Nagano Japan 001.jpg|thumb|right|[[Japanese macaque|Macaque]]s enjoying an open air hot spring or &quot;[[onsen]]&quot; in [[Nagano, Nagano|Nagano]]]]<br /> [[File:Tsurunoyu onsen rotenburo2.JPG|thumb|Winter bathing at Tsuru-no-yu roten-buro in Nyūtō, Akita]]<br /> [[File:Sai ngam hot spring pai.jpg|thumb|Sai Ngam hot springs in Mae Hong Son province, Thailand]]<br /> ===Bathing===<br /> ====History====<br /> Hot springs have been enjoyed by humans for thousands of years.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=van Tubergen |first1=A |title=A brief history of spa therapy |journal=Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases |date=1 March 2002 |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=273–275 |doi=10.1136/ard.61.3.273|pmid=11830439 |pmc=1754027 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Even [[macaques]] are known to have extended their northern range into [[Japan]] by making use of hot springs to protect themselves from cold stress.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Takeshita |first1=Rafaela S. C. |last2=Bercovitch |first2=Fred B. |last3=Kinoshita |first3=Kodzue |last4=Huffman |first4=Michael A. |title=Beneficial effect of hot spring bathing on stress levels in Japanese macaques |journal=Primates |date=May 2018 |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=215–225 |doi=10.1007/s10329-018-0655-x|pmid=29616368 |s2cid=4568998 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Hot spring baths (''[[onsen]]'') have been in use in Japan for at least two thousand years, traditionally for cleanliness and relaxation, but increasingly for their therapeutic value.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Serbulea |first1=Mihaela |last2=Payyappallimana |first2=Unnikrishnan |title=Onsen (hot springs) in Japan—Transforming terrain into healing landscapes |journal=Health &amp; Place |date=November 2012 |volume=18 |issue=6 |pages=1366–1373 |doi=10.1016/j.healthplace.2012.06.020|pmid=22878276 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In the [[Homeric Age]] of Greece (ca. 1000 BCE), baths were primarily for hygiene, but by the time of [[Hippocrates]] (ca. 460 BCE), hot springs were credited with healing power. The popularity of hot springs has fluctuated over the centuries since, but they are now popular around the world.{{sfn|van Tubergen|2002}} In 2023 the Global Wellness Institute, a [[Wellness tourism|wellness industry]] study, estimated the global earnings of the 31,200 hot springs establishments to be over $62 billion USD.&lt;ref&gt;Andrea Sachs. (14 March 2025). &quot;Soak in these 9 hot springs destinations from the Yukon to Mexico.&quot; [https://wapo.st/4ib2Qhy Washington Post website] Retrieved 16 March 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Therapeutic uses====<br /> Because of both the [[folklore]] and the claimed [[medical]] value attributed to some hot springs, they are often popular [[tourist]] destinations, and locations for [[physical therapy|rehabilitation]] [[clinic]]s for those with [[disabilities]]. However, the scientific basis for therapeutic bathing in hot springs is uncertain. Hot bath therapy for [[lead poisoning]] was common and reportedly highly successful in the 18th and 19th centuries, and may have been due to [[diuresis]] (increased production of urine) from sitting in hot water, which increased excretion of lead; better food and isolation from lead sources; and increased intake of calcium and iron. Significant improvement in patients with [[rheumatoid arthritis]] and [[ankylosing spondylitis]] have been reported in studies of spa therapy, but these studies have methodological problems, such as the obvious impracticality of [[placebo-controlled studies]] (in which a patient does not know if they are receiving the therapy). As a result, the therapeutic effectiveness of hot spring therapy remains uncertain.{{sfn|van Tubergen|2002}}<br /> <br /> ====Precautions====<br /> Hot springs in volcanic areas are often at or near the [[boiling point]]. People have been seriously scalded and even killed by accidentally or intentionally entering these springs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Safety |url=https://www.nps.gov/yell/planyourvisit/safety.htm |website=Yellowstone National Park |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=24 June 2021 |date=8 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Almasy |first1=Steve |title=Man severely burned after falling into Yellowstone hot spring |url=https://www.cnn.com/2017/06/14/us/yellowstone-hot-spring-burns-north-carolina-man/index.html |website=CNN |access-date=24 June 2021 |date=15 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Andrews |first1=Robin |title=This Is What Happens When You Fall Into One Of Yellowstone's Hot Springs |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/robinandrews/2016/12/30/this-is-what-happens-when-you-fall-into-one-of-yellowstones-hot-springs/ |website=Forbes |access-date=24 June 2021 |date=30 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Some hot springs microbiota are infectious to humans:<br /> * ''[[Naegleria fowleri]]'', an [[excavata|excavate]] [[amoeba]], lives in warm unsalted waters worldwide and causes a fatal [[meningitis]] should the organisms enter the nose.&lt;ref&gt;{{EMedicine|article|972044|Naegleria}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Shinji Izumiyama |author2=Kenji Yagita |author3=Reiko Furushima-Shimogawara |author4=Tokiko Asakura |author5=Tatsuya Karasudani |author6=Takuro Endo |title=Occurrence and Distribution of ''Naegleria'' Species in Thermal Waters in Japan |journal=J Eukaryot Microbiol |volume=50 |pages=514–5 |date=July 2003 |pmid=14736147 |doi=10.1111/j.1550-7408.2003.tb00614.x |s2cid=45052636 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Yasuo Sugita |author2=Teruhiko Fujii |author3=Itsurou Hayashi |author4=Takachika Aoki |author5=Toshirou Yokoyama |author6=Minoru Morimatsu |author7=Toshihide Fukuma |author8=Yoshiaki Takamiya |title=Primary amebic meningoencephalitis due to ''Naegleria fowleri'': An autopsy case in Japan |journal=Pathology International |volume=49 |issue=5 |pages=468–70 |date=May 1999 |pmid=10417693 |doi=10.1046/j.1440-1827.1999.00893.x |s2cid=21576553 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * ''[[Acanthamoeba]]'' also can spread through hot springs, according to the US [[Centers for Disease Control]] - The organisms enter through the eyes or via an open wound.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cdc.gov/Ncidod/dpd/parasites/acanthomoeba/factsht_acanthamoeba.htm CDC description of acanthamoeba]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * ''[[Legionella]]'' [[bacteria]] have been spread through hot springs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Miyamoto H, Jitsurong S, Shiota R, Maruta K, Yoshida S, Yabuuchi E |title=Molecular determination of infection source of a sporadic ''Legionella pneumonia'' case associated with a hot spring bath |journal=Microbiol. Immunol. |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=197–202 |year=1997 |pmid=9130230 |doi=10.1111/j.1348-0421.1997.tb01190.x|s2cid=25016946 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Eiko Yabauuchi |author2=Kunio Agata |title=An outbreak of legionellosis in a new facility of hot spring Bath in Hiuga City |journal=Kansenshogaku Zasshi |volume=78 |issue=2 |pages=90–8 |year=2004 |issn=0387-5911 |pmid=15103899|doi=10.11150/kansenshogakuzasshi1970.78.90 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *''[[Neisseria gonorrhoeae]]'' was reported to have very likely been acquired from bathing in a hot spring according to one [[case study]], with the near-body temperature, slightly acidic, [[Isotonic fluid|isotonic]], organic matter-containing waters thought to facilitate the survival of the pathogen.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Goodyear-Smith|first1=Felicity|last2=Schabetsberger|first2=Robert|date=2021-09-17|title=Gonococcus infection probably acquired from bathing in a natural thermal pool: a case report|journal=Journal of Medical Case Reports|volume=15|issue=1|page=458|doi=10.1186/s13256-021-03043-6|issn=1752-1947|pmc=8445652|pmid=34530901 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Etiquette====<br /> The customs and practices observed differ depending on the hot spring. It is common practice that bathers should wash before entering the water so as not to contaminate the water (with/without soap).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book<br /> |title=Ryokan<br /> |first=Gabriele |last=Fahr-Becker<br /> |year=2001<br /> |isbn=978-3-8290-4829-3<br /> |page=24<br /> |publisher=Könemann }}&lt;/ref&gt; In many countries, like Japan, it is required to enter the hot spring with no clothes on, including swimwear. Often there are different facilities or times for men and women, but mixed ''onsen'' do exist.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Cheung |first1=Jeanne |title=A Guide to Japan's Onsen Etiquette for First Timers (Hint: You're Gonna be in the Buff) |url=https://traveler.marriott.com/culture-and-style/onsen-japan-etiquette-for-first-timers/ |website=Marriot Bonvoy Traveler |date=16 February 2018 |publisher=Marriot Internal Inc. |access-date=2 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; In some countries, if it is a public hot spring, swimwear is required.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Spa Etiquette &amp; Information |url=https://www.onespa.com/spa-information/ |website=One Spa |access-date=2 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Nudity Spa Guide |url=https://www.spafinder.com/nudity-spa-guide/ |website=Spa Finder |date=19 July 2016 |publisher=Blackhawk Network, Inc. |access-date=2 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Cooking and drinking===<br /> {{Anchor|Cooking}}Hot springs are used for {{Ill|geothermal cooking|ja|温泉地熱料理}}, such as boiling eggs and vegetables at [[Hammam Maskhoutine]] (Algeria),&lt;ref name=&quot;Powell1926&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=In Barbary; Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, and the Sahara |last=Powell |first=E. Alexander |publisher=Century Co. |year=1926 |location=New York, US |pages=260 |language=en |author-link=E. Alexander Powell |series=Century vagabond books [of travel] |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015027021479&amp;seq=286&amp;q1=%22boiling+their+eggs%22 |hdl=2027/mdp.39015027021479 |oclc=1079292280}}&lt;/ref&gt; and in Japan.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Japanese village that cooks in a hot spring |url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20200824-the-japanese-village-that-cooks-in-a-hot-spring |last=Nakamoto |first=Michiyo |date=2020-08-26 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250426153818/https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20200824-the-japanese-village-that-cooks-in-a-hot-spring |archive-date=2025-04-26 |access-date=2025-10-17 |website=[[BBC]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Immersing eggs into hot springs of around {{convert|67|C|F}} produces {{transliteration|ja|[[onsen tamago]]}} ({{literal translation|hot spring egg}}), which have unique [[food texture|texture]] unlike ordinary [[boiled egg]]s, with a soft-set yolk&lt;ref name=&quot;JapanTimes2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The raw appeal of eggs |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2014/09/16/food/raw-appeal-eggs/ |last=Itoh |first=Makiko |date=2014-09-16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140925025909/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2014/09/16/food/raw-appeal-eggs/ |archive-date=2014-09-25 |access-date=2025-10-11 |website=[[Japan Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; and custardy white.&lt;ref name=&quot;WashingtonPost20240901&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title=How ancient healing hot springs could fuel a clean energy future |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-solutions/2024/09/01/japan-geothermal-energy-onsen/ |last1=Rivero |first1=Nicolás |date=2024-09-01 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240904130759/https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-solutions/2024/09/01/japan-geothermal-energy-onsen/ |archive-date=2024-09-04 |access-date=2025-10-17 |newspaper=[[Washington Post]] |last2=Inuma |first2=Julia Mio}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{transliteration|ja|Onsen tamago}} are served in hot spring resorts throughout Japan.&lt;ref name=&quot;JNTO&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Guide to Hot Springs in Japan's National Parks |url=https://www.japan.travel/national-parks/plan-your-visit/guides-and-stories/guide-hot-springs-japans-national-parks/ |last=Munro |first=Kirsty |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251002145523/https://www.japan.travel/national-parks/plan-your-visit/guides-and-stories/guide-hot-springs-japans-national-parks/ |archive-date=2025-10-02 |access-date=2025-10-17 |publisher=[[Japan National Tourism Organization]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Anchor|Drinking}}Some people drink the water from hot springs as [[folk remedies]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Powell1926&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC2020&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> [[File:Geothermal springs map US.png|thumb|upright=1.3|Distribution of [[Geothermal activity|geothermal]] springs in the US]]<br /> <br /> {{Main|List of hot springs}}<br /> There are hot springs in many places and on all continents of the world. Countries that are renowned for their hot springs include [[China]], [[Costa Rica]], [[List of spa towns in Hungary|Hungary]], [[Iceland]], [[Iran]], [[Onsen|Japan]], [[New Zealand]], [[Brazil]], [[Peru]], [[List of spa towns in Serbia|Serbia]], [[South Korea]], [[Taiwan]], [[Turkey]], and the [[United States]], but there are hot springs in many other places as well:<br /> * Widely renowned since a chemistry professor's report in 1918 classified them as one of the world's most [[electrolytic]] mineral waters, the [[Termas de Rio Hondo|Rio Hondo Hot Springs]] in northern [[Argentina]] have become among the most visited on earth.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.welcomeargentina.com/termasderiohondo Welcome Argentina: Turismo en Argentina 2009]&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Cacheuta Spa]] is another famous hot springs in Argentina.<br /> * The springs in Europe with the highest temperatures are located in France, in a small village named [[Chaudes-Aigues]].{{citation needed|date=April 2017}} Located at the heart of the French volcanic region [[Auvergne]], the thirty natural hot springs of Chaudes-Aigues have temperatures ranging from {{cvt|45|C}} to more than {{cvt|80|C}}. The hottest one, the &quot;Source du Par&quot;, has a temperature of {{cvt|82|C}}. The hot waters running under the village have provided heat for the houses and for the church since the 14th Century. Chaudes-Aigues (Cantal, France) is a [[spa town]] known since the Roman Empire for the treatment of rheumatism.<br /> * Carbonate aquifers in foreland tectonic settings can host important thermal springs although located in areas commonly not characterised by regional high heat flow values. In these cases, when thermal springs are located close or along the coastlines, the subaerial and/or submarine thermal springs constitute the outflow of marine groundwater, flowing through localised fractures and karstic rock-volumes. This is the case of springs occurring along the south-easternmost portion of the Apulia region (Southern Italy) where few sulphurous and warm waters ({{cvt|22|-|33|C}}) outflow in partially submerged caves located along the Adriatic coast, thus supplying the historical spas of Santa Cesarea Terme. These springs are known from ancient times (Aristotele in III Century BC) and the physical-chemical features of their thermal waters resulted to be partly influenced by the sea level variations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Santaloia|first1=F.|last2=Zuffianò|first2=L. E.|last3=Palladino|first3=G.|last4=Limoni|first4=P. P.|last5=Liotta|first5=D.|last6=Minissale|first6=A.|last7=Brogi|first7=A.|last8=Polemio|first8=M.|date=2016-11-01|title=Coastal thermal springs in a foreland setting: The Santa Cesarea Terme system (Italy)|journal=Geothermics|volume=64|pages=344–361|doi=10.1016/j.geothermics.2016.06.013|bibcode=2016Geoth..64..344S |hdl=11586/167990 |issn=0375-6505|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * One of the potential geothermal energy reservoirs in India is the Tattapani thermal springs of Madhya Pradesh.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|year=1987|title=Geothermal studies at Tattapani hot spring area, Sarguja district, central India|journal=Geothermics|volume=16|issue=1|pages=61–76|doi=10.1016/0375-6505(87)90079-4|author1=Ravi Shanker|author2=J.L. Thussu|author3=J.M. Prasad|bibcode=1987Geoth..16...61S }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|date=August 1995|title=Geochemistry of Tattapani thermal springs, Himachal Pradesh, India—field and experimental investigations|journal=Geothermics|volume=24|issue=4|pages=553–9|doi=10.1016/0375-6505(95)00005-B|author1=D. Chandrasekharam|author2=M.C. Antu}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * The silica-rich deposits found in [[Nili Patera]], the [[Volcano|volcanic]] [[caldera]] in [[Syrtis Major Planum|Syrtis Major]], [[Mars]], are thought to be the remains of an extinct hot spring system.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Skok|first1=J. R.|last2=Mustard|first2=J. F.|last3=Ehlmann|first3=B. L.|last4=Milliken|first4=R. E.|last5=Murchie|first5=S. L.|date=December 2010|title=Silica deposits in the Nili Patera caldera on the Syrtis Major volcanic complex on Mars|url=http://www.nature.com/articles/ngeo990|journal=Nature Geoscience|language=en|volume=3|issue=12|pages=838–841|doi=10.1038/ngeo990|bibcode=2010NatGe...3..838S|issn=1752-0894|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{div col|colwidth=20em}}<br /> * [[Hotspot (geology)]]<br /> * [[Hydrothermal vent]]s<br /> * [[Earliest known life forms]]<br /> * [[List of spa towns]]<br /> * [[List of hot springs]] (worldwide listing)<br /> * [[List of hot springs in Japan]]<br /> * [[List of hot springs in the United States]]<br /> * [[Mineral spring]]<br /> * [[Valley of Geysers]]<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> * {{cite book |author=Marjorie Gersh-Young |title=Hot Springs and Hot Pools of the Southwest: Jayson Loam's Original Guide |publisher=Aqua Thermal Access |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-890880-07-1 }}<br /> * {{cite book |author=Marjorie Gersh-Young |title=Hot Springs &amp; Hot Pools Of The Northwest |publisher=Aqua Thermal Access |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-890880-08-8 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781890880088 }}<br /> * {{cite book |author=G. J Woodsworth |title=Hot springs of Western Canada: a complete guide |publisher=Gordon Soules |location=West Vancouver |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-919574-03-8 }}<br /> * {{cite news |author=Clay Thompson |title=Tonopah: It's Water Under The Bush |newspaper=Arizona Republic |page=B12 |date=2003}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Commons category|Hot springs}}<br /> {{Wikivoyage|Hot springs}}<br /> * [https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazard/data/publications/NCEI-thermal-springs.xlsx Thermal Springs List for the United States]—1,661 hot springs<br /> * {{cite journal |title=Geothermal Resources of the Great Artesian Basin, Australia |journal=GHC Bulletin |volume=23 |issue=2 |date=June 2002 |url=http://geoheat.oit.edu/bulletin/bull23-2/art5.pdf |access-date=2006-11-02 |archive-date=2014-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140822165751/http://geoheat.oit.edu/bulletin/bull23-2/art5.pdf }}<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061110183857/http://www.os.is/Apps/WebObjects/Orkustofnun.woa/swdocument/1883/04+Bahati+IGC+2003.pdf A scholarly paper with a map of over 20 geothermal areas in Uganda]<br /> * [http://www.nzhotpools.co.nz List of 100 thermal hot springs and hot pools in New Zealand]<br /> * [http://web.archive.org/web/20251002004725/http://www.hotspringsworldwide.info/worldwide.html List of hot springs worldwide]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Rivers, streams and springs}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Hot springs| ]]<br /> [[Category:Bathing]]<br /> [[Category:Springs (hydrology)]]<br /> [[Category:Bodies of water]]<br /> [[Category:Geothermal areas]]</div>

Uravu https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lamkiyamba&diff=511844 2026-02-26T18:16:35Z

<p>Uravu: put up some page added tags - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox monarch<br /> | name = Meidingu Lamkiyamba<br /> | title = Meitei Monarch of the Ningthouja dynasty<br /> | reign = 1512–1523 CE<br /> | predecessor = [[Koiremba]]<br /> | successor = Meidingu [[Nonginphaba]]<br /> | birth_date = 1485 CE<br /> | death_date = 1523 CE<br /> | spouse = Changning Phabi, Chaklai Tangkhombi<br /> | issue = Nonginphaba, Kabomba<br /> | house = [[Ningthouja dynasty]]<br /> | father = [[Senbi Kiyamba]]<br /> }}<br /> {{Kingdom of Manipur}}{{Meitei people}}<br /> '''Meidingu Lamkiyamba''' (born 1485 CE – died 1523 CE), also known as Lamkhyamba, Lamkyamba was a king of the [[Ningthouja dynasty]] of the [[Kingdom of Manipur]]. He ruled from 1512 to 1523 CE.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kings of Manipur |url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.History_of_Manipur.Kings_of_Manipur |access-date=2025-06-10 |website=e-pao.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was the first son of Meidingu [[Senbi Kiyamba]] and the elder brother of Meidingu [[Koiremba]]. He was born in 1485 CE during the reign of his father.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Parratt |first=Saroj Nalini |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2EUUngEACAAJ |title=The Court Chronicle of the Kings of Manipur: 33-1763 CE |date=2005 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-34430-2 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The court chronicle of the kings of Manipur : the Cheitharon kumpapa : original text, translation, and notes 9780203444276, 0203444272, 9780415344302, 0415344301 |url=https://dokumen.pub/the-court-chronicle-of-the-kings-of-manipur-the-cheitharon-kumpapa-original-text-translation-and-notes-9780203444276-0203444272-9780415344302-0415344301.html |access-date=2025-06-10 |website=dokumen.pub |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Lamkiyamba ascended the throne at the age of 27, following the death of his younger brother. He ruled for eleven years.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Events during his reign ==<br /> In 1515 CE, prices of resources were very high. In the same year, the kingdom was victorious over '''Leitang''', and '''Numit''' '''Thara''' was captured in battle. Meidingu '''Lamkiyamba''' participated in a boat race and went out to witness ceremonial events.<br /> <br /> In 1519 CE, they achieved victory over '''Aarai''' '''Champra''' and captured '''Senlik''' in battle. '''Lamkiyamba''' also dedicated a great palace.<br /> <br /> In 1520 CE, an epidemic of smallpox started in the kingdom.<br /> <br /> In 1522 CE, they were victorious over '''Sikhong''' and captured '''Aasou'''. '''Lamkiyamba''' inaugurated the site of [[Kangla]].<br /> <br /> In 1523 CE, they won battles against '''Sairem''' and captured '''Waira''' '''Liroupa''' and '''Huiyen''' '''Lamchoupa'''. A person responsible for road construction, identified by a white headdress, was permitted to wear the strap of the '''chumpun''' '''huiroi'''. That same year, '''Meitei Leima Serembi''' was born.<br /> <br /> Meidingu '''Lamkiyamba''' died in 1523 CE at the age of 38.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Hareshwar Goshwami |url=http://archive.org/details/hareshwar-goshwami-history-of-the-people-of-manipur |title=Hareshwar Goshwami History Of The PEOPLE OF MANIPUR}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Family ==<br /> He had two sons:<br /> <br /> * Nonginphaba<br /> * Kabomba<br /> <br /> Kabomba was the half-brother of Nonginphaba and the son of Meitei Leima Chaklai Tangkhombi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://oldgrt.lbp.world/UploadedData/4490.pdf |title=CLAN AFFILIATION IN MANIPUR: NINGTHOUJA AND ANGOM HISTORICAL PERCEPTION}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Category:Ningthouja kings]]<br /> [[Category:16th-century Indian monarchs]]<br /> [[Category:1485 births]]<br /> [[Category:1523 deaths]]</div>

Uravu https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raghuvendra_Tanwar&diff=528079 2026-02-25T23:54:12Z

<p>Uravu: done - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{refimproveBLP|date=July 2024}}<br /> {{Short description|Indian professor and writer}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Raghuvendra Tanwar<br /> | image = Raghuvendra Tanwar.jpg<br /> | image_size = <br /> | caption = <br /> | other_names = <br /> | birth_name = <br /> | birth_date = <br /> | birth_place = <br /> | death_date = <br /> | death_place = <br /> | death_cause = <br /> | education = <br /> | occupation = Indian professor<br /> | employer = <br /> | known_for = <br /> | spouse = <br /> | partner = <br /> | children = <br /> | parents = <br /> | relatives = <br /> | website = <br /> | signature = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> '''Raghuvendra Tanwar''' is an Indian professor and writer. In 2022, he was awarded [[Padma Shri]] by the [[Indian Government]] for his contribution in [[literature]] and [[education]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title=Prof Raghuvendra Tanwar to get Padma Shri award - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/prof-raghuvendra-tanwar-to-get-padma-shri-award/articleshow/89121657.cms |access-date=2022-06-07 |website=The Times of India|date=25 January 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=Padma Shri for Prof Raghuvendra Tanwar, Neeraj Chopra, Paralympian Sumit Antil, Om Prakash Gandhi |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/padma-shri-for-prof-tanwar-paralympian-sumit-364486 |access-date=2022-06-07 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kurukshetra University's prof emeritus Tanwar made ICHR chairman {{!}} Education |url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/education/1878115-kurukshetra-universitys-prof-emeritus-tanwar-made-ichr-chairman |access-date=2022-06-07 |website=Devdiscourse |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early life and education==<br /> Tanwar was born into an agricultural family in the village of Lukhi, Kurukshetra, Haryana on 20 Feb. 1955. He received a [[Master of Arts]] degree in history from Kurukshetra University.<br /> <br /> His wife, Prof. Reicha Tanwar, is a scholar in gender studies and was Professor-Director, Centre for Women Studies, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra (Haryana). They have two children.<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Tanwar joined Kurukshetra University as a lecturer in August 1977. He was appointed as an open selection Professor in 1997 and also worked as the KU's Dean of Academic Affairs. He superannuated in February 2015 as Emeritus Professor. In July 2016, he was appointed Director of the Haryana Academy of History and Culture. He has contributed extensively to development of education in rural areas. At present he is Chairman, Indian Council of Historical Research (ICHR), New Delhi. He was also Chairman of the Indian Council of Philosophical Research (ICPR), New Delhi. He is noted for introducing important historical issues into common discourse, such as his exhibition &quot;Jammu Kashmir and Ladakh Through the Ages&quot; at the New Delhi World Book Fair (2024). He is also noted for his scholarship on the subject of the [[Partition of India]] and the Freedom Struggle. <br /> <br /> Tanwar has several publications to his credit, including ''Reporting the Partition of Punjab'' (2006, Manohar; {{isbn|9788173046742}}) and ''Be Clear Kashmir will vote for India'' (2019, Routledge; {{isbn|9781000517538}}). This recent study has impacted the mainstream narrative on the contemporary history of Jammu Kashmir (post 1947). His most recent work is ''The Story of India’s Partition'' (2021, Government of India; {{isbn|9789354091827}}). Additional publications include ''The Politics of Sharing Power: The Punjab Unionist Party 1923-1947'' (Manohar, 1999; {{isbn|9788173042720}}), a study on the Punjab's political system in the decades leading to the partition; ''India: Mother of Democracy'' (Edited) (2022, Indian Council of Historical Research; {{isbn|9789395472036}}); and ''Frankly Speaking: Essays and Opinions'' (2012).<br /> <br /> ==Awards==<br /> * UGC National Fellowship (Research Award) (2002-2005).<br /> * President Punjab History Conference (Modern), 2001.<br /> * President Indian History Congress (Contemporary), 2008.<br /> * Major UGC Research Project, 2013.<br /> * General President Punjab History Conference, 2018.<br /> * [[Padma Shri]] (Education &amp; Literature), 2022.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Tanwar, Raghuvendra}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature and education]]</div>

Uravu https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Rise_(film)&diff=453664 2026-02-23T05:27:10Z

<p>Uravu: refined page also and cleaned formatting</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian documentary short film}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | image = I Rise Film poster.jpg<br /> | caption = &lt;small&gt;Poster&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | director = [[Borun Thokchom]]<br /> | producer = [[Films Division of India]]<br /> | writer = <br /> | based_on = Laishram Sarita Devi<br /> | released = {{Film date|2020}}<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = [[Meitei language|Meiteilon]] ([[Manipuri language|Manipuri]])<br /> | name = I Rise<br /> | runtime = 52 minutes<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''I Rise''' is a 52-minute Indian documentary short film inspired by the real-life saga of a seven-time [[Asian Championship]] medalist [[Laishram Sarita Devi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=S|first=Vangamla Salle K.|title=Manipur: Film on boxer Sarita Devi's life wins award at international film fest|url=https://www.eastmojo.com/manipur/2020/10/27/manipur-film-on-boxer-sarita-devis-life-wins-award-at-international-film-fest|access-date=2020-12-31|website=EastMojo|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film is directed and cinematographed by [[Borun Thokchom]] and produced by [[Films Division of India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Sobhapati|first=Samom|date=2020-12-07|title=I Rise, film on boxer Sarita Devi, bags Best documentary at 9th Mumbai Short International Film Festival|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/i-rise-film-on-boxer-sarita-devi-bags-best-documentary-at-9th-mumbai-short-international-film-festival/story-HZGBusVFcSa8ynuKmuhyuM.html|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-12-31|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The film was selected to be screened at the 9th Mumbai Short International Film Festival and chosen from a list of 19 documentaries. The film was awarded the Best Documentary At Mumbai Short International Film Festival in October 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Nair|first=Abhijit|date=2020-12-08|title=Documentary based on Sarita Devi wins Best Documentary award in Mumbai Film Festival|url=https://thebridge.in/boxing/documentary-based-sarita-devi-wins-best-documentary-award-mumbai-film-festival/|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-12-31|website=The Bridge|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; It also won the Best Film on Women Outstanding Achievement Award at the Tagore International Film Festival which was held in [[West Bengal]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == People featured ==<br /> The film is based on the real story of [[Laishram Sarita Devi]] who was born to a poor family in the district of [[Manipur]]. She gained prominence after winning a [[bronze medal]] at the World Championship held in 2005. She was also bestowed upon with the [[Arjuna Award|Arjuna award]] for her achievements.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Gani|first=Abdul|date=|title=Highs and lows in the life of a boxer|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/highs-and-lows-in-the-life-of-sarita-devi-a-boxer/cid/1745271|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-12-31|website=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The film starts from the [[2014 Asian Games]] which was held in [[Incheon|Incheon, South Korea]] where Sarita Devi won the third place in the championship but refused to accept her bronze medal in protest after a controversial loss to host Korea's Park Ji-Na. AIBA later suspended her from [[Manipur]] for the disrespectful act. She also got banned for one year.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Das|first=Ria|date=2020-12-07|title=Film On Boxer Sarita Devi Bags Best Documentary At Mumbai Short International Film Festival|url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/news/boxer-sarita-devi-documentary-life-bags-best-documentary-at-mumbai-short-international-film-festival/|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-12-31|website=[[SheThePeople.TV]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> The film is set in [[Thoubal]]. The shooting of ''I Rise'' commenced in 2015 and continued for five years. The film was completed in December 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=S|first=Vangamla Salle K.|title=Manipur: Documentary on boxer Sarita Devi bags international award|url=https://www.eastmojo.com/manipur/2020/12/08/manipur-documentary-on-boxer-sarita-devi-bags-international-award|access-date=2020-12-31|website=EastMojo|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Indian documentary films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian boxing films]]<br /> [[Category:Documentary films about women's boxing]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in Manipur]]</div>

Uravu https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Entertainment_Weekly&diff=446924 2026-02-10T16:21:57Z

<p>Uravu: small edit</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|American digital magazine}}<br /> {{Use American English|date=January 2021}}<br /> {{Use mdy dates|date=January 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox magazine<br /> | title = Entertainment Weekly<br /> | logo = Entertainment Weekly logo.svg{{!}}class=skin-invert<br /> | image_file = EW-Issue 1-Feb1990.jpg<br /> | image_caption = Issue 1 (February 16, 1990), cover featuring singer [[k.d. lang]]<br /> | editor = Patrick Gomez&lt;ref name=Bean&gt;{{cite web |title=Mary Margaret Exits as Entertainment Weekly EIC, Patrick Gomez Named General Manager of Digital Publication (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2022/biz/news/mary-margaret-exits-entertainment-weekly-editor-in-chief-1235236317/ |date=April 20, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | editor_title = Chief editor<br /> | founder = David Morris<br /> | previous_editor = Rick Tetzeli,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=EW Loses Its Top Editor |url=https://nypost.com/2009/01/07/ew-loses-its-top-editor/ |url-status=live |work=[[New York Post]] |date=January 7, 2009 |access-date=June 23, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623005137/https://nypost.com/2009/01/07/ew-loses-its-top-editor/ |archive-date=June 23, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jess Cagle, Matt Bean,&lt;ref name=Bean/&gt; Henry Goldblatt, JD Heyman, Mary Margaret&lt;ref name=Beanb&gt;{{cite web |title=Entertainment Weekly Hires Mary Margaret as First Female Editor in Chief |url=https://variety.com/2021/digital/news/entertainment-weekly-mary-margaret-first-female-editor-in-chief-1234927472// |url-status=live |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=March 10, 2021 |access-date=April 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418021623/https://variety.com/2021/digital/news/entertainment-weekly-mary-margaret-first-female-editor-in-chief-1234927472/ |archive-date=April 18, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | staff_writer =<br /> | frequency = Weekly (1990–2019)&lt;br /&gt;Monthly (2019–present)<br /> | paid_circulation = <br /> | unpaid_circulation = <br /> | total_circulation = 1.8 million&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Kaufman |first=Leslie |title=Time Inc. Appoints Editor in Chief for Entertainment Weekly |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/11/business/media/time-inc-appoints-editor-in-chief-for-entertainment-weekly.html |url-status=live |date=February 10, 2014 |access-date=February 10, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210185803/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/11/business/media/time-inc-appoints-editor-in-chief-for-entertainment-weekly.html |archive-date=February 10, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | circulation_year = 2013<br /> | category = [[Entertainment]]<br /> | company = [[People Inc.]]<br /> | publisher = &lt;!--this label is for individual, not company--&gt;<br /> | firstdate = {{start date and age|1990|2|16}}<br /> | lastdate = {{end date and age|2022|4}} (print only)<br /> | country = United States<br /> | based = New York City<br /> | language = English<br /> | website = {{URL|http://ew.com}}<br /> | issn = 1049-0434<br /> | eISSN = 2169-3188<br /> | oclc = 21114137<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Entertainment Weekly''''' (sometimes abbreviated as '''''EW''''') is an American [[online magazine|digital-only]] [[entertainment]] magazine based in New York City, published by [[People Inc.]], that covers film, television, music, [[Broadway theatre]], books, and [[popular culture]]. The print magazine debuted on February 16, 1990, in New York City, and ceased publication in 2022.<br /> <br /> Different from celebrity-focused publications such as ''[[Us Weekly]]'', ''[[People (magazine)|People]]'' (a sister magazine to ''EW''), and ''[[In Touch Weekly]]'', ''EW'' primarily concentrates on entertainment media news and critical [[review]]s; unlike ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' and ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'', which were primarily established as [[trade magazines]] aimed at industry insiders, ''EW'' targets a more general audience.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> Formed as a sister magazine to ''People'', the first issue of ''Entertainment Weekly'' was published on February 16, 1990.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Top 100 U.S. Magazines by Circulation|url=http://www.psaresearch.com/images/TOPMAGAZINES.pdf|work=PSA Research Center|access-date=February 6, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115225953/http://www.psaresearch.com/images/TOPMAGAZINES.pdf|archive-date=November 15, 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first1=David E.|last1=Sumner|first2=Shirrel|last2=Rhoades|title=Magazines: A Complete Guide to the Industry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SHCWDSjWju4C&amp;pg=PA143|access-date=April 10, 2016|date=2006|publisher=[[Peter Lang (publisher)|Peter Lang]]|isbn=978-0-8204-7617-9|page=142|archive-date=February 25, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225055208/https://books.google.com/books?id=SHCWDSjWju4C&amp;pg=PA143|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Created by [[Jeff Jarvis]] and founded by Michael Klingensmith, who served as publisher until October 1996,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Mag Bag |url=http://www.mediapost.com/publications/article/69857/mag-bag-conde-nast-joins-abc-rapid-report.html?print |work=Media Daily News |date=October 26, 2007 |access-date=December 12, 2011 |archive-date=February 2, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202121733/http://www.mediapost.com/publications/article/69857/mag-bag-conde-nast-joins-abc-rapid-report.html?print |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; the magazine's original television advertising soliciting pre-publication subscribers portrayed it as a consumer guide to popular culture, including movies, music, and book reviews, sometimes with video game and stage reviews, too.<br /> <br /> In 1996, the magazine won the coveted [[National Magazine Awards|National Magazine Award]] for General Excellence from the [[American Society of Magazine Editors]]. ''EW'' won the same award again in 2002.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.magazine.org/asme/national-magazine-awards/winners-finalists/finalists?field_award_category_tid=All&amp;field_award_w_or_f_value=All&amp;field_award_year_value%5Bmin%5D=&amp;field_award_year_value%5Bmax%5D=&amp;title=&amp;field_award_editor_value=&amp;field_article_author_value=&amp;page=151&amp;order=title&amp;sort=desc|title=Winners and Finalists Database {{!}} ASME|website=www.magazine.org|access-date=May 23, 2017}}{{Dead link|date=February 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In September 2016, in collaboration with ''People'', ''Entertainment Weekly'' launched the People/Entertainment Weekly Network. The network is &quot;a free, ad-supported, online-video network [that] carries short- and long-form programming covering celebrities, pop culture, lifestyle, and human-interest stories&quot;. It was rebranded as PeopleTV in September 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2017/digital/news/peopletv-time-inc-celeb-entertainment-ott-network-1202558733/|title='PeopleTV' Is New Name of Time Inc.'s Celeb and Entertainment Online Network|last=Spangler|first=Todd|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=September 14, 2017|access-date=April 12, 2018|archive-date=April 13, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413125211/http://variety.com/2017/digital/news/peopletv-time-inc-celeb-entertainment-ott-network-1202558733/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Beginning with the August 2019 issue, ''Entertainment Weekly'' transitioned to a monthly issue model.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/entertainment-weekly-going-monthly-names-new-editor-1216303|title=''Entertainment Weekly'' Going Monthly|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=June 6, 2019|access-date=June 9, 2019|archive-date=June 9, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609070026/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/entertainment-weekly-going-monthly-names-new-editor-1216303|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Bruce Gersh, president of the Meredith entertainment division, which includes both ''EW'' and ''People'', said that the cutback in print would be accompanied by deeper 24/7 digital coverage. ''Entertainment Weekly'' would still produce weekly digital &quot;covers&quot; and push into podcasts, and planned events and experiential offerings with stars and festivals.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kelly&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Kelly |first=Keith |title=Entertainment Weekly will become a monthly publication |url=https://nypost.com/2019/06/06/entertainment-weekly-will-become-a-monthly-publication/ |website=New York Post |date=June 7, 2019 |access-date=November 6, 2019 |archive-date=November 6, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106020928/https://nypost.com/2019/06/06/entertainment-weekly-will-become-a-monthly-publication/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> JD Heyman, deputy editor of ''People'', replaced Henry Goldblatt as editor. As a result of the change, about 15 people were cut. Previous owner Time Inc. spent $150 million developing ''EW'' after its February 1990 launch, and was rewarded for its patience when the magazine made a six-figure profit at the end of 1996, and in its peak years was cranking out $55 million in annual profit.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kelly&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Though still profitable before the switch to being monthly, ''EW'' was squeezed in recent years as celebrity coverage exploded across all platforms, and print advertising shrank. While still called a &quot;weekly&quot; before the switch, it was publishing only 34 issues a year. Meredith, after completing its $2.8 billion acquisition of Time Inc., considered selling the title, along with several others, but was convinced to keep ''EW'' in part because it was so intertwined with top money-maker ''People''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kelly&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> On August 2, 2021, the site of the Greek edition of the magazine was launched, Greece being the first country outside the U.S. in which the magazine would be available.<br /> <br /> On February 9, 2022, ''Entertainment Weekly'' ceased print publication and moved to digital-only.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Moreau |first=Jordan |title=Entertainment Weekly, InStyle Cease Print Publications |url=https://variety.com/2022/digital/news/entertainment-weekly-print-digital-instyle-1235175928/ |website=Variety |access-date=February 9, 2022 |date=February 9, 2022 |archive-date=February 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209165640/https://variety.com/2022/digital/news/entertainment-weekly-print-digital-instyle-1235175928/}}&lt;/ref&gt; The final print issue was that of April 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |last=Ross |first=Dalton |title=Hello there: Get your first look at Ewan McGregor in Obi-Wan Kenobi on EW's April cover |url=https://ew.com/tv/obi-wan-kenobi-star-wars-ewan-mcgregor-entertainment-weekly-april-2022-cover/ |magazine=Entertainment Weekly |access-date=28 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; In May 2022, executive editor Patrick Gomez stepped into the editor-in-chief/general manager role.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Vary |first=Adam B. |date=2022-04-20 |title=Mary Margaret Exits as Entertainment Weekly EIC, Patrick Gomez Named General Manager of Digital Publication (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2022/biz/news/mary-margaret-exits-entertainment-weekly-editor-in-chief-1235236317/ |access-date=2022-06-03 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Typical content and frequency==<br /> {{More citations needed section|date=May 2024}}<br /> The magazine features celebrities on the cover and addresses topics such as [[Nielsen ratings|television ratings]], movie grosses, production costs, concert ticket sales, advertising budgets, and in-depth articles about scheduling, producers, showrunners, etc.<br /> <br /> By the time print publication ceased, the magazine was published once per month, although the legacy name ''Entertainment'' &quot;''Weekly''&quot; is still used.<br /> <br /> ===Layout===<br /> ''Entertainment Weekly'' follows a typical magazine format by featuring a [[letter to the editor]] and a [[table of contents]] in the first few pages, while also featuring advertisements. While many advertisements are unrelated to the entertainment industry, most ads are typically related to up-and-coming television, film, or music events.{{Citation needed|date=October 2017}}<br /> <br /> ==== News and notes ====<br /> These beginning articles open the magazine and as a rule focus on current events in pop culture. The whole section typically runs eight to ten pages long, and features short news articles and several specific recurring sections:<br /> <br /> *&quot;'''Sound Bites'''&quot; usually opens the magazine. It is a collage of media personalities, actors, presenters, or comedians, alongside their recent memorable quotes in [[Speech balloon|speech bubble]] form.<br /> *&quot;'''The Must List'''&quot; is a two-page spread highlighting 10 things (books, movies, songs, etc.) that the staff loves from the week; it usually features one pick from ''EW'' readers.<br /> *&quot;'''First Look'''&quot;, subtitled &quot;An early peek at some of Hollywood's coolest projects&quot;, is a two-page spread with behind-the-scenes or publicity stills of upcoming movies, television episodes, or music events.<br /> *&quot;'''The Hit List'''&quot;, written each week by critic Scott Brown, highlights 10 major events, with short comedic commentaries by Brown. Typically, some continuity to the commentaries exists. This column was originally written by Jim Mullen and featured 20 events each week, and Dalton Ross later wrote an abbreviated version.<br /> *{{anchor|The Hollywood Insider}}&quot;'''The Hollywood Insider'''&quot; is a one-page section that reports breaking news in entertainment. It gives details, in separate columns, on the most-current news in television, movies, and music.<br /> *&quot;'''The Style Report'''&quot; is a one-page section devoted to celebrity [[fashion|style]]. Because its focus is on celebrity fashion or lifestyle, it is graphically rich in nature, featuring many photographs or other images. The page converted to a new format: five pictures of celebrity fashions for the week, graded on the magazine's review &quot;A&quot;-to-&quot;F&quot; scale ''(see [[#Reviews|Reviews]] section below)''. A spin-off section, &quot;'''Style Hunter'''&quot;, which finds reader-requested articles of clothing or accessories that have appeared in pop culture recently, appears frequently.<br /> *&quot;'''The Monitor'''&quot; is a two-page spread devoted to major events in celebrity lives with small paragraphs highlighting events such as weddings, illnesses, arrests, court appearances, and deaths. Deaths of major celebrities are typically detailed in a one-half- or full-page [[obituary]] titled &quot;'''Legacy'''&quot;. This feature is nearly identical to sister publication ''People''&lt;nowiki&gt;'&lt;/nowiki&gt;s &quot;Passages&quot; feature.<br /> *The &quot;'''celebrity'''&quot; column, the final section of &quot;News and Notes&quot;, is devoted to a different column each week, written by two of the magazine's more-prominent writers:<br /> **&quot;'''The Final Cut'''&quot; is written by former executive editor and author [[Mark Harris (journalist)|Mark Harris]]. Harris' column focuses on analyzing current popular-culture events, and is generally the most serious of the columns. Harris has written about the writer's strike and the 2008 presidential election, among other topics.<br /> **&quot;'''Binge Thinking'''&quot; was written by screenwriter [[Diablo Cody]]. After several profiles of Cody in the months leading up to and following the release of her debut film, ''[[Juno (film)|Juno]]'' (2007), she was hired to write a column detailing her unique view of the entertainment business.<br /> **'''If You Ask Me...'''&quot; Libby Gelman-Waxer ([[Paul Rudnick]]) was brought in to write his former ''[[Premiere Magazine|Premiere]]'' column for ''Entertainment Weekly'' in 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=http://ew.com/article/2012/01/13/ask-libby-gelman-waxner/|title=Ask Libby|date=13 January 2012|magazine=Entertainment Weekly|access-date=January 2, 2017|archive-date=February 7, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207005216/http://ew.com/article/2012/01/13/ask-libby-gelman-waxner/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Feature articles====<br /> Typically, four to six major articles (one to two pages each) fill the middle pages of the magazine. These articles are most commonly [[interview]]s, but also it has narrative articles and lists. Feature articles tend to focus mostly on movies, music, and television and less on books and the theatre. In the magazine's history, only a few cover stories (e.g., [[John Grisham]], [[Stephen King]]) were devoted to authors; a cover has never been solely devoted to the theater.{{Citation needed|date=October 2017}}<br /> <br /> ====Reviews====<br /> Seven sections of reviews are in the back pages of each issue (together encompassing up to one-half of the magazine's pages). In addition to reviews, each reviews section has a top-sellers list, as well as numerous sidebars with interviews or small features. Unlike a number of [[Europe]]an magazines that give their ratings with a number of stars (with normally 4 or 5 stars for the best review), ''EW'' grades the reviews academic-style, so that the highest reviews get a letter grade of &quot;A&quot; and the lowest reviews get an &quot;F&quot;, with plus or minus graduations in between assigned to each letter except &quot;F&quot;.<br /> <br /> The sections are:<br /> ;&quot;Movies&quot;: Typically, this section features all the major releases for that weekend, as well as several [[independent film|independent]] and [[foreign film|foreign]] films that have also been released. Chris Nashawaty is the primary [[film criticism|film critic]]. &quot;Critical Mass&quot; was a table of the grades that have also been given by a number of noted movie reviewers in the American press (such as [[Ty Burr]] from ''[[The Boston Globe]]'', Todd McCarthy from ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'', and [[Roger Ebert]] from the ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]''). Also eliminated from this section was the box-office figures from the previous weekend and some sort of [[Information graphics|infographic]]s. The A+ rating is rarely awarded by ''EW''. Two films to have received it are ''[[Citizen Kane]]'' and ''[[My Left Foot (film)|My Left Foot]]'' (1989). [[DVD]]s are now profiled in the one-page &quot;Movies on DVD&quot; section that follows. Longtime critic [[Lisa Schwarzbaum]] left the magazine in 2013, and critic [[Owen Gleiberman]] was let go after a round of layoffs in spring 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title= ''EW'' Lays Off Longtime Film Critic Owen Gleiberman in Staff Purge |url= http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/ew-lays-longtime-film-critic-693094 |work= The Hollywood Reporter |date= April 2, 2014 |access-date= June 27, 2014 |archive-date= August 13, 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140813042011/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/ew-lays-longtime-film-critic-693094 |url-status= live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2015, it started publishing the scores of movies from [[Metacritic]], [[Rotten Tomatoes]], and [[IMDb]] under &quot;Critical Mass.&quot;<br /> <br /> ;&quot;Television&quot;: This section features reviews by critics Darren Franich and Kristen Baldwin for [[television movie|made-for-television film]]s and new [[television program|television programs or series]], as well as some [[television special]]s. The section no longer includes the [[Nielsen ratings]] for the previous week. On the following page is typically a &quot;TV on DVD&quot; section, profiling releases of television films and specials or complete seasons of television shows. Current reviewers include Melissa Maerz.<br /> <br /> ;&quot;What to Watch&quot;: Currently written by Ray Rahman, this features brief, one- or two-sentence reviews of several television programs on each night of the week, as well as one slightly longer review, usually written by someone else, with a letter grade.<br /> <br /> ;&quot;Music&quot;: This section reviews major [[album]] releases for the week, divided by [[genre]]. Typically, at least one interview or feature is presented, as well as a section called &quot;Download This&quot;, highlighting several [[single (music)|single]]s available for download from the Internet.<br /> <br /> ;&quot;Books&quot;: This section features reviews of books released during the week. Sometimes, authors write guest reviews of other works. Typically, one interview or spotlight feature is included in this section per issue. [[Bestseller|Bestseller list]]s appear at the end of this section.<br /> <br /> ;&quot;Theater&quot;*: Reviews productions currently playing, listed by the city where they are running<br /> <br /> ;&quot;Games&quot;*: Reviews current video game releases<br /> <br /> ;&quot;Tech&quot;*: Reviews new websites and products, and profiles current Internet or technology phenomena<br /> <br /> :&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; ''Not in every issue.''<br /> <br /> ====The Bullseye====<br /> This section occupies the back page of the magazine, rating the &quot;hits&quot; and &quot;misses&quot; from the past week's events in popular culture on a [[Bullseye (target)|bullseye]] graphic. For example, the May 22, 2009, edition featured [[Justin Timberlake]] hosting ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' in the center, while the then-drama between [[Eminem]] and [[Mariah Carey]] missed the target completely for being &quot;very 2002&quot;. At the time when this was printed on a small part of a page, events that were greatly disliked were shown several pages away.<br /> <br /> ===Specialty issues===<br /> Every year, the magazine publishes several specialty issues. These issues were often published as double issues (running for two consecutive weeks). Many times these features were so long that they replaced all other feature articles.&lt;!-- continuing in monthly? --&gt;<br /> <br /> Common specialty issues include:<br /> <br /> * Spring, Summer, Fall, and Winter Preview issues: Generally each quarter, the magazine reports on upcoming releases in movies, music, television, live shows, and books. Typically, the summer issue's focus is on upcoming movies only unless major television series or events, music releases, or book releases are occurring then.<br /> * The Photo issue: Once a year, an issue is dedicated to featuring (aside from the normal reviews and news content) only photographs of celebrities. Unlike tabloid issues, these photographs are done with the celebrities' cooperation, and often they use some form of artistic expression. A wide variety of celebrities has been used, including [[Green Day]], [[Reese Witherspoon]], [[Morrissey]], the cast of the television series ''[[Arrested Development (TV series)|Arrested Development]]'', [[Tobey Maguire]], and [[Cameron Diaz]]. Generally, the photographs contain some descriptive text, sometimes about the person or sometimes a commentary from the photographers who photographed them for a story.<br /> * Academy Awards issues: In the past, the magazine devoted at least four cover stories per year to the [[Academy Awards]]; &quot;The Oscar Race Begins&quot; issue in January predicted the nominees, the &quot;Nominees&quot; issue in February profiled the recently announced Oscar contenders, the &quot;Oscar Odds&quot; issue predicted the winners the week before the awards, and the &quot;After-Awards&quot; issue covered the ceremony the week after it airs. Virtually every issue mentioned the Oscars in some capacity, often on the cover, and a film or actor's Academy Award chances were often noted in the magazine's reviews. In comparison, music's [[Grammy Award]]s, television's [[Emmy Award]]s, and theater's [[Tony Award]]s are given relatively limited coverage.<br /> * The &quot;Must List&quot;: A double-sized issue, it was usually timed for release in the last week of June. It focuses on what the magazine considers &quot;musts&quot; in entertainment with the latest hot movies, TV shows, music projects and novels along with previews of upcoming projects in those media that are gaining interest.<br /> * The Fall TV Preview issue: Generally released in early September, this issue has the magazine detailing the upcoming fall season of both new and returning series.<br /> * End-of-the-Year issue: The last issue of each year, whose cover shows the &quot;Entertainer of the Year&quot; chosen by readers at ''EW'''s official website. The issue features the ten-best releases in theater, film, television, music, DVD, literature and (as of last year) fashion that year. Music, television and film have two critics give their top ten; the others only have one. Each section also has a five-worst list (film is the only section in which both critics give the worst). Also in the issue are special sections devoted to the Entertainer of the Year, great performances, newly arrived stars, a [[timeline]] of infamous celebrity mishaps, and obituaries of stars who died (this used to be in a separate issue; it was combined with the &quot;end-of-the-year&quot; issue in 2003). This is the only issue without any reviews.<br /> <br /> : The complete list of the annual &quot;Entertainer of the Year&quot; winners:<br /> <br /> {{div col|colwidth=22em}}<br /> * [[Bart Simpson]] (1990)<br /> * [[Jodie Foster]] (1991)<br /> * the cast of the television series ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' (1992)<br /> * [[Steven Spielberg]] (1993)<br /> * [[Tom Hanks]] (1994)<br /> * the cast of the television series ''[[Friends]]'' (1995)<br /> * [[Rosie O'Donnell]] (1996)<br /> * [[Ellen DeGeneres]] (1997)<br /> * [[Leonardo DiCaprio]] (1998)<br /> * [[Ricky Martin]] (1999)<br /> * [[Russell Crowe]] (2000)<br /> * [[Nicole Kidman]] (2001)<br /> * [[Denzel Washington]] (2002)<br /> * the cast of the film ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]'' (2003)<br /> * [[Jon Stewart]] (2004)<br /> * the cast of the television series ''[[Lost (2004 TV series)|Lost]]'' (2005)<br /> * the cast of the television series ''[[Grey's Anatomy]]'' (2006)<br /> * [[J. K. Rowling]] (2007) (the first entertainer named known primarily for writing)<br /> * [[Robert Downey Jr.]] (2008)<br /> * [[Sandra Bullock]] (2009)<br /> * [[Taylor Swift]] (2010)<br /> * [[Daniel Radcliffe]] (2011)<br /> * [[Ben Affleck]] (2012)<br /> * [[Sandra Bullock]] (2013)<br /> * [[Jimmy Fallon]] (2014)<br /> * [[Jennifer Lawrence]] (2015)<br /> * [[Ryan Reynolds]] (2016)<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> <br /> Starting in 2017, the publication began awarding 10-16 honorees as Entertainers of the Year.<br /> <br /> '''2017 (15 winners):'''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2017-12-21 |title=Entertainers of the Year 2017: See the EW picks |url=https://ew.com/news/entertainers-of-the-year-2017/ |access-date=2023-10-10 |website=EW |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Gal Gadot]]<br /> * [[Greta Gerwig]]<br /> * [[Jimmy Kimmel]]<br /> * [[Issa Rae]]<br /> * [[Jack Antonoff]]<br /> * [[Kumail Nanjiani]]<br /> * [[Elisabeth Moss]]<br /> * [[Jordan Peele]]<br /> * [[Laurie Metcalf]]<br /> * ''[[Big Little Lies (TV series)|Big Little Lies]]''<br /> * [[Stephen King]]<br /> * [[Kesha]]<br /> * [[Carrie Coon]]<br /> * [[Ben Platt]]<br /> * ''[[Will &amp; Grace (season 9)|Will &amp; Grace]]''<br /> <br /> '''2018 (12 winners):'''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2018-11-29 |title=See all of Entertainment Weekly's 2018 Entertainers of the Year |url=https://ew.com/celebrity/2018-ew-entertainers-of-the-year-photos/ |access-date=2023-10-10 |website=EW |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * The women of ''[[Crazy Rich Asians (film)|Crazy Rich Asians]]'': [[Constance Wu]], [[Awkwafina]], [[Michelle Yeoh]], and [[Gemma Chan]]<br /> * [[Cardi B]]<br /> * [[Darren Criss]]<br /> * The women of ''[[Black Panther (film)|Black Panther]]'': [[Angela Bassett]], [[Danai Gurira]], [[Lupita Nyong'o|Lupita Nyong’o]], and [[Letitia Wright]]<br /> * [[Emily Blunt]] and [[John Krasinski]]<br /> * The Fab 5: [[Karamo Brown]], [[Bobby Berk]], [[Jonathan Van Ness]], [[Tan France]], and [[Antoni Porowski]] [from the Netflix reboot of ''[[Queer Eye (2018 TV series)|Queer Eye]]'']<br /> * [[Nicole Kidman]]<br /> * [[Bradley Cooper]] and [[Lady Gaga]]<br /> * [[Sandra Oh]]<br /> * [[Ariana Grande]]<br /> * [[Donald Glover]]<br /> * [[Christine Baranski]]<br /> <br /> '''2019 (16 winners):'''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2019-12-11 |title=EW reveals its 2019 Entertainers of the Year: Lizzo, Awkwafina, the cast of ''Succession'', and more |url=https://ew.com/celebrity/2019/12/11/entertainers-of-the-year/ |access-date=2023-10-10 |website=EW |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Awkwafina]]<br /> * [[Renée Zellweger]]<br /> * [[Regina King]]<br /> * [[Taika Waititi]]<br /> * [[Lizzo]]<br /> * The cast of ''[[Succession (TV series)|Succession]]''<br /> * [[Phoebe Waller-Bridge]]<br /> * [[Ta-Nehisi Coates]]<br /> * [[Billie Eilish]]<br /> * [[Margaret Atwood]]<br /> * [[Eddie Murphy]]<br /> * [[Taylor Swift]]<br /> * [[Lil Nas X]]<br /> * [[Brad Pitt]]<br /> * [[Keanu Reeves]]<br /> * [[Sterling K. Brown]]<br /> <br /> '''2020 (16 winners):'''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2020-12-08 |title=EW reveals its 2020 Entertainers of the Year: Pedro Pascal, Sacha Baron Cohen, Kerry Washington, and more |url=https://ew.com/celebrity/entertainers-of-the-year-2020/ |access-date=2023-10-10 |website=EW |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Pedro Pascal]]<br /> * [[Kerry Washington]]<br /> * [[Sacha Baron Cohen]]<br /> * [[Dan Levy (Canadian actor)|Dan]] &amp; [[Eugene Levy]]<br /> * [[Chadwick Boseman]]<br /> * [[Taylor Swift]]<br /> * [[Michaela Coel]]<br /> * [[Brit Bennett]]<br /> * [[The Chicks]]<br /> * [[Jonathan Majors]]<br /> * [[Maya Rudolph]]<br /> * [[The Weeknd]]<br /> * [[Megan Thee Stallion]]<br /> * [[Elisabeth Moss]]<br /> * [[Jamie Foxx]]<br /> * [[Sarah Paulson]]<br /> <br /> '''2022 (10 winners):'''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2022-12-12 |title=EW's 2022 Entertainers of the Year |url=https://ew.com/webstory/entertainment-weekly-2022-entertainers-of-the-year/ |access-date=2023-10-10 |website=EW |language=en-US}}{{dead link|date=February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Keke Palmer celebrates ''Abbott Elementary'' for EW's 2022 Entertainers of the Year: 'I'm team Janine and Gregory' |url=https://ew.com/tv/keke-palmer-honors-abbott-elementary-cast-entertainers-of-the-year-2022/ |access-date=2024-02-27 |website=EW |first1=Keke |last1=Palmer |date=December 12, 2022 |language=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217063130/https://ew.com/tv/keke-palmer-honors-abbott-elementary-cast-entertainers-of-the-year-2022/ |archive-date= December 17, 2023 |at=More EW Entertainers of the Year 2022 |first2=Gerrad |last2=Hall }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Jennifer Coolidge]]<br /> * ''[[Abbott Elementary]]'' cast<br /> * [[Bad Bunny]]<br /> * [[Brian Tyree Henry]]<br /> * [[Lizzo]]<br /> * [[Sadie Sink]]<br /> * [[Harry Styles]]<br /> * ''[[Top Gun: Maverick]]'' cast<br /> * [[Jeremy Allen White]]<br /> * [[Michelle Yeoh]]<br /> <br /> ==Thousandth issue and redesign==<br /> {{Unreferenced section|date=May 2024}}<br /> The 1,000th issue was released on July 4, 2008, and included the magazine's top-100 list for movies, television shows, music videos, songs, Broadway shows, and technology of the past 25 years (1983–2008).<br /> <br /> As of its 1,001st issue, ''EW'' drastically revamped the look, feel, and content of the publication—increasing [[font]] and picture sizes and making all columns' [[word count]] shorter.<br /> <br /> ==Website==<br /> The magazine's website EW.com provides users with daily content, [[breaking news]], [[blog]]s, TV recaps, original video programming, and entertainment [[:wikt:exclusive|exclusive]]s and serves as an archive for past magazine interviews, columns, and photos. Along with a website, ''EW'' also has a radio station on [[Sirius XM]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.siriusxm.com/entertainmentweeklyradio|title=Entertainment Weekly Radio – The latest In Pop Culture News |work=SiriusXM |access-date=2 January 2017|archive-date=December 14, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214100050/http://www.siriusxm.com/entertainmentweeklyradio|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In April 2011, EW.com was ranked as the seventh-most-popular entertainment news property in the United States by [[comScore]] Media Metrix.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://website.informer.com/ew.com|title=ew.com at WI. Entertainment Weekly|work=Website Informer |access-date=2 January 2017|archive-date=October 2, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002100151/http://website.informer.com/ew.com|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> =={{visible anchor|Poppy Awards|EWwy_Award}}==<br /> {{More citations needed section|date=May 2024}}<br /> Previously named the EWwy Awards, the Poppy Awards were created by ''Entertainment Weekly'' to honor worthy series and actors not nominated for the [[Primetime Emmy Award]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url= https://ew.com/article/2008/09/14/emmys-creative-arts-awards-winners/|title='Mad Men,' 'John Adams,' Win Big at Creative Arts Emmys |last=Bierly |first=Mandy |date=September 14, 2008 |magazine=Entertainment Weekly |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021161008/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20225697,00.html |archive-date=October 21, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Poppys are awarded in 10 categories and no person nominated for an equivalent Primetime Emmy is eligible. Votes and nominations are cast online by anyone who chooses to participate. The categories are: Best Drama Series, Best Comedy Series, Best Actor in a Drama Series, Best Actor in a Comedy Series, Best Actress in a Drama Series, Best Actress in a Comedy Series, Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series, Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series, Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series, and Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == Further reading ==<br /> * {{cite web |last=Petersen |first=Anne Helen |title=The Trials of ''Entertainment Weekly'': One Magazine's 24 Years of Corporate Torture |url=http://www.theawl.com/2014/06/the-history-of-entertainment-weekly |url-status=dead |work=The Awl |date=June 10, 2014 |access-date=June 19, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140617095632/http://www.theawl.com/2014/06/the-history-of-entertainment-weekly |archive-date=June 17, 2014}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{Official website}}<br /> <br /> {{IAC}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Film magazines published in the United States]]<br /> [[Category:Television magazines]]<br /> [[Category:Magazines established in 1990]]<br /> [[Category:Magazines disestablished in 2022]]<br /> [[Category:IAC Inc.]]<br /> [[Category:Online magazines with defunct print editions]]<br /> [[Category:1990 establishments in the United States]]<br /> [[Category:2022 disestablishments in the United States]]<br /> [[Category:Magazines published in New York City]]</div>

Uravu https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=A._M._B._Rose&diff=483773 2026-02-09T07:07:04Z

<p>Uravu: Starting first entry and citations</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian actor and singer (1899–1982)}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = A. M. B. Rose<br /> | image = A. M. B. Rose.jpg<br /> | caption = Portrait of Fernandes during his youth <br /> | birth_name = Ambrosio Calisto Piedade Fernandes<br /> | birth_place = [[Calvim]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]], [[Portuguese Empire]]<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date|1899|7|31|df=y}}<br /> | other_names = {{hlist|Daddy|Kantorist Rose}}<br /> | death_place = Goa, India<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|1982|4|6|1899|7|31|df=y}}<br /> | education = [[St. Patrick's High School, Karachi]]<br /> | occupation = {{hlist|Theatre actor|singer|director|playwright}}<br /> | years_active = 1920s–{{circa|1954}}<br /> | children = 3, including [[Alfred Rose (singer)|Alfred Rose]]<br /> | relatives = [[Rita Rose]]&lt;br/&gt;(daughter-in-law)<br /> | title = Founder of Group of Goan Amateurs<br /> | spouse = {{marriage |Maria Fernandes|&lt;!--unknown--&gt;|1927}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Ambrose Carlisto Piedade Fernandes''' (born '''Ambrosio Calisto Piedade Fernandes'''; 31 July 1899 – 6 April 1982) known professionally as '''A. M. B. Rose''', was an Indian theatre actor, singer, theatre director, and playwright who worked on the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]]. One of the early [[character actor]]s of the Konkani ''[[tiatr]]'' stage, he gained fame during the golden phase of ''tiatr'' from the 1930s to 1970s. The [[Patriarchy|patriarch]] of the 'Rose family', his son [[Alfred Rose (singer)|Alfred Rose]] followed in his footsteps to become a [[Konkani language|Konkani]] singer. Fernandes's family talents extended to his daughter-in-law [[Rita Rose]], who made similar contributions to the Konkani stage like her husband Alfred, which inturn helped their children to become Konkani singers.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=All the Roses on one stage |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/All-the-Roses-on-one-stage/192471 |access-date=2024-05-12 |website=oHeraldo |archive-date=2022-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813150138/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/All-the-Roses-on-one-stage/192471 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> Ambrosio Calisto Piedade Fernandes was born on 31 July 1899 in the island of [[Calvim]], [[Goa]], which was part of [[Portuguese India]] during the [[Portuguese Empire]] (now part of India) to Caetano Salvador Fernandes and Victoria Isabel Fernandes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=30 June 2006 |title=Registo De Nascimento |url=https://goaonline.gov.in/Appln/UIL/BirthDeathCertificate_af?__Key=&amp;_Mode=B&amp;__cscKey= |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810131321/https://goaonline.gov.in/HomePage |archive-date=10 August 2023 |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=Goa Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; He inherited his family's rich tradition of [[performance arts]], particularly in acting and music, with his father Caetano being a respected figure in these realms.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Born into a lineage of [[Konkani language|Konkani]] singers and writers, he hailed from a family with a musical background. His grandfather was celebrated for his proficiency in composing and arranging ''[[zagor (festival)|zagors]]'' in the [[Konkani language]]. During that period, Fernandes' father too played a significant role in the Konkani artistic community, gaining recognition for his work as a stage performer, composer, and coordinator of Konkani ''zagors''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; During his early years, Fernandes and his mother, Victoria, made a move to [[Karachi]], [[British India]], where his father was engaged in employment, further nurturing his exposure to diverse cultural influences.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Fernandes, also known as Kantorist Rose ({{translation|Singer Rose}}) during his formative years, was also a musician and vocalist and received his early education at [[St. Patrick's High School, Karachi|St. Patrick's High School]] in Karachi, British India. This educational institution, administered by the [[Jesuit order]], provided Fernandes with a comprehensive foundation in music, encompassing reading, writing, and [[vocal training]], with an emphasis on [[solfeggio]]. Additionally, he had the privilege of studying the [[violin]] under the tutelage of popular [[violinist]]s, attaining a mastery of the instrument. He had the unique opportunity to undergo musical training under the tutelage of distinguished musicians in Karachi during that period.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Fernandes' musical talent did not go unnoticed by the Jesuit priests at St. Patrick's High School, who were impressed by his abilities. Recognizing his potential, they offered him a singular opportunity to showcase his vocal prowess in a school concert. Fernandes delivered a memorable performance that exceeded all expectations, demonstrating his musical abilities. He demonstrated a commitment to the trust and confidence bestowed upon him by his Jesuit superiors. As a result, his fellow students bestowed upon him the [[moniker]] &quot;Kantorist Rose&quot;, acknowledging his talent as a singer.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; During this period, the Jesuit priests granted Fernandes a [[stage name]] that would accompany him throughout his career: A. M. B. Rose. Derived from his first name, the initials A. M. B. represented his individuality as a performer. Fernandes embraced this stage name with great reverence, and it became his professional identity, forever associated with his musical achievements.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> In 1919, during the [[Touring theatre|theatrical tour]] of [[Karachi]], [[British India]] by [[Saib Rocha]]'s Union Jack Dramatic Company,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=How a Goan 'Rose' bloomed in Karachi |url=https://www.thegoan.net/global-goenkar/how-a-goan-rose-bloomed-in-karachi/86236.html |access-date=2024-05-12 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; a [[Konkani language|Konkani]] ''[[tiatr]]'' titled ''Noketr Italia Xarachem'' (A Star from the city of Italy) captivated young Fernandes. This experience ignited Fernandes' desire to contribute to the ''tiatr'' tradition, leading him to embark on the creation of his own script, eventually resulting in the production of ''Comedy of Errors vo Gondoll Zunvlleam Bhavancho''. With dedication, Fernandes crafted the script until its completion. The inaugural staging of ''Comedy of Errors vo Gondoll Zunvlleam Bhavancho'' took place at the [[Karachi Goan Association|Goa Portuguese Association Hall]] in Karachi. During his time as the [[Mayor of Karachi]], [[B. F. Cabral]],&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Gracias |first=Michael |title=TIATR 125th Anniversary Commemorative Volume |publisher=[[Tiatr Academy of Goa]] |year=2019 |location=[[Panaji, Goa]] |pages=11–12}}&lt;/ref&gt; who originated from Chimbel-[[Ribandar]] in [[Goa]] (then part of [[Portuguese India]] during [[Portuguese Empire]]), attended a ''tiatr'' performance by Fernandes. Cabral was impressed by Fernandes' talents in acting, singing, and directing, leading him to invite Fernandes to direct three of his own ''tiatrs'': ''Gabriel Balcheanv Ani Tachi Sasumaim'' (Gabriel Balcheao and his Mother-in-law), ''A Conquista de Goa'' ([[Portuguese conquest of Goa|The Conquest of Goa]]), and ''Inocent Hermione''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Mazarello |first=Wilson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |title=100 Years of Konkani Tiatro |date=2000 |publisher=Government of Goa, Directorate of Art &amp; Culture |pages=107–109 |language=en |access-date=2024-05-12 |archive-date=2024-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107200151/https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Miss Carlota performing at Dubavi Gorcarn tiatr.jpg|thumb|From left to right: [[Miss Carlota]], [[Jacinto Vaz]], Bartlu, Fernandes (extreme right), and [[C. Alvares]], performing in the ''tiatr Dubavi Gorcarn'']]<br /> Fernandes' artistic prowess shone through in each of those ''tiatrs'', earning him acclaim and establishing his reputation throughout Karachi. Fernandes made history by being the inaugural [[Goan]] artist to perform at The Palace Theatre in Karachi, a venue traditionally restricted to [[Theatre#Early modern and modern theatre in the West|European theater]] troupes. Building upon his success, Fernandes continued to present a series of captivating ''tiatrs'' at the Zoroastrian Hall in Karachi. Fernandes' artistic accomplishments left an impact on the [[Goans#Geographical distribution|Goan community residing in Karachi]], inspiring many individuals to pursue acting and singing.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; In order to foster this burgeoning interest, Fernandes founded the Group of Goan Amateurs, a collective of young Goan ''[[tiatrist]]s'', providing them with a platform to showcase their talents and contribute to the ''tiatr'' culture.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Fernandes served as a catalyst for the promotion and active participation of [[Goans]] in [[Karachi]], [[British India]] in the realm of [[Konkani language|Konkani]] ''[[tiatr]]s''. He played a pivotal role in fostering a deep affection for the [[Konkani language]] and Konkani ''tiatr'' performances among the community. As a founder of the Group of Goan Amateurs, Fernandes orchestrated and showcased several theatrical performances known as ''tiatrs'' under his banner. His final production, ''Cuslolo Visvo Xekddo'', was staged in Karachi in 1929.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; In 1930, Fernandes left Karachi and returned to [[Aldona]], [[Goa]], his hometown. After a four-year stay in Goa, he relocated to [[Bombay]], British India in 1934 to explore career opportunities. He initially worked at Shah &amp; C. before securing a position at [[Nestlé]], a Swiss company, where he remained until retiring. In 1937, it was in Bombay that Fernandes seized a significant opportunity to make his mark in the professional Konkani theater scene, debuting in [[J. P. Souzalin]]'s ''tiatr'' production, ''Conde de Monte Cruz'' (''[[The Count of Monte Cristo]]''), which took place at the Princess Theatre in Bhangwadi, Bombay-widely regarded as the '[[Mecca]] of ''tiatr''' at that time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Fernandes's performance in ''Conde de Monte Cruz'' propelled him into the limelight, opening doors for him to collaborate with directors in the Konkani ''tiatr'' industry, including [[Aleixinho De Candolim]], [[Saib Rocha]], and other luminaries.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Fernandes was an influential figure in the realm of ''tiatr'', a popular form of theatrical entertainment in Konkani-speaking regions. Known for his performances, Fernandes not only showcased his own skills but also generously shared his expertise, assisting other artists in refining their acting abilities. Acting in the ''tiatrs'' produced by Saib Rocha was a long-cherished aspiration that Fernandes fulfilled.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; In the ''tiatr Aga Kumpar'' by Alexinho De Candolim, Fernandes portrayed a daring character with precision, leaving an impression on the audience. [[J. P. Souzalin]], recognizing Fernandes's talent and dedication, entrusted him with the role of a beggar in the ''tiatr Padr Agnel'' ([[Agnelo de Souza|Father Agnel]]). Impressed by his abilities, Souzalin later cast Fernandes as a heartbroken father in the production ''Hem Asa Tem'' (This is what is), which garnered significant fame and acclaim.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Fernandes was praised and recognized by both fans of ''[[tiatr]]'' (a type of [[musical theatre]] in [[Goa]]) and the [[Media in Goa|media]] for his accomplishments. His contributions were not limited to performing; he also made achievements as a playwright. His ''tiatrs'', namely ''Ghatkeponnacho Inam'' (Reward of Betrayal) and ''Jadu'' (Magic), were particularly memorable and well-regarded.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; As a [[character actor]], Fernandes displayed meticulous attention to detail in his portrayals. His acute attention to detail in costume selection, makeup application, and voice [[modulation]] allowed him to authentically embody each character he depicted.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Fernandes was part of a group of early ''[[tiatrist]]s'' who actively participated in the [[theatrical production]]s of [[Pai Tiatrist]], widely recognized as the pioneer of [[Konkani language|Konkani]] ''tiatr''. During the golden era of ''tiatr'' from the 1930s to the 1970s, Fernandes stood out as one of the prominent and esteemed Konkani ''tiatrists'' of his time.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Fernandes |first=André Rafael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vKAbygAACAAJ |title=When the Curtains Rise--: Understanding Goa's Vibrant Konkani Theatre |date=2010 |publisher=Tiatr Academy of Goa |isbn=978-93-80739-01-4 |pages=70, 137 |language=en |access-date=2024-05-12 |archive-date=2023-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126045216/https://books.google.com/books?id=vKAbygAACAAJ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> Fernandes entered into matrimony with Maria Anunciação Bernardina Fernandes, a [[homemaker]] originating from [[Colvale]], [[Goa]]. While additional children may have been bom to the couple, certain birth records pertaining to their children may have been lost. According to the extant documentation, they had three children: two daughters named Alexandrina (born in 1929) and Emilia (born in 1926), as well as a son named Rosario Alfredo Fernandes,&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; later recognized as Rosario Alfred Fernandes. In a continuation of the family's artistic legacy, Rosario followed in his father's footsteps as a popular [[Konkani language|Konkani]] singer, professionally known as [[Alfred Rose (singer)|Alfred Rose]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Rosario subsequently entered into wedlock with [[Rita Rose]], a fellow Konkani singer and actress hailing from [[Bombay, British India]]. Fernandes' son Rosario's progeny, namely Schubert, Engelbert, and Alria, have each embraced musical careers within the [[Tiatr|Konkani domain]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Revered by his peers in the ''[[tiatr]]'' community, Fernandes was endearingly referred to as &quot;Daddy.&quot; Due to deteriorating health, he decided to permanently step away from performing on the Konkani ''tiatr'' stage, and retired to his ancestral residence in [[Aldona]], Goa, at the age of 55.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; During his stay in Goa, he resided in his native village of Aldona. On 6 April 1982, Fernandes died in Goa at the age of 82.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Rose, A. M. B.}}<br /> [[Category:1899 births]]<br /> [[Category:1982 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Tiatrists]]<br /> [[Category:Actors from North Goa district]]<br /> [[Category:Musicians from North Goa district]]</div>

Uravu https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kapil_Arya&diff=508395 2026-02-07T23:24:20Z

<p>Uravu: created data!</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian television actor}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Kapil Arya<br /> | image = Kapil Arya.jpg<br /> | occupation = Actor<br /> | years_active = 2010–present<br /> | spouse = {{marriage|[[Gurpreet Bedi]]|2021}}<br /> }}<br /> '''Kapil Arya''' (born 21 February) is an Indian actor&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=2022 will see me focusing more on professional front : Kapil Arya|url=https://www.5dariyanews.com/news/353222-2022-will-see-me-focusing-more-on-professional-front-Kapil-Arya|access-date=2022-01-01|website=5 Dariya News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Team|first=Tellychakkar|title=Happy Birthday to Akkshat Gupta, Deepti Devi, Kapil Arya and Smita Bansal|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/happy-birthday-akkshat-gupta-deepti-devi-kapil-arya-and-smita-bansal-644|access-date=2022-01-02|website=Tellychakkar.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; best known for his role of sub inspector Aditya in [[Life OK]]'s ''[[SuperCops Vs SuperVillains]]'' and Bhagwan [[Shiva]] in ''[[Jag Janani Maa Vaishno Devi – Kahani Mata Rani Ki]]''.<br /> <br /> == Personal life ==<br /> Kapil is married to actor [[Gurpreet Bedi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Exclusive: Kapil Arya on life post marriage with Gurpreet Bedi, 'Now there is that added sense of responsibility of being a family man' – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-kapil-arya-on-life-post-marriage-with-gurpreet-bedi-now-there-is-that-added-sense-of-responsibility-of-being-a-family-man/articleshow/88593351.cms|access-date=2022-01-01|website=The Times of India|date=30 December 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-12-23|title=Kapil Arya and Gurpreet Bedi tied the knot in a grand wedding on December 22; Details inside|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/kapil-arya-and-gurpreet-bedi-tied-knot-grand-wedding-december-22-details-inside-973796|access-date=2022-01-04|website=PINKVILLA|language=en|archive-date=5 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105142140/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/kapil-arya-and-gurpreet-bedi-tied-knot-grand-wedding-december-22-details-inside-973796|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The couple tied the knot in Karjat on 22 December.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Bureau|first=ABP News|date=2021-12-22|title=Dil Hi To Hai Actress Gurpreet Bedi Gets Married To Kapil Arya. See Wedding Photos|url=https://news.abplive.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/television-karan-kundrra-dil-hi-to-hai-co-star-gurpreet-bedi-gets-married-to-kapil-arya-in-anand-karaj-ceremony-see-wedding-pics-1501402|access-date=2022-01-04|website=news.abplive.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-12-23|title=Gurpreet Bedi And Kapil Arya Weddinng: Dil Hi Toh Hai actress Gurpreet Bedi ties the knot with Kapil Arya; TV celebs dazzle at their destination wedding|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/dil-hi-toh-hai-actress-gurpreet-bedi-ties-the-knot-with-kapil-arya-tv-celebs-dazzle-at-their-destination-wedding/photostory/88450229.cms|access-date=2022-01-01|website=The Times of India|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Gurpreet Bedi To Tie The Knot With Beau Kapil Arya|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/entertainment-news-gurpreet-bedi-to-tie-the-knot-with-beau-kapil-arya-shares-haldi-and-mehendi-photos/406358|access-date=2022-01-02|website=Outlook India|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> Kapil started his television career with [[SuperCops vs Supervillains]] in 2012 playing the role of sub-inspector Aditya. This was followed by his role in [[Zee TV]]'s [[Doli Armaano Ki]] where he played the role of Karan.<br /> <br /> In 2014, Kapil played the character 'Ghatotkach' in [[Life OK]]'s [[Laut Aao Trisha]] followed by his character Siddhant in [[Rishton Ka Saudagar – Baazigar]] in 2016.<br /> <br /> In 2017, Kapil played Achutya in [[Sony SAB]]'s [[Tenali Rama (TV series)]], an Indian [[Hindi]]-language historical [[comedy drama]] based on the life of the legendary [[Telugu language|Telugu]] poet [[Tenali Ramakrishna]] and Chandrasen in [[Sony Television]]'s [[Peshwa Bajirao (TV series)]] along with [[StarPlus]]'s [[Mere Angne Mein]].<br /> <br /> Kapils highlight in 2019–2020 was his character Mahadev played in [[Jag Janani Maa Vaishno Devi - Kahani Mata Rani Ki]]<br /> <br /> == Filmography ==<br /> <br /> === Television ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Show<br /> !Role<br /> !References<br /> |-<br /> |2012<br /> |''[[Savdhaan India]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2012–2015<br /> |''[[SuperCops vs Supervillains]]''<br /> |Sub-Inspector Aditya<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Team|first=Tellychakkar|title=EXCLUSIVE: Shapath fame Kapil Arya bags Dangal TV's Crime Alert|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/exclusive-shapath-fame-kapil-arya-bags-dangal-tvs-crime-alert-210709|access-date=2022-01-01|website=Tellychakkar.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2013–2015<br /> |''[[Doli Armaano Ki]]''<br /> |Karan<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Team|first=Tellychakkar|title=HAPPINESS! Doli Armaano Ki fame Kapil Arya and Qubool Hai 2.0 fame Gurpreet Bedi all set to tie the knot|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/happiness-doli-armaano-ki-fame-kapil-arya-and-qubool-hai-20-fame-gurpreet-bedi-all-set|access-date=2022-01-01|website=Tellychakkar.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Watch Doli Armaanon Ki TV Serial 10th September 2014 Full Episode 203 Online on ZEE5|url=https://www.zee5.com/global/tv-shows/details/doli-armaanon-ki/0-6-117/doli-armaanon-ki/0-1-32465|access-date=2022-01-01|website=ZEE5|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2014<br /> |''[[Laut Aao Trisha]]''<br /> |Ghatotkach<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2016<br /> |''[[Rishton Ka Saudagar – Baazigar]]''<br /> |Siddhant<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2017<br /> |''[[Mere Angne Mein]]''<br /> |Ajay<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2017<br /> |''[[Peshwa Bajirao (TV series)|Peshwa Bajirao]]''<br /> |Chandrasen<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2017<br /> |''[[Tenali Rama (TV series)|Tenali Rama]]''<br /> |Achutya<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2019–2020<br /> |''[[Jag Janani Maa Vaishno Devi - Kahani Mata Rani Ki]]''<br /> |Mahadev<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Patiala Babes' Paridhi Sharma replaces Puja Banerjee in Jag Jaanani Maa Vaishnodevi; here's her first look – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/patiala-babes-paridhi-sharma-replaces-puja-banerjee-in-jag-jaanani-maa-vaishnodevi-heres-her-first-look/articleshow/76729503.cms|access-date=2022-01-01|website=The Times of India|date=July 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Jag Janani Maa Vaishno devi – Kahani Matarani Ki : Star Cast, wiki, story, timings|date=3 October 2019 |url=https://www.cinetalkers.com/jag-janani-maa-vaishno-devi-kahani-matarani-ki/|access-date=2022-01-01|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2021<br /> |''Hai Taubba''<br /> |Dhruv<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-09-10|title=Hai Taubba 3 Interview with Aabha Paul, Ranjit punia and Kapil Arya exclusive – Filmibeat|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/videos/hai-taubba-3-interview-with-aabha-paul-ranjit-punia-and-kapil-arya-exclusive-161134.html|access-date=2022-01-01|website=www.filmibeat.com|language=en|archive-date=3 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103155439/https://www.filmibeat.com/videos/hai-taubba-3-interview-with-aabha-paul-ranjit-punia-and-kapil-arya-exclusive-161134.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Team|first=Tellychakkar|title=EXCLUSIVE: The series has been shot very creatively: Kapil Arya on Hai Taubba Chapter 3|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/digital/exclusive-the-series-has-been-shot-very-creatively-kapil-arya-hai-taubba-chapter-3-210913|access-date=2022-01-01|website=Tellychakkar.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2022<br /> | ''[[Sasural Simar Ka 2]]''<br /> | Rudra Rathore<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Trouble alert for Tanya Sharma as Kapil Arya joins the cast of Sasural Simar Ka 2 as the new antagonist – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/trouble-alert-for-tanya-sharma-as-kapil-arya-joins-the-cast-of-sasural-simar-ka-2-as-the-new-antagonist/articleshow/93477569.cms |access-date=2022-08-15 |website=The Times of India |date=10 August 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2023<br /> |[[Swaraj (TV series)|''Swaraj'']]<br /> |[[Vasudev Balwant Phadke]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2025–Present <br /> |''Shrimati Shukla''<br /> |Ravi Shukla<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * [https://www.instagram.com/kapilarya Kapil arya] on [[Instagram]]<br /> * {{IMDb name|11062125}}<br /> * [https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/doli-armaanon-ki/0-6-117/doli-armaanon-ki/0-1-32465 Kapil arya playing karan in Doli Armaano Ki]<br /> * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jrxZUNsVKb0 Kapil Arya &amp; Gurpreet Bedi Wedding Story]<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Kapil Arya}}<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male television actors]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male soap opera actors]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors in Hindi television]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>

Uravu https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Subir_Ghosh&diff=451790 2026-02-05T04:50:07Z

<p>Uravu: Article updated with improved flow</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian journalist and writer (born 1966)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Subir Ghosh<br /> |image = <br /> |caption = <br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1966|9|7|df=yes}}<br /> |birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[India]] <br /> | occupation = Journalist&lt;br&gt; Author<br /> | website = {{URL|http://www.subirghosh.in/}}<br /> }}<br /> '''Subir Ghosh''' (born 7 September 1966) is an Indian journalist and writer, whose works have appeared in print and online since 1991. His areas of focus are environment, human rights, conflict and Northeast India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.gaswars.in/about-the-authors.html | title='About authors of Gas Wars | work=Authors Upfront | accessdate=18 June 2015 | author=Authors Upfront}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He currently resides in [[Bangalore]].<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Among others, Ghosh has worked with news agency [[Press Trust of India]], and newspapers ''[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]'' and ''[[Daily News and Analysis|Daily News &amp; Analysis (DNA)]]''. He has also worked with environmental organisations [[Centre for Science and Environment]] (CSE) and [[Wildlife Trust of India]] (WTI).,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://asiancorrespondent.com/author/subirghosh/ | title='Deadline Delhi by Subir Ghosh |work=Asian Correspondent |accessdate=18 June 2015 | author=Anon}}&lt;/ref&gt; besides serving as an Advisory Council member with the Centre for North East Studies and Policy Research (C-NES).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://cityplus.jagran.com/city-news/looking-for-a-change-through-pen_1314599930.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528070248/http://cityplus.jagran.com/city-news/looking-for-a-change-through-pen_1314599930.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=28 May 2012 | title='Looking for a change through pen |work=Jagran City Plus| date=28 August 2011| accessdate=18 June 2015 | author=Pandey, Spardha}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Among other things, Ghosh is currently Contributing Editor with the B2B textiles and apparel magazine, [[Fibre2Fashion]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://online.fliphtml5.com/wokmg/piae/#p=6 | title='Staff line-up at Fibre2Fashion magazine | work=Fibre2Fashion | accessdate=4 November 2017 | author=Fibre2Fashion}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Books==<br /> Ghosh's first major book was 'Frontier Travails: Northeast - The Politics of a Mess', published in 2001.<br /> <br /> He is co-author of the 2014 non-fiction title ''[[Gas Wars|Gas Wars: Crony Capitalism and the Ambanis]]'', co-authored with [[Paranjoy Guha Thakurta]] and Jyotirmoy Chaudhuri, which examined alleged irregularities of prices of natural gas in the Indian market. [[Reliance Industries Limited]], one of India's major conglomerates which is also involved in oil and gas exploration and production, sent a legal notice to Guha Thakurta, Ghosh and Chaudhuri for alleged defamation through this book.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=RIL sends notice to Gas Wars authors|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/ril-sends-notice-to-gas-wars-authors/article5923679.ece|accessdate=18 June 2015|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=18 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In May 2016, he published the non-fiction work ''[[Sue the messenger|Sue the Messenger: How legal arm-twisting by corporates is shackling reportage and undermining democracy in India]]''. Ghosh was the lead author of this book, and Guha Thakurta the co-author. The book dealt with corporate [[Strategic lawsuit against public participation|strategic lawsuits against public participation (SLAPPs)]] against writers and journalists in India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.authorsupfront.com/messenger.htm | title='About Sue the Messenger | work=Authors Upfront | accessdate=10 May 2016 | author=Authors Upfront}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.suethemessenger.com | title='About Sue the Messenger | accessdate=10 May 2016 | author=Official website}}&lt;/ref&gt; Speaking about the book which establishes a link between politics and corporate crime, Ghosh told India Legal magazine, &quot;If you stop journalists from doing their work and writing about corruption, the public will be robbed of their right to know. Ultimately, it is the democratic process that takes a hit. SLAPP suits are intended to have a chilling effect on others, apart from persecuting journalists who are doing their job.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://indialegalonline.com/slapp-attack/ | title='SLAPP Attack!| date=16 May 2016| accessdate=6 October 2016 | author=Menon, Ramesh and Ajith Pillai}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Bibliography==<br /> * ''The Dream Machine'', co-authored with Richa Bansal; 1997 Children's Book Trust; {{ISBN|81-7011-778-X}}<br /> * ''Frontier Travails: Northeast - The Politics of a Mess''; 2001 Macmillan India; {{ISBN|0-333-93601-9}}<br /> * ''[[Gas Wars|Gas Wars: Crony Capitalism and the Ambanis]]''; Paranjoy Guha Thakurta; Subir Ghosh and Jyotirmoy Chaudhuri; 2014 Paranjoy and Authors UpFront; {{ISBN|978-81-928551-2-7}}<br /> * ''[[Sue the messenger|Sue the Messenger: How legal arm-twisting by corporates is shackling reportage and undermining democracy in India]]''; Subir Ghosh, with Paranjoy Guha Thakurta; 2016 Paranjoy and AuthorsUpFront; {{ISBN|978-93-84439-81-1}}.<br /> * ''On the Face of it: Chronicle of a Self-Imposed Exile''; 2017 Subir Ghosh and AuthorsUpFront; {{ISBN|978-16-84180-20-2}}.<br /> * ''Grand Illusion: The GSPC Disaster and the Gujarat Model''; 2017 Paranjoy and AuthorsUpFront; {{ISBN|978-93-87280-02-1}}.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://www.write2kill.in/ Collection of writings]<br /> * [http://www.subirghosh.in/ Personal website]<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Ghosh, Subir}}<br /> [[Category:1966 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Journalists from Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Indian political writers]]<br /> [[Category:Writers from Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:People from Kolkata]]</div>

Uravu https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Janjgir%E2%80%93Champa_district&diff=452115 2026-01-30T12:36:50Z

<p>Uravu: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Janjgir–Champa district<br /> | settlement_type = [[List of districts of Chhattisgarh|District]] of [[Chhattisgarh]]<br /> | total_type = Total<br /> | native_name = <br /> | image_skyline = A view of Large Vaishnava Temple situated at janjgir district headquaters Chhattisgarh 01.jpg<br /> | image_caption = Temple in [[Janjgir]]<br /> | mapframe = yes<br /> | mapframe-point = none<br /> | map_alt = <br /> | map_caption = Location in Chhattisgarh<br /> | coordinates = <br /> | coor_pinpoint = Janjgir<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Chhattisgarh]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = Division<br /> | subdivision_name2 = Bilaspur<br /> | established_title = Established<br /> | established_date = <br /> | seat_type = Headquarters<br /> | seat = [[Janjgir]]<br /> | parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]<br /> | parts_style = para<br /> | p1 = 9<br /> | area_total_km2 = 4466.74<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_total = 1,619,707<br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | population_urban = 225,199<br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | demographics_type1 = Demographics<br /> | demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]<br /> | demographics1_info1 = 73.7%<br /> | demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio<br /> | demographics1_info2 = 986<br /> | leader_title = <br /> | leader_name = <br /> | leader_title1 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]<br /> | leader_name1 = 1<br /> | leader_title2 = [[Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha constituencies]]<br /> | leader_name2 = 6<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +05:30<br /> | registration_plate = <br /> | blank_name_sec1 = <br /> | blank_info_sec1 = <br /> | blank_name_sec2 = Average annual precipitation<br /> | blank_info_sec2 = 1157.1 mm<br /> | website = https://janjgir-champa.gov.in/en/<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Janjgir–Champa district''' is a district in the [[India]]n state of [[Chhattisgarh]]. The district's headquarters, [[Janjgir]], is the city of Maharaja Jajawalya Dev of the [[Kalachuris of Ratnapura|Kalachuri dynasty]]. Champa is the city named after Raja Veer bahadur's Horse called &quot;Champak&quot;. Earlier a part of the [[Bilaspur district, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur district]], Jangir-Champa was carved out in 1998 to a separate district of its own. Inhabitants are generally migrants from nearby villages.<br /> <br /> The present collector of Janjgir-Champa is Jitendra Kumar Shukla.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://janjgir-champa.nic.in/ |title=Home |website=janjgir-champa.nic.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The Janjgir–Champa district, which is best known as the heart of Chhattisgarh because of its central location in state, was established on 25 May 1998. The Vishnu Mandir of the district reflects its golden past. Janjgir- Champa is also a place where one can find a number of temples having very versatile history. On August 15, 2021 then [[Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh]] announced new districts in state, one of which would the newly formed district of [[Sakti, Chhattisgarh|Sakti]] which was carved by taking many villages and cities out of Janjgir-Champa district.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2021-08-15 |title=Chhattisgarh to have 4 new districts, says CM Bhupesh Baghel on Independence Day |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/chhattisgarh-to-have-4-new-districts-says-cm-baghel-on-independence-day/articleshow/85345132.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-10-28 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Economy==<br /> KSK Energy Venture (6 x 600 MW) is one of the major [[Thermal power station|thermal power plant]] of the district.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |title=Preview of KSK Thermal Power Project (3600MW) {{!}} Transaction {{!}} IJGlobal |url=https://www.gem.wiki/KSK_Mahanadi_Power_Project |website=ijglobal.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Unreliable source?|date=January 2025|reason=Reference leads to a wiki which claims that &quot;anyone can edit&quot;, but registration appears to be locked.}}<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> {{bar box<br /> |title=Religions in Janjgir-Champa district (2011)&lt;ref name=&quot;religion&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Chhattisgarh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11368/download/14481/DDW22C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |titlebar=#Fcd116<br /> |left1=Religion<br /> |right1=Percent<br /> |float=left<br /> |bars=<br /> {{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|98.44}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|1.04}}<br /> {{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.52}}<br /> |caption=Distribution of religions<br /> }}<br /> <br /> According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Janjgir–Champa has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 1,619,707,&lt;ref name=&quot;districtcensus&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: Janjgir-Champa|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/350 |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; roughly equal to the nation of [[Guinea-Bissau]]&lt;ref name=&quot;cia&quot;&gt;{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = June 13, 2007 | access-date = 2011-10-01 | quote = Guinea-Bissau 1,596,677 July 2011 est.}}&lt;/ref&gt; or the US state of [[Idaho]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php <br /> |title=2010 Resident Population Data <br /> |publisher=U. S. Census Bureau <br /> |access-date=2011-09-30 <br /> |quote=Idaho 1,567,582 <br /> |url-status=dead <br /> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019160532/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php <br /> |archive-date=2013-10-19 <br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; This denotes it as the 308th largest district (out of 640) in India.&lt;ref name=&quot;districtcensus&quot; /&gt; The district has a population density of {{convert|421|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;districtcensus&quot; /&gt; Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001-2011 was 23.01%.&lt;ref name=&quot;districtcensus&quot; /&gt; Janjgir–Champa has a [[sex ratio]] of 991 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1,000 males, and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 73.7%.&lt;ref name=districtcensus/&gt;<br /> <br /> After bifurcation, the district had a population of 966,671, of which 163,553 (16.92%) live in urban areas. Janjgir-Champa has a sex ratio of 973 females per 1000 males. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 249,522 (25.81%) and 82,900 (8.58%) of the population respectively.&lt;ref name=&quot;districtcensus&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Pie chart<br /> |caption = Languages of Janjgir-Champa district (2011)&lt;ref name=&quot;languages&quot;/&gt;<br /> |label1 = [[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]] |value1 = 94.16 |color1 = peachpuff<br /> |label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 4.30 |color2 = orange<br /> |label3 = Others |value3 = 1.54 |color3 = grey<br /> }}<br /> <br /> At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 94.16% of the population in the district spoke [[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]], and 4.30% [[Hindi]] as their first language.&lt;ref name=&quot;languages&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Chhattisgarh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10198/download/13310/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2200.XLSX|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Janjgir–Champa Lok Sabha constituency]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [https://www.facebook.com/JANJGIR Janjgir Facebook]<br /> * [https://janjgir-champa.gov.in/en/ Official website]<br /> <br /> {{Geographic location<br /> |Centre = Janjgir–Champa district<br /> |North = [[Korba district]]<br /> |Northeast = <br /> |East = [[Raigarh district]]<br /> |Southeast = <br /> |South = [[Raipur district]]<br /> |Southwest = <br /> |West = [[Bilaspur district, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur district]]<br /> |Northwest = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Janjgir-Champa}}<br /> {{Districts of Chhattisgarh}}<br /> {{Mahanadi Basin}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|22|01|01|N|82|34|01|E|source:itwiki_type:adm3rd|display=title}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Janjgir-Champa district}}<br /> [[Category:Districts of Chhattisgarh]]<br /> [[Category:Janjgir-Champa district| ]]<br /> [[Category:1998 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]</div>

Uravu https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=1515_in_India&diff=466896 2026-01-26T17:24:59Z

<p>Uravu: minor update lead to improve readability further and updated info</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|none}}<br /> {{list incomplete|date=November 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}<br /> <br /> Events from the year '''1515 in India'''.<br /> {{year in India|1515}}<br /> <br /> ==Events==<br /> * [[Phyang Monastery]] established in [[Leh district]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Rizvi |first=Janet |title=Ladakh : crossroads of high Asia |date=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-564546-4 |edition=2nd |location=Delhi |pages=64 |oclc=40865564 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Afonso de Albuquerque]] dies and so ceases his [[List of colonial heads of Portuguese India|governorship]] of [[Portuguese India]] (commenced [[1509 in India|1509]])&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Stephens |first=H. Morse |title=Albuquerque |date=2000 |isbn=81-206-1524-7 |edition= |location=New Delhi |pages=1 |oclc=46975206 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Lopo Soares de Albergaria]] becomes governor of Portuguese India (and continues until [[1518 in India|1518]])<br /> ==Deaths==<br /> * 16 December - Afonso de Albuquerque&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{Portal|India}}<br /> * [[Timeline of Indian history]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{India year nav}}<br /> {{Year in Asia|1515}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Years of the 16th century in India]]<br /> [[Category:1515 in Asia]]<br /> [[Category:1510s in India]]<br /> [[Category:1515 by country]]<br /> <br /> {{India-year-stub}}</div>

Uravu https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tata_Zest&diff=539820 2026-01-22T13:02:22Z

<p>Uravu: started first info more to come</p> <hr /> <div>{{Distinguish|Honda Zest}}{{short description|Subcompact sedan produced by Tata Motors}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox automobile<br /> | name = Tata Zest<br /> | image =Salon de l'auto de Genève 2014 - 20140305 - Tata Zest.jpg<br /> | caption = <br /> | production = 2014&amp;ndash;2019<br /> | assembly = India: [[Ranjangaon]], [[Pune]]<br /> | designer = <br /> | aka = Tata Bolt Sedan (South Africa)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.india.com/auto/car-news/tata-motors-launches-new-bolt-hatchback-and-bolt-sedan-in-johannesburg-south-africa-8165/|title=Tata Motors Launches New Bolt Hatchback and Bolt Sedan in Johannesburg, South Africa|author=Oncars India |date=7 October 2015 |publisher=India.com |accessdate=6 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | class = [[Supermini]] ([[B-segment|B]])<br /> | platform = Tata X1<br /> | body_style = 4-door [[sedan (car)|sedan]]<br /> | related = [[Tata Bolt]]<br /> | layout = [[front-engine, all-wheel-drive layout|front-engine, front-wheel-drive]]<br /> | engine = 1.2L ''[[Tata Revotron engine|Revotron Turbo]]'' [[Inline-three engine|I3]] ([[Petrol engine|petrol]])&lt;br /&gt;1.3L ''[[Multijet|Quadrajet]]'' [[Inline-four engine|I4]] ([[Diesel engine|diesel]])<br /> | transmission = 5-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]]&lt;br /&gt;5-speed [[Automatic transmission|automatic]]<br /> | wheelbase = {{Convert|2470|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}<br /> | length = {{Convert|3995|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}<br /> | width = {{Convert|1706|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}<br /> | height = {{Convert|1570|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}<br /> | weight = {{convert|1115|-|1170|kg|lb|abbr=on}}<br /> | successor = [[Tata Tigor]]<br /> | predecessor = [[Tata Indigo|Tata Indigo Manza]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Tata Zest''' is a [[Subcompact car|Subcompact]] [[sedan (automobile)|sedan]] produced by [[Tata Motors]]. The car was revealed at [[Auto Expo|Indian Auto Expo 2014]] along with its hatchback version, the [[Tata Bolt]]. The car was launched in [[India]]n markets on 12 August 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Punia|first1=Bunny|title=Tata Zest launched, goes on sale at a starting price of Rs 4.64 lakh|url=http://www.gaadi.com/news/tata-zest-launched-goes-on-sale-at-a-starting-price-of-rs-4-64-lakh-10368|website=Gaadi.com|access-date=12 August 2014|archive-date=12 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812205623/http://www.gaadi.com/news/tata-zest-launched-goes-on-sale-at-a-starting-price-of-rs-4-64-lakh-10368|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Zest is part of Tata's ''Falcon programme'' and is based on existing platforms on the [[Tata Indica Vista]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Tata Zest review, test drive|url=http://www.autocarindia.com/auto-reviews/tata-zest-review-test-drive-389208.aspx|website=Autocar India|accessdate=20 August 2014|date=14 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Tata Indigo|Indigo Manza]] are built. The car is built by Tata Motors at Ranjangaon factory.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url= http://www.hindustantimes.com/autos/htauto-carreviews/tata-bolt-first-look-review/article1-1196564.aspx/|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140318130603/http://www.hindustantimes.com/autos/htauto-carreviews/tata-bolt-first-look-review/article1-1196564.aspx|url-status= dead|archive-date= 18 March 2014|title=Tata Bolt first look review|author= Autocar India|date=18 Mar 2014 |work=Hindustan Times |accessdate=26 June 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url= http://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/passenger-vehicle/cars/tata-bolt-amt-to-be-indias-cheapest-diesel-automatic/36199391/|title=Tata Bolt AMT to be India's cheapest diesel automatic|date=7 Jun 2014 |publisher=The Economic Times |accessdate=26 June 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url= https://www.indiatoday.in/auto/auto-expo-2014/story/tata-bolt-hatchback-tata-zest-sedan-unveiled-179523-2014-02-03|title=Tata Bolt hatchback, Tata Zest sedan unveiled|author=PTI New Delhi |date=3 Feb 2014 |publisher=India Today |access-date=26 June 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url= http://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/passenger-vehicle/cars/tata-zest-to-be-built-in-fiats-ranjangaon-factory/35461894|title=Tata Zest is built in Fiat's Ranjangaon factory|author=PTI New Delhi |date=22 May 2014 |publisher=The Economic Times |accessdate=26 June 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Variants==<br /> <br /> The Zest is available in petrol and diesel versions; the [[Fiat]]-sourced 1.3-litre ''[[Multijet|Quadrajet]]'' diesel engine (in two states of tune 75 PS and 90 PS) which is already being used on [[Tata Indica|Indica Vista]] and [[Tata Indigo|Manza]] and the petrol version of is powered by a new ''[[Tata Revotron engine|Revotron]]'' 1.2-litre [[turbocharged]], 90 PS engine. All come with a 5-speed manual transmission, with the option of an automated manual on diesel versions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Tata Zest variants explained|url=http://www.autocarindia.com/auto-news/tata-zest-variants-explained-389829.aspx|website=Autocar India|accessdate=23 January 2015|date=12 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Promotional section|date=July 2025}}<br /> <br /> The Zest range includes XE, XM, XMA, XMS and XT trim options; Zest XE&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.gaadi.com/car-2927-Tata-Zest| title=Tata Zest Petrol XE| author=Gaadi Team | publisher=Gaadi.com | accessdate=12 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; priced at Rs. 4.64 Lacs is the base variant of the manual petrol Tata Zest which comes with features such as a tilt adjustable steering wheel, driver information display, a cup holder in the centre console, tilt adjustable steering wheel, dual tone interiors, adjustable front head rests, an under seat storage drawer, air conditioning and heating, a tachometer and door pockets on all 4 doors. Zest XM&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.gaadi.com/car-2926-Tata-Zest| title=Tata Zest Petrol XM| author=Gaadi Team | publisher=Gaadi.com | accessdate=12 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; priced at Rs. 5.25 Lacs s the mid variant of the petrol Tata Zest which comes with features such as [[Power window|power windows]], [[central locking]], front power outlet, [[Front fog lamp|front fog lamps]] and adjustable front and rear headrests. Zest XMA (diesel only) (A/T)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.gaadi.com/car-2928-Tata-Zest| title=Tata Zest Diesel XMA (A/T)| author=Gaadi Team | publisher=Gaadi.com | accessdate=12 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; priced at Rs. 6.99 Lacs is the mid variant of the automatic diesel Tata Zest that comes well equipped with features such as power windows, a Bluetooth compatible double-din stereo, ABS with EBD, front &amp; rear fog lamps, alloy wheels. Zest XMS&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.gaadi.com/car-2953-Tata-Zest| title=Tata Zest Petrol XMS| author=Gaadi Team | publisher=Gaadi.com | accessdate=12 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; has been priced at Rs. 5.43 Lacs. Zest XT&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.gaadi.com/car-2925-Tata-Zest| title=Tata Zest Petrol XT| author=Gaadi Team | publisher=Gaadi.com | accessdate=12 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; priced at Rs. 5.99 lakh is the top-end variant of the manual [[petrol]] Tata Zest that comes well equipped with features such as projector headlamps, reverse camera, touch screen stereo, steering mounted audio controls, front fog lamps, alloy wheels, ABS with EBD, front [[Airbag|airbags]], rear parking sensors, and climate control.<br /> <br /> Tata Motors launched the new Zest Quadrajet 1.3 XTA as a top end variant. The trim gets an AMT transmission that is mated to 1.3-litre Quadrajet diesel engine that is capable of producing 90 PS of power with max torque output of 200 Nm.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Tata Zest XTA 1.3 Quadrajet 90PS Diesel launched for INR 8,42,826|url=http://www.cartrade.com/car-bike-news/tata-zest-xta-1-3-quadrajet-90ps-diesel-launched-for-inr-8-42-826-127667.html|accessdate=10 March 2015|newspaper=Legacy|date=9 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Following the launch of the [[Tata Tigor]] in 2017, the Zest was discontinued for private purchase and could only be bought as a taxi. It was permanently discontinued in April 2019.<br /> It nearly sold 1.5 lakh units.<br /> <br /> ==International markets==<br /> Tata Motors also launched the Zest in Nepal. It is the company’s first product under the HORIZONEXT umbrella. It is available across [[Nepal]] in over 18 Tata Motors passenger vehicle sales outlets.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Made-in-India Tata Zest launched in Nepal|url=http://www.cartrade.com/car-bike-news/made-in-india-tata-zest-launched-in-nepal-127263.html|accessdate=10 February 2015|newspaper=[[CarTrade]]|date=7 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Safety ==<br /> The Zest for India with no airbags nor [[Anti-lock braking system|ABS]] received 0 stars for adult occupants and 1 star for toddlers from [[Global NCAP]] 1.0 in 2016 (similar to [[Latin NCAP]] 2013).<br /> {{Global NCAP<br /> |year=2016<br /> |region=India<br /> |description=Tata Zest – No Airbags<br /> |reference_code=Tata-Zest-NO-Airbags.pdf<br /> |adult_stars=0<br /> |adult_points=0.00<br /> |child_stars=1<br /> |child_points=12.11<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The Zest for India with 2 airbags and no [[Anti-lock braking system|ABS]] received 4 stars for adult occupants and 2 stars for [[Toddler|toddlers]] from [[Global NCAP]] 1.0 in 2016 (similar to [[Latin NCAP]] 2013).<br /> {{Global NCAP<br /> |year=2016<br /> |region=India<br /> |description=Tata Zest – No Airbags<br /> |reference_code=Tata-Zest-NO-Airbags.pdf<br /> |adult_stars=4<br /> |adult_points=11.15<br /> |child_stars=2<br /> |child_points=15.52<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{official|http://zest.tatamotors.com}}<br /> <br /> {{Tata Timeline}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Tata cars|Zest]]<br /> [[Category:Sedans]]<br /> [[Category:Front-wheel-drive vehicles]]<br /> [[Category:Global NCAP superminis]]<br /> [[Category:2010s cars]]<br /> [[Category:Cars introduced in 2014]]</div>

Uravu https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pal_Assembly_constituency&diff=523790 2026-01-06T00:11:00Z

<p>Uravu: data - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Chhattisgarh legislative assembly in India}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Pal<br /> | type= SLA<br /> | state = Chhattisgarh<br /> | established = 2003<br /> | abolished = 2008&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&amp;type=order&amp;filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | electors = 169,279<br /> | mla = Ramvichar Netaam<br /> | party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> | constituency_no =<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]<br /> | district =<br /> | loksabha_cons =<br /> | reservation =<br /> }}<br /> &lt;b&gt;Pal Assembly constituency &lt;/b&gt;was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Chhattisgarh]].<br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Election<br /> ! Member<br /> ! colspan=2|Party<br /> |-<br /> |-<br /> |-<br /> |-<br /> |-<br /> |-<br /> |-<br /> |-<br /> |-<br /> |-<br /> |-<br /> |-<br /> | [[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2003]] || Ramvichar Netaam || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |}<br /> == Election results ==<br /> ===Assembly Election 2003===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]] : Pal&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2003 to the Legislative Assembly of Chhattisgarh |url=https://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_CHH_Nov2003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114081955/https://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_CHH_Nov2003.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Ramvichar Netaam |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=36,309 |percentage=33.67% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Brihaspat Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=26,096 |percentage=24.20% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ramsagar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,979 |percentage=17.60% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Deo Sai |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=13,068 |percentage=12.12% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Munshi Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=4,509 |percentage=4.18% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Harikeswar Singh Markam |party=Communist Party of India |votes=3,985 |percentage=3.70% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Akhilesh Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,852 |percentage=1.72% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,213 |percentage=9.47% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=107,837 |percentage=63.70% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 169,279 |ref = |change= }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh}}<br /> <br /> {{coord missing|Chhattisgarh}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh]]<br /> {{Chhattisgarh-geo-stub}}</div>

Uravu https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kairali_Airlines&diff=507445 2026-01-03T20:05:29Z

<p>Uravu: created new bio!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Defunct Indian airline}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox airline<br /> | image = Kairali logo off wi.jpg<br /> | image_size = <br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | founded = 9 January 2013<br /> | ceased = 2017 (not launched)&lt;ref&gt;[https://airlinehistory.co.uk/airline/kairali-airlines/ Kairali Airlines] airlinehistory.co.uk, accessdate 22 September&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | bases = {{unbulleted list|[[Trivandrum International Airport]]}}<br /> | website = {{url|http://www.kairaliairlines.com/}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Kairali Airlines''' was a [[regional airline]] based in [[Trivandrum]], [[India]]. It was founded on 9 January 2013 and inaugurated by 15 June 2013. It planned its inaugural flight between [[Trivandrum International Airport Limited]] and [[Cochin International Airport]] (CIAL).<br /> <br /> Its main hub was at [[Trivandrum International Airport]] in [[Trivandrum]]. It was a [[public limited company]] which planned to operate a non-scheduled domestic and international service, the Intrastate Air Taxi Service which is first in [[India]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2017}}<br /> <br /> == Destinations ==<br /> <br /> '''1st phase'''<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Country (State) !! City !! Airport !! Notes<br /> |-<br /> | India (Kerala) || Cochin (COK) || [[Cochin International Airport]] || Focus City<br /> |-<br /> | India (Kerala) || Calicut (CCJ) || [[Calicut International Airport]] || Focus City<br /> |-<br /> | India (Kerala) || Trivandrum (TRV) || [[Trivandrum International Airport]] || HQ &amp; Hub<br /> |-<br /> | India (KARNATAKA) || Mangalore (IXE) || [[Mangalore International Airport]] || <br /> |-<br /> | India (LAKSHADWEEP) || Agatti (AGX)|| Agatti Aerodrome || Union Territory of [[India]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> '''2nd phase'''<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Country (State) !! City !! Airport <br /> |-<br /> | India (Karnataka) || Mysore (MYQ) || Mysore Airport <br /> |-<br /> | India (Tamil Nadu) || Coimbatore (CJB) || Coimbatore International Airport <br /> |-<br /> | India (Kerala) || Kannur (CNN) || Kannur International Airport <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Fleet==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! AIRCRAFT !! IN SERVICE !! ORDERED !! PASSENGER(Y)<br /> |-<br /> | ATR 42-500 || – || 2 || 42<br /> |-<br /> | ATR 72-500 || – || 2 || 72<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Kairali-airlines-to-commence-operations-from-Nov-1/articleshow/20605099.cms|title = Kairali Airlines: Kairali airlines to commence operations from Nov 1 – Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]| date=15 June 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/Domestic-air-service-Kairali-to-be-launched/articleshow/20566146.cms|title = Domestic air service Kairali to be launched &amp;#124; Thiruvananthapuram News – Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]| date=13 June 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.pilotcareercentre.com/Air-Carrier-PCC-Profile/3745/Kairali%20Airlines%20-%20INDIA |title=Kairali Airlines – India – Pilot Career Centre |website=www.pilotcareercentre.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818164811/https://www.pilotcareercentre.com/Air-Carrier-PCC-Profile/3745/Kairali%20Airlines%20-%20INDIA |archive-date=2016-08-18}} &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://www.kairaliairlines.com www.kairaliairlines.com]<br /> <br /> &lt;!--- Categories ---&gt;<br /> [[Category:Defunct airlines of India]]<br /> [[Category:Proposed airlines of India]]</div>

Uravu https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_deputy_chief_ministers_of_Kerala&diff=460597 2025-12-30T13:30:52Z

<p>Uravu: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Deputy Leader of the executive of the Government of Kerala}}<br /> {{more footnotes|date=March 2021}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox political post<br /> | insignia = File: Emblem of Kerala state Vector.svg<br /> | insigniasize = 100px<br /> | insigniacaption = Seal of Government of Kerala<br /> | abbreviation = DCM<br /> | flag = <br /> | flag_size = <br /> | flagborder = <br /> | flagcaption = <br /> | post = Deputy Chief Minister<br /> | body = Kerala<br /> | nominator = [[Chief Minister of Kerala]]<br /> | appointer = [[Governor of Kerala]]<br /> | image = <br /> | imagesize = <br /> | incumbent = ''Vacant''<br /> | incumbentsince = 25 March 1987<br /> | inaugural = [[R. Sankar]] (1960–1962)<br /> | formation = {{Start date and age|1956|11|1|df=y}}<br /> | memberof = * [[Kerala Council of Ministers|Kerala Cabinet]]<br /> * [[Kerala Council of Ministers]]<br /> * [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''deputy chief minister of Kerala''', an executive appointed by [[Governor of Kerala|Governor]], is a member of the Kerala Cabinet, part of the with the [[Kerala Council of Ministers]], headed by the [[Chief Minister of Kerala|chief minister]]. The deputy chief minister is the second highest ranking member of the Cabinet.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The office has since been occupied only thrice, having been occupied for a few years out of the 65 years since its inception:<br /> <br /> * The first deputy chief minister of Kerala was the [[Indian National Congress]] leader [[R. Sankar]], who was also Minister for Finance in [[Pillai ministry|1960 - 62 Pattom A. Thanu Pillai ministry]] (Joint Front).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Deputy Chief Minister|first=First|title=First Deputy Chief Minister|url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/ginfo_6_2.htm|access-date=22 March 2021|website=niyamasabha.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> * The second deputy chief minister of Kerala was the [[Indian Union Muslim League]] leader [[C. H. Mohammed Koya]], with [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] leader [[K. Karunakaran]] as the [[Chief Minister of Kerala|Chief Minister]] ([[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|U D F]]). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Deputy Chief Minister|first=Second|title=Second Deputy Chief Minister|url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/members/m424.htm|access-date=2 May 2023|website=niyamasabha.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * The third and last deputy chief minister was the [[Indian Union Muslim League]] leader [[K. Avukader Kutty Naha]], who took on the role from 1983 to 1987 in [[K. Karunakaran|Karunakaran]]'s [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|U D F]] government after demise of [[C. H. Mohammed Koya|Koya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Deputy Chief Minister|first=Third|title=Third Deputy Chief Minister|url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/members/m051.htm|access-date=2 May 2023|website=niyamasabha.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> ==List of deputy chief ministers of Kerala==<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; text-align:center&quot;<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |#<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; | Deputy Chief Minister<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |Party<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |Portrait<br /> ! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Term of office<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |Chief Minister<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |Party of Chief Minister<br /> |-<br /> !From<br /> !To<br /> !Days in office<br /> |-<br /> | 1<br /> | [[R. Sankar]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> | [[File:R. Sankar, Indian politician.jpg|120x120px]]<br /> | 22 February 1960<br /> | 26 September 1962<br /> | 2 years, 216 days<br /> | [[Pattom A. Thanu Pillai]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=2|2 <br /> | rowspan=2| [[CH Mohammed Koya]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League|rowspan=3}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[File:C H Mohammed Koya (1979).jpg|120x120px]]<br /> | 28 December 1981<br /> | 17 March 1982<br /> | {{Age in years and days|1981|12|28|1982|3|17}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[K. Karunakaran]]<br /> |-<br /> |24 May 1982<br /> |28 September 1983<br /> ||{{Age in years and days|1982|5|24|1983|9|28}}<br /> |-<br /> | 3 <br /> |[[K. Avukader Kutty Naha]]<br /> |<br /> |24 October 1983<br /> |25 March 1987<br /> |{{Age in years and days|1983|10|24|1987|3|25}}<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Statistics==<br /> ;List of deputy chief ministers by length of term<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; text-align:center&quot;<br /> !rowspan=2|No.<br /> !rowspan=2|Name<br /> !rowspan=2 colspan=2|Party<br /> !colspan=2|Length of term<br /> |-<br /> !Longest continuous term<br /> !Total years of deputy chief ministership<br /> |-<br /> !1<br /> |[[R. Sankar]]<br /> |style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|INC}}&quot;|<br /> |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> |2 years, 216 days<br /> |2 years, 216 days<br /> |-<br /> !2<br /> |[[K. Avukader Kutty Naha]]<br /> |style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}&quot;|<br /> |[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]<br /> |3 years, 152 days<br /> |3 years, 152 days<br /> |-<br /> !3<br /> |[[C. H. Mohammed Koya]]<br /> |style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}&quot;|<br /> |[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]<br /> |1 year, 127 days<br /> |1 year, 206 days<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Kerala Council of Ministers]]<br /> * [[List of chief ministers of Kerala]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> * {{Citation|title=Chief Ministers, Ministers, and Leaders of Opposition of Kerala|last=|publisher=Secratriat of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Kerala Legislature]]|year=2018|location=[[Thiruvananthapuram]]|url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/14kla/chief%20ministers,%20ministers,%20leaders%20of%20opposition.pdf}}<br /> <br /> {{Deputy Chief Ministers of Indian states}}<br /> {{United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br /> {{Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br /> {{Kerala topics}}<br /> {{Kerala}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Deputy chief ministers of Kerala| ]]<br /> [[Category:Lists of deputy chief ministers of Indian states|Kerala]]</div>

Uravu https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ragini_Trivedi&diff=468006 2025-12-30T06:00:25Z

<p>Uravu: refine citations further and added references per sources</p> <hr /> <div>{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}<br /> {{Infobox musical artist<br /> | name = Ragini Trivedi<br /> | image = Ragini Trivedi playing Vichitra Veena, Indore MP India, Jan 2012.jpg<br /> | caption = Ragini Trivedi in 2012<br /> | image_size =<br /> | birth_name = Ragini Misra<br /> | alias =<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1960|3|22}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Kanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]<br /> | death_date =<br /> | instrument = [[Vichitra veena]], [[sitar]], [[jal tarang]]<br /> | genre = [[Hindustani classical music|Indian classical music]]<br /> | occupation = Academic, musician, writer, composer<br /> | years_active =<br /> | label =<br /> | website = <br /> }}<br /> '''Ragini Trivedi''' (born 22 March 1960) is an Indian classical musician performing on [[vichitra veena]], [[sitar]] and [[jal tarang]]. Daughter of the vichitra veena player and musicologist [[Lalmani Misra]], she is an exponent of Misrabani and is the creator of a digital music notation system called Ome Swarlipi.<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> <br /> Ragini was born in [[Kanpur]], India. Her father [[Lalmani Misra]] and mother Padma instilled understanding and love for music in Ragini and brother Gopal Shankar.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}} <br /> <br /> The music lessons explaining nuances of Raga-s, recorded for Gopal Shankar and Ragini by father [[Lalmani Misra]], still serve as resource for learners of Indian music.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}} A versatile student, Ragini participated in sports and loved playing basketball and table-tennis; she was interested in dramatics and extension activities. Her natural excellence influenced her teachers to guide her towards playing musical instruments. Her music teacher, Shobha Parvatkar encouraged Ragini to play Jaltarang.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}<br /> <br /> Ragini lost her mother on 9 April 1977, and father on 17 July 1979.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}} She and her brother Gopal, drew strength from their inheritance of music practice and scholarship. Ragini continued her pursuit of music, getting gold medal in M.Mus. (1980) from [[Banaras Hindu University]] and completing D. Mus. under her guide, K. C. Gangrade in 1983. For some time she taught at [[Banaras Hindu University]] and later taught Sitar in government colleges at Hoshangabad, Rewa and Indore.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}<br /> <br /> ==Musician==<br /> <br /> Of the three instruments, Jal tarang recital was first to be broadcast. First on-stage sitar recital was at ''Suprabha'', an event organised under the mentorship of [[Kishan Maharaj]]. Vichitra Veena was first presented at Bharat Bhawan, Bhopal.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}<br /> <br /> As exponent of Misrabani, Ragini has worked towards understanding and practice of technique and style involving a new form of ''Gatkari'' (rhythmic stroke patterns) in ''Vilambit Jhoomara Tal'', ''Vilambit Jhap Tal'' and ''Madhya-laya Ada Char Tal''. In this new style, Dr. Misra had introduced ''Mizrab Bol'' '''DA RDA -R DA'''.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}} Especially, in ''Vilambit'' pace, the oblique rhythm patterns – ''Da Rda -R Da''— manifest a new dimension of Raga. Enabled by three decades of practice, Ragini creates and plays complex Misrabani compositions on all three instruments in ''Audav'', ''Shadav'' and ''Sampoorna'' Raga-s. Ragini has designed and conducted various workshops on teaching this style at Jaipur, Pune and Bhopal.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}<br /> <br /> Ragini developed a new notation system, Ome Swarlipi, based on amalgamation of Bhatkhande and Paluskar notation systems. It incorporates several features suitable for digital adaptation and features symbols to annotate complex Misrabani compositions.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}} She also developed digital tools to illustrate inter-relationship of notes, [[Shruti (music)|shruti]]-s, Bharat Chatuh Sarana to serve as a teaching-aid.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}<br /> <br /> Ragini writes on theory, practice and innovation in music.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}} She has collaborated in the creation of compendium and anthologies, in the capacity of contributor and editor. She has worked with subsequent editions of her father's seminal book on Indian musical instruments ''[[Bharatiya Sangeet Vadya]]'' adding a chapter on electronic Indian musical instruments created since the 1970s. A volume elaborating over 150 Misrabani compositions in 14 Raga-s, that Ragini has prepared from the notes written by her father, is under publication.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}<br /> <br /> == Publications ==<br /> <br /> * ''Raga Vibodh: Misrabani''. Hindi Madhyam Karyanvaya Nideshalaya: Delhi. 2010.<br /> * ''Sitar Compositions in Ome Swarlipi''. {{ISBN|978-0557705962}}. 2011<br /> * ''Raga Vibodh: Misrabani Vol. 2''. Hindi Madhyam Karyanvaya Nideshalaya: Delhi. 2013.<br /> <br /> Ragini's discussions with musicians, [[Moinuddin Khan (sarangi player)|Moinuddin Khan]], Rajshekhar Mansur, Sharada Velankar, Pushpraj Koshthi and Kamala Shankar, on individual practice and traditional style, have been presented as documentary films by Educational Multimedia Research Center, Indore.<br /> <br /> == Sources ==<br /> # Kaur, Gurupreet. ''Bhāratīya Saṅgīta ke Anamola Maṇi: Lalmani Misra''. Kanishka Publishers &amp; Distributors: New Delhi, 2004. <br /> # [https://archive.today/20130702102236/http://www.sczcc.gov.in/ShowPictureGallaryDetails.aspx?PhotoID=3 Jal Tarang Guru] Guru Shishya Parampara Scheme, South Central Zone Cultural Center, Nagpur<br /> # [http://omenad.net/articles/jal_tarang.htm Jal Tarang: The Tinkle that Enchants] Interview based article on Dr. Ragini Trivedi and Jal Tarang.<br /> # [http://chandrakant.jp/?page_id=807 Report on Sitar workshop] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130907020249/http://chandrakant.jp/?page_id=807 |date=7 September 2013 }}<br /> # [http://madhukali.org/blog/reports/book-release-commitment-to-hindi-and-knowledge/ Book Release: Commitment to Hindi and Knowledge]<br /> # ''Raga-Rupanjali''. Ratna Publications: Varanasi. 2007. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928022543/http://www.omenad.net/articles/bjack_ragrup.htm A collection of Compositions of Sangeetendu Dr. Lalmani Misra] by Dr. Pushpa Basu.<br /> # Sharma, S.D. [http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080204/cth2.htm &quot;Women maestros&quot;]<br /> # Brahaspati, Saubhagyvardhan in [http://omenad.net/articles/4brahaspati.htm “4th Brahaspati Sangeet Samaroh at Chandigarh”]<br /> #''The Great Master of Hindustani Classical Music: Dr (Baba) Allauddin Khan (1881–1972)''. Dr Sarita McKenzie-McHarg.Pothi.com: Bangalore.2015<br /> #''Sangeet Pravah Chirantan''.Pathak, Santosh. Ed. NavjeevanPublication:Jaipur.2017<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://www.raginitrivedi.com/ Official website]<br /> * [http://omenad.net/articles/omeswarlipi.htm ''Sitar Compositions in Ome Swarlipi'']. Dr. Ragini Trivedi. 2010.<br /> * ''Sangeetendu Pandit Lalmani Ji Misra: Ek Pratibhavan Sangeetagya'', [http://janhaag.com/MUtewari.html Tewari, Laxmi Ganesh]. Swar Sadhana, California, 1996.<br /> * ''Shruti Aur Smriti:Mahan Sangeetagya Pandit Lalmani Misra'', [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928192146/http://opchourasiya.com/ Chourasiya, Omprakash], Ed. Madhukali Prakashan, Bhopal, August 1999.<br /> * ''Sangeetendu Acharya Lalmani Misra''. [http://omenad.net/articles/tribute_premlata.html Vidushi Premlata Sharma]<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Trivedi, Ragini}}<br /> [[Category:1960 births]]<br /> [[Category:Banaras Hindu University alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Hindustani instrumentalists]]<br /> [[Category:Entertainers from Kanpur]]<br /> [[Category:Indian sitar players]]<br /> [[Category:Jal tarang players]]<br /> [[Category:Vichitra veena players]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian women musicologists]]<br /> [[Category:Indian women classical musicians]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian musicians]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian women educators]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian women musicians]]<br /> [[Category:Indian musicologists]]<br /> [[Category:Educators from Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Women musicians from Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian women musicians]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian musicians]]<br /> [[Category:Women educators from Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century women educators]]</div>

Uravu https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telangana_Legislative_Assembly_election,_2014&diff=539963 2025-12-25T13:25:16Z

<p>Uravu: Made redirect</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]</div>

Uravu