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<div>{{Short description|Controversy regarding the election in Nandigram}}<br />
{{Infobox election<br />
| election_name = 2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election in Nandigram <br />
| candidate1 = [[Mamata Banerjee]]<br />
| image1 = File:Ms. Mamata Banerjee, in Kolkata on July 17, 2018 (cropped) (cropped).JPG<br />
| image1_upright =<br />
| party1 = All India Trinamool Congress<br />
| alliance1 = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election#All India Trinamool Congress+|AITC+]]<br />
| popular_vote1 = 108,808<br/><ref name=Nandigram>{{Cite web|date=2 May 2021|title=Nandigram: After Hours of Confusion, BJP's Suvendu Adhikari Emerges Winner|url=https://thewire.in/politics/nandigram-election-bengal-mamata-banerjee-suvendu-adhikari|work=The Wire}}</ref><ref name=210Nandigram>{{Cite web|title=Election Commission of India|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS25210.htm?ac=210|access-date=2021-05-02|website=results.eci.gov.in|archive-date=3 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503202328/https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS25210.htm?ac=210|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=oneindia210>{{Cite web|title=Nandigram Election Result 2021 LIVE: Nandigram MLA Election Result & Vote Share|url=https://www.oneindia.com/nandigram-assembly-elections-wb-210/|work=Oneindia}}</ref><ref name=timesnow210>{{Cite web|title=Nandigram Assembly Election Results 2021 LIVE - Nandigram Vidhan Sabha Election Results|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/nandigram-west-bengal-election-result-2021|work=Times Now}}</ref><ref name=ceowb210>{{Cite web|title=210|url=http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/UploadFiles/AE2021/Form20/210_Form20.pdf|work=Chief Electoral Officer, West Bengal|access-date=2021-11-17}}</ref><br />
| percentage1 = 47.64 %<br />
| candidate2 = [[Suvendu Adhikari]]<br />
| image2 = [[File:Suvendu Adhikari (cropped).jpg|100x100px]]<br />
| image2_upright =<br />
| party2 = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
| alliance2 = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]<br />
| popular_vote2 = 110,764<br/><ref name=Nandigram/><ref name=210Nandigram/><ref name=oneindia210/><ref name=timesnow210/><ref name=ceowb210/><br />
| percentage2 = 48.49 %<br />
| candidate3 = [[Minakshi Mukherjee]]<br />
| image3 = [[File:Minakshi Mukherjee 01.svg|100x100px]]<br />
| image3_upright = Minakshi Mukherjee 01.svg<br />
| party3 = Communist Party of India (Marxist)<br />
| alliance3 = [[Sanjukta Morcha]]<br />
| popular_vote3 = 6,267<br/><ref name=Nandigram/><ref name=210Nandigram/><ref name=oneindia210/><ref name=timesnow210/><ref name=ceowb210/><br />
| percentage3 = 2.74 %<br />
| before_election = [[Suvendu Adhikari]]<br />
| before_party = All India Trinamool Congress<br />
| after_election = [[Suvendu Adhikari]]<br />
| country = India<br />
| election_date = Thursday, 1 April 2021<br />
| type = legislative<br />
| ongoing = no<br />
| previous_election = 2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election<br />
| previous_year = 2016<br />
| next_election = [[2026]]<nowiki>West Bengal Legislative Assembly election</nowiki><br />
| next_year = 2026<br />
| turnout = 88.01% ({{increase}} 1.04%)<ref name=turnout>{{Cite web|date=3 April 2021|title=কারচুপি হয়নি, ফের ভোট নয় নন্দীগ্রামে|url=https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/west-bengal-news/haldia-news/west-bengal-assembly-election-2021-no-repoll-will-be-done-in-nandigram/articleshow/81883378.cms|work=Ei Samay|language=bn}}</ref><ref name=News18>{{Cite web|title=Nandigram Election 2021: Assembly Elections News, Nandigram Constituency, Vidhan Sabha|url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/west-bengal/nandigram-election-result-s25a210/|work=News18}}</ref><br />
| after_party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
<!--See Template:Infobox Settlement for additional fields that may be available--><br />
<!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--><br />
<!-- Basic info ----------------><br />
| name = Nandigram<!-- at least one of the first two fields must be filled in --><br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]<br />
| website =<br />
| area_code =<br />
| subdivision_name6 = 196,158 (2011)<br />
257,156 (2021)<ref name=News18/><br />
<!-- Area/postal codes & others --------><br />
| subdivision_type6 = Electorate (year)<br />
| subdivision_name5 = [[Tamluk (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tamluk]]<br />
| subdivision_type5 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br />
| subdivision_name4 = Open<br />
| subdivision_type4 = Type<br />
| subdivision_name3 = 210<br />
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of constituencies of the West Bengal Vidhan Sabha|Constituency No.]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Purba Medinipur district|Purba Medinipur]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]<br />
| official_name =<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|22|01|N|87|59|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[West Bengal]]}}|display=inline,title}}<br />
<!-- Location ------------------><br />
| map_caption = location of Nandigram Vidhan Sabha in West Bengal<br />
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#<br />
| motto =<br />
<!-- images and maps -----------><br />
| total_type = <!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows --><br />
| settlement_type = Vidhan Sabha constituency <!-- e.g. Town, Village, City, etc.--><br />
| native_name = <!-- if different from the English name --><br />
| other_name =<br />
| footnotes =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''[[Nandigram (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nandigram]]''' Vidhan Sabha constituency is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Purba Medinipur district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. The '''[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|General election to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal]]''' for 292 constituencies out of [[List of constituencies of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly|the 294 constituencies]] in [[West Bengal]] was held between 27 March to 29 April 2021 in eight phases.<ref>{{cite news|date=9 June 2019|title=BJP preparing blueprint for 2021 West Bengal polls|newspaper=Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bjp-preparing-blueprint-for-2021-west-bengal-polls/articleshow/69710607.cms}}</ref> Voting for the two remaining constituencies was delayed and was scheduled to be held on 16 May 2021.<ref name="AJTSchedule">{{Cite web|title=Bengal Polls: করোনায় প্রার্থীর মৃত্যুতে সামশেরগঞ্জ এবং জঙ্গিপুরে ভোট পিছিয়ে ১৬ মে, জানাল কমিশন|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/elections/west-bengal-assembly-election/wb-election-2021-election-commission-announces-new-date-of-polling-for-samserganj-and-jangipur-assembly-constituency-of-murshidabad-dgtl/cid/1277221|access-date=2021-04-22|website=Anandabazar|language=bn}}</ref> Polling in Nandigram took place on 1 April.<br />
<br />
On 18 January Mamata Banerjee announced at a rally in Nandigram that she would contest the upcoming assembly elections from Nandigram. Hours later, [[Suvendu Adhikari]], her close aide turn rival, declared he would defeat the CM by a margin of at least 50,000 votes or quit politics.<ref>{{Cite web|date=18 January 2021|title=Bengal polls: Mamata says will fight from Suvendu turf Nandigram; 'will defeat her or quit politics', he hits back|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/mamata-banerjee-west-bengal-polls-nandigram-7151222/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=প্রার্থী মমতা, উজ্জীবিত তৃণমূল|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/midnapore/tmc-workers-of-tamluk-enthusiastic-as-mamata-banerjee-herself-becomes-tmc-candidate/cid/1262248|website=Anandabazar|language=bn}}</ref><br />
<br />
On May 2, the returning officer declared Suvendu Adhikari to be winner after 17 rounds of counting. Mamata Banerjee called the result fraud and decided to move [[Calcutta High Court|High Court]] over recounting. Due to BJP's overall [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|loss in the state election]], Nandigram seat became a battle of prestige.<br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
<br />
=== Electoral system ===<br />
Outlined in Article 168 of the [[Constitution of India]], the West Bengal Legislative Assembly is the only house of the [[Unicameralism|unicameral legislature]] of [[West Bengal]] and not a permanent body and subject to dissolution.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Article 168 in The Constitution Of India 1949|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1555093/|access-date=13 October 2020|website=Indiankanoon.org}}</ref> The tenure of the Legislative Assembly is five years from the date appointed for its first sitting unless dissolved sooner. [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Members of the Legislative Assembly]] are directly elected by the people. The tenure of current West Bengal Legislative Assembly is scheduled to end on 30 May 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Terms of the Houses|url=https://eci.gov.in/elections/term-of-houses/|access-date=2021-03-05|website=Election Commission of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Political developments ===<br />
In the [[2019 Indian general election in West Bengal|2019 general elections]] AITC won 22 and the BJP won 18 of the 42 [[Lok Sabha]] seats in West Bengal.<ref>{{cite news|title=Election results 2019 West Bengal: TMC wins 22 seats, faces stiff battle from BJP|newspaper=India Today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/story/west-bengal-wb-lok-sabha-election-result-2019-live-1532372-2019-05-23}}</ref> Bagging 40 percent of the vote share, an increase from the previous time and in by-elections from [[2016–21 West Bengal Legislative Assembly by-elections|2016 to 2021]], BJP had also increased their seats in the legislative assembly by 31 as of 2021 through defections from TMC, Congress and Left leaders.<ref name="Romita Datta">Romita Datta, [https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/why-no-one-will-douse-the-caa-fire-in-bengal-1635533-2020-01-10 Why no one will douse the CAA fire in Bengal], India Today, 10 January 2020.</ref> According to various [[Political science|political analysts]], the shifting of [[Left Front (West Bengal)|left]] and other opposition voters towards the BJP caused the meteoric rise in BJP's vote share.<ref>{{Cite web|last=MN|first=Parth|date=31 March 2021|title=Why ex-communists are joining Modi's BJP in India's West Bengal|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/3/31/why-ex-communists-are-joining-modis-bjp-in-indias-west-bengal|access-date=2021-04-02|website=Al Jazeera}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=Sajjan|date=5 February 2021|title=How BJP turned West Bengal's Left support base in their favour|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/2021/feb/05/how-bjp-turned-west-bengals-left-support-base-in-their-favour-2259777.html|access-date=2021-04-02|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Sahay|first=Mohan|date=10 March 2021|title=View: Left helping BJP by default in West Bengal|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/view-left-helping-bjp-by-default-in-west-bengal/articleshow/81432277.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-04-02}}</ref><br />
Some Left cadres went to the house of the locals and had reportedly said "This time [[Rama]] (indicating BJP as 'Jay Shree Rām' is the slogan used by the Saffron Party), next time Left."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bengal election में TMC-BJP के आगे Left factor की कलई खुद Congress की बयानबाजी ने खोल कर रख दी!|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kTn0WR3w0kY|via=YouTube}}</ref> (Later on Mamata Banerjee said "CPM's harmads<ref>{{Cite web|title=What does harmad mean? Delhi hunts|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/what-does-harmad-mean-delhi-hunts/cid/450324|website=Telegraph India}}</ref> are all in BJP now. On the day of polling in Nandigram Suvendu said to mediapersons "All of them (pointing to his companions who were shouting 'Jay Shree Rām') are old Leftists. This Amdabad region is a stronghold of the Leftists. They are all with me."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wahidur Rahaman|url=https://www.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=2806069166323217&id=100007604834314|website=Facebook}}</ref>)<br />
<br />
Adhikari attempted communal polarisation in Nandigram and started saying things that attempt to divide Hindus and Muslims.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Suvendu attempts polarisation in Nandigram, plays numbers card|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/suvendu-attempts-polarisation-in-nandigram-plays-numbers-card/articleshow/80355772.cms|website=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 10 March Banerjee filed her nomination at the Haldia sub-divisional office headquarters. Around 6:15 pm she got injured when she was about to leave the Birulia market area. She alleged that she was pushed by "four-five people" who manhandled her and slammed the door of her car on her foot. Banerjee was taken to SSKM Hospital in Kolkata for treatment.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mamata Banerjee 'attacked' in Nandigram: Key developments|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/mamata-banerjee-attacked-in-nandigram-key-developments/articleshow/81434254.cms|website=The Times of India}}</ref> BJP MP [[Subramanian Swamy]] had directly made a call to Mamata Banerjee's office and inquired about the health of the Chief Minister. Later, he also gave a statement wishing her recovery.<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 March 2021|title=বিরোধীদের কদর্য মন্তব্য ঘিরে নিন্দার ঝড় উঠল দেশজুড়ে|url=https://bartamanpatrika.com/detailNews.php?cID=13&nID=282985&P=1&nPID=20210312|website=bartamanpatrika.com|language=bn}}</ref> A day after being injured, Mamata released a video message urging people and party workers to be calm and exercise restraint.<ref>{{Cite web|date=11 March 2021|title=Mamata releases message from hospital, says, 'Please be calm'|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/west-bengal-assembly-election/mamata-releases-message-from-hospital-says-please-be-calm-101615453981707.html|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=11 March 2021|title=Mamata Banerjee's Video Message: 'কর্মসূচির কোনও পরিবর্তন হবে না, প্রয়োজনে হুইল চেয়ারে যাব', বার্তা মমতার|url=https://bengali.abplive.com/videos/elections/mamata-banerjee-s-video-message-i-will-get-back-to-work-within-2-3-days-says-mamata-banerjee-805237|website=bengali.abplive.com}}</ref> Two days after being admitted, she left the hospital on a wheelchair with her left foot plastered. Doctors at the SSKM Hospital took the decision after the Trinamool supremo repeatedly requested them to discharge her from the medical establishment.<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 March 2021|title=Mamata Banerjee discharged from hospital after 2 days, leaves on wheelchair|url=https://theprint.in/politics/mamata-banerjee-discharged-from-hospital-after-2-days-leaves-on-wheelchair/620842/}}</ref> Eyewitness Nitai Maity, a sweet shopkeeper, had said "The crowd was already there. But as soon as the car arrived, it was as if the area was flooded with people. There was a bit of pushing. In the meantime, Mamata Banerjee had just opened the front door of the car and had just stepped out. Suddenly there was a push from outside and the door closed. Mamata Banerjee suddenly fell to the ground with a severe leg injury."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bangla|first=TV9|date=11 March 2021|title=দোকানের সামনে ভিড় ছিলই, মমতা গাড়ি থেকে পা নামাতেই আকস্মিক বিষয়টা ঘটে!|url=https://tv9bangla.com/kolkata/mamata-banerjee-injured-in-nandigram-what-exactly-happened-with-mamata-banerjee-in-nandigram-eyewitnesses-said-337736.html|website=TV9 Bangla}}</ref> Medinipur DIG Kunal Agarwal, District Magistrate Bivu Goel and Superintendent of Police Praveen Prakash went to Birulia Bazar in Nandigram on Thursday morning to collect statements of eyewitnesses before sending their report to the Election Commission. TMC and BJP workers clashed in front of the DM and the SP.<br />
<br />
On 13 March Samyukt Kisan Morcha (SKM) addressed a mahapanchayat at Nandigram and appealed to the local public not to vote for the BJP.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rakesh Tikait, Medha Patkar Share Stage in Nandigram, Ask People to Defeat BJP|url=https://thewire.in/politics/nandigram-rakesh-tikait-medha-patkar-bjp-west-bengal-election-farmers-protest|website=The Wire}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Yashwant Sinha]] joined TMC at Trinamool Bhavan on the same day. About this decision he said “The tipping point was the attack (the alleged Nandigram incident in which Mamata hurt her left foot). This (BJP) government can do anything to win an election,” and that he will work together with Mamata Banerjee to save democracy. “She has always been a fighter” said Sinha while disclosing that Mamata had offered to be a hostage as part of a negotiation strategy during the Kandahar hijacking crisis. “She was ready to make the ultimate sacrifice for the country” Sinha added.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Yashwant Sinha joins TMC, recalls Didi's 'hostage offer'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/yashwant-sinha-joins-tmc-recalls-didis-hostage-offer/articleshow/81490052.cms|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Why Yashwant Sinha's Decision to Join the TMC Is Politically Significant|url=https://thewire.in/politics/yashwant-sinha-joins-tmc-politically-significant-bjp-mamata-banerjee|website=The Wire}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 15 March Adhikari sought removal of Banerjee's electoral roll from Nandigram alleging that the Bengal CM withheld information about six criminal cases against her while filing her nomination affidavit.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|title=Suvendu seeks rejection of Mamata's nomination for 'suppressing' info on criminal cases|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/suvendu-seeks-rejection-of-mamatas-nomination-for-suppressing-info-on-criminal-cases-225572|website=Tribuneindia News Service}}</ref> News came in later that at least one of the cases mentioned by BJP — a CBI case in Asansol — had to do with “a different Mamata Banerjee and not the Bengal CM”.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-16|title=Mamata Banerjee withheld info while filing nomination: Suvendu Adhikari|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/suvendu-adhikari-seeks-rejection-of-mamata-banerjees-nomination-for-suppressing-info-on-criminal-cases/articleshow/81511939.cms|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-15|title=Suvendu urges EC to reject Mamata's papers, cites cases in Assam|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/suvendu-urges-ec-to-reject-mamata-s-papers-cites-cases-in-assam-101615832993832.html|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> On 17 March local women protested with brooms and shoes before Suvendu's convoy in Nandigram.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/elections/west-bengal-assembly-election/wb-election-suvendu-adhikari-faces-a-huge-protest-at-nandigram-dgtld/cid/1271501|title=Bengal polls: নন্দীগ্রামে ঝাঁটা-জুতো হাতে শুভেন্দুর পথ আটকাল তৃণমূলের প্রমীলা বাহিনী|website=Anandabazar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/west-bengal-news/others/bjp-leader-suvendu-adhikari-faces-protest-at-nandigram/articleshow/81558153.cms|title=West Bengal Assembly Election 2021: নন্দীগ্রামে শুভেন্দুর কনভয়ের সামনে ঝাঁটা-জুতো হাতে মহিলাদের বিক্ষোভ|website=Ei Samay}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=18 March 2021|url=https://bartamanpatrika.com/detailNews.php?cID=17&nID=284159&P=1&nPID=20210318|title=নন্দীগ্রামে মহিলাদের তাড়া খেলেন শুভেন্দু|website=bartamanpatrika.com|language=bn}}</ref> On the same day TMC demanded cancellation of the nomination of Suvendu Adhikari alleging that Adhikari filed “false particulars of his residence” in his nomination paper.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bengal polls: হলদিয়াতেও ভোটার শুভেন্দু, নন্দীগ্রাম থেকে নাম কাটার আর্জি নিয়ে কমিশনে তৃণমূল|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/elections/west-bengal-assembly-election/west-bengal-election-2021-tmc-files-complaint-against-suvendu-adhikari-in-election-commission-as-his-name-appears-in-nandigram-and-haldia-constituency-dgtl/cid/1271463|website=Anandabazar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/west-bengal/article/tmc-seeks-rejection-of-suvendu-adhikari-s-nomination-from-nandigram/733559|title=TMC seeks rejection of Suvendu Adhikari's nomination for 'filing false particulars of residence'|website=Times Now}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/in-tit-for-tat-tmc-seeks-cancellation-of-suvendu-adhikaris-nomination-from-nandigram-7233056/|title=In tit-for-tat, TMC seeks cancellation of Suvendu Adhikari's nomination from Nandigram|date=17 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kwe0Fiax9dc|title=শুভেন্দুর নাম বাতিলের দাবি|via=YouTube}}</ref> Next day, Nandigram was heated around Suvendu Adhikari's programme. Trinamool and BJP workers clashed in Sonachura. Several people from both sides were admitted to the hospital in bloody condition.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cHmopU0Lb2s|title=District News : ভোটের মুখে রক্ত ঝরল নন্দীগ্রামে, মোদি-মমতার প্রচারে ফিরল মাওবাদী প্রসঙ্গ|via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NJSNQbIKd_o|title=Nandigram Clash : নন্দীগ্রামে মার-পাল্টা মার|via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/elections/wb-election-2021-violence-increases-in-nandigram-as-state-nears-poll-day-dgtld/cid/1271609|title=Bengal Polls: মার-পাল্টা মারে ফুটছে নন্দীগ্রাম, ‘জঙ্গলরাজ চলছে’, অভিযোগ করলেন শুভেন্দু|website=Anandabazar}}</ref> On 22 March Trinamool's Rajya Sabha MP [[Derek O'Brien (politician)|Derek O’Brien]] lodged a complaint to Election Commission that Suvendu was giving shelter to 'outsiders' at four houses of Nandigram, mentioning addresses of each houses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/elections/west-bengal-assembly-election/wb-election-2021-suvendu-adhikari-gave-shelter-to-outsiders-in-nandigram-tmc-files-complaint-to-election-commission-dgtl/cid/1272357|title=Bengal Polls: নন্দীগ্রামে ৪টি বাড়িতে বহিরাগত জড়ো করেছেন শুভেন্দু, ঠিকানা ধরে কমিশনে নালিশ তৃণমূলের|website=Anandabazar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rk8SJgausxk|title=নন্দীগ্রামে বহিরাগতদের আশ্রয় দিচ্ছেন শুভেন্দু|via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s91VE_X75Xo|title=নন্দীগ্রামে দুষ্কৃতী কমিশনে তৃণমূল|via=YouTube}}</ref><ref name=Pabitra_Kar>{{Cite web|date=24 March 2021|url=https://bartamanpatrika.com/detailNews.php?cID=13&nID=285282&P=1&nPID=20210324|title=বহিরাগত দুষ্কৃতী নন্দীগ্রামে জড়ো করেছে বিজেপি &#124; কমিশনে তৃণমূল|website=bartamanpatrika.com|language=bn}}</ref> The next day, [[Kakoli Ghosh Dastidar]] told ABP Ananda that BJP goons are terrorising the people of Khodambari and Haridevpur (probably mistaken for Haripur) in Nandigram.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Opinion Poll : CNX Opinion Poll : 23.03.21: কী বলছে সিএনএক্স-এর তৃতীয় দফার সমীক্ষা?|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rA-f8SAV46M|via=YouTube}}</ref> On 26 March Suvendu had to face another protest while campaigning in Nandigram. On the same day, Derek O’Brien and Kakoli Ghosh Dastidar complained to EC that Suvendu was gathering miscreants in some constituencies to create unrest.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bengal Polls: নন্দীগ্রামে বাড়ির ছাদে জড়ো হয়েছে বহিরাগত দুষ্কৃতীরা, কমিশনে অভিযোগ তৃণমূলের|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/elections/west-bengal-assembly-election/wb-election-2021-tmc-approaches-election-commission-regarding-peaceful-election-in-bengal-dgtl/cid/1272883|website=Anandabazar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=26 March 2021|title=নন্দীগ্রামে গুন্ডাদের আশ্রয় দিচ্ছেন শুভেন্দু, হামলার ষড়যন্ত্র হয়েছে, প্রমাণ সহ কমিশনে তৃণমূল|url=https://www.aajkaal.in/news/state/trinamool-parliamentary-delegation-briefed-the-media-after-meeting-the-election-commission-in-kolkata-fjux|website=www.aajkaal.in|language=bn}}</ref> Next day, a woman was injured in bombing and TMC blocked road in protest.<ref>{{Cite web|title=WB First Phase Voting: নন্দীগ্রামে বোমাবাজিতে জখম মহিলা, প্রতিবাদে পথ অবরোধ TMC-র|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ArPJTxJTcR4|via=YouTube}}</ref> On 30 March Suvendu Adhikari shared a fake post which claimed that he was about to win in Nandigram according to a survey done by [[Kolkata TV]].<ref>{{Cite AV media|title=শুভেন্দুর ভরসা কলকাতা টিভি|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Aa3wvQkc8l8|publisher=[[Kolkata TV|KOLKATA TV]]|via=[[YouTube]]|language=bn}}</ref><br />
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On the eve of polling in Nandigram, Election Commission ordered the transfer of the sub-divisional police officer of Haldia and the circle inspector of Mahishadal in Purba Medinipur district to non-election assignments<ref>{{Cite web|date=March 31, 2021|title=Election Commission orders transfer of 2 West Bengal police officers|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/west-bengal-assembly-polls-2021/story/election-commission-removes-bengal-returning-officer-others-1785393-2021-03-31|website=India Today}}</ref> and imposed Section 144 in that constituency.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Saha|first=Poulomi|date=April 1, 2021|title=Bengal Election: Section 144 imposed in Nandigram ahead of polling|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/west-bengal-assembly-polls-2021/story/bengal-election-sec-144-imposed-in-nandigram-ahead-of-polling-1785600-2021-03-31|website=India Today}}</ref> Sisir Adhikari's telephonic conversation got viral on the same day. Sisir had called up Kaizar Sheikh, the TMC president of Amdabad II (a gram panchayat of [[Nandigram II]] block) and urged him to help get votes in favour of his son Suvendu Adhikari. Later, Kaizar said "I will not respond to the calls of 'gaddars' (traitors), who left the party after making a huge amount of money. I am a true liutenant of Mamata Banerjee and would continue to be the same."<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 April 2021|title=Audio clip of Sisir Adikari seeking help for son Suvendu from TMC leader goes viral|url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/audio-clip-of-sisir-adikari-seeking-help-for-son-suvendu-from-tmc-leader-goes-viral-435932|website=www.millenniumpost.in}}</ref> A BJP worker was arrested from Sonachura of Nandigram in the act of supplying bombs on the night before the polls. He was told to do this by a BJP leader.<ref>{{Cite web|date=31 March 2021|title=নন্দীগ্রামে নেতার কথায় বোমা সাপ্লাই করতে গিয়ে হাতেনাতে পাকড়াও বিজেপি সমর্থক|url=https://biswabanglasangbad.com/2021/04/01/nandigram-bjp-bomb-police-arrest-assembly-election/|work=বিশ্ব বাংলা সংবাদ|language=bn}}</ref><br />
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On the day of second phase polling i.e. 1 April, tensions erupted over allegations of bombings in some places and obstruction of voting in booths. Allegations of obstruction of voting against BJP were made in booths 13, 14, 18, 19 and 20 of Boyal<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bengal Polls: বোমাবাজি, ভোটদানে বাধার অভিযোগকে ঘিরে উত্তপ্ত নন্দীগ্রাম|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/elections/west-bengal-assembly-election/wb-election-2021-people-of-nandigram-are-standing-in-long-queue-to-cast-their-vote-dgtl/cid/1273677|website=Anandabazar}}</ref> While visiting booths in Nandigram Suvendu had to face 'go back' slogans at Satengabari.<ref>{{Cite web|title=শুভেন্দুকে 'গো ব্যাক', পালটা 'মমতার দুধেল গাই' বলে কটাক্ষ BJP প্রার্থীর|url=https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/west-bengal-news/haldia-news/trinamool-supporter-raise-go-back-slogan-at-suvendu-adhikari-at-satengabari-nandigram/articleshow/81826655.cms|website=Ei Samay}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Desk|first=EBBS|date=1 April 2021|title=নন্দীগ্রামে শুভেন্দুর গাড়িকে লক্ষ্য করে ইট, গোব্যাক স্লোগান|url=https://biswabanglasangbad.com/2021/04/01/attack-at-shuvendus-car-in-nandigram/|website=বিশ্ব বাংলা সংবাদ}}</ref> At afternoon the Chief Minister visited some booths across the Nandigram constituency where local TMC leaders complained that their election agents were not being allowed to enter booths.<br />
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A day after the polling, stray clashes took place between workers of the TMC and the BJP in some parts of Nandigram.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|title=West Bengal Assembly polls: Stray clashes in Nandigram a day after polling|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/west-bengal-assembly-polls-stray-clashes-in-nandigram-a-day-after-polling-233709|website=Tribuneindia News Service}}</ref><br />
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On 8 April the EC issued a notice to Suvendu Adhikari for communal overtones in his 29 March speech in Nandigram. In that speech Suvendu was making references to one "Begum" (a veiled dig at Mamata Banerjee).<ref>{{Cite web|date=9 April 2021|title=নন্দীগ্রামে উস্কানিমূলক মন্তব্যের জের, শুভেন্দুকেও নোটিস ধরাল কমিশন|url=https://aajkaal.in/news/title/wb-election-2021--election-commission-issues-notice-to-suvendu-adhikari-after-mamata-banerjee-jo59|website=www.aajkaal.in|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=9 April 2021|title=West Bengal Assembly Elections &#124; EC notice to Suvendu Adhikari over hate speech complaint|newspaper=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/west-bengal-assembly/ec-notice-to-suvendu-adhikari-over-hate-speech-complaint/article34274947.ece|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|date=8 April 2021|title=EC notice to Suvendu Adhikari for communal overtones in his speech|newspaper=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/elections/ec-notice-to-suvendu-adhikari-for-communal-overtones-in-his-speech-121040801547_1.html|via=Business Standard}}</ref> In his reply to the EC notice, Suvendu Adhikari claimed that he never made any personal attack or derogatory remarks against any political leader. However, on 13 April, the EC issued a warning to him for making derogatory statements in his speech.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Paliwal|first=Aishwarya|date=April 14, 2021|title=Bengal polls: EC issues warning to Suvendu Adhikari for making derogatory statements in Nandigram speech|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/west-bengal-assembly-polls-2021/story/ec-warning-suvendu-adhikari-nandigram-hate-speech-1790429-2021-04-13|website=India Today}}</ref><br />
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=== Events on and after the day of counting ===<br />
The votes were counted on 2 May. All eyes were set on the updates of high-voltage Nandigram constituency.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 May 2021|title=Mamata Banerjee wins Nandigram by 1,200 votes after close contest against BJP's Suvendu Adhikari|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/west-bengal-assembly-election/all-eyes-on-mamata-vs-suvendu-in-battleground-nandigram-101619918668396.html|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> 17 rounds of counting was to be done before declaring the winner. Mamata Banerjee was trailing in initial rounds. The EC informed that announcement of results for Nandigram would be delayed because of problem in server.<ref>{{cite news|date=2021-05-02|title=Bengal Election Result: নন্দীগ্রামের ফল ঘোষণায় দেরি, সার্ভার সমস্যার কথা জানাল কমিশন|language=bn|website=Anandabazar|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/elections/west-bengal-assembly-election/west-bengal-assembly-election-result-2021-tmc-claims-mamata-banerjee-will-won-nandigramdgtl/cid/1278950}}</ref> In the 16th round, when the counting of votes in Gokulnagar panchayat area started, Mamata fell behind.<ref>{{Cite web|title=WB Election Result: দিদি নয়, নন্দীগ্রামে দাদার জয়, ১৬২২ ভোটে জিতেছেন শুভেন্দু|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/elections/west-bengal-assembly-election/west-bengal-election-result-2021-mamata-banerjee-loses-in-nandigram-suvendu-adhikari-wins-dgtl/cid/1278994|access-date=2021-07-13|website=www.anandabazar.com|language=bn}}</ref> After the 16th round, the counting of 17th round was delayed by an hour. According to the staffs involved in the counting, postal ballots were being counted at that time. At the end of the seventeenth round, it was announced that Mamata Banerjee had won. Though later, it was declared that Suvendu had defeated (his) former party leader by approximately 1,956 votes.<ref name=Nandigram/><ref name=210Nandigram/><ref name=oneindia210/><ref name=timesnow210/> According to the Election Commission's final data, a total of 228,405 valid votes were counted. Both sides continued to claim that they won Nandigram. Security was beefed up in the vicinity of the Haldia counting centre amid fears of unrest.<br />
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Union Ministers [[Rajnath Singh]] and [[Nirmala Sitharaman]] congratulated Mamata Banerjee on Twitter for her party's victory.<ref>{{cite tweet|author=Rajnath Singh|user=rajnathsingh|number=1388804121482784768|date=2 May 2021|title=Congratulations to the Chief Minister of West Bengal, @MamataOfficial Didi on her party's victory in West Bengal assembly elections. My best wishes to her for her next tenure.|access-date=9 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607080944/https://twitter.com/rajnathsingh/status/1388804121482784768|archive-date=7 June 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|author=Nirmala Sitharaman|user=nsitharaman|number=1388809172909641728|date=2 May 2021|title=Congratulations @MamataOfficial didi on @AITCofficial being elected again in the Assembly election. Good wishes for your next tenure.|access-date=9 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607080941/https://twitter.com/nsitharaman/status/1388809172909641728|archive-date=7 June 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Jay Prakash Majumdar, Vice President of BJP West Bengal, congratulated Ms Banerjee from BJP's press conference.<br />
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While TMC was leading in West Bengal, [[Prashant Kishor]] (who repeatedly claimed beforehand that the BJP won't cross double digit in the results of this election<ref>{{cite tweet|author=Prashant Kishor|user=PrashantKishor|number=1340882902628749317|date=21 December 2020|title=For all the hype AMPLIFIED by a section of supportive media, in reality BJP will struggle to CROSS DOUBLE DIGITS in #WestBengal PS: Please save this tweet and if BJP does any better I must quit this space!|access-date=16 June 2021}}</ref>) made the announcement of quitting the profession of election strategist. Talking about his experience in Bengal, Kishor alleged that the campaigning was made difficult due to Election Commission's bias and the TMC went through "hell" to fight the propaganda built by the BJP to showcase that it was winning. "EC is working like the extension of the BJP," said Kishor.<ref>{{cite web|title=WB Election Results 2021: 'পক্ষপাতদুষ্ট কমিশন', TMC-কে জিতিয়ে ভোটকুশলীর কাজ থেকে ছুটির ঘোষণা পিকের|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=td0YMJkWREQ|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Prashant Kishor: 'Quitting this space', says Prashant Kishor as Trinamool Congress leads in West Bengal|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/west-bengal-assembly-elections-2021-quitting-this-space-says-prashant-kishore-as-trinamool-congress-leads-in-state/articleshow/82355361.cms}}</ref> At 4:25 pm [[Asian News International|ANI]] announced that Mamata Banejee had defeated Suvendu Adhikari by a margin of over 1,200 votes.<ref>{{cite tweet|author=ANI|user=ANI|number=1388809417672384514|date=2 May 2021|title=West Bengal CM Mamata Banerjee wins Nandigram constituency by 1200 votes, defeating BJP's Suvendu Adhikari. (File photo) https://t.co/kMzRKcmqJH|access-date=9 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525032313/https://twitter.com/ANI/status/1388809417672384514|archive-date=25 May 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=West Bengal polls: Mamata Banerjee wins from Nandigram|work=ANI News|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/politics/west-bengal-polls-mamata-banerjee-wins-from-nandigram20210502170219}}</ref> According to another source, this margin was 3,717.<ref>{{Cite AV media|date=2 May 2021|title=ট্যুইটারে মমতাকে অভ্যর্থনা|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nqEgO3xUg6Q|publisher=[[Kolkata TV|KOLKATA TV]]|via=YouTube|language=bn}}</ref> Jay Prakash said to the press "Suvendu Adhikari has given a tough fight to the Chief Minister of Bengal. For this, he deserves applause."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Op4OPCnhHYk|title=WB Election Results 2021 Live: নন্দীগ্রামে জয়, মমতাকে অভিনন্দন নির্মলা-রাজনাথের|via=www.youtube.com}}</ref><br />
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After winning legislative election, Mamata Banerjee walked outside her residence and told her supporters, "I request all to not take out victory processions. I urge everyone to go back to their homes now. I would like to thank everyone. This is the victory of Bengal's people and Bengal. Only Bengal can (achieve such a feat)."<ref>{{Cite web|title=All India Trinamool Congress|url=https://www.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=780337375799008&id=218904931482352|website=Facebook}}</ref> Mamata Banerjee, in her first press conference post victory, announced that TMC will celebrate their victory at [[Maidan (Kolkata)|Brigade]] after the COVID situation improves.<ref>{{Cite web|title=WB Election: করোনা মিটলে ২১ জুলাই ব্রিগেডে বিজয় সমাবেশ|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/elections/west-bengal-assembly-election/wb-election-2021-tmc-to-celebrate-their-victory-at-brigade-after-corona-situation-improves-at-bengal/cid/1279236|website=Anandabazar}}</ref> She made a request to the Central Government to give free vaccines to all countrymen (earlier she had written to the PM seeking permission to “purchase vaccination doses directly with state funds and launch a massive free vaccination campaign in the state covering the entire population”) and also alerted that if they don't do this, she will start her nonviolent movement in front of [http://wikimapia.org/1935080/Gandhi-Statue Gandhi Statue]. "I am proud to say that Bengal saved the country" she said. "Election Commission fought with us just like a BJP spokesperson. When I raised the issue for Nandigram, you didn't believe that how they looted (votes). They (EC) have shut down the server (at Nandigram) for about three hours, they announced the victory and after that they are saying something else. Some cheating is going on. We will fight this in the Court. We will file a case and fight for this. That's only one seat and we don't mind for that because Bengal won the match. Don't worry for Nandigram, for a struggle you have to sacrifice something. I struggled for Nandigram because I fought a movement. It's okay. Let the Nandigram people give me whatever verdict they want, I'll accept that. All it matters that we gained landslide victory and BJP has lost the election.”<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mamata Banerjee|url=https://www.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=207428104271514&id=364551790278835|website=Facebook}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=3 May 2021|title='নন্দীগ্রামের গণনায় কারচুপি হয়েছে, কোর্টে যাবে তৃণমূল'|url=https://bartamanpatrika.com/detailNews.php?cID=13&nID=292689&P=1&nPID=20210503|website=bartamanpatrika.com|language=bn}}</ref><br />
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A delegation of TMC leaders Derek O’Brien, [[Kalyan Banerjee (politician)|Kalyan Banerjee]], [[Firhad Hakim]] and [[Atin Ghosh]] went to the office of Election Commission in demand of recounting in Nandigram and submitted a letter to the Commission alleging fraud in the Nandigram count.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bengal Election Result: নন্দীগ্রামে পুনর্গণনা চেয়ে কমিশনের দ্বারস্থ তৃণমূল নেতৃত্ব|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/elections/west-bengal-assembly-election/west-bengal-assembly-election-result-2021tmc-wants-recounting-at-nandigram-dgtl/cid/1279034|website=Anandabazar}}</ref> In addition to demanding recounts, various problems and inconsistent aspects of the counting process were highlighted. For example, the counting process was stalled from time-to-time, which was not reported by the commission; there has been tampering and mismanagement of numbers from the EVM; invalid votes in favour of BJP have been counted; valid votes cast in favour of the other side (i.e. TMC) have not been counted; there were inconsistencies in the counting of postal ballots. They requested in writing to recount the votes of Nandigram Centre with postal ballots. They complained that Mamata Banerjee's demand for a recount was refused by the Returning Officer 'for reasons unknown', which is not good at all in the eyes of the law.<ref name=sangbadpratidin>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-02|title=পরিবর্তন নয় প্রত্যাবর্তন, ২০০'র বেশি আসন নিয়ে বাংলার মসনদে ফের তৃণমূল-ই|url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/bengal/wb-elections-result-tmc-wins-more-than-200-seats-in-bengal/|website=www.sangbadpratidin.in|language=bn}}</ref><br />
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Though Suvendu Adhikari was officially declared winner in Nandigram by the Election Commission, he lost the battle to retain the so-called Adhikari stronghold. The TMC had practically won the whole of Medinipur. It was clear from the results of the 2021 election that the Adhikaris dominated the region at the mercy of the TMC. Out of 16 seats in East Midnapore, 9 went to the Trinamool. In West Midnapore, 13 out of 15 seats were occupied by TMC. In Jhargram, the ruling party won all of the 4 seats. The BJP had won only 2 of the 8 assembly seats in the [[Tamluk (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tamluk Lok Sabha constituency]], from where Suvendu had previously won twice. Leaving Nandigram and Haldia, the Trinamool bagged the rest of it. It is worth mentioning that the incumbent MP from Tamluk Lok Sabha constituency is [[Dibyendu Adhikari]], the brother of Suvendu Adhikari.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Desk|first=EBBS|date=2 May 2021|title=পূর্ব মেদিনীপুরে ভেঙে চুরমার অধিকারী গড়ের মিথ, নন্দীগ্রাম নিয়ে আদালতে যাবে তৃণমূল|url=https://biswabanglasangbad.com/2021/05/02/adhikari-myth-demolished-in-medinipur-west-bengal/|website=বিশ্ব বাংলা সংবাদ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=নন্দীগ্রামে জিতলেও মেদিনীপুর রইল তৃণমূলের, জিতেও কার্যত হেরেছেন শুভেন্দুই|url=https://bangla.asianetnews.com/west-bengal-election/nandigram-remained-to-the-tmc-shuvendu-adhikari-practically-lost-even-after-winning-qsizax|website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Live: নন্দীগ্রাম এবং অবিভক্ত মেদিনীপুর। ভোট বিশ্লেষণে Kunal Ghosh|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6ek6c0zqI9s|via=YouTube}}</ref> Not only that but the BJP was practically lagging behind TMC in the booth (booth no. 83 of ward no. 15 of [[Contai|Kanthi]] municipality) of Kanthi in East Midnapore where the members of the Adhikari family cast their votes. According to the data released by the commission, the BJP was trailing behind the Trinamool Congress by not one or two, but 54 votes.<ref>{{cite news|date=2021-05-06|title=কাঁটা অধিকারী বুথেও, 'ব্যাকফুটে' পদ্ম শিবির|language=bn|work=Hindustantimes Bangla|url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/elections/west-bengal-assembly-election-2021/bjp-is-lagging-behind-in-kanthi-where-adhikari-family-cast-their-vote/31620280736679.html}}</ref><br />
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Speaking to mediapersons at her Kalighat office on 3 May, Mamata Banerjee said that she received an SMS by 11 pm on previous night. The returning officer of Nandigram had written this message to one of his acquaintances (whose identity she didn't disclose). She called a person to read it loud. It read "Sir It is not my preview (probably a mistake for 'purview'). Sir, plz save me. My family will ruin. I have no other option but to commit suicide. Life threat is coming. I may be murdered. I had nothing to do. Plz forgive me. I have a little daughter." After it was read, Ms Banerjee said "The returning officer says if he orders a recount, his life could be at stake. Do you understand what that means, what happened there? Same result everywhere. And in one place, eight thousand votes suddenly became zero! The server (of EC) was down for four hours. Then there was forty minutes of load shedding. The machine (EVM) was changed. (The BJP) has done a lot. What is there to fear if a recount was demanded? Anyone can officially demand for a recount. Why the Election Commission did not order for recount? What is their interest? You have seen the deadly words of the recounting officer that he had to work at the gun point. He could not work because he had life threat. What is this? Every reporter had seen and announced (my victory), the Election Commission had announced, the Governor called me (to congratulate). Then everything turned upside down! I have never seen such 'mafiagiri'. Anyway, we want it to be judged. We will definitely move to the Court. Our party workers have started a movement (in Nandigram). EC has to give in writing that EVMs, [[Voter-verified paper audit trail|VVPAT]], postal ballots should be kept in a separate place so that the EVMs don't get tampered and if those had been tampered, there will be a forensic audit. Until those are kept in separate custody, their movement will continue." She also said that the two observers sitting there (inside the counting centre) were very biased and their aim was to defeat her anyhow. Mamata also took a jibe at Prime Minister Narendra Modi, alleging he did not call to congratulate her on the TMC's win. Mamata said, "This is the first time a prime minister did not call."<ref>{{Cite AV media|date=3 May 2021|title=Press conference at Kalighat I কালীঘাটে সাংবাদিক সম্মেলন।|url=https://www.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=188902356386217&id=364551790278835|publisher=Mamata Banerjee|language=bn|via=Facebook}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media|date=3 May 2021|title=Press conference at Kalighat I কালীঘাটে সাংবাদিক সম্মেলন।|url= https://www.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=188903109719475&id=218904931482352|publisher=All India Trinamool Congress|language=bn|via=Facebook}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media|date=3 May 2021|title=বন্দুকের নলের মুখে নন্দীগ্রামে পুনর্গণনার নির্দেশ দেননি রিটার্নিং অফিসার, বিস্ফোরক Mamata Banerjee|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HoUITlN-mhI|publisher=ABP ANANDA|language=bn|via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=3 May 2021|title=Nandigram returning officer was threatened by EC official, says Mamata|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2021/05/03/nandigram-returning-officer-was-threatened-by-ec-official-says-mamata.html|website=The Week}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=3 May 2021|title=Bengal elections: পুনর্গণনা দিলে প্রাণ সংশয়, নন্দীগ্রামের ভোটকর্তার বার্তা দেখালেন মমতা|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/elections/west-bengal-assembly-election/wb-election-assembly-election-results-2021-mamata-banerjee-says-returninmg-officer-fears-he-will-be-killed-if-recounting-takes-place-in-nandigram-dgtl/cid/1279121|website=www.anandabazar.com|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=3 May 2021|title='রিটার্নিং অফিসার প্রাণনাশের হুমকি পেয়েছেন', নন্দীগ্রামকাণ্ডে চাঞ্চল্যকর দাবি মমতার|url=https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/west-bengal-news/kolkata-news/mamata-banerjee-shocking-claim-on-nandigram-counting-in-bengal-elections/articleshow/82369629.cms|website=Ei Samay|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=3 May 2021|title=রিটার্নিং অফিসারকে খুনের হুমকি দেওয়া হয়েছিল, নন্দীগ্রামের হার বিস্ফোরক মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়|url=https://bangla.asianetnews.com/west-bengal-election/suddenly-every-thing-changed-mamata-banerjee-says-about-nandigram-vote-counting-bsm-qsj1qk|website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=4 May 2021|title=খুনের হুমকিতেই পুনর্গণনায় রাজি হননি রিটার্নিং অফিসার {{!}} নন্দীগ্রামে ষড়যন্ত্র নিয়ে বিস্ফোরক মমতা|url=https://bartamanpatrika.com/detailNews.php?cID=13&nID=292856&P=1&nPID=20210504|newspaper=Bartaman|language=bn}}</ref><br />
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The Election Commission wrote a fresh letter to the West Bengal chief secretary directing to take all appropriate measures to keep a strict watch and monitor on a regular basis the security provided to the returning officer of Nandigram. The EC has also asked that the officer should also be extended appropriate medical support and counselling. The West Bengal government informed the EC that it has, on the latter's directions, provided security to the officer both in person, with two personal security officers assigned for the job, and at his home. The EC clarified that the “returning officer appointed by the poll panel is the final authority under the law” to decide on recounting at Nandigram Assembly constituency, "Since the returning officer has rejected the recount decision, there will be no new recount. That verdict can now be challenged only in the court." Trinamool MP Sukhendu Sekhar Roy had spoken out against the commission's decision. He said "The Election Commission is now trying to cover the fish with vegetables (i.e. to hide in a superficial way). Our question is, how was the server down for four hours? Why was the counting of votes stopped for two hours? Why did the postal ballot counting suddenly start in the midway? The commission says the agents have signed the document after each round of counting, we will verify that." He said "If anyone's life is in danger, the administration will look into that matter. The administration will take appropriate steps in that regard. In that case political party has nothing to do. But the commission is talking so much on Tuesday. Until Monday night, providing security was the responsibility of the Election Commission."<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 May 2021|title=Security provided to returning officer of Nandigram assembly constituency: WB govt informs EC|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/security-provided-to-returning-officer-of-nandigram-assembly-constituency-wb-govt-informs-ec/articleshow/82388327.cms|work=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=5 May 2021|title=নন্দীগ্রামের সেই রিটার্নিং অফিসারকে সুরক্ষা দিতে রাজ্যকে নির্দেশ কমিশনের {{!}} মমতার পরাজয়ে কারচুপির কথা তুলল কংগ্রেসও|url=https://bartamanpatrika.com/detailNews.php?cID=13&nID=292996&P=7&nPID=20210505|newspaper=Bartaman|language=bn}}</ref><br />
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In the meantime a recorded phone call got leaked. Pralay Pal, a BJP leader of Nandigram was at one end of the audio and at another end was Suvendu Adhikari. Pralay Pal admitted that he had talked to Mr. Suvendu over the phone to inform him about the violence that followed the election results. However, he claimed that he did not leak the audio. After the results were announced on Sunday, the mobiles of several leaders of Nandigram, close to Suvendu Adhikari, were switched off on Monday. Meanwhile, clashes took place in various zones since Monday morning. Mr. Pralay necessarily called Suvendu as he could not communicate with the leaders close to Suvendu. Even in that situation, Suvendu Adhikari could be heard laughing over the phone. He expressed anger over why Hindus did not vote for the BJP in alliance. 'Will Mr. Suvendu decide whom the Hindu community should vote for? Or has the BJP taken the contract of Hinduism?' asked many as the audio surfaced. Suvendu named Birulia besides other places (Gokulnagar, Sonachura, Boyal) as their (BJP's) 'safe zone' in Nandigram. It was also known from the audio that Suvendu keeps militants. A part of the audio is like this - Pralay: "The Hindus of Kendemari roughly voted for us." Suvendu: "Still there is five thousand lead in Kendemari." Pralay: "Yes they have taken (the lead)." Suvendu: "Let our militants stay here for 15 days/one month. Now there is nothing (that they have to do). I will arrange for them to stay and eat. Tell them to come with clothes, towels. Let them stay with me for one month."<ref>{{Cite AV media|date=2021-05-04|title=নাটকীয় নন্দীগ্রাম ভোটের ফলের কারচুপি নিয়ে West Bengal Assembly Election 2021|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aLvNjN97ZEk|publisher=NK Digital Magazine|via=YouTube|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media|date=2021-05-04|title=শুভেন্দুর কল ফাঁস {{!}} বিস্ফোরক শুভেন্দু {{!}} #NirbhikUttor|url=https://www.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=1090274218126778&id=265613650592843|publisher=Nirbhik Uttor|via=Facebook|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-05-05|title=প্রলয় পালের সঙ্গে কথোপকথনের অডিও ঘিরে শোরগোল|url=https://bartamanpatrika.com/detailNews.php?cID=13&nID=293008&P=7&nPID=20210505|newspaper=Bartaman|language=bn}}</ref><br />
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Since Suvendu was declared winner, TMC workers had started protesting outside the counting centre. The area was heated up as soon as the BJP candidate reached the counting centre in Haldia from Kolaghat Guest House to pick up his certificate on Sunday evening. Trinamool supporters staged a massive protest surrounding Suvendu's car after seeing him. Central Forces were protecting Suvendu's car while it took a round turn and left the area. TMC workers alleged that the counting was stopped for 3 hours, the result was overturned after power cut and their agent was beaten up and expelled (from the counting centre) by the central force (or miscreants brought by Suvendu Adhikari).<ref name=sangbadpratidin/><ref>{{Cite AV media|date=2021-05-02|title=WB Election Result 2021 {{!}} Suvendu Adhikari {{!}} Nandigram {{!}} নন্দীগ্রামে শুভেন্দু পৌছতেই ব্যাপক উত্তেজনা|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7W2JT6g1tNs|publisher=TV9BanglaLive|via=YouTube|language=bn}}</ref> From the night of 2 May TMC workers and supporters started dharna in front of SDO Office at Manjushree crossing in Haldia demanding recount in Nandigram. Hundreds of policemen and central troops were deployed around the counting centre. "We will continue our sit-down strike until the EC gives order for recounting. If police touches anyone then the intensity of the sit-down strike will take another level" said Suprakash Giri. "The EC was biased from day one. When BJP demanded a recount in Moyna, an assembly constituency next to ours, the votes were counted again last night. And then the TMC candidate lost. However, the EC didn't listen to our request for recount in Nandigram."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-03|title= নন্দীগ্রামে পুনর্গণনার দাবিতে হলদিয়ায় এসিডও অফিসের সামনে অবস্থান বিক্ষোভে তৃণমূল সমর্থকরা|url=https://biswabanglasangbad.com/2021/05/03/nandigram-sdo-office-haldia-agitation/|website=biswabanglasangbad.com|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-03|title=নন্দীগ্রামের ভোটের ফের গননার দাবিতে হলদিয়ায় তৃণমূলের ধর্না ও বিক্ষোভ|url=https://www.duniabangla.com/নন্দীগ্রামের-ভোটের-ফের-গ/|website=www.duniabangla.com|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-04|title=নন্দীগ্রামে পুনর্গণনার দাবিতে তৃণমূল কংগ্রেসের ধর্না, অবস্থান-বিক্ষোভ|url=https://www.aponzonepatrika.com/news/trinamool-congress-protests-in-nandigram-demanding-recount/12063|website=www.aponzonepatrika.com|language=bn}}</ref> On 5 May, TMC held an all-day long dharna in Bagmari at the junction of Beleghata and Maniktala constituencies demanding recount in Nandigram. Kunal Ghosh was present on the dharna manch.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-05|title=বাগমারিতে তৃণমূলের ধর্ণামঞ্চে দাবি: নন্দীগ্রামে পুনর্গণনা চাই|url=https://biswabanglasangbad.com/2021/05/05/tmc-dharna-demanding-recounting-in-nandigram/|website=biswabanglasangbad.com|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-05|title=বাগমারিতে তৃণমূলের ধর্ণামঞ্চে দাবি: নন্দীগ্রামে পুনর্গণনা চাই|url=https://biswabanglasangbad.com/2021/05/05/tmc-dharna-demanding-recounting-in-nandigram-2/|website=biswabanglasangbad.com|language=bn}}</ref> In Nandigram, staunch TMC leaders and supporters didn't allowed to take the EVMs out of Haldia counting centre. On the night of 5 May when on-duty Central Force personnel and the police tried to bring those EVMs out they had an altercation with protesting TMC workers. Allegedly baton charge was launched at protesters after that. Trinamool leaders blocked the road at the Manjushree crossing for an hour on next day morning, accusing the central forces of attacking them. The newly appointed District Magistrate Purnendu Kumar Maji came to the spot to talk with the TMC activists. He promised to keep the EVMs in a safe place. TMC activists-supporters lifted the blockade after receiving assurance that the counting would be done again if ordered. They came forward to get the EVM machines out from the counting centre of Haldia Govt. Sponsored High School. Trunk number 33, loaded with six EVMs was found unlocked. Police immediately confiscated those EVMs. Naturally question arose if those EVMs had been replaced during counting. Sheikh Azgar Ali, vice-president of the District Trinamool Youth Congress, said "The box contained EVMs of 10 booths in Gokulnagar Gram Panchayat area. The EVMs were sealed. But it only has the signature of the BJP's counting agent, not the signature of the TMC's agent. Mamata Banerjee had advanced by 8,000 votes before the counting of votes of the booths in Gokulnagar." The SDO said "EVMs are stored in the strongroom for up to 45 days after the count. A box without a lock came into notice. Trinamool has complained to the Returning Officer." 12 uncounted EVMs, all of them filled with votes were also recovered from the counting centre after the new district magistrate and SP took charge. These EVMs were used in several booths in the minority inhabited Samsabad area of Nandigram. On the day of counting, the power supply to the counting centre was cut off for about 40 minutes and it is feared that EVMs had been replaced at that time. TMC alleged that EVMs were replaced with the help of Suvendu's close police officer and the Election Commission. Around 11:30 am the sealed containers, loaded with EVMs and postal ballots were taken to the permanent strong room of the ADM office under the security of the Central Forces and in the presence of Sub-Divisional Magistrate (ADM) Abneet Punia.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-06|title=হার-জিতের বিতর্ক শেষ, জেলাশাসকের তৎপরতায় নন্দীগ্রাম থেকে EVM পাড়ি দিল হলদিয়ায়|url=https://bangla.asianetnews.com/west-bengal-election/evm-machine-has-been-sent-to-haldia-from-nandigram-assembly-constituency-in-the-presence-of-the-dm-qsom8v|website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-06|title=Bengal Polls: অবশেষে হলদিয়ার গণনাকেন্দ্র ছেড়ে মহকুমা শাসকের হেফাজতে গেল নন্দীগ্রামের ইভিএম|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/elections/west-bengal-assembly-election/wb-election-2021-evm-and-postal-ballot-of-nandigram-sent-to-administrative-custody-amid-agitation-of-tmc-dgtld/cid/1279620|website=www.anandabazar.com|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media|date=2021-05-06|title=নন্দীগ্রাম ভোটগণনায় বিজেপিকে জেতানোর জন্য চুরি!|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PkfIEpdK2M4|publisher=Biswa Bangla Sangbad|via=YouTube|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-05-07|title=নন্দীগ্রামের ইভিএম ভর্তি একটি বাক্সে তালা নেই {{!}} তুমুল শোরগোল|url=https://bartamanpatrika.com/detailNews.php?cID=13&nID=293334&P=5&nPID=20210507|newspaper=Bartaman|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-07|title=গণনাকেন্দ্র থেকে বেরল নন্দীগ্রামের সেই EVM|url=https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/west-bengal-news/haldia-news/evm-machine-of-nandigram-poll-is-finally-out-of-polling-station/articleshow/82432979.cms|website=Ei Samay|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-07|title=চাঞ্চল্যকর ! স্ট্রংরুম থেকে উদ্ধার হলো নন্দীগ্রামের গণনা না করা ১২টি EVM, ষড়যন্ত্র ফাঁস|url=https://biswabanglasangbad.com/2021/05/07/nandigram-evm/|website=biswabanglasangbad.com|language=bn}}</ref><br />
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=== Court proceedings ===<br />
On 17 June the news came that Advocate Sanjay Basu had filed an election petition before the Calcutta High Court on behalf of Mamata Banerjee challenging the verdict of Nandigram. A single-judge bench of Justice Kaushik Chanda is likely to hear the case via video conference by 11 a.m. on the next day.<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 June 2021|title=Mamata Banerjee challenges Suvendu Adhikari's Nandigram win in Calcutta High Court|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mamata-banerjee-challenges-suvendu-adhikari-s-nandigram-win-in-calcutta-hc-101623948924307.html|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><br />
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Ms Banerjee's petition was briefly heard on Friday morning by Justice Chanda. Soumendra Nath Mukhopadhyay, the lawyer of the CM, mentioned before the court to hastily ascertain the date of the court hearing. Chanda said that in case of an election petition the petitioner must be present in the court and asked S. N. Mukhopadhyay if the petitioner will appear in person at the hearing of the case. To which S. N. Mukherjee replied citing a ruling by the Supreme Court that the petitioner's presence in the court is not necessary and she can be present virtually if the court wants so. Justice Chanda agreed with him and adjourned the case to June 24. Chanda directed the Calcutta High Court administration to look into whether the case was properly filed under the Representation of the People Act.<br />
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Four more election related cases came up for hearing in other single benches of four judges of the High Court. In three of the cases, Justices Shuvra Ghosh, Vivek Chowdhury and Shubhashish Dasgupta directed the returning officers of the respective polling centres to keep all the documents related to the polling. Each case was filed on behalf of the defeated TMC candidate from the respective constituency. The plaintiffs are Alo Rani Sarkar (Constituency: Bangaon South, Losing margin: 2,004), Manas Mazumder (Constituency: Goghat, Losing margin: 4,147), Sangram Dolui (Constituency: Moyna, Losing margin: 1,260)<ref>{{Cite web|title=নন্দীগ্রাম, বলরামপুরের পর এ বার ময়না, শুক্রবার পুনর্গণনা মামলার শুনানির সম্ভাবনা|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/after-nandigram-balrampur-recounting-in-mayna-constituency-case-is-likely-to-be-heard-on-friday-dgtld/cid/1288955|website=Anandabazar}}</ref> and Shantiram Mahato (Constituency: Balarampur, Losing margin: 423) respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|last=আনন্দ|first=ওয়েব ডেস্ক, এবিপি|date=19 June 2021|title=অল্প ব্যবধানে হারা আসনে পুনর্গননা চেয়ে আদালতে যাবে বিজেপি, জানালেন দিলীপ|url=https://bengali.abplive.com/news/states/bjp-bengal-president-dilip-ghosh-says-party-will-move-court-for-recounting-of-poll-results-2021-819840|website=bengali.abplive.com}}</ref> Lawyers for the latter, Lalit Mahato and Sujoy Mandal, said the court was satisfied that the case had been filed properly under the Representation of the People Act, not the constitution or civil law. Therefore, on this day, the judge directed to preserve all the documents and equipment related to the voting at Balarampur polling station till the decision of the case is taken. It is to be noted that the main allegation of the plaintiff was that after the final count, he was ahead by 1,021 votes but he was declared defeated by 423 votes. On the other hand, plaintiffs Alo Rani Sarkar and Manas Mazumder took part in hearings through virtual mode. The same instructions were given to the returning officers in their cases.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nandigram ছাড়া আরও চার আসনের Vote-এর ফল Challenge করে High Court-এ Trinamool, দেখুন Video|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EtwLdH4WZR0|via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=19 June 2021|title=আগামী বৃহস্পতিবার নন্দীগ্রাম মামলার শুনানি|url=https://bartamanpatrika.com/detailNews.php?cID=13&nID=300778&P=5&nPID=20210619|website=bartamanpatrika.com|language=bn}}</ref> (BJP candidate Kalyan Chaubey filed a case in Calcutta High Court challenging the verdict of Maniktala constituency on 4 July, although 45 days had already passed since declaration of results. He lost the Maniktala seat to TMC's Sadhan Pande by almost 20,000 votes but still claimed to have won by 3,363 votes. BJP's Jitendra Tiwari had also challenged the outcome of Pandabeswar constituency on 29 June<ref>{{Cite web|date=29 June 2021|title=Pandabeswar Election Petition : 'পাণ্ডবেশ্বরে ভোট গণনায় কারচুপি', চ্যালেঞ্জ করে হাইকোর্টে জিতেন্দ্র তিওয়ারি {{!}} ABP Ananda Videos|url=https://bengali.abplive.com/videos/news/politics-bjp-candidate-jitendra-tiwari-challenged-the-election-result-in-high-court-821182|website=bengali.abplive.com|language=bn|access-date=15 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet |number=1409856969565896704 |user=ANI |title=BJP leader Jitendra Tiwari (File photo) files PIL in Calcutta High Court over the result of Pandabeswar Assembly seat where he was defeated by TMC candidate Narendranth Chakraborty. Matter likely to be heard next week. |date=29 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=30 June 2021|title=BJP candidate files plea in HC over Bengal poll defeat|url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/the-asian-age/20210630/281552293837309|website=PressReader|access-date=15 September 2021}}</ref> and the Calcutta High Court on 14 July admitted his election petition for hearing.<ref>{{Cite AV media|date=14 July 2021|title=Breaking News : Pandrabeshwar-এর জয়ী TMC প্রার্থীকে এবার Notice-এর নির্দেশ High Court-এর|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TlWFXzHUf_g|publisher=News18 Bangla|via=YouTube|language=bn|access-date=15 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=14 July 2021|title=Calcutta HC admits election petition of BJP leader|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/calcutta-hc-admits-election-petition-of-bjp-leader/2120933|website=Outlook India|access-date=15 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=14 July 2021|title=Calcutta High Court admits election petition of BJP leader Jitendra Kumar Tiwari|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/east-and-northeast/calcutta-high-court-admits-election-petition-of-bjp-leader-jitendra-kumar-tiwari-1008716.html|website=Deccan Herald|access-date=15 September 2021}}</ref>) Alo Rani Sarkar's case was again heard on 16 July where she alleged that Swapan Majumder of BJP, the winning BJP candidate from Bangaon South, had given false information in his affidavit and he continued to campaign secretly even after the end of the campaign. Bigger than that, the central jawans have exerted influence over the voters there. Justice Vivek Chowdhury questioned if any election can be canceled on the charge of exerting influence of the jawans. Therefore, it was informed that a hearing will be held on July 30 to verify the admissibility of this case.<ref>{{Cite AV media|date=16 July 2021|title=ভোট বাতিল মামলায় প্রার্থীদের হাজিরার নির্দেশ|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z-cwSZBaySc|via=YouTube|language=bn|access-date=15 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media|date=16 July 2021|title=আজকের সেরা পনেরোটি খবর একসাথে|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3xmLTKz8Xq4|via=YouTube|language=bn|access-date=15 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=17 July 2021|title=৩ বিধানসভা কেন্দ্রের ভোটযন্ত্র, যাবতীয় তথ্য সংরক্ষণের নির্দেশ|url=https://bartamanpatrika.com/detailNews.php?cID=12&nID=306697&P=9&nPID=20210717|newspaper=Bartaman|language=bn|access-date=15 September 2021}}</ref><br />
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On 24 June Ms. Banerjee appeared for the hearing virtually for a brief time.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Calcutta High Court: মমতার উপস্থিতিতে আইনজীবীদের বিজেপি-র কাঠামো বোঝালেন বিচারপতি চন্দ|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/the-organizational-structure-of-the-bjp-came-up-in-the-nandigram-case-in-the-calcutta-high-court-dgtl/cid/1288944|website=Anandabazar}}</ref> Appearing for her, senior advocate [[Abhishek Singhvi|Abhishek Manu Singhvi]] sought the recusal of Justice Chanda from hearing the case. Justice Chanda did agree that the petitioner's arguments behind removal of the case to a different bench were valid. After the hearing, he reserved order on the plea seeking his recusal.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Judge reserves order on Mamata Banerjee's recusal plea over his BJP links|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/judge-reserves-order-on-mamata-banerjees-recusal-plea-over-his-bjp-links/articleshow/83814308.cms|website=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
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On 27 June, the Bar Council of West Bengal wrote a letter to the [[Chief Justice of India|CJI]], seeking removal of the Acting Chief Justice [[Rajesh Bindal]] of Calcutta High Court. They alleged that Justice Bindal's partiality is visible especially in cases of the state government. In the letter, they pointed out the role of Bindal in cases like [[Narada sting operation|Narada]] and Nandigram.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Upadhyay|first=Sparsh|date=27 June 2021|title=Bar Council Of West Bengal Chairman Writes To CJI Seeking Removal Of Calcutta HC Acting CJ Rajesh Bindal|url=https://www.livelaw.in/amp/news-updates/bar-council-of-west-bengal-writes-to-cji-seeking-removal-of-calcutta-hc-acting-cj-rajesh-bindal-176380|website=www.livelaw.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=28 June 2021|title=Bar Council of West Bengal writes to CJI, seeks removal of Acting Chief Justice Rajesh Bindal|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bar-council-west-bengal-cji-justice-rajesh-bindal-tmc-narada-case-1820087-2021-06-28|work=India Today|access-date=1 October 2021}}</ref> In September the Supreme Court Collegium, headed by CJI [[N. V. Ramana]], recommended that Justice Bindal be transferred as the chief justice of [[Allahabad High Court]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 September 2021|title=Calcutta High Court acting Chief Justice set to be moved to Allahabad|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/calcutta-high-court-acting-chief-justice-set-to-be-moved-to-allahabad-7514690/|work=The Indian Express|access-date=1 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=17 September 2021|title=Collegium recommends appointment of Justice Rajesh Bindal as Chief Justice of Allahabad High Court|url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/litigation/collegium-recommends-appointment-of-justice-rajesh-bindal-as-chief-justice-of-allahabad-high-court|work=Bar and Bench|access-date=1 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=17 September 2021|title=SC Collegium clears Justice Rajesh Bindal's name for elevation as Chief Justice of Allahabad HC|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/sc-collegium-clears-justice-rajesh-bindals-name-for-elevation-as-chief-justice-of-allahabad-hc-312559|work=The Tribune|access-date=1 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=21 September 2021|title=SC Collegium Proposes To Appoint Justice Rajesh Bindal As Chief Justice Of Allahabad High Court -Read Stateemnt|url=https://www.livelaw.in/amp/top-stories/justice-rajesh-bindal-be-appointed-chief-justice-of-allahabad-high-court-collegium-recommends-182073|website=livelaw.in|access-date=1 October 2021}}</ref> and Justice [[Prakash Shrivastava]] be appointed as chief justice of Calcutta High Court.<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 September 2021|title=SC collegium recommends eight names for appointment as chief justices in HCs|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sc-collegium-decides-on-appointment-transfers-of-hc-judges-to-send-list-to-govt/articleshow/86287378.cms|work=The Times of India|access-date=1 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=17 September 2021|title=CHC: কলকাতা হাইকোর্টের নতুন প্রধান বিচারপতি প্রকাশ শ্রীবাস্তব {{!}} Bangla News {{!}} ABP Ananda Videos|url=https://bengali.abplive.com/videos/news/kolkata-chc-new-chief-justice-of-the-calcutta-high-court-is-prakash-srivastava-bangla-news-835691|work=ABP Ananda Live|access-date=1 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=18 September 2021|title=কলকাতা হাইকোর্টের প্রধান বিচারপতি পদে প্রকাশ শ্রীবাস্তব {{!}} কেন্দ্রকে প্রস্তাব কলেজিয়ামের, বিন্দল যাচ্ছেন এলাহাবাদে|url=https://bartamanpatrika.com/detailNews.php?cID=13&nID=319571&P=1&nPID=20210918|newspaper=Bartaman|language=bn|access-date=11 October 2021}}</ref> Justice Shrivastava took oath as the chief justice on 11 October.<ref>{{Cite news|date=6 October 2021|title=হাইকোর্টের ভারপ্রাপ্ত প্রধান বিচারপতির বিদায় সংবর্ধনা|url=https://bartamanpatrika.com/detailNews.php?cID=13&nID=323036&P=4&nPID=20211006|newspaper=Bartaman|language=bn|access-date=11 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=9 October 2021|title=Breaking: Centre Notifies The Appointment Of Justice Rajesh Bindal As The Chief Justice Of Allahabad High Court|url=https://www.livelaw.in/amp/top-stories/centre-appoints-justice-rajesh-bindal-chief-justice-allahabad-high-court-183482|work=LiveLaw.in|access-date=11 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=9 October 2021|title=মিলল শিলমোহর, কলকাতা হাইকোর্টের নয়া প্রধান বিচারপতির প্রকাশ শ্রীবাস্তব|url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/kolkata/story/justice-prakash-srivastava-appoint-new-chief-justice-calcutta-high-court-sus-304120-2021-10-09|work=Aaj Tak Bangla|language=bn|access-date=11 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=11 October 2021|title=Calcutta high court to get a new chief justice today|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/calcutta-hc-to-get-a-new-chief-justice-today/articleshow/86922157.cms|work=The Times of India|access-date=11 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=11 October 2021|title=Justice Prakash Shrivastava takes oath as Chief Justice of Calcutta HC|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/west-bengal/story/justice-prakash-shrivastava-calcutta-high-court-chief-justice-1863439-2021-10-11|work=India Today|access-date=12 October 2021}}</ref><br />
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On 7 July, Kaushik Chanda decided to step away from the case. He imposed a penalty of ₹5 lakh on Mamata Banerjee for seeking his recusal from her election petition and directed to deliver that amount to the State Bar Council.<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 July 2021|title=Judge recuses self from hearing Nandigram poll plea, imposes Rs 5 lakh cost on Mamata Banerjee|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/judge-recuses-self-from-hearing-nandigram-poll-plea-imposes-rs-5-lakh-cost-on-mamata-banerjee/articleshow/84197786.cms|website=Times of India}}</ref> Abhishek Singhvi had earlier said to Justice Chanda "We knew that the case would be heard in the bench of Justice Sabyasachi Bhattacharya. Suddenly on 16 June we came to know that the case has come to your bench." Sheikh Sufiyan said "We cannot accept the decision of penalty. We will move to the Supreme Court."<ref>{{Cite web|title=আজকের জেলার সারাদিন|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FQsdLbMPMpw|publisher=[[Kolkata TV|KOLKATA TV]]|via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=নন্দিগ্রাম মামলায় নেই বিচারপতি চন্দ|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jUzlXxjMfcE|publisher=[[Kolkata TV|KOLKATA TV]]|via=YouTube}}</ref><br />
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On 12 July, it was learned that the bench of Justice Shampa Sarkar will hear the Nandigram case. The hearing is likely to take place on 14 July.<br />
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On 14 July, the high court issued a notice to Suvendu Adhikari. The court also issued notices to the Election Commission, the state electoral officer and the returning officer with a direction to keep all election-related records intact till the case was heard. 12 August was assigned as the next date of hearing.<ref>{{Cite web|date=14 July 2021|title=Nandigram Petition: HC Serves Notice on Suvendu Adhikari, Asks EC to Preserve All Records|url=https://thewire.in/law/nandigram-petition-suvendu-adhikari-calcutta-hc|access-date=15 September 2021|website=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=15 July 2021|title=Preserve Nandigram poll records, Calcutta HC tells EC|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/preserve-nandigram-poll-records-cal-hc-tells-ec/articleshow/84427990.cms|access-date=15 September 2021|website=The Times of India}}</ref> Suvendu, on the other hand, moved the Supreme Court seeking transfer of Banerjee's election petition case outside the state.<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 July 2021|title=Nandigram Petition: Suvendu Adhikari Moves SC Seeking Transfer of Mamata Banerjee's Plea|url=https://thewire.in/politics/nandigram-petition-suvendu-adhikari-moves-sc-seeking-transfer-of-mamata-banerjees-plea|access-date=15 September 2021|website=The Wire}}</ref><br />
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On 12 August, Suvendu's lawyers submitted before the court of Justice Sarkar that the legislator has approached the Supreme Court seeking transfer of the case from West Bengal. In keeping with the respondent's prayer, Justice Sarkar adjourned the hearing to 15 November.<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 August 2021|title=Suvendu Adhikari moves SC, seeks transfer of Nandigram poll plea|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/city/kolkata/suvendu-adhikari-moves-sc-seeks-transfer-of-nandigram-poll-plea/videoshow/85273478.cms|access-date=15 September 2021|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=13 August 2021|title=Court Adjourns Hearing On Mamata Banerjee's Plea Against Nandigram Poll Result Till November 15|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/calcutta-high-court-adjourns-hearing-on-mamata-banerjees-plea-against-nandigram-poll-result-till-november-15-2509242|access-date=15 September 2021|website=NDTV}}</ref><br />
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"A booth had 500 voters and 1,000 votes were polled there. VVPATs were not counted. Machines were crushed." Mamata Banerjee mentioned, regarding the rigging process in Nandigram election, during a workers' convention at Bhabanipur that took place on 8 September.<ref>{{Cite AV media|date=8 September 2021|title=ভবানীপুরের কর্মীসভায়।Workers’ convention at Bhabanipur|url=https://www.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=438889697470688&id=218904931482352|publisher=All India Trinamool Congress|language=bn|access-date=15 September 2021|via=Facebook}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media|date=8 September 2021|title=ভবানীপুরের কর্মীসভায়।Workers’ convention at Bhabanipur|url=https://www.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=438888827470775&id=364551790278835|publisher=Mamata Banerjee|language=bn|access-date=15 September 2021|via=Facebook}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media|date=8 September 2021|title=ভবানীপুরের কর্মীসভায় । Workers’ convention at Bhabanipur|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kpiEkcjM3JE|publisher=AITC Official|language=bn|access-date=15 September 2021|via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=20 September 2021|title=ইভিএম পরীক্ষা থেকে ভোটপর্ব, কড়া নজরদারির নির্দেশ মমতার|url=https://bartamanpatrika.com/detailNews.php?cID=12&nID=319944&P=1&nPID=20210920|newspaper=Bartaman|language=bn|access-date=20 September 2021}}</ref> She repeated those claims on 24 September.<ref>{{Cite AV media|date=24 September 2021|title=ভবানীপুর বিধানসভার অন্তর্গত ৭১ নং ব্লকে নির্বাচনী প্রচারে।|url=https://www.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=524244828917090&id=218904931482352|publisher=All India Trinamool Congress|language=bn|access-date=25 September 2021|via=Facebook}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media|date=24 September 2021|title=ভবানীপুর বিধানসভার অন্তর্গত ৭১ নং ব্লকে নির্বাচনী প্রচারে।|url=https://www.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=524226328918940&id=364551790278835|publisher=Mamata Banerjee|language=bn|access-date=25 September 2021|via=Facebook}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media|date=24 September 2021|title=শম্ভুনাথ পণ্ডিত স্ট্রিটে প্রচারে তৃণমূল নেত্রী|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-l7-jej-m7U|publisher=[[Kolkata TV|Kolkata Tv]]|language=bn|access-date=25 September 2021|via=YouTube}}</ref><br />
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On the morning of November 15, Suvendu Adhikari appealed to the High Court to adjourn the hearing of the Nandigram vote recounting case in the High Court till disposal of his transfer application of the case by the Supreme Court.<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 November 2021|title=Suvendu Adhikari: দুপুরে হাইকোর্টে নন্দীগ্রাম মামলার শুনানি, সকালেই অন্য কৌশল শুভেন্দু অধিকারীর!|url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/kolkata/suvendu-adhikaris-new-appeal-to-calcutta-high-court-on-nandigram-case-sb-689846.html|work=News18 Bangla|language=bn|access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=15 November 2021|title=হাই কোর্টে নন্দীগ্রাম মামলা পিছোনোর আবেদন শুভেন্দুর|url=https://kolkatatv.org/kolkata/nandigram-vote-counting-case-in-calcutta-high-court/|work=[[Kolkata TV]]|language=bn|access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> A bench of Justice Hima Kohli in the Supreme Court was scheduled to hear the case on the same day<ref>{{Cite web|date=14 November 2021|title=Nandigram Election petition: নন্দীগ্রাম মামলা একই দিনে দিল্লি ও কলকাতায়, সুপ্রিম কোর্টে শুভেন্দু, হাই কোর্টে মমতা|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/on-monday-may-be-the-hearing-of-nandigram-vote-counting-case-in-the-supreme-court-dgtl/cid/1313655|work=Anandabazar|language=bn|access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=14 November 2021|title=Nandigram Case: নজরে মমতা-শুভেন্দু দ্বৈরথ! সোমবার 'নন্দীগ্রাম মামলা'র শুনানি সুপ্রিম কোর্ট ও হাইকোর্টে...|url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/kolkata/nandigram-case-mamata-banerjee-vs-suvendu-adhikari-case-hearing-on-high-court-and-supreme-court-might-be-tomorrow-sanj-689538.html|work=News18 Bangla|language=bn|access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=15 November 2021|title=Nandigram Case: মমতা বনাম শুভেন্দু! আজই নন্দীগ্রাম মামলার শুনানি সুপ্রিম ও হাইকোর্টে|url=https://aajkaal.in/news/state/nandigram-case-hearing-on-high-court-and-supreme-court-a76i|work=Aajkaal|language=bn|access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=15 November 2021|title=নন্দীগ্রাম মামলা: ভোটগণনা নিয়ে জোড়া শুনানি সুপ্রিম কোর্ট ও হাই কোর্টে|url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/kolkata/hearing-of-nandigram-election-counting-case-both-at-supreme-court-and-calcutta-hc-on-monday/|work=Sangbad Pratidin|language=bn|access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> but it seemed that the hearing would not take place as the judge was not present. During the hearing in the High Court, Advocate General Soumendranath Mukherjee, who was questioning on behalf of Mamata Banerjee, opposed Suvendu's petition. It was decided that the next hearing of the case would be on December 1, but before that, by November 29, all the parties would have to submit a written 'minute' where it would be written which party wanted to ask questions on which matter.<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 November 2021|title=নন্দীগ্রাম মামলা: ফের কলকাতা হাই কোর্টে পিছিয়ে গেল শুনানি|url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/kolkata/calcutta-hc-postpones-nandigram-case-hearing/|work=Sangbad Pratidin|language=bn|access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> The High Court asked Suvendu to submit a written statement on why he had no confidence in the Calcutta High Court by November 29.<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 November 2021|title=Nandigram Vote counting case: কেন কলকাতা হাই কোর্টে অনাস্থা, শুভেন্দুকে লিখিত বক্তব্য জমা দিতে হবে ২৯ নভেম্বরের মধ্যে|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/mamata-banerjees-nandigram-vote-counting-case-hearing-in-calcutta-high-court-dgtl/cid/1313802|work=Anandabazar|language=bn|access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=15 November 2021|title=২৯ নভেম্বরের মধ্যে হলফনামা, শুভেন্দুকে চূড়ান্ত সময়সীমা হাই কোর্টের|url=https://kolkatatv.org/west-bengal/nandigram-vote-counting-case-high-court-sought-an-affidavit-from-shuvendu-adhikari/|work=[[Kolkata TV]]|language=bn|access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=15 November 2021|title=Nandigram election: Calcutta HC grants Suvendu Adhikari time to file written statement|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/east-and-northeast/nandigram-election-calcutta-hc-grants-suvendu-adhikari-time-to-file-written-statement-1051107.html|work=Deccan Herald|access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=15 November 2021|title=Calcutta HC Seeks Response From Suvendu Adhikari By Nov 29 In Mamata Banerjee's Election Petition Against Nandigram Results, Next Hearing On Dec 1|url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/calcutta-hc-seeks-response-from-suvendu-adhikari-by-nov-29-in-mamata-banerjees-election-petition-against-nandigram-results-next-hearing-on-dec-1-185597|work=LiveLaw.in|access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> On the other hand, while observing the hearing of Nandigram case in the Supreme Court, Justice Hima Kohli told Mahesh Jethmalani, the advocate of Suvendu Adhikari, that the misconception that the High Court would not give a fair trial is not correct at all. Finally, the judge said that the case would be heard again in two weeks' time.<ref>{{Cite news|date=16 November 2021|title=নন্দীগ্রাম মামলা সরাতে চান কেন, শীর্ষ আদালতের প্রশ্ন শুভেন্দুর আইনজীবীকে {{!}} ‘আলাপন মামলা কলকাতা হাইকোর্ট শুনলে ক্ষতি কী’, মন্তব্য বিচারপতির|url=https://bartamanpatrika.com/detailNews.php?cID=13&nID=330620&P=7&nPID=20211116|newspaper=Bartaman|language=bn|access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref><br />
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The hearing in Supreme Court was scheduled to take place on 29 November.<ref>{{cite web|date=29 November 2021|title=আজ সুপ্রিম কোর্টে নন্দীগ্রাম মামলার শুনানি, শাসক–বিরোধীর সওয়ালে নজর|url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/nation-and-world/nandigram-case-hearing-today-at-supreme-court-31638155635994.html|work=Hindustan Times Bangla|language=bn|access-date=30 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=29 November 2021|title=Suvendu Adhikari: শুভেন্দু অধিকারীর আর্জিতে সাড়া দেবে সুপ্রিম কোর্ট? নন্দীগ্রাম মামলায় তাকিয়ে সব পক্ষ|url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/national/suvendu-adhikaris-appeal-on-nandigram-case-may-hearing-today-at-supreme-court-sb-696920.html|work=News18 Bangla|language=bn|access-date=30 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=29 November 2021|title=নন্দীগ্রাম ভোট মামলার শুনানি: শুভেন্দুর আবেদনে সাড়া দেবে সুপ্রিম কোর্ট?|url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/general-news/nandigram-election-counting-case-in-supreme-court-updates-379431/|work=The Indian Express Bangla|language=bn|access-date=30 November 2021}}</ref><br />
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On 1 December, Suvendu Adhikari submitted his written statement to the High Court. A single bench of Justice Shampa Sarkar informed that as a case in this regard was pending in the Supreme Court, the case was not being heard in the High Court at that time. The next hearing of the case was scheduled for 8 January.<ref>{{cite web|date=1 December 2021|title=৭ জানুয়ারি পর্যন্ত স্থগিত মমতার নন্দীগ্রাম মামলা|url=https://kolkatatv.org/notice/%e0%a7%ad-%e0%a6%9c%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%a8%e0%a7%81%e0%a6%af%e0%a6%bc%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%b0%e0%a6%bf-%e0%a6%aa%e0%a6%b0%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%af%e0%a6%a8%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%a4-%e0%a6%b8%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%a5%e0%a6%97/|work=[[Kolkata TV]]|language=bn|access-date=1 December 2021|archive-date=1 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201175843/https://kolkatatv.org/notice/%E0%A7%AD-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%97/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=1 December 2021|title=Nandigram Re-counting case: নন্দীগ্রাম কেন্দ্রের ফলাফল পুনর্গণনা মামলার শুনানি ফের পিছোল|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bengali/west-bengal/city/kolkata/nandigram-re-counting-case-in-calcutta-high-court-deferred/wb20211201175338995|work=ETV Bharat|language=bn|access-date=1 December 2021}}</ref><br />
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In the meantime, BJP's expelled [[Howrah district]] president Surajit Saha claimed that men were sent from Howrah to Nandigram on the instructions of the party to make Suvendu victorious.<ref>{{cite web|date=15 December 2021|title=শুভেন্দুকে জেতাতে লোক পাঠানো হয়েছিল নন্দীগ্রামে, বিস্ফোরক সুরজিৎ|url=https://kolkatatv.org/district-news/surajit-saha-talked-about-assembly-polls-2021/|work=[[Kolkata TV]]|language=bn|access-date=8 January 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
Adhikari's petition seeking transfer of the Nandigram case from the state was set to be heard in the Supreme Court on 3 January 2022.<ref>{{cite web|date=2 January 2022|title=Nandigram Case: নন্দীগ্রাম মামলা ভিনরাজ্যে সরানোর আবেদনে সোমবার শুনানি শীর্ষ আদালতে|url=https://tv9bangla.com/india/supreme-court-to-hear-hear-tomorrow-plea-of-bjp-leader-suvendu-adhikari-over-nandigram-case-487475.html|work=TV9 Bangla|language=bn|access-date=8 January 2022}}</ref> A single bench of Justice Hima Kohli ordered 14-day stay on the appeal.<ref>{{cite web|date=3 January 2022|title=Nandigram Case: নন্দীগ্রাম মামলা ভিনরাজ্যে সরানোর আবেদনে স্থগিতাদেশ শীর্ষ আদালতের|url=https://kolkatatv.org/west-bengal/nandigram-case-supreme-court-adjourns-suvendu-adhikaris-plea-seeking-transfer-of-mamata-banerjees-election-petition-from-calcutta-high-court/|work=[[Kolkata TV]]|language=bn|access-date=8 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=3 January 2022|title=SC adjourns for 2 weeks Suvendu Adhikari's plea seeking transfer of Mamata Banerjee's plea from Calcutta HC|url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/politics/1869260-sc-adjourns-for-2-weeks-suvendu-adhikaris-plea-seeking-transfer-of-mamata-banerjees-plea-from-calcutta-hc|work=Devdiscourse|access-date=10 January 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Election results ==<br />
<br />
=== 2021 ===<br />
In the 2021 elections, Suvendu Adhikari of Bharatiya Janata Party defeated his nearest rival Mamata Banerjee of Trinamool Congress. But this result remains controversial to date.<br />
{{Election box begin|title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Nandigram]]<ref name=Nandigram/><ref name=210Nandigram/><ref name=oneindia210/><ref name=timesnow210/><ref name=ceowb210/><ref>{{cite web|date=21 June 2021|title=West Bengal General Legislative Election 2021|url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/13605-west-bengal-general-legislative-election-2021/|work=Election Commission of India|access-date=8 January 2022}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Suvendu Adhikari]]|votes=1,10,764|percentage=48.49|change=|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Mamata Banerjee]]|votes=1,08,808|percentage=47.64|change=|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[Minakshi Mukherjee]]|votes=6,267|percentage=2.74|change=|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the Above|votes=1,090|percentage=0.48|change=-0.15|}}<br />
{{Election box majority||votes=1,956|percentage=0.85|change=-39.75}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=2,28,467|percentage=88.55|change=+1.58}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link||winner=Bharatiya Janata Party|loser=All India Trinamool Congress|swing=}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
{{election table|title=[[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] elections, 2021 <br /> Purba Medinipur district summary}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=West Bengal District Purba Medinipur Vidhan Sabha Election results|url=https://www.indiavotes.com/district/ac/249/1194|work=IndiaVotes|access-date=25 September 2021}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:left;" width=225 |Party<br />
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Seats won<br />
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Seat change<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Trinamool Congress]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | 9<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}4<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | 7<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | {{increase}}7<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | 0<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}2<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Communist Party of India]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | 0<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}1<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[2016–21 West Bengal Legislative Assembly by-elections]]<br />
* [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]<br />
* [[2021 elections in India]]<br />
* [[2019 Indian general election in West Bengal]]<br />
* [[2018 West Bengal Panchayat elections]]<br />
* [[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
===Notes===<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
===Citations===<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://eci.gov.in/files/category/94-west-bengal/ West Bangal General Legislative Election] at the ''[[Election Commission of India]]''<br />
<br />
{{West Bengal elections}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:West Bengal Legislative Assembly election - 2021}}<br />
[[Category:2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]<br />
[[Category:State Assembly elections in West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:2020s in West Bengal]]</div>UpdateBothttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=T%C4%81rak%C4%81sura&diff=324296Tārakāsura2022-07-02T06:30:40Z<p>UpdateBot: </p>
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<div>'''Tārakāsura''' ({{lang-sa|तारकासुर:}}) or '''Tāraka''' ({{lang-sa|तारक}}), '''Tharakasuran''' ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]: தாரக்காசுரன்), '''Tarakasura''' ({{lang-te|తారకసుర}}) was a powerful ''[[asura]]'' in [[Hindu mythology|Hindu Religion]]. He was son of a powerful Asura [[Vajranaka]] and his wife Vajrangini.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sivkishen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kmVZBgAAQBAJ&q=Vajrangani&pg=PT67|title=Kingdom of Shiva|date=2015-01-23|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd|isbn=978-81-288-3028-0|language=en}}</ref> Taraka had three sons Tarakaksha, Vidyunmāli and Kamalaksha, who were known as [[Tripurasura]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gokhale|first=Namita|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1y8nAgAAQBAJ&q=Tarakaksha%2C+Vidyunmali+Kamalaksha&pg=PT42|title=Book of Shiva|date=2012-10-23|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=978-81-8475-863-4|language=en}}</ref> <br />
{{Infobox mythological character<br />
| series = <br />
| image = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| family = [[Vajranaka]] (father)<br><br />
Vajrangani (mother)<br>[[Diti]] (Grandmother)<br> [[Kashyapa]] (grandfather)<br> [[Aditi]] (grandmother)<br />
| children = [[Tripurasura|Tarakaksha, Vidyunmāli, Kamalaksha]]<br />
| name = Tarakasura<br />
| species = [[Asura]]<br />
| spouse = [[Shambuki]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Marriage with Shambuki ==<br />
In that day, [[Tārakāsura|Tarakasura]] wanted to marry [[Shachi]] but Shachi rejected it, Tarakasura kept wondering to see if he can find a beautiful woman like Shachi, after that a asurani rajkumari named Shambuki fell in love with Tārakāsura in her childhood and adulthood. She was very stubborn to marry him but her father said not to marry .After seeing this [[Diti]] called him in a loud voice " Dear Tarakasura, see what I have brought for you", Tarakasura said " No grandmother I don't want to marry this woman I want to marry Shachi and kill that fool [[Indra]]" but Diti did not listen to him and did his marriage with Shambuki. Tarakasura and Shambuki had three children named [[Kamalaksha]], [[Vidyunmāli]] and [[Tarakaksha]].<br />
<br />
== Legend ==<br />
Tarakasura repeatedly defeated the gods until heaven was on the verge of collapse. Yet he had a clever boon that he could be defeated only by the son of [[Shiva]], who was a complete [[yogi]], given to severe austerities, far from any thoughts of marriage. However, [[Parvati]] who was re-incarnation of [[Sati (goddess)|Sati]], Shiva's wife and also incarnation of [[Aadi Shakti]] who was once a part of Shiva, in their [[Ardhanarishvara]] form. Eventually their son [[Kartikeya]] was born. Kartikeya killed Tarakasura and his brothers Simhamukhan and [[Surapadman]] who eventually became the mounts of [[Parvati]] and Kartikeya.<br />
<br />
==Literary references==<br />
This story is the basis for the epic [[Kumarasambhava]] (lit., birth of Kartikeya) by [[Kalidasa]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cse.iitk.ac.in/~amit/books/kalidasa-1929-kalidaser-granthabali-v2-v2.html|title=Book Excerptise: Kalidaser granthAbalI, v.2 by Kalidasa and Rajendranath Vidyabhushan (Ed.)}}</ref> (c. 4th century CE). The theme of the vaporised love spirit roaming free in the universe was adopted by the [[Vaishnava]]s (c. 16th century) who believe it was reincarnated in [[Vasudeva]].<ref>{{cite book<br />
| author = [[Prabhupada]], A.C.B.S.<br />
| year = 1972<br />
| title = [[Kṛṣṇa, the Supreme Personality of Godhead]]<br />
}}</ref> This is also the theme of the poem ''madanbhasmer par'' (মদনভস্মের পর) by [[Rabindranath Tagore]].<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Lord of Light]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Daityas]]</div>UpdateBothttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vaishno_Devi&diff=319351Vaishno Devi2022-07-02T06:23:13Z<p>UpdateBot: robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)</p>
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<div>{{short description|Major Hindu goddess}}<br />
{{Distinguish|Vaishnavi (Matrika goddess)}}<br />
{{For|the temple|Vaishno Devi Temple}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}} <br />
{{Infobox deity<br />
| abode = [[Vaishno Devi Temple]], [[Katra, Jammu and Kashmir|Katra]], [[India]]<br />
| type = hindu<br />
| parents = Ratnakarsagar and Samriddhi<br />
| image = File:Vaishno devi.jpg<br />
| name = Vaishno Devi<br />
| affiliation = [[Mahadevi]], [[Durga]], [[Parvati]], [[Lakshmi]], [[Saraswati]], [[Kali]], [[Mahakali]]<br />
| caption = Inside view of Vaishno Devi Temple<br />
| mount = Lion and Tiger<br />
| Devanagari = वैष्णो देवी<br />
| other_names = Vaishnavi, Durga, Parvati, Mahamaya, Mata Rani, Ambe, Trikuta, Jagdamba, Bhagwati, Shakti, Sherawali, Ambika, Jyotawali, Pahadawali<br />
| deity_of = Mother Goddess, Goddess of Hills<br />
}}<br />
'''Vaishno Devi''' (also known as '''Durga''', '''Mata Rani''', '''Trikuta''', '''Ambe''' and '''Vaishnavi''') is a folk manifestation of the Supreme Hindu Mother Goddess, [[Adishakti]] also referred to as [[Durga]] and [[Parvati]]. The words "''Maa''" and "''Mata''" are commonly used in [[India]] for ''[[Mother#Synonyms and translations|mother]]'', and thus are often heavily used in connection with Vaishno Devi. Vaishnavi was formed from the combined energies of [[Kali]], [[Lakshmi]], and [[Saraswati]] having the principal energy of Durga overall.<ref>{{cite web|title=Famous Durga temples in India for religiously inclined souls|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/famous-durga-temples-in-india-for-religiously-inclined-souls/as51743858.cms|publisher=Times of India|date=2 June 2022}}</ref> The temple is located in [[Katra, Jammu and Kashmir|Katra]], [[India]].<br />
<br />
==Legend==<br />
<br />
[[File:Shri Mata Vaishnodevi shrine board token from the 1990s.jpg|thumb|150px|Shrine board [[Indian temple tokens|token]] from the 1990s, depicting the 3 ''pindis'' that represent Vaishno Devi.]]<br />
===Worship===<br />
Author Abha Chauhan identifies Vaishno Devi with the power of [[Durga]] as well as the incarnation of [[Lakshmi]], [[Saraswati]] and [[Kali]].{{Sfn|Chauhan|2021|p=154}} Author Pintchman identifies with great goddess [[Mahadevi]] and says Vaishno Devi contains all powers and is associated with the entire creation as Mahadevi.{{Sfn|Pintchman|2001|p=62}} Pintchman further states that, "Pilgrims identify Vaishno Devi with Durga (a form of [[Parvati]]){{mdash}} whom many people oftenly name ''Sheranwali'', "the Lion-rider"{{mdash}} more than with any other goddess".{{Sfn|Pintchman|2001|p=63}} <br />
<br />
;The Appearance of Vaishno Devi to Shridhar and the story of [[Bhairav (tantrik)|Bhaironath]]<br />
It is said that Bhaironath, a famous Tantric, saw the young Vaishno Devi at an agricultural fair and fell madly in love with her. Vaishno Devi fled into Trikuta hills to escape his amorous advances, later she assumed the form of [[Durga]] and cut off his head with her sword in a cave.<ref>{{cite book|title=Journal of Religious Studies, Volume 14|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NOonAAAAYAAJ|page=56|publisher=Department of Religious Studies, Punjabi University|year=1986}}</ref> Professor and author Tracy Pintchman narrates the story as, "About nine hundred years ago Vaishno Devi appeared in the form of a young girl and commanded a Brahmin named Shridhar from the village Hansali (next to present day Katra) to hold a feast (''bhandara'') for local people near Bhumika stream. At the time of feast, [[Bhairav (tantrik)|Bhaironath]], a disciple of [[Goraknath]], appeared and demanded meat and liquor. But Vaishno Devi told him he would get only [[vegetarian food]], since this was a Brahmin's feast. Seeing her, Bhaironath lusted after her. To escape him, she ran away stopping at various places on the trail up the Trikuta mountain. There places are now known as Banganga (Ganga river emerged from arrow), Charan Paduka (Holy footprints), Ardha Kunwari Or Ardh Kuwari {{mdash}}the place where she is said to have remained for nine months in a cave, {{mdash}} and finally at Bhavan, the cave that is now known as her home. There taking the form of Durga (the great goddess), she beheaded Bhaironath. His body held at the entrance to the cave, and his head landed further up the mountain at a place where a Bhaironath temple is now located. Bhaironath then repented, and the goddess granted him further salvation. In so doing, however, she laid down the condition that unless pilgrims coming for her [[Darśana|darshana]] did not also get his darshana{{mdash}} that is, darshana of his head{{mdash}} then their pilgrimage would not be fruitful. Vaishno Devi later manifested into 3 small rocks (pindikas) and stays there to the present day. Shridhar began doing [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] to the pindikas at the cave, and his descendants continue to do so even today".{{Sfn|Pintchman|2001|p=60}}<br />
[[File:Houses and Shops located in Katra, Jammu and Kashmir.jpg|alt=|thumb|A view of Vaishno Devi Bhawan]]<br />
<br />
Professor and author Manohar Sajnani says, According to Hindu beliefs, the original abode of Vaishno Devi was Ardha Kunwari, a place about halfway between Katra town and the cave. She meditated in the cave for 9 months just like how a baby stays in its mother's womb for 9 months.<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of Tourism Resources in India, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdMNBxOsvrUC|page=158|author=Manohar Sajnani|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|year=2001|isbn = 9788178350172}}</ref> It is said that when Bhairav Nath ran after Vaishno Devi to catch her. She reached near a cave in the hill, called up [[Hanuman]] and told him that "I would do penance in this cave for nine months, till then you should not allow Bhairav Nath to enter the cave." Hanuman obeyed the mother's orders. Bhairavnath was kept outside this cave and today this holy cave is known as 'Ardha Kunwari'.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Virodai |first1=Yashodhara |title=Story of Mata Vaishnodevi |url=https://www.newstrend.news/74146/mythological-story-of-vaishno-devi-and-supernatural-power-of-temle/ |website=newstrend.news |date=5 October 2017 |publisher=Newstrend Network Communication Pvt Ltd |access-date=5 June 2021 |language=Hindi}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Pilgrimage route==<br />
Pilgrims travel from the city of [[Jammu]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] to the village of [[Katra, Jammu and Kashmir|Katra]] which is well connected by helicopter, rail and road. From Katra, starts the uphill journey to the Vaishno Devi Temple on foot. While on the way near the Trikuta mountain is the Banganga River. It is said that Vaishno Devi shot an arrow at the ground and brought forth the [[Ganga]] river to quench Hanuman's thirst. After Hanuman disappeared, Vaishno Devi washed her hair in the water. The Banganga river is also known as the Balganga river, since "''Bal''" means hair and "''Ganga''" is synonymous with the Holy [[Ganga]] river. Pilgrims must have a bath in the Banganga river to prove their purity. After Banganga is the Charan Paduka temple. Vaishno Devi stood on a rock to look at Bhairavnath before her escape and this rock supposedly contained her footprints. Her footprints are worshipped in this temple. After having a darshan of Charan Paduka, Pilgrims come across the Ardha Kunwari Temple. Vaishno Devi meditated in this cave for 9 months, just like how a baby stays in its mother's womb for 9 months, to escape Bhairav Nath. After having a darshan of Ardha Kunwari, the pilgrims go to the Bhairav Nath temple. It is said that after Vaishno Devi killed Bhairav Nath, Bhairav Nath realised his mistake and pleaded for forgiveness. Vaishno Devi blessed him by saying that if pilgrims did not have darshan of his head, their pilgrimage will not be fruitful. Pilgrims have a darshan of Bhairavnath's head before going to Bhavan, Vaishno Devi's Temple. Pilgrims go inside the temple to have a darshan of the 3 pindikas (rocks) which represent Vaishno Devi.<br />
<br />
==Temple==<br />
{{Main|Vaishno Devi Temple}}<br />
[[File:Vaishno Devi Bhavan.jpg|thumb|right|The Vaishno Devi temple in 2008]]<br />
The '''Vaishno Devi Temple''' is an important [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to Vaishno Devi located in [[Katra, Jammu and Kashmir|Katra]] at the [[Trikuta Hills]] within the Indian [[Union territory]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (Union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Indian Himalaya: Story of a 100 Visits|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nHZ5CwAAQBAJ|page=47|first=Kirit|last=Rindani|publisher=Partridge Publishing|year=2016|isbn=978-1482858860}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Discovering the Himalaya, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kusLzP8H6TQC|page=429|author=S. S. Negi|publisher=Indus Publishing|year=1998|isbn = 9788173870798}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Mountains of the God|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K5AaI2PhiV8C|page=15|author=Kuldip Singh Gulia|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|year=2007|isbn = 9788182054202}}</ref> The temple is one of the 51 [[Shakti Peethas]] dedicated to [[Durga]], who is worshipped as Vaishno Devi.<ref>{{cite web|title=Famous Durga temples in India for religiously inclined souls|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/famous-durga-temples-in-india-for-religiously-inclined-souls/as51743858.cms|publisher=Times of India|date=5 April 2019}}</ref> It is one of the most visited pilgrimage centers of India. Every year millions of visitors visit the temple.<ref>{{cite news|title=Vaishno Devi pilgrim footfall in 2019 lowest in 3 years: Shrine Board|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/vaishno-devi-footfall-in-2019-lowest-in-3-years-shrine-board-120010200678_1.html|newspaper=Business Standard|date=2 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Vaishno Devi likely to receive 8.5 mn pilgrims by Dec 31; highest in 5 yrs|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/vaishno-devi-likely-to-receive-8-5-mn-pilgrims-by-dec-31-highest-in-5-yrs-118122900321_1.html|newspaper=Business Standard|date=29 December 2018}}</ref> During festivals like [[Navaratri]], the count even increases to one crore visitors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/vaishno-devi-bhairav-mandir-ropeway-service-starts-from-today/as67227545.cms|title=Vaishno Devi-Bhairav Mandir ropeway service starts from today|website=Times of India Travel|access-date=2018-12-25}}</ref> Vaishno Devi Temple is one of the richest temples in India. Authors Michael Barnett and Janice Gross Stein says, "Mata Vaishno Devi Shrine in Jammu has an annual income of about $16 billion, mainly from offerings by devotees".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L3NpAgAAQBAJ|title=Sacred Aid: Faith and Humanitarianism|page=140|author1=Michael Barnett|author2=Janice Gross Stein|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=3 July 2012|isbn=978-0199916030}}</ref><br />
<br />
The temple is sacred to all Hindus. Many prominent saints such as [[Vivekananda]] have visited the temple.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jammu and Kashmir: Charting a Future|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iEhuAAAAMAAJ|author1=Dipankar Banerjee|author2=D. Suba Chandran|publisher=Saṁskṛiti|year=2005|page=61|isbn = 9788187374442}}</ref><br />
<br />
Navaratri, [[Diwali]] and New Year are among the most prominent festivals celebrated at the Vaishno Devi Temple. The temple was included in the Jammu and Kashmir state government Act No. XVI/1988, and known as Shri Mata Vaishno devi Shrine Act. The committee nominated by the state government administers the temple and has nine members on its board.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* ''[[Jag Janani Maa Vaishno Devi - Kahani Mata Rani Ki]]''<br />
* [[Vaishnavi (Matrika goddess)]]<br />
* [[Vaishnodevi Temple, Rourkela]]<br />
* [[Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{Wikivoyage}}<br />
* [https://www.vaishno.in Mother Goddess Vaishno]<br />
<br />
* [https://www.maavaishnodevi.org/introduction.aspx Maa Vaishno Devi Shrine Board]<br />
{{Hindu Temples in Jammu and Kashmir}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Hindu goddesses]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu temples in Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu pilgrimage sites in India]]<br />
[[Category:Shakti temples]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu cave temples in India]]<br />
[[Category:Katra, Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
[[Category:Caves of Jammu and Kashmir]]</div>UpdateBothttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nawab_Satpal_Tanwar&diff=337402Nawab Satpal Tanwar2022-07-02T06:22:39Z<p>UpdateBot: robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Activist}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Nawab Satpal Tanwar<br />
| office = National President of [[Bhim Sena]]<br />
| honorific-prefix = <br />
| honorific-suffix = <br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = ur<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = 29 October 1984<br />
| birth_place = [[Gurgaon]], [[Haryana]], [[India]]<br />
| education = B.A., LLB and double M.A.<br />
| alma_mater = [[University of Delhi]], [[IGNOU]] and [[Jamia Milia Islamia]]<br />
| occupation = Lawyer, Social Activist, Businessman, Share Holder, Lawyer, Poet, Writer and Journalist<br />
| spouse = Nisha Tanwar<br />
| relatives = <br />
| children = <br />
| awards = <br />
| signature = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Nawab Satpal Tanwar''' is an Indian social activist, and the founder & national president of [[Akhil Bhartiya Bhim Sena|Bhim Sena]].<br />
<br />
== Personal life ==<br />
He was born in the [[Khandsa]] village, part of the [[Gurugram district|Gurugram]] district in [[Haryana]] to a family of army officers. He earned his B.A. in Political Science from [[University of Delhi]], LLB from [[Faculty of Law, University of Delhi]], MA in Public Administration from [[Jamia Millia Islamia University|Jamia Millia Islamia]] and MA in Political Science from [http://www.du.ac.in] diploma's in different fields from [[Indira Gandhi National Open University|IGNOU]].{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}<br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
He is the founder and national president of [[Bhim Sena]] (All India [[Ambedkar]] Army). Bhim Sena was founded by Nawab Satpal Tanwar in 2010 and he was the key person in organising 2017 protests at Jantar Mantar regarding inaction in the Saharanpur violence case. He was support to bhim army in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Live|first=A. P. N.|date=2017-05-23|title=Violence returns to Saharanpur in Mayawati shadow, Bhim Army looks to grow|url=https://www.apnlive.com/violence-returns-saharanpur-mayawati-shadow-bhim-army-looks-grow/|access-date=2020-10-12|website=APN Live|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sister, mother take stage|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/sister-mother-take-stage/cid/1520600|access-date=2020-10-12|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><br />
Tanwar is a lawyer, legal consultant, legal document writer and auditor, shareholder and real estate businessman.<br />
<br />
He also writes poems, articles, blogs and also runs channel on [[YouTube]]. He writes for the [[Navbharat Times]] and many other news portals, and he owns a printing agency.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/bharat-bandh-protests-hit-rail-road-traffic-in-ncr/article23421437.ece|title=Bharat bandh protests hit rail, road traffic in NCR|last=Kumar|first=Ashok|date=2018-04-03|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-12-26|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/dalits-say-bigger-protest-next-week-will-be-peaceful/articleshow/63634411.cms|title=Dalits say bigger protest next week, will be peaceful|last=Choudhry|first=Chetna|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-12-26}}</ref> He is also president of the social front "''Nigahein".''<br />
<br />
He actively took part in the [[April 2018 caste protests in India|April 2018 caste protests]] and organised members of Bhim Sena at Kamla Nehru Park in Delhi.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kumar|first=Ashok|date=2018-04-03|title=Bharat bandh protests hit rail, road traffic in NCR|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/bharat-bandh-protests-hit-rail-road-traffic-in-ncr/article23421437.ece|access-date=2020-10-12|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2020, he organised a protest against [[2020 Hathras gang rape and murder|Hathras gangrape]] case at Gurgaon allying with other Dalit organizations.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Desk|first=Global Tribune|date=2020-10-03|title=Congress To Hold Nationwide Campaign Over Hathras Gang-Rape Case, Opposing Yogi Govt|url=https://globaltribune.in/congress-hold-nationwide-campaign-over-hathras-gang-rape-case-opposing-yogi-govt/|access-date=2020-10-12|website=Global Tribune|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Controversies ==<br />
Satpal Tanwar filed a case under [[Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989|SC/ST Act]] against Haryanvi dancer, Sapna Chaudhary for degrading [[Dalit]] community in one of the folk ragni songs. She attempted suicide after the case in 2016, blaming Tanwar for running online propaganda against her. Later on the case against her was cancelled and he was booked for abetment.<ref>{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=Sep 6, 2016|title=Activist booked for Haryanvi singer’s suicide attempt {{!}} Gurgaon News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/Activist-booked-for-Haryanvi-singers-suicide-attempt/articleshow/54022290.cms|access-date=2020-10-12|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-09-06|title=Row over ‘anti-Dalit’ song: Day after singer Sapna Choudhary’s suicide bid, charges and counter-charges|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/row-over-anti-dalit-song-day-after-singer-sapna-choudharys-suicide-bid-charges-and-counter-charges-3015764/|access-date=2020-10-12|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
He was then attacked by a group of unknown men (alleged supporters of Sapna) late at night.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-01-17|title=Gurgaon: Activist who filed case against Haryanvi singer ‘attacked’|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/gurgaon/gurgaon-activist-who-filed-case-against-haryanvi-singer-attacked/story-3GnDh7qdX5G3Mt1aVbqHjN.html|access-date=2020-10-12|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> Later an Indian Army soldier was caught threatening him over the phone for drawing back the case.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Soldier arrested for threatening Dalit activist over police case {{!}} All India Exservicemen Joint Action Front (Sanjha Morcha)|url=http://www.sanjhamorcha.com/?p=12774|access-date=2020-10-12}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Bhim Sena]]<br />
*[[Ambedkarism]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tanwar, Nawab Satpal}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1984 births]]<br />
[[Category:People from Gurgaon]]<br />
[[Category:Jamia Millia Islamia alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Faculty of Law, University of Delhi alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Ambedkarites]]<br />
[[Category:Dalit activists]]<br />
[[Category:Dalit politics]]<br />
[[Category:Dalit writers]]<br />
[[Category:Dalit politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Dalit leaders]]</div>UpdateBothttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2022_Indian_presidential_election&diff=3218702022 Indian presidential election2022-07-02T06:22:30Z<p>UpdateBot: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|17th Indian presidential election}}<br />
{{pp|small=yes}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2021}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br />
{{refimprove|date=June 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox election<br />
| election_name = 2022 Indian presidencial election <br />
| country = India<br />
| type = Presidential<br />
| ongoing = yes<br />
| turnout = <br />
| previous_election = 2017 Indian presidential election<br />
| previous_year = 2017<br />
| next_election = 2027 Indian Presidential Election<br />
| next_year = 2027<br />
| election_date = {{Start date|2022|07|18|df=y}}<br />
| image2 = Yashwant Sinha - World Economic Forum on East Asia 2008 (cropped).jpg<br />
| image1_upright = <br />
| nominee2 = [[Yashwant Sinha]]<br />
| party2 = [[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]<br />
| alliance2 = [[United Opposition (India)|United Opposition]]<br />
| home_state2 = [[Bihar]]<br />
| states_carried1 = <br />
| electoral_vote1 = TBD<br />
| percentage1 = TBD<br />
| image1 = Droupadi Murmu June 2022.jpg<br />
| image2_upright = <br />
| nominee1 = [[Draupadi Murmu]]<br />
| alliance1 = National Democratic Alliance<br />
| party1 = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
| home_state1 = [[Odisha]]<br />
| states_carried2 = <br />
| electoral_vote2 = TBD<br />
| percentage2 = TBD<br />
| map_image = <br />
| map_size = <br />
| map_caption = <!-- Title ---><br />
| title = [[President of India|President]]<br />
| before_election = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]<br />
| before_party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
| after_election = [[ Venkiah Naidu]]<br />
| after_party = Bhartiya Janta party<br />
| posttitle = [[President of India|President-elect]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''2022 Indian Presidential Election''' will be the 16th '''presidential election''' to be held in India. Presently, [[Ram Nath Kovind]] is the incumbent President of India. Article 56(1) of the Constitution of India provides that the [[President of India]] shall remain in office for a period of five years. Consequent to the expiry of the term of [[President of India|President]] [[Ram Nath Kovind]], an election poll to fill in the office is scheduled to be held on 18 July 2022 and counting of votes will take place on 21 July 2022.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-06-09 |title=Presidential elections on July 18, counting, if needed, on July 21: Election Commission |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/election-commission-presidential-elections-schedule-7960672/ |access-date=2022-06-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> On 21 June 2022, [[Yashwant Sinha]], former [[Trinamool Congress|BJP]] leader, was unanimously chosen as common candidate of [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]] and other opposition parties for 2022 Presidential Election.<ref name=":1" /> On the same day [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] chose [[Draupadi Murmu]] as its presidential candidate.<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
== Electoral system==<br />
{{further|President of India#Selection process|Electoral College (India)}}<br />
The [[President of India]] is [[Indirect election|indirectly elected]] by an [[Electoral College (India)|electoral college]] consisting of the elected members of both houses of [[Parliament of India|parliament]], the elected members of the [[State legislative assemblies of India|Legislative assemblies]] of the 28 states and the elected members of the legislative assemblies of the union territories of [[Delhi]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] and [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. As of 2022, the electoral college comprises 776 [[Member of Parliament (India)|MP]]s and 4,123 [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]s.<br />
<br />
The system assigns varying numbers of votes to these electoral college members, such that the total weight of MPs and those of MLAs is roughly equal and that the voting power of states and territories are proportional to their population. Overall the members of the electoral college were eligible to cast 1,098,903 votes, yielding a threshold for a majority of 549,452 votes.<br />
<br />
The nomination of a candidate for election to the office of the President must be subscribed by at least 50 electors as proposers and 50 electors as seconders. The election is held by means of a [[secret ballot]] under the [[Instant-runoff voting]] system.<ref>The Constitution of 1950 use the term [[Single transferable vote]], which is now used for a system with multiple-member constituencies. When there is only one of the latter, the system is now called [[Instant-runoff voting]]</ref> The manner of election of President is provided by Article 55 of the [[Constitution of India|Constitution]].<br />
<br />
Article 58 of the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]] provides that the [[President of India|President]] and [[Vice President of India|Vice President]] of India must be citizens of India, and at least 35 years old. The Presidential candidate must be qualified for elections in the same way as a member of the [[Lok Sabha]], and must not hold any office of profit under the Indian government.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Constitution of India |url=https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/COI-updated.pdf}}</ref> Candidates for the presidency typically seek the nomination of one of the political parties, in which case each party devises a method (such as a [[primary election]]) to choose the candidate the party deems best suited to run for the position. Traditionally, the primary elections are [[indirect election]]s where voters cast ballots for a slate of party delegates pledged to a particular candidate. The party's delegates then officially nominate a candidate to run on the party's behalf. The general election in July is also an indirect election, where voters cast ballots for a slate of members of the Electoral College; these electors in turn directly elect the president and vice president.<br />
<br />
The returning officer for the election was Anoop Mishra, the [[Secretary General of the Lok Sabha]].<br />
<br />
== Election schedule ==<br />
Under sub-section (1) of Section (4) of the Presidential and Vice-Presidential Elections Act 1952, the schedule for the election of the [[President of India]] has been announced by the [[Election Commission of India]] on 9 June 2022.<ref name=":0" /><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!S.No. <br />
!'''Event'''<br />
!'''Date'''<br />
!'''Day'''<br />
|-<br />
!1.<br />
|Issue of election commission's notification calling the election<br />
|15 June 2022<br />
| rowspan="2" |Wednesday<br />
|-<br />
!2.<br />
|Last date for making nominations<br />
|29 June 2022<br />
|-<br />
!3.<br />
|Date for the scrutiny of nominations<br />
|30 June 2022<br />
|Thursday<br />
|-<br />
!4.<br />
|Last date for the withdrawal of candidatures<br />
|2 July 2022<br />
|Saturday<br />
|-<br />
!5.<br />
|Date on which a poll shall, if necessary, be taken<br />
|18 July 2022<br />
|Monday<br />
|-<br />
!6.<br />
|Date on which counting, if required, shall be taken<br />
|21 July 2022<br />
|Thursday<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Electoral college==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2"| House<br />
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |<br />
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
| bgcolor="{{party color|Other}}" |<br />
|-<br />
![[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]<br />
![[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]<br />
!Others<br />
|-<br />
![[Lok Sabha]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|336|543|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
|{{Composition bar|110|543|{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
|{{Composition bar|97|543|{{party color|Others}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
|-<br />
![[Rajya Sabha]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|112|231|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
|{{Composition bar|50|231|{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
|{{Composition bar|69|231|{{party color|Others}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
|-<br />
![[State legislative assemblies of India]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|1768|4026|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
|{{Composition bar|1033|4026|{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
|{{Composition bar|1225|4026|{{party color|Others}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
|-<br />
!Total<br />
|{{Composition bar|2216|4800|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
|{{Composition bar|1193|4800|{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
|{{Composition bar|1391|4800|{{party color|Others}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
* [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] was dissolved and [[President's rule]] had been imposed. All 4 [[Rajya Sabha]] seats of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] were vacant.<br />
<br />
== Party-wise vote (projection) ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |Alliance<br />
! colspan="2" |Parties<br />
![[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Members of]] <br />
[[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha]]<br />
![[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|Members of]] <br />
[[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|Rajya Sabha]]<br />
![[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Members of]] <br />
[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|State Legislative]] <br />
[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Assemblies]]<br />
! colspan="2" |Total<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="45" |[[National Democratic Alliance|'''BJP''']] Candidate<br />
! colspan="2" |1<br />
|'''[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]'''<br />
|212100<br />
|60900<br />
|185036<br />
|458036<br />
|'''42.33%'''<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="33" |[[National Democratic Alliance|'''NDA''']]<br />
!2<br />
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]<br />
|11200<br />
|3500<br />
|7901<br />
|22601<br />
|'''2.09%'''<br />
|-<br />
!3<br />
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]<br />
|700<br />
|2800<br />
|11440<br />
|14940<br />
|'''1.38%'''<br />
|-<br />
!4<br />
|[[Apna Dal (Sonelal)|AD(S)]]<br />
|1400<br />
|0<br />
|2496<br />
|3896<br />
|'''0.36%'''<br />
|-<br />
!5<br />
|[[Rashtriya Lok Janshakti Party|RLJP]]<br />
|3500<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|3500<br />
|'''0.32%'''<br />
|-<br />
!6<br />
|[[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]<br />
|0<br />
|700<br />
|1044<br />
|1744<br />
|'''0.16%'''<br />
|-<br />
!7<br />
|[[Mizo National Front|MNF]]<br />
|700<br />
|700<br />
|244<br />
|1624<br />
|'''0.15%'''<br />
|-<br />
!8<br />
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]<br />
|0<br />
|700<br />
|880<br />
|1580<br />
|'''0.15%'''<br />
|-<br />
!9<br />
|[[Naga People's Front|NPF]]<br />
|700<br />
|700<br />
|126<br />
|1526<br />
|'''0.14%'''<br />
|-<br />
!10<br />
|[[United People's Party Liberal|UPPL]]<br />
|0<br />
|700<br />
|812<br />
|1512<br />
|'''0.14%'''<br />
|-<br />
!11<br />
|[[National People's Party (India)|NPP]]<br />
|700<br />
|0<br />
|549<br />
|1249<br />
|'''0.12%'''<br />
|-<br />
!12<br />
|[[NISHAD Party|NISHAD]]<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|1248<br />
|1248<br />
|'''0.12%'''<br />
|-<br />
!13<br />
|[[Jananayak Janata Party|JJP]]<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|1120<br />
|1120<br />
|'''0.10%'''<br />
|-<br />
!14<br />
|[[Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party|NDPP]]<br />
|700<br />
|0<br />
|378<br />
|1078<br />
|'''0.10%'''<br />
|-<br />
!15<br />
|[[All Jharkhand Students Union|AJSU]]<br />
|700<br />
|0<br />
|352<br />
|1052<br />
|'''0.10%'''<br />
|-<br />
!16<br />
|[[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|SKM]]<br />
|700<br />
|0<br />
|133<br />
|833<br />
| rowspan="18" |'''0.43%'''<br />
|-<br />
!17<br />
|[[Republican Party of India (Athawale)|RPI(A)]]<br />
|0<br />
|700<br />
|0<br />
|700<br />
|-<br />
!18<br />
|[[Tamil Manila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]<br />
|0<br />
|700<br />
|0<br />
|700<br />
|-<br />
!19<br />
|[[Hindustani Awam Morcha|HAM]]<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|692<br />
|692<br />
|-<br />
!20<br />
|PJP<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|350<br />
|350<br />
|-<br />
!21<br />
|[[Bodoland People's Front|BPF]]<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|348<br />
|348<br />
|-<br />
!22<br />
|[[Indigenous People's Front of Tripura|IPFT]]<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|182<br />
|182<br />
|-<br />
!23<br />
|PBP<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|176<br />
|176<br />
|-<br />
!24<br />
|[[Janathipathiya Samrakshana Samithy|JSS]]<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|175<br />
|175<br />
|-<br />
!25<br />
|[[Rashtriya Samaj Paksha|RSP]]<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|175<br />
|175<br />
|-<br />
!26<br />
|[[All India N.R. Congress|AINRC]]<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|160<br />
|160<br />
|-<br />
!27<br />
|[[Jana Sena Party|JSP]]<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|159<br />
|159<br />
|-<br />
!28<br />
|[[United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|UDP]]<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|136<br />
|136<br />
|-<br />
!29<br />
|[[Haryana Lokhit Party|HLP]]<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|112<br />
|112<br />
|-<br />
!30<br />
|[[People's Democratic Front (Meghalaya)|PDF]]<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|68<br />
|68<br />
|-<br />
!31<br />
|[[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party|MGP]]<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|40<br />
|40<br />
|-<br />
!32<br />
|[[Kuki People's Alliance|KPA]]<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|36<br />
|36<br />
|-<br />
!33<br />
|[[Hill State People's Democratic Party|HSPDP]]<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|34<br />
|34<br />
|-<br />
!34<br />
|[[Independent politician|Independents]]<br />
|2100<br />
|700<br />
|4340<br />
|7140<br />
|'''0.66%'''<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="7" |Total of NDA<br />
!'''48.88%'''<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="9" |Non-NDA<br />
!35<br />
|[[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]]<br />
|15400<br />
|6300<br />
|24009<br />
|45709<br />
|'''4.22%'''<br />
|-<br />
!36<br />
|[[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]<br />
|8400<br />
|6300<br />
|16986<br />
|31686<br />
|'''2.93%'''<br />
|-<br />
!37<br />
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]<br />
|7000<br />
|700<br />
|710<br />
|8410<br />
|'''0.78%'''<br />
|-<br />
!38<br />
|SS Rebel<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|6825<br />
|6825<br />
|'''0.63%'''<br />
|-<br />
!39<br />
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]]<br />
|700<br />
|700<br />
|5280<br />
|6680<br />
|'''0.62%'''<br />
|-<br />
!40<br />
|[[Janata Dal (Secular)|JD(S)]]<br />
|700<br />
|700<br />
|4496<br />
|5896<br />
|'''0.54%'''<br />
|-<br />
!41<br />
|[[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]]<br />
|1400<br />
|0<br />
|348<br />
|1748<br />
|'''0.16%'''<br />
|-<br />
!42<br />
|[[Janta Congress Chhattisgarh|JCC]]<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|387<br />
| rowspan="2" |562<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''0.05%'''<br />
|-<br />
!43<br />
|[[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena|MNS]]<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|175<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="7" |Others Backing BJP Candidate<br />
!9.94%<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" |Total Votes for BJP Candidate<br />
!58.83%<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="43" |IND (AITC)<br />
Candidate<br />
! colspan="2" |1<br />
|'''[[Trinamool Congress|AITC]]'''<br />
|16100<br />
|9100<br />
|33432<br />
|58632<br />
|'''5.42%'''<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="20" |[[United Progressive Alliance|'''UPA''']]<br />
!2<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|37100<br />
|21700<br />
|88578<br />
|147378<br />
|'''13.62%'''<br />
|-<br />
!3<br />
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]<br />
|16800<br />
|7000<br />
|22096<br />
|45896<br />
|'''4.24%'''<br />
|-<br />
!4<br />
|[[Shiv Sena|SS]]<br />
|13300<br />
|2100<br />
|2975<br />
|18375<br />
|'''1.70%'''<br />
|-<br />
!5<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|3500<br />
|2800<br />
|9919<br />
|16219<br />
|'''1.50%'''<br />
|-<br />
!6<br />
|[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]<br />
|2100<br />
|1400<br />
|2280<br />
|5780<br />
|'''0.53%'''<br />
|-<br />
!7<br />
|[[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference|JKNC]]<br />
|2100<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|2100<br />
|'''0.19%'''<br />
|-<br />
!8<br />
|[[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi|VCK]]<br />
|700<br />
|0<br />
|704<br />
|1404<br />
|'''0.13%'''<br />
|-<br />
!9<br />
|[[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|MDMK]]<br />
|0<br />
|700<br />
|704<br />
|1404<br />
|'''0.13%'''<br />
|-<br />
!10<br />
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]]<br />
|700<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|700<br />
| rowspan="11" |'''0.27%'''<br />
|-<br />
!11<br />
|[[Bahujan Vikas Aghadi|BVA]]<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|525<br />
|525<br />
|-<br />
!12<br />
|[[Manithaneya Makkal Katchi|MMK]]<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|352<br />
|352<br />
|-<br />
!13<br />
|[[Kerala Congress|KC]]<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|304<br />
|304<br />
|-<br />
!14<br />
|[[Kongu Desa Makkal Katchi|KMDK]]<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|176<br />
|176<br />
|-<br />
!15<br />
|TVK<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|176<br />
|176<br />
|-<br />
!16<br />
|[[Peasants and Workers Party of India|PWPI]]<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|175<br />
|175<br />
|-<br />
!17<br />
|[[Kerala Congress (Jacob)|KC(J)]]<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|152<br />
|152<br />
|-<br />
!18<br />
|NCK<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|152<br />
|152<br />
|-<br />
!19<br />
|[[Revolutionary Marxist Party of India|RMPI]]<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|152<br />
|152<br />
|-<br />
!20<br />
|[[Goa Forward Party|GFP]]<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|20<br />
|20<br />
|-<br />
!21<br />
|[[Independent politician|Independents]]<br />
|0<br />
|700<br />
|2264<br />
|2964<br />
|'''0.28%'''<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="7" |Total of UPA<br />
!'''22.59%'''<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="4" |SP+<br />
!1<br />
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]<br />
|2100<br />
|2100<br />
|23438<br />
|27769<br />
|'''2.55%'''<br />
|-<br />
!2<br />
|[[Rashtriya Lok Dal|RLD]]<br />
|0<br />
|700<br />
|1793<br />
|2493<br />
|'''0.23%'''<br />
|-<br />
!3<br />
|[[Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party|SBSP]]<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|1248<br />
|1248<br />
|'''0.12%'''<br />
|-<br />
!4<br />
|[[Independent politicians|Independents]]<br />
|0<br />
|700<br />
|0<br />
|700<br />
|'''0.06%'''<br />
|-<br />
!TRS<br />
!5<br />
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]<br />
|6300<br />
|4900<br />
|13596<br />
|24796<br />
|'''2.29%'''<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="10" |Left<br />
!6<br />
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]<br />
|2100<br />
|3500<br />
|11086<br />
|16686<br />
|'''1.54%'''<br />
|-<br />
!7<br />
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]<br />
|1400<br />
|1400<br />
|3457<br />
|6257<br />
|'''0.58%'''<br />
|-<br />
!8<br />
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)|CPI(ML)]]<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|2252<br />
|2252<br />
|'''0.21%'''<br />
|-<br />
!9<br />
|[[Kerala Congress (Mani)|KC(M)]]<br />
|700<br />
|700<br />
|760<br />
|2160<br />
|'''0.20%'''<br />
|-<br />
!10<br />
|[[Congress (Secular)|C(S)]]<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|152<br />
| rowspan="6" |1520<br />
| rowspan="6" |'''0.14%'''<br />
|-<br />
!11<br />
|[[Indian National League|INL]]<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|152<br />
|-<br />
!12<br />
|[[Janadhipathya Kerala Congress|JKC]]<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|152<br />
|-<br />
!13<br />
|[[Kerala Congress (B)|KC(B)]]<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|152<br />
|-<br />
!14<br />
|NSC<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|152<br />
|-<br />
!15<br />
|[[Independent politician|Independents]]<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|760<br />
|-<br />
!RJD<br />
!16<br />
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]<br />
|0<br />
|4200<br />
|13476<br />
|17676<br />
|'''1.63%'''<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="4" |Oth<br />
!17<br />
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]<br />
|1400<br />
|0<br />
|2139<br />
|3539<br />
|'''0.33%'''<br />
|-<br />
!18<br />
|[[All India United Democratic Front|AIUDF]]<br />
|700<br />
|0<br />
|1740<br />
|2440<br />
|'''0.23%'''<br />
|-<br />
!19<br />
|[[Gorkha Janmukti Morcha|GJM]]<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|151<br />
|151<br />
|'''0.01%'''<br />
|-<br />
!20<br />
|[[Indian Secular Front|ISF]]<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|151<br />
|151<br />
|'''0.01%'''<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="7" |Non-UPA ( + AITC)<br />
!'''15.55%'''<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" |Total Votes for IND (AITC) Candidate<br />
!'''38.16%'''<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="15" |Undecided<br />
! rowspan="2" |AAP+<br />
!1<br />
|'''[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]'''<br />
|0<br />
|7000<br />
|14308<br />
|21308<br />
|'''1.97%'''<br />
|-<br />
!2<br />
|[[Bharatiya Tribal Party|BTP]]<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|552<br />
|552<br />
|'''0.05%'''<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="13" |Others<br />
!3<br />
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]<br />
|2100<br />
|700<br />
|3657<br />
|6457<br />
|'''0.60%'''<br />
|-<br />
!4<br />
|[[Rashtriya Loktantrik Party|RLP]]<br />
|700<br />
|0<br />
|387<br />
|1087<br />
|'''0.10%'''<br />
|-<br />
!5<br />
|[[Sikkim Democratic Front|SDF]]<br />
|0<br />
|700<br />
|7<br />
|707<br />
| rowspan="10" |'''0.28%'''<br />
|-<br />
!6<br />
|[[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)|LJP(RV)]]<br />
|700<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|700<br />
|-<br />
!7<br />
|[[Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)|SAD(A)]]<br />
|700<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|700<br />
|-<br />
!8<br />
|[[Jansatta Dal (Loktantrik)|JD(L)]]<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|387<br />
|387<br />
|-<br />
!9<br />
|[[Swabhimani Paksha|SWP]]<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|175<br />
|175<br />
|-<br />
!10<br />
|[[Raijor Dal|RD]]<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|116<br />
|116<br />
|-<br />
!11<br />
|[[Indian National Lok Dal|INLD]]<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|112<br />
|112<br />
|-<br />
!12<br />
|[[Zoram People's Movement|ZPM]]<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|48<br />
|48<br />
|-<br />
!13<br />
|[[Revolutionary Goans Party|RGP]]<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|20<br />
|20<br />
|-<br />
!14<br />
|[[Khun Hynniewtrep National Awakening Movement|KHNAM]]<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|17<br />
|17<br />
|-<br />
!15<br />
|[[Independent politician|Independents]]<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|363<br />
|363<br />
|'''0.03%'''<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" |Total of Undecided (Others)<br />
!'''3.01%'''<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" rowspan="2" |Total<br />
! '''380100'''<br />
!'''159600'''<br />
!'''542259'''<br />
! rowspan="2" |'''1081959'''<br />
! rowspan="2" |'''100%'''<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|(5 Vacant)<br />
|(3 Vacant)<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Electoral college partisan composition===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! rowspan=2|House<br />
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |<br />
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
| bgcolor="{{party color|Other}}"|<br />
! rowspan=2|Total <br />
|-<br />
![[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]<br />
![[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]<br />
!Others<br />
|-<br />
! Lok Sabha votes<br />
| {{Composition bar|235200|380100|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
| {{Composition bar|77000|380100|{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
| {{Composition bar|67900|380100|{{party color|Others}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
| '''380,100'''<br />
|-<br />
! Rajya Sabha votes<br />
| {{Composition bar|72800|159600|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
| {{Composition bar|37100|159600|{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
| {{Composition bar|49700|159600|{{party color|Others}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
| '''159,600'''<br />
|-<br />
! State legislative assemblies votes<br />
| {{Composition bar|219347|542259|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
| {{Composition bar|145384|542259|{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
| {{Composition bar|177528|542259|{{party color|Others}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
| '''542,259'''<br />
|-<br />
! Total votes<br />
! {{Composition bar|527347|1081959|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
! {{Composition bar|259484|1081959|{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
! {{Composition bar|295128|1081959|{{party color|Others}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
! 1,081,959<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Candidates ==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! Name<br />
! Born<br />
! Alliance<br />
! Positions held<br />
! Home state<br />
! Date announced<br />
! class="unsortable" |Ref<br />
|-<br />
| data-sort-value="Murmu" | <br />
[[File:Governor of Jharkhand Draupadi Murmu in December 2016.jpg|x150px]]<br /> [[Draupadi Murmu]]<br />
|{{birth date and age|1958|6|20|df=y}}<br>[[Mayurbhanj district|Baidaposi]], [[Odisha]]<br />
|[[National Democratic Alliance]]<br>([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])<br />
|<br />
* [[List of governors of Jharkhand|Governor of Jharkhand]] {{small|(2015–2021)}}<br />
* Member of the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[Rairangpur Assembly constituency|Rairangpur]] {{small|(2000–2009)}}<br />
* Minister of State in the 1st Naveen Patnaik ministry {{small|(2000–2004)}}<br />
|[[Odisha]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |21 June 2022<br />
|<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Singhal |first=Ashok |date=21 June 2022 |title=Draupadi Murmu, tribal leader and former governor, is NDA's choice for president |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/draupadi-murmu-nda-presidential-candidate-1965179-2022-06-21 |access-date=2022-06-21 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| data-sort-value="Sinha" | [[File:Yashwant Sinha IMF.jpg|x150px]]<br /> [[Yashwant Sinha]]<br />
| {{birth date and age|1937|11|06|df=y}}<br />[[Patna]], [[Bihar]]<br />
| [[United Opposition (India)|United Opposition]]<br>([[Independent politician|IND]])<br />
| <br />
* [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|External Affairs Minister of India]] {{small|(2002–2004)}}<br />
* [[Leader of the House in Rajya Sabha]] {{small|(1990–1991)}}<br />
* [[Minister of Finance (India)|Finance Minister of India]] {{small|(1990–1991, 1998–2002)}}<br />
* [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]] from [[Hazaribagh Lok Sabha constituency|Hazaribagh]] {{small|(1998–2004, 2009–14)}}<br />
* [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]] from [[Jharkhand]] from {{small|(2004–2009)}}<br />
* [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]] from [[Bihar]] from {{small|(1988–1994)}}<br />
|[[Jharkhand]]<br />
|<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Livemint |date=2022-06-21 |title=Opposition fields Yashwant Sinha as Presidential candidate |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/opposition-fields-yashwant-sinha-as-president-candidate-11655807632818.html |access-date=2022-06-22 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|A. Manithan<br />
|<br />
| rowspan="11" |[[Independent politician|Independent]]<br />
|Journalist and social worker<br />
|[[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
|<br />
| rowspan="11" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shrivastava |first=Rahul |date=16 June 2022 |title=Lalu Prasad Yadav is Presidential candidate. It's not who you think |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/presidential-election-2022-candidates-file-nominations-1963011-2022-06-16 |access-date=2022-06-21 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-17 |title=Fresh nominations for Presidential election 2022 filed; updated list |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/these-candidates-have-filed-nominations-for-presidential-election-2022-13854262.htm |access-date=2022-06-21 |website=cnbctv18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Presidential polls: 11 candidates file nominations on 1st day |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/presidential-elections-2022-11-candidates-file-nominations-on-day-one-one-paper-rejected-2474226.html |access-date=2022-06-21 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Daya Shankar Agrawal<br />
|<br />
|Retired professor<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Delhi]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Jeevan Kumar Mittal<br />
|<br />
|Business of facilitating identity<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|K. Padmarajan<br />
|<br />
|Doctor and businessman<br />
|[[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Lalu Prasad Yadav<br />
|<br />
|Farmer and social worker<br />
|[[Bihar]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Mandati Thirupathi Reddy<br />
|<br />
| rowspan="2" |''N/A''<br />
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Mohammad A. Hamid Patel<br />
|<br />
|[[Maharashtra]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Om Prakash Kharbanda<br />
|<br />
|Doctor and Chief of Centre for Dental Education and Research<br />
|[[Delhi]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Saira Bano Mohammad Patel<br />
|<br />
|Housewife<br />
|[[Maharashtra]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Shyam Nandan Prasad<br />
|<br />
| rowspan="2" |''N/A''<br />
|[[Bihar]]<br />
|-<br />
|T. Ramesh<br />
|<br />
|[[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Results ==<br />
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:right<br />
|+ Results of the 2022 Indian presidential election<ref>[https://indianexpress.com/article/india/election-commission-presidential-elections-schedule-7960672/ Presidential elections on July 18, counting, if needed, on July 21: Election Commission]</ref><br />
|-<br />
! colspan=2|Candidate <br />
! Coalition <br />
! Individual<br />votes <br />
! Electoral<br />College votes <br />
!% <br />
|-<br />
| bgcolor={{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|<br />
| align=left|[[Draupadi Murmu]]<br />
| align=left|[[National Democratic Alliance]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| bgcolor={{Party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}|<br />
| align=left|[[Yashwant Sinha]]<br />
| align=left|[[United Opposition (India)|United Opposition]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|colspan=10|<br />
|-<br />
| colspan=3 align=left| Valid votes <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| colspan=3 align=left| Blank and invalid votes<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| colspan=3 align=left|'''Total'''<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| '''100'''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan=3 align=left|Registered voters / Turnout<br />
|4,809<br />
|1,086,431<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[List of presidents of India]]<br />
* [[2022 Indian vice presidential election]]<br />
* [[2022 elections in India]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
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{{Indian presidential elections}}<br />
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[[Category:Presidential elections in India]]<br />
[[Category:2022 elections in India| ]]</div>UpdateBothttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajiv_Pratap_Rudy&diff=327235Rajiv Pratap Rudy2022-07-02T06:19:20Z<p>UpdateBot: robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian politician and commercial pilot}}<br />
{{POV|date=September 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| image = Rajivrudy.png<br />
| alt = Rajiv Pratap Rudy<br />
| office = [[Minister of State]]<br />[[Government of India]]<br />
| term_start = 9 November 2014<br />
| term_end = 31 August 2017<br />
| primeminister = [[Narendra Modi]]<br />
| 1blankname = {{centre|Ministry}}<br />
| 1namedata = {{centre|'''Term'''}}<br />
| 2blankname = [[Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship|Minister of Skill Development & Entrepreneurship]]<br /><small>(Independent Charge)<br />
| 2namedata = 9 November 2014 - 31 August 2017<br />
| 3blankname = [[Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (India)|Minister of Parliamentary Affairs]]<br />
| 3namedata = 9 November 2014 - 5 July 2016<br />
| term_start1 = 1 September 2002<br />
| term_end1 = 22 May 2004<br />
| primeminister1 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]<br />
| 1blankname1 = {{centre|Ministry}}<br />
| 1namedata1 = {{centre|'''Term'''}}<br />
| 2blankname1 = [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Minister of Civil Aviation]]<br /><small>(Independent Charge)<br />
| 2namedata1 = 24 May 2003 - 22 May 2004<br />
| 3blankname1 = [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Minister of Commerce & Industry]]<br />
| 3namedata1 = 1 September 2002 - 24 May 2003<br />
| office2 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament<br />Lok Sabha]] <br />
| constituency2 = [[Saran (Lok Sabha constituency)|Saran]]<br />
| term_start2 = 2014<br />
| predecessor2 = [[Lalu Prasad yadav]]<br />
| constituency3 = [[Chapra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chapra]]<br />
| term_start3 = 1999<br />
| term_end3 = 2004<br />
| predecessor3 = Heera Lal Rai<br />
| successor3 = [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]]<br />
| term_start4 = 1996<br />
| term_end4 = 1998<br />
| predecessor4 = [[Lal Babu Rai]]<br />
| successor4 = [[Heera Lal Rai]]<br />
| constituency4 = [[Chapra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chapra]]<br />
| office5 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|Member of Parliament<br />Rajya Sabha]]<br />
| constituency5 = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Bihar|Bihar]]<br />
| term_start5 = 4 July 2008<br />
| term_end5 = 16 May 2014<br />
| predecessor5 = [[Jai Narain Prasad Nishad]]<br />
| successor5 = [[Pavan Varma]]<br />
| office6 = Member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]<br />
|constituency6 = [[Taraiya (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Taraiya]]<br />
| term_start6 = 1990<br />
| term_end6 = 1995<br />
| predecessor6 = Ram Das Rai<br />
| successor6 = Ram Das Rai<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1962|03|30|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Amnour]], [[Saran district|Saran]], [[Bihar]]<br />
| spouse = {{Marriage|Neelam Pratap|1991}}<br />
| children = 2<br />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /><small>(1999–present)</small>[[Bihar People's Party]]<br /><small>(1995-1999)</small><br />
| alma_mater = [[Panjab University]] <br />
| signature = <br />
}}<br />
'''Rajiv Pratap Rudy''' (born 30 March 1962) is an Indian politician from the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/bringing-out-the-jazz-blues-for-july-4/articleshow/59424568.cms|title=Bringing out the jazz & blues for July 4 &#124; Delhi News - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref> and a [[Parliament of India|Member of Parliament]] representing [[Saran (Lok Sabha constituency)]] in [[Bihar]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/opinion/it-is-a-clash-of-stylish-titans-in-bihars-saran-as-rajiv-rudy-chandrika-rai-give-classy-twist-to-ls-battle-2126485.html|title=It is a Clash of 'Stylish' Titans in Bihar's Saran as Rajiv Rudy, Chandrika Rai Give Classy Twist to LS Battle|date=3 May 2019}}</ref><br />
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In 2014. Rudy became the Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Skill Development and Entrepreneurship in Narendra Modi's government. Simultaneously he also shared Parliamentary Affairs department jointly with Minister of State, [[Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi]]. Rudy was a General Secretary of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], a position relinquished soon after he joined the government. Rudy is a trained pilot and holds a commercial pilot's license. He is featured in the [[Limca Book of Records]] as the only parliamentarian to fly a commercial aircraft, an Airbus-320 of Indigo airlines.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/we-politicians-have-betrayed-nation-rajiv-pratap-rudy/articleshow/33883140.cms|title=We politicians have betrayed nation: Rajiv Pratap Rudy - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/lunch-with-bs-rajiv-pratap-rudy-115041000958_1.html|title=Lunch with BS: Rajiv Pratap Rudy|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=10 April 2015}}</ref><br />
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==Early life==<br />
Rajiv Pratap Rudy was born to Vishwanath Singh and Prabha Singh on 30 March 1962 in Patna, Bihar.<ref name="rudyamnour">{{Cite web|url=http://ceobihar.nic.in/election/Rajya%20Sabha%20Elections%202010/Rajiv%20Pratap%20Rudy.pdf|title=Rudy details for Rajya Sabha June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pmindia.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Shri-Rajiv-Pratap-Rudy-Minister-of-State-for-Skill-Development-and-Entrepreneurship.pdf|title=Rudy profile}}</ref> His ancestral village is [[Amnour (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Amnour]], [[Saran district|Saran]], Bihar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://docs2.myneta.info/affidavits/ews3ls2014/8143/Rajiv%20Pratap%20Rudy.pdf|title=Amnour village}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/elections-2014/rudy-tries-to-shed-high-flying-image-114041500490_1.html|title=Rudy, a Rajput from Amnaur and a trained commercial pilot.|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=18 April 2014|last1=Chowdhury|first1=Kavita}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rajiv Pratap Rudy Biography - About family, political life, awards won, history|url=https://www.elections.in/political-leaders/rajiv-pratap-rudy.html/|access-date=2020-08-06|website=Elections in India}}</ref> Rudy completed his school education from [[St. Michael's High School, Patna]].<ref name="rudypunjab">{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/made-in-chandigarh-panjab-university-groomed-me-for-politics-says-mla-rajiv-pratap-rudy/story-gKqy1iEgyzGLSH6CGXzPjN.html|title=Made in Chandigarh: Panjab University groomed me for politics, says MP Rajiv Pratap Rudy|date=22 June 2018}}</ref> Later, he completed his pre-university and pre-engineering from [[DAV College, Chandigarh]]. He completed his graduation in B.A. (Hons.) in Economics at Government College, Chandigarh. Later he also completed a degree in Law from [[Panjab University]] in 1985 and studied post-graduation in Economics from [[Magadh University]] in 1987.<br />
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Prior to joining politics, he was a lecturer of Economics in [[Anugrah Narayan College, Patna|A.N. College, Patna]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://india.gov.in/my-government/indian-parliament/rajiv-pratap-rudy-0 | title=National Portal of India}}</ref> though he was involved in student politics at [[Panjab University]] at Chandigarh when studying at Government College.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1040214/asp/opinion/story_2894446.asp|title=JET SET GO}}</ref><br />
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==Political career==<br />
Rudy was the campaign in charge of [[Harmohan Dhawan]], who was contesting from the Chandigarh Lok Sabha constituency in 1989. He was actively associated with former Prime Minister [[Chandra Shekhar]]. Rudy was first elected in 1990 as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] on [[Janata Dal]] ticket from [[Taraiya (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Taraiya]] at the young age of 28.<ref name="hp" /> He was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]]&nbsp;- the [[lower house]] of the [[Parliament of India]] -&nbsp;as a candidate of the BJP.<ref name="hp" /> He was re–elected for a second term of Lok Sabha in 1999, from [[Chapra (Lok Sabha constituency)]] for BJP.<ref name="hp" /> He then served as the Minister of State for Commerce, Trade & Industry and subsequently became Civil Aviation Minister with independent charge in the [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]] government led by [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]].<ref name="paymentrudy">{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20040223-rajiv-pratap-rudy-non-payment-of-hotel-bill-creates-controversy-790591-2004-02-23|title=Hotel bill row: BJP defends Rajiv Pratap Rudy, political slugfest kicks off|date=February 23, 2004 |magazine=India Today}}</ref><ref name="hp" /> During that tenure, Rudy was in controversy of non-payment of his bills at Taj Exotica Resort & Spa, [[Goa]], which he had to later pay.<ref name="paymentrudy"/><br />
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Rudy had earlier held the post of National Vice President of the [[Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha]]. He was the General Secretary and member of the BJP National Executive.{{Citation needed|date= June 2022}}<br />
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Rudy lost to [[Lalu Prasad]] in 2004 General elections in [[Chapra (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20040503-election-2004-laloo-yadav-takes-on-rajiv-pratap-rudy-in-chhapra-790156-2004-05-03|title=Election 2004: Laloo Yadav takes on Rajiv Pratap Rudy in Chhapra|date=May 3, 2004 |magazine=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/election/2004/apr/30einter2.htm|title=Rajiv Rudy on Chhapra poll|website=www.rediff.com}}</ref> He was then elected to [[Rajya Sabha]] from Bihar in 2010.<ref name="rudyamnour"/><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Patna/Ram-Vilas-Paswan-Rajiv-Pratap-Rudy-win-Rajya-Sabha-seats-from-Bihar/Article1-558978.aspx |title=Ram Vilas Paswan, Rajiv Pratap Rudy win Rajya Sabha seats from Bihar |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=2010-06-17 |access-date=2013-12-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231084251/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Patna/Ram-Vilas-Paswan-Rajiv-Pratap-Rudy-win-Rajya-Sabha-seats-from-Bihar/Article1-558978.aspx |archive-date=31 December 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bjp.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=433&Itemid=682 |title=National Office Bearers |access-date=2013-12-24}}</ref> He contested the 2014 [[Lok Sabha]] Elections from [[Saran (Lok Sabha constituency)]] and defeated former [[Chief Minister of Bihar]], [[Rabri Devi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1151026/jsp/nation/story_49690.jsp#.V4Xuh_l97IU|title=Saran win}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/election-live-2014-march-13/|title=Rudy defeats Rabri Devi|date=14 March 2014}}</ref> following which he was sworn-in as Minister of State on 9 November 2014 and got Minister of State (Independent Charge) of Skill Development & Entrepreneurship.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-cabinet-expansion-manohar-parrikar-gets-defence-harsh-vardhan-transferred-from-health-to-science-ministry-2033647 | title=Cabinet Expansion: Manohar Parrikar gets Defence, Harsh Vardhan transferred from Health to Science Ministry | date=10 November 2014 | access-date=5 December 2014 | location=New Delhi | publisher=PTI }}</ref><br />
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In October 2015, Rajiv Pratap Rudy was in a controversy over sharing on Twitter a screenshot of [[Pakistan]]'s daily [[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] website carrying [[Nitish Kumar]]'s ad of vote appeal during [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]], prompting JD(U) to launch a sharp attack on him and seek his immediate sacking.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/bihar/failed-by-a-screenshot-rajiv-pratap-rudy-faces-digital-jibes-1238562|title=Failed By a Screenshot, Rajiv Pratap Rudy Faces Digital Jibes|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> He submitted his resignation from the cabinet on 31/8/2017 prior to imminent reshuffle in September 2017.{{Citation needed|date= June 2022}}<br />
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In May 2021, Rajiv Pratap Rudy was criticized when 30 unused ambulances were found parked at his [[Amnour]] Vishw-Prabha community centre, even when Bihar was struggling under second wave of [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/coronavirus-in-bihar-pappu-yadav-bjp-mp-trade-words-over-unused-ambulances-2437571|title=In Bihar, Pappu Yadav, BJP MP Trade Words Over Unused Ambulances|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> These ambulances were purchased using funds from the [[Members of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme]] (MPLADS).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/politics/no-drivers-says-bjps-rajiv-pratap-rudy-after-pappu-yadav-targets-him-for-idle-ambulance-fleet/654684/|title=No drivers, says BJP's Rajiv Pratap Rudy after Pappu Yadav targets him for idle ambulance fleet|first=Dipak|last=Mishra|date=8 May 2021}}</ref> Jan Adhikar Party chief [[Pappu Yadav]] raided that community centre run by Rudy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/rudy-to-pappu-spare-drivers-for-ambulances/articleshow/82463874.cms|title=Rudy to Pappu: Spare drivers for ambulances &#124; Patna News - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
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==Personal life==<br />
Rudy married Neelam Pratap on 9 March 1991 at the age of 29.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.asianage.com/life-and-style/leading-full-life-737|title=Leading a full life|website=The Asian Age}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archive.india.gov.in/govt/rajyasabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=2093|title=Rudy archive profile}}</ref> They have two daughters.<ref name="hp">{{cite web |url=http://164.100.47.5:8080/members/Website/Mainweb.asp?mpcode=2093 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113172924/http://164.100.47.5:8080/members/website/Mainweb.asp?mpcode=2093 |archive-date=2009-01-13 |title=Member's Web Site}}</ref><br />
Elder daughter Avshreya Rudy (born 1993) is a lawyer and also a polo player.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/sports/in-other-news/160316/a-polo-nial-queen-s-sport.html |title = A polo-nial queen's sport|date = 15 March 2016}}</ref> His younger daughter Atisha Pratap Singh (born 2000) is a [[kuchipudi]] dancer.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/delhi/Asharaje-Gaekwad-hosts-HVR-Baroda-Cup-Polo-tournament-at-the-Jaipur-Polo-Grounds-in-Delhi/articleshow/49769811.cms |title = Asharaje Gaekwad hosts HVR Baroda Cup Polo tournament at the Jaipur Polo Grounds in Delhi - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref><br />
{{Cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/Weaving-Ties-with-Ikat/2016/02/28/article3300266.ece | title=Weaving Ties with Ikat|work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.livehindustan.com/news/Moradabad/article1-atisha-rudy-in-public-meeting-538527.html |title = राजनीति का ककहरा सीख रही हैं राजीव प्रताप रूडी की बेटी|website=www.livehindustan.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.amarujala.com/india-news/atisha-is-learning-politics-from-her-father-rajiv-pratap-rudy |title = सियासत में कदम रखने को तैयार भाजपा के दिग्गज नेता की बेटी, जान लीजिए नाम|website=/www.amarujala.com}}</ref><br />
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==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
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==External links==<br />
*{{commons category-inline}}<br />
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{{s-bef|before= Lal Babu Rai}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament<br />for [[Chapra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chapra]] |years=1996 – 1998}}<br />
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{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament<br />for [[Chapra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chapra]] |years=1999 – 2004}}<br />
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{{s-bef|before=[[Lalu Prasad Yadav]]}}<br />
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|-<br />
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship|Minister of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship]]|years=26 May 2014 – 3 September 2017<br />''' Minister of State (Independent Charge)'''}}<br />
{{s-aft|after=[[Dharmendra Pradhan]]}}<br />
|-<br />
{{s-end}}<br />
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==External links==<br />
* {{Commons category-inline}}<br />
* {{Twitter}}<br />
* {{Facebook |RPRudyOfficial}}<br />
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{{Cabinet of Narendra Modi}}<br />
{{Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)}}<br />
{{16th LS members from Bihar}}<br />
{{17th LS members from Bihar|Rajiv Pratap Rudy=Rajiv Pratap Rudy}}{{Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Rudy, Rajiv Pratap}}<br />
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:Bihar People's Party politicians]]<br />
[[Category:1962 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:11th Lok Sabha members]]<br />
[[Category:13th Lok Sabha members]]<br />
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:16th Lok Sabha members]]<br />
[[Category:Civil aviation ministers of India]]<br />
[[Category:Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship]]<br />
[[Category:Narendra Modi ministry]]<br />
[[Category:People from Saran district]]<br />
[[Category:17th Lok Sabha members]]<br />
[[Category:Panjab University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Magadh University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Bihari politicians]]</div>UpdateBothttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ammy_Virk&diff=332860Ammy Virk2022-07-02T06:19:04Z<p>UpdateBot: robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian singer, actor and producer}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Ammy Virk<br />
| image = Ammy Virk 2019.jpg<br />
| caption = Virk in 2019<br />
| birth_name = Amninderpal Singh Virk<br />
| birth_place = [[Patiala]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India<br />
| education = M.Sc Biotechnology<ref name="Singh, 2014">{{cite news|last1=Singh|first1=Jasmine |title=PUNJABI TADKA: Mom's the word |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20140321/ttlife1.htm |access-date=9 December 2016 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=21 March 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140726222654/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20140321/ttlife1.htm |archive-date=26 July 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
| occupation = {{Hlist | Actor | singer | producer}}<!-- Occupation(s) as given in the lead --><br />
| years_active = 2012–present<br />
| website = {{Facebook|ItsAmmyVirk|Ammy Virk}}<br />
| module = {{Infobox musical artist<br />
| embed = yes<br />
| label = {{flatlist|*[[Times Music|Speed]]<br />
* [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]<br />
* [[Rhythm Boyz]]<br />
* [[Sony Music India]]<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Amninderpal Singh Virk''', better known as '''Ammy Virk''', is an Indian singer, actor and producer who works in [[Punjabi cinema|Punjabi]] and [[Bollywood|Hindi films]].<ref name="The Times of India 2015">{{cite web | title=Ammy Virk's 'Surma to Sandle' all set to be released | website=The Times of India | date=27 May 2015 | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/Ammy-Virks-Surma-to-sandle-all-set-to-be-released/articleshow/47445619.cms | access-date=12 August 2015}}</ref> He started the production house [[Villagers Film Studio]] and a distribution company [[Villagers Film Studio#In House Group|In House Group]]. He is best known for playing the role of Nikka in ''[[Nikka Zaildar]]'' series, Shivjit in ''[[Qismat]] & [[Qismat 2]]'', [[Harjeet Singh]] in ''[[Harjeeta]]'', and Haakam in ''[[Angrej]]''.<br />
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He started his acting career with the role of Hakam in the historical romance Punjabi film ''Angrej'' (2015) for which he won Best Debut Actor Award at [[PTC Punjabi Film Awards]].<ref name="Service 2015">{{cite web | last=Service | first=Tribune News | title=Angrej is also the ground for singer Ammy Virk, who opens his innings here. | work=tribuneindia.com | date=12 August 2015 | url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/movie-reviews/love-ly-lanes/113715.html | access-date=12 August 2015}}</ref> Also, he had starred in other films including [[Bambukat]], [[Ardaas (film)|Ardaas]], ''Nikka Zaildar'', [[Laung Laachi]] and ''Qismat''. Gurnaaz Kaur of [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] described Virk as Nikka as one of the most loved characters of Punjabi cinema.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/mobi/news/movie-review-nikka-zaildar-3-it-s-laugh-riot/835553.html|title=Movie Review - Nikka Zaildar 3: It's laugh riot|last=Kaur|first=Gurnaaz|date=20 September 2019|website=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|access-date=21 September 2019}}</ref> He is known for his Patiala-Shahi [[Pagri (turban)|turban]].<ref name="http://www.hindustantimes.com/ 2014">{{cite web | title=But now, the new demand is to replicate the style of budding Punjabi singer Ammy Virk | website=hindustantimes.com | date=5 July 2014 | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/turban-tying-records-a-new-high/article1-1237005.aspx | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217090949/http://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/turban-tying-records-a-new-high/article1-1237005.aspx | url-status=dead | archive-date=February 17, 2015 | access-date=12 August 2015}}</ref> His films ''Angrej'' and ''Qismat'' are one of the [[List of highest-grossing Punjabi films|highest grossing Punjabi films]] of all time.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4335|title=Qismat Is A Blockbuster - Top Punjabi Films Worldwide - Box Office India|website=boxofficeindia.com|access-date=2018-10-12}}</ref> He made his [[Bollywood]] debut with film '' [[Bhuj: The Pride of India|Bhuj The Pride Of India]]'' (2021) directed by [[Abhishek Dudhaiya]].<br />
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==Early life ==<br />
Virk was born Amninderpal Singh Virk. In an interview with ''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]'' he said, "It was my mother who told me that I should try singing. I have learned it. I am a singer because of my mother and I love her for having faith in me."<ref name="Singh, 2014"/><br />
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== Discography ==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:105%;" +<br />
|+ List of albums by Virk<br />
|- bgcolor="#AAAAACCCCDDDDD" align="center"<br />
! scope="col" | Year <br />
! scope="col" | Album<br />
! scope="col" | Record Label<br />
! scope="col" | Music<br />
! scope="col" | Tracks<br />
|-<br />
| 2011<br />
| ''Chandigarh Diyan Kudian''<br />
| Speed Records<br />
| Bhinda Auijla<br />
| 7<br />
|-<br />
| 2013<br />
| ''Jattizm''<br />
| Lokdhun Punjabi<br />
| [[Gupz Sehra]]<br />
| 12<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Singles ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ List of singles by Virk<br />
! scope="col" | Year<br />
! scope="col" | Song<br />
! scope="col" | Lyrics <br />
! scope="col" | Music<br />
! scope="col" | Label<br />
!<br />
|-<br />
| 2013 || ''Ikk Pal''<br />
|Lavi Nagpal<br />
|Gupz Sehra<br />
| rowspan="3" |Mv Records <br />
| rowspan="2" |From Album "''Jattizm''"<br />
|-<br />
| 2014 || ''Bullet vs Chammak Challo''<br />
|Lalli Saggo<br />
|Gupz Sehra<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 2015 || ''Zindabaad Yaarian''<br />
|Maninder Turke<br />
|Gupz Sehra<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Taara''<br />
|[[Jaani (songwriter)|Jaani]]<br />
|[[B Praak]] <br />
|[[Sony Music India]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" | 2016 || ''Haan Kargi''<br />
|[[Amrit Maan]] <br />
|Gupz Sehra<br />
|Mv Records <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''Surma To Sandals''<br />
|Jaani <br />
|B Praak <br />
|T-Series <br />
|Featuring [[B Praak]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''Hassian Khedian''<br />
|Balli Baljit<br />
|Mr.Wow<br />
|Speed Records<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" | 2017 || ''Akh Teri Baaz Wargi''<br />
|[[Tarsem Jassar|Tarseem Jassar]]<br />
|R Guru<br />
|White Hill Music<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''Qismat''<br />
|Jaani<br />
|B Praak <br />
|Speed Records <br />
|Featuring [[Sargun Mehta]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''"Skid"''<br />
|<br />
|Desi Dark Child<br />
|Coffin Studios<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" | 2018 || ''Hath Chumme<ref>{{cite web |url=http://punjabipollywood.com/hath-chumme-new-punjabi-song-by-ammy-virk-feat-b-praak-official-video-and-lyrics/ |title=Ammy Virk New Punjabi Song Hath Chumme |date=7 June 2018 |publisher= PunjabiPollywood.com }}</ref>''<br />
|Jaani<br />
|B Praak<br />
|Desi Melodies <br />
|Featuring B Praak<br />
|-<br />
| ''Double Cross''<br />
|[[Happy Raikoti]]<br />
|Ikwinder Singh (ikky)<br />
|Speed Records <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''Background''<br />
|Babbu<br />
|[[MixSingh|Mix Singh]]<br />
|Speed Records<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" | 2019 || ''Mitraa''<br />
|Simar Doraha<br />
|[[Jatinder Shah]]<br />
|Speed Records <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''Wang Da Naap''<br />
|[[Harmanjeet Singh|Harmanjeet]]<br />
|Gurmeet Singh<br />
|White Hill Music<br />
|[[Promotional single|Promotional Track]] from "Muklawa"<br />
|-<br />
| ''Haaye Ve''<br />
|Raj FatehPur<br />
|Sunny Vik<br />
|I Just Music <br />
|Produced By [[Jackky Bhagnani|Jacky Bhagnani]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" | 2020 || ''Tod Da-e-Dil''<br />
|[[Maninder Buttar]]<br />
|Avvy Sra<br />
|Desi Melodies <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''Main suneya''<br />
|Raj Fatehpur<br />
|Sunny Vik<br />
|[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''Regret''<br />
|Simar Doraha<br />
|Goldboy<br />
|Speed Records <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Taare Baliye''<br />
|Happy Raikoti <br />
|Avvy Sra<br />
|Burfi Music<br />
|Debut as Producer<br>Featuring [[Sargun Mehta]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" |2021<br />
|''Khabbi Seat''<br />
|Happy Raikoti<br />
|[[MixSingh|Mix Singh]]<br />
|Burfi Music<br />
|Featuring Swetaj Brar<br />
|-<br />
|''Kade Kade''<br />
|Happy Raikoti <br />
|Avvy Sra<br />
|T-Series <br />
|Featuring [[Wamiqa Gabbi]]<br />
|-<br />
|''Pyaar Di Kahani''<br />
|Raj Fatehpur<br />
|Sunny Vik<br />
|[[Saregama]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Dabde Ni''<br />
|Mani Longia <br />
|Starboy Music X <br />
|Burfi Music <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2022<br />
|''Teri Jatti''<br />
|Mani Longia<br />
|Sync<br />
|Burfi Music <br />
|Featuring [[Tania (Indian actress)|Tania]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== As Featured Artist ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Title<br />
!Singer<br />
!Lyrics <br />
!Record Label<br />
!Ref<br />
|-<br />
|2022<br />
|Behja Behja<br />
|The Landers<br />
|Mani Longia<br />
|Burfi Music<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Teaser of The Landers ft. Ammy Virk's 'Behja Behja' hooks the fans - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/teaser-of-the-landers-ft-ammy-virks-behja-behja-hooks-the-fans/articleshow/90379882.cms |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Film career==<br />
<br />
Virk started his film career with ''[[Angrej]]'' produced by [[Rhythm Boyz Entertainment]] released in 2015. He played the role of Haakam which shows a negative role. Jasmine Singh of ''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]'' said, “''Angrej'' is also the ground for singer Ammy Virk, who opens his innings here. If it were just looks, the singer gets a five on five; as far as dialogue delivery goes, there is more work that needs to be done. All the same, he makes his character look and sound real.”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/mobi/news/movie-reviews/love-ly-lanes/113715.html|title=Love-ly-lanes|website=tribuneindia.com|access-date=2018-10-12}}</ref> Also, he won ''Best Debut Actor Award'' at [[PTC Punjabi Film Awards]] for his role in the film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/PTC-Punjabi-Film-Awards-2016-Complete-list-of-winners/articleshow/51833601.cms|title=PTC Punjabi Film Awards 2016 Winners list|website=timesofinidia.com|access-date=2018-10-12}}</ref> <br />
<br />
In 2016, his second film [[Ardaas (film)|''Ardaas'']] directed by [[Gippy Grewal]] was released. In the film he played supporting role of Agyapal Singh(Aasi). Divya Pal of [[News18 India|''News18'']] said, “It is interesting to see how the film’s supporting actors serve up strong performances. Ammy Virk is suitably striking as Aasi [...]”<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ardaas-review-gippy-grewals-directorial-venture-is-a-heartfelt-film-with-nuanced-performances-1215411.html|title='Ardaas' review: Gippy Grewal's directorial venture is a heartfelt film with nuanced performances|work=News18|access-date=2018-10-12}}</ref> Uttam of ''Punjabi Teshan'' said, “[...] ''Ammy Virk'' has improved so much, he acted like a good theatre artist. [...]”<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.punjabiteshan.com/ardaas-punjabi-movie-review-gippy-grewal-gurpreet-ghuggi-ammy-virk/|title=Ardaas Punjabi Movie Review – Gippy Grewal – Gurpreet Ghuggi – Ammy Virk|date=2016-03-12|work=Punjabi Teshan|access-date=2018-10-12}}</ref> Later in July, his film ''[[Bambukat]]'' was released being his second collaboration with ''Rhythm Boyz Entertainment''. The film was directed by [[Pankaj Batra]] and was Virk's first film as a lead Actor. Gurlove Singh of BookMyShow said, "Ammy Virk is a revelation. He has proven that he chooses his scripts carefully. [...] he packs a solid punch in ''Bambukat''. He has definitely grown as an actor. He is exceptional in the emotional scenes. [...] your heart goes out to Channan, and that’s only because of Ammy Virk’s effective portrayal."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/entertainment/bambukat-film-review/76390|title=Bambukat Movie Review, Trailer and Story - BookMyShow|website=in.bookmyshow.com|access-date=2018-10-13}}</ref> He won ''Best Actor Award'' at PTC Punjabi Film Awards shared with [[Amrinder Gill]] for his role of "Channan Singh" in the film<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://punjabdreamz.com/ptc-punjabi-film-awards-2017/|title=PTC Punjabi Film Awards 2017{{!}} Winners{{!}} Nominations{{!}} Categories|date=2017-04-25|work=PunjabDreamz|access-date=2018-10-13}}</ref> and ''Best Actor Critics Award'' at [[Filmfare Awards Punjabi]] shared with ''Gurpreet Ghuggi''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-jio-filmfare-awards-punjabi-2017_-19658.html|title=Winners of the Jio Filmfare Awards (Punjabi) 2017|work=filmfare.com|access-date=2018-10-13}}</ref> In September, he starred in ''[[Nikka Zaildar]]'' as Nikka.<br />
<br />
In 2017, he started with playing a special appearance in the [[Tarsem Jassar]]'s starrer [[Rabb Da Radio]] song "Akh Boldi". In May, his thriller film ''Saab Bahadar'' was released. Jasmine Singh of The Tribune, said "Now, it’s time for the ''Saab Bahadur'' to come in- Punjabi singer-actor Ammy Virk plays the real cop, the Saab Bahadur in the film [...] he nails it this time too."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/mobi/news/movie-reviews/saab-bahadur-bond-with-the-best/413097.html|title=Saab Bahadur: Bond with the best|website=tribuneindia.com}}</ref> Gurlove Singh of ''BookMyShow'' said, "There’s no denying the fact that Ammy Virk is the heart and soul of ''Saab Bahadar''. He is portraying the titular role and has introduced us to a new brand of cop with his spellbinding performance. He enacts his character with earnestness and authenticity. He is brilliant in every frame and charges assertively through the film. His portrayal of Saab Bahadar stamps the fact that he is one of the most sought-after actors of Punjabi film industry these days."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/entertainment/saab-bahadar-review/103738|title=Saab Bahadar: Film Review - A Perfect Murder Mystery|website=in.bookmyshow.com|access-date=2018-10-13}}</ref> The film was critically praised but commercially it was not that good.<br />
<br />
<blockquote>You can't experiment much. If you make an experimental film in Punjab, then I don't think it will work right now as the market is not that big. If the market grows, then more type of genres like action and suspense can also do well.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/can-t-experiment-much-in-punjabi-films-ammy-virk-118070800273_1.html|title=Can't experiment much in Punjabi films: Ammy Virk|last=IANS|date=2018-07-08|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2018-10-13}}</ref><br />
-''Ammy Virk''<br />
</blockquote><br />
<br />
In September 2017, his film [[Nikka Zaildar 2]] sequel to ''Nikka Zaildar'' was released. The film was set in bygone era and upon its release was announced HIT by [[Box Office India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=3278|title=Nikka Zaildar 2 Is A HIT - Box Office India|website=www.boxofficeindia.com|access-date=2018-10-22}}</ref> Jasmine Singh of ''The Tribune'' said, "Actor-singer Ammy Virk melts into his character, just like he did in ''Nikka Zaildar''. With a line of hits to his credit, Ammy is only growing as an artiste. He has a bang on comic timing, and the same can be said about his emotional scenes."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/mobi/news/life-style/nikka-nails-it-yet-again/471454.html|title=Nikka nails it, yet again!|last=Singh|first=Jasmine|date=2017-09-23|website=Tribune India}}</ref> Later, in December [[Sat Shri Akaal England]] was released. In the film Virk played role of Major German Singh Mann. The film was not critically and commercially successful but Virk's performance was appreciated. Manjit Singh of Santa Banta said, "Ammy is a natural actor who doesn't require any much effort to bring out his best."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.santabanta.com/bollywood/123206/review-sat-shri-akaal-england--a-poor-ripped-off-version-of-namastey-london/|title=Review: 'Sat Shri Akaal England' - A poor ripped-off version of 'Namastey London'|website=www.santabanta.com|access-date=2018-10-22}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2018, he started [[Laung Laachi]] with a negative supporting role of Ajaypal Singh. The film was written and directed by [[Amberdeep Singh]] also he starred in the film as a lead Actor. The film was commercially successful and also the one of highest grossing Punjabi films of 2018. Later, in May [[Harjeeta]] was released. The film was based on Harjeet Singh a hockey player who served as captain for Indian Hockey Team and won World Cup. Jasmine Singh of ''The Tribune'' praising his performance said, "It is hard not to notice the actor’s hard work, whether it is adopting the real Tuli’s young looks, his mannerism and his style. Ammy delivers an award winning performance. Ammy has taken to the character like chalk and cheese."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/mobi/news/movie-reviews/straight-pass-to-the-goal-post/591148.html|title=Straight pass to the goal post|last=Singh|first=Jasmine|date=2018-05-18|website=Tribune India}}</ref><br />
<br />
In September, ''[[Qismat]]'' was released. The film was named after a song sung by himself only because similarity in lead cast, crew and emotions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/mobi/news/life-style/qismat-badaldi-veykhi-main/653984.html|title=Qismat and also veykhi main|last=Singh|first=Jasmine|website=tribuneindia.com}}</ref> The film was written and directed by [[Jagdeep Sidhu]]. In the film Virk played role of Shivjit Singh Gill opposite to [[Sargun Mehta]] in the film. Gurlove Singh of ''BookMyShow'' said, "''Qismat'' belongs to Ammy Virk and Sargun Mehta. They are the heart and soul of the movie. They both give equally good, well-balanced and superlative performances. You cannot help but fall in love with their on-screen chemistry. They make you smile and cry a number of times in those two hours. It’s hard to believe anyone else portraying Shivjit and Bani’s roles."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/discover/movies/reviews/punjabi-reviews/qismat-film-review/amp|title=[Review] Qismat: Grab Some Tissues Because This Film Is Definitely A Tearjerker!|date=2018-09-21|work=BookMyShow|access-date=2018-09-21}}</ref><br />
Jasmine Singh of ''The Tribune'' also praised lead cast, saying, “''Ammy Virk'' and ''Sargun Mehta'' share a strong onscreen chemistry. Ammy, makes every word he says achievable in real life. He is one effortless actor who can make the audiences laugh, cry and now, believe in true love.”<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/movie-reviews/love-and-loads-of-luck/656558.html|title=[Review] Qismat: Love and loads of luck|date=2018-09-21|work=The Tribune|access-date=2018-09-21}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2019, his films ''[[Muklawa]]'' and ''Nikka Zaildar 3'' were released. In ''Muklawa'' he co-starred with [[Sonam Bajwa]] for the third time after ''Nikka Zaildar'' and ''Nikka Zaildar 2''. Actress [[Rose Sardana]] also starred Muklawa for the first time with Ammy Virk. In the same year his ''Chhalle Mundiyaan'' was released and ''Guddiyan Patole'' starring [[Gurnam Bhullar]] on other hand produced by him.<br />
<br />
On 15 July 2022, his 3nd movie with [[Tania (Indian actress)|Tania]], [https://rajdst.com/category/bajre-da-sitta/ Bajre da Sitta] was coming. This movie is special because Ammy Virk has always been the constant support to his lady love in almost every movie. But here, we are teased with the villainous side of Ammy in the film.<br />
<br />
He is also making debut in [[Bollywood]] with film ''[[83 (film)|83]]'' directed by [[Kabir Khan (director)|Kabir Khan]]. The film is based on the life of Indian cricket player [[Kapil Dev]]. Virk will play the role of fast bowler [[Balwinder Sandhu]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Singer Ammy Virk To Star As Balvinder Singh Sandhu In '83|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/singer-ammy-virk-to-star-as-balvinder-singh-sandhu-in-83-1982174|access-date=2019-01-24|website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/punjabi-singer-actor-ammy-virk-to-play-balwinder-singh-sandhu-in-kabir-khan-s-83/352490|title=Punjabi singer-actor Ammy Virk to play Balwinder Singh Sandhu in Kabir Khan's '83 {{!}} Bollywood News|website=www.timesnownews.com|access-date=2019-01-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/punjabi-star-ammy-virk-to-make-bollywood-debut-as-cricketer-balwinder-singh-sandhu-in-world-cup-movie-2011431.html|title=Punjabi Star Ammy Virk to Make Bollywood Debut as Cricketer Balwinder Singh Sandhu in World Cup Movie|website=News18|date=23 January 2019 |access-date=2019-01-24}}</ref> He also featured in Bollywood film ''[[Bhuj: The Pride of India]]'' where he has played role of a fighter pilot.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/sanjay-dutt-sonakshi-sinha-rana-daggubati-parineeti-and-ammy-virk-join-ajay-devgn-in-bhuj/20599175|title=Sanjay Dutt, Sonakshi Sinha, Rana Daggubati, Parineeti and Ammy Virk join Ajay Devgn in Bhuj|date=2019-03-20|website=mid-day|language=en|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/bhuj-the-pride-of-india-full-cast-revealed-parineeti-chopra-sanjay-dutt-rana-daggubati-sonakshi-sinha-ammy-virk-join-ajay-devgn/385934|title=Bhuj: The Pride of India full cast revealed! Parineeti Chopra, Sanjay Dutt, Rana Daggubati, Sonakshi Sinha, Ammy Virk join Ajay Devgn {{!}} Bollywood News|website=www.timesnownews.com|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref> Ammy virk<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-07|title=Filhaal 2 song: Akshay Kumar, Nupur Sanon and Ammy Virk love triangle ends in heartbreak|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/filhaal-2-mohabbat-song-akshay-kumar-ammy-virk-nupur-sanon-song-7391311/|access-date=2021-07-27|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> was also featured in [[Filhaal2 Mohabbat|Filhaal 2]] by [[B Praak|B praak]].<br />
<br />
== Filmography ==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+Key<br />
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}<br />
| Denotes films that have not yet been released<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+ List of film performances by Virk<br />
! scope="col" | Year<br />
! scope="col" | Film<br />
! scope="col" | Role<br />
! scope="col" | Actor <br />
! scope="col" | Producer<br />
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes<br />
|-<br />
| 2015 || ''[[Angrej]]'' || Haakam <br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{no}} || Debut Film<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" | 2016 || ''[[Ardaas (Film)|Ardaas]]'' || Agyapal Singh <br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{no}} ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Bambukat]]'' || Channan Singh <br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{no}} || Debut as Lead Actor <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Nikka Zaildar]]'' || Nikka/Yadwinder <br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{no}} ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Dil Wali Gal'' || Ammy <br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{no}} || A short film by Filmy Shots on [[YouTube]]<ref name="Dil Wali Gal">{{cite web|url=http://punjabimania.com/ammy-virk-jyoti-sethi-feature-in-filmy-shots-dil-wali-gal/|title=Ammy Virk, Jyoti Sethi feature in Filmy Shots 'Dil Wali Gal'|date=23 April 2016}}</ref><ref name="Dil Wali Gal YouTube Link">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kkd-CERbiTg|title=Dil Wali Gal (HD) - Ammy Virk, Jyotii Sethi, Harinder Bhullar |date=24 May 2016|publisher=Filmy Shots}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" | 2017 || ''[[Rabb Da Radio]]'' || Singer <br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{no}} || Special appearance in song "Akh Boldi"<br />
|-<br />
| ''Saab Bahadar'' || Kuldeep Singh/Saab Bahadar <br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{no}} ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Nikka Zaildar 2]]'' || Nikka <br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{no}} ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sat Shri Akaal England]]'' || Major German Singh Mann <br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{no}} ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" | 2018|| ''[[Laung Laachi]]'' <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deedu.in/laung-laachi-cast-crew-wiki-theaters-list-show-time-release-date-trailer-ammy-virk/ |title=Laung Laachi Cast, Crew Details |publisher=DeeduKnowAll |access-date=2018-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308103839/http://www.deedu.in/laung-laachi-cast-crew-wiki-theaters-list-show-time-release-date-trailer-ammy-virk/ |archive-date=2018-03-08 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || Ajaypal <br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{yes}} ||Supporting Role<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Harjeeta]]'' || [[Harjeet Singh (field hockey)|Harjeet Singh]] <br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{yes}} ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Qismat]]'' ||Shivjit Singh Gill <br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{no}} || Biggest Hit of His Career<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Aate Di Chidi]]'' || Singer <br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}} || Special appearance in song "Muchh"<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |2019<br />
|''[[Guddiyan Patole]]'' <br />
|Producer<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''Muklawa'' || Shinda<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{no}} ||<br />
|- <br />
|''[[Nikka Zaildar 3]]''<br />
|Nikka Zaildar<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/nikka-zaildar-3-heres-a-sneak-peek-into-the-set-of-the-ammy-virk-starrer/articleshow/67829141.cms|title=Nikka Zaildar 3: Here's a sneak peek into the set of the Ammy Virk starrer - Times of India|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-03-11}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2020 ||''[[Sufna]]'' || Jagjeet <br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{no}} ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" |2021<br />
|''[[Puaada]]''<br />
|Jaggi<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/ammy-virk-sonam-bajwas-puaada-to-hit-theatres-in-august-7423180/ |title= Ammy Virk-Sonam Bajwa's Puaada to hit theatres in August |website= Indian Express |date= 26 July 2021 |access-date=26 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abcfry.com/puaada-got-finally-release/|title= Puaada Got Finally Release Date Starring Ammy Virk, Sonam Bajwa |website= abcFRY |date= 26 July 2021 |access-date=26 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Bhuj: The Pride of India]]''<br />
|[[Flight Lieutenant]] Vikram Singh Baj Jethaaz<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|Hindi film; Released on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bhuj-the-pride-of-india-goes-on-floors-in-hyderabad-sanjay-dutt-starts-shooting-for-war-drama-6875441.html|title=Bhuj: The Pride of India goes on floors in Hyderabad; Sanjay Dutt starts shooting for war drama|work= Firstpost.com|date=25 June 2019|access-date=25 June 2019}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Qismat 2]]''|| Shivjit Singh<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{no}} ||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[83 (film)|83]]''<ref name=":1" />||[[Balwinder Sandhu]] <br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{no}} ||Hindi film<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="7" |2022<br />
|''[[Aaja Mexico Challiye]]''<br />
| Pamma<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-11|title=Ammy Virk starrer 'Aaja Mexico Chaliye's trailer to release on THIS date; details inside|url=https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/ammy-virk-starrer-aaja-mexico-chaliyes-trailer-to-release-on-this-date-details-inside|access-date=2022-02-13|website=PTC Punjabi}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Lekh (film)|Lekh]]<br />
|Maninder<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|{{No}}<br />
|Special appearance <br />
|-<br />
|''[[Saunkan Saunkne]]''<br />
|Nirmal Singh<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{No}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ammy Virk, Sargun Mehta announce their new film ''Saunkan Saunkne''|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/ammy-virk-sargun-mehta-announce-their-new-film-saunkan-saunkne/1879683|access-date=2021-07-10|website=Outlook India}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Sher Bagga]]''<br />
|Dilsher Singh<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://kiddaan.com/sher-bagga-release-date-of-ammy-virk-and-sonam-bajwa-starrer-punjabi-movie-announced/ | title=Sher Bagga: Release Date of Ammy Virk and Sonam Bajwa Starrer Punjabi Movie Announced | date=29 September 2021 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#FFFFCC;" | ''Bajre Da Sitta'' {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}<br />
| {{TBA}}<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
| Releasing on 15th July 2022<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#FFFFCC;" | ''Laung Laachi 2'' {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}<br />
| {{TBA}}<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
| Releasing on 19th August 2022<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#FFFFCC;" |''Oye Makhna''{{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}<br />
| {{TBA}}<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
| Releasing on 9th September 2022 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/out-of-box/ammy-virks-oye-makhna-to-release-on-september-920220520194331/|title=Ammy Virk's 'Oye Makhna' to release on September 9|date=20 May 2022|access-date=20 May 2022|website=ANI News}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2023<br />
| style="background:#FFFFCC;" |''Arjantina''{{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}<br />
| {{TBA}}<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
| Releasing on 7th April 2023<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#FFFFCC;" |''Gaddi Jaandi Ae Chalaangaan Mardi''{{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}<br />
| {{TBA}}<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
| Releasing on 9th June 2023<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Film soundtrack ==<br />
<br />
=== Punjabi ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+ List of Punjabi songs performed by Virk for film soundtracks<br />
! scope="col" | Year<br />
! scope="col" | Song<br />
! scope="col" | Film<br />
|-<br />
| 2015 || ''Tappe'' || ''[[Angrej]]''<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="8" | 2016 || "Kawa Wali Panchait" || rowspan="2" |''[[Ardaas (Film)|Ardaas]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| ''Nain''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Badla Lena'' || ''[[Dulla Bhatti (film)|Dulla Bhatti]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Kainthe Wala'' || rowspan="3" |''[[Bambukat]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Rakhi Soneya Ve''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Bambukat''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Mini Cooper'' || rowspan="2" |''[[Nikka Zaildar]] ''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Lagdi Na Akh''<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="7" | 2017 || ''Record Bolde'' || ''Jugni Hath Kise Na Auni''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Akh Boldi'' || ''[[Rabb Da Radio]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| ''Kali Jotta'' || rowspan="2" | ''[[Nikka Zaildar 2]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Gaani''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Vekh Ke Hasdi'' || ''[[Manje Bistre]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Sindhoori'' || ''[[Bailaras]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Jatt Da Kalej'' || ''[[Sat Shri Akaal England]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" | 2018 || ''Radio'' || ''[[Laung Laachi]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| ''Pasand Jatt Di'' || rowspan="2" | ''[[Qismat]]''<br />
|-<br />
|''Gallan Teriyan''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Akhiyaan Naar Diyan'' ||<br />
|-<br />
|2020<br />
|''Jaan Deyan Ge''<br />
|[[Sufna]] <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2021<br />
|''Aaye Haye Jattiye''<br />
|[[Puaada]]<br />
|-<br />
|''Teri Akhiyan''<br />
|[[Qismat 2]] <br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Hindi===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+ List of Hindi songs performed by Virk for film soundtracks<br />
! scope="col" | Year<br />
! scope="col" | Song<br />
! scope="col" | Film<br />
|-<br />
| 2018 || "Daryaa" || ''[[Manmarziyaan]]'' <br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Awards and nominations ==<br />
{{refimprove|section|date=June 2020}}<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"<br />
|+ List of awards and nominations for Virk<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" | Year<br />
! scope="col" | Film<br />
! scope="col" | Award ceremony<br />
! scope="col" | Category<br />
! scope="col" | Result<br />
|-<br />
| 2016 || ''[[Angrej]]'' || rowspan="3"|[[PTC Punjabi Film Awards]] || Best Debut Actor || {{won}} <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5"|2017 || rowspan="4"|''[[Bambukat]]'' || Best Playback Singer (male) || {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| Best Actor || {{won}}(shared with [[Amrinder Gill]])<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3"| [[Filmfare Awards Punjabi]] || Best Actor (critics) || {{won}}<br />
|-<br />
| Best Actor || {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Nikka Zaildar]]'' || Best Playback Singer (male) || {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="6"|2018 || rowspan="6"|''[[Nikka Zaildar 2]]'' || rowspan="2"|[[PTC Punjabi Film Awards]] || Best Playback Singer (male) || {{won}}<br />
|-<br />
| Best Actor || {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"|[[Filmfare Awards Punjabi]] || Best Actor || {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| Best Playback Singer (male) || {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"|Brit Asia Film Awards || Best Actor || {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| Best Playback Singer (male) || {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="9"|2019 || rowspan="3"|''[[Manmarziyaan]]''<br />
|<br />
[[25th Screen Awards]] <br />
| [[Screen Award for Best Male Playback]] || {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| FC Film Club Awards<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/film-club-bollywood-awards-facebook-winners-best-actor-actress-movie-song-director|title=FC Film Club Award Winners|last=FC|first=Team|date=2019-04-01|website=Film Companion|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-07}}</ref>|| Best Song "Daryaa" || {{won}}<br />
|-<br />
| Reel Movie Awards<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/reel-movie-awards-2019-ammy-virk-and-shahid-mallya-win-best-playback-singer-for-daarya-2078733.html|title=REEL Movie Awards 2019: Ammy Virk and Shahid Mallya Win Best Playback Singer for Daarya|website=News18|date=26 March 2019 |access-date=2019-03-27}}</ref>|| Best Playback Singer (Male) || {{won}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"|''[[Qismat]]'' || rowspan="3"|Brit Asia TV Awards || Best Male Playback Vocalist || {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| Best Actor || {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"|''[[Laung Laachi]]'' || rowspan="2"|Best Supporting Actor || {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3"|PTC Punjabi Film Awards<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"|''[[Harjeeta]]''<br />
| Best Actor<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| Best Playback Singer (Male)<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Virk, Ammy}}<br />
[[Category:Indian male singers]]<br />
[[Category:Punjabi-language singers]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:People from Amritsar district]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors in Punjabi cinema]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors from Punjab, India]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male voice actors]]<br />
[[Category:Bhangra (music) musicians]]</div>UpdateBothttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pavitra_Bandham&diff=321243Pavitra Bandham2022-07-02T06:18:17Z<p>UpdateBot: robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)</p>
<hr />
<div>{{About|the 1996 film|the 1971 film|Pavitra Bandham (1971 film)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Pavitra Bandham<br />
| image = Pavitra_Bandham.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical poster<br />
| director = [[Muthyala Subbaiah]]<br />
| producer = C. Venkataraju, G. Sivaraju<br />
| story = Bhupathi Raja<br />
| writer = [[Posani Krishna Murali]] (dialogues)<br />
| screenplay = Muthyala Subbaiah<br />
| starring = {{plainlist|<br />
* [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]]<br />
* [[Soundarya]]<br />
}}<br />
| music = [[M. M. Keeravani]]<br />
| cinematography = K. Ravindra Babu<br />
| editing = Gautham Raju<br />
| studio = Geeta Chitra International<br />
| released = {{Film date|1996|10|17|df=y}}<br />
| runtime = 147 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Telugu<br />
| budget =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Pavitra Bandham''''' ({{translation}} ''The Holy Bond'') is a 1996 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic drama film]] produced by C. Venkataraju and G. Sivaraju under the Geeta Chitra International banner, directed by [[Muthyala Subbaiah]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1579650/|title = Pavitra Bandham|website = [[IMDb]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://aggipulla.com/movie/pavitra-bandham-00025620 |title=Archived copy |access-date=24 May 2013 |archive-date=18 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618204356/http://aggipulla.com/movie/pavitra-bandham-00025620 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It stars [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]] and [[Soundarya]], with music composed by [[M. M. Keeravani]]. The film was declared a blockbuster at the box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/venkatesh-centers.html |title= Success and centers list – Venkatesh|publisher = [[idlebrain.com]] |access-date=16 December 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
The film won three [[Nandi Awards]]. Owing to its success, it was remade in six other languages - in Odia as ''[[Siddhanta Mahapatra|Suhaag Sindura]]'' (1996), in Kannada as ''[[Mangalyam Tantunanena]]'' (1998), in Hindi as ''[[Hum Aapke Dil Mein Rehte Hain]]'' (1999), in Tamil as ''[[Priyamaanavale]]'' (2000), in Bengali as ''[[Saat Paake Bandha]]'' (2009), and also in Bangladeshi as ''E Badhon Jabena Chhire'' (2000). In 2009, this movie became the fourth Indian movie to be remade in six other languages after ''[[Poovinu Puthiya Poonthennal]]'' (Malayalam), ''[[Anuraga Aralithu]]'' (Kannada) and ''[[Kireedam (1989 film)|Kireedam]]'' (Malayalam).<br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
Vishwanath ([[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]) is a multimillionaire industrialist. Vijay ([[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]]), his only son, having grown up in the United States (Chicago, Illinois), has no interest in [[marriage]]; his goal is to enjoy his youth as much as possible. Vishwanath would like his son to get married and become responsible; his insistence makes Vijay agree to a marriage, but with a unique condition — a kind of test drive. The marriage will be for a single year, initially, and at the end of the year he can choose to continue it, or not, depending on his attitude towards his wife, in that duration, the marriage will be annulled. Radha ([[Soundarya]]), Vishwanath's secretary, is a hardworking young woman struggling to support her family. Vishwanath asks Radha to quit her job and marry his son, but she refuses when she hears about Vijay's strange condition. However, Radha's family is in dire financial straits, so she has to reconsider this offer. In return for marrying Vijay, she asks for financial support for her family, which Vishwanath readily provides.<br />
<br />
Vijay and Radha are married. After the marriage, they become friendly with each other, and Radha goes out of her way to look after Vijay when he meets with an accident. At the end of the year, however, Vijay decides to annul the marriage, as had been agreed upon. Radha leaves Vijay and returns home. After the separation, Vijay starts to feel a longing for the presence of his devoted wife. Soon, though, he realizes her worth and wants her to come back, but she declines. Meanwhile, Radha finds out that she is pregnant. To support herself, she gets a job in a new company; to her surprise, when the company's managing director arrives, he turns out to be Vijay. He later confesses to her that he's a changed person and wants her back. But even after repeated persuasion, she disagrees because her faith in him has been shattered. Vijay continues to pursue her and leaves no stone unturned to show her that he cares for her. Later, Radha and her family hold a ceremony for the well-being of her to-be-born child. Vishwanath and Vijay attend the ceremony as well, Radha reveals Vijay to be her husband and tells all the guests about the marriage contract. An argument follows; Vijay and his father walk out, followed by all the guests.<br />
<br />
Near the completion of her pregnancy, Radha learns that troublemakers Dileep ([[Prakash Raj]]) and Jayaram ([[Srihari]]), who had once attempted to kill Vijay, have escaped from prison. They are out looking for Vijay, who had fired them from his father's company for cheating and fraud. Radha gets anxious and tries to reach Vijay as soon as possible. On the way, she learns that the whole thing was a set-up by Vijay's friends to lure her back to her husband. But Dilip and Jayaram have attacked Vijay in reality and brutally stabbed him. Enraged, Radha goes to confront Vijay and as soon as she meets him, she accuses him of this shameless act. As she turns to leave, he staggers, and in a cry of pain, takes out the broken glass that Jayaram stabbed him in the stomach. Radha, upon seeing his wound runs towards him, slips, and goes into labor. Vijay, summoning up all his strength, takes Radha to the hospital. On the way, Dileep and Jayaram attempt to kill them, but fail and die in a truck accident. While in the hospital, Vijay is treated for his injuries and Radha delivers a healthy baby boy. After the recovery, they are reconciled.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{colbegin}}<br />
* [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]] as Vijay<br />
* [[Soundarya]] as Radha<br />
* [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] as Viswanath, Vijay's father<br />
* [[Prakash Raj]] as Dileep<br />
* [[Srihari]] as Jayaram<br />
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Brahmam, Vijay's driver<br />
* [[Sudhakar (actor)|Sudhakar]] as Prasad, Vijay's friend<br />
* [[Subhalekha Sudhakar]] as Shankar, Radha's brother<br />
* [[Annapoorna (actress)|Annapoorna]] as Radha's mother<br />
* Syelaja as Radha's sister<br />
* [[Posani Krishna Murali]] as Radha's brother-in-law<br />
* [[Suthi Velu]] as Ramaiyah, Vijay's house help <br />
* [[Ragini (Telugu actress)|Ragini]] as Padmini "Paddu", Brahmam's wife<br />
* Juttu Narasimham as Brahmam's father-in-law, Paddu's father<br />
* [[Kallu Chidambaram]] as Beggar<br />
* [[Jenny (actor)|Jenny]]<br />
* Sherri as Anitha, Dileep's sister; Vijay's one-sided lover<br />
* Annuja as Lalitha "Lalli", Prasad's wife; Paddu's sister<br />
* Vani as Seeta, Radha's younger sister<br />
* Kishore Rathi<br />
* Ooma Sharma<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Pavithra Bandham<br />
| type = Film<br />
| artist = [[M. M. Keeravani]]<br />
| cover =<br />
| alt =<br />
| released = 1996<br />
| recorded =<br />
| venue =<br />
| studio =<br />
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]<br />
| length = 25:42<br />
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]<br />
| producer =<br />
| prev_title = [[Jabilamma Pelli]]<br />
| prev_year = 1996<br />
| next_title = [[Annamayya (film)|Annamayya]]<br />
| next_year = 1996<br />
}}<br />
Music was composed by [[M. M. Keeravani]]. Music was released on T-Series Audio Company.<ref>http://www.musicraaga.co.in/2012/09/pavitra-bandham-1996.html {{Dead link|date=March 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{tracklist<br />
| headline = Track list<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| total_length = 25:42<br />
| title1 = Maayadari Andama<br />
| lyrics1 = [[Sirivennela Sitaramasastri]]<br />
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]<br />
| length1 = 3:52<br />
<br />
| title2 = Chali Kodatandi<br />
| lyrics2 = [[Bhuvanachandra]]<br />
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[K. S. Chithra|Chitra]]<br />
| length2 = 4:37<br />
<br />
| title3 = Paatante Paata Kadu<br />
| lyrics3 = Bhuvanachandra<br />
| extra3 = [[Suresh Peters]], [[Anuradha Sriram]]<br />
| length3 = 2:58<br />
<br />
| title4 = Isaalakidee<br />
| lyrics4 = Sirivennela Sitaramasastri<br />
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[Asha Bhosle]]<br />
| length4 = 6:02<br />
<br />
| title5 = Oh My Daddy<br />
| lyrics5 = Sirivennela Sitaramasastri<br />
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], Chitra<br />
| length5 = 4:48<br />
<br />
| title6 = Apurupamainadamma Aadajanma<br />
| lyrics6 = Sirivennela Sitaramasastri<br />
| extra6 = [[K. J. Yesudas]]<br />
| length6 = 4:45<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Remakes==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"<br />
! Year<br />
! Film<br />
! Language<br />
! Cast<br />
! Director<br />
|-<br />
|1996<br />
|''{{ill|Suhaag Sindhura|or|ସୁହାଗ ସିନ୍ଦୂର}}''<br />
|Oriya<br />
|[[Siddhanta Mahapatra|Siddhanta]] , [[Rachana Banerjee]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1998<br />
|''[[Mangalyam Tantunanena]]''<br />
|[[Kannada]]<br />
|[[V. Ravichandran]], [[Ramya Krishnan]]<br />
|V. S. Reddy<br />
|-<br />
|1999<br />
|''[[Hum Aapke Dil Mein Rehte Hain]]''<br />
|Hindi<br />
|[[Anil Kapoor]], [[Kajol]]<br />
|[[Satish Kaushik]]<br />
|-<br />
|2000<br />
|''[[E Badhon Jabena Chhire]]''<br />
|Bengali [[Bangladesh]]<br />
|[[Riaz (actor)|Riaz]], [[Shabnur]]<br />
|[[F I Manik]]<br />
|-<br />
|2000<br />
|''[[Priyamanavale]]''<br />
|Tamil<br />
|[[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], [[Simran (actress)|Simran]]<br />
|[[K. Selva Bharathy]]<br />
|-<br />
|2009<br />
|''[[Saat Paake Bandha]]''<br />
|Bengali<br />
|[[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]], [[Koel Mallick]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
;[[Nandi Awards]] - 1996<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|access-date=21 August 2020}}(in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])</ref><br />
* [[Nandi Award for Best Feature Film|Best Feature Film - Gold]] - C. Venkata Raju<br />
* [[Nandi Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] - [[Soundarya]]<br />
* [[Nandi Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] - [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|1579650}}<br />
<br />
{{Muthyala Subbaiah}}<br />
{{Posani Krishna Murali}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1996 films]]<br />
[[Category:1990s Telugu-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by M. M. Keeravani]]<br />
[[Category:1996 romantic drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Muthyala Subbaiah]]</div>UpdateBothttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mayur_Bora&diff=332470Mayur Bora2022-07-02T06:15:53Z<p>UpdateBot: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian writer}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}<br />
{{EngvarB|date=May 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox writer<br />
| name = Mayur Bora<br />
| image = File:Mayur Borah.jpg<br />
| imagesize = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1970|06|10}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Nagaon]], Assam<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| death_cause = <br />
| restingplace = <br />
| restingplacecoordinates = <br />
| othername = <br />
| occupation = Writer <br> Critic <br> Public Speaker<br />
| yearsactive =<br />
| spouse = <br />
| domesticpartner = <br />
| children = <br />
| parents = <br />
| website = <br />
| awards = <br />
| signature = Mayur Bora Signature.jpg<br />
}}<br />
'''Mayur Bora''' (Assamese: ময়ূৰ বৰা) is an Indian writer, critic and [[ Public speaking|public speaker]] from [[Assam]]. Bora has 18 books to his credit, 16 in [[Assamese language]], 1 in English and 1 book of translation in which noted litterateur Dilip Bora's short stories were rendered into English.<ref name=guwahatiplus>{{Cite web|url=https://www.guwahatiplus.com/article-detail/meet-mayur-bora-the-acclaimed-writer-with-14-books-to-his-credit|website=Guwahati Plus|title= Meet Mayur Bora- the acclaimed writer with 14 books to his credit|language=en|url-status=live|access-date=28 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url= https://assam.nenow.in/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F-%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6-%E0%A6%AE/|website=Northeast Now (Assamese)|title= বিশিষ্ট লেখক, চিন্তাবিদ ময়ূৰ বৰাৰ চতুৰ্দশ গ্ৰন্থ 'অসমীয়া স্বাভিমানৰ ৰূপৰেখা' উন্মোচন|language=as|url-status=live|access-date=10 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=sep0920/state054 |website=The Assam Tribune|title= Sankaradeva's views on women, slavery, hygiene highlighted|language=en|url-status=live|access-date=11 September 2018}}</ref><br />
[[File:Mayur Bora's Speech in Sahitya Akademi's meet 1.webm|thumb|Mayur Bora's Speech in [[Sahitya Akademi]]'s All India Writers' Meet in [[Agartala]]]]<br />
<br />
==Early life and education==<br />
Bora was born on 10 June 1970 in [[Nagaon]] to parents Bharat Chandra Bora and Banalata Bora. He received his primary education from Sacred Heart School, Chandmari, [[Guwahati]]. He subsequently enrolled in the Nizarapar Primary School for personal reasons. He then received his secondary education from [[Cotton Collegiate Government H.S. School]] in [[Guwahati]]. He passed his [[matriculation]] examination from [[Cotton Collegiate Government H.S. School]] in 1987. He then enrolled in the science stream of [[Cotton University]]. He later completed his degree in History and Philosophy at [[Delhi University]].<ref>{{cite book | title=নৰ্থ লখিমপুৰ কলেজ আলোচনী | author=সম্পাদনা-ডিম্পল চমুৱা | year=2015–2016 | pages=95}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
*''Anubhabar Pratidhwani''<br />
*''Pothobhrosto Hoisey Neki Sankar Sangha''<br />
*''All Those Yearnings''<br />
*''Protyashar Protilipi''<br />
*''Brahmonyobador Koliwa Dawar aru Axom''<br />
*''Abegor Kuwali Phali''<br />
*''Marxei Bojaley Neki Communismor Mrityughonta''<br />
*''Chetonar Spondon''<br />
*''Jatived Protha Aru Sankaradeva'' <br />
*''Chintar Bhognanxo''<br />
*''Hindu Dharmat Iswar Aru Nastikota''<br />
*''Bhabonar Swaralipi''<br />
*''Random Reflections''<br />
*''Axomiya Swabhimanor Ruprekha''<br />
*''Sirodin Axomiya''<br />
*''Axomiyatwar Jyoti''<br />
*''Pahora Manik Bisari''<br />
*''Kune Ghurai Dibo Amar Oxygen''<br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
*Sahitya Sabha Award<ref name=guwahatiplus/><br />
*Karmabir Chandranath Sharma Award<ref name=guwahatiplus/><br />
*Dr. Moidul Islam Bora Memorial Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/critic-and-writer-mayur-bora-to-receive-dr-maidul-islam-bora-memorial-award/ |website=The Sentinel|title= Critic and Writer Mayur Bora to Receive Dr Maidul Islam Bora Memorial Award |language=en|url-status=live|access-date=10 August 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bora, Mayur}}<br />
[[Category:1970 births]]<br />
[[Category:People from Nagaon district]]<br />
[[Category:Writers from Assam]]<br />
[[Category:Writers from Northeast India]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
<br />
{{India-writer-stub}}</div>UpdateBothttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kanpur_Metro&diff=319649Kanpur Metro2022-07-02T06:14:45Z<p>UpdateBot: robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Metro service in the city of Kanpur in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox public transit<br />
| box_width = <br />
| name = Kanpur Metro<br>कानपुर मेट्रो<br />
| image =<br />
| imagesize = 100px<br />
| caption = UPMRC<br />
| native_name = <br />
| locale = [[Kanpur, India|Kanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]<br />
| transit_type = [[Rapid transit]]<br />
| lines = [[Orange Line (Kanpur Metro)|<span style="color:#FF6600;">'''Orange Line'''</span>]] (Partially operational & under construction)<br /> [[Blue Line (Kanpur Metro)|<span style="color:#0000ff;">'''Blue Line'''</span>]] (Under construction)<br />
| line_number = {{plainlist|<br />
* [[Orange Line (Kanpur Metro)|<span style="color:#FF6600;">'''Orange Line – 1'''</span>]]<br />
* [[Blue Line (Kanpur Metro)|<span style="color:#0000ff;">'''Blue Line – 2'''</span>]]<br />
}}<br />
| stations = Operational: Phase 1 [[Orange Line (Kanpur Metro)|<span style="color:#FF6600;">'''Orange Line'''</span>]]<br />
<br />
9 stations - 8.98 km (5.58 mi)<br />
<br />
IIT Kanpur - Motijheel<br />
<br />
Under Construction - (Phase 1) [[Orange Line (Kanpur Metro)|<span style="color:#FF6600;">'''Orange Line'''</span>]]<br />
<br />
12 Stations - 14.805 km (9.199 mi) (Under construction - Dec 2024 expected)<br />
<br />
Chunniganj - Naubasta<br />
<br />
[[Blue Line (Kanpur Metro)|<span style="color:#0000ff;">'''Blue Line'''</span>]]<br />
<br />
8 stations - 8.6 km (5.3 mi) (Under construction - Dec 2024 expected)<br />
CSA University - Barra 8<br />
| key_people = <br />
| ridership = <br />
| headquarters = Kanpur Metro Depot, Gurudev Chauraha, [[Kanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], 208024, [[India]]<br />
| owner = [[Uttar Pradesh Metro Rail Corporation]]<br />
| began_operation = 28 December 2021<br />
| vehicles = <br />
| train_length = 3 coaches<br />
| headway = 3 minutes<br />
| system_length = Phase 1 - [[Orange Line (Kanpur Metro)|<span style="color:#FF6600;">'''Orange Line'''</span>]]<br />
{{convert|8.98|km|abbr=on}} (Operational)<br />{{convert|14.805|km|abbr=on}} (Under construction - Dec 2024 expected)<br />
<br />
[[Blue Line (Kanpur Metro)|<span style="color:#0000ff;">'''Blue Line'''</span>]]<br />
{{convert|8.6|km|abbr=on}} (Under construction - Dec 2024 expected)<br />
| track_gauge = {{track gauge|sg|allk=on}}<br />
| el = 750 V DC [[third rail]]<ref name="themetrorailguy.com">{{Cite web|url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2020/09/02/sterling-wilson-wins-kanpur-metros-third-rail-electrification-bid/|title=Sterling & Wilson Wins Kanpur Metro's Third Rail Electrification Bid|date=2 September 2020}}</ref><br />
| top_speed = {{convert|80|km/h|abbr=on}}<br />
| image2 = <br />
| caption2 = Orange Line Rolling stock<br />
| character = Elevated & Underground<br />
| alt = Kanpur metro orange line rolling stock<br />
| website = http://www.lmrcl.com<br />
| operator = Uttar Pradesh Metro Rail Corporation<br />
}}<br />
'''Kanpur Metro''' is a rail-based mass transit system serving the city of [[Kanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]], and extendable to the [[Kanpur metropolitan area]]. The feasibility study for the project was done by [[RITES]] in June 2015.<br />
<br />
Construction of the orange line begun on 15 November 2019 with the 8.98&nbsp;km (5.3&nbsp;mi) stretch from [[IIT Kanpur metro station|IIT Kanpur]] to [[Moti Jheel metro station|Motijheel]].<br />
<br />
The study was prepared to control traffic woes and congestion, which are hampering the growth, development, and prosperity of the city area. Two corridors were approved by the government as per [[Detailed Project Report]] (DPR). The tenders were floated for the priority section of corridor-1 between [[IIT Kanpur metro station|IIT Kanpur]] to [[Moti Jheel metro station|Motijheel]]. [[Afcons Infrastructure|AFCONS Infra]] has been awarded the tender.<br />
<br />
On 28 February 2019, the Central Government approved the metro project for [[Kanpur]] at an estimated cost of ₹ 11,076.48 crores and a five-year time limit.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/business/business-news/cabinet-approves-kanpur-metro-rail-project/articleshow/68208021.cms|title=कैबिनेट ने कानपुर मेट्रो रेल परियोजना को मंजूरी दे दी|date=2019-02-28|website=Navbharat Times|language=hi|access-date=2019-02-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/adityanath-thanks-modi-for-clearing-agra-kanpur-metro-projects/1488020|title=Adityanath thanks Modi for clearing Agra, Kanpur Metro projects|website=outlookindia.com/|access-date=2019-02-28}}</ref><br />
<br />
Construction work on the project began on 15 November 2019, with the first section opened in December 2021.<br />
<br />
The first phase was inaugurated by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] on 28 December 2021.<ref name="moneycontrol.com">{{Cite web|title=PM Modi inaugurates Kanpur Metro. All you need to know|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/kanpur-metro-all-you-need-to-know-about-kanpur-metro-that-pm-modi-inaugurates-today-7874061.html/amp|access-date=2021-12-28|website=www.moneycontrol.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Route Network ==<br />
In Phase 1, 21 metro stations will be built on [[Orange Line (Kanpur Metro)|<span style="color:#FF6600;">'''Orange Line'''</span>]] from IIT Kanpur to Naubasta and 8 metro stations will be built on [[Blue Line (Kanpur Metro)|<span style="color:#0000ff;">'''Blue Line'''</span>]] from Agriculture University to Barra-8.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://themetrorailguy.com/kanpur-metro-information-map-updates/| title=Kanpur Metro – Information, Route Maps, Fares, Tenders & Updates |website=The Metro Rail Guy|language=en-US|access-date=2020-09-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.upmetrotimes.in/2021/01/kanpur-metro-route-map.html|title=Kanpur Metro Map PDF, Station List, Timings, Fare Charges|website=upmetrotimes|language=en-US|access-date=2021-11-13}}</ref><br />
<br />
===[[Orange Line (Kanpur Metro)|<span style="color:#FF6600;">Orange Line</span>]] (IIT Kanpur - Naubasta)===<br />
'''Length''' : 23.8&nbsp;km<br />
<br />
'''Alignment''' : Elevated (15.2&nbsp;km) & Underground (8.6&nbsp;km)<br />
<br />
'''No. of Stations''' : 21<br />
<br />
'''Stations''' :<br />
* [[IIT Kanpur metro station|IIT Kanpur]]<br />
* [[Kalyanpur metro station|Kalyanpur]]<br />
* [[SPM Hospital metro station|SPM Hospital]]<br />
* [[Vishwavidyalaya Kanpur metro station|Vishwavidyalaya]]<br />
* [[Gurudev Chauraha metro station|Gurudev Chauraha]]<br />
* [[Geeta Nagar metro station|Geeta Nagar]]<br />
* [[Rawatpur metro station|Rawatpur]] <small>(Interchange to</small> [[Blue Line (Kanpur Metro)|<span style="color:#0000ff;">'''Blue Line'''</span>]] <small>)</small><br />
* [[LLR Hospital metro station|LLR Hospital]]<br />
* [[Moti Jheel metro station|Moti Jheel]]<br />
* Chunniganj<br />
* Naveen Market<br />
* Bada Chauraha<br />
* Nayaganj<br />
* Kanpur Central Railway Station<br />
* Jhakarkati Bus Terminal<br />
* Transport Nagar<br />
* Baradevi<br />
* Kidwai Nagar<br />
* Vasant Vihar<br />
* Baudh Nagar<br />
* Naubasta<br />
<br />
===[[Blue Line (Kanpur Metro)|<span style="color:#0000ff;">Blue Line</span>]] (Agriculture University - Barra-8)===<br />
'''Length''' : 8.6&nbsp;km<br />
<br />
'''Alignment''' : Elevated (4.2&nbsp;km) & Underground (4.4&nbsp;km)<br />
<br />
'''No. of Stations''' : 8<br />
<br />
'''Stations''' :<br />
*Agriculture University<br />
*[[Rawatpur metro station|Rawatpur]] (Interchange to [[Orange Line (Kanpur Metro)|<span style="color:#FF6600;">'''Orange Line'''</span>]] )<br />
*Kakadeo<br />
*Double Pulia<br />
*Vijay Nagar<br />
*<br />
*Shastri Chowk<br />
*Barra-7<br />
*Barra-8<br />
<br />
== Current Network ==<br />
{{main|List of Kanpur Metro stations}}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! style="background:#add8e6;" colspan="12" |<big>Kanpur Metro</big><br />
|-<br />
!Line Name<br />
!First Operational<br />
!Last Extension<br />
!Station<br />
!Length<br />
! colspan="2" |Terminal<br />
!Proposed Rolling Stock<br />
!Track Gauge<br />
!Electrification<br />
!Depot<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#FF6600; text-align: center;" | [[Orange Line (Kanpur Metro)|<span style="color:white;">Orange Line</span>]]<br />
|28 December 2021<br />
|align=center|N/A<br />
|9<br />
|8.98&nbsp;km<br />
|[[IIT Kanpur metro station|IIT Kanpur]]<br />
|[[Moti Jheel metro station|Moti Jheel]]<br />
|29 trains, 87 coaches [[Alstom]] ([[Bombardier Movia|MOVIA]]<ref name="kanpur">{{cite web|last1=Spohr|first1=Alain|title=Alstom delivers the first trainset for Kanpur Metro|url=https://www.alstom.com/press-releases-news/2021/9/alstom-delivers-first-trainset-kanpur-metro|website=Alstom|access-date=2021-11-07|date=2021-09-18}}</ref>)<br />
|{{track gauge|sg}}<br />
|750 V DC [[third rail]]<br />
|Polytechnic, Gurudev<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Operations ==<br />
<br />
The trains operate at a frequency of five minutes between 06:00 am and 10:00 pm currently which will gradually reduce with ridership. The trains will operate with ATO over CBTC, with a design speed of 90&nbsp;km/h and an operational speed of 80&nbsp;km/h. Automated station announcements are recorded in Hindi and English. Many stations will have services such as ATMs, food outlets, cafés, convenience stores and mobile recharge. Eating, drinking, smoking and chewing gum are prohibited in the entire system.<br />
<br />
== Ticketing and recharge ==<br />
<br />
===Fare collection===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Slab<br />
! No. of stations travelled<br />
! Metro Fare ({{INR}}) <br />
|-<br />
| 1<br />
| 1<br />
| align="center"|10 <br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
| 2<br />
| align="center"|15<br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
| 3 - 6<br />
| align="center"|20<br />
|-<br />
| 4<br />
| 7 - 9<br />
| align="center"|30<br />
|-<br />
| 5<br />
| 10 - 13<br />
| align="center"|40<br />
|-<br />
| 6<br />
| 14 - 17<br />
| align="center"|50<br />
|-<br />
| 7<br />
| 18 and more<br />
| align="center"|60<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Construction Detail==<br />
Elevated viaduct work has begun, more than 400 out of 538 pillars have been constructed and all the 439 double T-girders have been erected for making the base of the 9 stations of priority corridor. The pier caps and U-girders are being erected and construction work is going in full swing. The priority section of corridor-1 became operational in December 2021.<ref name="indiatoday.in">{{Cite web|title=PM Narendra Modi launches section of Kanpur Metro|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/india/video/pm-narendra-modi-launches-section-kanpur-metro-1893311-2021-12-28|access-date=2021-12-28|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Rolling stock==<br />
<br />
In July 2020, [[Bombardier Transportation]](acquired by [[Alstom]]) won the Agra Metro and Kanpur Metro rolling stock and signalling contract and manufacturing started on 26 Feb 2021. UPMRC's Managing Director Shri Kumar Keshav inaugurated the manufacturing of the Rolling Stocks (Metro Trains) in Bombardier’s Savli Plant in Gujarat, located near Vadodara.<br />
<br />
Kanpur to get total 39 trains of 3 Metro coaches (which would total up to 117 compartments) each for both the corridors of the Kanpur Metro Project including Corridor-I i.e. From IIT to Naubasta and the Corridor-II i.e. From Agriculture University to Barra-8. These trains have been designed with assistance from Bombardier Germany and design experts at Bombardier’s Hyderabad office.<br />
<br />
State-of-the-art trains in line with utmost passenger safety and energy conservation!<br />
These trains are equipped with Communication Based Train Control System (CBTC) for Automatic Train Operations. These ultramodern trains are having state of the art design for safe operation, energy efficiency and passenger comforts. These trains will also be equipped with CO2 sensor-based air-conditioning system to save energy during operations.<br />
<br />
Valued at approximately ₹2051 crore (245 Mn EUR), Alstom’s scope on the Agra-Kanpur metro project includes – design, build and delivery of total 201 metro cars (67 MOVIA metro three-car trainsets) and an advanced signalling solution (CITYFLO 650).<br />
<br />
==Places of Tourist interest on Priority Corridor==<br />
<br />
*IIT Kanpur<br />
*Buddha Park, Kalyanpur<br />
*Kanpur Metro Depot<br />
*Miraj Cinemas (Gurudev Pammi)<br />
*Kakadeo Market<br />
*Rave Moti Mall<br />
*J.K. Temple<br />
*GSVM College<br />
*Hallet Hospital (LLR)<br />
*Motijheel<br />
*Swaroop Nagar Market<br />
*Lal Imli Mill<br />
*Naveen Market<br />
*King Edward Memorial Hall<br />
*Mall Road<br />
*Central Station<br />
<br />
==Cost==<br />
<br />
The cost of construction is estimated at ₹11,076.48 crores for two lines in Phase I.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
==Timeline==<br />
* Sep 2015: Proposed formation of Kanpur Metro Rail Corporation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.timesofindia.com/city/kanpur/RITES-asked-to-make-parking-lot-at-every-Metro-station/articleshow/48982872.cms|title=RITES asked to make parking lot at every Metro station - TOI Mobile - The Times of India Mobile Site|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
* Nov 2015: [[Detailed Project Report]] (DPR) prepared by LMRC and [[Rail India Technical and Economic Service|RITES]] is submitted to the state government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/kanpur-news/kanpur-metro-report-submitted-to-uttar-pradesh-government-1241598|title=Kanpur Metro Report Submitted to Uttar Pradesh Government}}</ref><br />
* Feb 2016: State Government is planning to lay the foundation stone of Kanpur Metro in March 2016 after state cabinet approval.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/kanpur-metro-rail-project-to-be-launched-by-march-116020801420_1.html|title=Kanpur Metro rail project to be launched by March|last=IANS|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=8 February 2016}}</ref><br />
* Feb 2016: It is expected that civil work on Kanpur Metro will start by Dec 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/kanpur-varanasi-metro-rail-projects-could-start-by-december-2016-116021900701_1.html|title=Kanpur, Varanasi metro rail projects could start by December 2016|first=Virendra Singh|last=Rawat|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=19 February 2016}}</ref><br />
* Mar 2016: [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh Government]] approves the DPR.<br />
* Mar 2016: Japanese team inspected the metro route in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nyoooz.com/kanpur/386680/japanese-team-inspected-metro-route-in-the-city|title=Japanese team inspected metro route in the city - Kanpur NYOOOZ}}</ref><br />
* May 2016: [[European Investment Bank]] (EIB) ready to fund city metro project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.timesofindia.com/city/kanpur/EIB-ready-to-fund-city-metro-project/articleshow/52038046.cms|title=EIB ready to fund city metro project - TOI Mobile - The Times of India Mobile Site|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
* May 2016: Centre approves the plan for Kanpur Metro.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/centre-approves-plan-for-varanasi-and-kanpur-metro/articleshow/52392309.cms|title=Centre approves plan for Varanasi and Kanpur metro - The Economic Times|newspaper=The Economic Times|last1=Sharma|first1=Aman}}</ref><br />
* Jul 2017: Civil work started.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.patrika.com/news/kanpur/kanpur-metro-rail-corporation-kmrc-first-phase-construction-from-iit-to-benajhawar-1629207|title=पिलर निर्माण का कार्य शुरू, 2021 में ट्रैक पर दौड़ेगी मेट्रो}}</ref><br />
* Sep 2017: Civil engineering work comes to a halt. Central Govt has asked Kanpur Metro to rework the detailed project report and finances and asked to make it a public-private partnership model project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/kanpur/forget-the-metro-work-is-off|title=फिलहाल भूल जाइये मेट्रो, काम ठप- Amarujala}}</ref><br />
* Oct 2017: Work on preparing new detailed project report started. The new report is to take approximately three months.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/kanpur-city-survey-from-metro-station-with-ppp-model-16801837.html|title=पीपीपी मॉडल से मेट्रो चलाने को दोबारा सर्वे}}</ref><br />
* Apr 2018: Center yet to approve of the Kanpur Metro project.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/how-metro-morphosis-is-in-works-in-yogi-adityanaths-uttar-pradesh/1117920/|title=How Metro-morphosis is in works in Yogi Adityanath's Uttar Pradesh|date=2 April 2018}}</ref><br />
* Jun 2018: Finance Ministry gave its in-principle approval to Kanpur Metro along with [[Agra]], [[Meerut]], [[Indore]], and [[Bhopal]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}<br />
* Sep 2018: Detailed Project Report sent by Uttar Pradesh Government to the central government.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/detailed-project-report-of-kanpur-agra-meerut-metro-sent-to-centre-2919871.html|title = Detailed Project Report of Kanpur, Agra, Meerut Metro Sent to Centre}}</ref><br />
*Feb 2019: Uttar Pradesh government has allocated [[Indian rupee sign|₹]]175 crores to start preliminary work in budget, as of 7 February.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/lucknow-city-kanpur-and-agra-will-soon-get-access-to-metro-18928764.html|title = कानपुर-आगरा को जल्द मिलेगी मेट्रो की सौगात, 350 करोड़ रुपयों से पकड़ेगी रफ्तार}}</ref><br />
*Feb 2019: Centre approved Kanpur Metro costing ₹ 11076.48 crores with the time limit of 5 years in construction, as of 28 February.<ref name=":0" /><br />
*Jul 2019: UPMRC invites tender for construction of elevated track and stations.{{citation needed|date=April 2020}}<br />
* Aug 2019: The metro route alignment is to be changed to avoid demolition of some portions of [[Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi Memorial Medical College|GSVM Medical College]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/revised-metro-plan-spares-gsvm-bldgs/articleshow/70883460.cms|title = Revised Metro plan spares GSVM BLDGS &#124; Kanpur News - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
*Sep 2019: Afcons Infra awarded tender to construct 9 stations along with tracks and elevated viaduct, as of 6 September.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}<br />
*Sep 2019: Afcons Infra and UPMRC conduct a thorough route inspection from IIT to [[Motijheel]] for the construction of track and metro station, as of 20 September.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}<br />
*Sep 2019: UPMRC razes the polytechnic hostels for depot construction, as of 22 September.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://epaper.jagran.com/epaper/22-sep-2019-64-kanpur-edition-kanpur-page-6.html|title=Dainik Jagran ePaper: Hindi News Paper, Today Newspaper, Online Hindi Epaper}}</ref><br />
*Oct 2019: UPMRC and Afcons Infra begin with pillar construction for elevated track in front of the [[National Sugar Institute]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://epaper.jagran.com/mepaper/08-oct-2019-64-kanpur-edition-kanpur-page-5-page-5-page-5.html|title=Dainik Jagran ePaper: Hindi News Paper, Today Newspaper, Online Hindi Epaper}}</ref><br />
*Nov 2019: [[Yogi Adityanath]], the CM of Uttar Pradesh, formally inaugurates civil work for Kanpur Metro.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://epaper.jagran.com/epaper/16-nov-2019-64-kanpur-edition-kanpur-page-6.html|title=Dainik Jagran ePaper: Hindi News Paper, Today Newspaper, Online Hindi Epaper}}</ref><br />
*Feb 2020: Yogi Adityanath, the CM of Uttar Pradesh, allocates a budget of ₹ 358 crores towards Kanpur Metro phase 1. Construction is in full swing as UPMRC aims to complete phase 1 at a faster pace, as compared to [[Lucknow Metro]], as of 19 February.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://epaper.jagran.com/epaper/19-feb-2020-64-kanpur-edition-kanpur-page-6.html|title=Dainik Jagran ePaper: Hindi News Paper, Today Newspaper, Online Hindi Epaper}}</ref><br />
*Feb 2020: UPMRC invited bids for installation of Traction System (Package I & II), as of 20 September.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}<br />
*Mar 2020: Afcons Infra erected the first pier cap in record time. Construction is 3 months ahead as compared to Lucknow Metro, which is accredited with the title of being the fastest metro construction in India, as of 2 March.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2020/03/03/afcons-launches-1st-pier-cap-for-kanpur-metro-line-1/|title=Afcons Launches 1st Pier Cap for Kanpur Metro Line-1|date=2020-03-03|website=The Metro Rail Guy|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref><br />
*Mar 2020: UPMRCL opened bids for the General Consultant contract to reveal a total of 2 bidders, as of 13 March.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2020/04/29/aecom-led-typsa-led-jvs-submit-gc-bids-for-kanpur-agra-metros/|title=AECOM-led & TYPSA-led JVs Submit GC Bids for Kanpur & Agra Metros|date=2020-04-29|website=The Metro Rail Guy|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref><br />
*Jun 2020: TYPSA - Italferr JV wins the General Consultant contract for Kanpur Metro.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-15|title=TYPSA-Italferr JV Wins Kanpur & Agra Metro's General Consultancy|url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2020/06/15/typsa-italferr-jv-wins-kanpur-agra-metros-general-consultancy/|access-date=2020-06-15|website=The Metro Rail Guy|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
*Jul 2020: [[Alstom]] won Kanpur Metro's & [[Agra Metro]]'s rolling stock and signalling contract.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}<br />
*July 2020: UPMRC floats tenders for construction of underground section till Nayaganj, as of 15 July.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}<br />
*Jul 2020: UPMRC places a double T- girder on [[IIT Kanpur]] Metro Station, as of 24 July.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}<br />
*Sep 2020: EIB to invest 650mn Euros for Kanpur Metro, as of 1 September.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}<br />
*Sep 2020: [[Shapoorji Pallonji]] Group's subsidiary Sterling & Wilson Pvt. Ltd. in a consortium with [[Russia]]’s GSC Construction Company won Kanpur Metro's 750 Volts DC Third Rail Electrification Bid for Corridor-1 & 2, as of 2 September.<ref name="themetrorailguy.com">{{Cite web|url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2020/09/02/sterling-wilson-wins-kanpur-metros-third-rail-electrification-bid/|title=Sterling & Wilson Wins Kanpur Metro's Third Rail Electrification Bid|date=2 September 2020}}</ref><br />
*Oct 2020: 100th U-girder erected. A total of 638 U-girders are to be placed for the priority corridor between IIT Kanpur & Motijheel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/kanpur-metro-100-u-girders-erected-under-priority-corridor-stretch/articleshow/78724395.cms|title=Kanpur Metro: 100 U-girders erected under priority corridor stretch|first=Anshu|last=Agarwal|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
*Jan 2021: 400 piers out of 513 piers for the priority corridor constructed. 332 T-girders constructed out of total number of 434 T-girders to be constructed for priority corridor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/up-metro-completes-400-piers-of-priority-corridor/articleshow/80516216.cms|title=UP Metro completes 400 piers of Priority Corridor|first=Anshu|last=Agarwal|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
*Feb 2021: Uttar Pradesh budget 2021-22 allocates ₹ 597 cr for Kanpur metro rail project.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-up-budget-2021-five-big-announcements-by-yogi-government-2876892|title=UP Budget 2021: Five big announcements by Yogi government|first=Dikshant|last=Sachan|date=22 February 2021}}</ref><br />
*May 2021: The base of the elevated metro track for the 5&nbsp;km stretch of the 9&nbsp;km long priority section from IIT to Motijheel of Kanpur Metro has been prepared. There is 622 U-girder erection in this section, out of which 400 U-Girder erection has been done. The construction of the IIT Metro Station almost completed and finishing work is also in the final stage. Along with the metro station prepared the installation of signals and electrical equipment are started. UPMRC successfully erected the 45-meter steel span girder at Rawatpur Tiraha.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}<br />
*May 2021: On this day, UPMRC made another step in the Kanpur Metro project and introduced ballast-less track casting. The first crossover point (track changing point) was cast in the Kanpur Metro Project, as of 11 May.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}<br />
*May 2021: On this day, achievement has been added to the name of Kanpur Metro. The 9&nbsp;km long Priority Corridor being built from IIT to Motijheel received [[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]] (International Organization for Standardization) certificate. Priority Corridor has received ISO 14001 Certificate for Environment Management and 45001 Certificate for Safety Management, as of 18 May.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}<br />
*May 2021: UPMRC achieved another major engineering excellence in Kanpur Metro Project. The UP Metro engineer coordinated the Uttar Pradesh Power Transmission Corporation Limited (UPPTCL), erected a safe and successful 4 U-girders after raising the height of 220kV high voltage power transmission line on GT Road, as of 19 May.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}<br />
*May 2021: Preliminary work has commenced for the 8.621&nbsp;km underground section of Kanpur Metro Rail Project. After performing Bhoomi Pujan, the team of engineers started work at the proposed Naveen Market metro station, which is a part of Corridor-1 of Kanpur MRTS Project, as of 26 May.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}<br />
*Jun 2021: 500th U-girder has been erected successfully by the Uttar Pradesh Metro Rail Corporation (UPMRC) for the 9&nbsp;km long Priority Corridor, running from IIT Kanpur to Motijheel. The first U-girder was erected in August last year, and the 500th U-girder was placed in less than a year, i.e., only in 312 days. The casting of these U-girders is carrying out at the Lakhanpur Casting Yard, and now only 38 more U-Girders are left to be cast, as of 22 June.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}<br />
*Jun 2021: Uttar Pradesh Metro Rail Corporation (UPMRC) has completed the track laying work for a stretch of around 1&nbsp;km, from IIT Kanpur to Kalyanpur Railway station for the 9&nbsp;km long Priority Corridor, running from IIT Kanpur to Motijheel of Kanpur Metro Rail Project, as of 24 June.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}<br />
*Jul 2021: The installation work of seven major and biggest machines in Kanpur Metro Depot has started with the installation of a Fully Automatic CNC Under the Floor Pit Wheel Length Machine (for rail wheel turning), as of 3 July.<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 August 2021|title=Station Code and Other Interesting Updates of Kanpur Metro July 2021|url=https://www.upmetrotimes.in/2021/08/kanpur-metro-july-updates.html|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=September 2021}}{{Additional citation needed|date=September 2021}}<br />
*Jul 2021: The construction of IIT Metro Station, the first metro station of the priority section of Kanpur Metro, is almost complete and this metro station has been decorated in a special way. The walls of the IIT Metro station depict engineering and technology with exquisite architectural artwork from the outside, as of 6 July.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}<br />
*Jul 2021: Along with the construction of Kanpur Metro, the UP Metro Administration has also started the reconstruction of the roads which are becoming damaged and potholed, as of 9 July.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}<br />
*Jul 2021: In the priority section of Kanpur Metro, the testing of the load-bearing capacity of the elevated track started, as of 11 July.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}<br />
*Jul 2021: The track laying work from IIT to SPM metro station in the priority section of Kanpur Metro has been completed. With this, the track laying work including ballast at Metro Depot at Polytechnic has also been completed 65 percent, as of 22 July.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}<br />
*Jul 2021: To weld the tracks, Flash Butt Welding Plant was lifted by crane and brought to the elevated viaduct, as of 23 July.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}<br />
*Jul 2021: A total of 29 metro stations of both the corridors of the Kanpur Metro Project will be known by their common names, as well as unique code names. These unique code names has been approved by Indian Railways, as of 28 July.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}<br />
*Aug 2021: Alstom to deliver first trainset for Kanpur Metro by September. The rakes are being made fully in India at Alstom's manufacturing plant in [[Savli]], [[Gujarat]], as of 10 August.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Alstom commences production of Rolling Stock coaches for Kanpur Metro|url=https://urbantransportnews.com/news/alstom-commences-production-of-rolling-stock-coaches-for-kanpur-metro|access-date=2021-09-11|website=Urban Transport News}}</ref><br />
*Aug 2021: UPMRC finishes 85% of construction in the priority corridor from IIT to Motijheel, as of 13 August.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Abhinav Malhotra|date=Aug 13, 2021|title='85% civil works completed in metro priority corridor' {{!}} Kanpur News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/85-civil-works-completed-in-metro-priority-corridor/articleshow/85287209.cms|access-date=2021-09-11|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><br />
*Aug 2021: Trial run for the metro trains on the priority corridor is decided to conduct on 15 November, as of 26 August.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Khanna|first=Rajat|date=2021-08-28|title=Kanpur Metro Work heading towards the accomplishment, Trail Run in November 2021|url=https://www.metrorailnews.in/kanpur-metro-work-heading-towards-the-accomplishment-trail-run-in-november-2021/|access-date=2021-09-11|website=Metro Rail News|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
*Aug 2021: UPMRC finishes 95% of construction in the priority corridor from IIT to Motijheel, as of 29 August.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Abhinav Malhotra|date=Aug 29, 2021|title=Kanpur Metro work nears completion, trial run in Nov {{!}} Kanpur News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/kanpur-metro-work-nears-completion-trial-run-in-nov/articleshow/85725911.cms|access-date=2021-09-11|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><br />
*Aug 2021: Alstom confirms to deliver first trainset of Kanpur Metro by 15 September. The metro coaches will be loaded on road trailers, and will be flagged off for Kanpur on September 5 from Alstom's manufacturing plant at Savli, Gujarat. The journey is expected to last 10–12 days, slating the arrival of carriages in the city by 15 September, as of 31 August.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gujarat-made rakes of Kanpur Metro to reach the city around September 15|url=https://www.knocksense.com/kanpur/kanpur-metro-to-arrive-by-september15-|access-date=2021-09-12|website=knocksense|date=30 August 2021|language=en}}</ref><br />
*Sep 2021: UPMRC erects 600th U-Girder of priority section last night, 8.5&nbsp;km elevated viaduct ready out of 9&nbsp;km, as of 11 September.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Khanna|first=Rajat|date=2021-09-11|title=UPMRC erects 600th U-Girder of priority section last night, 8.5KMs elevated viaduct ready out of 9KMs|url=https://www.metrorailnews.in/8-5kms-elevated-viaduct-ready-out-of-9kms/|access-date=2021-09-11|website=Metro Rail News|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
*Sep 2021: Alstom delivers first trainset for Kanpur Metro, which are fully indigenously manufactured at Alstom's manufacturing plant, from Savli, Gujarat, as of 18 September.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-18|title=Another success for Make in India! Alstom delivers the first Kanpur Metro trainset; Check features and images - The Financial Express|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/another-success-for-pm-modis-make-in-india-alstom-delivers-the-first-kanpur-metro-trainset-check-features-and-images/2332725/|access-date=2021-09-18|website=www.financialexpress.com}}</ref><br />
*Oct 2021: The second leg of Phase-I of metro construction work between Chunniganj and Nayaganj will commence from Monday, as of 11 October.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Abhinav Malhotra|date=Oct 11, 2021|title=Second leg of Kanpur Metro phase one construction work to begin from today {{!}} Kanpur News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/second-leg-of-kanpur-metro-phase-one-construction-work-to-begin-from-today/articleshow/86920233.cms|access-date=2021-10-20|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><br />
*Oct 2021: Eight firms bid for ₹ 1,250 crore underground construction contract for Kanpur Metro, as of 17 October.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Eight firms bid for ₹1,250 crore underground construction contract for Kanpur Metro|url=https://www.urbantransportnews.com/news/eight-firms-bid-for-1250-crore-underground-construction-contract-for-kanpur-metro|access-date=2021-10-20|website=Urban Transport News}}</ref><br />
*Oct 2021: Alstom delivers second trainset for Kanpur Metro, as of 20 October.<ref>{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=Oct 20, 2021|title=Second set of metro train reaches city {{!}} Kanpur News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/second-set-of-metro-train-reaches-city/articleshow/87145606.cms|access-date=2021-10-20|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><br />
*Oct 2021: The first metro trainset was taken as a trial run from the assembling area to depot. Testing of the trainset's doors and signals were also taken, as of 25 October.<ref>{{Cite web|title=इंतजार खत्म ! कानपुर की सरजमीं पर पहली बार चली मेट्रो, सिग्नल और दरवाजों का भी हुआ परीक्षण|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/kanpur-city-kanpur-metro-successful-trial-held-in-metro-dipo-upmrc-also-tested-kanpur-metro-route-and-signals-jagran-special-22149456.html|access-date=2021-10-26|website=Dainik Jagran|language=hi}}</ref><br />
*Oct 2021: First trial of the trainset conducted on the priority corridor from depot to University Metro Station, as of 30 October.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Abhinav Malhotra|date=Oct 31, 2021|title=First Metro trial conducted on mainline {{!}} Kanpur News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/first-metro-trial-conducted-on-mainline/articleshow/87410268.cms|access-date=2021-10-31|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><br />
*Nov 2021: CM Yogi Adityanath to flag off Kanpur Metro trial run on the entire priority Corridor on 10 November, as of 8 November.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Abhinav Malhotra|date=Nov 8, 2021|title=yogi adityanath: CM Yogi Adityanath to flag off Kanpur Metro trial run on November 10 {{!}} Kanpur News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/cm-yogi-adityanath-to-flag-off-kanpur-metro-trial-run-on-november-10/articleshow/87575228.cms|access-date=2021-11-08|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><br />
*Nov 2021: CM Yogi Adityanath flags off Kanpur Metro trial run on the entire priority corridor. Daily commercial operations on the priority corridor will begin from 31 December, as of 10 November.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Livemint|date=2021-11-10|title=Kanpur Metro: UP CM flags off trial run, to start commercial run next month|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/kanpur-metro-yogi-adityanath-flags-off-trial-run-likely-to-begin-commercial-run-next-month-11636530384159.html|access-date=2021-11-10|website=www.livemint.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|agency=Press Trust of India |date=November 11, 2021 |title=Kanpur Metro ready before deadline, Yogi Adityanath flags off trial run|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kanpur-metro-yogi-adityanath-flags-off-trial-run-1875393-2021-11-11|access-date=2021-11-12|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref><br />
*Dec 2021: PM Modi inaugurated the start of commercial operations of Kanpur Metro on 28 December.<ref name="moneycontrol.com"/><ref name="indiatoday.in"/><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Urban rail transit in India]]<br />
** [[Uttar Pradesh Metro Rail Corporation]]<br />
** [[Lucknow Metro]]<br />
** [[Agra Metro]]<br />
** [[Noida Metro]]<br />
* [[Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Kanpur Metro stations}}<br />
{{Kanpur division topics}}<br />
{{Rapid transit in India}}<br />
{{Rapid transit in Asia}}<br />
{{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Rapid transit in Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Transport in Kanpur]]<br />
[[Category:Standard gauge railways in India]]<br />
[[Category:Railway lines opened in 2021]]<br />
[[Category:Kanpur Metro| ]]</div>UpdateBothttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=V-Guard_Industries&diff=314533V-Guard Industries2022-07-02T06:14:18Z<p>UpdateBot: robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian electric manufacturer company}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox company<br />
| name = V-Guard Industries Ltd<br />
| logo =<br />
| logo_size = 250px<br />
| caption = <br />
| type = [[Public limited company|Public]]<br />
| traded_as = {{plainlist|<br />
*{{BSE|532953}}<br />
*{{NSE|VGUARD}}}}<br />
| ISIN = INE951I01027<br />
| industry = {{plainlist|<br />
*[[Power electronics]]<br />
*[[Consumer electronics]]}}<br />
| fate = <br />
| predecessor = <br />
| successor = <br />
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1977}}<br />
| founder = [[Kochouseph Chittilappilly]]<br />
| defunct = <!-- {{End date|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD}} --><br />
| location_city = [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]]<br />
| location_country = [[India]]<br />
| locations = <br />
| area_served = <br />
| key_people = {{Plainlist|<br />
*[[Kochouseph Chittilappilly]]<br>([[Chairperson]])<br />
*Mithun Chittilappilly<br>([[Managing director]])}}<br />
| products = {{plainlist|<br />
*[[Power inverter]]<br />
*[[Solar inverter]]<br />
*[[Voltage regulator|Voltage stabilizers]]<br />
*[[Electric battery]]<br />
*[[Electrical cable]]<br />
*[[Electric motors]]<br />
*[[Pump|Electric pumps]]<br />
*[[Electrical cable]]s<br />
*[[Water heating|Geysers]]<br />
*[[Home appliances]]<br />
*[[Solar water heating|Solar water heaters]]<br />
*[[Uninterruptible power supply|Digital-UPS systems]]<br />
}}<br />
| services = <br />
| revenue = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|25.66|b}} (2018–19)<ref name=finances>{{cite web |url=https://www.vguard.in/uploads/investor_relations/Annual-Report-2018-19.pdf |title=Annual Report 2018–19 |access-date=2020-07-14}}</ref><br />
| operating_income = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|25.85|b}} (2017–18)<ref name=finances/> <br />
| net_income = <br />
| assets = <br />
| owner = <br />
| num_employees = 2,217 (March 2019)<ref name=finances/> <br />
| parent = <br />
| divisions = <br />
| subsid = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
| intl = <br />
| homepage = {{URL|www.vguard.in}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''V-Guard Industries Ltd,''' is an [[India|Indian]] [[Power electronics|electrical]]s and [[home appliances]] [[Manufacturing|manufacturer]], headquartered in [[Kochi]] and the largest in the state of [[Kerala]] with an annual turnover of {{currency|23.21|INR}} billion ({{currency|340|USD}} million) in [[Fiscal year#India|financial year]] 2017–18.<ref name=finances/> The company manufactures [[Voltage regulator|voltage stabilizer]]s, [[electrical cable]], electric [[pump]]s, [[electric motors]], [[Water heating|geysers]], solar water heaters, [[electric fans]] and [[Uninterruptible power supply|UPS]]s. It was founded in 1977 by [[Kochouseph Chittilappilly]] as a small voltage stabilizer manufacturing unit.<br />
<br />
Kochouseph Chittilappilly also founded other establishments held as subsidiaries<ref>Public disclosure of V-Guard http://www.sebi.gov.in/dp/vguardfinal.pdf</ref> such as [[V-Star Creations]], an Indian manufacturer of innerwear for men, women, and children, and [[Wonderla]], a chain of amusement parks in South India.<ref>[http://www.vguard.in/about-voltage-stabilizers/water-pumps/ V-Guard Industries Official Website.]</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/features/investment-world/stock-insight/article2580221.ece The Hindu BusinessLine. Stock Insight: V-Guard Industries.]</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
V-Guard is a consumer goods company with diversified product offerings. Headquartered in the city of [[Kochi]], Kerala, the company has over 500 distributors, 40,000 retailers and 31 branches across India as of March 2019. It is listed with the [[National Stock Exchange of India|NSE]] and [[Bombay Stock Exchange|BSE]] since 2008. Over the years V-Guard has sold into domestic, industrial and agricultural electronic goods and appliances category taking the total company revenue to over {{currency|2150|INR}} crore in 2016–17<br />
<br />
The company started in 1977, when Kochouseph Chittilappilly set out to build a brand in the Indian electric and electronic goods industry The company started with a small manufacturing unit for voltage stabilizers, a capital of {{currency|100000|INR}} and two employees. The Kangaroo logo was created by artist V. A. Sreekandan (Mani).<br />
<br />
The company's current managing director, Mithun Chittilappilly is a Post Graduate in Management from the [[University of Melbourne|University Of Melbourne, Australia]]. In the year 2006, he joined V-Guard as the executive director and in 2012, he was appointed as the managing director of the company. Mithun Chittilappilly has previously worked with leading MNCs like [[Deloitte]] & [[Hewlett-Packard|Hewlett Packard]].<br />
<br />
Chairman and founder, Kochouseph Chittilappilly was born in 1950 in [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]], [[Kerala]], into a family traditionally engaged in agriculture. He holds a master's degree in Physics and began his career as a Supervisor in an electronics company. He is one of the founder promoters and was also the acting managing director of the company till in April 2012, he passed the baton on to his son Mithun Chittilappilly.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{official website|www.vguard.in}}<br />
<br />
{{Nifty 200 companies}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Companies based in Kochi]]<br />
[[Category:Manufacturing companies established in 1977]]<br />
[[Category:Indian brands]]<br />
[[Category:Home appliance manufacturers of India]]<br />
[[Category:Wire and cable manufacturers]]<br />
[[Category:1977 establishments in Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1977]]<br />
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]<br />
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]<br />
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{{India-company-stub}}</div>UpdateBothttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tridevi&diff=323166Tridevi2022-07-02T06:12:56Z<p>UpdateBot: robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)</p>
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<div>{{short description|Hindu combining of three goddesses into one}}<br />
{{More citations needed|date=July 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox deity<!--Wikipedia:WikiProject Hindu mythology--><br />
| type = Hindu<br />
| image = Supreme form durga.jpg<br />
| caption = [[Lakshmi]] (left), [[Parvati]] (middle) and [[Saraswati]] (right) personified as Tridevi<br />
| consort = [[Trimurti]], specifically<br />
* [[Brahma]] (Saraswati)<br />
* [[Vishnu]] (Lakshmi)<br />
* [[Shiva]] (Parvati)<br />
| name = Tridevi<br />
| Devanagari = त्रिदेवी<br />
| Sanskrit_transliteration = {{IAST|tridevī}}<br />
| affiliation = *[[Saraswati]] (Knowledge) <br />
*[[Lakshmi]] (Wealth)<br />
*[[Parvati]] (Power)<!-- Please don't add further deities without discussion on talk --><br />
| abode = *[[Satyaloka]] (Saraswati)<br />
*[[Vaikuntha]] (Lakshmi)<br />
*[[Mount Kailash]] (Parvati)<br />
| mantra = Om Trideviibhayah Namah<br />
| god_of = Creation, preservation and destruction<br />
| mount = * [[Swan]] or [[Peacock]] (Saraswati)<br />
* [[Garuda]] or [[Elephant]] or [[Owl]] (Lakshmi)<br />
* [[Lion]] or [[Tiger]] or [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]] (Parvati)<br />
}}<br />
{{Infobox Hindu term|sa=त्रिदेवी ({{IAST|Tridevī}})|hi=त्रिदेवी ({{IAST|Tridevī}})|mr=त्रिदेवी<br />
({{IAST|Tridevī}})|te= ముగురమ్మలు ({{IAST|Mugurammalu}})|as=ত্রিদেবী ({{IAST|Tridebī}})|bn=ত্রিদেবী ({{IAST|Tridebī}})|or=ତ୍ରିଦେବୀ ({{IAST|Tridebī}})|gu=ત્રિદેવી ({{IAST|Tridevī}})|ta=முப்பெரும்தேவியர் ({{IAST|Mupperumtēviyar}})}}<br />
The '''Tridevi''' ({{Lang-sa|त्रिदेवी|lit=three goddesses|translit=tridevī}}) are the [[trinity]] of [[Para Brahman|supreme divinity]] in [[Hinduism]] joining a [[Triad (religious)|triad]] of eminent goddesses either as a feminine version of the [[Trimurti]] or as consorts of a masculine Trimurti, depending on the denomination. This triad is typically [[Anthropomorphism|personified]] by the [[Hindu]] goddesses [[Saraswati]], [[Lakshmi]], and [[Parvati]].<ref name="BBC Bitesize">{{cite web |title=Female Hindu deities – the Tridevi - Nature of Ultimate Reality in Hinduism - GCSE Religious Studies Revision - Edexcel |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zrf6pbk/revision/5 |website=BBC Bitesize}}</ref> In [[Shaktism]], these triune goddesses are the manifestations of Mula-Prakriti or ''[[Adi Parashakti]]''.<ref name="hindufaqs">{{cite web |title=Tridevi - the three supreme Goddess in Hinduism |url=https://www.hindufaqs.com/tridevi-the-three-supreme-goddess-in-hinduism/ |website=Hindu FAQS {{!}} Get answers for all the questions related to hinduism, the greatest religion! |date=18 March 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
== As the feminine Trimurti ==<br />
[[File:MahaKali MahaLakshmi MahaSaraswati.jpg|thumb|[[Mahakali]] (left), [[Mahalakshmi]] (middle) and [[Mahasaraswati]] (right)]]<br />
{{Hinduism}} <br />
{{Saktism}}<br />
Whereas in androcentric denominations of [[Hinduism]] the feminine Tridevi goddesses are relegated as consorts and auxiliary deities to the more eminent masculine [[Trimurti]] gods, in the [[Shaktism|Shaktidharma]] denomination the feminine Tridevi goddesses are given the eminent roles of [[Mahasaraswati|Creator (Mahasaraswati)]], [[Mahalaxmi|Preserver (Mahalakshmi)]], and [[Mahakali|Destroyer (Mahakali)]], with the masculine Trimurti gods being relegated as the auxiliary deities as agents of the feminine Tridevi.<br />
<br />
== As consorts of the Trimurti ==<br />
[[Saraswati]] is the goddess of learning, arts, and cultural fulfillment, as well as the consort of [[Brahma]], the creator. She is cosmic intelligence, cosmic consciousness, and cosmic knowledge.<br />
<br />
[[Lakshmi]] is the goddess of wealth, fertility, auspiciousness, light, and material and spiritual fulfillment, as well as the consort of [[Vishnu]], the maintainer or preserver. However, Lakshmi does not signify mere material wealth, but also abstract prosperity, such as glory, magnificence, joy, exaltation, and greatness, and spiritual fulfillment which translates to [[moksha]].<br />
<br />
[[Parvati]] also notably known and worshipped as [[Durga]] and Mahakali is the goddess of power, war, beauty, love, as well as the consort of [[Shiva]], the destroyer of evil or transformer.<br />
<br />
==Importance==<br />
[[Shakti]] or Vimarsh is the power that is latent in pure consciousness, required to reach pure consciousness and essential to create, sustain and destroy. Just as [[Energy]] can never be created nor be destroyed, but changes from one form to another; [[Devi]] took many incarnations to do different tasks. God is both male and female. But all different forms of energy or powers of God are with the Trimurti in the form of [[Mahasaraswati]], [[Mahalakshmi]], and [[Mahakali]]. That is to say, a non-dimensional God creates this world through Srishti-Shakti (Mahasaraswati or Sound or knowledge), preserves through Sthiti-Shakti (Mahalakshmi or Light or resources), and destroys through Samhara-Shakti (Mahakali or Heat or Strength). It is also seen that God cannot create, generate or destroy because God does not possess any attribute. So True Energy or Adi Shakti does everything on God's behalf.<br />
<br />
===Outside India===<br />
Via [[Buddhism_in_Japan|Buddhism]] and [[Shinbutsu-shūgō|syncretism]] with Japanese [[Kami|Shinto deities]], the Tridevi entered Japanese mythology as the goddesses [[Benzaiten|Benzaitennyo 弁財天女 (Sarasvati)]], [[Kisshōten|Kisshoutennyo 吉祥天女 (Laxmi)]], and [[Daikokuten#Goddess_Daikokutennyo|Daikokutennyo 大黒天女 (Mahakali)]].<br />
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==See also==<br />
{{col div|colwidth=20em}}<br />
*[[Devi]]<br />
*[[Vaishno Devi Temple]] <br />
*[[Vaishno Devi]]<br />
*[[Japanese_Buddhist_pantheon#Level_4:_Heavenly_deities_.28Ten-bu.29|Buddhist Tenbu (天部) deities]]<br />
*[[Moirai]]<br />
*[[Navratri]]<br />
*[[Trimurti]]<br />
*[[Trinity]]<br />
*[[Triple deities]]<br />
*[[Bindudham|Bindudham (a temple of Tridevi)]]<br />
*[[Mahalakshmi_Temple,_Mumbai#Inside|Mahalaxmi Temple (Mumbai)]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
[http://mahalakshmi-temple.com/images/mahalaxmi_mata_larg.jpg Tridevi statues in the Mahalaxmi temple in Mumbai]<br />
{{Commons category|position=left}}<br />
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{{HinduMythology}}<br />
{{Hindudharma}}<br />
{{Hinduism footer small}}<br />
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{{authority control}}<br />
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[[Category:Hindu philosophical concepts]]<br />
[[Category:Names of God in Hinduism]]<br />
[[Category:Triple goddesses]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu goddesses]]<br />
[[Category:Feminist theology]]</div>UpdateBothttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Run_(2002_film)&diff=339225Run (2002 film)2022-07-02T06:11:28Z<p>UpdateBot: robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)</p>
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<div>{{short description|2002 film by N. Lingusamy}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Run<br />
| image = Run (2002 film) poster.jpg<br />
| director = [[N. Linguswamy]]<br />
| writer = Mona. Pazhanisamy <br> <small>'''(Dialogues)'''</small><br />
| screenplay = <br />
| story = <br />
| starring = [[R. Madhavan|Madhavan]]<br /> [[Meera Jasmine]]<br />[[Raghuvaran]]<br />[[Atul Kulkarni]]<br />[[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]]<br />
| producer = [[A. M. Rathnam]]<br />
| studio = [[A. M. Rathnam|Sri Surya Movies]]<br />
| music = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]<br />
| distributor = Sri Surya Movies<br />
| cinematography = [[Jeeva (director)|Jeeva]]<br />
| editing = [[V. T. Vijayan]]<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2002|09|05}}<br />
| runtime = 180 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
'''''Run''''' is a 2002 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Romance film|romantic]] [[action film]] written and directed by [[N. Linguswamy]] starring [[R. Madhavan|Madhavan]] and [[Meera Jasmine]] (in her Tamil debut) in the lead roles. The film also features [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]], [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]], [[Atul Kulkarni]], [[Raghuvaran]] and [[Anu Hasan]] in supporting roles, while [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]] composed the film's music. The film released on 5 September 2002 and won positive reviews from critics, prompting the film to be partially reshot in Telugu and remade in Hindi under the [[Run (2004 film)|same name]] by the cinematographer, [[Jeeva (director)|Jeeva]].<br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
Siva lives in [[Srirangam]], who comes to [[Chennai]] to gain admission in a college. He stays with his sister and her husband. Siva doesn't like his brother-in-law and never talks to him, despite several attempts made by his sister to convince both. Siva meets Priya during a bus journey and falls for her. He again meets her on a few more occasions and proposes to her, but she warns him to stop following her despite being in love with him. Siva learns that Priya's brother Bhaskar is a local gangster, who attacks when anyone follows Priya. Priya does not want Siva to get beaten by Bhaskar and advises him to stop following her, but Siva is not scared of this. <br />
<br />
One day, Bhaskar's henchmen spot Siva and Priya together and try to attack him, but Siva thrashes them, ultimately giving courage for Priya to go against Bhaskar. Siva's brother-in-law learns about Siva's love and offers help which makes them talk to each other, much to the happiness of Siva's sister. Bhaskar arrives to attack Siva's family, but Siva threatens to attack Bhaskar's family, thereby frightening him. Priya decides to elope with Siva. <br />
<br />
Bhaskar chases after them along with his men where the couple are tracked down, and the goons start attacking Siva. Priya interferes and challenges Bhaskar to attack Siva single-handedly without any help of his men. Bhaskar accepts and starts attacking Siva, but Siva retaliates and hits back Bhaskar, who gets severely injured. He takes a sword, but rather than killing him. Siva spares Bhaskar, who accepts his defeat and lets Siva and Priya unite with each other.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{colbegin}}<br />
* [[R. Madhavan|Madhavan]] as Shiva<br />
* [[Meera Jasmine]] as Priya<br />
* [[Raghuvaran]] as Shiva's brother-in-law<br />
* [[Atul Kulkarni]] as Bhaskar<br />
* [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] as Mohan (Tamil Version)<br />
* [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as Mohan (Telugu Version)<br />
* [[Anu Hasan]] as Shiva's sister<br />
* [[Janaki Sabesh]] as Shiva's mother<br />
* [[Rajashree (actress)|Rajashree]] as Priya's sister-in-law<br />
* [[Kalairani]]<br />
* [[S. N. Lakshmi]]<br />
* [[Madhan Bob]] as Ticket examiner<br />
* [[Vijayan (actor)|Vijayan]] as Bhaskar's Right hand<br />
* [[Nellai Siva]] as Politician<br />
* [[Ravi Prakash]] as Shiva's father<br />
* [[Bonda Mani]] as Biriyani shop owner<br />
* "Saathappan" Nandhakumar as Naagaraj, Mohan's Father<br />
* [[Sampath Ram]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
Madhavan signed the film in January 2002 after being impressed with Linguswamy's narration and through the project, made his first appearance in an action-orientated role. Madhavan had wanted to do an action film after being instructed by director [[Mani Ratnam]] to move away from romantic drama films and lost eight kilograms to portray ''Run'''s lead role.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/04/stories/2002090400060200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030309135006/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/04/stories/2002090400060200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 March 2003|website=[[The Hindu]]|title=Switching over to action|access-date=18 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/23/stories/2002092301070300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030505025128/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/23/stories/2002092301070300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 May 2003|website=[[The Hindu]]|title=Mad about 'Maddy'|access-date=18 July 2018}}</ref> [[Jyothika]] was originally selected to play the lead role in the film, but was later released from her contract. The makers then signed on [[Raima Sen]] to portray the lead role, before deciding to change the lead actress again after the actress struggled with the Tamil dialogues.<ref name="angelfire.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.angelfire.com/hi4/scorpion/run.html|title=Run : - : Starring Madhavan and Meera Jasmine|website=Angelfire.com|access-date=18 July 2018}}</ref> But [[Meera Jasmine]] was consequently signed on to make her first appearance in Tamil films.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/the-vidya-magic-news-tamil-kkfv22bcabh.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131222210357/http://www.sify.com/movies/the-vidya-magic-news-tamil-kkfv22bcabh.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 December 2013|title=The Vidya magic!|access-date=18 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/apr/17ss.htm|title=rediff.com, Movies: Gossip from the southern film industry|website=Rediff.com|access-date=18 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.new-media.8m.com/newmovies2.htm |title=RUN |work=New Media Online |access-date=17 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324233129/http://www.new-media.8m.com/newmovies2.htm |archive-date=24 March 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[Atul Kulkarni]] was signed on to play an antagonist in the film, and marked a rare move for the actor towards regular villain roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/nov/09atul.htm|title=rediff.com: Movies: An interview with Atul Kulkarni|website=Rediff.com|access-date=18 July 2018}}</ref> [[Raghuvaran]], [[Anu Hasan]] and [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] were also signed on to work on the film, with the latter filming a separate comedy track.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sandpaper.bitsaa.org/archives/links/SandpaperSpring2004/masalaspice/masalaspice.html|title=bitsaa_homepage|website=sandpaper.bitsaa.org|access-date=18 July 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
The scenes were shot at locations in [[Chennai]], [[Karaikudi]], and [[Srirangam]], among other places, while the songs were shot abroad in [[Denmark]] and [[Switzerland]]. The team also filmed scenes at the [[M. G. R. Film City|M.G. R. Film City]], Chennai, where action sequences were filmed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/location/run.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021021010432/http://www.chennaionline.com/location/run.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 October 2002|title=Run|date=21 October 2002|access-date=18 July 2018}}</ref> The film completed production in one schedule, with Madhavan remarking about the well organised structure of the shoot.<ref name="rediff">{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/sep/20mad.htm|title=rediff.com: Movies: 'It's an out-and-out Madhavan film!'|website=Rediff.com|access-date=18 July 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Release==<br />
The film's release was postponed from July 2002 to September 2002 to finish off post-production works.<ref name="angelfire.com"/> However, the commercial failure of [[Rajinikanth]]-starrer ''[[Baba (2002 film)|Baba]]'' (2002) means that the makers pre-poned the film to the earliest release date in September, in order to avoid other competition.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/aug/19baba.htm|title=rediff.com: Movies|website=Rediff.com|access-date=18 July 2018}}</ref> The makers of the film chose to release the film on a Thursday instead of a Friday, in order to avoid a box office clash with [[Prabhu Solomon]]'s [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]]-starrer, ''[[King (2002 film)|King]]'' (2002).<ref name="rediff"/> The film opened in September 2002 to critical acclaim and also performed well at the box office. Nowrunning.com wrote, "director Linguswami has given a very enjoyable film with good music by Vidyasagar and brilliant cinematography by Jeeva", adding "Madhavan has proved in this film that he can also do action and that too convincingly".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/113/tamil/run/42/review.htm|title=nowrunning.com - Indian Movies, showitmes, reviews, videos - Indian movie portal.|website=Nowrunning.com|access-date=18 July 2018}}</ref> Another critic noted "there is nothing new about the film's story but, Madhavan's new incarnation as an action hero and Linguswamy's racy screenplay has made this a thoroughly enjoyable experience".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://cinematoday3.itgo.com/Review%20-%20Run.htm |title=Run review |work=cinematoday2itgo|access-date=17 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224170815/http://cinematoday3.itgo.com/Review%20-%20Run.htm |archive-date=24 February 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><br />
<br />
The film went on to become amongst the highest grossing Tamil films of the year in 2002, and became actor Madhavan's most profitable film at the time of release.<ref name="rediff"/> [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] also won the Best Comedian Award at the [[Filmfare Best Comedian Award (Tamil)|Filmfare Awards 2002]] for his performance in the film. The film was later dubbed and released in Telugu under the same name during April 2003, with the comedy portions re-shot with Telugu actors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-run.html|title=Telugu Cinema - Review - Run - Madhavan, Meera Jasmin - Linguswamy - Vidya Sagar - Jeeva|website=Idlebrain.com|access-date=18 July 2018}}</ref> The film's cinematographer, [[Jeeva (director)|Jeeva]], later remade the film in [[Run (2004 film)|Hindi]] with [[Abhishek Bachchan]], [[Bhumika Chawla]] and [[Vijay Raaz]] in the leading roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/may/14run.htm|title=for Abhishek!|website=Rediff.com|access-date=18 July 2018}}</ref> The film completed 150 day run at some theaters.<br />
<br />
==Music==<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Run<br />
| type = Soundtrack<br />
| artist = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]<br />
| cover = <br />
| alt = <br />
| released = 12 August 2002<br />
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]<br />
| length = <br />
| label = Five Star Audio<br>[[Ayngaran International|Ayngaran Music]]<br />
| producer = <br />
| prev_title = [[Karmegham]]<br />
| prev_year = 2002<br />
| next_title = [[Villain (2002 film)|Villain]]<br />
| next_year = 2002<br />
}}<br />
The music was composed by [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]], with lyrics written by [[Na. Muthukumar]], [[Pa. Vijay]], [[Thamarai]], [[Yugabharathi]], [[Arivumathi]] and [[Viveka (lyricist)|Viveka]]. The soundtrack won critical acclaim and became Vidyasagar's most successful album at the time of the release.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil/interview.php?id=12181720&cid=2408 |title=Vidyasagar |work=sify |access-date=17 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405164830/http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil/interview.php?id=12181720&cid=2408 |archive-date=5 April 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><br />
{{Track listing<br />
| all_writing = <br />
| lyrics3 = [[Yugabharathi]]<br />
| headline = Track listing<br />
| lyrics1 = [[Na. Muthukumar]]<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| extra2 = [[Devan Ekambaram|Devan]], [[Sowmya Raoh]], Naveen, [[Pop Shalini]]<br />
| extra1 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], Timmy, [[Manicka Vinayagam]]<br />
| lyrics2 = [[Pa. Vijay]]<br />
| extra3 = [[Udit Narayan]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]<br />
| length10 = <br />
| extra4 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Sadhana Sargam]]<br />
| lyrics4 = [[Arivumathi]]<br />
| lyrics5 = [[Thamarai]]<br />
| extra5 = Balram, Sadhana Sargam<br />
| lyrics6 = [[Viveka (lyricist)|Viveka]]<br />
| extra6 = [[Harish Raghavendra]], Sadhana Sargam, Jack Smelly<br />
| lyrics7 = Viveka<br />
| total_length = <br />
| title10 = <br />
| title1 = Theradi Veethiyile<br />
| title5 = Panikaatrey<br />
| length1 = 04:57<br />
| title2 = Ichutha Ichutha<br />
| length2 = 04:35<br />
| title3 = Kaadhal Pisase<br />
| length3 = 04:38<br />
| title4 = Poi Solla Koodathu<br />
| length4 = 04:53<br />
| length5 = 04:38<br />
| length9 = <br />
| title6 = Minsaram En Meethu<br />
| length6 = 04:57<br />
| title7 = Azhagiya Thimirudan (Priya O Priya)<br />
| length7 = 02:16<br />
| title8 = <br />
| length8 = <br />
| title9 = <br />
| extra7 = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]], Sadhana Sargam, Jack Smelly<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==In popular culture==<br />
A film titled ''[[Kadhal Pisase]]'', named after the song from the film, was released in 2012. A popular scene involving Madhavan closing a subway shutter was later parodied in the spoof film ''[[Thamizh Padam]]'' (2010), while it was also referred to in ''[[Vettai]]'' (2012), in which the actor and director had collaborated again.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/R-Madhavans-tribute-to-Run/articleshow/9421650.cms|title=R Madhavan's tribute to Run - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=18 July 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|id=0331621|title=Run}}<br />
{{N. Lingusamy}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Run (2002 Film)}}<br />
[[Category:2002 films]]<br />
[[Category:2000s romantic action films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Tiruchirappalli]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by N. Lingusamy]]<br />
[[Category:2000s Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Vidyasagar]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Tiruchirappalli]]<br />
[[Category:2000s masala films]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Karaikudi]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Denmark]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Switzerland]]</div>UpdateBothttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Domar_(caste)&diff=332313Domar (caste)2022-07-02T06:10:29Z<p>UpdateBot: robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Hindu caste of India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}<br />
{{community|<br />
|group= Domar<br />
|poptime = <br />
|popplace = [[India]]<br />
|langs = [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]] • [[Bhojpuri]] • [[Khari boli]] • [[Hindi]]<br />
|rels= [[Hinduism]]<br />
|related= [[Bhangi]] • [[Hela (caste)|Hela]] • [[Turahiya]] • [[Lal Begi]] • [[Bansphor]]<br />
}}<br />
The '''Domar''' are a [[Hindu]] [[Caste system in India|caste]] found in the state of [[Karnataka]] in India.<br />
<br />
==Origin==<br />
<br />
According to the traditions of the Domar, their origin lies with [[Harishchandra]], who on an occasion is said to have disguised himself as a [[Domba|Dom]] at a funeral pyre in [[Varanasi]]. They are found mainly in eastern Uttar Pradesh, principally in the districts of [[Kanpur Nagar district|Kanpur]], [[Raebareli District|Raebareli]], and [[Allahabad District|Allahabad]]. They speak the [[Awadhi]] dialect.<ref name="poi">People of India Uttar Pradesh Volume XLII Part One edited by A Hasan & J C Das pages 460 to 464 Manohar Publications</ref><br />
<br />
==Present circumstances==<br />
<br />
The Domar community are said to have originally consisted of several divisions, the Domar proper, the [[Turahiya]], the Hadi, the [[Bansphor]], the [[Dusadh]] and the Dhanuk. All these are now distinct communities, and strictly endogamous. The Domar, like other Hindu communities practice clan exogamy. They are Hindu but are rarely visited by [[Brahmin]] priests, and have their own religious specialist.{{cn|date=February 2017}}<br />
<br />
The Domar are a landless community, providing the bulk of the agricultural labourers in eastern Uttar Pradesh. Many urban Domars are employed as cleaners in hospitals. The Domar remain one of the most marginalized communities in the [[Awadh]] region. They live in multi-caste villages, but occupy their own distinct quarters. As a [[Dalit]] community, they often suffer from societal discrimination. Each of their settlement contains an informal caste council, known as a biradari panchayat. The panchayat acts as instrument of social control, dealing with issues such as divorce and adultery.<ref name="poi"/><br />
<br />
The [[2011 Census of India]] for Uttar Pradesh showed the Domar classified as a [[Scheduled Caste]] with a population of 24,581.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/SC_ST/PCA-A10/SC-0900-PCA-A-10-ddw.xlsx |title= A-10 Individual Scheduled Caste Primary Census Abstract Data and its Appendix - Uttar Pradesh |publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |accessdate=2017-02-06}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Domar (Caste)}}<br />
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Uttar Pradesh]]</div>UpdateBothttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Telugu_films_of_2022&diff=320806List of Telugu films of 20222022-07-02T06:10:26Z<p>UpdateBot: robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|None}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}<br />
{{Tollywood films}}<br />
<br />
This is a list of [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language films produced in [[Telugu cinema|Tollywood]] in India that are released/scheduled to be released in 2022.<br />
<br />
== Box office collection ==<br />
The [[list of highest-grossing Telugu films]] released in 2022, by worldwide box office [[gross revenue]], are as follows:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikidiv"<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; background:#9fc;"| *<br />
| Denotes films still running in cinemas worldwide<br />
|}<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
| style="text-align:left; background:#ccc;" |'''#'''<br />
|Implies that the film is multilingual and the gross collection figure includes the worldwide collection of the other simultaneously filmed version.<br />
|}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" margin:auto;"<br />
|+Highest worldwide gross of 2022<br />
! Rank<br />
! Title<br />
! Production company<br />
! Worldwide gross<br />
! Ref<br />
|-<br />
!1<br />
| style="text-align:left; background:#9fc;" |''[[RRR (film)|RRR]] *''<br />
| [[D. V. V. Danayya|DVV Entertainment]]<br />
|{{INRConvert|1150|c|year=2022|1k=}}{{ndash}}{{INRConvert|1200|c|year=2022}}<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |title=SS Rajamouli's RRR gets shoutout from Doctor Strange screenwriter C. Robert Cargill: 'Craziest, weirdest blockbuster' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/ss-rajamouli-s-rrr-gets-shoutout-from-doctor-strange-screenwriter-c-robert-cargill-craziest-weirdest-blockbuster-101654596589561.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=7 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-19 |title=ఆ సీన్స్తో మళ్లీ రిలీజవుతున్న ఆర్ఆర్ఆర్ మూవీ! |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/rrr-movie-re-releasing-us-theaters-uncut-version-june-1st-1457290 |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=Sakshi |language=te}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!2<br />
|''[[Sarkaru Vaari Paata]]'' <br />
| [[Mythri Movie Makers]]<br />[[14 Reels Plus]]<br />[[G. Mahesh Babu Entertainment]]<br />
|{{INRConvert|180|c|year=2022|1k=}}<!--DO NOT REMOVE LOWER ESTIMATE WITHOUT SEEKING CONSENSUS-->{{ndash}}{{INRConvert|200|c|year=2022|1k=}}<br />
| <ref>{{cite web |last=Thanjavur |first=Kiran Kumar |date=7 June 2022 |title=Sarkaru Vaari Paata : సోషల్ మీడియాలో దూసుకుపోతున్న 'సర్కారు వారి పాట' మురారి వా పాట |url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/sarkaru-vaari-paata-mahesh-babu-keerthy-suresh-latest-murari-vaa-full-song-released-its-viral-on-social-media-ta-1325436.html |website=[[News18 Telugu]] |quote=112.55 కోట్ల షేర్ ను, రూ. 180 కోట్ల గ్రాస్ వసూళ్ల}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 May 2022 |title=Mahesh Babu's 'Sarkaru Vaari Paata' joins Rs 200 crore club; becomes biggest grosser of Tollywood in 2022 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/mahesh-babus-sarkaru-vaari-paata-joins-rs-200-crore-club-becomes-biggest-grosser-of-tollywood-in-2022/articleshow/91762101.cms |access-date=24 May 2022 |website=[[Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!3<br />
|style="text-align:left;" |''[[Bheemla Nayak]]''<br />
|[[S. Radha Krishna|Sithara Entertainments]]<br />
|{{INRConvert|161|c|year=2022|1k=}}<!--DO NOT REMOVE LOWER ESTIMATE WITHOUT SEEKING CONSENSUS-->–{{INRConvert|193.7|c|year=2022|1k=}}<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Vadla |first1=Praveen Kumar |title=Bheemla Nayak closing WW collections: 'భీమ్లా నాయక్' క్లోజింగ్ కలెక్షన్స్.. చివరికి మళ్లీ నష్టాలే మిగిలాయి..! |url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/bheemla-nayak-closing-ww-collections-and-pawan-kalyan-ended-up-with-small-losses-pk-1243884.html |access-date=23 March 2022 |website=[[News18 Telugu]] |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 March 2022 |title='Bheemla Nayak' box office collection Day 20: Pawan Kalyan's film steady, eyes Rs 200 crore |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/bheemla-nayak-box-office-collection-day-20-pawan-kalyans-film-steady-eyes-rs-200-crore/articleshow/90285418.cms |access-date=17 March 2022 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!4<br />
|style="text-align:left;" |''[[Radhe Shyam]]''<br />
|UV Creations<br />
[[T-Series (company)|T-Series Films]]<br />
|style="background:#ccc;" | {{INRConvert|150|c|year=2022|1k=}}<!--DO NOT REMOVE LOWER ESTIMATE WITHOUT SEEKING CONSENSUS-->–{{INRConvert|214.04|c|year=2022|1k=}} '''#'''<br />
|<ref name="rsfactcheck22">{{cite web |date=22 March 2022 |title=Makers claim Prabhas' Radhe Shyam earned Rs 400 cr in 10 days: Here's a fact-check |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/prabhas-radhe-shyam-collects-over-rs-200-worldwide-in-10-days-hit-or-flop-7831200 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |author=Grace Cyril |date=March 25, 2022 |title=Radhe Shyam box office collection Day 14: Prabhas' film ends its theatrical run, earns Rs 214 crore |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/radhe-shyam-box-office-collection-day-14-prabhas-film-ends-its-theatrical-run-earns-rs-214-crore-1929263-2022-03-25 |magazine=India Today |language=en |access-date=2022-03-25}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!5<br />
| style="text-align:left; background:#9fc;" |''[[F3 (film)|F3: Fun and Frustration]]'' *<br />
|[[Sri Venkateswara Creations]]<br />
|{{INRConvert|126|c|1k=|year=2022}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-06-13 |title=గ్లోబల్ బాక్సాపీస్ వద్ద 'F3' తాజా కలెక్షన్లు ఇవే..! |url=https://www.ntnews.com/cinema/f3-latest-global-collections-is-out-now-627499 |access-date=2022-06-14 |website=[[Namasthe Telangana]] |language=te}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! style="text-align:center;" | 6<br />
| style="text-align:left; " |''[[Acharya (2022 film)|Acharya]]''<br />
| [[Konidela Production Company]]<br />Matinee Entertainment<br />
|{{INRConvert|76|c|1k=|year=2022}}<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Acharya Closing Collections : ఆచార్య క్లోజింగ్ కలెక్షన్స్.. ఎన్ని కోట్లా నష్టమో తెలుసా|url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/chiranjeevi-ram-charan-acharya-closing-collections-becomes-all-time-epic-disaster-sr-1300952.html|website=[[News18 Telugu]]|language=te|date=13 May 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!7<br />
| style="text-align:left; " |''[[Major (film)|Major]]''<br />
|{{ubl|[[Sony Pictures|Sony Pictures International Productions]]|[[G. Mahesh Babu Entertainment]]|A+S Movies}}<br />
|style="background:#ccc;" | {{INRConvert|66|c|year=2022|1k=}} '''#'''<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-16 |title=Major BO Collections |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/major-box-office-collections-day-13-advi-sesh-starrer-mints-over-rs-60-crores/articleshow/92244880.cms |access-date=2022-06-16 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!8<br />
| style="text-align:left; " |''[[Bangarraju]]''<br />
|[[Zee Studios]]<br />[[Annapurna Studios]]<br />
|{{INRConvert|63.87|c|1k=|year=2022}}<br />
|<ref name="bgr">{{Cite news|title=Bangarraju 20 Days WW Collections : నాగార్జున 'బంగార్రాజు' 20 రోజుల బాక్సాఫీస్ కలెక్షన్స్.. ఇంకా ఎంత బాకీ అంటే..|url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/bangarraju-nagarjuna-akkineni-naga-chaitanya-bangarraju-movie-20-days-world-wide-box-office-collections-ta-1188410.html|date=3 February 2022|access-date=3 February 2021|work=[[News18]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!9<br />
|style="text-align:left; " |''[[Ante Sundaraniki]] ''<br />
| [[Mythri Movie Makers]]<br />
|{{INRConvert|38|c|year=2022}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-05 |title=How much did Nani's 'Ante Sundaraniki' and Rana Daggubati's 'Virata Parvam' collect at the Tollywood box office? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/how-much-did-nanis-ante-sundaraniki-and-rana-daggubatis-virata-parvam-collect-at-the-tollywood-box-office/articleshow/92546835.cms |access-date=2022-03-29 |website=Timesofindia |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!10<br />
| style="text-align:left; " |''[[DJ Tillu]]''<br />
|[[S. Radha Krishna|Sithara Entertainments]] <br />Fortune Four Cinemas<br />
|{{INRConvert|30|c|1k=|year=2022}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-05 |title=DJ Tillu Closing Collections |url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/entertainment/dj-tillu-closing-collections-151857 |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=Sakshi Post |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hymavathi |first=Ravali |date=2022-03-27 |title=Siddhu Jonnalagadda Thanked Junior NTR And Ram Charan For Praising His DJ Tillu Movie |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/siddhu-jonnalagadda-thanked-junior-ntr-and-ram-charan-for-praising-his-dj-tillu-movie-735322 |access-date=2022-06-03 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
== January – March ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" style="width:6%;"| '''Opening'''<br />
! style="width:18%;" |'''Title'''<br />
! style="width:10%;" |'''Director'''<br />
! style="width:50%;" |'''Cast'''<br />
! style="width:25%;" |'''Production House'''<br />
! style="width:1%;" class="unsortable"|{{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="11" style="text-align:center;background:#ffa07a;textcolor:#000;" |'''J<br />A<br />N'''<br />
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc;" |'''1'''<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[Aasha Encounter]]''<br />
|Anand Chandra<br />
|{{hlist|[[Srikanth Iyengar]]|[[Sonia Akula]]|Praveen Raj}}<br />
|Anuraag Kancharla Productions<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|date=2022-01-01|title=Aasha Encounter review.. ఆర్జీవి మార్కు కనిపించని ఆశ.. ఓవరాల్గా ఎలా ఉందంటే?|url=https://telugu.filmibeat.com/reviews/aasha-encounter-movie-review-and-rating-105914.html|website=FilmiBeat}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |''Induvadana''<br />
|MSR<br />
|{{hlist|[[Varun Sandesh]]|Farnaz Shetty|[[Raghu Babu]]|[[Dhanraj (actor)|Dhanraj]]|Praveen Raj}}<br />
|Sri Balaji Pictures banner<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|date=2022-01-01|title=Varun Sandesh's Induvadana – Same old love story|url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/induvadana-telugu-movie-review.html|website=123telugu.com}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc;" |'''7'''<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[1945 (2022 film)|1945]]''{{efn|name=TelTam|[[Multiple-language version|Simultaneously shot]] in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] language.}}<br />
|[[Sathyasiva]]<br />
|{{hlist|[[Rana Daggubati]]|[[Regina Cassandra]]|[[Sathyaraj]]|[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]}}<br />
|K Productions<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|date=2022-01-03|title=5 Years After it Went on Floors, Rana Daggubati's 1945 to Finally Hit Theatres|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/5-years-after-it-went-on-floors-rana-daggubatis-1945-to-finally-hit-theatres-4617392.html|url-status=live|website=News18}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Atithi Devo Bhava (film)|''Athidi Devo Bhava'']]<br />
|Polimera Nageshawar<br />
|{{hlist|[[Aadi (Telugu actor)|Aadi]]|Nuveksha}}<br />
|Srinivasa Cine Creations<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Aadi's Atithi Devo Bhava takes RRR's release date |url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/aadis-atithi-devo-bhava-takes-rrrs-release-date.html |website=123Telugu.com |date=2 January 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc;" |'''14'''<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[Bangarraju]]''<br />
|[[Kalyan Krishna]]<br />
|{{hlist|[[Nagarjuna]]|[[Naga Chaitanya]]|[[Ramya Krishna]]|[[Kriti Shetty]]}}<br />
|[[Zee Studios]] <br/>[[Annapurna Studios]]<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://telugucinema.com/videos/bangarraju-teaser-putiki-entertainment|title=Bangarraju teaser: Putiki entertainment!|website=Telugu cinema|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[Rowdy Boys]]''<br />
|Harsha Konuganti<br />
|{{hlist|Ashish Reddy|[[Anupama Parameswaran]]}}<br />
|[[Sri Venkateswara Creations]]<br />[[Aditya Music]]<br />
|<ref name="skrt" /><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[Super Machi]]''<br />
|Puli Vaasu<br />
|{{hlist|Kalyan Dev|[[Rachita Ram]]}}<br />
|Rizwan Entertainment<br />
|<ref name="skrt">{{cite web |title=Rowdy Boys, 7 Days 6 Nights and Super Machi: South movies back in action for Pongal and Sankranthi release |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/rowdy-boys-7-days-6-nights-and-super-machi-south-movies-back-action-pongal-and-sankranthi-release-982080 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |date=2 January 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[The American Dream (film)|The American Dream]]''<br />
|Dr. Vighnesh Koushik<br />
|{{hlist|Prince Cecil|Neha Krishna|[[Subhalekha Sudhakar]]}}<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|date=2022-01-08|title=The American Dream: ఆహా అందించనున్న మరో ఆసక్తికర మూవీ.. ఆకట్టుకుంటున్న ది అమెరికన్ డ్రీమ్ ట్రైలర్..|url=https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/tollywood/young-hero-prince-latest-movie-the-american-dream-trailer-released-613059.html|access-date=2022-01-10|website=TV9 Telugu|language=te}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc;"|'''15'''<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|''[[Hero (2022 film)|Hero]]''<br />
|[[Sriram Adittya]]<br />
|{{hlist|Ashok Galla|[[Nidhhi Agerwal]]|[[Jagapathi Babu]]}}<br />
|[[Amara Raja Group|Amara Raja Entertainment and Media]]<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Mahesh Babu's nephew's debut film 'Hero' gets a release date; to hit the big screens on Sankranthi! - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mahesh-babus-nephews-debut-film-hero-gets-a-release-date-to-hit-the-big-screens-on-sankranthi/articleshow/88645088.cms|access-date=2022-01-05|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc;"|'''18'''<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|''Uniki''<br />
|Rajkumar Bobby<br />
|{{hlist|[[Chitra Shukla]]|Ashish Gandhi}}<br />
|Evergreen Entertainments<br />
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Uniki Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-details/uniki/movieshow/89018943.cms |access-date=2022-03-06}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc;"|'''28'''<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[Good Luck Sakhi]]''<br />
|[[Nagesh Kukunoor]]<br />
|{{hlist|[[Keerthy Suresh]]|[[Aadhi Pinisetty]]|[[Jagapathi Babu]]|[[Rahul Ramakrishna]]}}<br />
|Worth A Shot Motion Arts <br/>[[Sri Venkateswara Creations]]<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |date=21 January 2022 |title='Good Luck Sakhi' gets a new release date |url=https://telugucinema.com/news/good-luck-sakhi-gets-a-new-release-date |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121123848/https://telugucinema.com/news/good-luck-sakhi-gets-a-new-release-date |archive-date=21 January 2022 |access-date=21 January 2022 |website=Telugu Cinema}}</ref><br />
|- February!<br />
| rowspan="8" style="text-align:center; background:#dcc7df; textcolor:#000;" | '''F<br />E<br />B'''<br />
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef;" |'''11'''<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[Khiladi (2022 film)|Khiladi]]''<br />
|| [[Ramesh Varma]]|| {{hlist|[[Ravi Teja]]|[[Arjun Sarja]]|[[Unni Mukundan]]|[[Meenakshi Chaudhary]]|[[Dimple Hayathi]]|[[Nikitin Dheer]]}} || [[Pen India Limited]]<br />A Studios LLP ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Ravi Teja's Khiladi gets a release date |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/release-date-for-ravi-tejas-khiladi-locked-7617792/|access-date=11 November 2021|date=11 November 2021 |website=Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|''[[Sehari]]''<br />
|Gnanasagar Dwaraka<br />
|{{hlist|Harsh Kanumilli|Simran Choudhary|[[Abhinav Gomatam]]|Praneeth Reddy Kallem|Akshithaa|Sneha Velidindi|Koti}}<br />
|Virgo Pictures<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Sehari trailer: Harsh Kanumilli and Simran Choudhary starrer looks like a crazy rom-com - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/sehari-trailer-harsh-kanumilli-and-simran-choudhary-starrer-looks-like-a-crazy-rom-com/articleshow/89292511.cms|access-date=2022-02-02|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Bhamakalapam (2022 film)|''Bhamakalapam'']]<br />
|Abhimanyu<br />
|{{hlist|[[Priyamani]]|Saranya Pradeep}}<br />
|SVCC Digital<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|date=2022-02-01|title=Priyamani's thriller comedy 'Bhamakalapam' trailer unveiled by Vijay Deverakonda|url=https://zeenews.india.com/regional/priyamanis-thriller-comedy-bhamakalapam-trailer-unveiled-by-vijay-deverakonda-2432654.html|access-date=2022-02-02|website=Zee News|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|''[[Malli Modalaindhi]]''<br />
|TG Keerthi Kumar<br />
|{{hlist|[[Sumanth]]|[[Naina Ganguly]]|[[Varshini Sounderajan]]|[[Pavani Reddy]]|[[Suhasini Maniratnam]]}}<br />
|ED Entertainments<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|date=2022-01-21|title=Sumanth's Telugu Film Malli Modalaindi to Premiere Directly on This OTT Platform|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/sumanths-telugu-film-malli-modalaindi-to-premiere-directly-on-this-ott-platform-4683179.html|access-date=2022-02-02|website=News18|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef;"|'''12'''<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[DJ Tillu]]''<br />
|Vimal Krishna<br />
|{{hlist|[[Siddhu Jonnalagadda]]|Neha Shetty}}<br />
|Sithara Entertainment<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Official: DJ Tillu In Sankranthi Race |url=https://www.greatandhra.com/movies/news/official-dj-tillu-in-sankranthi-race-118195 |website=Great Andhra |date=1 January 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef;" |'''18'''<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[Son of India (2022 film)|Son of India]]''<br />
|[[Diamond Ratnababu]]<br />
|{{hlist|[[Mohan Babu]]|[[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]]|[[Tanikella Bharani]]|[[Ali (actor)|Ali]]|[[Raghu Babu]]|[[Raja Ravindra]]}}<br />
|[[Sree Lakshmi Prasanna Pictures|Lakshmi Prasanna Pictures]]<br/>[[24 Frames Factory]]<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Son Of India: సన్ ఆఫ్ ఇండియా ప్రీ రిలీజ్ ఈవెంట్|url=https://www.eenadu.net/photos/playImages/Son-Of-India-Pre-Release-Event-Held-At-Hyderabad/12/8209|access-date=2022-02-16|website=EENADU|language=te}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |''Virgin Story''<br />
|Pradip B. Atluri<br />
|{{hlist|Vikram Sahadev|Sowmika Pandiyan|Rishika Khanna}}<br />
|Ramalakshmi Cine Creations<br />
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Virgin Story Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-details/virgin-story/movieshow/89644701.cms |access-date=2022-03-06}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef;" |'''25'''<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Bheemla Nayak]]''<br />
|[[Saagar K Chandra]]<br />
|{{hlist|[[Pawan Kalyan]]|[[Rana Daggubati]]|[[Nithya Menen]]|[[Samyuktha Menon]]|[[Samuthirakani]]|[[Murali Sharma]]|[[Raghu Babu]]}}<br />
|[[S. Radha Krishna|Sithara Entertainments]]<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|date=21 December 2021|title=Pawan Kalyan's Bheemla Nayak release postponed: New dates announced|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pawan-kalyan-s-bheemla-nayak-release-postponed-new-dates-announced-158967|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-March!<br />
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#98fb98; textcolor:#000;" | '''M<br />A<br />R'''<br />
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#a8e4bc;" |'''4'''<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Sebastian PC 524]]''<br />
|Balaji Sayyapureddy<br />
|{{hlist|[[Kiran Abbavaram]]|Komalee Prasad|Nuveksha}}<br />
|Jovitha Cinemas<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-20|title=Kiran Abbavaram's Sebastian P.C 524's release pushed to March 4|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/kiran-abbavarams-sebastian-p-c-524s-release-pushed-to-march-4/articleshow/89704360.cms|access-date=|website=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[Aadavallu Meeku Johaarlu (2022 film)|Aadavallu Meeku Johaarlu]]''<br />
|[[Tirumala Kishore]]<br />
|{{hlist|[[Sharwanand]]|[[Rashmika Mandanna]]|[[Kushboo]]|[[Radhika Sarathkumar]]|[[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]]}}<br />
|Sri Lakshmi Venkateswara Cinemas<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-19|title='Aadavallu Meeku Joharlu' pushed back to March 4|url=https://telugucinema.com/news/aadavallu-meeku-joharlu-pushed-back-to-march-4|access-date=|website=Telugu Cinema}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; background:#a8e4bc;" |'''11'''<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[Radhe Shyam]]''{{efn|name=TelHin|[[Multiple-language version|Simultaneously shot]] in [[Hindi]] language.}}<br />
|[[Radha Krishna Kumar]]<br />
|{{hlist|[[Prabhas]]|[[Pooja Hegde]]|[[Krishnam Raju]]|[[Sachin Khedekar]]|[[Priyadarshi Pulikonda]]|[[Murali Sharma]]|[[Bhagyashree]]|[[Sathyan (Tamil actor)|Sathyan]]|[[Kunaal Roy Kapur]]}}<br />
|UV Creations<br />[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]<br />
|<ref name="bh">{{cite web|date=29 July 2021|title=Prabhas-starrer 'Radhe Shyam' to hit the screens on Sankranti 2022?|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/prabhas-starrer-radhe-shyam-to-hit-the-screens-on-sankranti-2022-1014223.html|url-status=live|access-date=29 July 2021|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; background:#a8e4bc;" |'''18'''<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[Stand Up Rahul]]''<br />
|Santo<br />
|{{hlist|[[Raj Tarun]]|[[Varsha Bollamma]]|[[Murali Sharma]]|[[Indraja]]|[[Vennela Kishore]]}}<br />
|Dream Town Productions<br>Highfive Pictures<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Stand Up Rahul:Fun+Emotion |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/stand-up-rahul-trailer-starring--raj-tarun-varsha-bollamma/0201/122044155 |access-date=6 March 2022 |website=[[Eenadu]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; background:#a8e4bc;" |'''25'''<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[RRR (film)|RRR]]''<br />
|[[S. S. Rajamouli]]<br />
|{{hlist|[[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.]]|[[Ram Charan]]|[[Ajay Devgn]]|[[Alia Bhatt]]|[[Shriya Saran]]|[[Samuthirakani]]|[[Ray Stevenson]]|[[Alison Doody]]|[[Olivia Morris]]}}<br />
|[[DVV Entertainments|DVV Entertainment]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=DVV Entertainment |url=https://www.dvventertainment.com/}}</ref><br />
|<ref>{{cite web|date=2022-01-31|title=Breaking: Ram Charan and Jr NTR starrer RRR to release in theatres on March 25|website=Bollywood Hungama|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/breaking-ram-charan-jr-ntr-starrer-rrr-release-theatres-march-25/|access-date=2022-01-31|language=en}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==April–June==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" style="width:6%;"| '''Opening'''<br />
! style="width:20%;" |'''Title'''<br />
! style="width:10%;" |'''Director'''<br />
! style="width:45%;" |'''Cast'''<br />
! style="width:30%;" |'''Production House'''<br />
! style="width:1%;" class="unsortable"|{{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}<br />
|- April!<br />
! rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#F88379; textcolor:#000;" |'''A<br />P<br />R'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; background:#d88579;"|'''1'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; " |''[[Mishan Impossible]]''<br />
|Swaroop RSJ<br />
|{{hlist|[[Taapsee Pannu]]|Harsh Roshan|Bhanu Prakshan|Jayateertha Molugu|[[Suhas]]|[[Viva Harsha]]|Manikanta Varanasi|Jayateertha|[[Harsha Vardhan]]|[[Madhusudhan Rao (actor)|Madhusudhan Rao]]|[[Satyam Rajesh]]|[[Ravindra Vijay]]}}<br />
|Matinee Entertainment<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-15 |title=Mishan Impossible trailer: Taapsee Pannu promises her most fun-filled film yet |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/mishan-impossible-trailer-taapsee-pannu-7821355/ |access-date=2022-03-19 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; background:#d88579;"|'''8'''<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[Ghani (2022 film)|Ghani]]''<br />
| Kiran Korrapati<br />
|{{hlist|[[Varun Tej]]|[[Jagapathi Babu]]|Saiee Manjrekar|[[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]]|[[Suniel Shetty]]|[[Naveen Chandra]]|[[Nadhiya]]|[[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]]|[[Tanikella Bharani]]}}<br />
|Renaissance Pictures<br />[[Geetha Arts|Allu Bobby Company]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Varun Tej-starrer 'Ghani' gets postponed, will now release in theatres on April 8 |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/varun-tej-starrer-ghani-gets-postponed-will-now-release-in-theatres-on-april-8/articleshow/89944275.cms |access-date=2022-03-03}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; background:#d88579;"|'''15'''<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[Bloody Mary (2022 film)|Bloody Mary]]''<br />
|[[Chandoo Mondeti]]<br />
|{{hlist| [[Nivetha Pethuraj]] | [[Brahmaji]] |[[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]]|[[Kireeti Damaraju]]}}<br />
|People Media Factory<br />[[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-15 |title=BLOODY MARY REVIEW : NIVETHA PETHURAJ AND AJAY SHINE IN THIS PASSABLE THRILLER |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/telugu/bloody-mary/ottmoviereview/90850271.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref> <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;background:#D88579;" |'''29'''<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Acharya (2022 film)|''Acharya'']]<br />
|[[Koratala Siva]]<br />
|{{hlist|[[Chiranjeevi]]|[[Ram Charan]]|[[Pooja Hegde]]|[[Sonu Sood]]}}<br />
|[[Konidela Production Company]]<br />
|<ref>{{cite tweet |author=Konidela Pro Company |user=KonidelaPro |number=1482573409842495489 |date=15 January 2022 |title=This Ugadi, Witness the MEGA MASS on big screens 💥💥 #Acharya Grand Release on April 1 🔥 #AcharyaOnApril1 Megastar @KChiruTweets @AlwaysRamCharan #Sivakoratala @MsKajalAggarwal @hegdepooja #ManiSharma #NiranjanReddy @MatineeEnt @KonidelaPro https://t.co/DwnYRcakcd |language=en |access-date=19 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116123822/https://twitter.com/konidelapro/status/1482573409842495489 |archive-date=16 January 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|- <br />
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center; background: #9ACD32; textcolor:#000;" |'''M<br />A<br />Y'''<br />
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#C5E384" |'''6'''<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[Jayamma Panchayathi]]''<br />
|Vijay Kumar Kalivarapu<br />
|{{hlist|[[Suma Kanakala]]}}<br />
|Vennela Creations<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-16 |title=Jayamma Panchayathi: Pawan Kalyan Unveils Trailer |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/jayamma-panchayathi-pawan-kalyan-unveils-trailer-4998085.html |access-date=2022-04-16 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[Bhala Thandanana]]''<br />
|Chaitanya Dantluri<br />
|{{hlist|[[Sree Vishnu]]|[[Catherine Tresa]]|[[Ramachandra Raju]]|[[Posani Krishna Murali]]|[[Ravi Varma (actor)|Ravi Varma]]}}<br />
|[[Vaaraahi Chalana Chitram]]<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Sri Vishnu Movie Release Date: వాయిదా పడ్డ భళా తందనాన మూవీ, కోత్త రిలీజ్ డేట్ ఇదే |url=https://m.sakshi.com/amp/telugu-news/movies/bhala-thandanana-movie-makers-announce-new-release-date-may-6th-1452532 |access-date=2 May 2022 |website=[[Sakshi TV|Sakshi]]|date=29 April 2022 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[Ashoka Vanamlo Arjuna Kalyanam]]''<br />
|Vidya Sagar Chinta<br />
|{{hlist|[[Vishwak Sen]]|[[Rukshar Dhillon]]|Ritika Nayak|Goparaju Ramana}}<br />
|SVCC Digital<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-17 |title='అశోకవనంలో అర్జున కళ్యాణం' వచ్చేది అప్పుడే |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/vishwak-sen-locks-ashoka-vanamlo-arjuna-kalyanam-release-date-1449462 |access-date=2022-04-17 |website=Sakshi |language=te}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; background:#C5E384"|'''12'''<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[Sarkaru Vaari Paata]]''<br />
|[[Parasuram (director)|Parasuram]]<br />
|{{hlist|[[Mahesh Babu]]|[[Keerthy Suresh]]|[[Samuthirakani]]|[[Vennela Kishore]]|[[Nadhiya]]|[[Sowmya Menon]]|[[Subbaraju]]|[[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]]<br />
|[[Brahmaji]]|[[Tanikella Bharani]]|[[Posani Krishna Murali]]|[[Mahesh Manjrekar]]|[[Ravi Prakash]]|[[Satyam Rajesh]]}}<br />
|[[Mythri Movie Makers]]<br />[[14 Reels Entertainment|14 Reels Plus]]<br />[[G. Mahesh Babu Entertainment]]<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|date=2021-11-03|title=Mahesh Babu's Sarkaru Vaari Paata gets a new release date|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/mahesh-babu-sarkaru-vaari-paata-gets-a-new-release-date-7605963/|access-date=11 November 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#C5E384" |'''20'''<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Shekar (film)|''Shekar'']]<br />
|[[Jeevitha]]<br />
|{{hlist|[[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]]|[[Athmiya Rajan]]|Muskaan Khubchandhani|Shivani Rajashekar|[[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]]}}<br />
|Pegasus Cinecorp<br />
Taurus Cinecorp<br />
Sudhakar Impex IPL<br />
Tripura Creations<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |date=2022-04-24 |title=Upcoming Telugu Movies |url=https://telugubomma.in/upcoming-telugu-movies-list/ |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=Telugu Bomma |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; background:#C5E384" |'''27'''<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | [[F3 (film)|''F3: Fun and Frustration'']]<br />
|[[Anil Ravipudi]]<br />
|{{hlist|[[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]]|[[Varun Tej]]|[[Tamannaah]]|[[Mehreen Pirzada]]|[[Anjali (actress)|Anjali]]|[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]]|[[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]]|[[Sonal Chauhan]]|[[Rao Ramesh]]|[[Sangeetha Krish|Sangeetha]]|[[Ali (actor)|Ali]]|[[Tulasi (actress)|Tulasi]]|[[Satya (Telugu actor)|Satya]]|[[Pragathi]]|[[Annapurna (actress)|Annapurnamma]]|[[Y. Vijaya]]|[[Vennela Kishore]]|[[Raghu Babu]]|[[Srikanth Iyengar]]|Racha Ravi}}<br />
|[[Sri Venkateswara Creations]]<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|date=24 October 2021|title=F3 release date: Venkatesh, Varun Tej, Tamannaah Bhatia, Mehreen Pirzada starrer to hit screens in Feb 2022|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/f3-release-date-venkatesh-varun-tej-tamannaah-bhatia-mehreen-pirzada-starrer-to-hit-screens-in-feb-2022/articleshow/87235445.cms|access-date=24 October 2021|website=ETimes|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="8" style="text-align:center; background:#93CCEA; textcolor:#000;" |'''J<br />U<br />N'''<br />
| style="text-align:center;background:#B0E0E6;" |'''3'''<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Major (film)|Major]]''{{efn|name=TelHin|[[Multiple-language version|Simultaneously shot]] in [[Hindi]] language.}} || Sashi Kiran Tikka || {{hlist|[[Adivi Sesh]]|[[Sobhita Dhulipala]]|[[Saiee Manjrekar]]|[[Prakash Raj]]|[[Revathi]]|[[Murali Sharma]]}} || [[Sony Pictures]]<br />[[G. Mahesh Babu Entertainment]]<br />A+S Movies ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=K. |first=Janani |date=27 April 2022 |title=Adivi Sesh's Major to release in theatres on June 3. New poster out |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/adivi-sesh-s-major-to-release-in-theatres-on-june-3-new-poster-out-1942439-2022-04-27 |website=India Today}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;background:#B0E0E6;" |'''10'''<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|''[[Ante Sundaraniki]]''<br />
|[[Vivek Athreya]]<br />
|{{hlist|[[Nani (actor)|Nani]]|[[Nazriya Nazim]]|[[Harsha Vardhan]]|[[Suhas]]|[[Rahul Ramakrishna]]|[[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]]|[[Srikanth Iyengar]]|[[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]]|[[Prudhvi Raj]]}}<br />
|[[Mythri Movie Makers]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=On the eve of Nani's birthday, his first glimpse in 'Ante Sundaraniki' unveiled - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/on-the-eve-of-nanis-birthday-his-first-glimpse-in-ante-sundaraniki-unveiled/articleshow/89776406.cms|access-date=2022-02-23|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#B0E0E6;" |'''17'''<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[Virata Parvam]]''<br />
|Venu Udugula<br />
|{{hlist|[[Sai Pallavi]]|[[Rana Daggubati]]|[[Priyamani]]|[[Nandita Das]]|[[Naveen Chandra]]|[[Zarina Wahab]]|[[Easwari Rao]]|[[Sai Chand]]|[[Nivetha Pethuraj]]}}<br />
|Sri Lakshmi Venkateswara Cinemas<br />[[Suresh Productions]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-30 |title=Rana Daggubati-Sai Pallavi's Virata Parvam gets a release date |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/rana-daggubati-sai-pallavis-virata-parvam-gets-a-release-date-7944242/ |access-date=2022-05-30 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[Godse (film)|Godse]]''<br />
|Gopi Ganesh Pattabhi<br />
|{{hlist|[[Satyadev Kancharana]]|[[Aishwarya Lekshmi]]|[[Brahmaji]]|[[Tanikella Bharani]]|[[Nagendra Babu]]|[[Prudhvi Raj]]|[[Noel Sean]]|[[Priyadarshi Pulikonda]]|[[Chaitanya Krishna]]}}<br />
|CK Screens<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-18 |title=Satyadev's Godse gets a new release date |url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/satyadevs-godse-gets-a-new-release-date.html |access-date= |website=123telugu.com |language=}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#B0E0E6;" |'''23'''<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Konda (film)|''Konda'']]<br />
|[[Ram Gopal Varma]]<br />
|{{hlist|[[Thrigun]]|Irra Mor|[[Tulasi (actress)|Tulasi]]|[[L. B. Sriram]]}}<br />
|Shresta Patel Movies<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Ram Gopal Varma's 'Konda review - The Hindu |website=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/konda-movie-review-an-unintentionally-hilarious-film/article65556861.ece}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#B0E0E6;" |'''24'''<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|''[[Sammathame]]''<br />
|Gopinath Reddy<br />
|{{hlist|[[Kiran Abbavaram]]|[[Chandini Chowdary]]}}<br />
|UG Productions<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title='Sammathame' teaser: Kiran Abbavaram and Chandini Chowdary promise a refreshing rom-com - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/sammathame-teaser-kiran-abbavaram-and-chandini-chowdary-promise-a-refreshing-rom-com/articleshow/91229453.cms |access-date=2022-05-01 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[Chor Bazaar (film)|''Chor Bazaar'']]<br />
|B Jeeevan Reddy<br />
|{{hlist|Akash Puri|Gehana Sippy|[[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]]|[[Posani Krishna Murali]]|[[Subbaraju]]}}<br />
|IV Productions<br />
|<ref>https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2022/jun/13/chor-bazaar-release-date-out-32101.html</ref><br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|''[[7 Days 6 Nights]]''<br />
|[[M. S. Raju]]<br />
|{{hlist|[[Sumanth Ashwin]]|Meher Chahal|Rohan|Krithika Shetty}}<br />
|Wild Honey Production<br />
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/previews/7-days-6-nights/articleshow/92450633.cms | title=7 Days 6 Nights - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
== July–September ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" style="width:6%;"| '''Opening'''<br />
! style="width:20%;" |'''Title'''<br />
! style="width:10%;" |'''Director'''<br />
! style="width:45%;" |'''Cast'''<br />
! style="width:30%;" |'''Production House'''<br />
! style="width:1%;" class="unsortable"|{{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}<br />
|- July!<br />
| rowspan="9" style="text-align:center; background:plum; textcolor:#000;" |'''J<br />U<br />L<br />Y'''<br />
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#f1daf1;" |'''1'''<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[Pakka Commercial]]''<br />
|[[Maruthi]]<br />
|{{hlist|[[Gopichand (actor)|Gopichand]]|[[Raashi Khanna]]|[[Sathyaraj]]|[[Anasuya Bharadwaj]]|[[Rao Ramesh]]|[[Saptagiri]]}}<br />
|UV Creations<br />[[Geetha Arts|GA2 Pictures]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hymavathi |first=Ravali |date=2022-03-30 |title=Gopichand's 'Pakka Commercial' Release Date Is Unveiled |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/gopichands-pakka-commercial-release-date-is-unveiled-735807 |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |''10th Class Diaries''<br />
|Anji<br />
|{{hlist|[[Srikanth (Tamil actor, born 1980)|Sriram]]|[[Avika Gor]]|[[Siva Balaji]]|[[Archana Shastry]]}}<br />
|SR Movie Makers<br/>Anvitha Avani Kreation<br/>Ajay Mysore Productions<br />
|<ref>{{Citation |title=10th Class Diaries Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-details/10th-class-diaries/movieshow/89946093.cms |access-date=2022-07-01}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |''Shikaru''<br />
|Hari Kolagani<br />
|{{hlist|Sai Dhanshika|Tej Kurapati|Abhinav Medisetty|Dheeraj Aathreya|[[Chammak Chandra]]}}<br />
|Sri Sai Lakshmi Creations<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shikaru Movie Pre Release Event : ఆహ్లాదకరంగా సాయిధన్సిక `షికారు` చిత్రం ప్రీ రిలీజ్ వేడుక.. |url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/sai-dhansika-shikaru-movie-pre-release-event-details-these-are-the-reasons-watch-movie-ta-1352544.html |access-date=2022-07-01 |website=[[News18 Telugu]] |language=te}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; background:#f1daf1;" |'''8'''<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Happy Birthday (2022 Indian film)|''Happy Birthday'']]<br />
|Ritesh Rana<br />
|{{hlist|[[Lavanya Tripathi]]}}<br />
|[[Mythri Movie Makers]]<br>Clap Entertainment<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lavanya Tripathi's Happy Birthday gets a release date - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/lavanya-tripathis-happy-birthday-gets-a-release-date/articleshow/91344792.cms |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; background:#f1daf1;" |'''14'''<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[The Warriorr]]{{efn|name=TelTam}}''<br />
|[[N. Lingusamy]]<br />
|{{hlist|[[Ram Pothineni]]|[[Aadhi Pinisetty]]|[[Krithi Shetty]]|[[Akshara Gowda]]|[[Nadhiya]]|[[Bharathiraja]]|[[Chirag Jani (actor)|Chirag Jani]]|[[Redin Kingsley]]}}<br />
|Srinivasa Silver Screen<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ram Pothineni, Krithi Shetty, Akshara Gowda's The Warrior to hit screens in July - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ram-pothineni-krithi-shetty-akshara-gowdas-the-warrior-to-hit-screens-in-july/articleshow/90474675.cms |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#f1daf1;" |'''22'''<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[Thank You (2022 film)|Thank You]]''<br />
|[[Vikram Kumar]]<br />
|{{hlist|[[Naga Chaitanya]]|[[Raashi Khanna]]|[[Avika Gor]]|[[Malavika Nair]]|Sai Sushanth Reddy}}<br />
|[[Sri Venkateswara Creations]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 14, 2022 |first=Shweta |last=Keshri |title=Naga Chaitanya-starrer Thank You to release in theatres on July 8 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/naga-chaitanya-starrer-thank-you-to-release-in-theatres-on-july-8-1949466-2022-05-14 |access-date=2022-05-14 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[Karthikeya 2]]''<br />
|[[Chandoo Mondeti]]<br />
|{{hlist|[[Nikhil Siddharth]]|[[Anupama Parameswaran]]}}<br />
|Abhishek Agarwal Arts <br>People Media Factory<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-12 |title=Nikhil Siddhartha's Karthikeya 2 Release Date Out |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/nikhil-siddharthas-karthikeya-2-release-date-out-4969111.html |access-date=2022-04-12 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#f1daf1;" |'''29'''<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| ''[[HIT: The Second Case]]'' || Sailesh Kolanu || {{hlist|[[Adivi Sesh]]|[[Meenakshi Chaudhary]]|[[Bhanu Chander]]|[[Rao Ramesh]]|[[Posani Krishna Murali]]|[[Tanikella Bharani]]}}|| Wallposter Cinema ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hit - The Second Case: Adivi Sesh and Meenakshi Chaudhary starrer to hit screens on this date - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/hit-the-second-case-adivi-sesh-and-meenakshi-chaudhary-starrer-to-hit-screens-on-this-date/articleshow/91251014.cms |access-date=2022-05-02 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|''[[Ramarao on Duty]]''<br />
|Sarath Mandava<br />
|{{hlist|[[Ravi Teja]]|Divyansha Kaushik|[[Rajisha Vijayan]]|[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]|[[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]]|Surekha Vani|[[Pavitra Lokesh]]|[[Rahul Ramakrishna]]|[[Venu Thottempudi]]|[[Madhusudhan Rao (actor)|Madhusudhan Rao]]|[[Chaitanya Krishna]]}}<br />
|Sri Lakshmi Venkateshwara Cinemas<br />RT Team Works<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title='Ramarao On Duty' to release on July 29 - Exclusive! - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ramarao-on-duty-to-release-on-july-29-exclusive/articleshow/92384871.cms |access-date=2022-06-25 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:#0ff;" |'''A<br />U<br />G'''<br />
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#e0ffff;" |'''5'''<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Bimbisara (film)|''Bimbisara'']]<br />
|Mallidi Vashist<br />
|{{hlist|[[Nandamuri Kalyan Ram]]|[[Catherine Tresa]]|[[Samyuktha Menon]]|Warina Hussain|[[Vennela Kishore]]|[[Brahmaji]]|[[Srinivas Reddy]]}}<br />
|[[N. T. R. Arts]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalyan Ram and Catherine Tresa's Bimbisara to release this August - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/kalyan-ram-and-catherine-tresas-bimbisara-to-release-this-august/articleshow/90610373.cms |access-date=2022-04-02 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[Sita Ramam]]''<br />
|[[Hanu Raghavapudi]]<br />
|{{hlist|[[Dulquer Salmaan]]|[[Mrunal Thakur]]|[[Rashmika Mandanna]]|[[Sumanth]]}}<br />
|[[Vyjayanthi Movies]]<br>Swapna Cinema<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 25, 2022 |first=Samriddhi |last=Srivastava |title=Sita Ramam teaser out: Dulquer Salmaan and Mrunal Thakur tug at your heartstrings in love drama |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/sita-ramam-teaser-out-dulquer-salmaan-and-mrunal-thakur-tug-at-your-heartstrings-in-love-drama-1966682-2022-06-25 |access-date=2022-06-25 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#e0ffff;" |'''12'''<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Agent (film)|''Agent'']]|| [[Surender Reddy]]||{{hlist|[[Akhil Akkineni]]|[[Mammootty]]}}|| [[Anil Sunkara|AK Entertainments]] <br />
Surender 2 Cinema<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agent: Akhil Akkineni looks intense in new poster; actor reveals release date - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/agent-akhil-akkineni-looks-intense-in-new-poster-actor-reveals-release-date/articleshow/90152693.cms |access-date=2022-03-12 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |''Macherla Niyojakavargam''<br />
|M.S. Raja Shekhar Reddy<br />
|{{hlist|[[Nithiin]]|[[Krithi Shetty]]|[[Catherine Tresa]]}}<br />
|[[Shresht Movies]]<br />Aditya Movies & Entertainments<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-08 |title='మాచర్ల నియోజకవర్గం' కొత్త రిలీజ్ డేట్ ఇదే.. |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/nithin-macherla-niyojakavargam-new-release-date-announced-1454687 |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=Sakshi |language=te}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; background:#e0ffff;"|'''25'''<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|''[[Liger (film)|Liger]]''{{efn|name=TelHin}}<br />
|[[Puri Jagannadh]]<br />
|{{hlist|[[Vijay Deverakonda]]|[[Ananya Pandey]]|[[Mike Tyson]]|[[Ramya Krishnan]]|[[Ronit Roy]]|[[Ali (actor)|Ali]]|[[Makarand Deshpande]]|Getup Srinu}}<br />
|[[Dharma Productions]]<br />Puri Connects<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |date=16 December 2020 |title=Vijay Deverakonda starrer Liger to release on August 25, 2032; first glimpse to be unveiled on December 31, 2021 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/vijay-deverakonda-starrer-liger-release-august-25-2022-first-glimpse-unveiled-december-31-2021/ |access-date=16 December 2021 |work=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; background:#93CCEA; textcolor:#000;" |'''S<br>E<br>P'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; background:#b0e0e6;"|'''30'''<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|''Ravanasura''<br />
|[[Sudheer Varma]]<br />
|{{hlist|[[Ravi Teja]]|[[Sushanth]]}}<br />
|[[Abhishek Pictures]]<br />
RT Team Works<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|date=2022-01-14|title=Ravi Teja's Ravanasura goes on floors, Chiranjeevi attends launch event|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/ravi-teja-ravanasura-goes-on-floors-chiranjeevi-see-photos-7722584/|access-date=2022-01-15|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
== October – December ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" style="width:6%;"| '''Opening'''<br />
! style="width:20%;" |'''Title'''<br />
! style="width:10%;" |'''Director'''<br />
! style="width:45%;" |'''Cast'''<br />
! style="width:30%;" |'''Production House'''<br />
! style="width:1%;" class="unsortable"|{{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}<br />
|- December!<br />
| style="text-align:center; background:#F4CA16; textcolor:#000;" |'''D<br>E<br>C'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; background:#F8DE7E;"|'''23'''<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Kushi (2022 film)|Kushi]]''<br />
|[[Shiva Nirvana]]<br />
|{{hlist|[[Vijay Deverakonda]]|[[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]]|[[Sachin Khedekar]]|[[Murali Sharma]]|[[Vennela Kishore]]|[[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]]|[[Ali (actor)|Ali]]|[[Rahul Ramakrishna]]|[[Srikanth Iyengar]]|Saranya Pradeep|[[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]]}}<br />
|[[Mythri Movie Makers]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 16, 2022 |first=Janani |last=K. |title=Vijay Deverakonda and Samantha's Kushi first-look poster out. Film to release on December 23 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vijay-deverakonda-and-samantha-s-kushi-first-look-poster-out-film-to-release-on-december-23-1949898-2022-05-16 |access-date=2022-05-16 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{s-start}}<br />
{{succession box<br />
| title = [[List of Telugu films|Telugu films]]<br />
| years = '''2022'''<br />
| before = [[List of Telugu films of 2021|Telugu films 2021]]<br />
| after = [[List of Telugu films of 2023|Telugu films 2023]]|<br />
}}<br />
{{s-end}}<br />
{{Indian film list}}{{2022 films}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Lists of Telugu films by year|2022]]<br />
[[Category:2020s Telugu-language films|*]]<br />
[[Category:2022 in Indian cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Lists of 2022 films by country or language|Telugu_films_of_2022]]</div>UpdateBothttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_chief_ministers_of_West_Bengal&diff=315393List of chief ministers of West Bengal2022-07-02T06:08:23Z<p>UpdateBot: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Head of the government of West Bengal}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}<br />
{{EngvarB|date=June 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox political post<br />
| border = parliamentary<br />
| native_name = পশ্চিমবঙ্গের মুখ্যমন্ত্রী <br />
| minister = not prime<br />
| office1 = 20 May 2011<br />
| post = Chief Minister<br />
| body = West Bengal<br />
| image = MamataBanerjeeinIIPGMERKolkata.jpg<br />
| imagesize = 160<br />
| alt = Photo of Mamata Banerjee<br />
| incumbent = [[Mamata Banerjee]]<br />
| incumbentsince = 20 May 2011<br />
| insignia = Emblem of West Bengal.svg<br />
| insigniasize = 100<br />
| insigniacaption = [[Emblem of West Bengal|Seal of West Bengal Government]]<br />
| flag = <br />
| flagsize =<br />
| flagcaption = <br />
| department = [[Nabanna (building)|Chief Minister's Office]]<br />
| style = [[The Honorable]] <br>[[Mr.|Madam Chief Minister<br />
Her Excellency]]<br />
| status = [[Government of West Bengal|Head of Government]]<br />
| abbreviation = CM<br />
| member_of = <br />
{{Hlist|[[Third Banerjee ministry|Cabinet]]|[[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]}}<br />
| appointer = [[Governor of West Bengal]]<br />
| reportsto = [[Governor of West Bengal]]<br />
| inaugural = [[Prafulla Chandra Ghosh]] as premier, <br/><br />
[[Bidhan Chandra Ray]] as chief minister<br />
| formation = {{Start date and age|1947|08|15|df=y|p=y|br=y}}<br />(as Prime Minister of West Bengal)<br />
| residence = Chief Minister Abas, [[Kolkata]]<ref>Arshad Ali. "[https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/mamata-may-move-to-new-cms-residence-britishera-bungalow/ Mamata may move to new CM's residence – British-era bungalow]". ''[[The Indian Express]]''. 8 October 2013. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140719074420/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/mamata-may-move-to-new-cms-residence-britishera-bungalow/ Archived] on 19 July 2014.</ref><br />
| seat = [[Nabanna (building)|Nabanna]], [[Howrah]]{{efn|Since October 2013 Chief Minister Banerjee has worked from the top floor of the newly constructed [[Nabanna (building)|Nabanna]] building in [[Howrah]], while Writers' Building undergoes renovation.<ref>Shiv Sahay Singh. "[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/mamata-shifts-office-to-nabanna/article5205428.ece Mamata shifts office to Nabanna]". ''[[The Hindu]]''. 6 October 2013. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161221201343/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/mamata-shifts-office-to-nabanna/article5205428.ece Archived] on 21 December 2016.</ref>}}<br />
| termlength = At the confidence of the assembly<br />
| termlength_qualified = Chief minister's term is for five years and is subject to no [[term limit]]s.<ref name="term1">[[Durga Das Basu]]. ''Introduction to the Constitution of India''. 1960. 20th Edition, 2011 Reprint. pp. 241, 245. LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa Nagpur. {{ISBN|978-81-8038-559-9}}. Note: although the text talks about Indian state governments in general, it applies for the specific case of West Bengal as well.</ref><br />
| salary = *{{INRConvert|117000}}/monthly<br />
*{{INRConvert|1404000}}/annually<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''chief minister of West Bengal''' is the representative of the [[Government of India]] in the state of [[West Bengal]] and the head of the executive branch of the [[Government of West Bengal]]. The chief minister is head of the Council of Ministers and appoints ministers. The chief minister, along with their cabinet, exercises executive authority in the state. The governor appoints the chief minister, whose [[Cabinet (government)|council of ministers]] are [[Cabinet collective responsibility|collectively responsible]] to the assembly. <br />
<br />
In August 7 1947, the [[British Raj|British Indian]] province of [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]] was [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|partitioned]] into the Pakistani province of [[East Bengal]] and the Indian state of West Bengal. Since then West Bengal has had eight chief ministers, starting with [[Prafulla Chandra Ghosh]] of the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) party as the premier. A period of political instability followed—West Bengal witnessed three elections, four coalition governments and three stints of [[President's rule]] between 1967 and 1972—before [[Siddhartha Shankar Ray]] of the INC served a five-year term.<ref name=assembly>[http://wbassembly.gov.in/origin_growth.aspx Origin and Growth of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly]. West Bengal Legislative Assembly. Retrieved on 27 July 2018.<!-- In case this source goes dead, a copy has been saved at [[Talk:List of Chief Ministers of West Bengal/Origin]].--><br />Note: In case of an error, please click the "Origin & Growth" button in the top left of the website.</ref><br />
<br />
The landslide victory of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]-led [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] in the [[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977 election]] began [[Jyoti Basu]]'s 23-year continuous reign as chief minister. The length of his tenure was an all-India record until 2018, when he was surpassed by Sikkim's [[Pawan Kumar Chamling]].<ref>"[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pawan-kumar-chamling-becomes-longest-serving-chief-minister-surpassing-jyoti-basus-record/article23720589.ece Pawan Kumar Chamling crosses Jyoti Basu’s record as longest-serving Chief Minister] ". ''The Hindu''. 29 April 2018.[https://web.archive.org/web/20180731131703/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pawan-kumar-chamling-becomes-longest-serving-chief-minister-surpassing-jyoti-basus-record/article23720589.ece Archived] on 31 July 2018.</ref> Basu's successor [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharya]] continued Communist rule in West Bengal for another decade, when the Left Front was defeated in the [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011 election]] by the [[All India Trinamool Congress]]. Sworn in on 20 May 2011, Trinamool leader [[Mamata Banerjee]] is West Bengal's [[List of current Indian chief ministers|incumbent chief minister]], the [[List of female Indian chief ministers|first woman]] to hold the office. She was subsequently voted to power in 2016 and 2021 assembly elections. Mamata Banerjee's TMC got a landslide win in 2021 assembly elections, securing 215 assembly seats out of 292.<br />
<br />
==Key==<br />
{| class="toccolours" style="width:50em"<br />
! Colour key for parties<br />
|-<br />
|{{colbegin|colwidth=23em}}<br />
{{legend|#00ff48|[[All India Trinamool Congress]]|outline=grey}}<br />
{{legend|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]]|outline=grey}}<br />
{{legend|Blue|[[Bangla Congress]]|outline=grey}}<br />
{{legend|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]|outline=grey}}<br />
{{legend|Grey|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]|outline=grey}}<br />
{{legend|White|N/A ([[President's rule]])|outline=grey}}<br />
{{colend}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
[[File:Writers building.jpg|thumb|alt=photo of Writers' Building|[[Writers' Building]], an 18th-century [[Company Raj|Company-era]] construction in Kolkata, traditionally served as the office of West Bengal's Chief Minister.|156x156px]]<br />
[[File:Prafullachandra Ghosh at Writers' Building in 1947.jpg|thumb|alt=photo of Prafulla Chandra Ghosh|The first Premier of West Bengal since Independence, [[Prafulla Chandra Ghosh]], at Writers' in 1947]]<br />
[[File:Emblem of India.svg|thumb|alt=State Emblem of India|The [[State Emblem of India]]. West Bengal has come under [[President's rule]] on four occasions, all between 1968 and 1977.|199x199px]]<br />
[[File:Jyoti Basu - Calcutta 1996-12-21 089 Cropped.png|thumb|alt=photo of Jyoti Basu|With over 23 years in office, [[Jyoti Basu]] of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] is India's second longest-serving chief minister.|151x151px]]<br />
[[File:BuddhoBabu.jpg|thumb|alt=photo of Buddhadeb Bhattacharya|Basu's successor [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharya]], who served for over 10 years|193x193px]]<br />
<br />
== Premiers of West Bengal (1947–50) ==<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Premiers of West Bengal<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 30px;" |{{Abbr|No.|Number}}<br />
! colspan="1" scope="col" | Portrait<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Name<br />
! colspan="2" scope="col" | Tenure<ref name="Tenure">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160312211800/http://wbassembly.gov.in/html/permiChMin.html Premiers/Chief Ministers of West Bengal]. [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]. Archive link from 12 March 2016.</ref><br />
! scope="col" | Duration<br />
! scope="col" | Assembly<br />{{small|(election)}}<br />
! colspan="2" |Party<ref name="assembly" /><br />
!Appointed<br />
by<br />
<br />
<small>(Governor)</small><br />
|- style="height: 60px;"<br />
| 1<br />
| [[File:Prafullachandra Ghosh at Writers' Building in 1947.jpg|94x94px]]<br />
| scope="row" | [[Prafulla Chandra Ghosh]]<br />
| 15 August 1947<br />
| 22 January 1948<br />
| {{age in days|1947|8|15|1948|1|22}} days<br />
| rowspan="2" | Provincial Assembly <br />
(1946–52){{efn|This refers to the 90-member [[rump legislature]] that emerged following partition, representing the West Bengali constituencies of the erstwhile [[Bengal Legislative Assembly]]. It was constituted under the [[Government of India Act, 1935]], not the Indian Constitution, which was still in the process of being drafted.<ref name=assembly/>}}<br />{{small|([[1946 Indian provincial elections|January 1946 election]])}}<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| rowspan="3" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari]]<br />
|- style="height: 60px;"<br />
| 2<br />
| [[File:Dr. Bidhan Chandra Roy in 1943 (cropped).jpg|75x75px]]<br />
| scope="row" |[[Bidhan Chandra Roy]]<br />
| 23 January 1948<br />
| 25 January 1950<br />
| {{ayd|1948|1|23|1950|1|25}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Chief Ministers of West Bengal (1950–present) ==<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+ Chief ministers of West Bengal<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 30px;" |{{Abbr|No.|Number}}{{efn|A number in parentheses indicates that the incumbent has previously held office.}}<br />
! colspan="1" scope="col" | Portrait<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Name<br />
![[List of constituencies of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Constituency]]<br />
! colspan="2" scope="col" | Tenure{{efn|While the tenures have been primarily sourced to a list on the West Bengal Legislative Assembly website,<ref name=Tenure/> obvious errors (mainly around the 1969–71 period) have been corrected with the help of a historical essay from the same website.<ref name=assembly/>}}<br />
! scope="col" | Duration<br />
! scope="col" | [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Assembly]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160313055600/http://wbassembly.gov.in/html/briinfopreass.htm Brief Information on Previous Assemblies]. West Bengal Legislative Assembly. Archive link from 12 March 2016.</ref><br />{{small|([[Elections in West Bengal|election]])}}<br />
! colspan="2" scope="col" | Party<ref name="assembly" /><br />{{small|(alliance)}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" | 2<br />
| rowspan="4" scope="row" | [[File:Dr. Bidhan Chandra Roy in 1943 (cropped).jpg|105x105px]]<br />
| rowspan="4" scope="row" | [[Bidhan Chandra Roy]]<br />{{efn|Until March 1952, Roy did not represent any constituency. For his last three months in office, during the Third Assembly, Roy represented [[Chowrangee (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chowringhee]] consistuency.}}<br />
|<br />
| 26 January 1950<br />
| 30 March 1952<br />
| rowspan="4" | {{ayd|1950|1|26|1962|7|1}}<br /><small>(total: 14 years, 159 days)</small><br />
| Provincial Assembly{{efn|Following the promulgation of the Constitution of India, the provincial assembly carried on as the legislative assembly of West Bengal until fresh elections could be organised in 1952.<ref name=assembly/>}}<br /><small>([[1946 Indian provincial elections|1946 election]])</small><br />
| rowspan="5" | [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| rowspan="5" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Bowbazar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bowbazar]]<br />
| 31 March 1952<br />
| 5 April 1957<br />
| 1st <br />
<small>([[1952 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1952 election]])</small><br />
|-<br />
| 6 April 1957<br />
| 2 April 1962<br />
| 2nd<br />
<small>([[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957 election]])</small><br />
|-<br />
|[[Chowrangee (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chowrangee]]<br />
| style="height: 30px;" | 3 April 1962<br />
| 1 July 1962<br />
| rowspan="2" | 3rd <br /><small>([[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962 election]])</small><br />
|- style="height: 40px;"<br />
| 3<br />
|[[File:Picture of Prafulla Chandra Sen.jpg|center|frameless|111x111px]]<br />
| scope="row" | [[Prafulla Chandra Sen]]{{efn|According to some sources, Sen also acted as interim chief minister during 2–8 July 1962.<ref>[http://hooghlyprd.org/uploaded_document/5411-list_of_chief_ministers_of_west_bengal.pdf List of Chief Ministers of West Bengal]. Panchayat & Rural Development Department, Hooghly. Retrieved on 27 July 2018. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180727150022/http://hooghlyprd.org/uploaded_document/5411-list_of_chief_ministers_of_west_bengal.pdf Archived] on 27 July 2018.</ref>}}<br />
|[[Arambag (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Arambagh East]]<br />
| 9 July 1962<br />
| 28 February 1967<br />
| {{ayd|1962|7|9|1967|2|28}}<br />
|- style="height: 60px;"<br />
| 4<br />
| [[File:Ajoy Mukherjee.jpg|121x121px]]<br />
| scope="row" | [[Ajoy Kumar Mukherjee]]<br />
|[[Tamluk (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tamluk]]<br />
| 1 March 1967<br />
| {{Nowrap|21 November 1967}}<br />
| {{age in days|1967|3|1|1967|11|21}} days<br />
| rowspan="2" | 4th<br />
<small>([[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967 election]])</small><br />
| [[Bangla Congress]]<br />{{small|([[United Front (1967)|United Front]])}}<br />
| style="background-color: blue" |<br />
|- style="height: 60px;"<br />
| (1)<br />
| [[File:Prafullachandra_Ghosh_at_Writers'_Building_in_1947.jpg|alt=photo of Prafulla Chandra Ghosh|94x94px]]<br />
| scope="row" | [[Prafulla Chandra Ghosh]]<br />
|[[Jhargram (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jhargram]]<br />
| {{Nowrap|21 November 1967}}<br />
| 19 February 1968<br />
| {{age in days|1967|11|21|1968|2|19}} days<br /><small>(total: 250 days)</small><br />
| [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]<br />{{small|(Progressive Democratic Front)}}<br />
| style="background-color: grey" |<br />
|- style="height: 60px;"<br />
| –<br />
| [[File:Emblem of India.svg|100x100px]]<br />
| scope="row" | ''Vacant''{{efn|name=PR|Under Article 356 of the [[Constitution of India]], [[President's rule]] may be imposed when the "government in a state is not able to function as per the Constitution", which often happens because no party or coalition has a majority in the assembly. When President's rule is in force in a state, its council of ministers stands dissolved. The office of chief minister thus lies vacant, and the administration is taken over by the governor, who functions on behalf of the central government. At times, the legislative assembly also stands dissolved.<ref>Amberish K. Diwanji. "[http://www.rediff.com/news/2005/mar/15spec1.htm A dummy's guide to President's rule]". [[Rediff.com]]. 15 March 2005. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170816031157/http://www.rediff.com/news/2005/mar/15spec1.htm Archived] on 16 August 2017.</ref>}}<br />([[President's rule]])<br />
|N/A<br />
| 20 February 1968<br />
| 25 February 1969<br />
| {{ayd|1968|2|20|1969|2|25}}<br />
| ''Dissolved''<br />
| N/A<br />
| style="background-color: white" |<br />
|- style="height: 60px;"<br />
| (4)<br />
| [[File:Ajoy Mukherjee.jpg|103x103px]]<br />
| scope="row" | [[Ajoy Kumar Mukherjee]]<br />
|[[Tamluk (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tamluk]]<br />
| 25 February 1969<br />
| 16 March 1970<br />
| {{ayd|1969|2|25|1970|3|16}}<br />
| rowspan="2" | 5th<br /><small>([[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969 election]])</small><br />
| [[Bangla Congress]]<br />{{small|([[Second United Front Cabinet|United Front]])}}<br />
| style="background-color: blue" |<br />
|- style="height: 60px;"<br />
| rowspan="2" | –<br />
| rowspan="2" scope="row" | [[File:Emblem of India.svg|100x100px]]<br />
| rowspan="2" scope="row" | ''Vacant''{{efn|name=PR}}<br />([[President's rule]])<br />
| rowspan="2" |N/A<br />
| 19 March 1970<br />
| 30 July 1970<br />
| rowspan="2" | {{ayd|1970|3|19|1971|4|2}}<br />
| rowspan="2" | N/A<br />
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: white" |<br />
|- style="height: 60px;"<br />
| 30 July 1970<br />
| 2 April 1971<br />
| ''Dissolved''<br />
|- style="height: 60px;"<br />
| (4)<br />
|[[File:Ajoy Mukherjee.jpg|113x113px]]<br />
| scope="row" | [[Ajoy Kumar Mukherjee]]<br />
|[[Tamluk (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tamluk]]<br />
| 2 April 1971<br />
| 28 June 1971<br />
| {{age in days|1971|4|2|1971|6|28}} days<br />{{small|(total: 2 years, 6 days)}}<br />
| 6th<br />
<small>([[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971 election]])</small><br />
| [[Indian National Congress]]<br />{{small|(Democratic Coalition)}}<br />
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
|- style="height: 60px;"<br />
| –<br />
| [[File:Emblem of India.svg|100x100px]]<br />
| scope="row" | ''Vacant''{{efn|name=PR}}<br />([[President's rule]])<br />
|N/A<br />
| 29 June 1971<br />
| 20 March 1972<br />
| {{age in days|1971|6|29|1972|3|20}} days<br />
| ''Dissolved''<br />
| N/A<br />
| style="background-color: white" |<br />
|- style="height: 60px;"<br />
| 5<br />
|[[File:Siddhartha Shankar Ray.png|center|frameless|110x110px]]<br />
<br />
| scope="row" | [[Siddhartha Shankar Ray]]<br />
|[[Maldah (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Maldah]]<br />
| 20 March 1972<br />
| 30 April 1977<br />
| {{ayd|1972|3|20|1977|4|30}}<br />
| 7th<br />
<small>([[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972 election]])</small><br />
| [[Indian National Congress]]<br />{{small|(Progressive Democratic Alliance)}}<br />
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
|- style="height: 60px;"<br />
| –<br />
| [[File:Emblem of India.svg|100x100px]]<br />
| scope="row" | ''Vacant''{{efn|name=PR}}<br />([[President's rule]])<br />
|N/A<br />
| 30 April 1977<br />
| 20 June 1977<br />
| {{age in days|1977|4|30|1977|6|20}} days<br />
| ''Dissolved''<br />
| N/A<br />
| style="background-color: white" |<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" | 6<br />
| rowspan="5" scope="row" |[[File:Jyoti Basu - Calcutta 1996-12-21 089 Cropped.png|frameless|130x130px]]<br />
| rowspan="5" scope="row" style="height: 60px;" | [[Jyoti Basu]]<br />
| rowspan="5" |[[Satgachhia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Satgachhia]]<br />
| 21 June 1977<br />
| 23 May 1982<br />
| rowspan="5" | {{ayd|1977|6|21|2000|11|5}}<br />
| 8th<br />
<small>([[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977 election]])</small><br />
| rowspan="8" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<br />{{small|([[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]])}}<br />
| rowspan="8" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |<br />
|-<br />
| 24 May 1982<br />
| 29 March 1987<br />
| 9th<br />
<small>([[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982 election]])</small><br />
|-<br />
| 30 March 1987<br />
| 18 June 1991<br />
| 10th<br />
<small>([[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987 election]])</small><br />
|-<br />
| 19 June 1991<br />
| 15 May 1996<br />
| 11th <br />
<small>([[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991 election]])</small><br />
|-<br />
| 16 May 1996<br />
| 5 November 2000<br />
| rowspan="2" style="height: 80px;" | 12th<br />
<small>([[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996 election]])</small><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" | 7<br />
| rowspan="3" scope="row" | [[File:BuddhoBabu.jpg|173x173px]]<br />
| rowspan="3" scope="row" style="height: 60px;" | [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharya]]<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Jadavpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jadavpur]]<br />
| 6 November 2000<br />
| 14 May 2001<br />
| rowspan="3" | {{ayd|2000|11|6|2011|5|13}}<br />
|-<br />
| 15 May 2001<br />
| 17 May 2006<br />
| 13th<br />
<small>([[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001 election]])</small><br />
|-<br />
| 18 May 2006<br />
| 13 May 2011<br />
| 14th <br /><small>([[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006 election]])</small><br />
|- style="height: 60px;"<br />
| rowspan="3" | 8<br />
| rowspan="3" scope="row" | [[File:MamataBanerjee.png|center|frameless|112x112px]]<br />
| rowspan="3" scope="row" style="height:60px;" | [[Mamata Banerjee]]<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Bhabanipur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Bhabanipur]]<br />
| 20 May 2011<br />
| 25 May 2016<br />
| rowspan="3" | {{ayd|2011|5|20}}<br />
| 15th <br />
<small>([[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011 election]])</small><br />
| rowspan="3" | [[All India Trinamool Congress]]{{efn|For the first 16 months Mamata Banerjee headed a coalition government that included ministers from Trinamool and the INC. After Trinamool quit the [[United Progressive Alliance]] in September 2012, INC members resigned from her ministry, which has consisted of only Trinamool members ever since.{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}}}}<br />
|" style="background-color: #32B371" |<br />
|-<br />
| 26 May 2016<br />
| 4 May 2021<br />
| 16th <br />
<small>([[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016 election]])</small><br />
|" style="background-color: #32B371" |<br />
|-<br />
| 5 May 2021<br />
| ''Incumbent''<br />
| [[17th West Bengal Assembly|17th]] <br />
<small>([[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021 election]])</small><br />
|" style="background-color: #32B371" |<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Statistics==<br />
;List of Chief Ministers by length of term<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! data-sort-type=number rowspan = "2" | {{Tooltip|No.}}<br />
! rowspan = "2" | Name<br />
! rowspan = "2" colspan="2" | Party<br />
! colspan = "2" | Length of term<br />
|-<br />
! Longest continuous term<br />
! Total years of premiership<br />
|-<br />
! data-sort-value="1" | 1<br />
| {{Sortname|Jyoti|Basu}}<br />
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |<br />
| 23 years, 137 days<br />
| 23 years, 137 days<br />
|-<br />
! data-sort-value="2" | 2<br />
| {{Sortname|Bidhan|Chandra Roy}}<br />
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
| 12 years, 156 days<br />
| 14 years, 159 days<br />
|-<br />
! data-sort-value="3" | 3<br />
| '''{{Sortname|Mamata|Banerjee}}'''<br />
| '''[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]'''<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}" |<br />
| '''{{age in years and days|2011|5|20}}'''<br />
|'''{{age in years and days|2011|5|20}}'''<br />
|-<br />
! data-sort-value="4" | 4<br />
| {{Sortname|Buddhadeb|Bhattacharya}}<br />
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |<br />
| 10 years, 188 days<br />
| 10 years, 188 days<br />
|-<br />
! data-sort-value="5" | 5<br />
| {{Sortname|Siddhartha|Shankar Ray}}<br />
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
| 5 years, 41 days<br />
| 5 years, 41 days<br />
|-<br />
! data-sort-value="6" | 6<br />
| {{Sortname|Prafulla|Chandra Sen}}<br />
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
| 4 years, 234 days<br />
| 4 years, 234 days<br />
|-<br />
! data-sort-value="7" | 7<br />
| {{Sortname|Ajoy|Kumar Mukherjee}}<br />
| [[Indian National Congress|BC]]<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
| 2 years, 6 days<br />
| 2 years, 6 days<br />
|-<br />
! data-sort-value="8" | 8<br />
| [[Prafulla Chandra Ghosh]]<br />
| [[Bangla Congress|Independent]]<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bangla Congress}}" |<br />
| 410 days<br />
| 410 days<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
=== Political parties by total time-span of their member holding CMO ({{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}) ===<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! data-sort-type=number | {{Tooltip|No.}}<br />
! colspan="2" |Political party<br />
! data-sort-type=number | Number of Chief ministers<br />
! Total days of holding CMO<br />
|-<br />
! data-sort-value="1" | 1<br />
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |<br />
| data-sort-type=5 | 2<br />
| {{formatnum:{{#expr:{{age in days|1977|06|21|2011|05|13}} }}}} days<br />
|-<br />
! data-sort-value="2" | 2<br />
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
| data-sort-type=2 | 3<br />
| {{formatnum:{{#expr:{{age in days|1950|01|26|1967|02|28}}+{{age in days|1971|04|02|1971|06|28}}+{{age in days|1972|03|20|1977|04|30}} }}}} days<br />
|-<br />
! data-sort-value="3" | 3<br />
| '''[[All India Trinamool Congress|TMC]]'''<br />
| style="background-color: {{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}" |<br />
| data-sort-type=3 | '''1'''<br />
| '''{{formatnum:{{formatnum:{{#expr:{{age in days|2011|05|20|2022|06|27}} }}}}|R}} days'''<br />
|-<br />
! data-sort-value="4" | 4<br />
| [[Bangla Congress|BC]]<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bangla Congress}}" |<br />
| data-sort-type=6 | 1<br />
| {{formatnum:{{#expr:{{age in days|1967|03|01|1967|11|21}}+{{age in days|1969|02|25|1970|03|16}} }}}} days<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of deputy chief ministers of West Bengal]]<br />
* [[List of Governors of West Bengal]]<br />
* [[List of rulers of Bengal]]<br />
* [[Prime Minister of Bengal]]<br />
<br />
==Footnotes==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
{{Commons category|Chief ministers of West Bengal}}<br />
*"[http://cpimwb.org.in/upload_all_docs/pdf/lf_govt/L.F._Govt._of_Bengal_-_A_Saga_of_Struggle.pdf Left Front Government of Bengal: A Saga of Struggle]" – a political history of West Bengal from the CPI(M)'s point of view<!-- https://web.archive.org/web/20180727104056/http://cpimwb.org.in/upload_all_docs/pdf/lf_govt/L.F._Govt._of_Bengal_-_A_Saga_of_Struggle.pdf --><br />
<br />
{{Chief Ministers of West Bengal}}<br />
{{Current Indian chief ministers}}<br />
<br />
{{featured list}}<br />
<br />
{{West Bengal}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Chief Ministers of West Bengal| ]]<br />
[[Category:Lists of chief ministers of Indian states|West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:West Bengal-related lists|Chief Ministers]]<br />
[[Category:West Bengal politics-related lists]]</div>UpdateBothttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vadodara&diff=320999Vadodara2022-07-02T06:07:33Z<p>UpdateBot: robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)</p>
<hr />
<div>{{pp|small=yes}}<br />
{{About|the municipality in India|its namesake district|Vadodara district|the constituency|Vadodara (Lok Sabha constituency)}}<br />
{{redirect|Baroda}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Vadodara<br />
| other_name = Baroda<br />
| official_name = <br />
| native_name = Badoda<br />
| settlement_type = [[Metropolis]]<br />
| image_skyline = {{multiple image<br />
| border = infobox<br />
| total_width = 270<br />
| image_style = <br />
| perrow = 1/2/2/2<br />
| image1 = Laxmi Vilas Palace, Baroda.jpg<br />
| image5 =Lockdown_Vadodara_01.jpg<br />
| image4 =Vadodara Planetarium-1.jpg<br />
| image6 =NyayM.jpg<br />
| image7 =NEW BDQ AIRPORT.jpg<br />
| image2= Pratap Villas Palace.jpg<br />
| image3= Vadodara Municipal Corporation.jpg<br />
}}<br />
| image_caption = '''Clockwise from top:'''<br/> [[Lakshmi Vilas Palace]], Khanderao Market, Downtown Vadodara, [[Vadodara Airport]], Old Vadodara District Court, Saradar Patel Planetarium, Pratap Vilas Palace<br />
| nickname = Sayaji Nagari (City of Sayajirao Gaekwad), Sanskari Nagari (Cultural City)<br />
| map_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Gujarat#India<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location within the Indian state of [[Gujarat]]##Location within India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|22|18|N|73|12|E|region:IN-GJ|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = India<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Gujarat]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Vadodara district|Vadodara]]<br />
| subdivision_type3 = Zone<br />
| subdivision_name3 = 4<ref name="zone"/><br />
| subdivision_type4 = Ward<br />
| subdivision_name4 = 25<ref name="zone"/><ref name="Ward">{{cite web |publisher=Vadodara Municipal Corporation |title=Ward Office Details |url=https://vmc.gov.in/WardDetails.aspx |access-date=1 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002070657/https://vmc.gov.in/WardDetails.aspx |archive-date=2 October 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
| governing_body = [[Vadodara Urban Development Authority|VUDA]], [[Vadodara Municipal Corporation]]<br />
| leader_title1 = [[Mayor]]<br />
| leader_name1 = Keyur Rokadia<br />
| leader_title2 = [[Municipal Commissioner (India)|Municipal Commissioner]]<br />
| leader_name2 = Shalini Agarwal<br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <ref name="zone"/><br />
| area_total_km2 = 420.33<br />
| area_rank = (2nd in Gujarat State)<br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = 32<br />
| population_footnotes = <ref name="WG">[http://censusindia.gov.in/2020-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf Cities having population 1 lakh and above, Census 2020] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723151530/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |date=23 July 2013 }}. censusindia.gov.in</ref><br />
2011 <ref name="WG"/><br />
| population_total = 35,00,000<br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 390 0XX<br />
| area_code_type = Telephone code<br />
| area_code = (91)265<br />
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN]]<br />
| registration_plate = GJ-06 (Urban)/GJ-29 (Rural)<br />
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Literacy Rate]]<br />
| blank3_info_sec1 = 94.5%<br />
| blank4_name_sec1 = Legislature type<br />
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[Municipal Corporation]]<br />
| blank5_name_sec1 = Legislature Strength<br />
| blank5_info_sec1 = 76<ref name="zone"/><br />
| blank6_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank6_info_sec1 = 1<ref name="LSMLA"/><br />
| blank7_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank7_info_sec1 = 5<ref name="MLA"/><br />
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]<br />
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India#Tropical wet and dry or savanna climate|Tropical savanna]] {{small|([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: Aw)}}<br />
| blank2_name_sec2 = [[Urban planning|Planning]] agency<br />
| blank2_info_sec2 = 1 ([[Vadodara Urban Development Authority|VUDA]])<br />
| blank3_name_sec2 = Distance from Gandhinagar<br />
| blank3_info_sec2 = {{convert|126|km|mi}} NE (Rail & Air)<br />
| blank4_name_sec2 = Distance from Mumbai<br />
| blank4_info_sec2 = {{convert|395|km|mi}} S (Rail & Air)<br />
| blank5_name_sec2 = Distance from Ahmedabad<br />
| blank5_info_sec2 = {{convert|100|km|mi}} NW (Road)<br />
| website = {{URL|www.vmc.gov.in}}<br />
| pushpin_label = Vadodara<br />
| native_name_lang = <!-- LEAVE FIELD EMPTY, SEE WP:INDICSCRIPTS POLICY --><br />
HDI = 0.765<br />
| population_demonym = Barodian<br />
| River = Vishvamitri<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Vadodara''',({{IPA-gu|lang|Vadodarapronun.flac}}) also known as '''Baroda''', is the third largest city in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Gujarat]]. It serves as the administrative headquarters of the [[Vadodara district]] and is situated on the banks of the [[Vishwamitri River]], {{convert|141|km}} from the state capital of [[Gandhinagar]]. The railway line and [[National Highway 8 (India, old numbering)|National Highway 8]], which connect [[Delhi]] with [[Mumbai]], pass through Vadodara. The city is named for its abundance of the [[Banyan]] (''Vad'') tree. Vadodara is also locally referred to as the ''Sanskari Nagari'' ({{Translation|'Cultural City'}}) and ''Kala Nagari'' ({{Translation|'City of Art'}})<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.baroda.com/aboutvadodara.php|title=About Vadodara|website=www.baroda.com|access-date=2019-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411052514/http://www.baroda.com/aboutvadodara.php|archive-date=11 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> of India.<br />
<br />
The city is prominent for landmarks such as the [[Laxmi Vilas Palace, Vadodara|Laxmi Vilas Palace]], which served as the residence of the [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] royal [[Gaekwad dynasty]] that ruled over [[Baroda State]]. It is also the home of the [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]].<ref>{{citation|url=https://vmc.gov.in|title= Vadodara Municipal Corporation}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
===Etymology===<br />
[[File:Street scene in Baroda (c. 1880).jpg|thumb|left|Street scene in Baroda (c. 1880)]]<br />
The city in one period{{when|date=September 2020}} was called Chandanavati after{{vague|reason= in sense of cause, or mere time?|date=September 2020}} the rule of [[Chanda]] of the Dodiya [[Rajput]]s. The capital was also known{{when|date=September 2020}} as Virakshetra or Viravati (Land of Warriors). Later on,{{when|date=September 2020}} it was known as Vadpatraka or Vadodará,{{vague|Reason = are these merely differing transliterations, or from different ethicities, periods, languages, etc., etc.?|date=September 2020}} and according to tradition,{{whose?|date=September 2020}}{{when|date=September 2020}} is a corrupt form of the [[Sanskrit]] word ''vatodar'', meaning "in the belly of the [[Banyan]] tree". It is, as of 2000, almost impossible to ascertain when the various changes in the name were made; early English travellers and merchants of the 18th century mention the town as Baroda,<ref <br />
name=painting>{{cite web|date=1781|work=Collect Britain, British Library|title=Hand Painting of Bridge over the River Vishwamitri, near Brodera|url=http://www.collectbritain.com/personalisation/object.cfm?uid=019XZZ0000455C9U00087000&largeimage=1#largeimage|access-date=3 July 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928134532/http://www.collectbritain.com/personalisation/object.cfm?uid=019XZZ0000455C9U00087000&largeimage=1#largeimage|archive-date=28 September 2007|url-status=live}}<br />
</ref> and it is from this, that the name Baroda is derived; in 1974 (well after independence) the official name of the city was changed to Vadodara.<br />
<br />
===Old Ankotakka===<br />
It is believed that early man lived on the banks of the [[Mahi River]], which formed the floodplain during that age. The movements of these hunter-gatherers, living on the banks of the river, grubbing the roots and killing animals with crude stone tools made out of the cobbles and pebbles available on the river bank, were necessarily controlled by the availability of convenient raw materials for their tools.<br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
<br />
Vadodara is located at {{coord|22.30|N|73.19|E|}} in western India at an elevation of {{convert|39|m}}. It is the tenth-largest city in India with an area of {{convert|400|km2}} and a population of 3.5 million, according to the 2010–11 census. The city sits on the banks of the [[Vishwamitri River]], in central Gujarat. The Vishwamitri frequently dries up in the summer, leaving only a small stream of [[water]]. The city is located on the fertile plain between the [[Mahi River|Mahi]] and [[Narmada River]]s. According to the Bureau of Indian Standards, the cosmopolis falls under [[Earthquake hazard zoning of India|seismic zone-III]], on a scale of I to V (in order of increasing proneness to earthquakes).<ref name=hazardprofile>{{cite web|url=http://www.gsdma.org/hazard/eq/200_year.jpg |title=Gujarat Earthquake Hazard Risk Zone |access-date=23 August 2006 |publisher=Gujarat State Disaster Management Authority |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929061637/http://www.gsdma.org/hazard/eq/200_year.jpg |archive-date=29 September 2007 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Climate==<br />
Vadodara features a borderline [[tropical savanna climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Aw'') that despite the roughly {{convert|850|mm|in|0|disp=or}} of rain that the city receives annually is due to the area's high [[potential evapotranspiration]] very close to being classified as a [[semi-arid climate#Hot semi-arid climates|hot semi-arid climate]] (''BSh''). There are three main seasons: summer, [[monsoon]] and winter. Aside from the monsoon season, the climate is dry. The weather is hot during March to July, when the average maximum is {{convert|39|°C|°F|1|disp=or}}, and the average minimum is {{convert|24|°C|°F|1|disp=or}}. From November to February, the average maximum temperature is {{convert|30|°C|disp=or}}, the average minimum is {{convert|15|°C|disp=or}}, and the climate is extremely dry. Cold northerly winds are responsible for mildly chilly days in January. The southwest monsoon brings a humid climate from mid-June to mid-September. The average rainfall is {{convert|85|cm|in|abbr=on}}, but infrequent heavy torrential rains cause the river to flood<ref name="Weatherbase">{{cite web|title=Baroda, India (2~35 kilometers)|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=74724&units=metric|access-date=6 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211144022/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=74724&units=metric|archive-date=11 December 2013|url-status=live}}{{better source needed|date=December 2013}}</ref> like the [[2005 Gujarat Flood|2005 Gujarat flood]] or the [[2008 Indian floods]] which were catastrophic.<ref name="floods">{{cite web | url=http://www.iahv.org/in-en/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Gujarat-Floods-2005-Report.pdf | title=Gujarat Floods 2005: Project Report | publisher=International Association for Human Values and the Art of Living | date=2005 | access-date=2 November 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112001510/http://www.iahv.org/in-en/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Gujarat-Floods-2005-Report.pdf | archive-date=12 January 2016 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref><br />
[[File:Kirti Mandir, Vadadora (Baroda) - India (3-2) (8147894472).jpg|thumb|Kirti Mandir]]<br />
[[File:Raopura Tower Vadodara.jpg|thumb|100px|Raopura Tower]]<br />
The highest recorded temperature was {{convert|46.7|C}} on 11 May 1960 crossed with {{convert|48.0|C}} on 19 May 2016,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.accuweather.com/en/in/vadodara/202439/may-weather/202439|title=Vadodara May Weather 2016 – AccuWeather Forecast for Gujarat India|access-date=26 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160930070904/http://www.accuweather.com/en/in/vadodara/202439/may-weather/202439|archive-date=30 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> while the lowest recorded temperature was {{convert|-1.1|C}} on 15 January 1935.<ref name="IMD">{{cite web |url=http://www.imdpune.gov.in/Temp_Extremes/histext2010.pdf |title=Ever Recorded Maximum/Minimum Temperature up to 2010 |publisher=India Meteorological Department |access-date=16 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316064314/http://www.imdpune.gov.in/Temp_Extremes/histext2010.pdf |archive-date=16 March 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
{{weather box|width = auto<br />
|location = [[Vadodara Airport]] (1981-2010, extremes 1952-2012)<br />
|metric first = yes<br />
|single line = yes<br />
| Jan record high C = 37.4<br />
| Feb record high C = 40.6<br />
| Mar record high C = 44.2<br />
| Apr record high C = 45.9<br />
| May record high C = 46.2<br />
| Jun record high C = 45.6<br />
| Jul record high C = 40.1<br />
| Aug record high C = 39.1<br />
| Sep record high C = 41.1<br />
| Oct record high C = 41.4<br />
| Nov record high C = 39.4<br />
| Dec record high C = 37.2<br />
|year record high C = 46.2<br />
| Jan high C = 29.7<br />
| Feb high C = 32.0<br />
| Mar high C = 36.3<br />
| Apr high C = 39.1<br />
| May high C = 39.9<br />
| Jun high C = 37.2<br />
| Jul high C = 32.6<br />
| Aug high C = 31.5<br />
| Sep high C = 33.4<br />
| Oct high C = 35.9<br />
| Nov high C = 33.7<br />
| Dec high C = 30.9<br />
|year high C = 34.4<br />
| Jan low C = 13.2<br />
| Feb low C = 14.9<br />
| Mar low C = 19.2<br />
| Apr low C = 23.6<br />
| May low C = 27.0<br />
| Jun low C = 27.5<br />
| Jul low C = 26.0<br />
| Aug low C = 25.3<br />
| Sep low C = 25.0<br />
| Oct low C = 22.2<br />
| Nov low C = 17.6<br />
| Dec low C = 14.1<br />
|year low C = 21.3<br />
| Jan record low C = 2.8<br />
| Feb record low C = 3.9<br />
| Mar record low C = 9.3<br />
| Apr record low C = 14.4<br />
| May record low C = 19.4<br />
| Jun record low C = 21.2<br />
| Jul record low C = 22.2<br />
| Aug record low C = 21.7<br />
| Sep record low C = 18.1<br />
| Oct record low C = 12.8<br />
| Nov record low C = 6.0<br />
| Dec record low C = 5.5<br />
|year record low C = 2.8<br />
| rain colour = green<br />
| Jan rain mm = 1.2<br />
| Feb rain mm = 0.0<br />
| Mar rain mm = 0.1<br />
| Apr rain mm = 1.0<br />
| May rain mm = 6.3<br />
| Jun rain mm = 118.6<br />
| Jul rain mm = 298.5<br />
| Aug rain mm = 265.5<br />
| Sep rain mm = 122.4<br />
| Oct rain mm = 24.9<br />
| Nov rain mm = 6.7<br />
| Dec rain mm = 0.8<br />
|year rain mm = 846.0<br />
| Jan rain days = 0.2<br />
| Feb rain days = 0.0<br />
| Mar rain days = 0.0<br />
| Apr rain days = 0.1<br />
| May rain days = 0.3<br />
| Jun rain days = 4.1<br />
| Jul rain days = 12.5<br />
| Aug rain days = 11.8<br />
| Sep rain days = 5.6<br />
| Oct rain days = 1.2<br />
| Nov rain days = 0.4<br />
| Dec rain days = 0.1<br />
|year rain days = 36.3<br />
|time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| Jan humidity = 36<br />
| Feb humidity = 29<br />
| Mar humidity = 25<br />
| Apr humidity = 23<br />
| May humidity = 32<br />
| Jun humidity = 51<br />
| Jul humidity = 74<br />
| Aug humidity = 75<br />
| Sep humidity = 63<br />
| Oct humidity = 44<br />
| Nov humidity = 41<br />
| Dec humidity = 41<br />
|year humidity = 45<br />
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDnormals><br />
{{cite web<br />
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf<br />
| archive-date = 5 February 2020<br />
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf<br />
| title = Station: Baroda (A) Climatological Table 1981–2010<br />
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010<br />
| publisher = India Meteorological Department<br />
| date = January 2015<br />
| pages = 111–112<br />
| access-date = 28 September 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes><br />
{{cite web<br />
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf<br />
| archive-date = 5 February 2020<br />
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf<br />
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)<br />
| publisher = India Meteorological Department<br />
| date = December 2016<br />
| page = M49<br />
| access-date = 28 September 2020}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
[[File:Ganesh Chaturthi -Waghodia Road-JKSP-25-08-2017-0192.jpg|left|alt=kay-edits-ganesh-chaturthi-udhyognagar|thumb|250px|Ganesh Chaturthi Celebration at JKSP Home Vadodara]]<br />
{{IndiaCensusPop|state=<br />
|title= Population Growth of Vadodara<br />
|1820= 100000<br />
|1865= 140000<br />
|1881= 101800<br />
|1891= 116400<br />
|1901= 103800<br />
|1911= 99300<br />
|1921= 94700<br />
|1931= 112900<br />
|1941= 153300<br />
|1951= 211400<br />
|1961= 295100<br />
|1968= 400700<br />
|1971= 467000<br />
|1981= 744000<br />
|1991= 1126800<br />
|2001= 1491045<br />
|2011= 1822221<br />
|footnote= source:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.populstat.info/Asia/indiat.htm|title=Historical Census of India|access-date=23 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217053707/http://www.populstat.info/Asia/indiat.htm|archive-date=17 February 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="censusindia1">{{cite web|url=http://citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html|title=Census of World|access-date=23 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402222958/http://citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html|archive-date=2 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
According to the 2011 India census, Vadodara metropolitan area had a population of {{formatnum:1822221}}. In Vadodara, 9% of the population is under 6 years of age.<ref name="Vadodara City Census 2011 data">[http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/338-vadodara.html Vadodara City Census 2011 data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120522144222/http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/338-vadodara.html |date=22 May 2012 }}. Census2011.co.in. Retrieved on 10 October 2015.</ref> [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Hindi]], and English are the languages spoken in the city. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%.<br />
<br />
==Economy==<br />
<br />
In Vadodara various large-scale industries such as [[Indian Oil Corporation]](IOCL), [[Gujarat State Fertilizers and Chemicals|Gujarat State Fertilizers & Chemicals]] (GSFC), [[Reliance Vadodara Manufacturing Division(VMD)|Vadodara Manufacturing Division(VMD)]](Formerly [[Indian Petrochemicals Corporation Limited|IPCL]]) of [[Reliance Industries Limited]], Parikh Industries, Linde Engineering India, [[Larsen & Toubro|L&T]] and Gujarat Alkalies and Chemicals Limited (GACL) have come up in the vicinity of [[Gujarat Refinery]] and all of them are dependent on it for their fuel and feedstock. Other large-scale public sector units are Heavy Water Project, Gujarat Industries Power Company Limited (GIPCL), [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation]] (ONGC) & Gas Authority of India Limited ([[GAIL]]). In addition to these public sector enterprises, a number of other large-scale enterprises have come up in the private sector such as Avalanch Global Solutions, [[Bombardier Transportation]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bombardier.com/en/corporate/about-us/worldwide-presence/india?docID=0901260d8001725d# |title=Corporate > About Us > Worldwide Presence > India |publisher=Bombardier.com |access-date=26 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601125717/http://www.bombardier.com/en/corporate/about-us/worldwide-presence/india?docID=0901260d8001725d |archive-date=1 June 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/credit-cards/news/mastercard-launches-technology-hub-in-india-with-facilities-in-pune-and-vadodara/articleshow/46127416.cms MasterCard launches technology hub in India with facilities in Pune and Vadodara – The Economic Times] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207120802/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/credit-cards/news/mastercard-launches-technology-hub-in-india-with-facilities-in-pune-and-vadodara/articleshow/46127416.cms |date=7 February 2015 }}. Economictimes.indiatimes.com (5 February 2015). Retrieved on 10 October 2015.</ref><br />
<br />
Located in Vadodara are over 35% of India's power transmission and distribution equipment manufacturers and an estimated 800 ancillaries supporting the big players in Power Sector equipment manufacturing and engineering industry.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/Switch-conference-at-Vadodara-in-October/articleshow/53486393.cms Switch conference at Vadodara in October – The Times of India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809024143/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/Switch-conference-at-Vadodara-in-October/articleshow/53486393.cms |date=9 August 2016 }}. timesofindia.indiatimes.com (1 August 2016).</ref><br />
great city <br />
Vadodara is also home to the [[Vadodara Stock Exchange]] (VSE).<br />
<br />
The revenue for the city is generated through taxes, service provision, and state government assistance. The taxes include general taxes, conservancy taxes, water taxes whereas the non-tax or service can be water charges, rent from municipal properties, public service charges, etc.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Financial Profiling of VMC and VUDA|url=https://vmc.gov.in/pdf/Link_4.pdf|access-date=21 October 2020}}</ref> The VMC budget for the year 2020–2021 against the proposed budget of Rs 3,554 crore last year, stood at Rs 3,770 crore this year.<ref>{{Cite news|date=24 January 2020|title=No tax hikes, VMC budget focuses on water supply|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/no-tax-hikes-vmc-budget-focuses-on-water-supply/articleshow/73563450.cms|access-date=2020-10-21|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Government and politics==<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="float:left; width:260px; margin:10px; background:#f4f5f6; border:#c6c7c8 solid; font-size:90%;"<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" bgcolour="#C2D6E5" style="text-align:left;"| '''Vadodara City Officials'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="width:50%;"| '''Mayor'''<br />
| Mr Keyur Rokadiya<ref name="mayor_name">{{Cite web |url=https://vmc.gov.in/ViewContacts.aspx |title=Vadodara Municipal Corporation |access-date=20 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920123041/https://vmc.gov.in/ViewContacts.aspx |archive-date=20 September 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| '''Municipal Commissioner'''<br />
| Mrs . Shalini Agarwal <br />
|-<br />
| '''Police Commissioner'''<br />
| Shamsher Singh IPS<br />
|}<br />
[[File:Vadodara Municipal Corporation.jpg|thumb|right|[[Khanderao Market, Vadodara|Khanderao Market]] – [[Vadodara Mahanagar Seva Sadan]] Building]]<br />
<br />
The Vadodara city's municipal corporation or Maha Nagar Palika is a part of the Vadodara district. The district is setup in three distinct levels of administration, which are the collectorate - the district falls under the jurisdiction of a collector; the prant offices which take care of the affairs of taluka and other state government offices and the mamlatdar or taluka offices. The overall district administration has four departments: city survey, district supply office, district planning office, and district election office.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Administrative Setup {{!}} District Vadodara, Government of Gujarat|url=https://vadodara.nic.in/administrative-setup/|access-date=2020-10-21}}</ref><br />
<br />
The City elects one<ref name="LSMLA">{{cite web|title=List of Lok Sabha Constituencies from Gujarat|url=http://www.gujaratassembly.gov.in/loksabhamember.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050302161941/http://www.gujaratassembly.gov.in/loksabhamember.htm|archive-date=2 March 2005|access-date=1 October 2017|publisher=Gujarat Assembly}}</ref> member to the [[Lok Sabha]] (parliament) and five<ref name="MLA">{{cite web|title=List of MLAs from Vadodara District|url=http://www.gujaratassembly.gov.in/epvadodara.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024211/http://www.gujaratassembly.gov.in/epvadodara.htm|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=30 June 2007|publisher=Gujarat Assembly}}</ref> to the Gujarat [[Vidhan Sabha]] (Assembly). All of the five assembly seats of Vadodara were won by the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] during the legislative elections in 2017. In the 2021 VMSS/VMC elections, the BJP won 69<ref name="hindu">{{cite news|date=14 December 2005|title=Sweeping victory for BJP in Gujarat civic polls|location=Chennai, India|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/12/14/stories/2005121406311300.htm|url-status=dead|access-date=9 July 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001064306/http://www.hindu.com/2005/12/14/stories/2005121406311300.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=1 October 2007}}</ref> seats, seven seats went to the Congress.<br />
<br />
*Election wards: 19<ref name="zone">{{cite web|title=Institutional Setup in Vadodara|url=http://www.vadodaracity.com/cdp_pdf/Link%206.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929050939/http://www.vadodaracity.com/cdp_pdf/Link%206.pdf|archive-date=29 September 2007|access-date=29 July 2007|publisher=Vadodara Municipal Corporation}}</ref><br />
*Seats (Corporators): 76<ref name="zone"/><br />
*Population per ward: 87,826<br />
*Seats reserved for women: 38<br />
*Total voters (as on 1 January 2019): 1,638,300<br />
<br />
=== Civic administration ===<br />
[[File:Mandvi Gate01.jpg|thumb|Mandvi Gate]]<br />
According to the 2011 census, the total Urban Agglomeration (UA) population of Vadodara is 24,17,191.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Provisional UA Population- Census 2011|url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|access-date=21 October 2020|website=Census India}}</ref> This is governed by the Vadodara Municipal Corporation which was founded in 1951.<ref>{{Cite web|title=VMC-Vadodara Municipal Corporation, khanderao market, Vadodara (2020)|url=http://www.findglocal.com/IN/Vadodara/1831309190481853/VMC-Vadodara-Municipal-Corporation|access-date=2020-10-21|website=www.findglocal.com}}</ref> It was initially called the Baroda Municipal Corporation but later changed to Vadodara Municipal Corporation after the city's name was changed in the year 1974.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The History|url=https://historyofvadodara.in/the-history/|access-date=2020-10-21|website=History of Vadodara - Baroda}}</ref> The Bombay Municipal Corporation Act of 1951 was setup as the main legislation for the administration and governance of the Vadodara Municipal Corporation.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vadodara Municipal Corporation|url=https://vmc.gov.in/Introduction.aspx|access-date=2020-10-21|website=vmc.gov.in}}</ref> The city limits of Vadodara have expanded since: an area of {{cvt|148|sqkm}} was added in the year 2002, followed by {{cvt|15 to 20|km2}} of additional expansion to the north of the city in 2006.<ref>{{Cite web|title=In-depth analysis of existing situation-VMC|url=https://vmc.gov.in/Pdf/Link_3.pdf|access-date=21 October 2020}}</ref> The villages Sayajipura, Bapod, Kapurai, Khatamba, Tarsal Kalali, Gorva, Chhani and Vemali were added to the VMC boundaries in 2017<ref>{{Cite web|date=18 Jun 2017 |title=Residents not included in VMC, gram panchayat move high court |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/residents-not-included-in-vmc-gram-panchayat-move-high-court/articleshow/59198032.cms|access-date=2020-10-21|website=The Times of India}}</ref> and the latest expansion notice has been given to the seven villages of Sevasi, Bhayli, Vemali, Bil, Karodiya, Undera and Vadadala in the year 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 Jun 2020 |title=Villages oppose merger into Vadoddra city limits - Vadodara News|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/villages-oppose-merger-into-vadoddra-city-limits/articleshow/76631687.cms|access-date=2020-10-21|website=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
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==== City governance ====<br />
[[File: Baroda Museum01.jpg|thumb|Baroda Museum and Picture Gallery]]<br />
The Bombay Provincial Municipal Corporations Act, 1949<ref>[http://www.janaagraha.org/asics/report/Bombay-Provincial-Municipal-Corporations-Act-1949.pdf Bombay Provincial Municipal Corporations Act, 1949]</ref> governs the Vadodara Municipal Corporation. The Gujarat Provincial Municipal Corporations Act<ref>[https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/4653/1/gpmcact.pdf Gujarat Provincial Municipal Corporations Act]</ref> of 1949 which is derived from the Bombay Act No. LIX of 1949 is another legislation which most municipal corporation, including Vadodara in Gujarat function under.<br />
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The highest body of power in the municipal corporation is the General Board, which is composed of elected members from each ward within the VMC. There are 19 wards under the VMC, each of which consists 4 seats of councilor which has a 50% reservation of seats for women. There are a total of 76 councilors elected for this VMC term where every councilor is appointed in various committees for a period of one year.<br />
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The VMC has twelve executive committees apart from the standing committee, which look after the specialized functions of VMC. These committees include public works committee, water work committee, drainage and sewerage committee, health committee, town planning committee, estate management committee, recreation and culture committee, electric committee, and legal committee. Each committee consists of 12 councilors each.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vadodara Municipal Corporation|url=https://vmc.gov.in/ElectedwingIntroduction.aspx|access-date=2020-10-21|website=vmc.gov.in}}</ref> The formulation of an additional ward committee is recommended by the Gujarat Provincial Municipal Corporation Act of 1949 for a city exceeding the population of three lakhs<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Gujarat Provincial Municipal Corporations Act, 1949|url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/4653/1/gpmcact.pdf|date=January 2017|access-date=21 October 2020}}</ref>- which is above the current population of Vadodara.<br />
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==== Politics ====<br />
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Three [[Local Governance in India|corporators]] are elected from each ward, who in turn elect a mayor. Executive powers are vested in the municipal commissioner, who is an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer appointed by the Gujarat state government. The mayor is responsible for the day-to-day running of the city services, municipal school board, the city bus service, the municipal hospital and the city library. The last municipal corporation election for Vadodara took place in the year 2015<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-12-03|title=Gujarat civic polls: Congress wins Vadodara, BJP tops all 6 municipal corporations|url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/picture-gallery-others/congress-wins-majority-in-vadodara-district-bjp-winning-all-six-municipal-corporations/|access-date=2020-10-21|website=The Indian Express}}</ref> where Bhartiya Janta Party won in the majority with 57 out of the total 76 seats, followed by the Indian National Congress (INC) with 14 seats.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-12-04|title=Final detailed results of six municipal corporation elections in Gujarat|url=https://www.deshgujarat.com/2015/12/04/final-detailed-results-of-six-municipal-corporation-elections-in-gujarat/|access-date=2020-10-21|website=DeshGujarat}}</ref><br />
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There are six sitting MLAs who have VMC under their jurisdiction and are currently part of the state ministry.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-03-05|title=Delimitation Commission Of India, Nirvachan Sadan, Ashoka Road, New Delhi - 110001.|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2016-03-05|access-date=2020-10-22|via=web.archive.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Vadodara Municipal Corporation|url=https://vmc.gov.in/CorporationMpMLADetails.aspx|access-date=2020-10-22|website=vmc.gov.in}}</ref> Rajendrabhai Trivedi is the BJP MLA and incumbent 14th Speaker of Gujarat Legislative Assembly, who was unanimously elected on 9 February 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rajendra Trivedi new Speaker of Gujarat Assembly|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/feb/19/rajendra-trivedi-new-speaker-of-gujarat-assembly-1775847.html|access-date=2020-10-22|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Jitendra Sukhadia is the Minister of Tourism, Non-resident Gujarati division as well as the Food, Civil Supplies, and Consumer Affairs.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jitendra Sukhadia Index|url=http://jitendrasukhadia.com/minister-of-state.html|access-date=2020-10-22|website=jitendrasukhadia.com}}</ref> Saurabhbhai Patel is the incumbent Energy Minister of Gujarat<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Energy Minister of Gujarat, Shri Saurabh Bhai Patel meeting with the Shri Piyush Goyal|url=https://powermin.gov.in/en/content/energy-minister-gujarat-shri-saurabh-bhai-patel-meeting-shri-piyush-goyal|access-date=22 October 2020}}</ref> while Yogeshbhai Patel heads the Ministry of State for Narmada Development.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-15|title=Minister of State for Narmada Development Yogesh Patel hoisted the national flag Connect Gujarat|url=https://connectgujarat.com/minister-of-state-for-narmada-development-yogesh-patel-hoisted-the-national-flag/|access-date=2020-10-22|website=Connect Gujarat}}</ref> The MLA Madhubhai Shrivastav is the state appointed Gujarat Agro Industries Corporation (GAIC) chief<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 Mar 2019 |title=Madhu Shrivastava made GAIC chief - Vadodara News |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/madhu-shrivastava-made-gaic-chief/articleshow/68351228.cms |access-date=2020-10-22|website=The Times of India}}</ref> and Manisha Vakil is BJP's Vadodara City Assembly Constituency MLA.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vadodara City Election and Results 2017, Candidate list, Winner and Runner-up|url=https://www.elections.in/gujarat/assembly-constituencies/vadodara-city.html|access-date=2020-10-21|website=Elections in India}}</ref><br />
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==== Law and order ====<br />
The Vadodara City Police are responsible for law enforcement and public safety in Vadodara, Gujarat. The Vadodara City Police is headed by a [[Police Commissioner]], an [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer. They are a subdivision of the state police force of [[Gujarat]] and are headed by a commissioner. The Vadodara police force is responsible for the protection and safety of Vadodara citizens. Shamsher Singh, a previous serving as the Additional Director General of Police (State Crime Record Bureau cum Computer Centre), Gandhinagar, is the current Police commissioner of the Vadodara. He formally took charge on 1 January 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Choudhary|first=Tanisha|date=2020-08-06|title=Vadodara's new Police Commissioner R.B Brahmbhatt appointed today -|url=https://www.ourvadodara.com/vadodaras-new-police-commissioner-r-b-brahmbhatt-appointed-today/|access-date=2020-10-21|website=Our Vadodara}}</ref><br />
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== Civic services ==<br />
[[File:Flora Clock.jpg|thumb|The Flora Clock at Sayaji Baug]]<br />
There are three civic service departments under the municipal corporation: the engineering department, the health department and the support or administration department. These departments together provide services, infrastructure and management for the entire city. Engineering Department manages infrastructure and services provided through cells or sub-departments like bridge cell, drainage project, town development, streetlight, electrical sewerage, mechanical sewerage, building project, solid waste management, road, storm water drainage, water work, land and estate. The health department takes care of public health-related issues and services through its solid waste management, health and I.C.D.S. sub-departments. The health department also has a sub-department for managing Birth, Death & Marriage Registrations. The support department handles all IT and administration-related issues and services with cells like IT, accounts audit, census, P.R.O., election, land & estate (acquisition), shops & establishment, assessment, and U.C.D.-N.U.L.M departments.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vadodara Municipal Corporation|url=https://vmc.gov.in/|access-date=2020-10-21|website=vmc.gov.in}}</ref><br />
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=== Urban planning ===<br />
The two main institutions involved in planning and development in Vadodara are VMSS and the Vadodara Urban Development Authority (VUDA). The responsibilities of both these agencies are demarcated clearly not only physically but also functionally. The governing acts for both institutions differ. The principal responsibility of VUDA is to ensure a holistic development of the Vadodara agglomeration covering an area of {{convert|714.56|km2|abbr=on}},<ref name="zone" /> whereas VMSS is involved in the development of area of {{convert|235|km2|abbr=on}}.<ref name="zone" /><br />
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=== Solid waste management ===<br />
[[File:Kalaghoda.jpg|thumb|Kalaghoda circle]]<br />
The municipal corporation under its health department provides the solid waste management for the Vadodara city.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vadodara Municipal Corporation|url=https://vmc.gov.in/Department_Health_Solidwaste.aspx|access-date=2020-10-21|website=vmc.gov.in}}</ref> All zonal asst. municipal commissioners, zonal health officers, ward officers, sanitary inspectors are part of the solid waste management committee who need to be present during the weekly SWM coordination meetings. The department takes care of the sweeping, cleaning and maintenance along with complaint redressal. All zonal chief, assistant municipal commissioners, zonal health officers and other sanitary staff are expected to work on field between 7am to 11am on weekdays. The solid waste management also has a litter prevention system which carries out litter patrol and charges fines as administrative fees from the defaulters.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vadodara Municipal Corporation|url=https://vmc.gov.in/Department_SWM_KeyAspect.aspx|access-date=2020-10-21|website=vmc.gov.in}}</ref><br />
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=== Water supply ===<br />
An average of 53.2 million gallon (240 million litres) of water per day, or 38 gallon (190 litres) per person per day is provided the city daily to meets its daily water requirement.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Vadodara Municipal Corporation|url=https://vmc.gov.in/Department_Waterworks.aspx|access-date=2020-10-21|website=vmc.gov.in}}</ref> The water supply is provided by the water works department of the municipal corporation along with other agencies like the Sardar Sarovar Narmada limited who directly supply water to VMC which is looked after the Gujarat Pollution Control Board, the Gujarat Water Supply and Sewerage Board, and the Water and Sanitation Management Organization. The city receives its drinking water supply from 16 high rise water tanks and one busting station located within the city.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 Oct 2020|title=Stench once again returns to haunt Vadodara|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/stench-once-again-returns-to-haunt-city/articleshow/78646391.cms|access-date=2020-10-21|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 Jan 2020 |title=GPCB rapped over VECL flouting pollution norms|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/gpcb-rapped-over-vecl-flouting-pollution-norms/articleshow/73091748.cms|access-date=2020-10-21|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 Sep 2020|title=Ahmedabad: 'People using unsafe water for drinking, cooking'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/people-using-unsafe-water-for-drinking-cooking/articleshow/78323946.cms|access-date=2020-10-21|website=The Times of India}}</ref> The Sardar Sarovar Dam which is the one of the drinking water source for city, had halted supply temporarily after receiving complains about the high sulphur content Narmada river, but was restarted again after a few days.<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 Feb 2019|author=Tushar Tere|title=Gujarat's lifeline polluted, water unfit to consume |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/gujarats-lifeline-polluted-water-unfit-to-consume/articleshow/67841378.cms|access-date=2020-10-21|website=The Times of India}}</ref> The other sources of water are the Mahi River for which the water is obtained from French well which has naturally purified water through layers of sand. The Ajwa Sarovar is another source of drinking water, the water of which is filtered at Nimeta Water Purification Plant.<ref name=":0" /> In January 2019, VUDA and GWSSB joined hands to reduce the acute shortage of drinking water for residential societies near close to the Vadodara city. A quantity of 3 MLD water per day for three years will be provided as a temporary measure, till water supply from Timbi pond and Narmada canal starts for these residences.<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 Jan 2019|title=Water woes of villages bordering eastern Vadodara to end soon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/water-woes-of-villages-bordering-eastern-vadodara-to-end-soon/articleshow/67632334.cms|access-date=2020-10-21|website=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
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=== Drainage and sewage ===<br />
[[File:NyayM.jpg|thumb|Nyay Mandir, Vadodara High Court]]<br />
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The drainage is provided under the Engineering department's drainage projects or the Public Health Engineering Laboratory (PHEL). The department provides planning, designing, estimating, tendering, executing and operating and maintaining the sewerage systems like the sewerage network, sewage pumping stations, sewage pumping mains, sewage treatment and effluent disposal works.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vadodara Municipal Corporation|url=https://vmc.gov.in/DrainageProject.aspx|access-date=2020-10-21|website=vmc.gov.in}}</ref><br />
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The sewage as of 2001 covered 55% area and 65% of the present population when the VMC limits extended to {{cvt|108.00|km2}}. The Public Health Engineering Laboratory (PHEL) has been working on a comprehensive sewerage system Master Plan for {{cvt|1425|km2}} of sewers and nine sewage treatment works. The plan master plan is designed for the year 2021 where the project aims to increase the sewage coverage from 55% to 95% by area and 65% to 93% by population for an area of {{cvt|159.31|km2}}.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Drainage Project Dept. VMSS|url=https://vmc.gov.in/pdf/20150102%20Drainage%20Project%20Dept.%20VMSS.pdf|access-date=21 October 2020}}</ref><br />
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=== Electricity ===<br />
[[Madhya Gujarat Vij Company Limited]] (MGVCL) is the main electricity provision company for the Gujarat state and Vadodara.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Electricity {{!}} District Vadodara, Government of Gujarat |url=https://vadodara.nic.in/public-utility-category/electricity/|access-date=2020-10-21}}</ref> Hydroelectricity is additionally being generated by water from Sardar Sarovar Dam with six units of river bed power houses of 200 megawatt each.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 Sep 2020|title=Sardar Sarovar Dam inches away from peak level|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/sardar-sarovar-dam-inches-away-from-peak-level/articleshow/78133499.cms|access-date=2020-10-21|website=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
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=== Fire and emergency ===<br />
Fire and rescue operations are provided by the VMC under its fire department which is provided according to the Section 285 to 289 of the BPMC Act. VMC has fixed rates for rescue operations & fire extinguishing within the VMC limits and outside it. The VMC's fire department also provide additional services like water tanker provision for domestic, religious or marriage purposes, providing ambulance, dead body carrier.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vadodara Municipal Corporation|url=https://vmc.gov.in/Department_Fire.aspx|access-date=2020-10-21|website=vmc.gov.in}}</ref><br />
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==Transport==<br />
The city is on the major rail and road arteries joining [[Mumbai]] with [[Delhi]] and Mumbai with [[Ahmedabad]].<br />
<gallery mode="packed" heights="134"><br />
file:NEW BDQ AIRPORT.jpg|Vadodara Airport<br />
File:Vadrail.jpg|Vadodara Junction Railway Station<br />
file:Bus terminus in Vadodara.jpg|Bus terminus in Vadodara<br />
file:Roads (Unsplash).jpg|Ahmedabad-Vadodara Expressway<br />
</gallery><br />
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===Air===<br />
[[Vadodara Airport]] ([[IATA]]: '''BDQ''') is located north-east of the city. Vadodara has flight connections with Mumbai, New Delhi,Hyderabad and Bangalore. Air India and IndiGo are currently operating their services from the airport. A new integrated international terminal has been constructed at the Vadodara airport and was inaugurated in October 2016. Vadodara is the first Green Airport in Gujarat and Second Green Airport in India after Kochi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dnasyndication.com/showarticlerss.aspx?nid=muaqdWy43dPulsTSLyQpFxAFCY2RaiKae8NcPA21HKE4KNcM=|title=Vadodara's new airport makes place in Limca Record|publisher=Dnasyndication.com|access-date=26 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510073233/http://dnasyndication.com/showarticlerss.aspx?nid=muaqdWy43dPulsTSLyQpFxAFCY2RaiKae8NcPA21HKE4KNcM=|archive-date=10 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/pm-modi-inaugurates-new-international-terminal-at-vadodara-airport-116102200655_1.html|title=Vadodara gets India's second green airport after Kochi|first=Vimukt|last=Dave|date=22 October 2016|access-date=26 November 2016|via=Business Standard|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023201842/http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/pm-modi-inaugurates-new-international-terminal-at-vadodara-airport-116102200655_1.html|archive-date=23 October 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/PM-Narendra-Modi-inaugurates-Vadodara-International-Airport/articleshow/54998435.cms|title=PM Narendra Modi inaugurates Vadodara International Airport – Times of India ►|website=The Times of India|access-date=10 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518060953/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/pm-narendra-modi-inaugurates-vadodara-international-airport/articleshow/54998435.cms|archive-date=18 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.schwartzarch.com/projects/vadodara_airport.html|title=Vadodara Airport -[FSA]-|access-date=26 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421041259/http://www.schwartzarch.com/projects/vadodara_airport.html|archive-date=21 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gensler.com/projects/vadodara-international-airport|title=Vadodara International Airport – Projects – Gensler|access-date=26 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114004035/http://www.gensler.com/projects/vadodara-international-airport|archive-date=14 November 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
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===Railway===<br />
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Vadodara was part of the historic [[Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway]] (BBCI), which arrived in the city in January 1861.<ref name=BBCI>{{cite news |publisher=Times of India|title=150th year of Railway in Vadodara|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/150th-year-of-rlys-in-city-to-be-celebrated-on-Jan-9/articleshow/5371170.cms |access-date=24 December 2009|first1=Sachin|last1=Sharma|date=23 December 2009}}</ref> On 5 November 1951 the BBCI Railway was merged with the [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]], [[Rajputana]] and [[Jaipur]] railways to create the [[Western Railway (India)|Western Railway]]. [[Vadodara Railway Station]] now belongs to the Western Railway zone of [[Indian Railways]] and is a major junction on the Western Railway Main Line.<br />
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The under-construction [[Mumbai–Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor]], India's first [[High-speed rail]] line will have a stop at the existing [[Vadodara Junction railway station]]. The station is planned for renovation to accommodate the new line.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/mumbai-ahmedabad-bullet-train-project-construction-work-on-swanky-vadodara-railway-station-to-begin-soon/1413870/|title=Mumbai-Ahmedabad bullet train project: Construction work on swanky Vadodara railway station to begin soon|date=2018-12-14|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-02}}</ref><br />
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'''Vadodara Metro rail'''<br />
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Gujarat Metro rail corporation planning metro train in Vadodara<br />
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===Bus===<br />
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[[Vadodara bus station]] is also beautifully designed as a symbol of Banyan (Vad) trees and located near by Railway Station. It also has a market, food court and multiplex facilities.<br />
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===Religions and festivals===<br />
{{bar box<br />
|title=Religions in Vadodara city (2011)<ref name="Vadodara City Census 2011 data"/><br />
|titlebar=#Fcd116<br />
|float=right<br />
|bars=<br />
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|orange|85.39}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|11.40}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Jainism]]|blue|1.32}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|pink|1.22}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|yellow|0.45}}<br />
{{bar percent|Others|black|0.22}}<br />
|caption=Distribution of religions<br />
}}<br />
<br />{{Wide image|UWoB2011.jpg|800px|United Way of Baroda Navratri Garba Festival}}<br />
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The most followed religion in the city is Hinduism, practiced by 85% of the population. The second most followed religion is Islam, followed by 11% of the population. All other religious groups make up the remaining 4% of the population.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/338-vadodara.html|title=Vadodara City Population Census 2011–2019 – Gujarat|website=www.census2011.co.in|access-date=12 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120522144222/http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/338-vadodara.html|archive-date=22 May 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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==Sports==<br />
Vadodara has a professional cricket team, the [[Baroda cricket team]], as well as the oldest cricket ground in Asia, called [[Moti Bagh Stadium|Moti Baug]].<ref name=Moti>{{cite web|publisher=Cricinfo|title=Ground Profile|url=http://content-www.cricinfo.com/ci/content/ground/58516.html#Profile|access-date=17 November 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081228202856/http://content-www.cricinfo.com/ci/content/ground/58516.html#Profile|archive-date=28 December 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> The team has won the [[Ranji Trophy]] six times. [[IPCL Sports Complex Ground|Reliance Stadium]], a private cricket ground owned by [[Reliance Industries]], hosts [[One Day International|ODI]]s. Some of the notable cricketer's from Baroda are [[Kiran More]], [[Nayan Mongia]], [[Atul Bedade]], [[Irfan Pathan]], [[Yusuf Pathan]], [[Hardik Pandya]], [[Krunal Pandya]], [[Deepak Hooda]].<br />
<br />
==Media==<br />
The city has five local [[frequency modulation|FM]] stations: [[Radio City (India radio station)|Radio City]] (91.1&nbsp;[[hertz|MHz]]), [[Radio Mirchi]] (98.3&nbsp;[[hertz|MHz]]), [[Red FM 93.5|Red FM]] (93.5&nbsp;[[hertz|MHz]]), [[BIG FM 92.7|Big FM]] (92.7&nbsp;[[hertz|MHz]]), and [[All India Radio]], [[Vividh Bharti]] (93.9&nbsp;[[hertz|MHz]])(Aakashwani). [[Radio City (India radio station)|Radio City]] (91.1&nbsp;[[hertz|MHz]]) is known all over Vadodara for its Rag Rag Ma Vadodara City profile. All India Radio is broadcast on the [[amplitude modulation|AM]] band.<ref name=Radio>{{cite web |publisher=Asiawaves |title=Radio Stations in Gujarat, India |url=http://www.asiawaves.net/india/gujarat-radio.htm |access-date=14 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070527085052/http://www.asiawaves.net/india/gujarat-radio.htm |archive-date=27 May 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Satellite radio]] was launched in nearby city of Ahmedabad by [[WorldSpace]] in 2005.<ref name=Worldspace>{{cite web |publisher=Worldspace Satellite Radio |title=WorldSpace Satellite Radio Lights Up Ahmedabad |url=http://www.worldspace.com/press/11_03_2005.html |date=3 November 2005 |access-date=30 July 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061112064236/http://www.worldspace.com/press/11_03_2005.html |archive-date=12 November 2006 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Vadodara News Magazine(VNM) is a local news TV channel that covers events in the city. Sandesh News is a local news TV channel.<br />
<br />
== Education ==<br />
[[File:Vadodara uni.jpg|thumb|[[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda|The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]]]]<br />
The city houses many Schools and Colleges, including [[Baroda High School]]. Higher Education Institutions across various disciplines attract international students mainly from the African countries such as Ethiopia, Zimbabwe, Malawi, South Africa, and Kenya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/gujarat-more-foreign-students-opt-for-msu-5857416/|title=Gujarat: More foreign students opt for MS University of Baroda|date=2019-07-28|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-09-27}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Universities ===<br />
* [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda|The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]]<br />
* Sigma Group of Institute<br />
* [[Parul University]]<br />
* [[Navrachana University|Navrachna University]]<br />
* [[GSFC University]]<br />
* [[National Rail and Transportation Institute]] (Railway University) <br />
* [[Sumandeep Vidyapeeth]]<br />
* [[ITM Vocational University]]<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Jarod, Gujarat|Jarod]] village in Vaghodia Taluka<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
{{refbegin|30em}}<br />
* {{cite book<br />
|last = Desai<br />
|first = Anjali<br />
|title=India Guide, Gujarat – Visitor's Guide<br />
|year = 2007<br />
|publisher=India Guide Publications<br />
|isbn = 978-0-9789517-0-2<br />
}}<br />
* {{cite book<br />
|last = F. A. H Elliot<br />
|title=The rulers of Baroda<br />
|publisher=Baroda State Press 1934<br />
|asin = B0006C35QS}}<br />
* {{cite book<br />
|last = Gense<br />
|first = James<br />
|title=The Gaikwads of Baroda<br />
|url = https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283204<br />
|publisher=D.B. Taraporevala Sons & Co 1942<br />
|asin = B0007K1PL6}}<br />
* {{cite book<br />
|last = Kothekara<br />
|first = Santa<br />
|title=The Gaikwads of Baroda and the East India Company, 1770–1820<br />
|publisher=Nagpur University<br />
|asin = B0006D2LAI}}<br />
* {{cite book<br />
|last = Gaekwad<br />
|first = Fatesinghrao<br />
|title=Sayajirao of Baroda: The Prince and the Man<br />
|year = 1989<br />
|publisher=[[Popular Prakashan]]<br />
|isbn = 978-0-86132-214-5<br />
}}<br />
* {{cite book<br />
|last = Gaekwar<br />
|first = Sayaji Rao<br />
|title=Speeches and addresses of Sayaji Rao III, Maharaja Gaekwar of Baroda<br />
|publisher=H. Milford 1933<br />
|asin = B000855T0I}}<br />
* {{cite book<br />
|last = Rice<br />
|first = Stanley<br />
|title=Life of Sayaji Rao III, Maharaja of Baroda<br />
|url = https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.59223<br />
|publisher=Oxford University Press 1931<br />
|asin = B00085DDFG}}<br />
* {{cite book<br />
|last = Clair<br />
|first = Edward<br />
|title=A Year with the Gaekwar of Baroda<br />
|publisher=D. Estes & co 1911<br />
|asin = B0008BLVV8}}<br />
* {{cite book<br />
|last = MacLeod<br />
|first = John<br />
|title=Sovereignty, Power, Control: Politics in the State of Western India, 1916–1947<br />
|year = 1999<br />
|publisher=Brill Academic Publishers<br />
|isbn = 90-04-11343-6<br />
}}<br />
* {{cite book<br />
|last = Kamerkar<br />
|first = Mani<br />
|title=British Paramountcy: British-Baroda Relations, 1818–1848<br />
|publisher=Popular Prakashan<br />
|asin = B000JLZE6A}}<br />
* {{cite book<br />
|last = Kooiman<br />
|first = Dick<br />
|title=Communalism and Indian Princely States: Travancore, Baroda and Hyderabad in the 1930s<br />
|year = 2002<br />
|publisher=Manohar Pubns<br />
|isbn = 978-81-7304-421-2<br />
}}<br />
* {{cite book<br />
|last = Desai<br />
|first = Govindbhai<br />
|title=Forty Years in Baroda: Being Reminiscences of Forty Years' Service in the Baroda State<br />
|publisher=Pustakalaya Sahayak Sahakari Mandal 1929<br />
|asin = B0006E18R4}}<br />
* {{cite book<br />
|last = Maharaja of Baroda<br />
|title=The Palaces of India<br />
|year=1980<br />
|publisher=Viking Pr<br />
|isbn = 978-0-00-211678-7<br />
}}<br />
* {{cite book<br />
|last = Sadashiv<br />
|first = Anant<br />
| author-link = Anant Sadashiv Altekar<br />
|title=A History of important ancient towns & cities in Gujarat & Kathiawad<br />
|asin = B0008B2NGA}}<br />
* {{cite book<br />
|last = William<br />
|first = George<br />
|title=Cities of India<br />
|date = January 1999<br />
|publisher=Adamant Media Corporation<br />
|isbn = 0-543-93823-9<br />
}}<br />
* {{cite book<br />
|last = Doshi<br />
|first = Saryu<br />
|title=The royal bequest: Art treasures of the Baroda Museum and Picture Gallery<br />
|year = 1995<br />
|publisher=India Book House<br />
|isbn = 978-81-7508-009-6<br />
}}<br />
* {{cite book<br />
|last = Roshan<br />
|title=Sri Aurobindo in Baroda<br />
|year =1993<br />
|publisher=Sri Aurobindo Ashram Publications Department<br />
|isbn = 978-81-7058-318-9<br />
}}<br />
* {{cite book<br />
|last = Sheik<br />
|first = Gulammohammed<br />
|title=Contemporary Art in Baroda<br />
|year = 1997<br />
|publisher=Manohar Pubns<br />
|isbn = 978-81-85229-04-1<br />
}}<br />
* {{cite book<br />
|last = Bell<br />
|first = Horace<br />
|author-link=Horace Bell (civil engineer)<br />
|title=Railway Policy in India<br />
|publisher=Adamant Media Corporation<br />
|isbn = 1-4021-8443-3<br />
}}<br />
* {{cite book<br />
|last = Shafer<br />
|first = Kathleen<br />
|title=Baroda: the Story of a Small Place. Celebrate Baroda 1890–1990<br />
|publisher=Baroda Centennial Committee, [[Michigan]], United States<br />
|asin = B000K016MG}}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Sister project links|voy=Vadodara|Vadodara}}<br />
{{Navboxes<br />
|list =<br />
{{Urban and suburban areas of Vadodara}}<br />
{{Vadodara topics}}<br />
{{Gujarat}}<br />
{{Million-plus cities in India}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Vadodara| ]]<br />
[[Category:Metropolitan cities in India]]<br />
[[Category:Former capital cities in India]]</div>UpdateBothttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2021_Assam_earthquake&diff=3291312021 Assam earthquake2022-07-02T06:06:36Z<p>UpdateBot: robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Earthquake in India}}<br />
{{Infobox earthquake<br />
| isc-event = 620343980<br />
| magnitude = 6.0 {{M|w|link=y}}<ref name="USGS">{{cite web |title=M 6.0 - 9 km NNW of Dhekiajuli, India |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000dy3b/executive |website=earthquake.usgs.gov |publisher=USGS |access-date=14 May 2021}}</ref><br />
| local-time = 07:51 [[Time in India|(IST)]]<br />
| location = {{Coord|26.781|N|92.457|E}}<br />
| anss-url = https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000dy3b/<br />
| name = 2021 Assam earthquake<br />
| timestamp = 2021-04-28 02:21:26 <br />
| map2 ={{Location map|India Assam#India<br />
|lat=26.77<br />
|long=92.43<br />
|mark=Bullseye1.png<br />
|marksize=50<br />
|position=top<br />
|width=260<br />
|caption=<br />
|relief=yes<br />
|label=}}<br />
| alt = <br />
| depth = 34.0 km (21.1 mi)<br />
| intensity = {{MMI|VII}}<br />
| image = <br />
| local-date = 28 April 2021<br />
| aftershocks = Several. The strongest so far is a {{M|w}} 4.7<ref>{{cite web |title=Explained: In Assam earthquake, reminder of seismic hazard along HFT faultline|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-in-assam-earthquake-reminder-of-seismic-hazard-along-hft-faultline-7292770/ |publisher=The Indian Express |access-date=28 April 2021}}</ref><br />
| fault = Kopili Fault<br />
| casualties = 2 dead, 12 injured<br />
| countries affected = [[Bangladesh]], [[China]], [[Myanmar]], [[Bhutan]], and [[India]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''2021 Assam earthquake''' struck 11 km (7 miles) away from [[Assam|Dhekiajuli, Assam, India]] at 07:51 [[Time in India|(IST)]] on April 28, 2021 with a richter scale magnitude of 6.4.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-28|title=Northeast India hit by magnitude 6.4 earthquake|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/india-earthquake-today-assam-latest-b1838656.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428175455/https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/india-earthquake-today-assam-latest-b1838656.html |archive-date=2021-04-28 |url-access=limited |url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-28|website=The Independent|language=en}}</ref> The quake struck at a depth of 34 km (21 miles), 140 km (86 miles) north of the main city of [[Guwahati]]. It resulted in two fatalities and at least 12 injuries.<br />
<br />
==Tectonic setting==<br />
The tectonics of the Assam region is dominated by convergence of the India, Burma and Eurasian plates. Major fault structures like the [[Main Frontal Thrust]], Main Boundary Thrust and [[Main Central Thrust]], all splay branches of the [[Main Himalayan Thrust]], accommodate the shortening rate as India is pushing into Asia. The large 8.6 {{M|w}} [[1950 Assam–Tibet earthquake|Assam–Tibet earthquake]] in 1950 was a megathrust earthquake that resulted from a rupture along the Main Himalayan Thrust and Main Frontal Thrust.<br />
<br />
== Earthquake ==<br />
[[File:2021-04-28 Dhekiajuli, India M6 earthquake shakemap (USGS).jpg|right|thumb|Earthquake Intensity Map]]<br />
The earthquake occurred as a result of oblique-slip faulting at a shallow depth just at the foothills of the Himalayas.<ref>{{cite web |title=Assam Earthquake: 6.4 magnitude quake, 7 aftershocks jolt Northeast, tremors felt in Bengal |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/earthquake-in-northeast-tremors-felt-in-assam-north-bengal-arunachal-pradesh-1795696-2021-04-28 |publisher=[[India Today]] |access-date=28 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Official Website of National Center of Seismology|url=https://seismo.gov.in/MIS/riseq/interactive/index/ZVNoMWsrTTlhMEZUUXN1UEgxbUcxUT09/Reviewed|access-date=2021-05-03|website=seismo.gov.in}}</ref> Analysis by India's [[National Centre for Seismology]] revealed that the earthquake involved slip along the Kopili Fault, near the [[Main Frontal Thrust]].<ref name="BB">{{cite news |last1=Chakravartty |first1=Anupam |title=Assam earthquake: Known to cause deadly tremors, Kopili fault eludes experts |url=https://www.eastmojo.com/assam/2021/04/29/assam-earthquake-known-to-cause-deadly-tremors-kopili-fault-eludes-experts/ |access-date=15 May 2021 |agency=EastMojo |date=29 April 2021}}</ref> This is a northeast striking fault structure that runs from east of the Shillong Plateau, through the Assam Valley and into Bhutan for a total estimated length of 300 km, and a width of 30 km.<ref name="AA">{{cite journal |last1=Kayal, J., Arefiev, S., Baruah, S., Tatevossian, R., Gogoi, N., Sanoujam, M., Gautam, J.L., Hazarika, D., & Borah, D. |title=The 2009 Bhutan and Assam felt earthquakes (Mw 6.3 and 5.1) at the Kopili fault in the northeast Himalaya region |journal=Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk |date=2010 |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=273-281 |doi=10.1080/19475705.2010.486561|doi-access=free }}</ref> Its predominant slip sense is right-lateral strike-slip.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kharita |first1=Akash |title=Strong earthquake jolts Assam |url=https://temblor.net/earthquake-insights/strong-earthquake-jolts-assam-12692/ |website=Temblor |access-date=15 May 2021 |doi=10.32858/temblor.171}}</ref><br />
<br />
The same fault is believed to have caused the an {{M|wb}} 6.1 [[2009 Bhutan earthquake|earthquake in Bhutan]] in 2009, killing 11 and injuring dozens.<ref>{{cite web |title=M 6.1 - Bhutan |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp000h1r4/executive |website=earthquake.usgs.gov |publisher=USGS |access-date=15 May 2021}}</ref> Two other {{M|w}} 7.0+ earthquakes rocked the Assam Valley in [[1869 Cachar earthquake|1869]] and 1943, is believed to have been on this fault, as well as the deadly [[2016 Imphal earthquake]].<ref name="AA" /><br />
<br />
== Impact ==<br />
The earthquake caused moderate but widespread damage to nearby buildings, but no collapses were reported.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-28|title=Quake of magnitude 6 strikes India's Assam, damages some buildings|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/magnitude-62-earthquake-strikes-assam-india-emsc-2021-04-28/|access-date=2021-04-28|website=Reuters}}</ref> Among the buildings affected was a multi-story structure in Nagaon which tilted to its side and leaned against an adjacent building. Cracks also appeared in the walls of homes and commercial buildings. A few vehicles were damaged when bricks fell on them.<ref>{{cite news |title=From damage caused to relief operations, Assam earthquake explained in 10 points |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/coronavirus-outbreak/story/damage-caused-relief-operations-assam-earthquake-1796077-2021-04-29 |access-date=15 May 2021 |agency=India Today |date=29 April 2021 |location=New Delhi}}</ref> Landslides and liquefaction of the ground were reported in Assam.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cracked roads, tilted buildings: Assam earthquake captured in scary photos, videos |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/massive-earthquake-assam-buildings-damaged-walls-cracked-photos-videos-1795765-2021-04-28 |access-date=15 May 2021 |agency=India Today |date=28 April 2021 |location=New Delhi}}</ref> Damage to buildings were also reported in nearby Bhutan, and two individuals were injured.<ref>{{cite news |title=Earthquake causes structural damage |url=https://kuenselonline.com/earthquake-causes-structural-damage/ |access-date=15 May 2021 |agency=kuenselonline.com}}</ref> Two people in the Kamrup Metro and Nagaon districts died of heart attacks caused by the earthquake while 12 others suffered injuries.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Saha |first1=Abhishek |title=Assam earthquake: At least 10 injured, houses damaged |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/assam/assam-bengal-earthquake-7291892/ |access-date=15 May 2021 |agency=The Indian Express |date=29 April 2021 |location=Guwahati}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Two die of shock after 6.4 magnitude quake in Assam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/earthquake-of-magnitude-64-strikes-assam/article34427787.ece |access-date=15 May 2021 |agency=The Hindu |date=28 April 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{Portal|India|Earth sciences}}<br />
*[[List of earthquakes in 2021]]<br />
*[[List of earthquakes in India]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Earthquakes in 2021}}<br />
{{Earthquakes in India}}<br />
{{Himalayan earthquakes}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2021 earthquakes]]<br />
[[Category:Earthquakes in India]]<br />
[[Category:Earthquakes in Assam]]<br />
[[Category:Earthquakes in Bhutan]]<br />
[[Category:2021 disasters in India]]<br />
[[Category:2021 earthquakes in Asia]]</div>UpdateBothttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kuravanji&diff=339186Kuravanji2022-07-02T05:53:50Z<p>UpdateBot: robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Kuravanji<br />
| image = Kuravanji.jpg<br />
| caption = Poster<br />
| director = A. Kasilingam<br />
| writer = [[M. Karunanidhi]]<br />
| producer = M. Karunanidhi<br />[[R. M. Veerappan]]<br />A. Kasilingam<br />
| starring = [[Sivaji Ganesan]]<br />[[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]]<br />
| cinematography = G. Durai<br />
| editing = A. Kasilingam<br />
| music = [[T. R. Pappa]]<br />
| studio = Mekala Pictures<br />
| distributor = <!-- don't add without source --><br />
| released = {{film date|1960|3|4|df=y|ref1=<ref>{{Cite web |title=51-60 |url=http://nadigarthilagam.com/filmographyp6.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220445/http://www.nadigarthilagam.com/filmographyp6.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=6 November 2014 |website=nadigarthilagam.com}}</ref>}}<br />
| runtime = <!-- don't add without source --><br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
| budget = <!-- don't add without source --><br />
| gross = <!-- don't add without source --><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Kuravanji''''' is a 1960 Indian [[Tamil language]] film directed by A. Kasilingam. The film stars [[Sivaji Ganesan]] and [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]]. The film, produced by [[M. Karunanidhi]], [[R. M. Veerappan]], and A. Kasilingam under Mekala Pictures had musical score by [[T. R. Pappa]] and was released on 4 March 1960. It was not a commercial success.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=5 July 2014 |title=Kuravanji (1960) |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/kuravanji-1960/article6180527.ece |url-status=live |access-date=29 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918143947/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/kuravanji-1960/article6180527.ece |archive-date=18 September 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
{{more plot|date=August 2021}}<br />
The film tells the story of Thenpandiko, the king of Inbapuri. Ellaipuram is a part of the kingdom and the king appoints his brother, Mukhari, to rule it. Mukhari has a minister, Imaya, who has evil designs. Mukhari falls prey to his evil plans, and besides taking over Ellaipuram, he plans to usurp Inbapuri from his brother. To help the suffering people enter a man named Kadhiravan, hailing from the royal family. He moves around the kingdom in the guise of a vagabond. Princess Kumari wishes to marry him, while he falls in love with Ponni, who is from the fisherfolk community. Coming to know of this, Kadhiravan's brother is furious. The princess is equally upset, but Kadhiravan is more interested in saving the people. Soon there is a protest led by him that gains momentum. What happens to it is narrated in the latter half of the film.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
<!-- Cast according to the songbook --><br />
{{Col-begin|width=60%}}<br />
{{col-break|width=50%}}<br />
;Male cast<ref name="songbook">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/download/sok.Kuravanji_A.KasiLingam_1960/113.%20Kuravanji_A.KasiLingam_1960.pdf |title=குறவஞ்சி |publisher=Mekala Pictures |year=1960 |location=Madras |language=ta |type=[[song book]] | access-date=29 June 2022}}</ref><br />
* [[Sivaji Ganesan]] as Kathiravan<br />
* [[O. A. K. Thevar]]<br />
* [[R. Balasubramaniam]]<br />
* M. N. Krishnan<br />
* M. R. Santhanam as Kathiravan's Father<br />
* N. S. Natarajan<br />
* [[S. V. Ramadas]]<br />
* Karuppaiah<br />
* [[Senthamarai (actor)|Senthamarai]]<br />
* Jayaraman<br />
* [[Kuladeivam Rajagopal|Kuladeivam Rajgopal]]<br />
* Wahab Kashmiri<br />
* S. R. Gopal<br />
* T. K. Sampangi<br />
* [[Karikol Raju|Karikol Raj]]<br />
* Krishnamurthi<br />
* Rajamohan<br />
* S. A. G. Sami<br />
{{col-break|width=50%}}<br />
;Female cast<br />
* [[Savitri (actress)|Savithri]] as Kuravanji, Kumari<br />
* [[Mynavathi]] as Ponni<br />
* [[Pandari Bai]]<br />
* Susheela<br />
* Radhabhai as Kathiravan's mother<br />
* [[C. K. Saraswathi]]<br />
* Vanaja (Guest Artist)<br />
* Sampathkumari<br />
* Indra<br />
;Dance<br />
* [[Padmini Priyadarshini]]<br />
* [[L. Vijayalakshmi|Vijayalakshmi]]<br />
* [[C. Lakshmi Rajyam|Lakshmirajam]]<br />
{{Col-end}}<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
[[S. S. Rajendran]] was initially to play the lead role in ''Kuravanji''. However, due to some "friction" between him and [[M. Karunanidhi]], the role was later offered to [[Sivaji Ganesan]]. He was hesitant to accept as he believed Rajendran would misunderstand him if he accepted, but after being reassured by Karunanidhi, Ganesan accepted the offer out of respect.{{sfn|Ganesan|Narayana Swamy|2007|pages=116–117}} ''Kuravanji'' is Ganesan's 60th film as an actor.{{sfn|Ganesan|Narayana Swamy|2007|p=147}} During the shoot, Ganesan chose to wear a gunny sack instead of the woollen clothes that were given to him. He wanted to "connect with the reality of the character of a tribesman".<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 October 2009 |title=Sivaji statue unveiled |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Sivaji-statue-unveiled/article16489322.ece |url-status=live |access-date=29 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629125616/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Sivaji-statue-unveiled/article16489322.ece |archive-date=29 June 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
The music was composed by [[T. R. Pappa]]. Lyrics were by Thirikooda Rasappa Kavirayar, [[Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass]], [[Kannadasan]], [[M. Karunanidhi]] and Kudanthai R. Krishnamurthi.<ref name="songbook" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |title=Thiraikalanjiyam&nbsp;— Part 1 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers |year=2014 |location=Chennai |pages=196 |language=Tamil}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length<br />
|-<br />
| 1 || "Kaadhal Pollathadhu" || P. Susheela || Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass || 03:06<br />
|-<br />
| 2 || "Sengkayil Vandu Kalin"<br />"Thannamudhudan Pirandhhai"<br />"Sollakelaai Kuri Sollakelaai"<br />"Irunda Megam Sutri" || C. S. Jayaraman & Ramaiya<br />P. Leela<br />A. P. Komala & A. G. Rathnamala<br />C. S. Jayaraman || Thirikooda Rasappa Kavirayar || 02:20<br />02:21<br />01:05<br />00:48<br />
|-<br />
| 3 || "Ennaalum Thanniyile" || A. L. Raghavan & Jikki || Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass || 03.27<br />
|-<br />
| 4 || "Thanneril Meen Irukum.... Unakku Puriyudhu" || C. S. Jayaraman & P. Leela || Kannadasan || 05:17<br />
|-<br />
| 5 || "Athaachi Naazhi Pathaachi" || A. L. Raghavan & M. S. Rajeswari || Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass ||<br />
|-<br />
| 6 || "Kaadhal Kadal Karaiyorame" || C. S. Jayaraman, P. Leela & P. Susheela || Kannadasan || 03:53<br />
|-<br />
| 7 || "Paadi Azhaippen Endru" || C. S. Jayaraman || Kannadasan || 03:23<br />
|-<br />
| 8 || "Nee Sollavidil Yaar Solluvar Nilavae" || C. S. Jayaraman || Kudanthai R. Krishnamurthi || 03:30<br />
|-<br />
| 9 || "Alai Irukkuthu Kadalile" || K. Jamuna Rani || Mu. Karunanidhi || 03:12<br />
|-<br />
| 10 || "Alaiyitta Karumbaaka" || C. S. Jayaraman || Kannadasan || 01:07<br />
|-<br />
| 11 || "Onne Onnu Irukku" || Jikki || || 03:16<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
Kanthan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' noted that the film's lengthy runtime was not a detriment to it being an entertainer.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=காந்தன் |date=20 March 1960 |title=குறவஞ்சி |url=https://ibb.co/xLMWDvz |url-status=dead |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |language=ta |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702055014/https://ibb.co/xLMWDvz |archive-date=2 July 2022 |access-date=2 July 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Bibliography ==<br />
* {{Cite book |last1=Ganesan |first1=Sivaji |title=Autobiography of an Actor: Sivaji Ganesan, October 1928&nbsp;– July 2001 |title-link=Autobiography of an Actor |last2=Narayana Swamy |first2=T. S. |publisher=Sivaji Prabhu Charities Trust |year=2007 |oclc=297212002 |author-link=Sivaji Ganesan |orig-date=2002}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title|0369640}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1960 films]]<br />
[[Category:1960s Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by T. R. Pappa]]<br />
[[Category:Films with screenplays by M. Karunanidhi]]<br />
[[Category:Indian films]]</div>UpdateBothttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conservation_Education_Centre&diff=334119Conservation Education Centre2022-07-02T05:50:28Z<p>UpdateBot: robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)</p>
<hr />
<div><!-- [[WP:NFCC]] violation: [[File:BNHSlogo.png|right|thumb|253x253px|The Hornbill, official logo of Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS) since 2004]] --><br />
The '''Conservation Education Centre''' ('''CEC''') is the education and awareness wing of the [[Bombay Natural History Society]] (BNHS).<ref name="About CEC">{{cite web|last=About CEC|title=About CEC|url=http://www.bnhs.org/education-mainmenu/about-us.html|work=CEC|publisher=Nucleus Advertising/Nucleus Internet|accessdate=13 June 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514151247/http://www.bnhs.org/education-mainmenu/about-us.html|archivedate=14 May 2013}}</ref> The Conservation Education Centre is located on the BNHS Nature Reserve in [[Goregaon]], Mumbai, [[India]]. The CEC came into existence on the BHNS Reserve in 1997.<br />
<br />
The centre is situated on 33 acres of forest land of the BNHS Nature Reserve. This land was leased by the [[Government of Maharashtra]] to BNHS in 1983 during its centenary celebrations. The CEC was established in 1993. The BNHS Nature Reserve lies between the [[Sanjay Gandhi National Park]] and Film City.<br />
<br />
[[Sanjay Gandhi National Park|National Park]] (formerly known as the Borivali National Park) is the catchment area for [[Mumbai]]'s lakes and is home for 25 species of mammals (including leopards), 275 species of birds, 150 species of butterflies and various species of flora. It is common to see many of the park's biodiversity occurring within the BNHS Nature Reserve as well.<ref name="Education">{{cite web|last=CEC Education Programmes|title=CEC|url=http://www.bnhs.org/education/training-and-workshops.html|publisher=Nucleus Advertising/Nucleus Internet|accessdate=14 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626112059/http://www.bnhs.org/education/training-and-workshops.html|archive-date=26 June 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
Since its inception in 1997, the centre has designed and implemented 24 educational projects. It has also developed 161 educational materials, including three teachers' manuals, two student manuals, and five field guides. It has hosted 42 exhibits. It also has 573 books based on education and natural history at its library.<ref name="History of CEC">{{cite web|last=CEC|title=History of CEC|url=http://www.bnhs.org/education-mainmenu/about-us/history-of-cec.html|work=CEC|publisher=Nucleus Advertising/Nucleus Internet|accessdate=13 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529232158/http://bnhs.org/education-mainmenu/about-us/history-of-cec.html|archive-date=29 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
== History of CEC ==<br />
[[File:Flamingos at Mahul Sewree Mudflats Mumbai by Dr. Raju Kasambe.JPG|right|thumb|225x225px|Bird-watching programmes are organized to watch flamingos in Sewri, Mumbai.]]<br />
In 1993 the Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS) initiated a three-year Conservation Education Project (CEP) in Mumbai, Tamil Nadu and Bharatpur. The project was funded by [[Department of International Development]], U.K. (formerly known as ODA) in technical collaboration with [[Royal Society for the Protection of Birds]] (RSPB), U.K. The aim of the project was to study the biotic pressure exerted by the people living in and around three protected areas, namely [[Sanjay Gandhi National Park]], [[Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary]] and [[Keoladeo National Park]].<ref name="History of CEC"/><br />
<br />
The outcome of the study was to provide remedies for reducing the biotic pressures involving local stakeholders. The final product of the project was to establish a Conservation Education Centre (CEC) in Mumbai for continuing education in environment education.<ref name="History of CEC"/> The CEC became functional in 1997 on the BNHS Nature Reserve (BNR) which was leased by the [[Government of Maharashtra]].<br />
<br />
==Educational programmes==<br />
The educational programmes for students cover basic environmental aspects. As part of these programmes, CEC shows audio-video interactive presentations. The Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS) has been actively establishing nature clubs for the past 10 years under the banner of "Hornbill Nature Club", aptly named after the BNHS mascot. The nature club activities include syllabus based programmes that are conducted throughout the year.<ref name="CEC Education">{{cite web|last=Education|first=Programmes|title=Student Programmes|url=http://www.bnhs.org/education-mainmenu/educational-programmes/schools.html|work=CEC|publisher=Nucleus Advertising/Nucleus Internet|accessdate=14 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529150054/http://bnhs.org/education-mainmenu/educational-programmes/schools.html|archive-date=29 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> The CEC conducts a range of indoor and outdoor activities with students and teachers.<br />
<br />
== Corporate programmes ==<br />
Corporate Programmes at CEC are customized employee sensitization workshops that include wilderness camps, eco-days celebrations and volunteering opportunities. Activities such as tree planting, habitat restoration, clean-up drive and awareness campaigns are also conducted.<ref name=CSR>{{cite web|last=CEC CSR|title=CEC|url=http://www.bnhs.org/education-mainmenu/educational-programmes/corporates.html|publisher=Nucleus Advertising/Nucleus Internet|accessdate=14 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514151337/http://www.bnhs.org/education-mainmenu/educational-programmes/corporates.html|archive-date=14 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> These workshops consist of presentations on carbon footprints, green lifestyle biodiversity plot study and [[Electronic waste|E-waste]].<br />
<br />
== Biodiversity surveys ==<br />
The USP of the Bombay Natural History Society has been conservation through scientific studies, which form the basis of environment education imparted by CEC. The CEC has been involved in several biodiversity surveys at various locations in and around Mumbai.<ref name="Biodiversity Survey">{{cite web|last=Biodiversity Survey|title=CEC|url=http://www.bnhs.org/education-mainmenu/educational-programmes/biodiversity-surveys.html|publisher=Nucleus Advertising/Nucleus Internet|accessdate=14 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529175821/http://bnhs.org/education-mainmenu/educational-programmes/biodiversity-surveys.html|archive-date=29 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
The biodiversity surveys undertaken by CEC include:<br />
* Rapid Biodiversity Assessment Survey of Welspun, Salav (2010-2011)<ref name="Biodiversity Survey"/><br />
* Biodiversity Survey of Nature Park in Navi Mumbai (2006-2008)<ref name="Biodiversity Survey"/><br />
* Biodiversity Survey of ICI Campus in Kopar Khairane, Navi Mumbai (2004-2005)<ref name="Biodiversity Survey"/><br />
<br />
== Online courses ==<br />
CEC has been conducting online year-long courses in biodiversity conservation and entomology for the past two years. In 2013, CEC launched a two more year-long online courses in basic [[ornithology]] and [[herpetology]]. The following courses are hosted by CEC:<br />
<br />
* Leadership Course in Biodiversity Conservation<ref name=CEC>{{cite web|last=CEC Online Courses|title=CEC|url=http://www.bnhs.org/education-mainmenu/online-courses.html|publisher=Nucleus Advertising/Nucleus Internet|accessdate=18 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529180458/http://bnhs.org/education-mainmenu/online-courses.html|archive-date=29 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
* Basic Course in Herpetology<ref name="CEC"/><br />
* Course in Basic Ornithology<ref name="CEC"/><br />
* Young Naturalist course<br />
<br />
In 2017, Conservation Education Centre, BNHS (Mumbai) is conducting five online hybrid courses with newly designed syllabi. Two of the courses are of short duration and are of six months duration. <br />
Following are the courses of CEC, BNHS:<br />
<br />
* Leadership Course in Biodiversity Conservation (course duration is one year: June 2016 to May 2017)<br />
* Basic Course in Ornithology (course duration is one year: July 2017 to June 2018)<br />
* Basic Course in Herpetology (course duration is six months: June 2017 to Nov 2017)<br />
* Certificate Course in Butterfly studies (course duration is six months: June 2017 to Nov 2017)<br />
<br />
== Training and workshops ==<br />
CEC organizes workshop and training programmes about various aspects of environmental and education. The following workshops are imparted at CEC:<br />
<br />
* Professional Development Workshop for Teachers<ref name="CEC Training and Workshops">{{cite web|last=CEC Training|title=CEC|url=http://www.bnhs.org/education-mainmenu/training-and-workshops.html|publisher=Nucleus Advertising/Nucleus Internet|accessdate=18 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514151410/http://www.bnhs.org/education-mainmenu/training-and-workshops.html|archive-date=14 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
* Green Lifestyle Workshop for School, Community or Corporates<ref name="CEC Training and Workshops"/><br />
* Green Guide Training Programme<ref name="CEC Training and Workshops"/><br />
* Citizen Science Project: Be a Scientist for a Day<ref name="CEC Training and Workshops"/><br />
<br />
== Notable conservation education projects ==<br />
CEC has completed 26 conservation education projects in different streams of environment education such as implementation of nature education centres, establishing Hornbill Nature Clubs, developing environment education materials, conducting biodiversity surveys, and conducting training and capacity building programmes.<ref name="Conservation Projects">{{cite web|last=Conservation Projects|title=CEC|url=http://www.bnhs.org/education-mainmenu/conservation-education-projects.html|publisher=Nucleus Advertising/Nucleus Internet|accessdate=14 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514151303/http://www.bnhs.org/education-mainmenu/conservation-education-projects.html|archive-date=14 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> The following are a few notable projects undertaken by CEC:<br />
<br />
=== Ongoing projects ===<br />
==== Conservation Education Centre, Delhi (2005-present) ====<br />
The CEC was set up at the [[Asola Bhatti Wildlife Sanctuary]]. It was modeled on CEC Mumbai. This centre contains interactive educational displays, nature trails, educational resources for teachers, outreach programmes in Delhi schools, and interaction with non-government organisations and decision makers.<ref name="Completed Projects">{{cite web|last=Completed Projects|title=CEC|url=http://www.bnhs.org/education-mainmenu/conservation-education-projects/completed-projects.html|publisher=Nucleus Advertising/Nucleus Internet|accessdate=14 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514151309/http://www.bnhs.org/education-mainmenu/conservation-education-projects/completed-projects.html|archive-date=14 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> The funding agency is the Delhi Forest Department.<br />
<br />
==== Hornbill Nature Club at Gold Crest High School (2011) ====<br />
The CEC launched the Hornbill Nature Club in Goldcrest High School in Vashi in June 2011.<ref name="Ongoing Projects">{{cite web|last=Ongoing Projects|title=CEC|url=http://www.bnhs.org/education-mainmenu/conservation-education-projects/ongoing-projects.html|publisher=Nucleus Advertising/Nucleus Internet|accessdate=14 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514151312/http://www.bnhs.org/education-mainmenu/conservation-education-projects/ongoing-projects.html|archive-date=14 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> The activities in the club are based on nine themes: Biodiversity, Monsoon Diversity, Endangered Wildlife, Grassland Ecosystem, Water Conservation, Energy Conservation, Adaptation in Nature, Waste Management and Mangroves.<ref name="Ongoing Projects"/><br />
<br />
=== Completed projects ===<br />
<br />
==== Nature Interpretation Centre (Matheran) ====<br />
This Nature Interpretation Centre aims at raising awareness about the environment and to address the need for nature conservation, besides highlighting the importance of the [[Eco-Sensitive Zone|Eco-Sensitive zone]] in [[Matheran]]. Under the first phase of this project Conservation Education Centre will carry out a basic biodiversity survey of Matheran, identify nature trails, establish a butterfly and medicinal garden and train the locals as nature guides for the Matheran Municipal Corporation. The basic biodiversity survey will be conducted for the plants, insects, amphibians, reptiles and birds.<ref name="Ongoing Projects"/> The list of flora and fauna developed during the survey will be used to develop exhibits in the second phase of the projects. The nature trail identification involves a survey of the existing paths to check the biodiversity, and the possibility of conducting a nature trail on these paths will be explored. These trails will be mapped on Google Maps and will be included in the Nature Trail Manual.<ref name="Ongoing Projects"/><br />
<br />
==== Periyar Consultancy Project (1997-2000) ====<br />
The project involved a complete and comprehensive awareness-attitude survey of visitors, staff and locals at the [[Periyar Tiger Reserve]] in Kerala.<ref name="Completed Projects"/> The objective was to study the awareness level and attitude of people towards forest resources, forest department and ecodevelopment activities. Based on the results of this survey, recommendations were made for new educational activities that could be carried out, new exhibits to be installed to raise the awareness level and outreach programmes to improve community relations.<ref name="Completed Projects"/> The funding agency was [[Project Tiger]].<ref name="Completed Projects"/><br />
<br />
==== Capacity Development Programme for Teachers (1999-2002) ====<br />
This encompassed the development of new educational material such as displays, signage and audiovisuals as well as training workshops for teachers. A Green Teacher Kit was then developed as a resource material for teachers on natural history and environment education. The project also initiated a series of environmental awareness programmes in schools across Mumbai.<ref name="Completed Projects"/> The funding agency was the Tata Education Trust.<ref name="Completed Projects"/><br />
<br />
==== Vacation Training Programme in Bioresources for School Children (2005-2006) ====<br />
A month-long course was designed to train and enhance awareness in school children about the relevance of bioresources, and the relationship between bioresources and biotechnology.<ref name="Completed Projects"/> The course consisted of extensive field trips to different ecosystems within Mumbai. The funding was done by Department of Biotechnology, Govt. of India.<ref name="Completed Projects"/><br />
<br />
==== Conservation Education Programme for Underprivileged Children (2006-2007) ====<br />
The project was commenced in January 2006 and involved bringing groups of underprivileged children through [[NGO]]s for an all expenses paid visit to CEC. The CEC was visited by 2535 students form 16 NGOs and 10 schools.<ref name="Completed Projects"/> This project also encompassed a wide variety of innovative installations like new displays for the display room, signage for the nature trails and even a wallpaper magazine, ''Dhanesh'', that was distributed amongst BMC schools.<ref name="Completed Projects"/> The funding was done by the Public Affairs Section of the U.S. Department of State, American Consulate.<ref name="Completed Projects"/><br />
<br />
==== Hornbill Nature Clubs for Underpriviledged Schools (2010-2011) ====<br />
Named after the iconic mascot of the Bombay Natural History Society, Hornbill Clubs were designed to be conservation nature clubs. In 2007, Hornbill Nature Clubs were initiated and established in two schools for underprivileged students: Maharani Sai Bai Vidyalaya and Mangesh Vidyalaya. These nature clubs focused on imparting environment literacy through indoor and outdoor programmes. In 2008, Hornbill nature clubs were set up in two additional schools viz Harnai Vidyalaya and Gurukul Vidyalaya.<ref name="Completed Projects"/> The funding of this project was done by Dr. Mrudula Thakkar.<br />
<br />
==== World Environment Day in Mumbai (2011) ====<br />
The project aimed at creating awareness about Mumbai's environment amongst the citizens. Under this project the [[World Environment Day]] was celebrated in Mumbai and funded by [[Ministry of Environment and Forests]] and [[UNEP]]. Through this project, the Bombay Natural History Society developed 22 panel exhibition on Mumbai'seEnvironment.<ref name="Completed Projects"/> This exhibition was installed at [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus|CST]] and [[Churchgate]] stations from 2–4 June 2011.<ref name="Completed Projects"/><br />
<br />
On the eve of World Environment Day, the closing ceremony was organized at BNHS's Conservation Education Centre, wherein the book ''Green Guide for Teachers'' was launched by the hands of Smt. Usha Thorat, vice-president, BNHS. The bilingual book was funded by MMR Environment Improvement Society (MMREIS) and Sir Dorabaji Tata Trust.<ref name="Completed Projects"/><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
https://web.archive.org/web/20170420231203/http://bnhs.org/bnhs/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=125&Itemid=502<br />
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[[Category:Nature conservation in India]]</div>UpdateBothttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sameer_Oraon&diff=317872Sameer Oraon2022-07-02T05:45:27Z<p>UpdateBot: robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}<br />
{{more citations needed|date=June 2019}}<br />
{{copyedit|date=July 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Samir Oraon<br />
| office = [[Member of Parliament|MP]] of [[Rajya Sabha]] for [[Jharkhand]]<br />
| term_start = 4 May 2018<br />
| term_end = <br />
| predecessor = [[Sanjiv Kumar (politician)|Sanjiv Kumar]], [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]]<br />
| successor = <br />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Samir Oraon''' is a [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] Leader.At present he is Member Of Parliament Rajya Sabha From Jharkhand & BJP Vice President (Jharkhand Unit) On 23 March 2018 he got elected to the Rajya Sabha by getting 27 first preference votes out of 78.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/ranchi/story-bjp-s-samir-uraon-and-congress-s-dhiraj-sahu-win-1866814.html|title=राज्यसभा चुनाव: भाजपा के समीर उरांव और कांग्रेस के धीरज साहु जीते|website=www.livehindustan.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Oraon, Sameer}}<br />
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Jharkhand]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Jharkhand-BJP-politician-stub}}</div>UpdateBothttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=O._Panneerselvam&diff=330688O. Panneerselvam2022-07-02T05:42:11Z<p>UpdateBot: </p>
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<div>{{short description|Indian politician and Former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu}}<br />
{{Indian patronymic|Panneerselvam|Ottakarathevar}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = O. Panneerselvam<br />
| image = O. Panneerselvam.jpg<br />
| caption = Panneerselvam in 2017<br />
| office = 5th [[Leader of Opposition|Deputy Leader of the Opposition]] in [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start = 14 June 2021<br />
| term_end = Incumbent <br />
| 1blankname = Leader<br />
| 1namedata = [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]<br />
| predecessor = [[Durai Murugan]] | successor = <br />
| constituency = [[Bodinayakkanur (state assembly constituency)|Bodinayakkanur]]<br />
| 1blankname1 = Leader<br />
| 1namedata1 = [[J. Jayalalithaa]]| term_start1 = 29 May 2006<br />
| term_end1 = 14 May 2011 <br />
| predecessor1 = [[K. A. Sengottaiyan]]<br />
| successor1 = [[Panruti S. Ramachandran]]<br />
| constituency1 = [[Bodinayakkanur (state assembly constituency)|Bodinayakkanur]] <br />
| office3 = 6th [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]]<br />
| term_start3 = 6 December 2016<br />
| term_end3 = 15 February 2017<br />
| governor3 = [[C. Vidyasagar Rao]] <br/>{{small|(Addit. charge)}}<br />
| predecessor3 = [[J. Jayalalithaa]]<br />
| successor3 = [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]<br />
| term_start4 = 28 September 2014<br />
| term_end4 = 23 May 2015<br />
| governor4 = [[Konijeti Rosaiah]]<br />
| predecessor4 = [[J. Jayalalithaa]]<br />
| successor4 = [[J. Jayalalithaa]]<br />
| term_start5 = 21 September 2001<br />
| term_end5 = 2 March 2002<br />
| governor5 = [[C. Rangarajan]] <br/>{{small|(Addit. charge)}}<br />[[P. S. Ramamohan Rao]]<br />
| predecessor5 = [[J. Jayalalithaa]]<br />
| successor5 = [[J. Jayalalithaa]]<br />
| office2 = 2nd [[Deputy Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]]<br />
| term_start2 = 21 August 2017<br />
| term_end2 = 6 May 2021<br />
| governor2 = [[C. Vidyasagar Rao]] <br/>{{small|(Addit. charge)}}<br/>[[Banwarilal Purohit]]<br />
| 1blankname2 = Chief Minister<br />
| 1namedata2 = [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]<br />
| predecessor2 = [[M. K. Stalin]]<br />
| successor2 = <br />
| office6 = Acting [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]] | governor6 = [[C. Vidyasagar Rao]] <br/>{{small|(Addit. charge)}} | 1blankname6 = Chief Minister | 1namedata6 = [[J. Jayalalithaa]] | term_start6 = 12 October 2016 | term_end6 = 5 December 2016 | office7 = 16th [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start7 = 19 May 2006<br />
| term_end7 = 28 May 2006<br />
|deputy7 = [[K. A. Sengottaiyan]] | 1blankname7 = Chief Minister <br />
| 1namedata7 = [[M. Karunanidhi]] <br />
| predecessor7 = [[K. Anbazhagan]]<br />
| successor7 = [[J. Jayalalithaa]]<br />
| office8 = [[Finance minister|Minister of Finance]] in The [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]<br />
| 1blankname8 = Chief Minister<br />
| 1namedata8 = [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]<br />
| term_start8 = 21 August 2017<br />
| term_end8 = 6 May 2021<br />
| predecessor8 = [[D. Jayakumar]]<br />
| successor8 = [[Palanivel Thiagarajan]]<br />
| 1blankname9 = Chief Minister<br />
| 1namedata9 = {{ubl|[[J. Jayalalithaa]]|''Himself''}}<br />
| term_start9 = 16 May 2011<br />
| term_end9 = 15 February 2017<br />
| predecessor9 = [[K. Anbazhagan]]<br />
| successor9 = [[D. Jayakumar]]<br />
| office10 = Member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start10 = 16 May 2011<br />
| term_end10 = <br />
| predecessor10 = [[S. Lakshmanan]]<br />
| constituency10 = [[Bodinayakkanur (state assembly constituency)|Bodinayakkanur]]<br />
| term_start11 = 14 May 2001<br />
| term_end11 = 15 May 2011<br />
| constituency11 = [[Periyakulam (state assembly constituency)|Periyakulam]]<br />
| predecessor11 = [[L. Mookiah]]<br />
| successor11 = [[A. Laser]]<br />
| office12 = Coordinator of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br />
| deputy12 = {{ubl|[[K. P. Munusamy]]|[[R. Vaithilingam]]}}<br />
| 1blankname12 = Joint Coordinator <br />
| 1namedata12 = [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]] <br />
| term_start12 = 21 August 2017<br />
| predecessor12 = ''Position established''<br />
| term_end12 = 23 June 2022<ref name="coordexpires" /><br />
| successor12 = ''Position abolished''<br />
| office13 = Treasurer of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br />
| term_start14 = 28 August 2007<br />
| term_end14 = 14 February 2017<br />
| 1blankname14 = General Secretary<br />
| 1namedata14 = {{ubl|[[J. Jayalalithaa]]|[[V. K. Sasikala]]}}<br />
| predecessor14 = [[T. T. V. Dhinakaran]]<br />
| successor14 = [[C. Sreenivasan]] | term_start13 = 21 August 2017 | term_end13 = | 1blankname13 = Coordinator | predecessor13 = [[C. Sreenivasan]]<br />
| 1namedata13 = ''Himself''<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1951|1|14}}<ref name=ATN>{{cite web | url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/15thassembly/hondycm.html | title=Thiru O. Panneerselvam Hon'ble Deputy Chief Minister | publisher=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly | access-date=12 January 2020}}</ref><br />
| birth_place = [[Periyakulam]], [[Madras State]] (present-day [[Theni District]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]) <br />
| party = [[File:AIADMK_Official_Flag.png|20px]] [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] <small>(1973{{endash}}present)</small><br />
| otherparty = <br />
| spouse = P. Vijayalakshmi (dead 2021)<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-09-01 |title=Sasikala meets Panneerselvam, condoles his wife’s death by holding his hands |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/sasikala-meets-panneerselvam-condoles-his-wifes-death-holding-his-hands/articleshow/85827958.cms |access-date=2021-09-02}}</ref><br />
| children = 3 including [[P. Raveendranath Kumar]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/panneerselvam-wife-vijayalakshmi-dies-after-heart-attack-1847832-2021-09-01 | title=AIADMK leader Panneerselvam’s wife Vijayalakshmi passes away after heart attack | publisher=India Today | date=1 September 2021 | accessdate=3 September 2021 | author=Akshaya Nath}}</ref><br />
| father = Ottakkara Thevar<br />
| mother = Palaniammal Nachiar<br />
| residence =<br />
* Thenpennai<br>31, [[Greenways Road]], [[Raja Annamalaipuram]], [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]] (official) <br />
* 145/70, South Agharaharam, Thenkarai, Periyakulam, [[Theni District]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]] (permanent) <br />
| education = [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]]<br />
| alma_mater = Hajee Karutha Rowther Howdia College<br />
| awards = International Rising Star of the Year-Asia (2019)<br />
| signature =<br />
| nickname = O.P.S.,Periyakullathar<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Ottakarathevar Panneerselvam''' Popularly Known as '''O.P.S.'''(born 14 January 1951)<ref name=ATN /> is an Indian politician who served as the 6th Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu for 3 terms from 2001 -2002 , 2014-2015 and 2016-2017 and the 2nd [[Deputy Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]] from 21 August 2017 to 6 May 2021 , one time served as the acting Chief Minister. He is currently the party [[Treasurer]] of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] since 28 August 2007.<ref name="coordexpires"/><br />
<br />
He is a senior leader of the AIADMK political party and was a staunch aide of former chief minister of Tamil Nadu and AIADMK General Secretary [[J. Jayalalithaa]]. His first two terms as Chief Minister came when he replaced Jayalalithaa in the role, after she was forced to resign by the courts. His third term began following Chief Minister Jayalalithaa's death and ended two months later, [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]] was selected as the Chief Minister.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/governor-vidyasagar-rao-palanisamy-panneerselvam-aiadmk-tamil-nadu-cm/1/884014.html|title=E Palaniswami is new Tamil Nadu Chief Minister, 30 other AIADMK leaders take oath at Raj Bhavan|access-date=2017-02-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/aiadmk-tussle-sasikala-in-jail-panneerselvam-and-palaniswami-compete-for-tamil-nadu-cm-post/story-oSL10dQQ4YXmOxAl88b53K.html|title=Palaniswami takes oath as CM, OPS says will fight for justice|date=2017-02-16|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=2017-02-16|language=en}}</ref> He was sworn in as the Deputy Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu on 21 August 2017. He also holds portfolios of Finance, Housing, Rural Housing, Housing Development, Slum Clearance Board and Accommodation Control, Town Planning, Urban Development, and [[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/aiadmk-merger-panneerselvam-to-be-deputy-cm-gets-finance-portfolio/article19533739.ece|title=AIADMK merger: Panneerselvam is Deputy CM, gets finance portfolio|date=21 August 2017|work=The Hindu|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> On 4 January 2018, O. Panneerselvam elected as Leader of the House in [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]].<br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
Panneerselvam was born on 14 January 1951 in [[Periyakulam]], Tamil Nadu. He obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree from Haji Karutha Rowther Howdia College in [[Uthamapalayam]], [[Theni district]]. His close friend Salavuddin from Tenali encouraged him into politics. He also owned some agricultural land. He is married to P. Vijayalakshmi and the couple have three children. He is currently elected from the constituency of [[Bodinayakkanur]], in Theni district. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/political-leaders/o-panneerselvam.html|title=O. Panneerselvam Biography - About family, political life, awards won, history|access-date=17 February 2017}}</ref> His wife died on 1 September 2021 due to a heart attack. <ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/other/former-tamil-nadu-deputy-chief-minister-o-panneerselvam-s-wife-passes-away/ar-AANY822?ocid=msedgntp|title=Former Tamilnadu Deputy Chief Minister O Panneerselvam's wife passes away|access-date=1 Sep 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Political career==<br />
<br />
===Early political career===<br />
Paneerselvam started his political career periyakulam as a worker of the AIADMK in 1973 after [[M. G. Ramachandran]] split from the DMK. He was Chairman of [[Periyakulam]] Municipality from 1996 to 2001.<br />
[[File:The Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Shri O. Panneerselvam calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on January 19, 2017.jpg|left|thumb|Panneerselvam with Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi in 2017]]<br />
<br />
===First term as Chief Minister, 2001-2002===<br />
He was sworn in as the 6th [[List of Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]] in September 2001 when the Chief Minister Jayalalithaa was barred from holding office by the [[Supreme Court of India]]. During his stint as Chief Minister, he was widely criticised for allegedly heading a [[puppet government]] managed by Jayalalithaa. His tenure lasted for six months, from 21 September 2001 to 1 March 2002. In March 2002, he resigned as Chief Minister and Jayalalithaa was sworn in again after the Madras high Court overturned her conviction and she won a [[by-election]] from [[Andipatti (state assembly constituency)|Andipatti]] assembly constituency. From 2 March 2002 to 13 December 2003, he was the Minister for Public Works, Prohibition and Excise. Subsequently, he was also entrusted with the Revenue department's charge from 13 December 2003 to May 15 2006.<br />
<br />
===Leader of the Opposition, 2006===<br />
After the party lost the assembly elections in May 2006, Panneerselvam was the leader of the AIADMK legislative party and the [[Opposition (parliamentary)|Leader of the Opposition]] in the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] for about nine days. In that election, he was elected to be the member of Tamil Nadu legislative assembly from [[Periyakulam (state assembly constituency)|Periyakulam]]. <br />
===First Term as Deputy Leader of Opposition, 2006===<br />
After Jayalalithaa, Replaced Panneerselvam And He Sworn As Deputy Leader of Opposition.<br />
<br />
===Second term as Chief Minister, 2014-2015===<br />
<br />
In 2011, he contested as an AIADMK candidate from the [[Bodinayakkanur (state assembly constituency)|Bodinayakkanur]] and won. Again, he became the Minister of Finance in Jayalalithaa's government and held the office from 16 May 2011 to 27 September 2014. He was again entrusted with the responsibility of being Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu on 29 September 2014 when Jayalalitha was convicted in the disproportionate assets case. On 22 May 2015, he resigned as Chief Minister and Jayalalithaa was sworn in again after the Karnataka High Court acquitted her in the disproportionate assets case on 11 May 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/da-assets-case-live-paneerselvam-replaces-jaya-as-new-tamil-nadu-cm-1732413.html|title=DA case Live: Jayalalithaa walks out of prison, gets rousing welcome in Chennai|date=18 October 2014|access-date=17 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/TN-CM-O-Panneerselvam-resigns-makes-way-for-Jayalalithaa-to-take-over/articleshow/47379941.cms|title=TN CM O Panneerselvam resigns, makes way for Jayalalithaa to take over - Times of India|access-date=17 February 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
A year after his resignation, on 23 May 2016, he was sworn in as Minister for Finance and [[Tamil Nadu Public Works Department|Public Works Department]] in Jayalalithaa's government. <br />
<br />
===Third term as Chief Minister, 2016-2017===<br />
On 6 December 2016, Panneerselvam was elected as the [[List of Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]] following the death of incumbent Chief Minister Jayalalithaa.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/o-panneerselvam-jayalalitha-health-jayalalitha-news-tamil-nadu/1/827128.html|title=Its official: AIADMK leaders choose O Panneerselvam as Jayalalithaas successor|access-date=2016-12-05}}</ref> On 10 December he held his first cabinet meeting as a full-term Chief Minister.<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:The Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Shri O. Panneerselvam with his ministry colleagues January 19, 2017.jpg|left|thumb|Panneerselvam with his Ministry in 2017]] -->.<ref>{{cite news|title=O Panneerselvam holds first cabinet meeting after Jayalalithaa's demise|url=http://www.india.com/news/india/o-panneerselvam-holds-first-cabinet-meeting-after-jayalalithaas-demise-1700280/|work=India.com|date=10 December 2016}}</ref> He tended his resignation as the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu on 6 February 2017 to the governor, who accepted and appointed him as the caretaker Chief Minister of the state to avoid a leadership vacuum, until further measures could be taken.{{Citation needed|date=February 2017}}.<br />
<br />
On 14 February 2017, he was expelled from the AIADMK by party general-secretary, [[V. K. Sasikala]]. Shortly after his expulsion, the Governor invited the newly elected legislative leader of the AIADMK, Edappadi K Palaniswami to form the government, following which he took over as chief minister on 16 February 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/ops-vs-sasikala-aiadmk-sacks-panneerselvam-19-other-rebel-leaders-from-party/articleshow/57144596.cms|title=AIADMK sacks Panneerselvam, 19 other rebel leaders from party - Times of India|access-date=17 February 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
===First Term as Deputy Chief Minister, 2017-2021===<br />
<br />
On 21 August 2017, Panneerselvam took oath as Deputy Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu on the same day of the Party Merger with then Chief Minister [[Edappadi K Palaniswami|EPS]] faction.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.india.com/news/india/aiadmk-unites-ops-takes-oath-as-deputy-chief-minister-2417459/|title=AIADMK Unites, OPS Takes Oath as Deputy Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|work=india.com|access-date=21 August 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Second Term as Deputy Leader of Opposition, 2021===<br />
<br />
After the party lost the assembly elections in May 2021, Panneerselvam won the [[Bodinayakkanur (state assembly constituency)|Bodinayakkanur]] constituency and was elected as the Deputy [[Leader of the Opposition]] in [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] On 14 June 2021.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ops-be-deputy-opposition-leader-tamil-nadu-assembly-150676|title=OPS to be deputy opposition leader in Tamil Nadu Assembly|work=thenewsminute|access-date=15 June 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Leadership Tussle with Edappadi K. Palaniswami===<br />
<br />
On 14 June 2022, Citing the party's troubles in the polls, AIADMK district secretaries and other senior party members spoke out to shun the “dual leadership” system and came out publicly in favor of strong unitary leader to strengthen the organisation. <br />
<br />
[[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]] supporters pushed for the change in the party's leadership structure by staging a [[Coup d'état|political coup]] against AIADMK Coordinator O. Panneerselvam, who had become weak within the party. According to many sources, of the AIADMK’s 75 district secretaries, hardly 10 supported him. Of the party’s 66 MLAs, only five MLAs were reportedly on O. Panneerselvam side and less than 20 percent of the party’s general council members behind him ahead of crucial general council meeting on 23 June 2022, which was expected to elect the single leadership to the party.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tamil-nadu-can-united-front-of-the-aiadmk-survive/articleshow/92324965.cms | title=Tamil Nadu: Can united front of the AIADMK survive? |website=The Times of India| date=20 June 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/eps-vs-ops-aiadmk-grapples-with-internecine-struggle-for-party-control-7978287/ | title=EPS vs OPS: AIADMK grapples with internecine struggle for party control |website=The New Indian Express| date=19 June 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/more-voices-emerge-in-favour-of-unitary-leadership-in-aiadmk/article65543471.ece | title=More voices emerge in favour of unitary leadership in AIADMK |website=The Hindu| date=19 June 2022 }}</ref><br />
<br />
On 30 June 2022, [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]] wrote a letter to O. Panneerselvam asserting the latter ceased to be the party coordinator as the amendments made to the party’s bylaw in the 2020 December executive committee meeting were not recognised in the general council meeting held on June 23.<ref name="coordexpires">{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/o-panneerselvam-letter-edappadi-k-palaniswami-aiadmk-coordinator-tamil-nadu-8001329/ | title=Tamil Nadu: Indicating OPS is no longer AIADMK coordinator, EPS says his letter on local body polls invalid |website=indianexpress| date=30 June 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/you-are-no-longer-aiadmk-coordinator-eps-tells-ops-101656615805480.html | title=You are no longer AIADMK coordinator, EPS tells OPS |website=hindustantimes| date=1 July 2022 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Controversy==<br />
A report in [[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week magazine]] on December 2017, alleged that Panneerselvam was on the sand mining baron Sekhar Reddy's payroll.<ref>{{Cite web|title=O Panneerselvam Dodges Corruption Charge As Report Triggers New Row|url=https://www.ndtv.com/tamil-nadu-news/tamil-nadu-deputy-chief-minister-o-panneerselvam-dodges-corruption-charge-as-report-triggers-new-row-1785498|access-date=2021-01-18|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> Reddy was arrested by the [[Income Tax Department|Income Tax department]] in March 2017 on money laundering charges. Five pages of the Reddy's Diary suggest alleged payments made to several AIADMK ministers, MLAs, and many others, amounting to more than ₹ 48 crore. At least five payments in which the word 'OPS' or the name of his secretary Ramesh was written are shown in the contents of the diary.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-12-08|title=Sekar Reddy’s ‘secret diary’: Were OPS, other ministers on mining baron’s payroll?|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sekar-reddy-s-secret-diary-were-ops-other-ministers-mining-baron-s-payroll-72826|access-date=2021-01-18|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=December 17, 2017|title=Money, and the man?|url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/specials/o-panneerselvam-wealth-money-and-the-man.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=The Week}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Elections contested==<br />
===Tamil Nadu Legislative elections===<br />
{|<br />
|- style="background:#adc;"<br />
! width="160" |Elections<br />
! width="100" |Constituency<br />
! width="70" |Party<br />
! width="70" |Result<br />
! width="70" |Vote percentage<br />
! width="150" |Opposition Candidate<br />
! width="70" |Opposition Party<br />
! width="70" |Opposition vote percentage<br />
|- style="background:#cfc;"<br />
| bgcolor="98FB98" |[[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]||[[Periyakulam (state assembly constituency)|Periyakulam]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]||Won||54.28||M. Abuthahir||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||38.62<br />
|- style="background:#ffc;"<br />
| bgcolor="98FB98" |[[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]||[[Periyakulam (state assembly constituency)|Periyakulam]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]||Won||49.81||[[L. Mookiah]]||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||39.00<br />
|- style="background:#cfc;"<br />
| bgcolor="98FB98" |[[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]||[[Bodinayakkanur (state assembly constituency)|Bodinayakkanur]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]||Won||56.69||[[S. Lakshmanan]]||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||38.89<br />
|- style="background:#ffc;"<br />
| bgcolor="98FB98" |[[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]||[[Bodinayakkanur (state assembly constituency)|Bodinayakkanur]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]||Won||49.38||[[S. Lakshmanan]]||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||41.63<br />
|- style="background:#ffc;"<br />
| bgcolor="98FB98" |[[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]||[[Bodinayakkanur (state assembly constituency)|Bodinayakkanur]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]||Won||46.58||[[Thanga Tamil Selvan]]||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||41.45<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== New Party Symbol==<br />
After his exit from AIADMK Panneerselvam and his supporters appealed to the election commission to take action against the party General Secretary [[V. K. Sasikala|VKS]] and chief minister [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami|EPS]] .He also made a point to them that he needs the two leaf party symbol to contest in [[Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar|RK Nagar]] election. Also, Edappadi K. Palaniswami and supporters appealed against him, but the election commission rejected both the appeals and allotted two different symbols to each party.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/230317/two-leaves-symbol-frozen-by-election-commission.html|title=Blow to AIADMK: ‘Two leaves’ symbol frozen by Election Commission|date=2017-03-23|work=deccanchronicle.com/|access-date=2017-06-12|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In August 2017 [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]] and O. Panneerselvam Faction merged. He was made Deputy Chief Minister and was also given finance Ministry.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[First Panneerselvam ministry]]<br />
*[[Second Panneerselvam ministry]]<br />
*[[O. Panneerselvam ministry (2016–17)]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{s-start}}<br />
{{s-off}}<br />
{{s-bef<br />
|before = [[J. Jayalalithaa]]<br />
| rows = 3<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{s-ttl<br />
|title = [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]]<br />First tenure<br />
| years = 2001–2002<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{s-aft<br />
|after = [[J. Jayalalithaa]]<br />
| rows = 2<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{s-ttl<br />
|title = [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]]<br />Second tenure<br />
| years = 2014–2015<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{s-break}}<br />
<br />
{{s-ttl<br />
|title = [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]]<br />Third tenure<br />
| years = 6 December 2016 – 16 February 2017<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{s-aft<br />
|after = [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{s-break}}<br />
{{s-bef<br />
|before = [[M. K. Stalin]]<br />
| rows = 1<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{s-ttl<br />
|title = [[Deputy Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]]<br />
| years = 21 August 2017 — 6 May 2021<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{s-aft<br />
|after = ''Vacant''<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{s-end}}<br />
<br />
{{Government of Tamil Nadu}}<br />
{{Council of Ministers of Tamil Nadu}}<br />
{{Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu}}<br />
{{Members of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly (2011–2016)|state=collapsed}}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Panneerselvam, O.}}<br />
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:1951 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Chief ministers from All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br />
[[Category:Leaders of the Opposition in Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Deputy Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Tamil politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil Nadu politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2011–2016]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2016–2021]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]</div>UpdateBothttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charan_Singh&diff=317899Charan Singh2022-07-02T05:41:01Z<p>UpdateBot: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Fifth Prime Minister of India (1979–1980)}}<br />
{{other people}}<br />
{{more citations needed|date=April 2012}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}} <br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Chaudhary Charan Singh<br />
| honorific-prefix = [[Chaudhary]]<br />
| image = Chaudhary Charan Singh01.jpg<br />
| image_size = <br />
| alt = Charan Singh<br />
| office = 5th [[Prime Minister of India]]<br />
| president = [[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]]<br />
| deputy = [[Yashwantrao Chavan]]<br />
| term_start = 28 July 1979<br />
| term_end = 14 January 1980<br />
<br />
| predecessor = [[Morarji Desai]]<br />
| successor = [[Indira Gandhi]]<br />
| office2 = [[Minister of Finance]]<br />
| primeminister2 = [[Morarji Desai]]<br />
| term_start2 = 24 January 1979<br />
| term_end2 = 16 July 1979<br />
| predecessor2 = [[H. M. Patel]]<br />
| successor2 = [[Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna]]<br />
| office1 = 3rd [[Deputy Prime Minister of India]]<br />
| primeminister1 = [[Morarji Desai]]<br />
| alongside1 = [[Jagjivan Ram]]<br />
| term_start1 = 24 January 1979<br />
| term_end1 = 16 July 1979<br />
| predecessor1 = [[Morarji Desai]]<br />
| successor1 = [[Yashwantrao Chavan]]<br />
| office4 = [[Minister for Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]]<br />
| primeminister4 = [[Morarji Desai]]<br />
| term_start4 = 24 March 1977<br />
| term_end4 = 1 July 1978<br />
| predecessor4 = [[Kasu Brahmananda Reddy]]<br />
| successor4 = [[Morarji Desai]]<br />
| office5 = [[List of Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh|5th Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
| term_start5 = 18 February 1970<br />
| term_end5 = 1 October 1970<br />
| predecessor5 = [[Chandra Bhanu Gupta]]<br />
| successor5 = [[President's rule]]<br />
| term_start6 = 3 April 1967<br />
| term_end6 = 25 February 1968<br />
| predecessor6 = [[Chandra Bhanu Gupta]]<br />
| successor6 = [[President's rule]]<br />
| birth_name = Chaudhary Charan Singh<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date|1902|12|23|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Hapur district|Noorpur]], [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]], [[British Raj|British India]] <br/>(present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]])<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|1987|5|29|1902|12|23|df=y}}<br />
| death_place = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]<br />
| party = [[Lokdal]] <small>(own party;1980–1987)</small><br />
| otherparty = [[Indian National Congress]] <small>(Before 1967)</small><br/>[[Bharatiya Lok Dal]] <small>(1967–1977)</small><br/>[[Janata Party]] <small>(1977–1979)</small><br/>[[Janata Party (Secular)]] <small>(1979–1980)</small><br />
| spouse = Gayatri Devi<br />
| children = 6; including [[Ajit Singh (politician)|Ajit Singh]]<br />
| alma_mater = [[Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar University, Agra|Agra University]]<br />
| signature = <br />
}}<br />
'''Chaudhary Charan Singh''' (23 December 1902 – 29 May 1987) served as the [[List of Prime Ministers of India|5th]] [[Prime Minister of India]] between 28 July 1979 and 14 January 1980. Historians and people alike frequently refer to him as the 'champion of India's peasants.'<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Byres|first=Terence J.|date=1 January 1988|title=Charan Singh, 1902–87: An assessment|journal=The Journal of Peasant Studies|volume=15|issue=2|pages=139–189|doi=10.1080/03066158808438356}}</ref><br />
<br />
Charan Singh was born on 23 December 1902 in a rural peasant [[Jat people|Jat]] family and [[Teotia]] clan<ref>{{Cite web|title=Prime Ministers of India - Charan Singh|url=https://www.indiainfoline.com/prime-ministers-of-india/charan-singh}}</ref> of village [[Noorpur, Uttar Pradesh|Noorpur]], District [[Hapur]] (Erstwhile District [[Meerut]]), [[Uttar Pradesh]] (Erstwhile [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]]).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.winstonchurchill.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=932 |publisher=The Churchill Centre|title=India: Making headway with the critics |author=The Churchill Centre |year=2002 |access-date=11 July 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060623171705/http://www.winstonchurchill.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=932 |archive-date=23 June 2006 }}</ref> Charan Singh entered politics as part of the [[India's Independence Movement|Independence Movement]] motivated by Mohandas Gandhi. He was active from 1931 in the Ghaziabad District [[Arya Samaj]] as well as the Meerut District [[Indian National Congress]] for which he was jailed twice by the British. Before independence, as a member of Legislative Assembly of the United Provinces elected in 1937, he took a deep interest in the laws that were detrimental to the village economy and he slowly built his ideological and practical stand against the exploitation of tillers of the land by landlords.<br />
<br />
Between 1952 and 1967, he was one of "three principal leaders in Congress state politics." He became particularly notable in [[Uttar Pradesh]] from the 1950s for drafting and ensuring the passage of what were then the most revolutionary land reform laws in any state in India under the tutelage of the then Chief Minister [[Govind Ballabh Pant|Pandit Govind Ballabh Pant]]; first as [[Parliamentary Secretary]] and then as Revenue Minister responsible for Land Reforms. He became visible on the national stage from 1959 when he publicly opposed the unquestioned leader and Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Jawaharlal Nehru's]] socialistic and collectivist land policies in the Nagpur Congress Session. Though his position in the faction-ridden UP Congress was weakened, this was a point when the middle peasant communities across castes in North India began looking up to him as their spokesperson and later as their unquestioned leader. Singh stood for tight government spending, enforced consequences for corrupt officers, and advocated a "firm hand in dealing with the demands of government employees for increased wages and dearness allowances." It is also worth noting that within the factional UP Congress, his ability to articulate his clear policies and values made him stand out from his colleagues. Following this period, Charan Singh defected from the Congress on 1 April 1967, joined the opposition party, and became the first non-Congress chief minister of UP.<ref name=brass>{{Cite journal|last=Brass|first=Paul R.|date=1993|title=Chaudhuri Charan Singh: An Indian Political Life|jstor=4400204|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=28|issue=39|pages=2087–2090}}</ref> This was a period when non-Congress governments were a strong force in India from 1967–1971.<br />
<br />
As leader of the [[Bharatiya Lok Dal]], a major constituent of the [[Janata Party|Janata coalition]], he was disappointed in his ambition to become Prime Minister in 1977 by [[Jayaprakash Narayan|Jayaprakash Narayan's]] choice of [[Morarji Desai]].<br />
<br />
During [[1977 Indian general election|1977 Lok Sabha Elections]], the fragmented opposition united a few months before the elections under the Janata Party banner, for which Chaudhary Charan Singh had been struggling almost single-handedly since 1974. It was because of the efforts of [[Raj Narain]] that he became Prime Minister in the year 1979 though Raj Narain was Chairman of Janata Party-Secular and assured Charan Singh of elevating him as Prime Minister, the way he helped him to become Chief Minister in the year 1967 in Uttar Pradesh. However, he resigned after just 24 weeks in office when [[Indira Gandhi|Indira Gandhi's]] [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]] withdrew support to the government. Charan Singh said he resigned because he was not ready to be blackmailed into withdrawing Indira Gandhi's emergency-related court cases.<ref name="Charan singh resigns">{{cite news|title=Charan singh resigns|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2507&dat=19790821&id=GctAAAAAIBAJ&sjid=D6YMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3658,4158767|access-date=21 March 2014|newspaper=The Glasgow Herald|date=21 August 1979}}</ref> Fresh elections were held six months later. Charan Singh continued to lead the Lok Dal in opposition until his death in 1987.<br />
<br />
==Early years – pre-Independence India==<br />
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2012}}<br />
<br />
Charan Singh's ancestor was a prominent leader of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], [[Raja Nahar Singh]] of [[Ballabhgarh]] (in present-day Haryana). Nahar Singh was sent to the gallows in [[Chandni Chowk]], [[Delhi]]. In order to escape the oppression from the [[British Raj|British Government]] following their defeat, the Maharaja's followers, including Charan Singh's grandfather moved eastward to district Bulandshaher in Uttar Pradesh.<br />
<br />
Charan Singh was born in Jat family on 23 December 1902 in the village [[Noorpur, Uttar Pradesh|Noorpur]], [[Meerut district]], [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]] (present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]]). He was a good student, and received a Master of Arts (MA) degree in 1925 and a law degree in 1926 from Agra University. He started practice as a civil lawyer at [[Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh|Ghaziabad]] in 1928.<br />
<br />
In February 1937 he was elected from the constituency of [[Chhaprauli]] (Baghpat) to the Legislative Assembly of the United Provinces at the age of 34. In 1938 he introduced an Agricultural Produce Market Bill in the Assembly which was published in the issues of The [[Hindustan Times]] of Delhi dated 31 March 1938. The Bill was intended to safeguard the interests of the farmers against the rapacity of traders. The Bill was adopted by most of the States in India, [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] being the first state to do so in 1940.<br />
<br />
Charan Singh followed [[Mahatma Gandhi]] in non-violent struggle for independence from the British Government, and was imprisoned several times. In 1930, he was sent to jail for 12 years by the British for contravention of the salt laws. He was jailed again for one year in November 1940 for individual Satyagraha movement. In August 1942 he was jailed again by the British under DIR and released in November 1943.<br />
<br />
==Independent India==<br />
<br />
Charan Singh opposed [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] on his Soviet-style economic reforms. Charan Singh was of the opinion that cooperative farms would not succeed in India. Being a son of a farmer, Charan Singh opined that the right of ownership was important to the farmer in remaining a cultivator. He wanted to preserve and stabilize a system of peasant proprietorship.<ref name=brass/> Charan Singh's political career suffered due to his open criticism of Nehru's economic policy.<br />
<br />
Charan Singh left the Congress party in 1967, and formed his own political party, [[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]]. With the help and support of [[Raj Narain]] and [[Ram Manohar Lohia]], he became [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]] in 1967, and later in 1970. In 1975, he was jailed again, but this time by then Indian Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]], daughter of his former rival Nehru. She had declared the [[Indian Emergency (1975-1977)|state of emergency]] and jailed all her political opponents. In the [[1977 Indian general election|1977 general elections]], the Indian populace voted her out, and the opposition party, of which Chaudhary Charan Singh was a senior leader came into power. He served as [[Deputy Prime Minister of India|Deputy Prime Minister]], [[Home Minister of India|Home Minister]] and Finance minister in the [[Premiership of Morarji Desai|Janata government headed by Morarji Desai]].<br />
<br />
==Prime Ministership==<br />
When the Janata Party won the [[1977 Indian general election|Lok Sabha elections in 1977]], its MPs authorized Congress elders [[Jayaprakash Narayan]] and [[Acharya Kripalani]] to choose the Prime Minister. Morarji Desai was chosen and he named Singh Home Minister. Singh was asked to resign in June 1978 following disagreements with Desai, but was brought back to the cabinet as Deputy Prime Minister in January 1979. The truce did not last long, and a mutiny reduced the government to a minority. Charan Singh was sworn in as Prime Minister on 28 July 1979, with outside support from Indira Gandhi's Congress (I) party and with [[Yeshwantrao Chavan]] of the [[Indian National Congress (Socialist)|Congress (Socialist)]] party as his Deputy Prime Minister. Just before he was to confirm his majority in the Lok Sabha, Indira Gandhi withdrew support to his government. He resigned on 20 August 1979, after just 23 days in office, becoming the only Prime Minister never to obtain the confidence of Parliament. Singh then advised President [[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]] to dissolve the Lok Sabha. Janata Party leader [[Jagjivan Ram]] challenged that advice and sought time to cobble support, but the Lok Sabha was dissolved, and Charan Singh continued as caretaker Prime Minister until January 1980.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/forty-years-ago-august-21-1979-charan-govt-resigns-5921778/|title = Forty Years Ago, August 21, 1979: Charan Govt Resigns|date = 21 August 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
<br />
Charan Singh had six children with wife Gayatri Devi (1905-2002). Gayatri Devi was elected an MLA from [[Iglas (Assembly constituency) | Iglas]] in 1969, from Gokul in 1974, then elected to Lok Sabha from [[Kairana (Lok Sabha constituency) | Kairana]] in 1980, and lost Lok Sabha election from [[Mathura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mathura]] in 1984. His son [[Ajit Singh (Indian politician)|Ajit Singh]] was the president of a political party [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]] and a former Union Minister and a many times Member of Parliament. Ajit Singh's son [[Jayant Chaudhary]] was elected to [[15th Lok Sabha]] from Mathura, which he lost to [[Hema Malini]] in the election of 2014.<br />
<br />
Singh suffered a [[stroke]] on 29 November 1985. He could not completely recover from the condition despite being treated the following March at a hospital in the US. At 11:35&nbsp;p.m. ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]]) on 28 May 1987 doctors were called for to his residence in [[New Delhi]], after his respiration was found "unsteady". Efforts to revive him failed and was declared dead at 2:35&nbsp;a.m. (IST) the following morning after a "cardiovascular collapse".<ref>{{cite news|title=Charan Singh Dead|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=woJlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=up4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=955%2C2755701|access-date=26 February 2018|work=The Indian Express|date=30 May 1987}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Legacy==<br />
{{See also|:Category:Memorials to Chaudhary Charan Singh}}<br />
<br />
He was the chief architect of land reforms in U.P.; he took a leading part in formulation and finalization of the Dept. Redemption Bill 1939, which brought great relief to rural debtors. It was also at his initiative that the salaries and other privileges enjoyed by Ministers in U.P. were drastically reduced. As Chief Minister he was instrumental in bringing about the Land Holding Act 1960 which was aimed at lowering the ceiling on land holdings to make it uniform throughout the State.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}<br />
Since his death, many who knew Singh have ensured his life and work are remembered positively. These perceptions enforce the notion that he was of a "higher category of leaders" in the areas of "intellect, personal integrity, and . . . coherence of his economic and social thought."<ref name=brass/> His association with causes dear to farming communities in India caused his memorial in New Delhi to be named ''[[Raj Ghat and other memorials|Kisan Ghat]]'' (in [[Hindi]], Kisan is the word for farmer and Ghat is word for river bank). His birthday on 23 December is celebrated as [[Kisan Diwas]] in India. A commemorative [[postage stamp]] was issued by the government of India on the third death anniversary (29 May 1990) of Charan Singh.<br />
<br />
The [[Amausi Airport]] in [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] was renamed Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport after him, and the University of [[Meerut]] in Uttar Pradesh, India, was also named [[Chaudhary Charan Singh University]] in his honour.<br />
<br />
== In popular culture ==<br />
''Kisan Kranti Ke Praneta - Ch. Charan Singh'' is a 1996 short documentary film directed by Ashok Vazirani and produced by the [[Films Division of India]] which covers the life and achievements of the prime minister including his contributions to the [[Agriculture in India|Indian agriculture sector]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=KISAN KRANTI KE PRENTA CHOWDHARY CHARAN SINGH {{!}} Films Division|url=https://filmsdivision.org/shop/kisan-kranti-ke-prenta-chowdhary-charan-singh|access-date=2021-06-10|website=filmsdivision.org}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Films Division|title=Kisan Kranti Ke Praneta - Ch. Charan Singh - Part 2|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zNUFhZix6TU |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/zNUFhZix6TU |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|language=en|access-date=2021-06-10}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Charan Singh has also been portrayed by Anwar Fatehan in the 2013 television series ''[[Pradhanmantri]]'' ({{Lit|Prime Minister}}), which covers the tenures of Indian PMs,<ref>{{Cite web|date=Oct 6, 2013|title=Pradhanmantri - Episode 13: India after emergency, Janata Party wins general election|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QMTXTPAvfxk |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/QMTXTPAvfxk |archive-date=2021-12-21|url-status=live|publisher=ABP News}}{{cbignore}}</ref> by Sundaram in the 2019 film ''[[NTR: Mahanayakudu]]'' which is based on the life of Indian actor-politician [[N. T. Rama Rao]].,<ref>{{Cite web|title=NTR: Kathanayakudu|url=https://www.primevideo.com/detail/NTR-Kathanayakudu/0N4PB9HFLEO7GYIAK0EV05XWN9|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-11|website=[[Amazon Prime Video]]|language=en-us|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611124106/https://www.primevideo.com/detail/NTR-Kathanayakudu/0N4PB9HFLEO7GYIAK0EV05XWN9 |archive-date=11 June 2021 }}</ref> and by [[Govind Namdeo]] in the 2021 film ''[[Main Mulayam Singh Yadav]]'' which charts the life of former Uttar Pradesh CM [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=Jul 15, 2020|title=Main Mulayam Singh Yadav {{!}} Official Trailer|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6mEa3Ge2-44|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200821071959/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6mEa3Ge2-44 |archive-date=21 August 2020 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Books==<br />
* ''Agrarian Revolution in Uttar Pradesh'' (1957)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Agrarian Revolution in Uttar Pradesh {{!}} Charan Singh|url=https://charansingh.org/books/316|access-date=2021-12-27|website=charansingh.org}}</ref><br />
*''Joint Farming X-rayed'' (1959)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Joint Farming X-Rayed: the Problem and its Solution {{!}} Charan Singh|url=https://charansingh.org/books/554|access-date=2021-12-27|website=charansingh.org}}</ref><br />
* ''India's Economic Policy – The Gandhian Blueprint'' (1978)<ref>{{Cite web|title=India’s Economic Policy – The Gandhian Blueprint {{!}} Charan Singh|url=https://charansingh.org/books/550|access-date=2021-12-27|website=charansingh.org}}</ref><br />
* ''Economic Nightmare of India: Its Cause and Cure'' (1981)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Economic Nightmare of India – Its Cause and Cure {{!}} Charan Singh|url=https://charansingh.org/books/544|access-date=2021-12-27|website=charansingh.org}}</ref><br />
* ''Abolition of Zamindari (1947)''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Abolition of Zamindari, Two Alternatives {{!}} Charan Singh|url=https://charansingh.org/books/243|access-date=2021-12-27|website=charansingh.org}}</ref><br />
* ''Whither Co-operative Farming (1956)''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Whither Co-operative Farming {{!}} Charan Singh Archives|url=https://charansingh.org/books/245|access-date=2022-06-24|website=charansingh.org}}</ref><br />
* ''Prevention of Division of Holdings Below a Certain Minimum''<br />
*''India’s Poverty and It’s Solution'' (1964)<ref>{{Cite web|title=India’s Poverty and It’s Solution {{!}} Charan Singh|url=https://charansingh.org/books/552|access-date=2021-12-27|website=charansingh.org}}</ref><br />
*''Land Reforms in UP and the Kulaks (1986)''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Land Reforms in UP and the Kulaks {{!}} Charan Singh|url=https://charansingh.org/books/536|access-date=2021-12-27|website=charansingh.org}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Bharatiya Kisan Union]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* {{cite book|author=Paul R Brass|author-link=Paul Brass|title=An Indian Political Life: Charan Singh and Congress Politics, 1957 to 1967|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AOH1MAEACAAJ|year=2012|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-81-321-0947-1}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{commons category-inline|Charan Singh}}<br />
* {{wikiquote-inline}}<br />
* {{OL author}}<br />
* [https://charansingh.org Public archives on Charan Singh]<br />
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{{s-ttl|title=Chairperson of the [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]]|years=1979–1980}}<br />
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{{Prime Ministers of India}}<br />
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{{Home Ministry (India)}}<br />
{{Energy Ministries and Departments of India}}<br />
{{Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)}}<br />
{{Ministry of Communications (India)}}<br />
{{Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Charan}}<br />
[[Category:1902 births]]<br />
[[Category:1987 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Charan Singh administration]]<br />
[[Category:Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Bharatiya Lok Dal politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Janata Party politicians]]<br />
[[Category:6th Lok Sabha members]]<br />
[[Category:7th Lok Sabha members]]<br />
[[Category:8th Lok Sabha members]]<br />
[[Category:People from Hapur district]]<br />
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1967–1969]]<br />
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Indians imprisoned during the Emergency (India)]]<br />
[[Category:Leaders of the Opposition in the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]<br />
[[Category:People from Baghpat]]<br />
[[Category:Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Farmers' rights activists]]<br />
[[Category:Prime Ministers of India]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Deputy Prime Ministers]]<br />
[[Category:Ministers of Internal Affairs of India]]<br />
[[Category:Finance Ministers of India]]<br />
[[Category:Ministers for Corporate Affairs]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century prime ministers of India]]</div>UpdateBothttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=1998_Indian_general_election&diff=3324421998 Indian general election2022-07-02T05:39:11Z<p>UpdateBot: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|General election in India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox election<br />
| election_name = 1998 Indian general election<br />
| country = India<br />
| type = parliamentary<br />
| previous_election = 1996 Indian general election<br />
| previous_year = 1996<br />
| next_election = 1999 Indian general election<br />
| next_year = 1999<br />
| election_date = 16, 22 and 28 February 1998<br />
| turnout = 61.97% ({{increase}} 4.03%)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/archive/ge98/index_ge.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=16 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727214722/http://eci.nic.in/archive/ge98/index_ge.htm |archive-date=27 July 2018 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><br />
| seats_for_election = 543 of the 545 seats in the [[Lok Sabha]]<br />
| majority_seats = 272<br />
| image_size = 150x150px<br />
<br />
| image1 = Atal Bihari Vajpayee 2002-06-12.jpg<br />
| leader1 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]<br />
| leaders_seat1 = [[Lucknow (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lucknow]]<br />
| party1 = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
| seats1 = 182<br />
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 21<br />
| percentage1 = 25.59%<br />
| popular_vote1 = 94,266,188<br />
| swing1 = {{increase}} 5.30pp<br />
<br />
| image2 = File:Sita Ram Kesari(cropped).jpg<br />
| leader2 = [[Sitaram Kesri]]<br />
| leaders_seat2 = ''[[Members of Rajya Sabha#Bihar - 16|Bihar]]'' <small>(Rajya Sabha)</small><br />
| party2 = Indian National Congress<br />
| seats2 = 141<br />
| seat_change2 = {{increase}} 1<br />
| percentage2 = '''25.82%'''<br />
| popular_vote2 = '''95,111,131'''<br />
| swing2 = {{decrease}} 2.98pp<br />
<br />
| map_image = [[File:Wahlergebnisse Indien 1998.svg|300px|lang=en]]<br />
<br />
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]<br />
| posttitle = Prime Minister after election<br />
| before_election = [[Inder Kumar Gujral]]<br />
| before_party = [[Janata Dal]]<br />
| after_election = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]<br />
| after_party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
}}{{Politics of India}}<br />
<br />
'''General elections''' were held in [[India]] on 16, 22 and 28 February 1998 to elect the members of the [[12th Lok Sabha]]. The elections were held three years ahead of schedule after the government led by [[Inder Kumar Gujral]] collapsed when the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) withdrew its support in November 1997.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-757497.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103054302/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-757497.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 November 2012|title=Government Falls, Indian Premier Quits; Coalition Splits Amid Gandhi Assassination Debate - The Washington Post - HighBeam Research|date=3 November 2012|access-date=22 March 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
The result was another hung parliament, with no party or alliance able to muster a majority. However, [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] was able to form a coalition government led by the [[National Democratic Alliance]] with the support of the [[Telugu Desam Party]]. He was sworn in as [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] with support from 272 of 543 MPs. However, his government collapsed on 17 April 1999 when the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] withdrew their support.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/BJPs-one-vote-defeat-in-1999-was-narrowest-in-history/articleshow/3261721.cms|title=BJP's one-vote defeat in 1999 was narrowest in history |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=22 March 2019}}</ref> This led to [[1999 Indian general election|fresh elections]] in 1999.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/no-confidence-motion-atal-bihari-vajpayee|title=The 1999 No-Trust Motion That Former PM Vajpayee Lost by One Vote|website=The Quint|access-date=22 March 2019|date=20 July 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Results==<br />
{{Election results<br />
|image=[[File:Lok Sabha Zusammensetzung 1998.svg|350px]]<br />
|party1=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes1=95111131|seats1=141|sc1=<br />
|party2=[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|votes2=94266188|seats2=182|sc2=<br />
|party3=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]|votes3=18991867|seats3=32|sc3=<br />
|party4=[[Samajwadi Party]]|votes4=18167640|seats4=20|sc4=<br />
|party5=[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]|votes5=17186779|seats5=5|sc5=<br />
|party6=[[Janata Dal]]|votes6=11930209|seats6=6|sc6=<br />
|party7=[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]|votes7=10229971|seats7=17|sc7=<br />
|party8=[[Telugu Desam Party]]|votes8=10199463|seats8=12|sc8=<br />
|party9=[[All India Trinamool Congress|West Bengal Trinamool Congress]]|votes9=8920583|seats9=7|sc9=<br />
|party10=[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|votes10=6731550|seats10=18|sc10=<br />
|party11=[[Shiv Sena]]|votes11=6528566|seats11=6|sc11=<br />
|party12=[[Samata Party]]|votes12=6491639|seats12=12|sc12=<br />
|party13=[[Communist Party of India]]|votes13=6429569|seats13=9|sc13=<br />
|party14=[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|votes14=5308388|seats14=6|sc14=<br />
|party15=[[Tamil Maanila Congress]]|votes15=5169183|seats15=3|sc15=<br />
|party16=[[Biju Janata Dal]]|votes16=3669825|seats16=9|sc16=<br />
|party17=[[Shiromani Akali Dal]]|votes17=3001769|seats17=8|sc17=<br />
|party18=[[Lok Shakti]]|votes18=2548725|seats18=3|sc18=<br />
|party19=[[All India Rashtriya Janata Party]]|votes19=2071643|seats19=1|sc19=<br />
|party20=[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]|votes20=2032585|seats20=5|sc20=<br />
|party21=[[Indian National Lok Dal|Haryana Lok Dal (Rashtriya)]]|votes21=1956087|seats21=4|sc21=<br />
|party22=[[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|votes22=1602504|seats22=3|sc22=<br />
|party23=[[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]|votes23=1548976|seats23=4|sc23=<br />
|party24=[[Republican Party of India]]|votes24=1351019|seats24=4|sc24=<br />
|party25=[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]|votes25=1324548|seats25=0|sc25=<br />
|party26=[[All India Forward Bloc]]|votes26=1213965|seats26=2|sc26=<br />
|party27=[[Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)]]|votes27=1181083|seats27=1|sc27=<br />
|party28=[[Asom Gana Parishad]]|votes28=1064977|seats28=0|sc28=<br />
|party29=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation]]|votes29=912698|seats29=0|sc29=<br />
|party30=[[Haryana Vikas Party]]|votes30=875803|seats30=1|sc30=<br />
|party31=[[Muslim League Kerala State Committee]]|votes31=800765|seats31=2|sc31=<br />
|party32=[[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]|votes32=784669|seats32=3|sc32=<br />
|party33=Bharatiya Kisan Kamgar Party|votes33=711080|seats33=0|sc33=<br />
|party34=[[Apna Dal]]|votes34=562946|seats34=0|sc34=<br />
|party35=[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]|votes35=485785|seats35=1|sc35=<br />
|party36=[[All India Indira Congress (Secular)]]|votes36=457510|seats36=1|sc36=<br />
|party37=[[Puthiya Tamilagam]]|votes37=446583|seats37=0|sc37=<br />
|party38=[[Janata Party]]|votes38=444305|seats38=1|sc38=<br />
|party39=[[NTR Telugu Desam Party (Lakshmi Parvathi)]]|votes39=384211|seats39=0|sc39=<br />
|party40=[[Karnataka Vikas Party]]|votes40=371346|seats40=0|sc40=<br />
|party41=[[United Minorities Front, Assam]]|votes41=357759|seats41=1|sc41=<br />
|party42=[[Kerala Congress (M)]]|votes42=356168|seats42=1|sc42=<br />
|party43=[[Kerala Congress]]|votes43=327649|seats43=0|sc43=<br />
|party44=[[MGR Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|votes44=278324|seats44=0|sc44=<br />
|party45=[[Forward Bloc (Socialist)]]|votes45=272974|seats45=0|sc45=<br />
|party46=[[Peasants and Workers Party of India]]|votes46=269609|seats46=1|sc46=<br />
|party47=[[Marxist Co-ordination Committee]]|votes47=263901|seats47=0|sc47=<br />
|party48=[[Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)|Shiromani Akali Dal (Simranjit Singh Mann)]]|votes48=248529|seats48=0|sc48=<br />
|party49=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha (Mardi)|votes49=240897|seats49=0|sc49=<br />
|party50=Bihar Jana Congress|votes50=222371|seats50=0|sc50=<br />
|party51=[[United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|United Democratic Party]]|votes51=213924|seats51=0|sc51=<br />
|party52=[[Gondwana Ganatantra Party]]|votes52=196662|seats52=0|sc52=<br />
|party53=[[Manipur State Congress Party]]|votes53=190358|seats53=1|sc53=<br />
|party54=[[Autonomous State Demand Committee]]|votes54=184241|seats54=1|sc54=<br />
|party55=Jharkhand Party (Naren)|votes55=181018|seats55=0|sc55=<br />
|party57=[[Arunachal Congress]]|votes57=172496|seats57=2|sc57=<br />
|party58=[[Natural Law Party|Ajeya Bharat Party]]|votes58=157854|seats58=0|sc58=<br />
|party59=United Reservation Movement Council of Assam|votes59=151543|seats59=0|sc59=<br />
|party60=[[National Loktantrik Party]]|votes60=147706|seats60=0|sc60=<br />
|party61=[[United Goans Democratic Party]]|votes61=132558|seats61=0|sc61=<br />
|party62=Mahabharat People's Party|votes62=115785|seats62=0|sc62=<br />
|party63=[[Sikkim Democratic Front]]|votes63=102440|seats63=1|sc63=<br />
|party64=[[Peoples Democratic Party (India)|Peoples Democratic Party]]|votes64=92083|seats64=0|sc64=<br />
|party65=[[Akhil Bharatiya Sena]]|votes65=90035|seats65=0|sc65=<br />
|party66=[[Indian National League]]|votes66=86697|seats66=0|sc66=<br />
|party67=[[Himachal Vikas Congress]]|votes67=85046|seats67=0|sc67=<br />
|party68=[[Mizo National Front]]|votes68=82047|seats68=0|sc68=<br />
|party69=Savarn Samaj Party|votes69=76980|seats69=0|sc69=<br />
|party70=[[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]]|votes70=70191|seats70=0|sc70=<br />
|party71=[[Jharkhand Party]]|votes71=63836|seats71=0|sc71=<br />
|party72=[[Hill State People's Democratic Party]]|votes72=62144|seats72=0|sc72=<br />
|party73=[[Loktantrik Samajwadi Party]]|votes73=43770|seats73=0|sc73=<br />
|party74=[[Bahujan Samaj Party (Ambedkar)]]|votes74=43402|seats74=0|sc74=<br />
|party75=[[Indian Congress (Socialist)]]|votes75=36677|seats75=0|sc75=<br />
|party76=[[Uttarakhand Kranti Dal]]|votes76=30654|seats76=0|sc76=<br />
|party77=Akhil Bartiya Manav Seva Dal|votes77=26027|seats77=0|sc77=<br />
|party78=National Panthers Party|votes78=24638|seats78=0|sc78=<br />
|party79=[[Marxist Communist Party of India (S.S. Srivastava)]]|votes79=24417|seats79=0|sc79=<br />
|party80=Shoshit Samaj Dal|votes80=24303|seats80=0|sc80=<br />
|party81=Proutist Sarva Samaj Samiti|votes81=23029|seats81=0|sc81=<br />
|party82=[[Chhattisgarh Mukti Morcha]]|votes82=20928|seats82=0|sc82=<br />
|party83=[[Jammu and Kashmir Awami League]]|votes83=20843|seats83=0|sc83=<br />
|party84=[[Amra Bangali]]|votes84=20372|seats84=0|sc84=<br />
|party85=[[Kannada Chalavali Vatal Paksha]]|votes85=19202|seats85=0|sc85=<br />
|party86=[[Garo National Council]]|votes86=16280|seats86=0|sc86=<br />
|party87=[[Akhil Bharatiya Jan Sangh]]|votes87=14284|seats87=0|sc87=<br />
|party88=[[Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha]]|votes88=14160|seats88=0|sc88=<br />
|party89=[[Plain Tribals Council of Assam]]|votes89=12952|seats89=0|sc89=<br />
|party90=Bharatiya Vikash Party|votes90=11881|seats90=0|sc90=<br />
|party91=[[United Tribal Nationalist Liberation Front]]|votes91=11287|seats91=0|sc91=<br />
|party92=[[Rajasthan Vikas Party]]|votes92=11267|seats92=0|sc92=<br />
|party93=Karnataka Rajya Ryota Sangha|votes93=10064|seats93=0|sc93=<br />
|party94=[[United Communist Party of India]]|votes94=10018|seats94=0|sc94=<br />
|party95=[[Bharti Lok Lehar Party]]|votes95=9959|seats95=0|sc95=<br />
|party96=[[Samajwadi Jan Parishad]]|votes96=9848|seats96=0|sc96=<br />
|party97=[[Hindustan Janata Party]]|votes97=9476|seats97=0|sc97=<br />
|party98=Bharatiya Jantantrik Parishad|votes98=9367|seats98=0|sc98=<br />
|party99=[[Maharashtra Rashtravadi Congress]]|votes99=8623|seats99=0|sc99=<br />
|party100=[[Jharkhand People's Party]]|votes100=7111|seats100=0|sc100=<br />
|party101=Sarvadharam Party (Madhya Pradesh)|votes101=6671|seats101=0|sc101=<br />
|party102=Akhil Bharatiya Rajivwadi Congress (Dubey)|votes102=6455|seats102=0|sc102=<br />
|party103=Bharatiya Rajiv Congress|votes103=6122|seats103=0|sc103=<br />
|party104=[[Kisan Vikas Party]]|votes104=5905|seats104=0|sc104=<br />
|party105=Jai Telengana Party|votes105=5847|seats105=0|sc105=<br />
|party106=Akhil Bharatiya Bhrastachar Normoolan Sena|votes106=5718|seats106=0|sc106=<br />
|party107=All India Rajiv Krantikari Congress|votes107=5588|seats107=0|sc107=<br />
|party108=Pragtisheel Manav Samaj Party|votes108=5495|seats108=0|sc108=<br />
|party109=Bharatiya Krantikari Kammand Party|votes109=4852|seats109=0|sc109=<br />
|party110=Shoshit Samaj Party|votes110=4722|seats110=0|sc110=<br />
|party111=Rashtriya Aikta Manch|votes111=4596|seats111=0|sc111=<br />
|party112=Bahujan Kranti Dal (JAI)|votes112=4525|seats112=0|sc112=<br />
|party113=The Humanist Party of India|votes113=4439|seats113=0|sc113=<br />
|party114=[[Revolutionary Communist Party of India|Revolutionary Communist Party of India (Rasik Bhatt)]]|votes114=4420|seats114=0|sc114=<br />
|party115=Rashtriya Ali Sena|votes115=4371|seats115=0|sc115=<br />
|party116=Sanatan Samaj Party|votes116=4238|seats116=0|sc116=<br />
|party117=Orissa Congress|votes117=4048|seats117=0|sc117=<br />
|party118=Indian Union Muslim League (IUML)|votes118=3763|seats118=0|sc118=<br />
|party119=Rastreeya Praja Parishat|votes119=3688|seats119=0|sc119=<br />
|party120=[[Bharatiya Minorities Suraksha Mahasangh]]|votes120=3030|seats120=0|sc120=<br />
|party121=Golden India Party|votes121=3002|seats121=0|sc121=<br />
|party122=Adarsh Lok Dal|votes122=2909|seats122=0|sc122=<br />
|party123=Manava Party|votes123=2903|seats123=0|sc123=<br />
|party124=[[Krantikari Manuwadi Morcha]]|votes124=2723|seats124=0|sc124=<br />
|party125=Religion of Man Revolving Political Party of India|votes125=2503|seats125=0|sc125=<br />
|party126=[[All India Minorities Front]]|votes126=2480|seats126=0|sc126=<br />
|party127=Bahujan Kranti Dal|votes127=2466|seats127=0|sc127=<br />
|party128=Akhil Bharatiya Ashok Sena|votes128=2392|seats128=0|sc128=<br />
|party129=[[Republican Party of India (Khobragade)]]|votes129=2167|seats129=0|sc129=<br />
|party130=Gareebjan Samaj Party|votes130=2009|seats130=0|sc130=<br />
|party131=Andhra Nadu Party|votes131=1915|seats131=0|sc131=<br />
|party132=[[All India Muslim Forum]]|votes132=1866|seats132=0|sc132=<br />
|party133=Bahujan Vikas Party|votes133=1833|seats133=0|sc133=<br />
|party134=Pragati Sheel Party|votes134=1828|seats134=0|sc134=<br />
|party135=Rashtriya Janandholan Paksha|votes135=1708|seats135=0|sc135=<br />
|party136=Tamilaga Janata|votes136=1697|seats136=0|sc136=<br />
|party137=Akhil Bharatiya Berozgaar Party|votes137=1609|seats137=0|sc137=<br />
|party138=Prism|votes138=1595|seats138=0|sc138=<br />
|party139=United Citizens Party|votes139=1591|seats139=0|sc139=<br />
|party140=Bharatiya Jan Sabha|votes140=1425|seats140=0|sc140=<br />
|party141=Rashtriya Unnatsheel Das|votes141=1394|seats141=0|sc141=<br />
|party142=Socialist Party (Lohia)|votes142=1321|seats142=0|sc142=<br />
|party143=Akhil Bharatiya Revolutionary Shoshit Samaj Dal|votes143=1277|seats143=0|sc143=<br />
|party144=Agrajan Party|votes144=1269|seats144=0|sc144=<br />
|party145=Ekta Krandi Dal U.P.|votes145=1246|seats145=0|sc145=<br />
|party146=All India Gareeb Congress|votes146=1222|seats146=0|sc146=<br />
|party147=Republican Presidium Party of India|votes147=1215|seats147=0|sc147=<br />
|party148=Akhil Bharatiya Garib Mazdoor Kisan Party|votes148=1199|seats148=0|sc148=<br />
|party149=Indian Bahujan Samajwadi Party|votes149=1162|seats149=0|sc149=<br />
|party150=Bharatiya Parivartan Morcha|votes150=1111|seats150=0|sc150=<br />
|party151=Nagaland Peoples Party|votes151=1066|seats151=0|sc151=<br />
|party152=Bharatiya Momin Front|votes152=1045|seats152=0|sc152=<br />
|party153=Manav Samaj Party|votes153=1036|seats153=0|sc153=<br />
|party154=Rashtriya Mazdoor Ekta Party|votes154=946|seats154=0|sc154=<br />
|party155=Hindustan Inqualab Party|votes155=883|seats155=0|sc155=<br />
|party156=Jan Samanta Party|votes156=828|seats156=0|sc156=<br />
|party157=Bhrishtachar Virodhi Dal|votes157=754|seats157=0|sc157=<br />
|party158=Akhil Bharatiya Janata Congress|votes158=751|seats158=0|sc158=<br />
|party159=Ambedkarbadi Party|votes159=736|seats159=0|sc159=<br />
|party160=Rashtriya Muslim Mujhahid Party|votes160=710|seats160=0|sc160=<br />
|party161=Akhil Bharatiya Shivsena Rashtrawadi|votes161=703|seats161=0|sc161=<br />
|party162=National Republican Party|votes162=694|seats162=0|sc162=<br />
|party163=Hind Kisan Mazdoor Party|votes163=614|seats163=0|sc163=<br />
|party164=Akhil Bhartiya Loktantra Party|votes164=609|seats164=0|sc164=<br />
|party165=Hind Morcha|votes165=590|seats165=0|sc165=<br />
|party166=Punjab Pradesh Vikash Party|votes166=576|seats166=0|sc166=<br />
|party167=Uttar Pradesh Republican Party|votes167=552|seats167=0|sc167=<br />
|party168=Kranti Dal|votes168=501|seats168=0|sc168=<br />
|party169=Bharatiya Jan Jagruti Party|votes169=494|seats169=0|sc169=<br />
|party170=Akhil Bharatiya General Labour Party|votes170=412|seats170=0|sc170=<br />
|party171=Bharatiya Asht Jan Party|votes171=363|seats171=0|sc171=<br />
|party172=Telangana Praja Party|votes172=344|seats172=0|sc172=<br />
|party173=Rashtriya Rajdhani Congress Delhi|votes173=343|seats173=0|sc173=<br />
|party174=Akhil Bharatiya Rashtriya Azad Hind Party|votes174=306|seats174=0|sc174=<br />
|party175=Rashtriya Janta Congress|votes175=297|seats175=0|sc175=<br />
|party176=Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad (Prem Vallabh Vyas)|votes176=150|seats176=0|sc176=<br />
|party177=Indian Republican Front|votes177=118|seats177=0|sc177=<br />
|party178=Independents|votes178=8719952|seats178=6|sc178=<br />
|row179=Nominated [[Anglo-Indians]]|seats179=2<br />
|total_sc=0<br />
|invalid=7065039<br />
|electorate=605880192<br />
|source=[https://eci.gov.in/files/file/4124-general-election-1998-vol-i-ii/ ECI]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
===By state===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!State<br />
!Party<br />
!Acronym<br />
!Alliance<br />
!Seats<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" |Andhra Pradesh<br />
|Indian National Congress<br />
|INC<br />
|INC+<br />
|22<br />
|-<br />
|Telugu Desam Party<br />
|TDP<br />
|NDA<br />
|12<br />
|-<br />
|Bhartiya Janata Party<br />
|BJP<br />
|NDA<br />
|4<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |Others<br />
|4<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |'''Total'''<br />
|42<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |Assam<br />
|Indian National Congress<br />
|INC<br />
|INC+<br />
|10<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |Others<br />
|3<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |'''Total'''<br />
|13<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="6" |Bihar<br />
|Bhartiya Janata Party<br />
|BJP<br />
|NDA<br />
|19<br />
|-<br />
|Samata Party<br />
|<br />
|NDA<br />
|10<br />
|-<br />
|Rashtriya Janata Dal<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|17<br />
|-<br />
|Indian National Congress<br />
|INC<br />
|INC+<br />
|4<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |Others<br />
|4<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |'''Total'''<br />
|54<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |Gujarat<br />
|Bhartiya Janata Party<br />
|BJP<br />
|NDA<br />
|19<br />
|-<br />
|Indian National Congress<br />
|INC<br />
|INC+<br />
|7<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |'''Total'''<br />
|26<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" |[[1998 Indian general election in Jammu and Kashmir|Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference<br />
|JKNC<br />
|<br />
|3<br />
|-<br />
|Bhartiya Janata Party<br />
|BJP<br />
|<br />
|2<br />
|-<br />
|Indian National Congress<br />
|INC<br />
|<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |'''Total'''<br />
|6<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" |Karnataka<br />
|Bhartiya Janata Party<br />
|BJP<br />
|NDA<br />
|13<br />
|-<br />
|Indian National Congress<br />
|INC<br />
|INC+<br />
|9<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |Others<br />
|6<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |'''Total'''<br />
|28<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |Madhya Pradesh<br />
|Bhartiya Janata Party<br />
|BJP<br />
|NDA<br />
|30<br />
|-<br />
|Indian National Congress<br />
|INC<br />
|INC+<br />
|10<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |'''Total'''<br />
|40<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" |Maharashtra<br />
|Indian National Congress<br />
|INC<br />
|INC+<br />
|31<br />
|-<br />
|Republican Party of India<br />
|RPI<br />
|INC+<br />
|6<br />
|-<br />
|Shiv Sena<br />
|SS<br />
|NDA<br />
|6<br />
|-<br />
|Bhartiya Janata Party<br />
|BJP<br />
|NDA<br />
|4<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |'''Total'''<br />
|48<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" |Orissa<br />
|Indian National Congress<br />
|INC<br />
|INC+<br />
|4<br />
|-<br />
|Bhartiya Janata Party<br />
|BJP<br />
|NDA<br />
|7 <br />
|-<br />
|Biju Janata Dal<br />
|BJD<br />
|NDA<br />
|9<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |Others<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |'''Total'''<br />
|21<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" |Rajasthan<br />
|Indian National Congress<br />
|INC<br />
|INC+<br />
|19<br />
|-<br />
|Bhartiya Janata Party<br />
|BJP<br />
|NDA<br />
|5<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |Others<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |'''Total'''<br />
|25<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="6" |Tamil Nadu<br />
|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam<br />
|AIADMK<br />
|NDA<br />
|18<br />
|-<br />
|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam<br />
|DMK<br />
|<br />
|5<br />
|-<br />
|Bhartiya Janata Party<br />
|BJP<br />
|NDA<br />
|3<br />
|-<br />
|Tamil Manila Congress<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|3<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |Others<br />
|10<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |'''Total'''<br />
|39<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" |Uttar Pradesh<br />
|Bhartiya Janata Party<br />
|BJP<br />
|NDA<br />
|58<br />
|-<br />
|Samajwadi Party<br />
|SP<br />
|<br />
|19<br />
|-<br />
|Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|BSP<br />
|<br />
|4<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |Others<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |'''Total'''<br />
|85<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="8" |West Bengal<br />
|Communist Party of India (Marxist)<br />
|CPM<br />
|LF<br />
|24<br />
|-<br />
|Trinamool Congress<br />
|TMC<br />
|<br />
|7<br />
|-<br />
|Revolutionary Socialist Party<br />
|RSP<br />
|LF<br />
|4<br />
|-<br />
|Communist party of India<br />
|CPI<br />
|LF<br />
|3<br />
|-<br />
|All India Forward Block<br />
|AIFB<br />
|<br />
|2<br />
|-<br />
|Bhartiya Janata Party<br />
|BJP<br />
|NDA<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |Others<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |'''Total'''<br />
|42<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Election Commission of India]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Indian elections}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1998 Indian general election| ]]<br />
[[Category:1998 elections in India]]<br />
[[Category:February 1998 events in Asia]]<br />
[[Category:1998 elections in Asia|India]]</div>UpdateBothttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heo_Hwang-ok&diff=328226Heo Hwang-ok2022-07-02T05:38:57Z<p>UpdateBot: robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Queen of Gaya}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox royalty<br />
| name = Heo Hwang-ok<br />
| native_lang1 = ko<br />
| native_lang1_name1 = 허황옥<br>許黃玉<br />
| title = Empress Heo<br />
| image = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| succession = [[Queen consort]] of [[Geumgwan Gaya]]<br />
| reign = 189 AD<br />
| reign-type = Tenure<br />
| coronation = <br />
| predecessor = [[Princess Mother Jeonggyeon]]<br />
| successor = [[Queen Mojong|Lady Mojeong]]<br />
| regent = <br />
| birth_date = 32 AD<br />
| birth_place = State of Ayuta<br />
| death_date = 189 AD (aged about 157)<br>{{sub|(1st day, 3rd months in [[Lunar calendar|Lunar]])}}<br />
| death_place = [[Gimhae]], [[Gyeongsangnam-do]]<br />
| burial_date = <br />
| burial_place = <br />
| spouse = [[Suro of Geumgwan Gaya|King Suro of Gaya]]<br />
| issue = [[Geodeung of Geumgwan Gaya|King Geodeung of Gaya]]<br>10 other sons<br>Lady Kim of Garak State<ref>Married Seok Gu-gwang (석구광).</ref><br />
| full name = <br />
| regnal name = <br />
| posthumous name = Queen Mother Boju (보주태후, 普州太后)<br />
| royal house = <br />
| father = Mr. Heo<br />
| mother = <br />
}}<br />
[[file:Suriratna_2019_stamp_of_India.jpg|thumb|right|A commemorative [[Indian rupee|Rs.]] 25.00 postage stamp on Princess Suriratna (Queen Heo Hwang-ok ) was issued by India in 2019.]]<br />
[[file:Queen_Heo_2019_stamp_of_India.jpg|thumb|right|A commemorative [[Indian rupee|Rs.]] 5.00 postage stamp on Queen Heo Hwang-ok (Suriratna) was issued by India in 2019.]]<br />
'''Heo Hwang-ok''', also known as '''Suriratna''' (or Sriratna),<ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-11-04|title=The Indian princess who became a South Korean queen|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-46055285|access-date=2021-01-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-08|title=Princess Suriratna of India marries King Suro of the Gaya Kingdom nearly 2,000 years ago|url=http://www.koreapost.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=21413|access-date=2021-01-21|website=The Korea Post|language=ko}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Legend of Princess Sriratna {{!}} Official website of Indian Council for Cultural Relations, Government of India|url=https://www.iccr.gov.in/media/photo-gallery/legend-princess-sriratna|access-date=2022-01-29|website=www.iccr.gov.in}}</ref> is a legendary queen mentioned in ''[[Samguk yusa|Samguk Yusa]]'', a 13th-century Korean chronicle. According to ''Samguk Yusa'', she became the wife of [[Suro of Geumgwan Gaya|King Suro of Geumgwan Gaya]] at the age of 16, after having arrived by boat from a distant kingdom called "Ayuta";<ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-11-04|title=The Indian princess who became a South Korean queen|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-46055285|access-date=2021-07-06}}</ref> making her the first Queen of [[Geumgwan Gaya]]. More than six million present day Koreans, especially from [[Gimhae Kim clan|Gimhae Kim]], [[Gimhae Heo clan|Heo]] and [[Incheon Yi clan|Lee]] clans, trace their lineage to the legendary queen as the direct descendants of her 12 children with King Suro.<ref name="ancest1">[http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/opinion/2017/04/162_219704.html Legacy of Queen Suriratn], [[The Korea Times]], 16 April 2017.</ref><ref name="WonMoo2011" /><ref name="BBC_memorial_2001"/> Her native kingdom is believed to be located in India.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-11-04|title=The Indian princess who became a South Korean queen|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-46055285|access-date=2021-07-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Krishnan|first=Revathi|date=4 Aug 2020|title=Ayodhya has 'important relations' with South Korea|url=https://theprint.in/diplomacy/ayodhya-has-important-relations-with-south-korea-envoy-refers-to-indian-princess-link/474279/|url-status=live|access-date=6 Jul 2021|website=ThePrint}}</ref> There is a tomb in [[Gimhae]], South Korea, that is believed to be hers,<ref name="Kwon_2003"/> and a [[Memorial of Heo Hwang-ok, Ayodhya|memorial]] in [[Ayodhya]], India.<ref>{{Cite web|last=PTI|first=PTI|date=4 April 2020|title=Work on Queen Heo Memorial in Ayodhya|url=https://www.theweek.in/content/archival/wire-updates/national/2018/12/16/des6-korea-ayodhya%20memorial.html|url-status=live|access-date=6 Jul 2021|website=TheWeek}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Origins ==<br />
<br />
The legend of Heo is found in ''Garakgukgi'' (the Record of Garak Kingdom) which is currently lost, but referenced within the ''Samguk Yusa''.<ref>{{cite book |title=Samguk Yusa |author=[[Il-yeon]] (tr. by Ha Tae-Hung & Grafton K. Mintz) |publisher=Yonsei University Press |location=Seoul |isbn=89-7141-017-5 |year=1972}}</ref> According to the legend, Heo was a princess of the "Ayuta Kingdom". The extant records do not identify Ayuta except as a distant country. Written sources and popular culture often associate Ayuta with India but there are no records of the legend in India itself.<ref name="BBC_memorial_2001">{{cite news | url = http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/1205728.stm| title = Korean memorial to Indian princess | date = 3 May 2001 | publisher = BBC News }}</ref> Kim Byung-mo, an anthropologist from [[Hanyang University]], identified Ayuta with [[Ayodhya]] in India based on phonetic similarity.<ref>{{cite book |author=Choong Soon Kim |title=Voices of Foreign Brides: The Roots and Development of Multiculturalism in Korea |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b43pR3Z8zTcC&pg=PA34 |year=2011 |publisher=AltaMira |isbn=978-0-7591-2037-2 |page=34 }}</ref> [[Grafton K. Mintz]] and Ha Tae-hung implied that the Korean reference was actually to the [[Ayutthaya Kingdom]] of Thailand.<ref name="REB_1991">{{cite book |author=Robert E. Buswell |title=Tracing Back the Radiance: Chinul's Korean Way of Zen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EazRC28tdIIC&pg=PA74 |year=1991 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=978-0-8248-1427-4 |page=74 }}</ref> However, according to [[George Cœdès]], the Thai city was not founded until the year 1350, after the composition of ''Samguk Yusa''.<ref name="REB_1991"/><ref name="Skand_2015">{{cite book |author=Skand R. Tayal |title=India and the Republic of Korea: Engaged Democracies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yGwwCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT23 |year=2015 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-317-34156-7 |page=23 |quote=Historians, however, believe that the Princess of Ayodhya is only a myth.}}</ref><br />
<br />
According to another theory, the ''Ayuta Kingdom'' ([[Hangul]]: 아유타국, [[Hanja]]: 阿踰陁國) is a mistranslation of ''[[Ay dynasty| Ay Kingdom]]'', a vassal to the [[Pandya dynasty|Pandyan Empire]] of ancient [[Tamilakam]] (in South India<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hyŏphoe|first=Han'guk Kwan'gwang|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=If0DAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Ho+Hwang-Ok%22|title=Beautiful Korea|publisher=Huimang Publishing Company|year=1968|pages=619|language=en|quote=Aboard the ship were Princess Ho Hwang-Ok of Ayut'a in the south of India.}}</ref>). At the time of her arrival, Princess Heo Hwang-ok carried with her the symbols of Pandya: the ‘’twin fish’’ and ‘’trident’’.<ref>이거룡. 2017, "가락국(駕洛國)과 고대 남인도(南印度)의 문화적 접촉에 관한 고찰: 물고기숭배를 중심으로" [A Study on the Cultural Contacts between Garak Kingdom and Ancient South India: With Special Reference to 'Fish Worship'], 인도연구, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 85–121. {{doi|10.21758/jis.2017.22.1.85}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Korea's intriguing Tamil connect|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/voices/2021/jul/25/koreas-intriguing-tamil-connect-2333956.html|access-date=2022-01-22|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Marriage to Suro ==<br />
After their marriage, Heo told King Suro that she was 16 years old.<ref name=Descendants5>''[http://www.cbeta.org/result/normal/T49/2039_002.htm No. 2039《三國遺事》CBETA 電子佛典 V1.21 普及版] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230845/http://www.cbeta.org/result/normal/T49/2039_002.htm |date=2016-03-03 }}'', Taisho Tripitaka Vol. 49, CBETA Chinese Electronic Tripitaka V1.21, Normalized Version, T49n2039_p0983b14(07)</ref><ref name=Descendants/> She stated her [[given name]] as "Hwang-ok" ("Yellow Jade", 황옥, 黃玉) and her [[Surname|family name]] as "Heo" (허, or "Hurh" 許). She described how she came to Gaya as follows: the Heavenly Lord (''Sange Je'') appeared in her parents' dreams. He told them to send Heo to Suro, who had been chosen as the king of Gaya. The dream showed that the king had not yet found a queen. Heo's father then told her to go to Suro. After two months of a sea journey, she found ''Beondo'', a peach which fruited only every 3.000 years.<ref name="WonMoo2011">{{cite book | author=Won Moo Hurh | title="I Will Shoot Them from My Loving Heart": Memoir of a South Korean Officer in the Korean War | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PGxtRrQn9WUC&pg=PA15 | year=2011 | publisher=McFarland | isbn=978-0-7864-8798-1 | pages=15–16}}</ref><br />
<br />
According to the legend, the courtiers of King Suro had requested him to select a wife from among the maidens they would bring to the court. However, Suro stated that his selection of a wife will be commanded by the Heavens. He commanded Yuch'ŏn-gan to take a horse and a boat to Mangsan-do, an island to the south of the capital. At Mangsan, Yuch'ŏn saw a vessel with a red sail and a red flag. He sailed to the vessel, and escorted it to the shores of Kaya (or Gaya, present-day [[Gimhae]]). Another officer, Sin'gwigan went to the palace, and informed the King of the vessel's arrival. The King sent nine clan chiefs, asking them to escort the ship's passengers to the royal palace.<ref name="James2001">{{cite book |author=James Huntley Grayson |title=Myths and Legends from Korea: An Annotated Compendium of Ancient and Modern Materials |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HZO49KfGLiMC&pg=PA110 |year=2001 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-7007-1241-0 |pages=110–116}}</ref><br />
<br />
Princess Heo stated that she wouldn't accompany the strangers. Accordingly, the King ordered a tent to be pitched on the slopes of a hill near the palace. The princess then arrived at the tent with her courtiers and slaves. The courtiers included [[Sin Po]] (or Sin Bo, 신보, 申輔) and [[Cho Kuang]] (or Jo Gwang, 조광, 趙匡). Their wives were [[Queen Mojong|Mojong]] (모정, 慕貞) and [[Moryang]] (모량, 慕良) respectively. The twenty slaves carried gold, silver, jewels, silk brocade, and tableware and gems.<ref name="Choong2011">{{cite book |author=Choong Soon Kim |title=Voices of Foreign Brides: The Roots and Development of Multiculturalism in Korea |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b43pR3Z8zTcC&pg=PA32 |date=16 October 2011 |publisher=AltaMira Press |isbn=978-0-7591-2037-2 |pages=31–33}}</ref> Before marrying the king, the princess took off her silk trousers (mentioned as a skirt in a different section of ''Samguk Yusa'') and offered them to the mountain spirit. King Suro tells her that he also knew about Heo's arrival in advance, and therefore, did not marry the maidens recommended by his courtiers.<ref name="WonMoo2011"/><br />
<br />
When some of the Queen's escorts decided to return home, King Suro gave each of them thirty rolls of hempen cloth (one roll was of 40 yards). He also gave each person ten bags of rice for the return voyage. A part of the Queen's original convoy, including the two courtiers and their wives, stayed back with her. The queen was given a residence in the inner palace, while the two courtiers and their wives were given separate residences. The rest of her convoy were given a guest house of twenty rooms.<ref name="Choong2011"/><br />
<br />
== Descendants ==<br />
Queen Heo and Suro had 12 children and the eldest son was [[Geodeung of Geumgwan Gaya|Geodeung]].<br />
<br />
She requested Suro to let two of the children bear her maiden surname. Legendary genealogical records trace the origins of the Gimhae [[Heo]] to these two children.<ref name="WonMoo2011" /> The Gimhae [[Kim (Korean surname)|Kims]] trace their origin to the other eight sons, and so does the Yi clan of Incheon.<br />
<br />
According to the Jilburam, the remaining sons are said to have followed in their maternal uncle Po-ok's footsteps and devoted themselves to Buddhist meditation. They were named Hyejin, Gakcho, Jigam, Deonggyeon, Dumu, Jeongheong and Gyejang.<ref name="Descendants">Kim Choong Soon, 2011, Voices of Foreign Brides: The Roots and Development of Multiculturalism in Korea, AltairaPress, USA, Page 30-35.</ref> Overall, more than six million Koreans trace their lineage to Queen Heo.<ref name="BBC_memorial_2001" /><br />
<br />
The remaining two children were daughters who were married respectively to a son of Talhae and a noble from [[Silla]].<br />
<br />
The legend states that the Queen died at the age of 157.<ref name="James2001" /><br />
<br />
[[Kim Yoon-ok]], wife of former South Korean President [[Lee Myung-bak]], trace her ancestry to the royal family.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lee|first=Tae-hoon|date=2010-01-25|title=India Is First Lady Kims Ancestral Home|url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2021/07/113_59663.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-30|website=The Korea Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-08-13|title=Lamp of the east|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/183513/lamp-east.html|access-date=2021-07-30|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Remains at Gimhae tomb==<br />
[[File:Queen_Suro_Tomb.jpg|thumb|right|Queen Suro's Tomb (Queen Heo Hwang-ok) at Gimhae in Korea.]]<br />
<br />
The tombs believed to be that of Heo Hwang-ok and Suro are located in [[Gimhae]], South Korea. A [[pagoda]] traditionally held to have been brought to Korea on her ship is located near her grave. The ''Samguk Yusa'' reports that the pagoda was erected on her ship in order to calm the god of the ocean and allow the ship to pass. The unusual and rough form of this pagoda, unlike any other in Korea, may lend some credence to the account .<ref name="Kwon_2003">{{cite book|title=가야인의 삶과 문화 (Gayain-ui salm-gwa munhwa, The culture and life of the Gaya people) | author=Kwon Ju-hyeon (권주현) | year=2003 | publisher=Hyean | location=Seoul | isbn=89-8494-221-9 | pages = 212–214}}</ref><br />
<br />
A passage in the ''Samguk Yusa'' indicates that [[Jilji of Geumgwan Gaya|King Jilji]] built a [[Korean Buddhism|Buddhist]] temple for the ancestral Queen Heo on the spot where she and King Suro were married.<ref name=rani/> He called the temple Wanghusa ("the Queen's temple") and provided it with ten ''[[Korean units of measurement#Notes|gyeol]]'' of stipend land.<ref name=rani>Ilyeon, 1972, [[Samguk Yusa]], tr. by Ha, Tae-Hung and Mintz, Grafton K., Yonsei University Press, Seoul, {{ISBN|89-7141-017-5}}, p. 168.</ref> A gyeol or kyŏl (결 or 結), varied in size from 2.2 acres to 9 acres (8,903–36,422 m2) depending upon the fertility of the land.<ref>{{citation |last=Palais |first=James B. |title=Confucian Statecraft & Korean Institutions: Yu Hyŏngwŏn and the Late Chosŏn Dynasty |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t7k3CgAAQBAJ |location=Seattle |publisher=University of Washington Press |date=1996 |isbn=9780295805115 }}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=t7k3CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA363&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false p. 363]</ref> The ''Samguk Yusa'' also records that the temple was built in 452. Since there is no other record of Buddhism having been adopted in 5th-century Gaya, modern scholars have interpreted this as an ancestral shrine rather than a Buddhist temple.<ref name="Kwon_2003"/><br />
<br />
== Memorial in Ayodhya ==<br />
{{Further|Memorial of Heo Hwang-ok, Ayodhya}}<br />
In 2001, a [[Memorial of Heo Hwang-ok, Ayodhya|Memorial of Heo Hwang-ok]] was inaugurated by a Korean delegation, which included over a hundred historians and government representatives.<ref name=kor4>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1205728.stm |title=Korean memorial to Indian princess |date=6 March 2001 |publisher=BBC News }}</ref> In 2016, a Korean delegation proposed to develop the memorial. The proposal was accepted by then-Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, [[Akhilesh Yadav]].<ref name=kor5>[https://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20160301/2806883.html UP CM announces grand memorial of Queen Huh Wang-Ock], 1 March 2016, WebIndia123</ref> On November 6, 2018, on the eve of [[Diwali]] celebration, South Korea's First Lady [[Kim Jung-sook]], laid the foundation stone for the expansion and beautification of the existing memorial.<ref name=kor6>{{cite news |title=UP's Faizabad district to be known as Ayodhya, says Yogi Adityanath |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/up-s-faizabad-district-to-be-known-as-ayodhya-says-yogi-adityanath/story-YRLCIJwk8FUSN0X6a1jjjN.html |access-date=7 November 2018 |date=6 November 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=kor8>{{cite news |title=Site for Heo Hwang-ok memorial in Ayodhya finalised |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/site-for-heo-hwang-ok-memorial-in-ayodhya-finalised/story-CqKFu8zTTjBNrL6O02o8JO.html |access-date=7 November 2018 |date=2 November 2018 |language=en}}</ref> She offered tribute at the ''Queen Heo Memorial'', attended a ceremony for the upgrade and beautification of the memorial and attended an elaborate [[Diwali]] celebration at Ayodhya along with the present Chief Minister [[Yogi Adityanath]], that included cultural shows and lighting of 300,000+ lights on the banks of [[Sarayu|Sarayu River]].<ref name=kor40>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/south-korean-first-lady-kim-jung-sook-celebrates-diwali-in-ayodhya-revives-links-of-queen-heo/story-WGSAKC0xKAI9fVbhSiue6N.html South Korean first lady Kim Jung-sook celebrates Diwali in Ayodhya, revives links of Queen Heo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223074203/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/south-korean-first-lady-kim-jung-sook-celebrates-diwali-in-ayodhya-revives-links-of-queen-heo/story-WGSAKC0xKAI9fVbhSiue6N.html |date=23 February 2019 }}, [[Hindustan Times]], 10 July 2018</ref><br />
<br />
Reportedly, hundreds of South Koreans visit Ayodhya every year to pay homage to their legendary Queen Heo Hwang-ok.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-07-10|title=This is why hundreds of South Koreans visit Ayodhya every year|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/narendra-modi-moon-jae-south-korea-india-5253825/|access-date=2021-01-06|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Controversy surrounding her existence ==<br />
<br />
=== Indian Accounts ===<br />
Despite her connections to the two countries, there are no historical texts or official records in India that indicate an Indian princess traveling to Korea at the time including the country under the name ''Ayuta'', her supposed country of birth.<br />
<br />
However, many Indian historians emphasize on Heo Hwang-ok's legacy that links India to Korea today rather than validating her actual existence in history.<br />
<br />
=== Korean Accounts ===<br />
Heo Hwang-ok's rather unique background had been a subject of much discussion in South Korea among many historians. Despite her legendary status, many historians reject the idea that Queen Heo truly existed and have debunked her travel routes several times throughout history.<br />
<br />
The first criticism stems from the fact that her existence is solely based on the accounts made in ''Samguk Yusa'', a book that is widely regarded to be mostly fictional. Other more credible sources such as ''Samguk Sagi'' lack mentions about an Indian princess arriving in Gaya and marrying the king. It is believed that the writer of ''Samguk Yusa'' exaggerated much of the claims to create a sense of familiarity towards Buddhism being a Buddhist monk himself.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-09-10 |title='허왕후 설화'는 어떻게 실제 역사로 둔갑했나 |url=http://www.newstof.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=937 |access-date=2020-05-18 |website=뉴스톱 |language=ko}}</ref> Others also pointed out that due to the lack of technology to properly reach the Korean peninsula from India at the time, her arrival would have been extremely difficult.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
Others have also pointed out the reason behind her supposed journey to the Korean kingdom being too vague. Many historians agree that the influence of India and Buddhism was profound for ancient Korean kingdoms at the time as many of them treated artifacts originating from India to be sacred.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=수정: 2019.12.19 09:23 |first=입력: 2019 12 17 06:00 |date=2019-12-17 |title=[이기환의 흔적의 역사] "한반도엔 없는 돌"…가락국 허황후 '파사석탑의 정체' |url=https://www.khan.co.kr/culture/culture-general/article/201912170600001 |access-date=2021-02-09 |website=www.khan.co.kr |language=ko}}</ref> However, historians have also pointed out that the agency of an Indian princess coming to Korea across the sea on a boat was very peculiar as ancient Korea was less known to India than countries such as ancient China.<ref name=":0" /> Professor Lee Ki-Hwan suggested that the story of Heo Hwang-ok was dramatized to elevate Gaya's stature of the Buddhist scene among the Korean kingdoms and to associate the sacred artifacts they possessed to something closer to that of the Indian culture.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
The consensus is that the existence of an Indian princess was very unlikely and that much of the stories found in ''Samguk Yusa'' were fabricated for political and religious reasons in Gaya at the time.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=임동근 |date=2017-08-11 |title=[연합이매진] 인도 공주 허황옥이 가야에 온 까닭은 |url=https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20170718159000805 |access-date=2020-11-19 |website=연합뉴스 |language=ko}}</ref> The same book claims that King Suro lived up to 157 years old and transformed into an eagle and a hawk to fight off his rivals according to the supposed ''Garakgukgi'', making her story even less credible stemming from the same source material.<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
Despite the historic inaccuracies surrounding her existence, many Korean historians stated that her iconic image as a legendary figure should persist as a means for the two countries to remain on good terms.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-05 |title=[김성회의 재미있는 다문화이야기] 이주민 '허황옥'과 '처용설화'는 사실일까? |url=http://www.eduinnews.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=14171 |access-date=2021-03-25 |website=에듀인뉴스(EduinNews) |language=ko}}</ref><br />
<br />
==In popular culture==<br />
* Portrayed by [[Seo Ji-hye]] in the 2010 [[Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation|MBC]] TV series ''[[Kim Su-ro, The Iron King]].''<br />
* In February 2019, India and Korea signed an agreement on releasing a joint stamp, commemorating Queen Heo Hwang-ok.<ref>[http://www.economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/68108448.cms India, South Korea sign 6 pacts; to step-up cooperation in infrastructure, combating global crime]. ''The Economic Times''. 22 February 2019</ref><br />
* [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]] is releasing book that includes contact between foreign cultures and India, which mentions the story of Queen Heo Hwang-ok.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ahuja |first1=Sanjeev K |title=Korean Queen Huh Hwang-ok story to appear in ICCR's book on International love stories |url=https://www.asiancommunitynews.com/korean-queen-huh-hwang-ok-story-to-appear-in-iccrs-book-on-international-love-stories/ |access-date=23 November 2020 |publisher=Asian Community News |date=20 November 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Three Kingdoms of Korea]]<br />
*[[Korean Buddhist temples|Buddhist temples in South Korea]]<br />
*[[Geumgwan Gaya]]<br />
*[[Byeonhan confederacy]]<br />
*[[Indians in Korea]]<br />
*[[Koreans in India]]<br />
*[[India–South Korea relations]]<br />
*[[India–North Korea relations]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category|Heo Hwang-ok}}<br />
*[http://www.lifeinkorea.com/Travel2/skyongsang/338 Tomb of Queen Suro]<br />
<br />
{{Queens and Consorts of Geumgwan Gaya}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Korean royalty]]<br />
[[Category:Gaya confederacy]]<br />
[[Category:Korean mythology]]<br />
[[Category:History of Korea]]<br />
[[Category:Heo clan of Gimhae]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]<br />
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]<br />
[[Category:Royal consorts of Gaya]]<br />
[[Category:Ancient queens consort]]</div>UpdateBothttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Tamil_films_of_2012&diff=324249List of Tamil films of 20122022-07-02T05:35:39Z<p>UpdateBot: robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|None}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}<br />
Post-amendment to the Tamil Nadu Entertainment Tax Act 1939 on 27 September 2011, Gross jumped to 130 per cent of Nett for films with non-Tamil titles and U certificates as well.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stationeryprinting.tn.gov.in/extraordinary/2011/368-Ex-IV-2.pdf |title=Entertainment tax doubled to 30% (from 15%) for non-Tamil titles and U certificates |access-date=7 February 2019 |archive-date=9 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209180104/http://www.stationeryprinting.tn.gov.in/extraordinary/2011/368-Ex-IV-2.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Commercial Taxes Department disclosed {{INR}}70.44 crore in entertainment tax revenue for the year.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ctd.tn.gov.in/documents/10184/20741/TAMIL+NADU+COMMERCIAL+TAXES+DEPARTMENT+AT+A+GLANCE%2C+2012-2013/d08c1da3-e9a5-4876-866a-82585090510f?version=1.1 |title=CTD reports {{INR}}70.44 crore ET collection in 2012-13 |access-date=19 January 2019 |archive-date=19 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119174244/https://ctd.tn.gov.in/documents/10184/20741/TAMIL+NADU+COMMERCIAL+TAXES+DEPARTMENT+AT+A+GLANCE%2C+2012-2013/d08c1da3-e9a5-4876-866a-82585090510f?version=1.1 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
A list of Tamil language films produced in the [[Tamil cinema]] in India that have been or are to be released in 2012.<br />
<br />
==Released films==<br />
<br />
===January–June===<br />
{| id="wikitable-20120601" class="wikitable"<br />
|- style="background:#b0e0e6; text-align:center;"<br />
! colspan="2" | Opening<br />
! style="width:13%;"| Title<br />
! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Notes !! Ref<br />
|- January!<br />
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center; background:#ffa07a; textcolor:#000;"| '''J<br/>A<br/>N'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc;"| '''12'''<br />
| ''[[Nanban (2012 film)|Nanban]]'' || [[S. Shankar|Shankar]] || [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], [[Jiiva]], [[Srikanth (Tamil actor, born 1979)|Srikanth]], [[Ileana D'Cruz]] || [[Comedy drama]] || Produced by [[Gemini Film Circuit]] ||<ref name="pongal">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-january-13-news-tamil-mbnjWdbbebd.html?scategory=tamil |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211081223/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-january-13-news-tamil-mbnjWdbbebd.html?scategory=tamil |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 February 2015 |title=Friday Fury&nbsp;– January 13 |publisher=Sify.com |date=14 January 2012 |access-date=18 August 2012}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc;"| '''13'''<br />
| ''[[Kollaikaran]]'' || Tamil Selvan || [[Vidharth]], [[Sanchita Shetty]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by Prasad Cine Arts ||<ref name="pongal"/><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc;"| '''14'''<br />
| ''[[Vettai]]'' || [[N. Linguswamy]] || [[Arya (actor)|Arya]], [[R. Madhavan]], [[Sameera Reddy]], [[Amala Paul]] || [[Action film|Action]]—[[Masala (film genre)|masala]] || Produced by [[Thirupathi Brothers]] & [[UTV Motion Pictures]] ||<ref name="pongal"/><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc;"| '''15'''<br />
| ''[[Medhai]]'' || N. T. G. Saravanan || [[Ramarajan]], Kaushika || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by Kalaimagal Kalaikoodam ||<ref>{{cite web |author=Social Post |url=http://popcorn.oneindia.in/title/5302/medhai.html |title=Medhai&nbsp;– Tamil Movie Reviews, Trailers, Wallpapers, Photos, Cast & Crew, Story & Synopsis&nbsp;– entertainment.oneindia.in |publisher=Popcorn.oneindia.in |date=15 January 2012 |access-date=18 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120719234133/http://popcorn.oneindia.in/title/5302/medhai.html |archive-date=19 July 2012 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#ffdacc;"| '''26'''<br />
| ''[[Paari (film)|Paari]]'' || Rajini || Rahul, Teena || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by S Muthu ||<ref>{{cite web |author=Social Post |url=http://popcorn.oneindia.in/title/10068/paari.html |title=Paari&nbsp;– Tamil Movie Reviews, Trailers, Wallpapers, Photos, Cast & Crew, Story & Synopsis&nbsp;– entertainment.oneindia.in |publisher=Popcorn.oneindia.in |date=26 January 2012 |access-date=18 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120713181815/http://popcorn.oneindia.in/title/10068/paari.html |archive-date=13 July 2012 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Settai Dhanam]]'' || Sathish R. || Krish, Varsha, Chaplin Balu || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by K. Suresh Kumar ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-january-27-news-tamil-mb1ln5cadjd.html?scategory=tamil |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120909130141/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-january-27-news-tamil-mb1ln5cadjd.html?scategory=tamil |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 September 2012 |title=Friday Fury&nbsp;– January 27 |publisher=Sify.com |date=28 January 2012 |access-date=18 August 2012}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Theni Maavattam]]'' || P. R. Kaumaarimuthu || Gopalkandhan, Varsha || [[Romance film|Romance]] || Produced by Gopalkandhan ||<ref>{{cite web |author=Social Post |url=http://popcorn.oneindia.in/title/10757/theni-maavattam.html |title=Theni Maavattam&nbsp;– Tamil Movie Reviews, Trailers, Wallpapers, Photos, Cast & Crew, Story & Synopsis&nbsp;– entertainment.oneindia.in |publisher=Popcorn.oneindia.in |date=26 January 2012 |access-date=18 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120717081206/http://popcorn.oneindia.in/title/10757/theni-maavattam.html |archive-date=17 July 2012 }}</ref><br />
|- February!<br />
| rowspan="14" style="text-align:center; background:#dcc7df; textcolor:#000;" | '''F<br />E<br />B'''<br />
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#ede3ef;"| '''3'''<br />
| ''[[Marina (2012 film)|Marina]]'' || [[Pandiraj]] || [[Sivakarthikeyan]], [[Oviya]], [[Jayaprakash]] || [[Comedy drama]] || Produced by Pasanga Productions || <ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-february-3-news-tamil-mcdnf5hffee.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206010621/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-february-3-news-tamil-mcdnf5hffee.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 February 2012 |title=Friday Fury-February 3|publisher=Sify.com |date=4 February 2012 |access-date=18 August 2012}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sengathu Bhoomiyilae]]'' || Rathna Kumar || [[Pawan (actor)|Pawan]], [[Mirchi Senthil]], [[Priyanka Nair]], [[Sunu Lakshmi]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by Swami Cine Arts ||<ref name="autogenerated1"/><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;background:#ede3ef;"| '''10'''<br />
| ''[[Dhoni (film)|Dhoni]]'' || [[Prakash Raj]] || [[Prakash Raj]], Akash Puri, [[Radhika Apte]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by [[Duet Movies]]<br />Simultaneously shot in Telugu as ''Dhoni'' ||<ref name="a">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-february-10-news-tamil-mckkVzdeefd.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213062241/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-february-10-news-tamil-mckkVzdeefd.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 February 2012 |title=Friday Fury- February 10 |publisher=Sify.com |date=11 February 2012 |access-date=18 August 2012}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Oru Mazhai Naangu Saaral]]'' || Anand || Ravi, Sudharshan, Ramya || [[Romance film|Romance]] || Produced by CK3 Productions ||<ref name="a"/><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Oru Nadigaiyin Vaakkumoolam]]'' || Rajkrishna || [[Sonia Agarwal]], Sukran, [[Kovai Sarala]], [[Ganja Karuppu]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by SG Films ||<ref name="a"/><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Soozhnilai]]'' || T. Senthuran || Sathya, Paveena, [[Dhina]], [[Nizhalgal Ravi]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by Global Television ||<ref name="a"/><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vachathi]]'' || Ravi Thambi || Rethna Ramesh, [[Dharshana]], [[Y. Gee. Mahendra]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by Olympia Productions ||<ref name="a"/><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vilayada Vaa]]'' || Vijay Nantha || Viswanath Balaji, [[Divya Padmini]] || [[Sports film|Sports]] || Produced by K. Thripurasundari ||<ref name="a"/><br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;background:#ede3ef;"| '''17'''<br />
| ''[[Ambuli]]'' || Hari Shankar<br />Hareesh Narayan || [[R. Parthiban]], R. Ajai, P. S. Srijith, [[Sanam Shetty]] || [[Fantasy film|Fantasy]] || Released in 3D ||<ref name="b">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-february-17-news-tamil-mcrkr9bgbbh.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219230525/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-february-17-news-tamil-mcrkr9bgbbh.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 February 2012 |title=Friday Fury-February 17 |publisher=Sify.com |date=17 February 2012 |access-date=18 August 2012}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kadhalil Sodhappuvadhu Yeppadi]]'' || [[Balaji Mohan]] || [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]], [[Amala Paul]] || [[Romantic comedy]] || Produced by YNot Studios & Etaki Entertainment<br />Simultaneously shot in Telugu as ''Love Failure'' ||<ref>{{cite news |author=Malathi Rangarajan |url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article2882658.ece |title=Life & Style / Metroplus : Goofing up your love life |work=The Hindu |date=11 February 2012 |access-date=18 August 2012 |archive-date=17 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717113937/http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article2882658.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Muppozhudhum Un Karpanaigal]]'' || [[Elred Kumar]] || [[Adharvaa Murali|Adharvaa]], [[Amala Paul]] || [[Romantic thriller]] || Produced by R. S. Infotainment ||<ref name="b"/><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Udumban]]'' || Ramji S. Balan || Dileep Roger, Sana, Radhika || [[Action film|Action]]—[[Drama film|drama]] || Produced by Modern Cinema ||<ref name="b"/><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#ede3ef;"| '''24'''<br />
| ''[[Kadhal Paathai]]'' || Vyaasan|| Vinod Kumar, Vidya || [[Romance film|Romance]] || Produced by Sri Balaji Frames ||<ref name="c">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-february-24-news-tamil-mcyl57gaaih.html?scategory=tamil |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226140401/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-february-24-news-tamil-mcyl57gaaih.html?scategory=tamil |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 February 2012 |title=Friday Fury-February 24 |publisher=Sify.com |date=24 February 2012 |access-date=18 August 2012}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Virudhanagar Sandhippu]]'' || VSD Rengarajan || Chandru, Denna, [[K. R. Vijaya]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by ARB Productions ||<ref name="c"/><br />
|- March!<br />
| rowspan="19" style="text-align:center; background:#98fb98; textcolor:#000;"| '''M<br />A<br />R'''<br />
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#cdfecd;"| '''2'''<br />
| ''[[Aravaan]]'' || [[Vasanthabalan]] || [[Aadhi (actor)|Aadhi]], [[Pasupathy]], [[Sai Dhanshika|Dhansika]], [[Archana Kavi]] || [[Period piece]] || Produced by Amma Creations ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/feb-12-03/aravan-vasanthabalan-16-02-12.html|title=Aravaan postponed|publisher=Behindwoods|access-date=16 February 2012|archive-date=19 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219150640/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/feb-12-03/aravan-vasanthabalan-16-02-12.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kondaan Koduthaan]]'' || G. Rajendran || Kadhir Kaman, [[Krithi Shetty|Advaitha]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by Ayyappa Art Films ||<ref name="d">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-march-2-news-tamil-mdcklNhgdda.html?scategory=tamil |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227022826/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-march-2-news-tamil-mdcklNhgdda.html?scategory=tamil |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 February 2014 |title=Friday Fury- March 2 |publisher=Sify.com |date=2 March 2012 |access-date=18 August 2012}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Shankar Oor Rajapalayam]]'' || Veera || Kanthesh, Hasika, Arun, Veerapandiyan || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by Golden Pictures ||<ref name="d"/><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#cdfecd;"| '''9'''<br />
| ''[[Naanga]]'' || [[Selva (director)|Selva]] || Sanjay Krishna, Vinod, Nivas, Udhay, [[Kasthuri (actress)|Kasthuri]], Vishnu Priya, [[Shivani Bhai]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by Sri Rajalakshmi Films ||<ref name="e">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-march-9-news-tamil-mdjkxfijhei.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310180152/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-march-9-news-tamil-mdjkxfijhei.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 March 2012 |title=Friday Fury-March 9 |publisher=Sify.com |date=9 March 2012 |access-date=18 August 2012}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Pathirama Pathukkunga]]'' || C. Somasundaram || Sharan, Swathi, [[Vaiyapuri]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by Saran Dot Creatives ||<ref name="e"/><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sevarkkodi]]'' || R. Subramanian || Arun Balaji, [[Bhama]] || [[Romance film|Romance]] || Produced by Bannari Pictures ||<ref name="e"/><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#cdfecd;"| '''16'''<br />
| ''[[Kazhugu (2012 film)|Kazhugu]]'' || Sathyasiva || [[Krishna Sekhar]], [[Bindu Madhavi]], [[Thambi Ramaiah]] || [[Comedy film|Comedy]] [[thriller (genre)|thriller]] || ||<ref name="f">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-march-16-news-tamil-mdqklGfdifd.html?scategory=tamil|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522161626/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-march-16-news-tamil-mdqklGfdifd.html?scategory=tamil|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 May 2014|title=Friday Fury&nbsp;– March 16 |publisher=Sify|access-date=17 March 2012}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Maasi (film)|Maasi]]'' || [[Kicha (director)|G. Kicha]]|| [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]], [[Archana Gupta]], Hema, [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] || [[Action film|Action]] || Produced by Anbu Lakshmi Films ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-reviews/reviews-2/mar-12-03/maasi-review.html |title=Maasi Review&nbsp;– Maasi Movie Review |publisher=Behindwoods.com |access-date=18 August 2012 |archive-date=21 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120621134753/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-reviews/reviews-2/mar-12-03/maasi-review.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vinmeengal]]'' || Vignesh Menon || [[Rahul Ravindran]], [[Anuja Iyer]], [[Bhavana Rao|Shikha]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] || ||<ref name="f"/><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;background:#cdfecd;"| '''23'''<br />
| ''[[Aayiram Muthangaludam Thenmozhi]]'' || Shanmugha Raj || Venkatesh, Akshara || [[Adult film|Adult Comedy]] || Produced by Dwarakamai Creations ||<ref name="g">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-march-23-news-tamil-mdxk62fafgi.html?scategory=tamil |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120912221649/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-march-23-news-tamil-mdxk62fafgi.html?scategory=tamil |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 September 2012 |title=Friday Fury-March 23 |publisher=Sify.com |date=23 March 2012 |access-date=18 August 2012}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kadhal Pisase]]'' || Aravindan || Aravindan, Anitha Reddy, Midhuna, [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] || [[Comedy film|Comedy]] || Produced by Dream Art Creations ||<ref name="g"/><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kantha (film)|Kantha]]'' || K. Vishwanath || [[Karan (actor)|Karan]], [[Mithra Kurian]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by VP Films ||<ref name="g"/><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Nanda Nanditha]]'' || Rama Siva || [[Hemachandran (actor)|Hemachandran]], [[Meghana Raj]], Surya Pratap || [[Romance film|Romance]] || Produced by Franch Pictures ||<ref name="g"/><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;background:#cdfecd;"| '''30'''<br />
| ''[[3 (2012 Indian film)|3]]'' || [[Aishwarya R. Dhanush]] || [[Dhanush]], [[Shruti Haasan]] || [[Romantic drama film|Romantic drama]] || Produced by R. K. Productions ||<ref name=autogenerated4>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-march-30-news-tamil-md4l2digach.html?scategory=tamil |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140130104623/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-march-30-news-tamil-md4l2digach.html?scategory=tamil |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 January 2014 |title=Friday Fury- March 30 |publisher=Sify.com |date=30 March 2012 |access-date=18 August 2012}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Meeravudan Krishna]]'' || A. Krishna || A. Krishna, Shwetha, Radha || [[Romance film|Romance]] || Produced by Duvarmayee Creations ||<ref name="g"/><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mudhalvar Mahatma]]'' || A. Balakrishnan || Kanakaraj, [[Anupam Kher]] || [[Biographical film|Biographical]] || ||<ref name="g"/><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Othakkuthirai]]'' || J. Srinivasan || Thiru, Anu Krishna || [[Romantic drama]] || Produced by Ponnu Swamy ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Otha Veedu]]'' || Balu Malarvannan || Dileep Kumar, Jahnavi Kamath || [[Thriller film|Thriller]] || Produced by Dev Kumar ||<ref name="g"/><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sooriya Nagaram]]'' || Ma. Chellamuthu || [[Rahul Ravindran]], [[Meera Nandan]], [[R. V. Udayakumar]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by SKP. Rajan ||<ref name="g"/><br />
|- April!<br />
| rowspan="13" style="text-align:center; background:#b4cae3; textcolor:#000;"| '''A<br />P<br/>R'''<br />
| style="text-align:center;background:#d9e4f1;"| '''1'''<br />
| ''[[Konjam Mainakale]]'' || Karthikeyan APK || Udhai, Moganapriya and Akshatha || [[Romance film|Romance]] || Produced by S. Sathyanarayanan ||<ref name="h"/><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#d9e4f1;"| '''6'''<br />
| ''[[Asthamanam]]'' || Bandi Sarojkumar || Munnar Ramesh, Rajesh Kanagasabai, Victoria, Vidya, Sharan, Raghu || [[Romance film|Romance]] || Produced by Char Productions ||<ref name="h">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-april-6-news-tamil-megjQNdghjd.html?scategory=tamil |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120911171216/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-april-6-news-tamil-megjQNdghjd.html?scategory=tamil |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 September 2012 |title=Friday Fury&nbsp;– April 6 |publisher=Sify.com |date=6 April 2012 |access-date=18 August 2012}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mazhaikaalam]]'' || S. Deepan || Sreeram, [[Saranya Nag]], [[Ganja Karuppu]] || [[Romance film|Romance]] || Produced by A. R. Screens ||<ref name="h"/><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Nandu Bhaskar]]'' || || || || ||<ref name="h"/><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#d9e4f1;"| '''13'''<br />
| ''[[Oru Kal Oru Kannadi]]'' || [[M. Rajesh]] || [[Udhayanidhi Stalin]], [[Hansika Motwani]], [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] || [[Comedy film|Comedy]] || Produced by [[Red Giant Movies]] ||<ref name="i">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-tamil-puthandu-april-13-news-tamil-menk2raahfj.html?scategory=tamil |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104212931/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-tamil-puthandu-april-13-news-tamil-menk2raahfj.html?scategory=tamil |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 November 2013 |title=Friday Fury-Tamil Puthandu, April 13 |publisher=Sify.com |date=13 April 2012 |access-date=18 August 2012}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Pachai Engira Kaathu]]'' || Keera || Vaasagar, Saranya, Appukutty Saravanan || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by Aa Thirai Nirvaanam ||<ref name="i"/><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;background:#d9e4f1;"| '''20'''<br />
| ''[[Aduthathu]]'' || Thakkaali Srinivasan || [[Sriman (actor)|Sriman]], Meenal, Darshini, [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] || [[Thriller film|Thriller]] || Produced by Suthradhaar Film production ||<ref name="j">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-april-20-news-tamil-meukjffebdc.html?scategory=tamil |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329150337/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-april-20-news-tamil-meukjffebdc.html?scategory=tamil |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 March 2019 |title=Friday Fury-April 20 |publisher=Sify.com |date=20 April 2012 |access-date=18 August 2012}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mattuthavani (film)|Mattuthavani]]'' || [[Pavithran (Tamil film director)|Pavithran]] || [[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]], [[Soori (actor)|Soori]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] || ||<ref name="j"/><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mye (film)|Mye]]'' || Chi. Ra. Gopalan || [[Vishnupriyan]], [[Shweta Prasad]] || [[Political drama]] || Produced by Padmalaya Cine Vision ||<ref name="j"/><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ooh La La La (film)|Ooh La La La]]'' || [[Jyothi Krishna (director)|Jyothi Krishna]] || [[Jyothi Krishna (director)|Jyothi Krishna]], Divya Bhandari || [[Romance film|Romance]] || Produced by Marshal Power Media ||<ref name="j"/><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#d9e4f1;"| '''27'''<br />
| ''[[Aathi Narayana]]'' || Vetrivendhan || Kajan, [[Meera Jasmine]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by Box Office Productions ||<ref name="k">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-april-27-news-tamil-me1kB0cbabg.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120429010955/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-april-27-news-tamil-me1kB0cbabg.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 April 2012 |title=Friday Fury&nbsp;– April 27 |publisher=Sify.com |date=27 April 2012 |access-date=18 August 2012}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Leelai]]'' || Andrew Louis || [[Shiv Panditt]], [[Manasi Parekh]], [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] || [[Romance film|Romance]] || Produced by [[Aascar Films]] ||<ref name="k"/><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Padam Parthu Kadhai Sol]]'' || Benjamin Prabhu || [[Tarun Shatriya]], [[Bhavana Rao|Shikha]], Darshan || [[Suspense thriller]] || Produced by APM Productions ||<ref name="k"/><br />
|- May!<br />
| rowspan="9" style="text-align:center; background:hotPink; textcolor:#000;"| '''M<br />A<br/>Y'''<br />
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#ffb5da;"| '''4'''<br />
| ''[[Gaantham]]'' || V. M. Saravanan || Tej, Rashmi, [[Pandiarajan]] || [[Romance film|Romance]] || Produced by New Moon Studios ||<ref name="l">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-may-4-news-tamil-mfelI8gfhee.html?scategory=tamil |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120910184226/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-may-4-news-tamil-mfelI8gfhee.html?scategory=tamil |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 September 2012 |title=Friday Fury- May 4 |publisher=Sify.com |date=4 May 2012 |access-date=18 August 2012}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Parama Guruµ]]'' || J. S. Manimaran || J. S. Manimaran, Sreeja || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by JS Screens ||<ref name="l"/><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vazhakku Enn 18/9]]'' || [[Balaji Sakthivel]] || Sri, Mithun Murali, Urmila Mahanta, [[Manisha Yadav]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by [[Thirupathi Brothers]] ||<ref name="l"/><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb5da;"| '''11'''<br />
| ''[[Kalakalappu]]'' || [[Sundar C.]] || [[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]], [[Shiva (actor)|Shiva]], [[Anjali (actress born 1986)|Anjali]], [[Oviya]], [[N. Santhanam|Santhanam]] || [[Comedy film|Comedy]] ||Produced by [[UTV Motion Pictures]] & Avni Cinemax ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-may-11-news-tamil-mflh2gcjfag.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513182953/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-may-11-news-tamil-mflh2gcjfag.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 May 2012 |title=Friday Fury&nbsp;– May 11 |publisher=Sify.com |date=11 May 2012 |access-date=18 August 2012}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#ffb5da;"| '''18'''<br />
| ''[[Kandathum Kanadhathum]]'' || Seelan || Vikas, [[Swasika]] || [[Romance film|Romance]] || Produced by Sankara Pandian films ||<ref name="m">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-may-18-news-tamil-mfshQTfajhb.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519032917/http://www.sify.com/movies/Friday-Fury-May-18-news-tamil-mfshQTfajhb.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 May 2012 |title=Friday Fury-May 18 |publisher=Sify.com |date=18 May 2012 |access-date=18 August 2012}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Raattinam]]'' || Thangasamy || Laguparan, Swathi, Ajay Athith || [[Romance film|Romance]] || Produced by Raja Rathinam films ||<ref name="m"/><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#ffb5da;"| '''25'''<br />
| ''[[Anbulla Manvizhiye]]'' || Bramman || Sunil, Nazir, Hasini, Risha, [[Vadivukkarasi]] || [[Romance film|Romance]] || ||<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-may-25-news-tamil-mfzePcjcffe.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526130928/http://www.sify.com/movies/Friday-Fury-May-25-news-tamil-mfzePcjcffe.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 May 2012 |title=Friday Fury-May 25 |publisher=Sify.com |date=25 May 2012 |access-date=18 August 2012}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ishtam (2012 film)|Ishtam]]'' || Prem Nizar || [[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]], [[Nisha Aggarwal]] || [[Romance film|Romance]] || Produced by Balaji Real Media ||<ref name="autogenerated2"/><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Konjum Mainakkale]]'' || Karthikeyan || Udhay, Mohanapriya, Akshatha || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by Satya Creations ||<ref name="autogenerated2"/><br />
|- June!<br />
| rowspan="10" style="text-align:center; background:#50c878; textcolor:#000;"| '''J<br />U<br/>N'''<br />
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;background:#a8e4bc;"| '''1'''<br />
| ''[[Idhayam Thiraiarangam]]'' || Ramki Ramakrishnan || Anand, Swetha, [[Manobala]], Kavitha || [[Romance film|Romance]] || Produced by Tamil Film Corporation ||<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-june-1-news-tamil-mgbj9eeegcf.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120602145918/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-june-1-news-tamil-mgbj9eeegcf.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 June 2012 |title=Friday Fury&nbsp;– June 1 |publisher=Sify.com |date=1 June 2012 |access-date=18 August 2012}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Manam Kothi Paravai]]'' || [[Ezhil]] || [[Sivakarthikeyan]], [[Athmiya Rajan]] || [[Romantic comedy]] || Produced by Olympia Movies ||<ref name="autogenerated3"/><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mayanginen Thayanginen]]'' || Vendhan || [[Nithin Sathya]], [[Disha Pandey]] || || ||<ref name="autogenerated3"/><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Thadaiyara Thaakka]]'' || [[Magizh Thirumeni]] || [[Arun Vijay]], [[Mamta Mohandas]] || [[Action film|Action]] || Produced by Feather Touch Entertainment ||<ref name="autogenerated3"/><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#a8e4bc;"| '''8'''<br />
| ''[[Krishnaveni Panjaalai]]'' || Dhanapal Padmanabhan || Hemachandran, Nandana, [[Rajiv Krishna]] || [[Romance film|Romance]] || Produced by Minveli Media Works ||<ref name="Fury">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-june-8-news-tamil-mgilIFbcaej.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120610051432/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-june-8-news-tamil-mgilIFbcaej.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 June 2012 |title=Friday Fury- June 8 |publisher=Sify |date=8 June 2012 |access-date=8 June 2012}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Porkodi 10am Vaguppu]]'' || Pazha Suresh || Praveen, Brindha || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by New Teamwork Production ||<ref name="Fury"/><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Thoothuvan]]'' || Mohan Roop || Aditya, Gowri, Archana, Nikhil || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by Pioneer Movies ||<ref name="Fury"/><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#a8e4bc;"| '''15'''<br />
| ''[[Marupadiyum Oru Kadhal]]'' || Vasu Baskar || [[Saiju Kurup|Anirudh]], [[Joshna Fernando|Jyoshna]], [[Suman (actor)|Suman]], [[Vadivelu]] || [[Romance film|Romance]] || ||<ref name="p"/><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Murattu Kaalai (2012 film)|Murattu Kaalai]]'' || [[K. Selva Bharathy]] || [[Sundar C]], [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]], [[Sindhu Tolani]] || [[Action film|Action]]-[[masala (film genre)|masala]] || Produced by Soorya Productions ||<ref name="p">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-june-15-news-tamil-mgpl6edfici.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616075726/http://www.sify.com/movies/Friday-Fury-June-15-news-tamil-mgpl6edfici.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 June 2012|title=Friday Fury-June 15|publisher=Sify|date=9 June 2012|access-date=9 June 2012}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; background:#a8e4bc;"| '''22'''<br />
| ''[[Saguni]]'' || Shankar Dayal || [[Karthi]], [[Pranitha Subhash|Pranitha]], [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]], [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]], [[Raadhika Sarathkumar|Raadhika]] || [[Political satire]] || Produced by Dream Warrior Pictures ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-june-22-news-tamil-mgwjWfhdjhc.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120624201823/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-june-22-news-tamil-mgwjWfhdjhc.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 June 2012|title=Friday Fury- June 22|publisher=Sify|date=9 June 2012|access-date=9 June 2012}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
===July – December===<br />
{| id="wikitable-20121207" class="wikitable"<br />
|- style="background:#b0e0e6; text-align:center;"<br />
! colspan="2" | Opening<br />
! style="width:13%;"| Title<br />
! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Notes !! Ref<br />
|- July!<br />
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#40e0d0; textcolor:#000;"| '''J<br />U<br/>L'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; background:#afeeee;"| '''6'''<br />
| ''[[Naan Ee]]'' || [[S. S. Rajamouli]] || [[Nani (actor)|Nani]], [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]], [[Sudeep]] || [[Fantasy film|Fantasy]] || Produced by [[PVP Cinema]] ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/naan-ee-to-hit-theaters-on-july-6/266257-71-180.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209010224/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/naan-ee-to-hit-theaters-on-july-6/266257-71-180.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 December 2013 |title='Naan Ee' to hit theaters on July 6&nbsp;– South Cinema&nbsp;– Tamil News&nbsp;– ibnlive |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |date=15 June 2012 |access-date=18 August 2012}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; background:#afeeee;"| '''13'''<br />
| ''[[Billa II]]'' || [[Chakri Toleti]] || [[Ajith Kumar]], [[Parvathy Omanakuttan]], [[Bruna Abdullah]], [[Vidyut Jamwal]], [[Sudhanshu Pandey]] || [[Mob film|Gangster]]-[[thriller film|thriller]] || Produced by Wide Angle Creations & IN Entertainment ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/83166.html |title='Billa 2' from July 13 - Tamil Movie News |publisher=IndiaGlitz |date=25 June 2012 |access-date=18 August 2012 |archive-date=15 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120815112551/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/83166.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#afeeee;" | '''27'''<br />
| ''[[Maalai Pozhudhin Mayakathilaey]]'' || Narayan Nagendra Rao || [[Aari (actor)|Aari]], [[Shubha Phutela]] || [[Romance film|Romance]] || Produced by Sri Lakshmi Narasimha Creations || <ref name="rel">{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-24/news-interviews/32826598_1_small-films-billa-ii-ajith |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126051126/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-24/news-interviews/32826598_1_small-films-billa-ii-ajith |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 January 2013 |title=Will small films make a mark? |date=24 July 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=24 July 2012}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Pechiyakka Marumagan]]'' || V. P. Bala Kumar || [[Tarun Gopi]], [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]], [[Thambi Ramaiah]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] || || <ref name="rel"/><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Pollangu]]'' || Gandhi Marx || Ravi Rahul, Nisha Lalwani || [[Crime film|Crime thriller]] || || <ref name="rel"/><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Suzhal]]'' || Jayan R Krishnaa || [[Atul Kulkarni (actor born 1965)|Atul Kulkarni]], Fariz, Hemachandran, [[Prathap K. Pothan]], [[Nizhalgal Ravi]] || [[Action film|Action]] || Produced by Whyte Infotainment ||<ref name="rel"/><br />
|- August!<br />
| rowspan="22" style="text-align:center; background:plum; textcolor:#000;"| '''A<br />U<br/>G'''<br />
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#ede3ef;"| '''2'''<br />
| ''[[Madhubana Kadai]]'' || Kamala Kannan || Karthivel, Dhyana, Arvind Annamalai || [[Comedy film|Comedy]] || Produced by Montage Media Productions || <ref name=aug3>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-august-3-news-tamil-midleKagheb.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804230443/http://www.sify.com/movies/Friday-Fury-August-3-news-tamil-midleKagheb.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 August 2012 |title=Friday Fury-August 3 |publisher=Sify.com |date=3 August 2012 |access-date=18 August 2012}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mirattal]]'' || [[Madhesh]] || [[Vinay Rai]], [[Sharmila Mandre]], [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] || [[Masala (film genre)|Masala]] || Produced by Metronet Multimedia || <ref name="aug3"/><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#ede3ef;"| '''3'''<br />
| ''[[Aasami]]'' || Aandar Raj || Ramesh, [[Santhana Bharathi]], Pandu, [[Shakeela]], [[Aarthi (actress)|Aarthi]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] || || <ref name="aug3"/><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Yugam (film)|Yugam]]'' || Sribavansekar || Rahul Madhav, Deepthi Nambiar || [[Drama film|Drama]] || || <ref name="aug3"/><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;background:#ede3ef;"| '''10'''<br />
| ''[[Adhisaya Ulagam]]'' || Shakthi Scott || [[Livingston (actor)|Livingston]], Ananda Kannan, Prithvi, Sreelakshmy, Latha Rao || [[Fantasy film|Fantasy]] || || <ref name="pal">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-august-10-news-tamil-mikldsjghci.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812001129/http://www.sify.com/movies/Friday-Fury-August-10-news-tamil-mikldsjghci.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 August 2012 |title=Friday Fury-August 10 |publisher=Sify|date=10 August 2012 |access-date=13 August 2012}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Eppadi Manasukkul Vanthai]]'' || P. V. Prasad || Vishva, Irfaan, [[Tanvi Vyas]] || [[Romance film|Romance]] || || <ref name="pal"/><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Palayamkottai (film)|Palayamkottai]]'' || G. Shekar || G. Shekar, Inbanila, Bose Venkat || [[Action film|Action]] || Produced by Visalatchi Amma Creations || <ref name="pal"/><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Panithuli]]'' || Natty Kumar || [[Ganesh Venkatraman]], Shobhana Shankar, [[Kalpana Pandit]] || [[Romance film|Romance]] || Produced by Dreams On Frames and House Of Pandit || <ref name="pal"/><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sri Ramakrishna Darsanam]]'' || G. N. Dass || Shashi Kumar, Lakshmi, [[Delhi Ganesh]]|| [[Drama film|Drama]] || || <ref name="pal"/><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#ede3ef;"| '''15'''<br />
| ''[[Attakathi]]'' || [[Pa. Ranjith]] || [[Attakathi Dinesh|Dinesh]], [[Nandita Swetha]], [[Aishwarya Rajesh]] || [[Romantic comedy]] || Produced by Thiru Kumaran Entertainment || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/83617.html |title='Attakathi' releases on August 15! - Tamil Movie News |publisher=IndiaGlitz |date=9 July 2012 |access-date=18 August 2012 |archive-date=11 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120911175935/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/83617.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Iruvan]]'' || E. S. Muruganandam || Praveen, Prakash, Shaina || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by Zion Pictures || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/advance-booking-starts-for-aug-15-releases-news-bollywood-mimkNticcbb.html?scategory=tamil |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130208191558/http://www.sify.com/movies/advance-booking-starts-for-aug-15-releases-news-bollywood-mimkNticcbb.html?scategory=tamil |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 February 2013 |title=Advance Booking starts for Aug 15 releases |publisher=Sify.com |date=12 August 2012 |access-date=18 August 2012}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Naan (2012 film)|Naan]]'' || Jeeva Shankar || [[Vijay Antony]], [[Siddharth Venugopal]], [[Rupa Manjari]], Vibha Natarajan, [[Anuya Bhagvath]] || [[Crime thriller]] || Produced by Vijay Antony Corporation || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/aug-12-01/naan-vijay-antony-01-08-12.html |title=Naan Certified&nbsp;– Naan&nbsp;– Vijay Antony&nbsp;– Rupa Manjari&nbsp;– Anuya&nbsp;– Vibha&nbsp;– Tamil Movie News |publisher=Behindwoods.com |date=1 August 2012 |access-date=18 August 2012 |archive-date=6 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806004044/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/aug-12-01/naan-vijay-antony-01-08-12.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#ede3ef;"| '''17'''<br />
| ''[[Etho Seithai Ennai]]'' || Elvin Bosser || [[Shakthi Vasudevan|Shakthi]], Liyasree, [[Anand (actor)|Anand]], [[Anand Babu]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] || || <ref name="Aug1">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-aug-17-news-tamil-mirh2Nfjagi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818220820/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-aug-17-news-tamil-mirh2Nfjagi.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 August 2012 |title=Friday Fury- Aug 17 |publisher=Sify |date=14 August 2012 |access-date=14 August 2012}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Pandi Oliperukki Nilayam]]'' || [[Rasu Madhuravan]] || Sabarish, [[Sunaina]], [[Soori (actor)|Soori]], [[Karunas]] || [[Romantic comedy]] || || <ref name="Aug1"/><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Poovampatty]]'' || Pudugai Marisa || Sandeep, Sri Shalini, Lavanya, Vaagai Chandrasekar || || || <ref name="Aug1"/><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;background:#ede3ef;"| '''24'''<br />
| ''[[18 Vayasu]]'' || [[R. Panneerselvam]] || Johnny, [[Gayathrie Shankar]] || [[Psychological thriller]] || Produced by [[S. S. Chakravarthy|NIC Arts]] || <ref name="aug24">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-august-24-news-tamil-miykJPedbgg.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120826002340/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-august-24-news-tamil-miykJPedbgg.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 August 2012 |title=Friday Fury&nbsp;– August 24 |publisher=Sify |date=24 August 2012 |access-date=24 August 2012}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Aachariyangal]]'' || Harshavardhan || [[Thaman Kumar]], [[Aishwarya Rajesh]], Reethu Mangal, Narayanan || || || <ref name="aug24"/><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Anil (film)|Anil]]'' || ARS || Anil Bharath, Ashrith Bhanu || || || <ref name="aug24"/><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Avan Appadithan]]'' || SP Raja || Jayan Vaikuntha, Karuna, Della Raj, Sasha, Babilona || [[Adult thriller]] || || <ref name="aug24"/><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Perumaan]]'' || J. Rajesh Kannan || [[Arjun Das|Arjun]], Shruti, Sriram Vedam || || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#ede3ef;"| '''31'''<br />
| ''[[Mugamoodi]]'' || [[Mysskin]] || [[Jiiva]], [[Narain (actor)|Narain]], [[Pooja Hegde]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], Selvaah || [[Superhero film|Superhero]] || Produced by [[UTV Motion Pictures]] || <ref name="Aug31">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-august-31-news-tamil-mi5jSQbgbag.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901031908/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-august-31-news-tamil-mi5jSQbgbag.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 September 2012|title=Friday Fury- August 31|publisher=Sify|date=2 June 2012|access-date=2 June 2012}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Valiban Suttrum Ulagam]]'' || AR Lalithaswamy || MGR Siva, MGR Hari || [[Spoof film|Spoof]] || || <ref name="Aug31"/><br />
|- September!<br />
| rowspan="9" style="text-align:center; background:orange; textcolor:#000;"| '''S<br />E<br />P'''<br />
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;background:#ffdead;"| '''7'''<br />
| ''[[Arakkonam (film)|Arakkonam]]'' || S. S. Reddy || [[Sriman (actor)|Sriman]], Prachi Adhikari, Ponnambalam || [[Crime thriller]] || Produced by Ramana Gudipati and S. S. Reddy || <ref name="sep7">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-september-7-news-tamil-mjhlcPhjbab.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908093934/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-september-7-news-tamil-mjhlcPhjbab.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-09-08|title=Friday Fury - September 7}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kalla Parunthu]]'' || Idhayan ||Amsavel, Manju, Shobana || Adult Romance || || <ref name="sep7"/><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mannaru]]'' || S. Jaishankar || [[Appukutty]], [[Thambi Ramaiah]], Swathy, Vaishali || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by Suji & Rathna Films || <ref name="sep7"/><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Paagan]]'' || Aslam || [[Srikanth (Tamil actor, born 1979)|Srikanth]], [[Janani Iyer]], [[Kovai Sarala]] || [[Romantic comedy]] || Produced by V P Productions || <ref name="sep7"/><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#ffdead;"| '''14'''<br />
| ''[[Nellai Santhippu]]'' || Naveen || Rohit, Bhushan, Megha Nair Devika || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by T Creations Thirumalai || <ref name="sep14">{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/86122.html |title=Friday Fiesta |publisher=IndiaGlitz |date=4 September 2012 |access-date=5 September 2012 |archive-date=17 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917001740/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/86122.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sundarapandian]]'' || [[S. R. Prabhakaran]] || [[M. Sasikumar]], [[Lakshmi Menon (actress)|Lakshmi Menon]], [[Vijay Sethupathi]], [[Soori (actor)|Soori]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by Company Production || <ref name="sep14"/><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#ffdead;"| '''19'''<br />
| ''[[Chaarulatha]]'' || [[Pon Kumaran]] || [[Priyamani]], Skanda, [[Saranya Ponvannan]], [[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]] || [[Horror film|Horror]] || Produced by Global One Studios || <ref name=sep21>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-sep-21-news-tamil-mjvkEUiciih.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922232601/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-sep-21-news-tamil-mjvkEUiciih.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-09-22|title=Friday Fury – Sep 21}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Saattai]]'' || Anbazhagan || [[Samuthirakani]], Mahima Nambiar, Ajmal Khan, [[Thambi Ramaiah]], [[Swasika]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by [[Prabhu Solomon|Shalom Creations]] || <ref name=sep21/><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead;"| '''28'''<br />
| ''[[Thaandavam]]'' || [[A. L. Vijay]] || [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]], [[Anushka Shetty]], [[Amy Jackson]], [[Lakshmi Rai]] || [[Action film|Action]] || Produced by [[UTV Motion Pictures]] || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-september-28-news-tamil-mj2ldObbibj.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930100306/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-september-28-news-tamil-mj2ldObbibj.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 September 2012|title=Friday Fury- September 28|publisher=Sify|date=28 September 2012|access-date=30 September 2012}}</ref><br />
|- October! style="text-align:center;" <br />
| rowspan="13" style="background:#eef003; textcolor:#000;"| '''O<br />C<br/>T'''<br />
| rowspan="3" style="background:#f9fab3;"| '''5'''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Pudhiya Kaaviyam]]'' || Pe Na Ramesh || Dilip, Jahnavi Kamath, Athesh, Alwha Vasu || [[Drama film|Drama]] || ||<ref name=oct5/><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sembattai]]'' || Ganesh || Dileepan, Srijith, Gowri Nambiar || [[Drama film|Drama]] || ||<ref name=oct5/><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#f9fab3;"| '''12'''<br />
| ''[[Maattrraan]]'' || [[K. V. Anand]] || [[Suriya (actor)|Suriya]], [[Kajal Aggarwal]], [[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]], [[Sachin Khedekar]] || [[Action thriller]] || Produced by [[AGS Entertainment]] || <ref name="oct12">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-october-12-news-tamil-mkmiCwigajf.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014020909/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-october-12-news-tamil-mkmiCwigajf.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 October 2012 |title=Friday Fury&nbsp;– October 12 |publisher=Sify |date=12 October 2012 |access-date=12 October 2012}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Soundarya (film)|Soundarya]]'' || Chandramohan || Govind, 'Killer' Kasim, Rithoosan, Sarath, Santosh || Erotic thriller || || <ref name="oct12"/><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;background:#f9fab3;"| '''19'''<br />
| ''[[Amridha Yokam]]'' || A Manicka Raj || Sridhar, Vennila || [[Drama film|Drama]] || || <ref name="oct19"/><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Koyambedu Perundhu Nilayam]]'' || R. Manivasagan || Ashok, Anvitha || Romance || || <ref name="oct19"/><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Pizza (2012 film)|Pizza]]'' || [[Karthik Subburaj]] || [[Vijay Sethupathi]], [[Remya Nambeesan]]|| [[Romantic thriller]] || Produced by Thirukumaran Entertainment || <ref name="oct19">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-october-19-news-tamil-mktjyMhfgfg.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021214516/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-october-19-news-tamil-mktjyMhfgfg.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 October 2012 |title=Friday Fury&nbsp;– October 19 |publisher=Sify |date=19 October 2012 |access-date=19 October 2012}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Thiruthani (film)|Thiruthani]]'' || [[Perarasu]] || [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]], [[Sunaina]], [[Rajkiran]], [[Pandiarajan]] || [[Action film|Action]] || || <ref name="oct19"/><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;background:#f9fab3; textcolor:#000;"| '''26'''<br />
| ''[[Aarohanam (2012 film)|Aarohanam]]'' || [[Lakshmy Ramakrishnan]] || [[Viji Chandrasekhar]], [[Jayaprakash]], [[Uma Padmanabhan]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by AVA Productions || <ref name="oct26">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-oct-26-news-tamil-mk0muRfdfbj.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028221444/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-oct-26-news-tamil-mk0muRfdfbj.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 October 2012 |title=Friday Fury&nbsp;– October 26 |publisher=Sify |date=26 October 2012 |access-date=26 October 2012}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Chakravarthy Thirumagan]]'' || L. Purushottaman || MGR Siva || Comedy || || <ref name="oct26"/><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mayilu]]'' || Jeevan || Sri, [[Shammu]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by [[Prakash Raj|Duet Movies]] || <ref name="oct26"/><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vavval Pasanga]]'' || [[Suresh (director)|Suresh]] || Rahul, [[Utthara Unni]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by Sree Raji Movies || <ref name="oct26"/><br />
|- November!<br />
| rowspan="12" style="text-align:center; background:#ffa07a; textcolor:#000;"| '''N<br />O<br/>V'''<br />
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc;"|'''2'''<br />
| ''[[Ariyaan]]'' || P. Karthikeyan || Santosh Bhavan, [[Ragini Dwivedi]] || || || <ref name="nov2">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-november-2-news-tamil-mlckMaibcdd.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103161650/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-november-2-news-tamil-mlckMaibcdd.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 November 2012 |title=Friday Fury – November 2 |publisher=Sify |date=2 November 2012 |access-date=2 November 2012}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Asaivam]]'' || Kishore || Sidhaarth, Jennifer, Srija || Romance || || <ref name="nov2"/><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Magan (film)|Magan]]'' || || || || || <ref name="nov2"/><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Yaarukku Theriyum]]'' || Ganesan Kamaraj || [[Kalabhavan Mani]], [[Nishan (actor)|Nishan]], [[Jayaprakash]], [[Riyaz Khan]], [[Harish Raj]], [[Sanjana Singh]] || [[Thriller film|Thriller]] || Produced by Arubere Art Ventura Pvt Ltd || <ref name="nov2"/><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc;"|'''9'''<br />
| ''[[Ajantha (2012 film)|Ajantha]]'' || Rajppa Ravishankar || [[Ramana (actor)|Ramana]], [[Vinu Mohan]], [[Honey Rose]], [[Sai Kiran]], Vandana Gupta || || || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/november-13-d-day-is-here-news-tamil-mlngDHadbdh.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113212338/http://www.sify.com/movies/november-13-d-day-is-here-news-tamil-mlngDHadbdh.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 November 2012 |title=Friday Fury - November 9 |publisher=Sify |date=9 November 2012 |access-date=9 November 2012}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc;"|'''13'''<br />
| ''[[Ammavin Kaipesi]]'' || [[Thangar Bachan]] || [[Shanthnu Bhagyaraj]], [[Iniya]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by Thankar Thiraikalam || <ref name="nov13">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-november-9-news-tamil-mljlhRcdebf.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110165201/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-november-9-news-tamil-mljlhRcdebf.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 November 2012 |title=November 13- D-Day is here! |publisher=Sify |date=13 November 2012 |access-date=13 November 2012}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kasi Kuppam]]'' || Arun || Aadarsh, Archana || Drama || Produced by Balamurugan films || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://entertainment.oneindia.in/tamil/news/2012/thuppakki-podaa-podi-release-101125.html|title=Thuppakki v/s Podaa Podi: Which movie will you watch today?|date=13 November 2012|access-date=19 November 2012|archive-date=15 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121115224423/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/tamil/news/2012/thuppakki-podaa-podi-release-101125.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Podaa Podi]]'' || Vignesh Shivaa || [[Silambarasan Rajendar|Silambarasan]], [[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar]], [[Shobana]] || [[Romance film|Romance]] || Produced by [[Gemini Film Circuit]] || <ref name="nov13"/><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Thuppakki]]'' || [[A. R. Murugadoss]] || [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], [[Kajal Aggarwal]], [[Vidyut Jamwal]], [[Jayaram]] || [[Action film|Thriller]] || Produced by [[S. Thanu|V Creations]] || <ref name="nov13"/><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc;"|'''23'''<br />
| ''[[Kai (film)|Kai]]'' || Vinoth Raghava || Vijith, Joshima || Romance || || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-november-23-news-tamil-mlxkOWcgdfh.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121124190812/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-november-23-news-tamil-mlxkOWcgdfh.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 November 2012 |title=Friday Fury- November 23 |publisher=Sify |date=23 November 2012 |access-date=23 November 2012}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc;"|'''30'''<br />
| ''[[Naduvula Konjam Pakkatha Kaanom]]'' || [[Balaji Tharaneetharan]] || [[Vijay Sethupathi]], [[Gayathrie Shankar]] || [[Comedy film|Comedy]] || Produced by Leo Vision || <ref name="nov30">{{cite web|title=Friday Fury – November 30|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-november-30-news-tamil-ml4juxghbeb.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121201145529/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-november-30-news-tamil-ml4juxghbeb.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 December 2012|publisher=Sify|access-date=30 December 2012}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Neerparavai]]'' || [[Seenu Ramasamy]] || [[Vishnu Vishal|Vishnu]], [[Sunaina]], [[Nandita Das]], [[Saranya Ponvannan]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by [[Red Giant Movies]] || <ref name="nov30"/><br />
|- December!<br />
| rowspan="10" style="text-align:center; background:skyBlue; textcolor:#000;"| '''D<br />E<br />C'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; background:#b7e1f3;"|'''8'''<br />
| ''[[Sun Sun Thatha]]'' || [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] || Ahbi, [[Jamali Shadat]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] || || <ref>{{cite web|title=Nasser Sun Sun Thatha releasing today|url=http://www.kollywoodtoday.net/news/nasser-sun-sun-thatha-releasing-today/|access-date=15 December 2012|archive-date=15 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121215181756/http://www.kollywoodtoday.net/news/nasser-sun-sun-thatha-releasing-today/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#b7e1f3;"|'''14'''<br />
| ''[[Kumki (film)|Kumki]]'' || [[Prabhu Solomon]] || [[Vikram Prabhu]], [[Lakshmi Menon (actress)|Lakshmi Menon]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by [[Thirupathi Brothers]] || <ref name="Friday Fury – December 14">{{cite web|title=Friday Fury – December 14|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-december-14-news-tamil-mmojQ4bidhh.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121214220929/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-december-14-news-tamil-mmojQ4bidhh.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 December 2012|publisher=Sify|access-date=30 December 2012}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Neethaane En Ponvasantham]]'' || [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]] || [[Jiiva]], [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]], [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] || [[Romance film|Romance]] || Produced by [[Photon Kathaas]] & RS Infotainment || <ref name="Friday Fury – December 14"/><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; background:#b7e1f3;"|'''21'''<br />
| ''[[Sattam Oru Iruttarai (2012 film)|Sattam Oru Iruttarai]]'' || Sneha Britto || [[Thaman Kumar]], [[Piaa Bajpai]], [[Bindu Madhavi]], [[Reemma Sen]] || [[Action film|Action]] || || <ref>{{cite web|title=Friday Fury- December 21|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-december-21-news-tamil-mmvmhWieafg.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121223210437/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-december-21-news-tamil-mmvmhWieafg.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 December 2012|publisher=Sify|access-date=30 December 2012}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#b7e1f3;"|'''28'''<br />
| ''[[Akilan (film)|Akilan]]'' || || Dr. Saravanan, Vidya, [[Raj Kapoor (Tamil film director)|Rajkapoor]] || || || <ref name="Friday Fury December 28">{{cite web|title=Friday Fury December 28|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-december-28-news-tamil-mm2nbrddihe.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121230142858/http://www.sify.com/movies/Friday-Fury-December-28-news-tamil-mm2nbrddihe.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 December 2012|publisher=Sify|access-date=30 December 2012}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kandu Pudichitten]]'' || || || || || <ref name="Friday Fury December 28"/><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kozhi Koovuthu (2012 film)|Kozhi Koovuthu]]'' || K. I. Ranjith || [[Ashok (actor)|Ashok]], [[Sija Rose]], [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]], Bose Venkat || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by Bright Media || <ref name="Friday Fury December 28"/><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Lollu Dhadha Parak Parak]]'' || [[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)|Mansoor Ali Khan]] || Mansoor Ali Khan, Anjana, Aarthi, [[Shakeela]], [[Venniradai Moorthy]] || [[Comedy film|Comedy]] || Produced by Mansoor Ali Khan || <ref name="Friday Fury December 28"/><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Paraseega Mannan]]'' || [[J. Suresh]] || J. Suresh, [[Sruthi Lakshmi]], [[Ramesh Khanna]], KK || [[Action thriller]] || Produced by Rich Art Productions || <ref name="Friday Fury December 28"/><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Pudhumugangal Thevai]]'' || Maneesh Babu || [[Shivaji Dev]], Rajesh Yadhav, [[Muktha (actress)|Muktha Bhanu]], [[Vishnupriya (actress)|Vishnupriya]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by Winner Bull Films || <ref name="Friday Fury December 28"/><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Dubbed films==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; font-size:95%;"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Opening<br />
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Title<br />
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Director(s)<br />
! scope="col" colspan="2"| Original film<br />
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Cast<br />
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Notes<br />
! scope="col" rowspan="2" class="unsortable"| {{tooltip|Ref.|References}}<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" | Film<br />
! scope="col" | Language<br />
|-<br />
| 19 September || ''[[Thulli Ezhunthathu Kadhal]]'' || Sreehari Nanu || ''[[Thakita Thakita]]'' || Telugu || [[Harshvardhan Rane]], [[Hariprriya]], [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]], [[Anushka Shetty]], [[Bhumika Chawla]] || Produced by Chennai Film School Production || <ref name="sep14"/><br />
|-<br />
| 5 October || ''[[English Vinglish]]'' || [[Gauri Shinde]] || ''English Vinglish'' || Hindi || [[Sridevi]], [[Priya Anand]], [[Adil Hussain]] || Produced by Hope Productions || <ref name=oct5>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-october-5-news-tamil-mkfnPUeghch.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006193111/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-october-5-news-tamil-mkfnPUeghch.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-10-06|title=Friday Fury - October 5}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"<br />
|-<br />
! style="width:20px;"| Category/Organization !! style="width:200px;"| [[60th Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards South]]<br />20 July 2013<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/filmfare-awards-south-dhanush-eega-win-big-awards/408186-71-177.html |title=Filmfare Awards (South): The complete list of winners |date=Jul 21, 2013 |website=ibnlive.in.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510051756/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/filmfare-awards-south-dhanush-eega-win-big-awards/408186-71-177.html |archive-date=10 May 2015 }}</ref> !! style="width:200px;"| [[2nd South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Awards]]<br />12 September 2013<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/stars-in-sharjah/article5128642.ece | title=Stars in Sharjah | first=Sudhish | last=Kamath | date=15 September 2013 | newspaper=The Hindu | access-date=24 November 2019 | archive-date=19 February 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219131946/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/stars-in-sharjah/article5128642.ece | url-status=live }}</ref> !! style="width:200px;"| [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]<br />14 July 2017<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170714120636/http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil-nadu-state-film-awards-for-last-six-years-announced-news-tamil-rhonnMgjbdcib.html sify.com]</ref> !! style="width:200px;"| [[7th Vijay Awards|Vijay Awards]]<br />11 May 2013<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2013/may/13/Dhanush-Samantha-win-top-honours-at-Vijay-Awards-476730.html|title=Dhanush, Samantha win top honours at Vijay Awards|access-date=25 September 2019|archive-date=25 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925222756/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2013/may/13/Dhanush-Samantha-win-top-honours-at-Vijay-Awards-476730.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| Best Film || ''[[Vazhakku Enn 18/9]]'' || ''[[Kumki (film)|Kumki]]'' || ''[[Vazhakku Enn 18/9]]'' || ''[[Vazhakku Enn 18/9]]''<br />
|-<br />
| Best Director || [[Balaji Sakthivel]]<br>''[[Vazhakku Enn 18/9]]'' || [[Balaji Sakthivel]]<br>''[[Vazhakku Enn 18/9]]'' || [[Balaji Sakthivel]]<br>''[[Vazhakku Enn 18/9]]'' ||[[Balaji Sakthivel]]<br>''[[Vazhakku Enn 18/9]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| Best Actor || [[Dhanush]]<br>''[[3 (2012 Tamil film)|3]]'' || [[Dhanush]]<br>''[[3 (2012 Tamil film)|3]]'' || [[Jiiva]]<br>''[[Neethaane En Ponvasantham]]'' || [[Dhanush]]<br>''[[3 (2012 Tamil film)|3]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| Best Actress || [[Samantha Akkineni|Samantha]]<br>''[[Neethaane En Ponvasantham]]'' || [[Hansika Motwani]]<br>''[[Oru Kal Oru Kannadi]]'' || [[Lakshmi Menon (actress)|Lakshmi Menon]]<br>''[[Kumki (film)|Kumki]]'' / ''[[Sundarapandian]]'' || [[Samantha Akkineni|Samantha]]<br>''[[Neethaane En Ponvasantham]]''<br />
|-<br />
| Best Music Director || [[D. Imman]]<br>''[[Kumki (film)|Kumki]]''|| [[Harris Jayaraj]]<br>''[[Thuppakki]]'' || [[D. Imman]]<br>''[[Kumki (film)|Kumki]]'' || [[D. Imman]]<br>''[[Kumki (film)|Kumki]]'' <br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Notable deaths==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! '''Month''' !! '''Date''' !! '''Name''' !! '''Age''' !! '''Country''' !! '''Profession''' !! '''Notable Films''' !! Ref<br />
|- valign="top"<br />
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[Deaths in January 2012|January]]'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''1'' || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[Devaraj Mohan|Mohan]]''' || style="text-align:center;"| 81 || style="text-align:center;"| {{Flagicon|india}} || style="text-align:center;"| Director || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''[[Annakili]]'' • ''[[Kavikkuyil]]'' • ''[[Rosaappo Ravikkai Kaari]]'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''30'' || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[Idichapuli Selvaraj]]''' || style="text-align:center;"| 73 || style="text-align:center;"| {{Flagicon|india}} || style="text-align:center;"| Actor || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''Enga Chinna Raasa'' • ''[[Velaikkaran (1987 film)|Velaikaran]]'' • ''[[Muthu (film)|Muthu]]'' ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tamil.oneindia.in/movies/news/2012/01/senior-actor-idichapuli-selvaraj-passes-away-aid0136.html|title=மூத்த நடிகர் இடிச்சபுளி செல்வராஜ் மரணம்|date=31 January 2012|access-date=9 March 2016|archive-date=13 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313003136/http://tamil.oneindia.in/movies/news/2012/01/senior-actor-idichapuli-selvaraj-passes-away-aid0136.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|- valign="top"<br />
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[Deaths in February 2012|February]]'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''15'' || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[R. N. K. Prasad]]''' || style="text-align:center;"| 82 || style="text-align:center;"| {{Flagicon|india}} || style="text-align:center;"| Cinematographer || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''[[Annakili]]'' • ''[[Naandi (film)|Naandi]]'' • ''[[Rosaappo Ravikkai Kaari]]'' ||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/rnk-prasad-veteran-cinematographer-dead/article2898367.ece|title=R.N.K. Prasad, veteran cinematographer, dead|newspaper=The Hindu|date=16 February 2012|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''20'' || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[S. N. Lakshmi]]'''|| style="text-align:center;"| 85 || style="text-align:center;"| {{Flagicon|india}} || style="text-align:center;"| Actress || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''[[Server Sundaram]]'' • ''[[Michael Madana Kama Rajan]]'' • ''[[Mahanadi (film)|Mahanadhi]]'' ||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/veteran-actor-lakshmi-dies/article2913993.ece|title=Veteran actor Lakshmi dies|first=Meera|last=Srinivasan|newspaper=The Hindu|date=21 February 2012|via=www.thehindu.com|access-date=23 July 2018|archive-date=30 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130091559/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/veteran-actor-lakshmi-dies/article2913993.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''22'' || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''Muthuraj'''|| style="text-align:center;"| || style="text-align:center;"| {{Flagicon|india}} || style="text-align:center;"| Actor || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''[[Chithiram Pesuthadi]]'' • ''[[Kalavani]]'' • ''Konjam Veyil Konjam Mazhai'' ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/feb-12-04/muthuraja-kalavani-23-02-12.html|title=Vaala Meenukkum Vilangu Meenukkum Song Fame Muthuraja Dead - Muthuraja - Kalavani - Vaala Meenukkum Vilangu Meenukkum - Tamil Movie News - Behindwoods.com|website=behindwoods.com|access-date=9 March 2016|archive-date=7 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107113509/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/feb-12-04/muthuraja-kalavani-23-02-12.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|- valign="top"<br />
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[Deaths in April 2012|April]]'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''2'' || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[M. Saroja]]''' || style="text-align:center;"| 79 || style="text-align:center;"| {{Flagicon|india}} || style="text-align:center;"| Actress || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''[[Sarvadhikari (film)|Sarvadhikari]]'' • ''[[Then Nilavu]]'' • ''[[Kalyana Parisu]]'' ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tamilomovie.com/tamil-actress-news/6557-actress-m-saroja-passes-away |title=Actress M. Saroja passes away |work=Tamilo |access-date=12 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405202900/http://tamilomovie.com/tamil-actress-news/6557-actress-m-saroja-passes-away |archive-date=5 April 2012 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''3'' || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[P. Kalaimani]]''' || style="text-align:center;"| 62 || style="text-align:center;"| {{Flagicon|india}} || style="text-align:center;"| Writer || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''[[16 Vayathinile]]'' • ''[[Pillai Nila]]'' • ''[[Mann Vasanai]]'' ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kollyinsider.com/2012/04/popular-film-writer-kalaimani-passed.html|title=Popular Film Writer Kalaimani Passed Away|website=www.kollyinsider.com|access-date=9 March 2016|archive-date=29 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129021425/http://www.kollyinsider.com/2012/04/popular-film-writer-kalaimani-passed.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|- valign="top"<br />
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[Deaths in May 2012|May]]'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''1'' || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[Shanmugasundari]]''' || style="text-align:center;"| 75 || style="text-align:center;"| {{Flagicon|india}} || style="text-align:center;"| Actress || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''[[En Annan]]'' • ''[[Idhayakkani]]'' • ''[[Neerum Neruppum]]'' ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tamil.oneindia.in/movies/news/2012/05/senior-actress-shanmuga-sundari-passes-away-aid0136.html|title=மூத்த நடிகை சண்முக சுந்தரி மரணம்!|date=1 May 2012|access-date=9 March 2016|archive-date=2 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202230259/http://tamil.oneindia.in/movies/news/2012/05/senior-actress-shanmuga-sundari-passes-away-aid0136.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''14'' || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[Taruni Sachdev]]''' || style="text-align:center;"| 14 || style="text-align:center;"| {{Flagicon|india}} || style="text-align:center;"| Child Actress || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''[[Vetri Selvan]]'' ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/may-12-03/tharuni-sachdev-geetha-sachdev-15-05-12.html|title=Child Artiste Passes Away In Plane Crash - Tharuni Sachdev - Geetha Sachdev - Tamil Movie News - Behindwoods.com|website=www.behindwoods.com|access-date=9 March 2016|archive-date=18 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120518000528/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/may-12-03/tharuni-sachdev-geetha-sachdev-15-05-12.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''25'' || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[Dilip (Tamil actor)|Dilip]]''' || style="text-align:center;"| 56 || style="text-align:center;"| {{Flagicon|india}} || style="text-align:center;"| Actor || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''[[Varumayin Niram Sivappu]]'' • ''[[Thoongadhey Thambi Thoongadhey]]'' • ''[[Samsaram Adhu Minsaram]]'' ||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/actor-dileep-passes-away/article3456757.ece|title=Actor Dileep passes away|author=Staff Reporter|newspaper=The Hindu|date=26 May 2012|via=www.thehindu.com|access-date=23 July 2018|archive-date=23 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723065314/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/actor-dileep-passes-away/article3456757.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|- valign="top"<br />
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[Deaths in June 2012|June]]'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''14'' || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[Kaka Radhakrishnan]]''' || style="text-align:center;"| 86 || style="text-align:center;"| {{Flagicon|india}} || style="text-align:center;"| Actor || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''[[Thevar Magan]]'' • ''[[Kadhalukku Mariyadhai]]'' • ''[[Vasool Raja MBBS]]'' ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-15/news-interviews/32253467_1_veteran-actor-screen-space-mgr-and-sivaji |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126070329/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-15/news-interviews/32253467_1_veteran-actor-screen-space-mgr-and-sivaji |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 January 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Veteran actor Kaka Radhakrishnan passes away &#124; Tamil Movie News |access-date=23 July 2018}}</ref><br />
|- valign="top"<br />
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''19'' || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[K. R. Gangadharan]]''' || style="text-align:center;"| 73 || style="text-align:center;"| {{Flagicon|india}} || style="text-align:center;"| Producer || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''[[Guru En Aalu]]'' • ''[[Jhonny (1980 film)|Johnny]]'' • ''[[Thudikkum Karangal]]'' ||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/film-producer-krg-dead/article3552714.ece|title=Film producer KRG dead|newspaper=The Hindu|date=21 June 2012|via=www.thehindu.com|access-date=23 July 2018|archive-date=23 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223084053/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/film-producer-krg-dead/article3552714.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|- valign="top"<br />
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[Deaths in August 2012|August]]'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''7'' || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[Ennatha Kannaiya]]''' || style="text-align:center;"| 87 || style="text-align:center;"| {{Flagicon|india}} || style="text-align:center;"| Actor || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''[[Ezhai Padum Padu]]'' • ''[[Thottal Poo Malarum]]'' ||<br />
|- valign="top"<br />
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[Deaths in September 2012|September]]'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''16'' || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[Loose Mohan]]''' || style="text-align:center;"| 84 || style="text-align:center;"| {{Flagicon|india}} || style="text-align:center;"| Actor || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''Harichandra'' • ''[[Rosaappo Ravikkai Kaari]]'' • ''[[Azhagi (2002 film)|Azhagi]]'' ||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/Tamil-comedian-%E2%80%98Loose%E2%80%99-Mohan-passes-away/article12059029.ece|title=Tamil comedian 'Loose' Mohan passes away|first=Petlee|last=Peter|newspaper=The Hindu|date=17 September 2012|via=www.thehindu.com|access-date=23 July 2018|archive-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710063921/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/Tamil-comedian-%E2%80%98Loose%E2%80%99-Mohan-passes-away/article12059029.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|- valign="top"<br />
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''17'' || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''A. V. M. Murugan''' || style="text-align:center;"| 77 || style="text-align:center;"| {{Flagicon|india}} || style="text-align:center;"| Producer || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kollyinsider.com/2012/09/avm-murugan-passes-away-due-to-heart.html|title=AVM Murugan passes away due to heart attack!|website=www.kollyinsider.com|access-date=9 March 2016|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402114308/http://www.kollyinsider.com/2012/09/avm-murugan-passes-away-due-to-heart.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|- valign="top"<br />
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''18'' || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[Periya Karuppu Thevar]]''' || style="text-align:center;"| 78 || style="text-align:center;"| {{Flagicon|india}} || style="text-align:center;"| Actor || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''[[Virumaandi]]'' • ''[[Poo (film)|Poo]]'' • ''[[Thirupaachi]]'' • ''[[Murattu Kaalai (2012 film)|Murattu Kalai]]'' ||{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}}<br />
|- valign="top"<br />
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''23'' || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[Ashwini (actress)|Ashwini]]''' || style="text-align:center;"| 43 || style="text-align:center;"| {{Flagicon|india}} || style="text-align:center;"| Actress || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''[[Pondatti Thevai]]'' ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/86434.html|title=Tamil Cinema News - Tamil Movie Reviews - Tamil Movie Trailers - IndiaGlitz Tamil|access-date=9 March 2016|archive-date=23 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923181502/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/86434.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|- valign="top"<br />
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''24'' || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[Thilakan]]''' || style="text-align:center;"| 77 || style="text-align:center;"| {{Flagicon|india}} || style="text-align:center;"| Actor || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''[[Chatriyan]]'' • ''[[Mettukudi]]'' ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kollyinsider.com/2012/09/veteran-malayalam-actor-thilakan-passes.html|title=Veteran Malayalam actor Thilakan passes away!|website=www.kollyinsider.com|access-date=9 March 2016|archive-date=27 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027054400/http://www.kollyinsider.com/2012/09/veteran-malayalam-actor-thilakan-passes.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|- valign="top"<br />
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[Deaths in October 2012|October]]'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''12'' || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''Dileepan''' || style="text-align:center;"| 32 || style="text-align:center;"| {{Flagicon|india}} || style="text-align:center;"| Actor || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''[[Azhagiya Theeye]]'' • ''[[Pattiyal]]'' • ''Sindhanai Sei''||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kollyinsider.com/2012/10/azhagiya-theeye-dileepan-passes-away.html|title='Azhagiya Theeye' Dileepan passes away|website=www.kollyinsider.com|access-date=9 March 2016|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042040/http://www.kollyinsider.com/2012/10/azhagiya-theeye-dileepan-passes-away.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|- valign="top"<br />
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''22'' || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[Bidushi Dash Barde]]''' || style="text-align:center;"| 23 || style="text-align:center;"| {{Flagicon|india}} || style="text-align:center;"| Actress || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''[[Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu]]''||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-25/chennai/34729074_1_kedar-barde-bidushi-dash-barde-shantanu-dash|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029211342/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-25/chennai/34729074_1_kedar-barde-bidushi-dash-barde-shantanu-dash|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-10-29|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Former city beauty queen found dead in Mumbai}}</ref><br />
|- valign="top"<br />
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''22'' || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[Shubha Phutela]]''' || style="text-align:center;"| 21 || style="text-align:center;"| {{Flagicon|india}} || style="text-align:center;"| Actress || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''[[Maalai Pozhudhin Mayakathilaey]]'' ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/shubha-phutela-passes-away-news-tamil-mkxlpwcbcgi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101231213/http://www.sify.com/movies/shubha-phutela-passes-away-news-tamil-mkxlpwcbcgi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-11-01|title=Shubha Phutela passes away!}}</ref><br />
|- valign="top"<br />
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[Deaths in December 2012|December]]'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''13'' || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[Karnan (cinematographer)|Karnan]]''' || style="text-align:center;"| 79 || style="text-align:center;"| {{Flagicon|india}} || style="text-align:center;"| Cinematographer || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''Karpagam'' • ''Jambhu'' • ''Jakkamma'' ||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
<br />
{{Indian film list|state=collapsed}}<br />
{{Tamil cinema}}<br />
{{Films by country}}<br />
{{2012 films}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:List of Tamil films of 2012}}<br />
[[Category:Lists of Tamil films by year|2012]]<br />
[[Category:2012 in Indian cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Lists of 2012 films by country or language|Tamil]]<br />
[[Category:2010s Tamil-language films]]</div>UpdateBothttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Balasaheb_Thorat&diff=338715Balasaheb Thorat2022-07-02T05:34:44Z<p>UpdateBot: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian politician, agricultural cooperative and reforestation movement founder}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Balasaheb Thorat<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age |df=y|1953|2|7}}<br />
| birth_name = Vijay Bhausaheb Thorat<br />
| residence = Jorve, Taluka Sangamner, District Ahmednagar, Tapalcha Patta, Sudarshan, 7 Shivjinagar, Sangamner--422605<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| office = [[Uddhav Thackeray ministry|Cabinet Minister]]<br>[[Government of Maharashtra]]<br />
| minister = *[[Ministry of Revenue (Maharashtra)|Revenue]]<br />
| term_start = 28 November 2019<br />
| term_end = 29 June 2022<br />
| 1blankname = Chief Minister<br />
| 1namedata = [[Uddhav Thackeray]]<br />
| governor = [[Bhagat Singh Koshyari]]<br />
| predecessor = [[Chandrakant Bacchu Patil]]<br />
| successor = <br />
| term_start1 = 2004<br />
| term_end1 = 2014<br />
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister<br />
| 1namedata1 = *[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]],<br />
*[[Ashok Chavan]],<br />
*[[Prithviraj Chavan]]<br />
| governor1 = *[[Mohammed Fazal]],<br />
*[[S.M. Krishna]],<br />
*[[S.C. Jamir]],<br />
*[[Kateekal Sankaranarayanan]],<br />
*[[Chennamaneni Vidyasagar Rao]]<br />
| minister1 = *Revenue<br />
*Agriculture,<br />
*Water Conservation,<br />
*Employment Guarantee Scheme<br />
* School Education<br />
| predecessor1 = <br />
| successor1 = *[[Eknath Khadse]]<br />
*[[Girish Dattatray Mahajan]]<br />
| office2 = [[Minister of State]], [[Government of Maharashtra]]<br />
| minister2 = Agriculture<br />
| term_start2 = 1999<br />
| term_end2 = 2004<br />
| 1blankname2 = Chief Minister<br />
| 1namedata2 = [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]],<br> [[Sushilkumar Shinde]]<br />
| governor2 = [[P.C. Alexander]], <br> [[Mohammed Fazal]]<br />
| office3 = [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Member of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| constituency3 = [[Sangamner (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sangamner]]<br />
| term_start3 = 1985<br />
| term_end3 = <br />
| predecessor3 = Bhausaheb Thorat<br />
| successor3 = <br />
| parliamentarygroup3 = [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| office4 = [[Maharashtra Pradesh Congress Committee|President of Maharashtra Pradesh Congress Committee]]<br />
| term_start4 = 07 July 2019<br />
| term_end4 = 5 February 2021<br />
| 1namedata4 = [[Sonia Gandhi]]<br />
| 1blankname4 = National President [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| predecessor4 = [[Ashok Chavan]]<br />
| successor4 = [[Nana Patole]]<br />
| office7 = [[Indian National Congress|Leader of INC Legislative Party]]<br />
| term_start7 = 24 November 2019<br />
| term_end7 = <br />
| 1namedata7 = [[Sonia Gandhi]]<br />
| 1blankname7 = National President [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| predecessor7 = [[Prithviraj Chavan]]<br />
| successor7 = <br />
| office8 = [[Maha Vikas Aghadi|Secretary of Maha Vikas Aghadi]]<br />
| president8 = [[Uddhav Thackeray]]<br />
| 1blankname8 = Chairperson<br />
| 1namedata8 = [[Sharad Pawar]]<br />
| predecessor8 = Position established<br />
| term_start8 = 26 November 2019<br />
| successor8 = <br />
| party = [[File:Hand INC.svg|25px]] [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| otherparty = [[Independent politician|Independent]]<br />
| nationality = [[India]]n<br />
| nickname = Balasaheb<br />
| spouse = <br />
| children = 3 daughters & 1 son<br />
| education = [[Fergusson College]] B.A, [[ILS Law College]], [[Pune]] L.L.B<br />
| alma_mater = <br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
| date = <br />
| year = <br />
| source = <br />
| width = <br />
}}<br />
'''Vijay Bhausaheb Thorat''' (Marathi pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Marathi|[baːɭaːsaːɦeb t̪ʰoɾaːt̪]]], born 7 February 1953) is an Indian politician who was minister for revenue in [[Maharashtra]] state.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Balasaheb Bhausaheb Thorat|url=http://www.indialeader.com/ViewLeader/30216/Balasaheb-Bhausaheb-Thorat|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131064512/http://www.indialeader.com/ViewLeader/30216/Balasaheb-Bhausaheb-Thorat |archive-date=2020-01-31 |access-date=|website=India Leader}}</ref> He is an [[Indian National Congress]] legislator from Sangamner constituency.<br />
<br />
Thorat is a key figure in the cooperative movement and is the founder of a milk co-operative and former president of the Sangamner District and State Cooperative Bank.<br />
<br />
He is recognised for his work in [[Sangamner taluka]] and [[Akole taluka]]. He has founded cooperative educational institutions in [[Sangamner]]. Previously, he served as Minister of Agriculture and as [[Minister of Revenue (Maharashtra)|Minister of Revenue]], and Khar Lands in the [[Government of Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sonia-gandhi-appoints-balasaheb-thorat-as-clp-leader-in-maharashtra/articleshow/72249963.cms | title=Sonia Gandhi appoints Balasaheb Bhausaheb Thorat as CLP leader in Maharashtra | publisher=[[The Times of India]] | work=Prafulla Marpakwar | date=27 November 2019 | access-date=27 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/balasaheb-thorat-is-new-maharashtra-congress-chief | title=Balasaheb Thorat is new Maharashtra Congress chief | publisher=Free Press Journal | date=3 July 2019 | access-date=27 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/7-time-mla-balasaheb-thorat-is-pick-to-end-congress-factionalism-in-maharashtra/story-RZYlgTLOqCXFyV1HuldGXI.html | title=7-time MLA Balasaheb Thorat is pick to end Congress factionalism in Maharashtra | publisher=Hindustan Times | date=14 July 2019 | access-date=28 November 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
Thorat was born on 7 February 1953 to late Bhausaheb Thorat. He was named as Vijay. His father Bhausaheb Thorat was a peasant leader in Maharashtra and a one-time legislator from Sangamner constituency. Bhausaheb Thorat defeated the then political heavyweight of Maharashtra [[B. J. Khatal-Patil]], a minister in the Maharashtra's government for sixteen-years, in the 1978 Assembly elections as a candidate of [[Indian National Congress|INC]].<br />
<br />
== Education ==<br />
Thorat obtained his LLB degree from ILS Law College, [[Pune]] in 1977 and BA from [[Ferguson college]], [[Pune University]] in 1975.<br />
<br />
== Political career ==<br />
He began his political career as an [[Independent Politician|Independent]] and fought for the [[Sangamner (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sangamner Vidhan Sabha]] seat and won with a margin of 10,159 votes on Shakuntala Khanderao Horat. From then he never looked back and won 8 assembly elections never getting defeated in any elections as a candidate of [[Indian National Congress|INC]].<br />
<br />
He was the Minister of State for agriculture in the first [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]'s government. Later in 2004 he was elevated to the rank of cabinet minister along with [[Anil Deshmukh]] of [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]. He was one of those few leaders in [[Maharashtra]] who served as ministers in the 15-year Congress-NCP alliance. He served as the minister of Agriculture, Water Conservation, Employment Guarantee Scheme and Additional charge of School Education in [[Prithviraj Chavan]]'s cabinet. He is a well-known and a leading face in the [[cooperative movement]] of [[Maharashtra]]. His nephew Satyajeet Tambe Patil is also a politician in [[Ahmadnagar district]] and a two-time member of Ahmadnagar Municipality. He always helps poor people of [[sangamner]] and Akole taluka<br />
<br />
Thorat was made the [[Maharashtra Pradesh Congress Committee|MPCC]] chief in 2019 when [[Ashok Chavan]] resigned following the weak performance of the party in the [[Lok Sabha]] elections. Thorat had to battle with the large-scale defections from his party to the ruling alliance. Due to defections the congress's tally in the assembly fell down decisively.<br />
<br />
Under his leadership the party improved its tally from 31 legislators in the assembly to 44 legislators. After the 2019 political turmoil in Maharashtra with the formation of a post-poll alliance called [[Maha Vikas Aghadi]] by the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]], [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]] and [[Shiv Sena]], Thorat was sworn in as a minister in the [[Uddhav Thackeray ministry|Uddhav Thackeray administration]].<br />
<!--Balasaheb is a low-profile leader and is respected by everyone for his clean image in politics.--><br />
<br />
== Political statistics ==<br />
{|class ="wikitable" <br />
|-<br />
! SI No. <br />
! Year <br />
! Assembly Cnstituency <br />
! Opponent<br />
! Votes <br />
! Difference<br />
! Result<br />
|-<br />
|1.<br />
|1985<br />
|Sangamner<br />
|Shakuntala Khanderao Horat ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])<br />
|40218-30059<br />
| 10159<br />
| {{Won}}<br />
|-<br />
|2.<br />
|1990<br />
|Sangamner<br />
|Vasantrao Sakharam Gunjal ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])<br />
|57465-52603<br />
| 4862<br />
| {{Won}}<br />
|-<br />
|3.<br />
|1995<br />
|Sangamner<br />
|Bapusaheb Namdeo Gulave ([[Independent politician|Independent]])<br />
|73611-58957<br />
| 14654<br />
| {{Won}}<br />
|-<br />
|4.<br />
|1999<br />
|Sangamner<br />
|Bapusaheb Namdeo Gulave ([[Shiv Sena]])<br />
|61975-40524<br />
| 21451<br />
| {{Won}}<br />
|-<br />
|5.<br />
|2004<br />
|Sangamner<br />
|Sambhajirao Ramchandra Thorat ([[Shiv Sena]])<br />
|120058-44301<br />
| 75757<br />
| {{Won}}<br />
|-<br />
|6.<br />
|2009<br />
|Sangamner<br />
|Babasaheb Dhondiba Kute ([[Shiv Sena]])<br />
|96686-41310 <br />
| 55376<br />
| {{Won}}<br />
|-<br />
|7.<br />
|2014<br />
|Sangamner<br />
|Janardan Mhatarba Aher ([[Shiv Sena]])<br />
|103564-44759<br />
| 58805<br />
| {{Won}}<br />
|-<br />
|8.<br />
|2019<br />
|Sangamner<br />
|Sahebrao Ramchandra Navale ([[Shiv Sena]])<br />
|125380-63128<br />
| 62252<br />
| {{Won}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Positions held ==<br />
* 1985–present - [[Member of Legislative Assembly]], [[Maharashtra]].<br />
* 1999–2004 - Minister of State for Agriculture, Govt. of Maharashtra<br />
* 2004-2014 - Cabinet Minister, Govt. of Maharashtra<br />
* 14 July 2019 – 5 February 2021 - PCC Chief, Maharashtra <br />
* 26 November 2019 - Incumbent - Congress Legislative Party leader, [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]<br />
* 28 November 2019 – Present - Cabinet Minister for Revenue, Govt. of Maharashtra<br />
* 8 January 2020 - Guardian minister [[Kolhapur]] <br />
* Permanent invitee - [[Congress Working Committee]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Thorat, Balasaheb}}<br />
[[Category:Marathi politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Cooperatives in Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Forestry in India]]<br />
[[Category:Water conservation in India]]<br />
[[Category:1953 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2014–2019]]<br />
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 1985–1990]]<br />
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 1990–1995]]<br />
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 1995–1999]]<br />
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 1999–2004]]<br />
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2004–2009]]<br />
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2009–2014]]<br />
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2019–2024]]</div>UpdateBothttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sukumar_Ray&diff=316070Sukumar Ray2022-07-02T05:21:08Z<p>UpdateBot: robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Bengali poet, writer, and editor (1887–1923)}}<br />
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}<br />
{{Infobox writer<br />
| image = Sukumar Ray.jpg<br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_name = সুকুমার রায়<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1887|10|30|df=yes}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]<br />{{small|(present-day [[Kolkata]], West Bengal)}}<ref>{{Cite ODNB|id=107500|title=Ray, Sukumar}}</ref><br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1923|09|10|1887|10|30|df=yes}}<br />
| death_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]<br />
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br />
| period = [[Bengal Renaissance]]<br />
| occupation = Writer, poet, editor<br />
| subject = <br />
| notableworks = ''[[Abol Tabol]]'', ''[[Pagla Dashu]]'', ''[[HaJaBaRaLa]]''<br />
| alma_mater = [[Presidency University, Kolkata]]<br />[[London College of Communication]]<br />
| relatives = [[Dwarkanath Ganguly]]<br />[[Kadambini Ganguly]]<br />
| spouse = Suprabha Devi<br />
| children = [[Satyajit Ray]] (son)<br />
| awards = <br />
| signature = <br />
| parents = [[Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury]] (father)<br />
[[Bidhumukhi Devi]] (Mother)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Sukumar Ray''' ({{Audio|Bn-সুকুমার রায়.oga|''Sukumār Rāẏ''}}; 30 October 1887 – 10 September 1923)<ref name="RayChatterjee">{{cite book|author1=Ray|author2=Sukumar (tr. Chatterjee|author3=Sampurna)|title=Wordygurdyboom!|date=September 2016|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ohsA1rdovbwC&pg=PA177|access-date=3 October 2012|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-333078-3|pages=177–}}</ref> was a [[Bengali people|Bengali]] writer and poet from the [[Indian subcontinent]]. He is remembered mainly for his writings for children. He was the son of children's story writer [[Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury]] and the father of Indian filmmaker [[Satyajit Ray]].<br />
<br />
==Family history==<br />
According to the history of the Ray family, one of their ancestors, Ramsunder Deo (Deb), was a native of [[Chakdaha|Chakdah]] village in [[Nadia district]] of present-day [[West Bengal]], India. In search of fortune he migrated to Sherpur in East Bengal. There he met Raja Gunichandra, the zamindar of Jashodal, at the zamindar house of Sherpur. King Gunichandra was immediately impressed by Ramsunder's stately appearance and sharp intellect and took Ramsunder with him to his zamindari estate. He made Ramsunder his son-in-law and granted him some property in Jashodal. From then on Ramsunder started living in Jashodal. His descendants migrated from there and settled down in the village of Masua in Katiadi upazila of Kishoreganj district.<ref name = "sukumar1">''Sukumar Samagra Rachanabali 1'', 1960, Asia Publishing Company, p 1</ref><ref>''Sukumar Ray: Jibankatha (Bengali Ed.)'', Hemanta Kumar Adhya, Pustak Bipani, Kolkata, 1990, p. 6</ref><br />
<br />
==Early years==<br />
[[File:Upendrakishore Ray Chauduri, His wife and six childrens.jpg|thumb|left|Sukumar Ray with his father [[Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury|Upendrakishore Ray]], mother Bidhumukhi and five siblings.]]Sukumar Ray was born in a [[Brahmo]] family in [[Calcutta]], [[British India]] (present day [[West Bengal]]) on 30 October 1887. His family hailed from [[Masua]] village of [[Mymensingh]] division of Eastern Bengal in British India, presently in [[Bangladesh]].<ref name="birthdate">{{cite book|last1=Raychowdhury|first1=Hitendra Kishore|title=Upendra Kishore O Moshua - Ray Poribaarer Golposholpo|date=1984|publisher=Firma KLM Private Limited|page=1}}</ref> Sukumar's father [[Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury|Upendrakishore Ray]] was a famous [[Bengali language|Bengali]] writer, painter, violin player and composer, technologist, amateur astronomer and entrepreneur.<ref name="satyajit">{{cite book |year=1987 |editor1-first=Satyajit |editor1-last= Ray |editor2-first=Partha|editor2-last= Basu|title= Sukumar Sahitya Samagra Centenary Edition|publisher= Ananda Publishers Ltd.}}</ref> Sukumar's mother Bidhumukhi Devi was daughter of [[Dwarkanath Ganguly]].<ref name= sangsad >{{cite book |editor-last1=Sengupta |editor-first1=Subodh Chandra |editor-last2=Basu |editor-first2=Anjali |date=1998 |orig-year=First published 1976 |edition=4th |title=Sangsad Bāṅgālī Charitābhidhāna |type=Biographical dictionary |language=bn |page=67 |isbn=81-85626-65-0}}</ref><br />
<br />
Born in the era which can be called the pinnacle of the [[Bengal Renaissance]], he grew up in an environment that fostered his literary talents. His father was a writer of stories and popular science; painter and illustrator; musician and composer of songs; a technologist and hobbyist astronomer. Upendrakishore was also a close friend of [[Rabindranath Tagore]], who directly influenced Sukumar. Among other family friends were [[Jagadish Chandra Bose]], [[Prafulla Chandra Roy]], [[Atul Prasad Sen]] etc. Upendrakishore studied the technology of blockmaking, conducted experiments, and set up a business of making blocks. The firm M/s U. Ray & Sons, where Sukumar and his younger brother Subinay were involved. His sister, [[Shukhalata Rao]], became a social worker and children's book author. Like his father, Ray also had a close acquaintance with Rabindranath Tagore.<ref name="bpedia">{{cite book |last=Sarker |first=Sushanta |year=2012 |chapter=Rao, Shukhalata |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Rao,_Shukhalata |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Education and profession==<br />
[[File:Atul Prasad Sen a group photo.jpg|thumb|A group photo of Monday Club founded by [[Sukumar Roy]]<br />First row sitting from left: Subinoy Ray, [[Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis]], [[Atul Prasad Sen]], Shishir Kumar Datta, Sukumar Ray <br /> Middle row from left: [[Bagha Jatin|Jatindranath Mukhopadhyay]], Amal Home, [[Suniti Kumar Chatterji|Suniti Kumar Chattopadhyay]], Jibanmoy Roy <br /> Standing from left: Hiran Sanyal, Ajit Kumar Chakrabarty, [[Kalidas Nag]], Pravat Chandra Gangoadhyay, Dr. Dwijendranath Maitra, Satish Chandra Chattopadhyay, Shrish Chandra Sen, Girija Shankar Roy Choudhury]]<br />
[[File:Sukumar Ray and his wife.jpg|223x223px|thumb|Sukumar Ray with his wife Suprabha Ray (1914)|alt=|left]]In 1906, Ray graduated with double Honours in Physics and Chemistry from the [[Presidency College, Kolkata|Presidency College]], then affiliated with the [[University of Calcutta]]. Before that he attended City College School, Surya Sen Street along with his classmate who inspired his famous funny character "Pagla Dashu", which appeared in several of his penned story. He was trained in photography and printing technology in England at the [[London College of Communication|School of Photo-Engraving and Lithography, London]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www8.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/sukumar-ray |title=Sukumar Ray &#124; |publisher=.open.ac.uk |access-date=3 October 2012}}</ref> and was a pioneer of photography and [[lithography]] in India. While in England, he also delivered lectures about the songs of Rabindranath before Tagore won the Nobel Prize. Meanwhile, Sukumar had also drawn acclaim as an illustrator. As a technologist, he also developed new methods of halftone blockmaking, and technical articles about this were published in journals in England. The ''Penrose Annual'' published two articles by Ray. While in the United Kingdom he joined the [[Royal Photographic Society]] in 1912 and remained a member until his death, gaining his Fellowship in 1922.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}<br />
<br />
Upendrakishore started a publishing firm, ''U. Ray and Sons'', which Sukumar and Subinay helped to run. While Sukumar went to England to learn printing technology, Upendrakishore purchased land, constructed a building, and set up a printing press with facilities for high-quality halftone colour blockmaking and printing. He launched the children's magazine, ''[[Sandesh (magazine)|Sandesh]]'', in May, 1913.<ref name="RayChatterjee" /> Very soon after Sukumar's return from England his writings and sketches started appearing in Sandesh. After Upendrakishore died on 20 December 1915, Sukumar ran the printing and publishing businesses and the ''Sandesh'' for about eight years. His younger brother Subinoy helped him, and many relatives pitched in writing for "Sandesh".<ref name="satyajit" /><br />
<br />
[[File:100 A Garpar Road Kolkata Heritage Building Tag by KMC.jpg|thumb|House Sukumar Ray at 100 A, Garpar Road Kolkata - Heritage Building Tag by KMC]]<br />
<br />
==Contribution in literature==<br />
<gallery mode="nolines"><br />
File:Kumropatash.gif|Kumropatash in ''Abol Tabol''<br />
File:Dashurkirti.gif|''Dashur Kirti''<br />
File:Hukumukho hangla.PNG|''Huko Mukho Hangla''<br />
File:Buro1.PNG|Kaath Buro<br />
File:Abujh1.jpg|Abujh<br />
File:Nbtjk.gif|The King<br />
</gallery><br />
<gallery mode="nolines"><br />
File:Hajabarala4.gif| Hijibijbij in ''HaJaBaRaLa''<br />
File:Hajabarala6.gif| Nyara in ''HaJaBaRaLa''<br />
File:Hajabarala3.gif| Udo in ''HaJaBaRaLa''<br />
File:Hajabarala7.gif| The Court Room in ''HaJaBaRaLa''<br />
File:Hajabarala2.gif| Shri Kakeswar Kuchkuche in ''HaJaBaRaLa''<br />
File:Hajabarala1.gif| The CAT in ''HaJaBaRaLa''<br />
</gallery><br />
Sukumar Ray delved into a unique genre of pure nonsense and gibberish, a pioneering work in Bengali literature with a few exceptions, work that was compared to Lewis Carrol's Alice in Wonderland. Amazing sense of humor, sharp power of observation and unfathomed wit merged with a profound command on selection of words produced a class of humor which was equally approachable by children as well as the grown ups. Satyajit Ray, in the preface of the first edition of the compilation of Sukumar Ray's complete works in his centenary year, ''Sukumar Sahitya Samagra'', wrote: {{quote|"উপেন্দ্রকিশোরের সম্পাদনাকালে সন্দেশে প্রকাশিত সুকুমারের কয়েকটি রচনায় তাঁর সাহিত্যিক বৈশিষ্ট্যের স্পষ্ট ইঙ্গিত পাওয়া যায়। ১৯১৪ সালে বেরোল আবোল তাবোল শ্রেনীর প্রথম কবিতা "খিচুড়ি"। এই প্রথম সুকুমার সাহিত্যে উদ্ভট প্রানীর আবির্ভাব। এখানে প্রানীর সৃষ্টি হয়েছে ভাষার কারসাজিতে -<br />
হাঁস ছিল সজারুও, (ব্যাকরণ মানিনা) <br /><br />
হয়ে গেল '''হাঁসজারু''' কেমনে তা জানিনা।<br />
<br />
এই উদ্ভট সন্ধির নিযমেই সৃষ্টি হল বকচ্ছপ, মোরগরু,গিরগিটিয়া, সিংহরিণ, হাতিমি।<ref name=satyajit />"<br />
}}<br />
After his father's death in 1915, Sukumar had to take over responsibility of publication of "''Sandesh''", and his creativity reached its pinnacle. The 45 limericks in ''Abol Tabol'' and many other creations published in ''Sandesh'' still amuse the readers of all ages. He created many characters in his prose and poems. Kaath Buro, Tash Goru, Huko Mukho Hangla, Kumro Potash etc. were fictitious characters, though they were very close to our known world. He himself described his works as the product of ''Kheyal Ros''<ref name=satyajit /> (হঠাৎ ইচ্ছা;ঝোঁক/Wish; Whims; Freak; Fancy).<br />
<br />
==Death==<br />
Sukumar Ray died on 10 September 1923 at his Garpar residence in Kolkata<ref>{{cite web|title=LIfe of Sukumar Ray|url=http://aboltabol.freehostia.com/sukumar.htm#event|publisher=Freehostia}}</ref> of severe infectious fever, [[leishmaniasis]], for which there was no cure at that time. He left behind his widow and their only child, Satyajit, who was only two years old at that time. [[Satyajit Ray]] would later shoot a [[Sukumar Ray (film)|documentary on Sukumar Ray]] in 1987, 5 years before his own death.<br />
[[File:Adobe Scan 02-Jul-2022 3.jpg|thumb|First Signet Edition of HA JA BA RA LA by Satyajit Ray]]<br />
<br />
==Bibliography== <br />
* ''[[Abol Tabol]]'' (The Weird and the Absurd)<br />
[[File:Adobe Scan 27-Jun-2022 1.jpg|thumb|Cober of Abol Tabol]]<br />
* ''[[Pagla Dashu]]'' (Crazy Dashu)<ref name="Datta1987">{{cite book|author=Amaresh Datta|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&pg=PA694|access-date=3 October 2012|year=1987|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1803-1|pages=694–}}</ref><br />
[[File:Adobe Scan 23-Jun-2022 (1) 5.jpg|thumb|Pagla Dashu]]<br />
* ''Khai-Khai'' (Eat-Eat)<br />
* ''Heshoram Hushiyarer Diary'' (The diary of Heshoram Hushiyar) (early science fiction parody)<ref>[http://www.lehigh.edu/~amsp/2006/05/early-bengali-science-fiction.html Early Bengali science fiction], ''''Amardeep Singh,'''' lehigh.edu</ref><br />
* ''[[HaJaBaRaLa]]'' (Mumbo-Jumbo)<br />
[[File:Adobe Scan 30-Jun-2022 1.jpg|thumb|Ha ja ba ra la]]<br />
* ''Jhalapala O Onanyo Natok'' (Cacophony and Other Plays)<br />
* ''Lakkhaner Shoktishel'' (The Weapon of Lakkhan)<br />
* ''Chalachittachanchari''<br />
* ''Shabdakalpadrum''<br />
* ''Bohurupi'' (Many personalities)<br />
* ''Abak Jalpan'' (Weird Drinking of Water 1914)<br />
* ''Bhasar Atyachar'' (Torture of Language 1915)<br />
*''Barnamalatatva''<br />
[[File:Adobe Scan 02-Jul-2022 2.jpg|thumb|Barnamalatatva]]<br />
* ''Desh-Bidesher Golpo'' (Tales from Many Lands)<br />
* [https://www.storytimes.co.in/2020/10/bidye%20bojhai%20babumoshai.html jiboner hisab] (Bidye bojhai babumoshai)<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of Indian writers]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{Internet Archive author}} <br />
* [http://sukumarray.freehostia.com/ Complete Sukumar Ray]<br />
* [http://cafeirreal.alicewhittenburg.com/sukumar_ray.htm "Drighangchu" by Sukumar Ray] translation of short story in ''[[The Cafe Irreal]]''<br />
<br />
{{commons category|Sukumar Ray}}<br />
{{Bengal Renaissance}}<br />
{{Ray family}}<br />
{{Dwarkanath Ganguly family}}<br />
{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Literature|Poetry}}<br />
<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Ray, Sukumar}}<br />
[[Category:Sukumar Ray| ]]<br />
[[Category:1887 births]]<br />
[[Category:1923 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali male poets]]<br />
[[Category:Writers from Kolkata]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali writers]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali-language writers]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali-language science fiction writers]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali zamindars]]<br />
[[Category:Culture of Kolkata]]<br />
[[Category:Indian children's writers]]<br />
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[[Category:Indian children's book illustrators]]<br />
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[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]<br />
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[[Category:Poets from West Bengal]]</div>UpdateBothttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madhuri_Misal&diff=325402Madhuri Misal2022-07-02T05:19:55Z<p>UpdateBot: robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Madhuri Misal<br />
| native_name = <br />
| image = <br />
| office = [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start = 2009<br />
| term_end = <br />
| predecessor = <br />
| successor = <br />
| office1 = <br />
| primeminister1 = <br />
| nationality = [[India|Indian]]n<br />
| citizenship = [[India|Indian]]<br />
| predecessor1 = <br />
| successor1 = <br />
| birth_date = 19/04/1964<br />
| birth_place = Pune<br />
| occupation = [[Politician]]<br />
| children = <br />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| constituency1 = [[Parvati (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]]<br />
| profession = <br />
| spouse = Late Satishsheth Misal<br />
| sibling = Mamata<br />
| website = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Madhuri Misal''' is a leader of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and a member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] elected from [[Parvati (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]] in [[Pune]] city.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://myneta.info/mh2009/candidate.php?candidate_id=2750|title=Madhuri Satish Misal(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- Parvati:PUNE- Affidavit Information of Candidate:|website=myneta.info|access-date=2021-12-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/parvati-maharashtra-assembly-election-chunav-results-2019-live-winner-name-runner-up-6074258/|title=Parvati (Maharashtra) Assembly Election Results 2019 Live: Winner, Runner-up|website=indianexpress.com|language=en|access-date=2021-12-23}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Positions held==<br />
* 2009: Elected to [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/misal-sole-woman-winner-from-pune/|title=Misal sole woman winner from Pune|date= 25 October 2009|publisher=indianexpress.com}}</ref><br />
* 2014: Re-elected to [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/west/story/maharashtra-election-results-bjps-madhuri-misal-is-first-winner-223762-2014-10-19|title=Maharashtra election results: BJP's Madhuri Misal is first winner|date= 19 October 2014|publisher=indiatoday.in}}</ref> <br />
* 2019: Re-elected to [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/maharashtra-assembly-election-2019-winners-full-list/1744244/|title=Maharashtra Election 2019 Winners Full List: Check full list of winning candidates in Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha Chunav 2019|date= 25 October 2019|publisher=financialexpress.com}}</ref><br />
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==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Misal, Madhuri}}<br />
[[Category:Politicians from Pune]]<br />
[[Category:Members of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Women in Maharashtra politics]]<br />
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2014–2019]]<br />
[[Category:Marathi politicians]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
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<br />
{{Maharashtra-BJP-politician-stub}}</div>UpdateBothttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Akshay_Venkatesh&diff=325064Akshay Venkatesh2022-07-02T05:08:37Z<p>UpdateBot: robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Australian mathematician}}<br />
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}<br />
{{Infobox scientist<br />
| name = Akshay Venkatesh<br />
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|FRS|size=100}}<br />
| image_size =<br />
| caption =Akshay Venkatesh<br />
| image = <br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1981|11|21}}<br />
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]], India<br />
| death_date =<br />
| death_place =<br />
| nationality = [[Australia]]n<br />
| fields = Mathematics<br />
| workplaces = [[Institute for Advanced Study]] (2005&ndash;2006, 2018&ndash;present)<br />[[Stanford University]] (2008&ndash;2018)<br />[[Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences]] (2006&ndash;2008)<br />
| alma_mater = [[Princeton University]]<br>[[University of Western Australia]]<br />
| doctoral_advisor = [[Peter Sarnak]]<br />
| doctoral_students =<br />
| spouse = Sarah Paden<br />
| known_for =Mathematical Work, Former Child Prodigy<br />
| awards = [[Salem Prize]] (2007)<br>[[SASTRA Ramanujan Prize]] (2008)<br>[[Infosys Prize]] (2016)<br>[[Ostrowski Prize]] (2017)<br>[[Fields Medal]] (2018)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Akshay Venkatesh''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|FRS}} (born 21 November 1981) is an Australian [[mathematician]] and a professor (since 15 August 2018) at the School of Mathematics at the [[Institute for Advanced Study]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ias.edu/scholars/venkatesh|title=Akshay Venkatesh|website=Institute for Advanced Study|language=en|access-date=2019-08-07}}</ref> His research interests are in the fields of [[counting]], [[equidistribution]] problems in [[automorphic form]]s and [[number theory]], in particular [[representation theory]], [[locally symmetric space]]s, [[ergodic theory]], and [[algebraic topology]].<ref name = CMI>{{cite web|url=http://www.claymath.org/people/akshay-venkatesh|title=Akshay Venkatesh|website=claymath.org|access-date=4 August 2018|date=2 August 2018|publisher=[[Clay Mathematics Institute]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
He is the only Australian to have won medals at both the [[International Physics Olympiad]] and [[International Mathematical Olympiad]], which he did at the age of 12.<ref name = AustralianIMOteams>{{cite web|url = http://www.amt.edu.au/mathematics/australias-imo-results/former-imo-olympians/|title = Former IMO Olympians|year = 2017|access-date = 4 August 2018|publisher = [[Australian Mathematics Trust]]|website = amt.edu.au|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181213135147/http://www.amt.edu.au/mathematics/australias-imo-results/former-imo-olympians/|archive-date = 13 December 2018|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.news.uwa.edu.au/201107153742/awards-and-prizes/maths-boy-wonder-shows-how-stack-oranges|title=Maths boy wonder shows how to stack oranges|publisher=[[University of Western Australia]]|date=15 July 2011|access-date=4 August 2018|first=Janine|last=MacDonald}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2018, he was awarded the [[Fields Medal]] for his synthesis of [[analytic number theory]], [[Ergodic theory|homogeneous dynamics]], [[topology]], and [[representation theory]].<ref name = FieldsMedalIMU /><ref name = FieldsMedalLongCitation /> He is the second Australian<ref name = GuardianFieldsMedal /> and the second person of Indian descent to win the Fields Medal.<ref name = IndiaTVNews>{{cite news|title = Indian-origin mathematician Akshay Venkatesh maths 'Nobel' Fields Medal|url = https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/world-indian-origin-mathematician-akshay-venkatesh-maths-nobel-fields-medal-455918|date = 2 August 2018|access-date = 4 August 2018|publisher = [[India TV|India TV News]]}}</ref> He was on the Mathematical Sciences jury for the [[Infosys Prize]] in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Infosys Prize - Jury 2020|url=http://www.infosys-science-foundation.com/prize/jury/jury-2020.asp|access-date=2020-12-10|website=www.infosys-science-foundation.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early years ==<br />
Akshay Venkatesh was born in [[Delhi]], India, and his family emigrated to [[Perth, Western Australia|Perth]] in [[Western Australia]] when he was two years old. He attended [[Scotch College, Perth|Scotch College]]. His mother, [[Svetha Venkatesh|Svetha]], is a [[computer science]] professor at [[Deakin University]]. A [[child prodigy]], Akshay attended extracurricular training classes for gifted students in the state mathematical olympiad program,<ref>{{cite web|first = Phill|last = Schultz|title = My Automathography &ndash; 30 Years at UWA|url = http://staffhome.ecm.uwa.edu.au/~00003428/memoirs.html|date = 24 January 2005|access-date = 4 August 2018|publisher = [[University of Western Australia]]|archive-date = 24 March 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150324013335/http://staffhome.ecm.uwa.edu.au/~00003428/memoirs.html|url-status = dead}}</ref> and in 1993, whilst aged only 11, he competed at the 24th [[International Physics Olympiad]] in [[Williamsburg, Virginia]], winning a bronze medal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yalcineli.com/yeni_sayfa_15.htm |title=XXIV International Physics Olympiad Williamsburg |year=1993 |access-date=7 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205013210/http://www.yalcineli.com/yeni_sayfa_15.htm |archive-date=5 February 2012 }}</ref> The following year, he switched his attention to mathematics and, after placing second in the [[Australian Mathematical Olympiad]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amt.edu.au/amo1994.html|title=Highest AMO scorers, 1994|publisher=Australian Mathematics Trust|access-date=7 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324184829/http://www.amt.edu.au/amo1994.html|archive-date=24 March 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> he won a silver medal in the 6th [[Asian Pacific Mathematics Olympiad]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amt.edu.au/apmo1994.html|title=Results of 6th Asian Pacific Mathematics Olympiad 1994|publisher=Australian Mathematics Trust|access-date=7 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429112914/http://www.amt.edu.au/apmo1994.html|archive-date=29 April 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> before winning a bronze medal at the 1994 [[International Mathematical Olympiad]] held in Hong Kong.<ref name = AustralianIMOteams /> He completed his secondary education the same year, turning 13 before entering the [[University of Western Australia]] as its youngest ever student. Venkatesh completed the four-year course in three years and became, at 16, the youngest person to earn [[First Class Honours]] in [[pure mathematics]] from the university.<ref name = AustralianIMOteams /> He was awarded the J. A. Woods Memorial Prize as the most outstanding graduate of the year from the Faculties of Science, Engineering, Dentistry, or Medical Science.<ref>{{cite web|publisher = [[University of Western Australia]]|title = Conditions &ndash; J. A. Wood Memorial Prizes [F1495-03]|url = http://apps.weboffice.uwa.edu.au/prizes-app/file/Conditions%20-%20J%20A%20Wood%20Memorial%20Prizes.RTF|access-date = 4 August 2018|date = 3 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|title = UWA maths prodigy wins international award|date = 2 August 2018|access-date = 4 August 2018|first = David|last = Stacey|url = http://www.news.uwa.edu.au/2018080210831/uwa-maths-prodigy-wins-international-award|publisher = [[University of Western Australia]]}}</ref> While at UWA he was also one of the founding members of the Honours Cricket Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maths.uwa.edu.au/~marty/HCA/cricket.html|title=Honours Cricket Association|publisher=Honours Cricket Association|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021213040145/http://www.maths.uwa.edu.au/~marty/HCA/cricket.html|access-date=22 August 2019|archive-date=13 December 2002}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Research career ==<br />
Akshay commenced his PhD at [[Princeton University]] in 1998 under [[Peter Sarnak]], which he completed in 2002,<ref name = CMI /> producing the thesis ''Limiting forms of the trace formula''. He was supported by the Hackett Fellowship for postgraduate study. He was then awarded a postdoctoral position at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]], where he served as a [[C.L.E. Moore instructor]]. Venkatesh then held a Clay Research Fellowship from the [[Clay Mathematics Institute]] from 2004 to 2006,<ref name = CMI /> and was an associate professor at the [[Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences]] at [[New York University]].<ref name = IASprofile /><ref>{{cite web|title=Akshay Venkatesh &ndash; Research Interests|access-date=4 August 2018|url=http://math.stanford.edu/~akshay/research/research.html|publisher=[[Stanford University]]|website=math.stanford.edu}}</ref> He was a member of the School of Mathematics at the [[Institute for Advanced Study]] (IAS) from 2005 to 2006. He became a [[full professor]] at [[Stanford University]] on 1 September 2008. After serving as distinguished visiting professor at the IAS in 2017–2018,<ref name = IASprofile>{{cite web|url=https://www.ias.edu/scholars/venkatesh|title=Akshay Venkatesh|publisher=[[Institute for Advanced Study]]|access-date=4 August 2018|year = 2018}}</ref> he became a permanent faculty member of IAS in August 2018.<ref name = IASPressRelease>{{cite press release|url=https://www.ias.edu/press-releases/2018/venkatesh|title=Mathematician Akshay Venkatesh Appointed to the Faculty of the Institute for Advanced Study|publisher=[[Institute for Advanced Study]]|access-date=6 August 2018|year = 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Recognition ==<br />
Akshay was awarded the [[Salem Prize]], given to a "young mathematician judged to have done outstanding work in [[Raphaël Salem|Salem's]] field of interest&mdash;the theory of [[Fourier series]]"<ref>{{cite press release|publisher = [[New York University]]|url = http://www.nyu.edu/about/news-publications/news/2007/08/22/nyus_venkatesh_25_wins.html|title = NYU's Venkatesh, 25, Wins Prize Given to Young Mathematicians for Work in Field of Analysis|date = 22 August 2007|access-date = 4 August 2018}}</ref> and the [https://www.packard.org/what-we-fund/science/packard-fellowships-for-science-and-engineering/ Packard Fellowship] in 2007. In 2008, he received the US$10,000 [[SASTRA Ramanujan Prize]], given for "outstanding contributions to areas of mathematics influenced by the great Indian mathematician, [[Srinivasa Ramanujan]]" and "only awarded to those under the age of thirty-two (the age of Ramanujan at his time of death)."<ref name = AustralianIMOteams /><ref name = AMSRamanujan /> The prize was presented at the International Conference on Number Theory and Modular Forms, held at [[SASTRA University]] in [[Kumbakonam]], Ramanujan's hometown.<ref name = AMSRamanujan>{{cite journal|url=https://www.ams.org/notices/200901/tx090100056p.pdf|title=Venkatesh Awarded 2008 SASTRA Ramanujan Prize|journal=[[Notices of the AMS]]|date=January 2009|volume=56|issue=1|page=56}}</ref> In 2010, he was an [[list of International Congresses of Mathematicians Plenary and Invited Speakers|invited speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians]] (Hyderabad) and spoke on the topic "Number Theory and Lie Theory and Generalisations."<ref>{{cite web|publisher = [[International Mathematical Union]]|date = 11 June 2016|title = ICM Plenary and Invited Speakers since 1897|url = http://www.mathunion.org/db/ICM/Speakers/SortedByLastname.php|website = mathunion.org|access-date = 16 May 2016|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160611042058/http://www.mathunion.org/db/ICM/Speakers/SortedByLastname.php|archive-date = 11 June 2016}}</ref> For his exceptionally wide-ranging, foundational and creative contributions to modern number theory, Venkatesh was awarded the [[Infosys Prize]] in Mathematical Sciences<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.infosys-science-foundation.com/prize/laureates/2016/akshay-venkatesh.asp|title=Infosys Prize – Laureates 2016 – Prof. Akshay Venkatesh|website=www.infosys-science-foundation.com|access-date=2017-04-03}}</ref> in 2016. In 2017 he received the [[Ostrowski Prize]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ostrowski.ch/pdf/preis2017.pdf|title=Citation for Akshay Venkatesh|website=ostrowski.ch|publisher=[[Ostrowski Foundation]]|access-date=4 August 2018|year=2017}}</ref> which is awarded every two years for "outstanding achievements in pure mathematics and in the foundations of numerical mathematics."<ref>{{cite web|title = Foundation A. M. Ostrowski for an international prize in higher mathematics|publisher = [[Ostrowski Foundation]]|website = Ostrowski.ch|access-date = 4 August 2018|url = https://ostrowski.ch/index_e.php?ifile=home|year = 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2018, he was awarded the [[Fields Medal]],<ref name = FieldsMedalIMU>{{cite web|url = https://www.mathunion.org/imu-awards/fields-medal/fields-medals-2018|publisher = [[International Mathematical Union]]|title = Fields Medals 2018|date = 2018|access-date = 4 August 2018|website = mathunion.org}}</ref><ref name="abc care">{{cite news |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-08-01/fields-medals-to-be-awarded-to-best-mathematical-minds/10049510 |title=Maths hands out its 'Nobel Prize' to an Australian – here's why you should care |first=Daniel |last=Keane |date=2 August 2018 |work=ABC News |access-date=2 August 2018}}</ref> commonly described as the Nobel Prize of mathematics,<ref name = NobelPrizeofMaths /> becoming the second Australian (after [[Terence Tao]])<ref name = GuardianFieldsMedal /> and the second person of Indian descent (after [[Manjul Bhargava]])<ref name = IndiaTVNews /> to be so honoured. The short citation for the medal declared that Venkatesh was being honoured for "his synthesis of analytic number theory, homogeneous dynamics, topology, and representation theory, which has resolved long-standing problems in areas such as the equidistribution of arithmetic objects."<ref name = FieldsMedalLongCitation>{{cite web|title = Venkatesh Short and Long Citation|url = https://www.mathunion.org/fileadmin/IMU/Prizes/Fields/2018/Venkatesh-Citation.pdf|publisher = [[International Mathematical Union]]|date = 2018|access-date = 4 August 2018|website = mathunion.org}}</ref> [[University of Western Australia]] Professor Michael Giudici said of his former classmate's work that "[i]f it was easy for me to explain, then he wouldn't have received the Fields Medal".<ref name = NobelPrizeofMaths>{{cite news |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-08-02/fields-medal-aussie-genius-akshay-venkatesh-mathematics-prize/10062218 |title=Fields Medal: Aussie genius Akshay Venkatesh wins 'Nobel Prize of mathematics' |first=Michael |last=Slezak |date=2 August 2018 |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |access-date=4 August 2018}}</ref> Australian mathematician and media personality [[Adam Spencer]] said that "[t]his century will be built by mathematicians, whether it's computer coding, algorithms, machine learning, artificial intelligence, app design and the like" and that "we should acknowledge the magnificence of the mathematical mind."<ref name="abc care"/> Director of the [[Australian Mathematical Sciences Institute]] Professor Geoff Prince said "Akshay is an exciting and innovative leader in his field whose work will continue to have wide-ranging implications for mathematics" and a worthy recipient of the Fields medal "given his contribution to improving mathematicians' understanding of analytic number theory, algebraic number theory, and representation theory".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/aussie-akshay-venkatesh-wins-the-nobel-prize-of-mathematics |title=Aussie Akshay Venkatesh wins 'the Nobel Prize of mathematics' |date=2 August 2018 |agency=AAP |work=[[SBS News]] |access-date=4 August 2018}}</ref><br />
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The long citation for his Fields Medal describes Venkatesh as having "made profound contributions to an exceptionally broad range of subjects in mathematics" and recognises that he "solved many longstanding problems by combining methods from seemingly unrelated areas, presented novel viewpoints on classical problems, and produced strikingly far-reaching conjectures."<ref name = FieldsMedalLongCitation /><ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.science.org.au/news-and-events/news-and-media-releases/australian-mathematician-wins-fields-medal |title=Australian mathematician wins Fields Medal |date=3 August 2018 |publisher=[[Australian Academy of Science]] |access-date=4 August 2018| website = science.org.au}}</ref> Venkatesh's "use of dynamics theory, which studies the equations of moving objects to solve problems in number theory, which is the study of whole numbers, integers and prime numbers" was recognised in the award.<ref name = GuardianFieldsMedal /> "His work uses representation theory, which represents abstract algebra in terms of more easily-understood linear algebra, and topology theory, which studies the properties of structures that are deformed through stretching or twisting, like a Möbius strip."<ref name = GuardianFieldsMedal /> He described his work in 2016 as "looking for new patterns in the arithmetic of numbers".<ref name = GuardianFieldsMedal /> On receiving the award, which is presented every four years, Venkatesh said "A lot of the time when you do math, you're stuck, but at the same time there are all these moments where you feel privileged that you get to work with it. You have this sensation of transcendence, you feel like you've been part of something really meaningful."<ref name = GuardianFieldsMedal>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/aug/02/australian-akshay-venkatesh-wins-fields-medal-the-nobel-for-maths |title=Australian Akshay Venkatesh wins Fields medal – the 'Nobel for maths' |first=Naaman |last=Zhou |date=2 August 2018 |work=[[Guardian Australia]] |access-date=4 August 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Contributions to mathematics ==<br />
Akshay has made contributions to a wide variety of areas in mathematics, including [[number theory]], [[automorphic form]]s, [[representation theory]], [[locally symmetric space]]s and [[ergodic theory]], by himself, and in collaboration with several mathematicians.<ref name = FieldsMedalLongCitation /><br />
<br />
Using [[ergodic]] methods, Venkatesh, jointly with [[Jordan Ellenberg]], made significant progress on the [[Hasse principle]] for integral representations of quadratic forms by quadratic forms.<ref name = FieldsMedalLongCitation /><ref>{{cite journal|title=Local-global principles for representations of quadratic forms|first1=Jordan S.|last1=Ellenberg|author-link1=Jordan Ellenberg|first2=Akshay|last2=Venkatesh|year=2008|journal=[[Inventiones Mathematicae]]|volume=171|issue=2|pages=257–279|doi=10.1007/s00222-007-0077-7|arxiv=math/0604232|bibcode=2007InMat.171..257E|citeseerx=10.1.1.236.7085|s2cid=832133}}</ref><br />
<br />
In a series of joint works with [[Manfred Einsiedler]], [[Elon Lindenstrauss]] and [[Philippe Michel (number theorist)|Philippe Michel]], Venkatesh revisited the Linnik ergodic method and solved a longstanding conjecture of [[Yuri Linnik]] on the distribution of torus orbits attached to cubic number fields.<ref name = FieldsMedalLongCitation /><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://annals.math.princeton.edu/2011/173-2/p05|title=Distribution of periodic torus orbits and Duke's theorem for cubic fields|first1=Manfred|last1=Einsiedler|author-link1=Manfred Einsiedler|first2=Elon|last2=Lindenstrauss|author-link2=Elon Lindenstrauss|first3=Philippe|last3=Michel|author-link3=Philippe Michel (number theorist)|first4=Akshay|last4=Akshay|year=2011|journal=[[Annals of Mathematics]]|volume=173|issue=2|pages=815–885|doi=10.4007/annals.2011.173.2.5|arxiv=0708.1113|s2cid=6236918}}</ref><br />
<br />
Akshay Venkatesh also provided a novel and more direct way of establishing sub-convexity estimates for [[L-functions]] in numerous cases, going beyond the foundational work of Hardy–Littlewood–Weyl, Burgess, and Duke–Friedlander–Iwaniec that dealt with important special cases.<ref name = FieldsMedalLongCitation /><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://annals.math.princeton.edu/2010/172-2/p05|title=Sparse equidistribution problems, period bounds and subconvexity|first=Akshay|last=Venkatesh|year=2010|journal=[[Annals of Mathematics]]|volume=172|issue=2|pages=989–1094|doi=10.4007/annals.2010.172.989|arxiv=math/0506224|s2cid=119163205}}</ref><ref name = SubconvexityGL2>{{cite journal|arxiv=0903.3591|title=The subconvexity problem for GL<sub>2</sub>|author-link1=Philippe Michel (number theorist)|first1=Philippe|last1=Michel|first2=Akshay|last2=Venkatesh|year=2010|journal=[[Publications Mathématiques de l'IHÉS]]|volume=111|issue=1|pages=171–271|doi=10.1007/s10240-010-0025-8|citeseerx=10.1.1.750.8950|s2cid=14155294}}</ref> This approach eventually resulted in the complete resolution by Venkatesh and [[Philippe Michel (number theorist)|Philippe Michel]] of the sub-convexity problem for GL(1) and GL(2) L-functions over general number fields.<ref name = SubconvexityGL2 /><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{MathGenealogy |id=69073}}<br />
* {{IMO results}}<br />
* [http://math.stanford.edu/~akshay/ Website at Stanford University]<br />
* [https://av.tib.eu/search?f=creator%3Bhttp://d-nb.info/gnd/141737441 Videos of Akshay Venkatesh] in the AV-Portal of the [[German National Library of Science and Technology]]<br />
<br />
{{Fields medalists}}<br />
{{FRS 2019}}<br />
{{Recipients of SASTRA Ramanujan Prize winners|state=collapsed}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Venkatesh, Akshay}}<br />
[[Category:1981 births]]<br />
[[Category:Fields Medalists]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:International Mathematical Olympiad participants]]<br />
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Australia]]<br />
[[Category:Australian mathematicians]]<br />
[[Category:People from New Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Australian emigrants to the United States]]<br />
[[Category:Princeton University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the SASTRA Ramanujan Prize]]<br />
[[Category:Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences faculty]]<br />
[[Category:Stanford University faculty]]<br />
[[Category:Scientists from Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science faculty]]<br />
[[Category:Institute for Advanced Study faculty]]<br />
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society]]<br />
[[Category:People educated at Scotch College, Perth]]</div>UpdateBothttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colors_Rishtey&diff=330106Colors Rishtey2022-07-02T05:08:20Z<p>UpdateBot: robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian general entertainment television channel}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox television channel<br />
| name = Colors Rishtey<br />
| logo = File:Colors Rishtey logo.png<br />
| logo_size =<br />
| logo_alt = Rishtey<br />
| launch_date = 3 September 2012 ([[UK]]) <br>November 2013 ([[India]]) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/story/39350_Viacom18s-Rishtey-to-enter-India|title=Viacom18's Rishtey to enter India|date=2 December 2013|website=www.afaqs.com}}</ref><br>4 November 2014 ([[USA]])<br />
| area = Worldwide<br />
| network = <br />
| headquarters = [[Mumbai]], [[India]]<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| picture_format = [[576i]] [[Standard-definition television|SDTV]]<br />
| sister_channels = {{Collapsible list<br />
| list_style = text-align:left;<br />
| 1 = [[MTV India|MTV]]<br />[[VH1 India|VH1]]<br />[[Comedy Central (India)|Comedy Central]]<br />[[Colors TV]]<br /> [[Rishtey Cineplex]]<br /> [[Colors Marathi]]<br />[[Colors Gujarati]]<br /> [[Colors Gujarati Cinema]]<br /> [[Colors Bangla]]<br /> [[Colors Bangla Cinema]]<br /> [[Colors Kannada]]<br /> [[Colors Kannada Cinema]]<br /> [[Colors Odia]]<br />[[Colors Marathi Cinema]]<br />[[News18 Urdu]]<br />[[News18 India]]<br />[[News18 Bihar-Jharkhand]]<br />[[News18 Bangla]]<br />[[Nickelodeon India|Nick]]<br />[[Nick Jr India|Nick Jr]]<br />[[Teen Nick India|Teen Nick]]<br />[[Sonic-Nickelodeon]]<br />[[MTV Indies]]<br />[[CNN-News18]]<br />[[Colors Infinity]]<br />[[Colors Cineplex]]<br />[[Colors Cineplex Bollywood]]<br />[[Colors Super]]<br />[[Colors Tamil]]<br />[[News18 Lokmat]]<br />
}}<br />
| replaced = <br />
| website = [http://colorsrishtey.com colorsrishtey.com]<br />
| owner = [[Viacom 18]]<br />
| former_names = Rishtey (2012-2019) <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Colors Rishtey''' is an Indian pay [[general entertainment]] television channel that mainly broadcasts re-runs of programming from [[Colors TV]] and also airs shows from [[NDTV Imagine]] & [[DD National]]. International Feeds Of ‘Colors Rishtey’ Also Air Dubbed Shows And Regional Shows.<br />
<br />
Programs of [[Pakistani]] channels have been aired, such as [[Humsafar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.media247.co.uk/bizasia/hum-tv-drama-humsafar-to-air-on-rishtey|title=Hum TV drama 'Humsafar' to air on Rishtey|last=Raj Baddhan|date=25 February 2013|work=biz Asia|publisher=Media 247|accessdate=5 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516024224/http://www.media247.co.uk/bizasia/hum-tv-drama-humsafar-to-air-on-rishtey|archive-date=16 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Rishtey rebroadcasts series from many other channels as well.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.media247.co.uk/bizasia/rishtey-rebrands-in-europe-launches-in-asia-2015 | title=Rishtey rebrands in Europe; launches in Asia | publisher=BizAsia | date=14 September 2015 | accessdate=30 December 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054404/http://www.media247.co.uk/bizasia/rishtey-rebrands-in-europe-launches-in-asia-2015 | archive-date=4 March 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
The channel started original production of its shows as well. Produced by [[BBC Media Action]], [[Navrangi Re!]] is the channel's first original programming.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/social-impact-show-navrangi-re-will-be-rishtey-s-first-original-production-118122000358_1.html|title=Social impact show 'Navrangi Re!' will be Rishtey's first original production|last=ANI|date=2018-12-20|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2019-02-10}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 1 March 2019, the channel was rebranded as Colors Rishtey.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.adgully.com/rishtey-cineplex-and-rishtey-get-rechristened-as-colors-cineplex--colors-rishtey-83812.html|title=Rishtey Cineplex and Rishtey get rechristened as 'COLORS CINEPLEX' & 'COLORS RISHTEY'|first=Adgully|last=Bureau|website=www.adgully.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Nick Hour==<br />
In 2016 Viacom 18 launched a [[Nickelodeon India|Nick]] programming block named "Nick Hour India" on Colors Rishtey India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ddfreedish.site/tag/nick-hour-rishtey-channel/|title="Nick Hour" on Rishtey|date=30 March 2016|accessdate=13 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214124610/https://ddfreedish.site/tag/nick-hour-rishtey-channel/|archive-date=14 December 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Programming==<br />
{{main|List of programming broadcast by Colors Rishtey}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Portal|Television}}<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160318223400/http://rishteytv.com/ Official Website of Rishtey]<br />
<br />
{{Network 18}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language television stations]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language television channels in India]]<br />
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2012]]<br />
[[Category:Television stations in Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Viacom 18]]<br />
[[Category:2014 establishments in Maharashtra]]</div>UpdateBothttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deoghar_Airport&diff=330781Deoghar Airport2022-07-02T05:05:13Z<p>UpdateBot: robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|International airport in Jharkhand, India}}<br />
{{Infobox airport<br />
| name = Deoghar Airport<br />
| nativename = <br />
| nativename-a = <br />
| nativename-r = <br />
| image = Terminal building night view at Deoghar Airport.png<br />
| caption = Terminal building at Deoghar Airport<br />
| image-width = 275px<br />
| IATA = DGH<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.iata.org/en/publications/directories/code-search/?airport.search=DGH | title=Airline and Location Code Search }}</ref><br />
| ICAO = VEDO<ref>https://aim-india.aai.aero/sites/default/files/aip_supplements/AIPS_2022_35_0.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=May 2022}}</ref><br />
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India<br />
| pushpin_relief = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand##Location in India<br />
| pushpin_label = '''DGH'''<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| type = Public (will be used by DRDO also)<br />
| owner = [[Airports Authority of India]]<br />
| operator = <br />
| city-served = [[Deoghar]]<br />
| location = Kunda, [[Deoghar, Jharkhand]]<br />
| hub = <br />
| elevation-f = 833<br />
| elevation-m = <br />
| coordinates = {{Coord|24|26|41|N|086|42|09|E|type:airport}}<br />
| website = <br />
| metric-elev = <br />
| metric-rwy = <br />
| r1-number = 09/27<br />
| r1-length-f = 8202<br />
| r1-length-m = 2500<br />
| r1-surface = [[Concrete]]<br />
| r2-number = <br />
| r2-length-f = <br />
| r2-length-m = <br />
| r2-surface = <br />
| stat-year = <br />
| stat1-header = <br />
| stat1-data = <br />
| stat2-header = <br />
| stat2-data = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
| opened = 12 July (Expected)2022<ref>{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/bihar-jharkhand/jharkhand/airport-will-start-soon-in-deoghar-pm-modi-will-inaugurate-on-july-12-know-all-details-in-hindi/1218281/amp|title=Deoghar: देवघर में जल्द शुरू होगा एयरपोर्ट, 12 जुलाई को पीएम मोदी करेंगे उद्घाटन|publisher= Zee News|access-date= 14 June 2022}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Deoghar Airport''' {{Airport codes|DGH|VEDO}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ourairports.com/airports/IN-0090/|title=Deoghar Airstrip (IN-0090) @ OurAirports|website=ourairports.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Airline and Location Code Search |url=https://www.iata.org/en/publications/directories/code-search/ |access-date=2022-03-13 |website=www.iata.org |language=en}}</ref> also known as '''Baba Baidyanath Airport''', is located in [[Deoghar, Jharkhand]] India. The airport is spread over {{convert|654|acre}}. The airport has a 2500 meter long runway, capable of handling both Airbus [[Airbus A320 family|A320]] and [[Boeing 737]] type of aircraft.<ref>{{cite news|title=Airport construction will lead to development of Dhalbhumgarh area: CM |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/airport-construction-will-lead-to-development-of-dhalbhumgarh-area--cm.html |publisher= [[The Pioneer (India)|The Pioneer]] |date= 11 January 2019 |access-date= 30 July 2019}}</ref> [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] laid the [[foundation stone]] of development of the airport in Jharkhand on 25 May 2018.<ref>{{cite news|title=PM Modi Lays Foundation Stone Of Deoghar Airport In Jharkhand; CM Says Committed To Begin Flights From Districts |url=http://www.businessworld.in/article/PM-Modi-lays-foundation-stone-of-Deoghar-airport-in-Jharkhand-CM-Says-Committed-To-Begin-Flights-From-Districts/27-05-2018-150313/ |publisher= [[Businessworld]] |date= 27 May 2018 |access-date= 30 July 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Development ==<br />
The [[Government of Jharkhand]] had signed a [[Memorandum of understanding|Memorandum of Understanding]] (MoU) with the [[Airports Authority of India]] (AAI) in 2013, to develop the airport, to promote religious tourism in the state.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jharkhand To Get International Airport At Deoghar |url=http://www.igovernment.in/articles/34586/jharkhand-to-get-international-airport-at-deoghar |publisher= iGovernment |date= 12 December 2013 |access-date=26 March 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Government later signed a tripartite MoU with the AAI and [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO) in March 2017, to develop the airport for non-military use of [[Airbus A320 family|Airbus A320]] category aircraft.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jharkhand inks MoU for Deoghar International airport expansion| url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/ranchi/jharkhand-inks-mou-for-deoghar-airport-expansion/story-j5iT9agHlH2J9V37sE3oMN.html |publisher= [[Hindustan Times]] |date= 26 March 2017 |access-date=26 March 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
As of February 2022, the airport is completed, with currently the ATC testing being underway. The airport is expected to become operational in March 2022, likely after the festival of [[Holi]].<ref>{{cite web|date=2022-02-10|title=होली के बाद देवघर एयरपोर्ट से शुरू हो सकती है उड़ान|url=https://newswing.com/flight-may-start-from-deoghar-airport-after-holi/345603/|access-date=2022-02-12|website=NEWSWING|language=en-GB}}</ref><br />
<br />
As of April 2022, the airport has received its license issued by [[Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)|Directorate General of Civil Aviation, India]] (DGCA) for regular use of the airport for flight operations, under public use category.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deoghar Airport: मिली DGCA की हरी झंडी, अब किसी भी दिन शुरू हो सकती है देवघर अंतर्राष्ट्रीय हवाई अड्डे से उड़ान |url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/dhanbad-dgca-approved-license-to-deoghar-airport-for-commercial-flights-22620623.html |access-date=2022-06-11 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><br />
<br />
As of June 2022, [[IndiGo]] did its maiden trial flight to the airport from Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport before its commercial operations. The flight successfully managed to perform smooth take-off and landing multiple times without any hurdles, which clears that the airport is capable and fit for commercial operations.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=June 9, 2022 |title=Local boy touches down in Deoghar airport trial run |work=The Times of India |url=https://m.timesofindia.com/city/ranchi/local-boy-touches-down-in-deoghar-airport-trial-run/amp_articleshow/92091769.cms |access-date=}}</ref> The airport will be inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 12 July 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Airport will start soon in Deoghar PM Modi will inaugurate on July 12 know all details in Hindi {{!}} Deoghar: देवघर में जल्द शुरू होगा एयरपोर्ट, 12 जुलाई को पीएम मोदी करेंगे उद्घाटन {{!}} Hindi News, Jharkhand |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/bihar-jharkhand/jharkhand/airport-will-start-soon-in-deoghar-pm-modi-will-inaugurate-on-july-12-know-all-details-in-hindi/1218281/amp |access-date=2022-06-14 |website=zeenews.india.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Infrastructure ==<br />
AAI has built the airport at a cost of ₹ 400 crore. It includes the construction of the runway, having a length of {{cvt|2,500|m}} and {{cvt|45|m|adj=on}} wide, construction of a {{convert|4,000|sqm|adj=on}} terminal building can handle 200 passengers per hour, an [[Air traffic control|Air Traffic Control]] (ATC) tower, an apron for two Airbus A320s, taxiways and an isolation bay.<br />
[[File:National flag at deoghar airport.png|thumb|National flag at entrance of the terminal]]<br />
[[File:IMG Deoghar Airport Runway.jpg|thumb|2500 m fully flattened concrete runway at Deoghar]]<br />
[[File:ATC tower cum building at Deoghar Airport.png|thumb|ATC tower complex]]<br />
The terminal building has six check-in counters and two arrival belts with a peak hour handling capacity of 200 passengers.The design of the terminal building is inspired from the [[Baidyanath Temple]]'s structure, and there are murals and paintings of [[Adivasi]] art, handicrafts and local tourist sites inside the airport. A [[DVOR]]/DME navigational facility is also planned. Construction commenced in January 2018 and completed in June 2022<br />
<br />
The adequate infrastructure and basic public facilities have been put in place in the terminal ensuring convenient and user-friendly experience for passengers thereby smooth flight operations from the airport.<br />
<br />
[[File:Terminal building night view at Deoghar Airport.png|thumb|Terminal building of the airport]]<br />
<br />
[[File:Check-in Counters inside terminal of Deoghar Airport.png|thumb|Check-in counters]]<br />
<br />
[[File:Concourse area inside terminal building at Deoghar Airport.png|thumb|Concourse area inside the terminal]]<br />
<br />
[[File:Boarding gate of terminal building at Deoghar Airport.png|thumb|Boarding gates]]<br />
<br />
[[File:X-ray machine and Security checks area inside terminal at Deoghar Airport.png|thumb|X-ray machines and security check areas]]<br />
<br />
==Airlines and destinations==<br />
<!-- Please use only independent sources. The airport and airline itself are not independent sources. --><br />
{{Airport-dest-list<br />
<br />
|[[IndiGo]]|[[Kempegowda International Airport|Bangalore]], [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]] (both begin from 22 July 2022)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.jagran.com/lite/jharkhand/dhanbad-deoghar-airport-ex-pm-narendra-modi-will-nnaugrate-the-airport-on-july-12th-22849986.html|title=Deoghar Airport: 12 जुलाई को पीएम करेंगे उद्घाटन, कोलकाता, रांची और पटना के लिए शुरू होगी उड़ान|publisher= Jagran (in Hindi)|access-date= 30 June 2022}}</ref>, [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata]], [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai]], (both begin from 12 July 2022)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/deogarh/deoghar-airport-inaugurated-before-shravani-mela-indigo-air-service-start-for-delhi-mumbai-bangalore-grj|title=Deoghar Airport: देवघर एयरपोर्ट से दिल्ली, मुंबई व बेंगलुरु के लिए कब से शुरू होगी इंडिगो की हवाई सेवा|publisher= Prabhat Khabar (in Hindi)|access-date=16 June 2022}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Birsa Munda Airport]]<br />
*[[Bokaro Airport]]<br />
*[[Dumka Airport]]<br />
*[[Dhalbhumgarh Airport|Dalbhumgarh Airport]]<br />
*[[List of airports in India|List of Airports in India]]<br />
* [[List of airports in Jharkhand|List of Airports in Jharkhand]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Airports in India}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Airports in Jharkhand]]<br />
[[Category:Transport in Deoghar]]<br />
[[Category:Airports established in 2020]]<br />
[[Category:2020 establishments in Jharkhand]]</div>UpdateBothttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_mayors_of_Kolkata&diff=332537List of mayors of Kolkata2022-07-02T05:03:40Z<p>UpdateBot: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|None}}<br />
<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}<br />
{{More citations needed|date=December 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox political post<br />
|insignia = <br />
|insigniasize = 100px<br />
| border = parliamentary<br />
| minister = not_prime<br />
| nominator = Directly elected by vote<br />
| department = [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]]<br />
| post = [[Mayor]] of [[Kolkata]]<br />
| image = Firhad Hakim.jpg<br />
| imagesize = <br />
| style = Honorable Mayor<br />
| member_of = [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]]<br />
| incumbent = [[Firhad Hakim]]<br />
| incumbentsince = 23 December 2021<br />
| seat = [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation|KMC]], Headquarter<br />
| appointer = <br />
| termlength = Five years, renewable<br />
| deputy = [[Atin Ghosh]]<br />
| inaugural = [[Chittaranjan Das]]<br />
| formation = {{start date and years ago|df=yes|1924|04|16}}<br />
| residence = Chetla, Kolkata - 700027<br />
| precursor = <br />
}}<br />
The '''Mayor of Kolkata''' is the chief executive of the [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]], one of the [[Civic administration of Kolkata|civic authorities]] in the [[India]]n city of [[Kolkata]]. He is the ''First Citizen'' of the city of [[Kolkata]]. There have been 38 mayors of Kolkata in total till now since first election in 1924.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The first [[Kolkata]] Municipal Election was held on 16 April 1924, during the time of [[British India]], under the ''Calcutta Municipal Act, 1923 - Bengal Act III of 1923''.<ref name="kmc-list" /> Mayors were elected on an annual basis. No corporation elections were held, therefore there was no mayor, from 1948 to 1952.<ref name="kmc-list" /> In 1952 further mayors were appointed on an annual basis under the ''Calcutta Municipal Act, West Bengal Act XXXIII of 1951''.<ref name="kmc-list" /> There was another break in mayoral elections from 1972 to 1985, after which mayors were elected on a five year term under the ''Calcutta Municipal Corporation Act, 1980 West Bengal Act LIX of 1980''.<ref name="kmc-list" /><br />
<br />
==List of mayors==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+List of Mayors of Kolkata<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" | S. No.<br />
! colspan=1| Name<br />
! colspan=1| Portrait<br />
! colspan=3| Term<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kmcgov.in/KMCPortal/jsp/MayorsKolkata.jsp|title = Official Website of Kolkata Municipal Corporation}}</ref><br />
! colspan=2| Party<br />
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"<br />
! 1<br />
| [[Chittaranjan Das]]<br />
| [[File:Chittaranjan Das 2.jpg|75px]]<br />
| 16 April 1924 <br />
| 17 July 1925<br />
| {{age in years and days|sortable=table|1924|4|16|1925|7|17}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]] <br />
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"<br />
! 2<br />
| [[Jatindra Mohan Sengupta]]<br />
| [[File:Deshpriya Jatindra Mohan Sengupta.jpg|100px]]<br />
| 17 July 1925<br />
| 4 February 1928<br />
| {{age in years and days|sortable=table|1925|7|17|1928|2|4}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]] <br />
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"<br />
! 3<br />
| Bijoy Kumar Basu<br />
| <br />
| 4 February 1928<br />
| 10 April 1929<br />
| {{age in years and days|sortable=table|1928|2|4|1929|4|10}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]] <br />
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"<br />
! (2)<br />
| [[Jatindra Mohan Sengupta]]<br />
| [[File:Deshpriya Jatindra Mohan Sengupta.jpg|100px]]<br />
| 10 April 1929<br />
| 22 August 1930<br />
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|1929|4|10|1930|8|22}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]] <br />
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"<br />
! 4<br />
| [[Subhas Chandra Bose]]<br />
| [[File:Subhas Chandra Bose NRB.jpg|75px]]<br />
| 22 August 1930<br />
| 15 April 1931<br />
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|1930|8|22|1931|4|15}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]] <br />
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"<br />
! 5<br />
| [[Bidhan Chandra Roy]]<br />
| [[File:Dr. Bidhan Chandra Roy in 1943 (cropped).jpg|75px]]<br />
| 15 April 1931<br />
| 9 April 1933<br />
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|1931|4|15|1933|4|9}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]] <br />
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"<br />
! 6<br />
| Santosh Kumar Basu<br />
| <br />
| 9 April 1933<br />
| 4 July 1934<br />
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|1933|4|9|1934|7|4}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]] <br />
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"<br />
! 7<br />
| [[Nalini Ranjan Sarkar]]<br />
| <br />
| 4 July 1934<br />
| 30 April 1935<br />
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|1934|7|4|1935|4|30}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]] <br />
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"<br />
! 8<br />
| [[AK Fazlul Huq|Abul Kasem Fazlul Haque]]<br />
| [[File:A k fazlul hoque.jpg|75px]]<br />
| 30 April 1935<br />
| 29 April 1936<br />
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|1935|4|30|1936|4|29}}<br />
|[[Krishak Praja Party]]<br />
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Krishak Sramik Party}}" |<br />
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"<br />
! 9<br />
| [[Harisankar Paul]]<br />
| <br />
| 29 April 1936<br />
| 28 April 1937<br />
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|1936|4|29|1937|4|28}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]] <br />
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"<br />
! 10<br />
| [[Sanat K. Roy Chowdhury]]<br />
|<br />
| 28 April 1937<br />
| 29 April 1938<br />
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|1937|4|28|1938|4|29}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]] <br />
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"<br />
! 11<br />
| [[A.K.M. Zakaria]]<br />
|<br />
| 29 April 1938<br />
| 26 April 1939<br />
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|1938|4|29|1939|4|26}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]] <br />
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"<br />
! 12<br />
| [[Nisith Chandra Sen]]<br />
|<br />
| 26 April 1939<br />
| 24 April 1940<br />
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|1939|4|26|1940|4|24}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]] <br />
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"<br />
! 13<br />
| [[Abdur Rahman Siddiqui|Abdur Rahman Siddiqui]]<br />
|<br />
| 24 April 1940<br />
| 28 April 1941<br />
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|1940|4|24|1941|4|28}}<br />
|[[All-India Muslim League]] <br />
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|All-India Muslim League}}" |<br />
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"<br />
! 14<br />
| [[Phanindra Nath Brahma]]<br />
|<br />
| 28 April 1941<br />
| 29 April 1942<br />
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|1941|4|28|1942|4|29}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]] <br />
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"<br />
! 15<br />
| [[Hem Chandra Naskar]]<br />
|<br />
| 29 April 1942<br />
| 30 April 1943<br />
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|1942|4|29|1943|4|30}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]] <br />
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"<br />
! 16<br />
| [[Syed Badrudduja|Syed Badrudduja]]<br />
|<br />
| 30 April 1943<br />
| 26 April 1944<br />
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|1943|4|30|1944|4|26}}<br />
|[[All-India Muslim League]] <br />
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|All-India Muslim League}}" |<br />
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"<br />
! 17<br />
| [[Anandi Lal Poddar]]<br />
|<br />
| 26 April 1944<br />
| 27 April 1945<br />
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|1944|4|26|1945|4|27}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]] <br />
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"<br />
! 18<br />
| [[Debendra Nath Mukherjee]]<br />
|<br />
| 27 April 1945<br />
| 29 April 1946<br />
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|1945|4|27|1946|4|29}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]] <br />
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"<br />
! 19<br />
| [[Syed Mohammed Usman]]<br />
|<br />
| 29 April 1946<br />
| 29 April 1947<br />
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|1946|4|29|1947|4|29}}<br />
|[[Krishak Praja Party]] <br />
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Krishak Sramik Party}}" |<br />
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"<br />
! 20<br />
| [[Sudhir Chandra Ray Chaudhuri]]<br />
|<br />
| 29 April 1947<br />
| 1948<br />
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|1947|4|29|1948|1|1}}<br />
|[[Praja Socialist Party]] <br />
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Praja Socialist Party}}" |<br />
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"<br />
! 21<br />
| [[Nirmal Chandra Chunder]]<br />
|<br />
| 01 May 1952<br />
| 06 March 1953<br />
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|1952|5|01|1953|3|06}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]] <br />
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"<br />
! 22<br />
| [[Naresh Nath Mookherjee]]<br />
|<br />
| 06 March 1953<br />
| 25 April 1955<br />
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|1953|3|06|1955|4|25}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]] <br />
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"<br />
! 23<br />
| [[Satish Chandra Ghosh]]<br />
|<br />
| 25 April 1955<br />
| 29 April 1957<br />
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|1955|4|25|1957|4|29}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]] <br />
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"<br />
! 24<br />
| [[Triguna Sen|Triguna Sen]]<br />
|<br />
| 29 April 1957<br />
| 08 April 1959<br />
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|1957|4|29|1959|4|08}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]] <br />
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"<br />
! 25<br />
| [[Bejoy Kumar Banerjee]]<br />
|<br />
| 08 April 1959<br />
| 06 April 1960<br />
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|1959|4|08|1960|4|06}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]] <br />
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"<br />
! 26<br />
| [[Keshab Chandra Basu]]<br />
|<br />
| 06 April 1960<br />
| 28 April 1961<br />
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|1960|4|06|1961|4|28}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]] <br />
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"<br />
! 27<br />
| [[Rajendranath Majumdar]]<br />
|<br />
| 28 April 1961<br />
| 08 April 1963<br />
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|1961|4|28|1963|4|08}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]] <br />
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"<br />
! 28<br />
| [[Chittaranjan Chatterjee]]<br />
|<br />
| 08 April 1963<br />
| 26 April 1965<br />
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|1963|4|08|1965|4|26}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]] <br />
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"<br />
! 29<br />
| [[Priti Kumar Roy Chowdhury]]<br />
|<br />
| 26 April 1965<br />
| 24 April 1967<br />
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|1965|4|26|1967|4|24}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]] <br />
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"<br />
! 30<br />
| [[Gobinda Chandra Dey]]<br />
|<br />
| 24 April 1967<br />
| 13 June 1969<br />
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|1967|4|24|1969|6|13}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]] <br />
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"<br />
! 31<br />
| [[Prasanta Sur|Prasanta Sur]]<br />
| [[File:Prasanta Sur - Calcutta 1995-06-15 019.jpg|75px]]<br />
| 13 June 1969<br />
| 23 April 1971<br />
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|1967|4|24|1969|6|13}}<br />
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] <br />
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |<br />
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"<br />
! 32<br />
| [[Shyam Sundar Gupta|Shyam Sundar Gupta]]<br />
|<br />
| 23 April 1971<br />
| 1972<br />
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|1969|4|23|1972|1|1}}<br />
|[[All India Forward Bloc]] <br />
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|All India Forward Bloc}}" |<br />
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"<br />
! 33<br />
| [[Kamal Basu|Kamal Kumar Basu]]<br />
|<br />
| 30 July 1985<br />
| 30 July 1990<br />
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|1985|7|30|1990|7|30}}<br />
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] <br />
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |<br />
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"<br />
! 34<br />
| [[Prasanta Chatterjee|Prasanta Chatterjee]]<br />
|<br />
| 30 July 1990<br />
| 12 July 2000<br />
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|1990|7|30|2000|7|12}}<br />
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] <br />
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |<br />
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"<br />
! 35<br />
| [[Subrata Mukherjee|Subrata Mukherjee]]<br />
| [[File:TMCVeteranSubrataMukherjee.jpg|75px]]<br />
| 12 July 2000<br />
| 05 July 2005<br />
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|2000|7|12|2005|7|05}}<br />
|[[All India Trinamool Congress]] <br />
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}" |<br />
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"<br />
! 36<br />
| [[Bikash Ranjan Bhattacharya|Bikash Ranjan Bhattacharya]]<br />
| [[File:BikashRanjanBhattacharya CPIM.jpg|75px]]<br />
| 05 July 2005<br />
| 16 June 2010<br />
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|2005|7|05|2010|6|16}}<br />
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] <br />
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |<br />
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"<br />
! 37<br />
| [[Sovan Chatterjee|Sovan Chatterjee]]<br />
| [[File:Sovan Chatterjee - Kolkata 2015-10-22 6615.JPG|75px]]<br />
| 16 June 2010<br />
| 22 November 2018<br />
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|2010|6|16|2018|11|22}}<br />
|[[All India Trinamool Congress]] <br />
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}" |<br />
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"<br />
! 38<br />
| [[Firhad Hakim|Firhad Hakim]]<br />
| [[File:Firhad Hakim.jpg|75px]]<br />
| 22 November 2018<br />
| ''incumbent''<br />
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|2018|11|22}}<br />
|[[All India Trinamool Congress]] <br />
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}" |<br />
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist<br />
|refs=<br />
<ref name="kmc-list">{{cite web |title=Mayors of Kolkata |url=https://www.kmcgov.in/KMCPortal/jsp/MayorsKolkata.jsp |website=[[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]] |accessdate=18 February 2019}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Mayors of Kolkata]]</div>UpdateBothttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2004_Indian_general_election&diff=3305822004 Indian general election2022-07-02T05:01:34Z<p>UpdateBot: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|General election in India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}<br />
{{more citations needed|date=June 2014}}<br />
{{Infobox election<br />
| election_name = 2004 Indian general election<br />
| country = India<br />
| type = parliamentary<br />
| previous_election = 1999 Indian general election<br />
| previous_year = 1999<br />
| next_election = 2009 Indian general election<br />
| next_year = 2009<br />
| election_date = {{nowrap|20 April, 26 April, 5 and 10 May 2004}}<br />
| seats_for_election = 543 of the 545 seats in the [[Lok Sabha]]<br />
| majority_seats = 272<br />
| turnout = 58.07% ({{decrease}}1.92%)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/archive/GE2004/pollupd/pc/GE_NatSnapshot.htm |title = General Elections 2004 - National Summary |access-date=16 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727220231/http://eci.nic.in/archive/GE2004/pollupd/pc/GE_NatSnapshot.htm |archive-date=27 July 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
| image_size = 150x150px<br />
| image1 = File:Sonia Gandhi 2014 (cropped).jpg<br />
| leader1 = [[Sonia Gandhi]]<br />
| party1 = Indian National Congress<br />
| leader_since1 = 19 March 1998<br />
| leaders_seat1 = [[Rae Bareli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rae Bareli]]<br />
| alliance1 = United Progressive Alliance<br />
| last_election1 = 28.30%, 114 seats<br />
| seats1 = '''145'''<br />
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 31<br />
| popular_vote1 = '''103,408,949'''<br />
| percentage1 = '''26.53%'''<br />
| swing1 = {{decrease}} 1.77pp<br />
| image2 = File:Atal Bihari Vajpayee (12 June 2002).jpg<br />
| leader2 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]<br />
| party2 = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
| leader_since2 = 16 May 1996<br />
| leaders_seat2 = [[Lucknow (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lucknow]]<br />
| alliance2 = National Democratic Alliance<br />
| last_election2 = 23.75%, 182 seats<br />
| seats2 = 138<br />
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}} 44<br />
| popular_vote2 = 86,371,561<br />
| percentage2 = 22.16%<br />
| swing2 = {{decrease}} 1.59pp<br />
| map_image = [[File:Wahlergebnisse Indien 2004.svg|300px|lang=en]]<br />
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]<br />
| posttitle = Prime Minister after election<br />
| before_election = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]<br />
| before_party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
| after_election = [[Manmohan Singh]]<br />
| after_party = Indian National Congress<br />
}}<br />
[[File:2004 Indian general election schedule.jpg|Polling dates|thumb]]<br />
'''General elections''' were held in [[India]] in four phases between 20 April and 10 May 2004. Over 670 million people were eligible to vote, electing 543 members of the [[14th Lok Sabha]]. Seven states also held assembly elections to elect [[States and union territories of India|state]] governments. They were the first elections fully carried out with [[electronic voting machines]].<br />
<br />
On 13 May the ruling [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), the lead party of the [[National Democratic Alliance]] conceded defeat. The [[Indian National Congress]], which had governed India for all but five years from independence until 1996, returned to power after a record eight years out of office. It was able to put together a comfortable majority of more than 335 members out of 543 with the help of its allies. The 335 members included both the Congress-led [[United Progressive Alliance]], the governing coalition formed after the election, as well as external support from the [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (BSP), [[Samajwadi Party]] (SP), [[Kerala Congress]] (KC) and the [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]].<br />
<br />
After facing criticism from her own party and from the country [[Congress President]] [[Sonia Gandhi]] asked the 22nd [[Finance Minister of India|Finance Minister]] [[Manmohan Singh]], an economist, to head the new government. Singh had previously served in the Congress government of Prime Minister [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]] in the early 1990s, when he was seen as one of the architects of [[Economic liberalisation in India|India's first economic liberalisation]] plan, which staved off an impending monetary crisis. Despite the fact that Singh had never won a Lok Sabha seat, his considerable goodwill and Sonia Gandhi's nomination won him the support of the UPA allies and the Left Front.<br />
<br />
The elections saw the evolution of a [[Two-party system]] with political competition primarily concentrated between the [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]] and [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]].<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
[[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] had recommended premature dissolution of the [[13th Lok Sabha]] (in accordance with a provision of the [[Constitution of India|Constitution]]) to pave the way for early elections apparently in view of the recent good showing of the BJP in the Assembly elections in four states.{{citation needed|date=May 2016}}<br />
<br />
==Organisation==<br />
The election dates for the parliamentary elections were:<br />
*20 April – 141 constituencies<br />
*26 April – 137 constituencies<br />
*5 May – 83 constituencies<br />
*10 May – 182 constituencies<br />
<br />
Counting began simultaneously on 13 May. Over 370 million of the 675 million eligible citizens voted, with election violence claiming 48 lives, less than half the number killed during the 1999 election. The Indian elections were held in phases in order to maintain law and order. A few states considered sensitive areas required deployment of the armed forces. The average enrolment of voters in each constituency is 1.2 million, although the largest constituency has 3.1 million.<br />
<br />
The [[Election Commission of India]] is responsible for deciding the dates and conducting elections according to constitutional provisions. The Election Commission employed more than a million [[electronic voting]] machines for these elections.<br />
<br />
According to the magazine ''[[India Today]]'', 115.62 billion rupees were expected to have been spent in campaigning for the elections by [[List of political parties in India|all political parties]] combined. Most of the money was spent on the people involved in the election. The [[Election Commission of India|Election Commission]] limited poll expenses to Rs. 2.5 million per [[constituency]]. Thus, the actual spending is expected to have been approximately ten times the limit. About 6.5 billion rupees are estimated to have been spent on mobilising 150,000 vehicles. About a billion rupees are estimated to have been spent on helicopters and aircraft.<br />
<br />
==Pre-poll alliances==<br />
In these elections, compared to all the Lok Sabha elections of the 1990s, the battle was more of a head-to-head contest in the sense that there was no viable third front alternative. Largely the contest was between BJP and its allies on one hand and Congress and its allies on the other. The situation did, however, show large regional differences.<br />
<br />
The BJP fought the elections as part of the [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA), although some of its seat-sharing agreements were made with strong regional parties outside of the NDA such as [[Telugu Desam Party]] (TDP) in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) in [[Tamil Nadu]].<br />
<br />
Ahead of the elections there were attempts to form a Congress-led national level joint opposition front. In the end, an agreement could not be reached, but on regional level alliances between Congress and regional parties were made in several states. This was the first time that Congress contested with that type of alliances in a parliamentary election.<br />
<br />
The left parties, most notably the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] and the [[Communist Party of India]], contested on their own in their strongholds [[West Bengal]], [[Tripura]] and [[Kerala]], confronting both Congress and NDA forces. In several other states, such as [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]], they took part in seat sharings with Congress. In [[Tamil Nadu]] they were part of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK)-led [[Democratic Progressive Alliance]].<br />
<br />
Two parties refused to go along with either Congress or BJP, [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] and [[Samajwadi Party]]. Both are based in [[Uttar Pradesh]], the largest state of India (in terms of population). Congress made several attempts to form alliances with them, but in vain. Many believed that they would become the 'spoilers' that would rob Congress of an electoral victory. The result was a four-cornered contest in UP, which didn't really hurt or benefit Congress or BJP significantly.<br />
<br />
==Forecast and campaigns==<br />
Most analysts believed the NDA would win the elections. This assessment was also supported by opinion polls. The economy had shown steady growth in the last few months and the [[Privatization in India|disinvestment]] of government owned production units (a continuation of India's liberalisation policies initiated in the early 1990s) had been on track. The Foreign Exchange Reserves of India stood at more than US$100 billion (7th largest in the world and a record for India). The service sector had also generated a lot of jobs. The party was supposed to have been riding on a wave of the so-called "feel good factor", typified by its promotional campaign "[[India Shining]]".<br />
<br />
In the past, BJP has largely been seen as a hard-line [[Hindu]] party with close ties with the Hindu organisation the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS). Over the years, the party has slightly distanced itself from its ''[[Hindutva]]'' policies, a change that is being questioned after the party's poor showing in the elections. These elections were marked by the campaign's emphasis on economic gains. From the last few elections, BJP had realised that its voter base had reached a ceiling and had concentrated on pre-poll rather than post-poll alliances. The foreign origin of [[Sonia Gandhi]] also constituted part of the NDA's campaign.<br />
<br />
==Results==<br />
{{Election results<br />
|image=[[File:Lok Sabha Zusammensetzung 2004.svg|350px]]<br />
|party1=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes1=103408949|seats1=145|sc1=<br />
|party2=[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|votes2=86371561|seats2=138|sc2=<br />
|party3=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]|votes3=22070614|seats3=43|sc3=<br />
|party4=[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]|votes4=20765229|seats4=19|sc4=<br />
|party5=[[Samajwadi Party]]|votes5=16824072|seats5=36|sc5=<br />
|party6=[[Telugu Desam Party]]|votes6=11844811|seats6=5|sc6=<br />
|party7=[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]|votes7=9384147|seats7=24|sc7=<br />
|party8=[[Janata Dal (United)]]|votes8=9144963|seats8=8|sc8=<br />
|party9=[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|votes9=8547014|seats9=0|sc9=<br />
|party10=[[All India Trinamool Congress]]|votes10=8071867|seats10=2|sc10=<br />
|party11=[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|votes11=7064393|seats11=16|sc11=<br />
|party12=[[Shiv Sena]]|votes12=7056255|seats12=12|sc12=<br />
|party13=[[Nationalist Congress Party]]|votes13=7023175|seats13=9|sc13=<br />
|party14=[[Janata Dal (Secular)]]|votes14=5732296|seats14=3|sc14=<br />
|party15=[[Communist Party of India]]|votes15=5484111|seats15=10|sc15=<br />
|party16=[[Biju Janata Dal]]|votes16=5082849|seats16=11|sc16=<br />
|party17=[[Shiromani Akali Dal]]|votes17=3506681|seats17=8|sc17=<br />
|party18=[[Lok Janshakti Party]]|votes18=2771427|seats18=4|sc18=<br />
|party19=[[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]|votes19=2463607|seats19=3|sc19=<br />
|party20=[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]|votes20=2441405|seats20=5|sc20=<br />
|party21=[[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]|votes21=2169020|seats21=6|sc21=<br />
|party22=[[Asom Gana Parishad]]|votes22=2069600|seats22=2|sc22=<br />
|party23=[[Indian National Lok Dal]]|votes23=1936703|seats23=0|sc23=<br />
|party24=[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]|votes24=1846843|seats24=5|sc24=<br />
|party25=[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]|votes25=1689794|seats25=3|sc25=<br />
|party26=[[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|votes26=1679870|seats26=4|sc26=<br />
|party27=[[All India Forward Bloc]]|votes27=1365055|seats27=3|sc27=<br />
|party28=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation]]|votes28=1281688|seats28=0|sc28=<br />
|party29=[[Apna Dal]]|votes29=844053|seats29=0|sc29=<br />
|party30=[[Indian Union Muslim League|Muslim League Kerala State Committee]]|votes30=770098|seats30=1|sc30=<br />
|party31=[[Gondwana Ganatantra Party]]|votes31=720189|seats31=0|sc31=<br />
|party32=[[Naga People's Front]]|votes32=715366|seats32=1|sc32=<br />
|party33=[[Janata Party]]|votes33=517683|seats33=0|sc33=<br />
|party34=[[Haryana Vikas Party]]|votes34=506122|seats34=0|sc34=<br />
|party35=[[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]|votes35=493067|seats35=2|sc35=<br />
|party36=[[Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh]]|votes36=428566|seats36=0|sc36=<br />
|party37=[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]|votes37=417248|seats37=1|sc37=<br />
|party38=[[Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)|Shiromani Akali Dal (Simranjit Singh Mann)]]|votes38=387682|seats38=0|sc38=<br />
|party39=[[Republican Party of India (Athawale)]]|votes39=367510|seats39=1|sc39=<br />
|party40=[[National Loktantrik Party]]|votes40=367049|seats40=1|sc40=<br />
|party41=[[Kerala Congress]]|votes41=353905|seats41=1|sc41=<br />
|party42=[[Kannada Nadu Party]]|votes42=349183|seats42=0|sc42=<br />
|party43=[[Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)]]|votes43=337386|seats43=1|sc43=<br />
|party44=[[Peasants and Workers Party of India]]|votes44=319572|seats44=0|sc44=<br />
|party45=[[Republican Party of India]]|votes45=295545|seats45=0|sc45=<br />
|party46=[[Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party]]|votes46=275267|seats46=0|sc46=<br />
|party47=[[Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party]]|votes47=267457|seats47=1|sc47=<br />
|party48=[[Peoples Republican Party]]|votes48=261219|seats48=0|sc48=<br />
|party49=[[Indian Federal Democratic Party]]|votes49=256411|seats49=1|sc49=<br />
|party50=[[Kerala Congress (M)]]|votes50=209880|seats50=0|sc50=<br />
|party51=[[Rashtriya Samanta Dal]]|votes51=209694|seats51=0|sc51=<br />
|party52=[[Samta Party]]|votes52=201276|seats52=0|sc52=<br />
|party53=[[Lok Bhalai Party]]|votes53=187787|seats53=0|sc53=<br />
|party54=[[Mizo National Front]]|votes54=182864|seats54=1|sc54=<br />
|party55=[[Bharatiya Navshakti Party]]|votes55=171080|seats55=1|sc55=<br />
|party56=[[All Jharkhand Students Union]]|votes56=157930|seats56=0|sc56=<br />
|party57=[[Sikkim Democratic Front]]|votes57=153409|seats57=1|sc57=<br />
|party58=[[Marxist Co-ordination Committee]]|votes58=147470|seats58=0|sc58=<br />
|party59=[[Rashtriya Samaj Paksha]]|votes59=146571|seats59=0|sc59=<br />
|party60=[[Rashtriya Parivartan Dal]]|votes60=139145|seats60=0|sc60=<br />
|party61=[[Jharkhand Disom Party]]|votes61=135685|seats61=0|sc61=<br />
|party62=Pyramid Party of India|votes62=130362|seats62=0|sc62=<br />
|party63=[[Ekta Shakti]]|votes63=126924|seats63=0|sc63=<br />
|party64=[[Autonomous State Demand Committee]]|votes64=101808|seats64=0|sc64=<br />
|party65=[[Akhil Bharatiya Sena]]|votes65=92210|seats65=0|sc65=<br />
|party66=[[Hindu Mahasabha]]|votes66=88214|seats66=0|sc66=<br />
|party67=[[Federal Party of Manipur]]|votes67=88179|seats67=0|sc67=<br />
|party68=[[Bihar People's Party]]|votes68=86418|seats68=0|sc68=<br />
|party69=[[Party of Democratic Socialism (India)|Party of Democratic Socialism]]|votes69=81999|seats69=0|sc69=<br />
|party70=[[Samata Samaj Party]]|votes70=78791|seats70=0|sc70=<br />
|party71=Mahabharat People's Party|votes71=77055|seats71=0|sc71=<br />
|party72=[[Arunachal Congress]]|votes72=76527|seats72=0|sc72=<br />
|party73=[[Jharkhand Party]]|votes73=74364|seats73=0|sc73=<br />
|party74=[[Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party]]|votes74=70078|seats74=0|sc74=<br />
|party75=[[Indian Justice Party]]|votes75=67914|seats75=0|sc75=<br />
|party76=Jharkhand Party (Naren)|votes76=67782|seats76=0|sc76=<br />
|party77=[[United Minorities Front, Assam]]|votes77=64657|seats77=0|sc77=<br />
|party78=Labour Party (Secular)|votes78=63989|seats78=0|sc78=<br />
|party79=[[Rashtriya Swabhimaan Party]]|votes79=58296|seats79=0|sc79=<br />
|party80=[[Pragatisheel Manav Samaj Party]]|votes80=54746|seats80=0|sc80=<br />
|party81=[[Lok Rajya Party]]|votes81=54097|seats81=0|sc81=<br />
|party82=Bahujan Kisan Dal|votes82=52669|seats82=0|sc82=<br />
|party83=[[Majlis Bachao Tahreek]]|votes83=47560|seats83=0|sc83=<br />
|party84=[[Peoples Democratic Party (India)|Peoples Democratic Party]]|votes84=45720|seats84=0|sc84=<br />
|party85=[[Uttarakhand Kranti Dal]]|votes85=43899|seats85=0|sc85=<br />
|party86=[[Marxist Communist Party of India (S.S. Srivastava)]]|votes86=38766|seats86=0|sc86=<br />
|party87=[[Amra Bangali]]|votes87=38107|seats87=0|sc87=<br />
|party88=Vidharbha Rajya Party|votes88=36974|seats88=0|sc88=<br />
|party89=[[Urs Samyuktha Paksha]]|votes89=33128|seats89=0|sc89=<br />
|party90=Ambedkarist Republican Party|votes90=31467|seats90=0|sc90=<br />
|party91=Prabuddha Republican Party|votes91=29792|seats91=0|sc91=<br />
|party92=[[Rashtravadi Communist Party]]|votes92=28757|seats92=0|sc92=<br />
|party93=Rashtriya Samajik Nayak Paksha|votes93=27594|seats93=0|sc93=<br />
|party94=[[Sampurna Vikas Dal]]|votes94=27135|seats94=0|sc94=<br />
|party95=Tamil Desiyak Katchi|votes95=25348|seats95=0|sc95=<br />
|party96=Kosi Vikas Party|votes96=25258|seats96=0|sc96=<br />
|party97=Chhattisgarhi Samaj Party|votes97=24696|seats97=0|sc97=<br />
|party98=[[Bharatiya Manavata Vikas Party]]|votes98=24176|seats98=0|sc98=<br />
|party99=[[Loktantrik Samajwadi Party]]|votes99=22811|seats99=0|sc99=<br />
|party100=Savarn Samaj Party|votes100=21246|seats100=0|sc100=<br />
|party101=[[Ambedkar Samaj Party]]|votes101=20767|seats101=0|sc101=<br />
|party102=[[Indian National League]]|votes102=20159|seats102=0|sc102=<br />
|party103=Bharatiya Gaon Taj Dal|votes103=19909|seats103=0|sc103=<br />
|party104=Akhil Bharatiya Congress Dal (Ambedkar)|votes104=19548|seats104=0|sc104=<br />
|party105=Socialist Party (Lohia)|votes105=18628|seats105=0|sc105=<br />
|party106=Shivrajya Party|votes106=18374|seats106=0|sc106=<br />
|party107=[[Samajwadi Jan Parishad]]|votes107=17717|seats107=0|sc107=<br />
|party108=[[Hindustan Janata Party]]|votes108=17410|seats108=0|sc108=<br />
|party109=[[Revolutionary Communist Party of India|Revolutionary Communist Party of India (Rasik Bhatt)]]|votes109=16691|seats109=0|sc109=<br />
|party110=Bharatiya Republican Paksha|votes110=16546|seats110=0|sc110=<br />
|party111=Rashtriya Vikas Party|votes111=15159|seats111=0|sc111=<br />
|party112=[[Trinamool Gana Parishad]]|votes112=14933|seats112=0|sc112=<br />
|party113=Manuvadi Party|votes113=14233|seats113=0|sc113=<br />
|party114=Bharat Kranti Rakshak Party|votes114=12547|seats114=0|sc114=<br />
|party115=Rashtriya Hamara Dal|votes115=12346|seats115=0|sc115=<br />
|party116=Parivartan Samaj Party|votes116=12273|seats116=0|sc116=<br />
|party117=Bharatiya Eklavya Party|votes117=12197|seats117=0|sc117=<br />
|party119=Proutist Sarva Samaj Party|votes119=11561|seats119=0|sc119=<br />
|party120=[[Bharatiya Rashtravadi Paksha]]|votes120=11459|seats120=0|sc120=<br />
|party121=Pachim Banga Rajya Muslim League|votes121=10446|seats121=0|sc121=<br />
|party122=Rajasthan Vikash Party|votes122=10032|seats122=0|sc122=<br />
|party123=Lokpriya Samaj Party|votes123=9913|seats123=0|sc123=<br />
|party124=[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]|votes124=9707|seats124=0|sc124=<br />
|party125=Rashtriya Krantikari Samajwadi Party|votes125=9145|seats125=0|sc125=<br />
|party126=[[Vidarbha Janata Congress]]|votes126=9097|seats126=0|sc126=<br />
|party127=Shoshit Samaj Dal|votes127=8862|seats127=0|sc127=<br />
|party128=Jai Hind Party|votes128=8645|seats128=0|sc128=<br />
|party129=[[Bharatiya Minorities Suraksha Mahasangh]]|votes129=8200|seats129=0|sc129=<br />
|party130=Akhil Bharatiya Desh Bhakt Morcha|votes130=7696|seats130=0|sc130=<br />
|party131=[[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]]|votes131=7584|seats131=0|sc131=<br />
|party132=Rashtriya Sawarn Dal|votes132=7374|seats132=0|sc132=<br />
|party133=Navbharat Nirman Party|votes133=7169|seats133=0|sc133=<br />
|party134=[[Krantikari Samyavadi Party]]|votes134=6948|seats134=0|sc134=<br />
|party135=[[Democratic Bharatiya Samaj Party]]|votes135=6717|seats135=0|sc135=<br />
|party136=Youth and Students Party|votes136=6580|seats136=0|sc136=<br />
|party137=[[Ephraim Union]]|votes137=6512|seats137=0|sc137=<br />
|party138=Akhil Bharatiya Lok Tantrik Alp-Sankhyak Jan Morcha|votes138=6003|seats138=0|sc138=<br />
|party139=[[United Goans Democratic Party]]|votes139=5881|seats139=0|sc139=<br />
|party140=Pichhra Samaj Party|votes140=5672|seats140=0|sc140=<br />
|party141=[[All India Momin Conference]]|votes141=5113|seats141=0|sc141=<br />
|party142=Labour Party of India (V.V. Prasad)|votes142=4977|seats142=0|sc142=<br />
|party143=[[All India Minorities Front]]|votes143=4874|seats143=0|sc143=<br />
|party144=[[Republican Party of India (Khobragade)]]|votes144=4790|seats144=0|sc144=<br />
|party145=Naari Shakti Party|votes145=4649|seats145=0|sc145=<br />
|party146=Bahujan Vikas Party|votes146=4533|seats146=0|sc146=<br />
|party147=Bharatiya Ekta Dal|votes147=4312|seats147=0|sc147=<br />
|party148=Shikshit Berozgar Sena|votes148=4303|seats148=0|sc148=<br />
|party149=Yuva Gantantra Party|votes149=4140|seats149=0|sc149=<br />
|party150=[[Rashtravadi Janata Party]]|votes150=3737|seats150=0|sc150=<br />
|party151=Kranti Kari Jai Hind Sena|votes151=3393|seats151=0|sc151=<br />
|party152=Mudiraj Rashtriya Samithi|votes152=3345|seats152=0|sc152=<br />
|party153=[[Sikkim Sangram Parishad]]|votes153=3216|seats153=0|sc153=<br />
|party154=Janata Vikas Party|votes154=3173|seats154=0|sc154=<br />
|party155=National Students Party|votes155=3069|seats155=0|sc155=<br />
|party156=Secular Party of India|votes156=3041|seats156=0|sc156=<br />
|party157=Vikas Party|votes157=2998|seats157=0|sc157=<br />
|party158=Social Action Party|votes158=2987|seats158=0|sc158=<br />
|party159=Akhil Bharatiya Rashtriya Azad Hind Party|votes159=2801|seats159=0|sc159=<br />
|party160=Loktantrik Chetna Party|votes160=2776|seats160=0|sc160=<br />
|party161=[[Sikkim Himali Rajya Parishad]]|votes161=2765|seats161=0|sc161=<br />
|party162=Janmangal Paksh|votes162=2684|seats162=0|sc162=<br />
|party163=Sanatan Samaj Party|votes163=2679|seats163=0|sc163=<br />
|party164=Lok Sewa Dal|votes164=2646|seats164=0|sc164=<br />
|party165=[[Jana Unnayan Mancha]]|votes165=2592|seats165=0|sc165=<br />
|party166=Rashtriya Lok Seva Morcha|votes166=2476|seats166=0|sc166=<br />
|party167=[[Republican Party of India (Democratic)]]|votes167=2370|seats167=0|sc167=<br />
|party168=Bhartiya Lok Kalyan Dal|votes168=2242|seats168=0|sc168=<br />
|party169=Panchayat Raj Party|votes169=2165|seats169=0|sc169=<br />
|party170=Bharatiya Backward Party|votes170=2162|seats170=0|sc170=<br />
|party171=[[All Kerala M.G.R. Dravida Munnetra Party]]|votes171=2158|seats171=0|sc171=<br />
|party172=Akhil Bhartiya Rajarya Sabha|votes172=2080|seats172=0|sc172=<br />
|party173=Bharat Ki Lok Jimmedar Party|votes173=2055|seats173=0|sc173=<br />
|party174=Rashtriya Garima Party|votes174=2043|seats174=0|sc174=<br />
|party175=Rashtriya Garib Dal|votes175=1977|seats175=0|sc175=<br />
|party176=Ekta Krandi Dal U.P.|votes176=1939|seats176=0|sc176=<br />
|party177=Bharatiya Labour Party|votes177=1758|seats177=0|sc177=<br />
|party178=Phule Bharti Lok Party|votes178=1690|seats178=0|sc178=<br />
|party179=Bharatiya Prajatantrik Shudh Gandhiwadi Krishak Dal|votes179=1689|seats179=0|sc179=<br />
|party180=Mool Bharati (S) Party|votes180=1675|seats180=0|sc180=<br />
|party181=Bharatiya Nagrik Party|votes181=1580|seats181=0|sc181=<br />
|party182=[[Jammu and Kashmir Awami League]]|votes182=1519|seats182=0|sc182=<br />
|party183=Hind Morcha|votes183=1459|seats183=0|sc183=<br />
|party184=[[Jharkhand People's Party]]|votes184=1449|seats184=0|sc184=<br />
|party185=Maharashtra Rajiv Congress|votes185=1399|seats185=0|sc185=<br />
|party186=[[Janhit Samaj Party]]|votes186=1310|seats186=0|sc186=<br />
|party187=Vijeta Party|votes187=1304|seats187=0|sc187=<br />
|party188=Socialistic Democratic Party|votes188=1265|seats188=0|sc188=<br />
|party189=Jansatta Party|votes189=1189|seats189=0|sc189=<br />
|party190=Federal Congress of India|votes190=1037|seats190=0|sc190=<br />
|party191=Nidaya Malik (N) Party|votes191=1030|seats191=0|sc191=<br />
|party192=Indian Bahujan Samajwadi Party|votes192=972|seats192=0|sc192=<br />
|party193=Desh Bhakt Party|votes193=912|seats193=0|sc193=<br />
|party194=[[Ambedkar National Congress]]|votes194=825|seats194=0|sc194=<br />
|party195=[[NTR Telugu Desam Party (Lakshmi Parvathi)]]|votes195=759|seats195=0|sc195=<br />
|party196=Akhil Bhartiya Loktantra Party|votes196=754|seats196=0|sc196=<br />
|party197=[[Jebamani Janata]]|votes197=734|seats197=0|sc197=<br />
|party198=Niswarth Sewa Party|votes198=730|seats198=0|sc198=<br />
|party199=Jan Chetna Party|votes199=671|seats199=0|sc199=<br />
|party200=Hindu Ekta Andolan Party|votes200=620|seats200=0|sc200=<br />
|party201=[[Krantikari Manuwadi Morcha]]|votes201=597|seats201=0|sc201=<br />
|party202=Bharatiya Prajatantra Party|votes202=573|seats202=0|sc202=<br />
|party203=Bharatiya Muhabbat Party (All India)|votes203=566|seats203=0|sc203=<br />
|party204=Manav Jagriti Manch|votes204=552|seats204=0|sc204=<br />
|party205=Bharatiya Janvadi Party|votes205=543|seats205=0|sc205=<br />
|party206=Bharatiya Surajya Manch|votes206=515|seats206=0|sc206=<br />
|party207=Rashtriya Janadhikar Party|votes207=487|seats207=0|sc207=<br />
|party208=Praja Party|votes208=485|seats208=0|sc208=<br />
|party209=Bharti Sarvadarshi Parishad|votes209=427|seats209=0|sc209=<br />
|party210=Shoshit Samaj Party|votes210=395|seats210=0|sc210=<br />
|party211=Rashtriya Sakar Party|votes211=379|seats211=0|sc211=<br />
|party212=Bharatiya Sarvkalyan Krantidal|votes212=365|seats212=0|sc212=<br />
|party213=Awami Party|votes213=327|seats213=0|sc213=<br />
|party214=Swaraj Dal|votes214=298|seats214=0|sc214=<br />
|party215=Akhand Bharti|votes215=138|seats215=0|sc215=<br />
|party216=Parmarth Party|votes216=126|seats216=0|sc216=<br />
|party217=Independents|votes217=16549900|seats217=5|sc217=<br />
|row218=Nominated [[Anglo-Indians]]|seats218=2<br />
|invalid=168546<br />
|electorate=671487930<br />
|source=[https://eci.gov.in/files/file/4126-general-election-2004-vol-i-ii-iii/ ECI]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
===Region-wise results===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:right<br />
!Region<br />
!Total seats<br />
! colspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
! colspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
! colspan="2" |Others<br />
|-<br />
|align=left|South India<br />
|131<br />
|48<br />
|{{Increase}} 14<br />
|18<br />
|{{Decrease}} 1<br />
|'''65'''<br />
|{{Decrease}} 13<br />
|-<br />
|align=left|West India<br />
|78<br />
|27<br />
|{{Increase}} 10<br />
|'''28'''<br />
|{{Decrease}} 7<br />
|23<br />
|{{Decrease}} 3<br />
|-<br />
|align=left|Hindi-Heartland<br />
|225<br />
|46<br />
|{{Increase}} 12<br />
|78<br />
|{{Decrease}} 34<br />
|'''101'''<br />
|{{Increase}} 22<br />
|-<br />
|align=left|North-East India<br />
|25<br />
|11<br />
|{{Decrease}} 3<br />
|4<br />
|{{Increase}} 2<br />
|'''13'''<br />
|{{Increase}} 4<br />
|-<br />
|align=left|East India<br />
|63<br />
|8<br />
|{{Increase}} 3<br />
|7<br />
|{{Decrease}} 4<br />
|'''48'''<br />
|{{Increase}} 1<br />
|-<br />
|align=left|Union Territories<br />
|22<br />
|5<br />
|{{Decrease}} 5<br />
|3<br />
|{{Steady}}<br />
|'''14'''<br />
|{{Increase}} 5<br />
|-<br />
|align=left|'''Total'''<br />
|'''543'''<br />
|'''145'''<br />
|''+31''<br />
|'''138'''<br />
|''-44''<br />
|'''264'''<br />
|''+17''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="8" align="left" |Source: Times of India<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lok Sabha Results Constituency Map: Lok Sabha Election Result with constituencies details along electoral map|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/constituency-map|access-date=2021-07-20|website=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
===By states and territories===<br />
====States====<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|- bgcolor="#cccccc"<br />
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=left valign=top|States<br />
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=left valign=top|Party<br />
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|Seats won<br />
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|% of Votes<br />
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|Alliance<br />
|-<br />
|align=left rowspan=6 valign=top|[[Indian general election, 2004 (Andhra Pradesh)|Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
|align=left| '''[[Indian National Congress]]'''<br />
|'''29'''<br />
|'''41.56'''<br />
|'''[[United Progressive Alliance]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Telugu Desam Party]]<br />
|5<br />
|33.12<br />
|[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]<br />
|5<br />
|6.83<br />
|[[United Progressive Alliance]]<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Communist Party of India]]<br />
|1<br />
|1.34<br />
|[[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]]<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<br />
|1<br />
|1.04<br />
|[[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]]<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| Others<br />
|1<br />
|7.7<br />
|None<br />
|-<br />
|align=left rowspan=5 valign=top|[[Indian general election, 2004 (Arunachal Pradesh)|Arunachal Pradesh]]<br />
|align=left| '''[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]'''<br />
|'''2'''<br />
|'''53.85'''<br />
|'''[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Arunachal Congress]]<br />
|0<br />
|19.88<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC affiliated parties]]<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]<br />
|0<br />
|12.14<br />
|[[United Progressive Alliance]]<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|0<br />
|9.96<br />
|[[United Progressive Alliance]]<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| Others<br />
|0<br />
|4.16<br />
|None<br />
|-<br />
|align=left rowspan=5 valign=top|[[Indian general election, 2004 (Assam)|Assam]]<br />
|align=left| '''[[Indian National Congress]]'''<br />
|'''9'''<br />
|'''35.07'''<br />
|'''[[United Progressive Alliance]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|2<br />
|22.94<br />
|[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Asom Gana Parishad]]<br />
|2<br />
|19.95<br />
|None<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]<br />
|1<br />
|13.41<br />
|None<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| Others<br />
|0<br />
|8.63<br />
|None<br />
|-<br />
|align=left rowspan=6 valign=top|[[Indian general election, 2004 (Bihar)|Bihar]]<br />
|align=left| '''[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]'''<br />
|'''22'''<br />
|'''30.67'''<br />
|'''[[United Progressive Alliance]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Janata Dal (United)]]<br />
|6<br />
|22.36<br />
|[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|5<br />
|14.57<br />
|[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Lok Janshakti Party]]<br />
|4<br />
|8.19<br />
|[[United Progressive Alliance]]<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|3<br />
|4.49<br />
|[[United Progressive Alliance]]<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| Others<br />
|0<br />
|17.92<br />
|None<br />
|-<br />
|align=left rowspan=5 valign=top|[[Indian general election, 2004 (Chhattisgarh)|Chhattisgarh]]<br />
|align=left| '''[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]'''<br />
|'''10'''<br />
|'''47.78'''<br />
|'''[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|1<br />
|40.16<br />
|[[United Progressive Alliance]]<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]<br />
|0<br />
|4.54<br />
|None<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]<br />
|0<br />
|3.86<br />
|None<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| Others<br />
|0<br />
|3.66<br />
|None<br />
|-<br />
|align=left rowspan=5 valign=top|[[Indian general election, 2004 (Goa)|Goa]]<br />
|align=left| '''[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]'''<br />
|'''1'''<br />
|'''46.83'''<br />
|'''[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|1<br />
|29.76<br />
|[[United Progressive Alliance]]<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Nationalist Congress Party|National Congress Party]]<br />
|0<br />
|16.04<br />
|[[United Progressive Alliance]]<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Communist Party of India]]<br />
|0<br />
|2.17<br />
|[[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]]<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| Others<br />
|0<br />
|5.20<br />
|None<br />
|-<br />
|align=left rowspan=5 valign=top|[[Indian general election, 2004 (Gujarat)|Gujarat]]<br />
|align=left| '''[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]'''<br />
|'''14'''<br />
|'''47.37'''<br />
|'''[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|12<br />
|43.86<br />
|[[United Progressive Alliance]]<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]<br />
|0<br />
|3.45<br />
|None<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]<br />
|0<br />
|1.48<br />
|None<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| Others<br />
|0<br />
|3.84<br />
|None<br />
|-<br />
|align=left rowspan=5 valign=top|[[Indian general election, 2004 (Haryana)|Haryana]]<br />
|align=left| '''[[Indian National Congress]]'''<br />
|'''9'''<br />
|'''42.13'''<br />
|'''[[United Progressive Alliance]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|1<br />
|17.21<br />
|[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Indian National Lok Dal]]<br />
|0<br />
|22.43<br />
|None<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Haryana Vikas Party]]<br />
|0<br />
|6.25<br />
|None<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| Others<br />
|0<br />
|11.98<br />
|None<br />
|-<br />
|align=left rowspan=4 valign=top|[[Indian general election, 2004 (Himachal Pradesh)|Himachal Pradesh]]<br />
|align=left| '''[[Indian National Congress]]'''<br />
|'''3'''<br />
|'''51.81'''<br />
|'''[[United Progressive Alliance]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|1<br />
|44.25<br />
|[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]<br />
|0<br />
|1.74<br />
|None<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]<br />
|0<br />
|1.66<br />
|None<br />
|-<br />
|align=left rowspan=5 valign=top|[[Indian general election, 2004 (Jammu and Kashmir)|Jammu & Kashmir]]<br />
|align=left| '''[[Indian National Congress]]'''<br />
|'''2'''<br />
|'''27.83'''<br />
|'''[[United Progressive Alliance]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]<br />
|2<br />
|22.02<br />
|None<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party]]<br />
|1<br />
|11.94<br />
|'''[[United Progressive Alliance]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|0<br />
|23.04<br />
|[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]<br />
|-<br />
|align=left|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]<br />
|1<br />
|15.17<br />
|None<br />
|-<br />
|align=left rowspan=6 valign=top|[[Indian general election, 2004 (Jharkhand)|Jharkhand]]<br />
|align=left| '''[[Indian National Congress]]'''<br />
|'''6'''<br />
|'''21.44'''<br />
|'''[[United Progressive Alliance]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]<br />
|4<br />
|16.28<br />
|[[United Progressive Alliance]]<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]<br />
|2<br />
|n/a<br />
|[[United Progressive Alliance]]<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|1<br />
|33.01<br />
|[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Communist Party of India]]<br />
|1<br />
|n/a<br />
|[[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]]<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]<br />
|0<br />
|6.89<br />
|None<br />
|-<br />
|align=left rowspan=5 valign=top|[[Indian general election, 2004 (Karnataka)|Karnataka]]<br />
|align=left| '''[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]'''<br />
|'''18'''<br />
|'''34.77'''<br />
|'''[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|8<br />
|36.82<br />
|[[United Progressive Alliance]]<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Janata Dal (Secular)]]<br />
|2<br />
|20.45<br />
|None<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]<br />
|0<br />
|2.34<br />
|None<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| Others<br />
|0<br />
|5.62<br />
|None<br />
|-<br />
|align=left rowspan=6 valign=top|[[Indian general election, 2004 (Kerala)|Kerala]]<br />
|align=left| '''[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]'''<br />
|'''12'''<br />
|'''31.52'''<br />
|'''[[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Communist Party of India]]<br />
|3<br />
|7.89<br />
|[[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]]<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Indian Union Muslim League]]<br />
|1<br />
|4.86<br />
|[[United Progressive Alliance]]<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|0<br />
|32.13<br />
|[[United Progressive Alliance]]<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|0<br />
|5.1<br />
|[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| Others<br />
|4<br />
|18.5<br />
|None<br />
|-<br />
|align=left rowspan=5 valign=top|[[Indian general election, 2004 (Madhya Pradesh)|Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
|align=left| '''[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]'''<br />
|'''25'''<br />
|'''48.13'''<br />
|'''[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|4<br />
|34.07<br />
|[[United Progressive Alliance]]<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]<br />
|0<br />
|4.75<br />
|None<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]<br />
|0<br />
|4.02<br />
|None<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| Others<br />
|0<br />
|9.03<br />
|None<br />
|-<br />
|align=left rowspan=5 valign=top|[[Indian general election, 2004 (Maharashtra)|Maharashtra]]<br />
|align=left| '''[[Indian National Congress]]'''<br />
|'''13'''<br />
|'''23.77'''<br />
|'''[[United Progressive Alliance]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|13<br />
|22.61<br />
|[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Shiv Sena]]<br />
|12<br />
|20.11<br />
|[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]<br />
|9<br />
|18.31<br />
|[[United Progressive Alliance]]<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| Others<br />
|1<br />
|15.20<br />
|[[United Progressive Alliance]]<br />
|-<br />
|align=left rowspan=5 valign=top|[[Indian general election, 2004 (Manipur)|Manipur]]<br />
|align=left| '''[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]'''<br />
|'''1'''<br />
|'''22.46'''<br />
|'''None'''<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|1<br />
|14.88<br />
|[[United Progressive Alliance]]<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|0<br />
|20.65<br />
|[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]<br />
|0<br />
|10.37<br />
|[[United Progressive Alliance]]<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| Others<br />
|0<br />
|31.64<br />
|None<br />
|-<br />
|align=left rowspan=4 valign=top|[[Indian general election, 2004 (Meghalaya)|Meghalaya]]<br />
|align=left| '''[[Indian National Congress]]'''<br />
|'''1'''<br />
|'''45.55'''<br />
|'''[[United Progressive Alliance]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]<br />
|1<br />
|28.27<br />
|[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Independent (politician)]]<br />
|0<br />
|17.55<br />
|None<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|0<br />
|8.63<br />
|[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]<br />
|-<br />
|align=left rowspan=3 valign=top|[[Indian general election, 2004 (Mizoram)|Mizoram]]<br />
|align=left| '''[[Mizo National Front]]'''<br />
|'''1'''<br />
|'''52.46'''<br />
|'''None'''<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]<br />
|0<br />
|45.67<br />
|None<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Ephraim Union]]<br />
|0<br />
|1.87<br />
|None<br />
|-<br />
|align=left rowspan=4 valign=top|[[Indian general election, 2004 (Nagaland)|Nagaland]]<br />
|align=left| '''[[Nagaland People's Front]]'''<br />
|'''1'''<br />
|'''73.12'''<br />
|'''None'''<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|0<br />
|25.78<br />
|[[United Progressive Alliance]]<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]<br />
|0<br />
|0.56<br />
|None<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Janata Dal (Secular)]]<br />
|0<br />
|0.54<br />
|None<br />
|-<br />
|align=left rowspan=5 valign=top|[[Indian general election, 2004 (Orissa)|Orissa]]<br />
|align=left| '''[[Biju Janata Dal]]'''<br />
|'''11'''<br />
|'''30.02'''<br />
|'''[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|7<br />
|19.30<br />
|[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|2<br />
|40.43<br />
|[[United Progressive Alliance]]<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]<br />
|0<br />
|4.50<br />
|None<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| Others<br />
|1<br />
|5.75<br />
|[[United Progressive Alliance]]<br />
|-<br />
|align=left rowspan=5 valign=top|[[Indian general election, 2004 (Punjab)|Punjab]]<br />
|align=left| '''[[Shiromani Akali Dal]]'''<br />
|'''8'''<br />
|'''34.28'''<br />
|'''[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|3<br />
|10.48<br />
|[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|2<br />
|34.17<br />
|[[United Progressive Alliance]]<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]<br />
|0<br />
|7.67<br />
|None<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| Others<br />
|0<br />
|13.40<br />
|None<br />
|-<br />
|align=left rowspan=5 valign=top|[[Indian general election, 2004 (Rajasthan)|Rajasthan]]<br />
|align=left| '''[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]'''<br />
|'''21'''<br />
|'''49.01'''<br />
|'''[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|4<br />
|41.42<br />
|[[United Progressive Alliance]]<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]<br />
|0<br />
|3.16<br />
|None<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]<br />
|0<br />
|2.72<br />
|None<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| Others<br />
|0<br />
|3.69<br />
|None<br />
|-<br />
|align=left rowspan=4 valign=top|[[Indian general election, 2004 (Sikkim)|Sikkim]]<br />
|align=left| '''[[Sikkim Democratic Front]]'''<br />
|'''1'''<br />
|'''69.84'''<br />
|'''None'''<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|0<br />
|27.43<br />
|[[United Progressive Alliance]]<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Sikkim Sangram Parishad]]<br />
|0<br />
|1.46<br />
|None<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Sikkim Himali Rajya Parishad]]<br />
|0<br />
|1.26<br />
|None<br />
|-<br />
|align=left rowspan=8 valign=top|[[Indian general election, 2004 (Tamil Nadu)|Tamil Nadu]]<br />
|align=left| '''[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]'''<br />
|'''16'''<br />
|'''24.60'''<br />
|'''[[United Progressive Alliance]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|10<br />
|14.40<br />
|[[United Progressive Alliance]]<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]<br />
|5<br />
|6.71<br />
|[[United Progressive Alliance]]<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br />
|4<br />
|5.85<br />
|[[United Progressive Alliance]]<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Communist Party of India]]<br />
|2<br />
|2.97<br />
|[[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]]<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<br />
|2<br />
|2.87<br />
|[[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]]<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br />
|0<br />
|29.77<br />
|[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| Others<br />
|0<br />
|12.83<br />
|[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]] ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])<br />
|-<br />
|align=left rowspan=4 valign=top|[[Indian general election, 2004 (Tripura)|Tripura]]<br />
|align=left| '''[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]'''<br />
|'''2'''<br />
|'''68.80'''<br />
|'''Left Front'''<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|0<br />
|14.28<br />
|[[United Progressive Alliance]]<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|0<br />
|7.82<br />
|[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]<br />
|0<br />
|5.09<br />
|[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]<br />
|-<br />
|align=left rowspan=5 valign=top|[[Indian general election, 2004 (Uttar Pradesh)|Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
|align=left| '''[[Samajwadi Party]]'''<br />
|'''35'''<br />
|'''26.74'''<br />
|'''None'''<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]<br />
|19<br />
|24.67<br />
|None<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|10<br />
|22.17<br />
|[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|9<br />
|12.04<br />
|[[United Progressive Alliance]]<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| Others<br />
|7<br />
|14.38<br />
|[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]] (1)<br />
|-<br />
|align=left rowspan=5 valign=top|[[Indian general election, 2004 (Uttarakhand)|Uttarakhand]]<br />
|align=left| '''[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]'''<br />
|'''3'''<br />
|'''40.98'''<br />
|'''[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|1<br />
|38.31<br />
|[[United Progressive Alliance]]<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Samajwadi Party]]<br />
|1<br />
|7.93<br />
|None<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]<br />
|0<br />
|6.77<br />
|None<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| Others<br />
|0<br />
|6.01<br />
|None<br />
|-<br />
|align=left rowspan=8 valign=top|[[Indian general election, 2004 (West Bengal)|West Bengal]]<br />
|align=left| '''[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]'''<br />
|'''26'''<br />
|'''38.57'''<br />
|'''[[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|6<br />
|14.56<br />
|[[United Progressive Alliance]]<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Communist Party of India]]<br />
|3<br />
|4.01<br />
|[[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]]<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[All India Forward Bloc]]<br />
|3<br />
|3.66<br />
|[[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]]<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]<br />
|3<br />
|4.48<br />
|[[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]]<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]<br />
|1<br />
|21.04<br />
|[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|0<br />
|8.06<br />
|[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| Others<br />
|0<br />
|5.62<br />
|None<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Territories====<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|- bgcolor="#cccccc"<br />
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=left valign=top|Territories<br />
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=left valign=top|Party<br />
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|Seats won<br />
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|% of Votes<br />
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|Alliance<br />
|-<br />
|align=left rowspan=5 valign=top|[[Indian general election in Andaman and Nicobar Islands, 2004|Andaman & Nicobar Islands]]<br />
|align=left| '''[[Indian National Congress]]'''<br />
|'''1'''<br />
|'''55.77'''<br />
|'''[[United Progressive Alliance]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|0<br />
|35.95<br />
|[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<br />
|0<br />
|2.71<br />
|[[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]]<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]<br />
|0<br />
|1.72<br />
|None<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| Others<br />
|0<br />
|3.85<br />
|None<br />
|-<br />
|align=left rowspan=5 valign=top|[[Indian general election in Chandigarh, 2004|Chandigarh]]<br />
|align=left| '''[[Indian National Congress]]'''<br />
|'''1'''<br />
|'''52.06'''<br />
|'''[[United Progressive Alliance]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|0<br />
|35.22<br />
|[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Indian National Lok Dal]]<br />
|0<br />
|6.61<br />
|None<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]<br />
|0<br />
|3.42<br />
|None<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| Others<br />
|0<br />
|2.69<br />
|None<br />
|-<br />
|align=left rowspan=4 valign=top|[[Indian general election in National Capital Territory of Delhi, 2004|National Capital Territory of Delhi]]<br />
|align=left| '''[[Indian National Congress]]'''<br />
|'''6'''<br />
|'''54.81'''<br />
|'''[[United Progressive Alliance]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|1<br />
|40.67<br />
|[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]<br />
|0<br />
|2.48<br />
|None<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]<br />
|0<br />
|1.27<br />
|None<br />
|-<br />
|align=left rowspan=4 valign=top|[[Indian general election in Lakshadweep, 2004|Lakshadweep]]<br />
|align=left| '''[[Janata Dal (United)]]'''<br />
|'''1'''<br />
|'''49.02'''<br />
|'''[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|0<br />
|48.79<br />
|[[United Progressive Alliance]]<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Janata Party]]<br />
|0<br />
|1.47<br />
|None<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Samajwadi Party]]<br />
|0<br />
|0.72<br />
|None<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Analysis==<br />
{{main|2004 Indian general election analysis}}<br />
Though pre-poll predictions were for an overwhelming majority for the BJP, the exit polls (immediately after the elections and before the counting began) predicted a [[hung parliament]]. However, even the exit polls could only indicate the general trend and nowhere close to the final figures. There is also the general perception that as soon as the BJP started realising that events might not proceed entirely in its favour, it changed the focus of its campaign from ''India Shining'' to issues of stability. The Congress, who was regarded as "old-fashioned" by the ruling BJP, was largely backed by poor, rural, lower-caste and minority voters that did not participate in the economic boom of previous years that created a large wealthy middle class and thus achieved its overwhelming victory. Another reason which was not mentioned much but still spoken of in the public was that BJP supporters are working-class people, and the poll surveys predicted BJP win, and therefore they did not reach the ballot. Whereas the Congress support base, the weaker sections of the society, don't miss voting at all.{{citation needed|reason=Which polling said that? Sources needed|date=April 2019}}<br />
<br />
Another more prominent reason came from checking the RSS contribution, RSS cadres reached Vajpayee over the killing of 4 RSS workers in Tripura (August 1999), and Vajpayee disappointed them. RSS backed off, and results were evident.{{citation needed|reason=This section is more of an opinion. Sources needed or this must be removed.|date=July 2021}}<br />
<br />
Other possible reasons that have been given for the NDA defeat are{{citation needed|reason=Whose analysis is this? Sources needed|date=August 2016}}:<br />
<br />
* People were more concerned about issues of their immediate environment such as [[water scarcity in India|water scarcity]], drought, etc., than national issues.{{citation needed|reason=This section is more of an opinion. Sources needed or this must be removed.|date=July 2021}}<br />
* The [[anti-incumbency]] factor was at work for the BJP allies.{{citation needed|reason=This section is more of an opinion. Sources needed or this must be removed.|date=July 2021}}<br />
* It is also believed that voters, regardless of which country they are in, are enthused by negative messages and are indifferent to positive messages.{{citation needed|reason=This section is more of an opinion. Sources needed or this must be removed.|date=July 2021}}<br />
* It is generally believed that RSS plays an important role in mobilising the BJP supporters, the results were not for the win for Congress led UPA, but more for the defeat of BJP led NDA. And, the reason was that RSS did not mobilise the voters and BJP cadres.{{citation needed|reason=This section is more of an opinion. Sources needed or this must be removed.|date=July 2021}}<br />
<br />
==Impact==<br />
The rout of the ruling parties in the states of [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Kerala]] in the general elections led to calls for the dissolution of the governments of these states.<br />
<br />
The stock market ([[Bombay Stock Exchange]]) fell in the week prior to the announcement of the results due to fears of an unstable coalition. As soon as counting began, however, it became clear that the Congress coalition was headed for a sizeable lead over the NDA and the market surged, only to crash the following day when the left parties, whose support would be required for government formation, announced that it was their intention to do away with the disinvestment ministry. Following this, [[Manmohan Singh]], the Prime Minister (in office 2004–14) and the prime architect of the economic liberalisation of the early 1990s, hurried to reassure investors that the new government would strive to create a business-friendly climate.<br />
<br />
==Events==<br />
*13 May - The Congress and allies win a plurality of seats in the Lok Sabha (219 seats against 188 for the BJP).<br />
*13 May - Counting of votes in the parliamentary elections begins.<br />
*11 May - Congress wins the Assembly elections in Andhra Pradesh by 2/3 majority.<br />
*10 May - The fourth and final phase of elections comes to an end. Results will come out for 542 of the 543 parliament seats with elections to be held again in [[Chhapra]].<br />
*5 May - Third phase of polling comes to an end with the ruling coalition government gaining seats according to exit polls but still off the victory target. Reports of [[booth capturing]] in Chhapra capture headlines.<br />
*26 April - Second phase of elections sees 55-60% polling. This is the final phase for assembly elections. Polling covers 136 parliamentary constituencies in 11 states. The share market starts to crash as it becomes evident that the NDA government may find it hard to come back to power—raising doubts about the continuation of economic reforms initiated by the NDA government.<br />
*22 April - [[Tripura]], where polling was delayed because of a local holiday, votes for its two MPs. A turnout of close to 60% is reported, despite calls for abstention made by separatist militants.<br />
*20 April - The first phase of the vote is held, with average turnouts of between 50% and 55%. Voting is reported as brisk, and the day unfolds relatively smoothly, albeit with some glitches reported with the electronic voting machines. Isolated violent incidents take place in [[Kashmir]], [[Jammu]], [[Manipur]], and [[Jharkhand]].<br />
*8 April - The NDA's top leaders meet in [[New Delhi]] to adopt its [[manifesto]] for the elections, "Agenda for Development and Good Governance".<br />
*7 April - [[Ram Jethmalani]] says he will contest the elections against Prime Minister Vajpayee as an independent candidate from [[Lucknow]]. He claims he will be supported by the Congress and some other parties.<br />
*6 April - The BJP and the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) tell the Election Commission that they will not stop raising the issue of the foreign origin of Congress president Sonia Gandhi.<br />
*4 April - A [[First Information Report]] is lodged against [[external affairs]] [[Political minister|minister]] [[Yashwant Sinha]] for alleged violation of election [[code of conduct]] during a poll meeting in [[Ranchi]]. Besides Sinha, FIRs were lodged against three other BJP leaders who participated in the meeting.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[2004 elections in India]]<br />
*[[Election Commission of India]]<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
*Shastri, Sandeep, K.C. Suri & Yogendra Yadav (2009) (ed.). ''Electoral Politics in Indian States : Lok Sabha Elections in 2004 and Beyond'', New Delhi : Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-806329-6}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://eci.nic.in/ Election Commission of India]<br />
*[http://www.parliamentofindia.nic.in/ Parliament of India]<br />
*[http://in.rediff.com/election/map04.htm Interactive map at rediff.com]<br />
*[http://theravingreporter.com/india-2004-gangsters-politics-poverty-caste-and-communal-violence-in-modis-home-state-and-bombay/ Report from Mumbai, Gujarat during 2004 election]<br />
<br />
{{Indian elections}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2004 Indian general election| ]]<br />
[[Category:2004 elections in Asia|India]]</div>UpdateBothttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boman_Irani&diff=324174Boman Irani2022-07-02T04:52:29Z<p>UpdateBot: robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian Film Actor,Voice artist and Photographer (Born 1959)}}<br />
{{Fanpov|date=July 2022}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Boman Irani<br />
| image = Boman Irani.jpg<br />
| image_size = 220px<br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1959|12|2|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Mumbai|Bombay]], [[Bombay State]], India<br />
| spouse = {{Marriage|Zenobia Irani|1985}}<br />
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|voice artist|photographer}}<br />
| years_active = 2001–present<br />
| notable_works = * Munna Bhai M.B.B.S <br />
* 3 Idiots<br />
| children = 3, including [[Kayoze Irani]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Boman Irani''' (born 2 December 1959) is an Indian actor, voice artist, and photographer who works in [[Hindi]] films and theatre. After making his film debut with the 2003 anthology horror film ''[[Darna Mana Hai]]'', Irani had his first commercial success with the 2003 comedy ''[[Munna Bhai M.B.B.S]]''.<br />
<br />
He subsequently starred in numerous highly successful productions including ''[[Main Hoon Na]]'' (2004), ''[[Veer-Zaara]]'' (2004), ''[[No Entry]]'' (2005), ''[[Don (2006 Hindi film)|Don]]'' (2006), ''[[Heyy Babyy]]'' (2007), ''[[Kismat Konnection]]'' (2008), ''[[Dostana (2008 film)|Dostana]]'' (2008), ''[[Housefull (2010 film)|Housefull]]'' (2010), ''[[Cocktail (2012 film)|Cocktail]]'' (2012), ''[[Jolly LLB]]'' (2013), ''[[Bhoothnath Returns]]'' (2014), ''[[Housefull 3]]'' (2016), and ''[[Parmanu: The Story of Pokhran]]'' (2018). Irani's highest-grossing releases came with several films that rank among the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|highest-grossing Indian films of all time]], including ''[[Lage Raho Munna Bhai]]'' (2006), ''[[3 Idiots]]'' (2009), ''[[Don 2]]'' (2011), ''[[Housefull 2]]'' (2012), ''[[Happy New Year (2014 film)|Happy New Year]]'' (2014), ''[[PK (film)|PK]]'' (2014), ''[[Dilwale (2015 film)|Dilwale]]'' (2015), ''[[Sanju]]'' (2018), and ''[[Total Dhamaal]]'' (2019). His performance in ''3 Idiots'' won him the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor]].<br />
<br />
Irani launched his production house Irani Movietone on 24 January 2019.<ref name="Boman Irani">{{cite tweet|user= bomanirani| author=Boman Irani|date=24 January 2019|number = 1088315363115368448 |title=And the moment that we've been waiting for!!! With the love from one and all, introducing "Irani Movietone". @iranimovietone #IraniMovietone https://t.co/gXdwKmGTmq}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
Irani was born on 2 December 1959, in Bombay (now [[Mumbai]]) to an [[Irani (India)|Irani]] [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrian]] family. His father died 6 months before Irani was born (June 1959). Irani was [[dyslexic]], as well as having [[ADHD]] and a [[wikt:lisp|lisp]], which he eventually overcame.<ref name="josh">{{cite web|title=Josh talks – Boman Irani|url=https://www.youtube.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061214123929/http://www.youtube.com/|archive-date=14 December 2006|access-date=30 June 2017|website=www.youtube.com|publisher=Josh talks}}</ref><ref>Times of India. 2020 December 19. "[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kaun-banega-crorepati-12-amitabh-bachchan-shares-an-incident-from-his-school-days-when-he-lied-of-killing-a-snake-and-got-a-beating-from-his-school-principal/articleshow/79807062.cms Kaun Banega Crorepati 12: Amitabh Bachchan shares an incident from his school days when he lied of 'killing a snake' and got a beating from his school principal]." ''Entertainment Times''.</ref><br />
<br />
His mother (b. 18 November 1926, d. 9 June 2021) often encouraged him to repeatedly watch movies at the Alexander Cinema—where he would go daily after school—to observe their cinematography and art.<ref name="josh" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=9 June 2021|first=Vibha|last=Maru|title=Boman Irani mourns mother Jerbanoo Irani's death, says she will always be a star|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/boman-irani-mourns-mother-jerbanoo-irani-s-death-says-she-will-always-be-a-star-1812903-2021-06-09|access-date=9 June 2021|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> He finished his secondary schooling at [[St. Mary's School, Mumbai|St. Mary's School]], after which he undertook a 2-year waiter course at [[Mithibai College]] in Mumbai.<br />
<br />
Following his polytechnic diploma course, he joined the [[Taj Mahal Palace & Tower]] where he worked as a [[waiter]] and in room service for two years.<ref name="Hindustantimes1">{{cite web|title=Boman Irani gets candid|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Boman-Irani-gets-candid/Article1-527275.aspx|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=20 February 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110121104012/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Boman-Irani-gets-candid/Article1-527275.aspx|archive-date=21 January 2011}}</ref> With a promotion, he became a waiter at the hotel's rooftop French restaurant, Rendezvous<ref name="josh" /><br />
<br />
Until he was 32 years old, Irani also managed the bakery and [[Namkeen (food)|namkeen]] shop that belonged to his mother—who took over from Irani's father after his passing—where he used to make and sell potato chips and tea.<ref name="IndianSpeakerBureau">{{cite web|title=INSPIRATIONAL LIFE AND QUOTES OF BOMAN IRANI: TRANSFORMATION FROM A DYSLEXIC, AND LISPIC CHILD TO AN ACCLAIMED BOLLYWOOD ACTOR!|url=https://www.indianspeakerbureau.com/blog/inspirational-life-and-quotes-of-boman-irani-transformation-from-a-dyslexic-and-lispic-child-to-an-acclaimed-bollywood-actor/|work=Indian Speaker Bureau|date=7 December 2020}}</ref> Located on Mumbai's [[Grant Road]] between Novelty Cinema and Apsara Cinema, this shop was also where Irani first met his mother-in-law.<ref name="josh" /><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
<br />
=== Photography career ===<br />
While working at the [[Taj Mahal Palace & Tower]], using the tips that he received, Irani bought a camera and took sports pictures (school cricket and football matches), selling them for 20 to 30 [[Indian rupee|rupees]], which he continued till well after marriage.<ref name="josh" /> His epiphany came when he saved money for seven years to take his family for their first ever vacation to [[Ooty]], but they ended up in a desolate run-down hotel called Shawham Palace. Irani decided to take control of his life, and instead of living the petty existence of a photographer selling small photos, he would start to dream and live big and provide more for his family. Irani calls it his "zero number bulb moment".<ref name="TheGenXTimes">{{cite web|title=From waiter to a rising star: Boman Irani|url=http://www.thegenxtimes.com/editorials/from-waiter-to-a-rising-star-boman-irani/|work=The GenX Times|access-date=5 April 2017|archive-date=5 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405171929/http://www.thegenxtimes.com/editorials/from-waiter-to-a-rising-star-boman-irani/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Irani continued to be a photographer, but now at the age of 32, went 6 months prior to the world boxing championships at Mumbai to meet Adajania, then-president of the Olympic Boxing Association of India, and requested to become the official photographer of the World Cup. When Adajania told him there was no need for him, Irani offered to work at his office for 6 months for free in return for a ring-side badge to cover the event. He continued to try to convince Adajania, and covered a state boxing match in a different manner than other photographers. Adajania was impressed by his photos and his passion and appointed Irani as the official photographer.<ref name="josh" /><br />
<br />
Meanwhile, he became the photographer for the Norwegian boxing team and photographed specific photos that they needed of [[Ole Klemetsen]]. When asked about his charges, Irani asked for the international rate. Irani took the required photos with his [[Pentax K1000|K-1000]].<ref name="josh" /><br />
<br />
=== Theatrical career ===<br />
With acting having been a passion for Irani during his school and college days, he trained under acting coach Hansraj Siddhia from 1981 to 1983.<br />
<br />
Irani's mentor was [[Alyque Padamsee]]—the veteran theatre actor best known for his role as [[Mohammad Ali Jinnah]] in ''[[Gandhi (film)|Gandhi]]''—whom he was introduced to by [[Shiamak Davar]].<ref name=Hindustantimes1 /><ref>{{cite web |title=The making of an actor |url=http://bomanirani.com/bi_theat.htm |publisher=Bomanirani.com |access-date=20 February 2011 |archive-date=23 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823120635/http://www.bomanirani.com/bi_theat.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Irani's earliest theatrical appearance was in ''Roshni'', in which he played a cameo at the Regional Theatre in [[Versova, Mumbai|Versova]]. He followed this up with serials like ''Family Ties'' and ''Mahatma vs Gandhi'', playing [[Gandhi]] after the role was turned down by [[Darshan Jariwala]]. His most illustrious play to date would be ''I Am Not Bajirao'' which ran for 10&nbsp;years.<ref name=Hindustantimes1 /><br />
<br />
=== Film career ===<br />
Irani moved to on-screen acting in 2000. He started out in a number of advertisements such as [[Fanta]], [[Ambuja Cements]], [[CEAT Limited|Ceat]] and Krack Jack biscuits (as Mr. Jack of the Krack and Jack duo).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bomanirani.com/bi_ads.htm |title=Actor – Ad Films – India |publisher=Boman Irani |access-date=20 February 2011 |archive-date=15 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110415110147/http://www.bomanirani.com/bi_ads.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
His small but significant role in ''[[Darna Mana Hai]]'' earned him acclaim. The film was declared a hit, and he was one of the most remembered segments of the film along with [[Saif Ali Khan]]. Irani gained attention for his role in the 2003 comedy ''[[Munna Bhai M.B.B.S.]]''. His role as J. Asthana earned him a [[Filmfare Award]] nomination for [[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role|Best Comedian]]. He later appeared in ''[[Lage Raho Munna Bhai]]'' for which he received several [[International Indian Film Academy|IIFA]] award nominations and in ''[[3 Idiots]]'' opposite [[Aamir khan]] which earned him a [[Filmfare Award]] and a [[Star Screen Award]] for Best Actor in a Villainous Role.{{Citation needed|date=July 2017}} Irani has appeared in many comedic roles, such as ''[[Main Hoon Na]]'', ''[[Lage Raho Munna Bhai]]'', ''[[Dostana (2008 film)|Dostana]]'', ''[[Khosla Ka Ghosla]]'', ''[[Waqt: The Race Against Time]]'', ''[[No Entry]]'', ''[[Housefull (2010 film)|Housefull]]'', ''[[Ek Main Aur Ekk Tu]]'', ''[[Housefull 2]]'', and ''[[Cocktail (2012 film)|Cocktail]]''; supporting roles, such as ''[[Veer-Zaara]]'', ''[[Maine Gandhi Ko Nahin Mara]]'', ''[[Lakshya (2004 film)|Lakshya]]'', ''[[Honeymoon Travels Pvt. Ltd.]]'', ''[[Sorry Bhai!]]'', ''[[Page 3 (film)|Page 3]]'', and ''[[My Wife's Murder]]''; and negative roles, such as ''[[Don: The Chase Begins Again]], [[Don 2: The King Is Back]]'', and ''[[Eklavya]]''. He acted in his first Telugu film ''[[Attharintiki Daaredhi]]'' as the grandfather of [[Pawan Kalyan]].<br />
<br />
Irani hosted the [[IIFA Awards]], including in [[9th IIFA Awards|2008]] with actor [[Ritesh Deshmukh]] in [[Bangkok]]; [[10th IIFA Awards|2009]] in [[Macau]]; [[11th IIFA Awards|2010]] in [[Colombo]]; and [[12th IIFA Awards|2011]] in [[Toronto]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/riteish-deshmukh-boman-irani-are-iifa-hosts-again-news-bollywood-jfsufjbbeib.html |title=Riteish Deshmukh, Boman Irani are IIFA hosts again |access-date=6 March 2017 |archive-date=6 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306212608/http://www.sify.com/movies/riteish-deshmukh-boman-irani-are-iifa-hosts-again-news-bollywood-jfsufjbbeib.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> He also hosted the quiz show ''[[Bollywood Ka Boss]]''. He has been on ''[[Kaun Banega Crorepati]]'' with [[Sanjay Dutt]], and has featured in OneTouch Glucose Meters TV commercials in 2015 with [[Simone Singh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mullenlowelintas.in/news/lowe-lintas-highlights-sweet-side-life-diabetic-onetouch/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416124459/http://www.mullenlowelintas.in/news/lowe-lintas-highlights-sweet-side-life-diabetic-onetouch/|deadurl=y|title=Lowe Lintas highlights the ‘sweet’ side in the life of a diabetic for OneTouch – MullenLowe Lintas Group|archivedate=16 April 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
Irani is about to make his directorial debut in 2022<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/boman-irani-reveals-he-will-finally-make-his-directorial-debut-this-year-i-hope-to-start-by-mid2022-101644956385325.html|title = Boman Irani reveals he will finally make his directorial debut this year: I hope to start by mid-2022|date = 16 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/399542-boman-irani-all-set-to-make-directorial-debut-this-year|title = Boman Irani all set to make directorial debut this year}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2022, Irani is appearing as Dr Balraj Kapoor in the series ''[[Masoom (TV series)|Masoom]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-20 |title=Boman Irani On 'Masoom': "The Love That Has Come By For My Debut Is Overwhelming" |url=https://www.koimoi.com/television/boman-irani-on-masoom-the-love-that-has-come-by-for-my-debut-is-overwhelming/ |access-date=2022-06-22 |website=Koimoi |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== Production ====<br />
He launched his production house '''Irani Movietone''' on 24 January 2019, the logo of which was unveiled by [[Amitabh Bachchan]].<ref name="Boman Irani" /><br />
<br />
=== Brand ambassador ===<br />
Boman Irani has been a [[brand ambassador]] of:<br />
<br />
* P Mark Oil by [[Puri Oil (Mills)|Puri Oil]] (Mills)<ref>{{Cite web|title=FNB News – Boman Irani new brand ambassador of Puri Oil Mills' P Mark mustard oil {{!}} FNB News|url=http://www.fnbnews.com/Top-News/Boman-Irani-new-brand-ambassador-of-Puri-Oil-Mills-P-Mark-mustard-oil|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180603221849/http://www.fnbnews.com/Top-News/Boman-Irani-new-brand-ambassador-of-Puri-Oil-Mills-P-Mark-mustard-oil|archive-date=3 June 2018|access-date=31 May 2018|website=www.fnbnews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Ghosal|first=Sutanuka|date=2014|title=Boman Irani signs up as brand ambassador of 'P' mark mustard oil|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/advertising/boman-irani-signs-up-as-brand-ambassador-of-p-mark-mustard-oil/articleshow/29555684.cms|url-status=live|access-date=31 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191002083614/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/advertising/boman-irani-signs-up-as-brand-ambassador-of-p-mark-mustard-oil/articleshow/29555684.cms|archive-date=2 October 2019}}</ref><br />
* Exotica<ref>{{Cite web|title=Exotica signs Boman Irani as its brand ambassador -|url=http://www.realtynmore.com/exotica-signs-boman-irani-as-its-brand-ambassador/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180603123208/http://www.realtynmore.com/exotica-signs-boman-irani-as-its-brand-ambassador/|archive-date=3 June 2018|access-date=31 May 2018|website=www.realtynmore.com|date=21 October 2015}}</ref><br />
* [[Kent RO Systems|Kent RO]]<ref>{{Cite news|date=24 January 2011|title=Kent RO Systems signs Boman Irani as the brand ambassador|work=Business Standard|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/press-releases/kent-ro-systems-signs-boman-irani-as-the-brand-ambassador-111012400119_1.html|url-status=live|access-date=31 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180526150737/http://www.business-standard.com/article/press-releases/kent-ro-systems-signs-boman-irani-as-the-brand-ambassador-111012400119_1.html|archive-date=26 May 2018}}</ref><br />
* Ahead NGO<ref>{{Cite news|title=Boman Irani brand ambassador of NGO 'Ahead'|language=en|url=https://www.indiainfoline.com/article/news-sector-media-entertainment/boman-irani-brand-ambassador-of-ngo-%E2%80%98ahead%E2%80%99-113101402312_1.html|url-status=live|access-date=31 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191002082113/https://www.indiainfoline.com/article/news-sector-media-entertainment/boman-irani-brand-ambassador-of-ngo-%25E2%2580%2598ahead%25E2%2580%2599-113101402312_1.html|archive-date=2 October 2019}}</ref><br />
* Saffola<ref>{{Cite news|title=Saffola appoints Boman Irani as brand ambassador; launches new TVC|language=en-US|work=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/advertising/saffola-appoints-boman-irani-as-brand-ambassador-launches-new-tvc_19973.html|access-date=31 May 2018}}</ref><br />
*[[CARS24]]<br />
*AmbiPur<br />
*[[Nature Valley]] (TBA)<br />
<br />
=== Advisor ===<br />
Currently, he is also on the [[Advisory board|Board of Advisors]] of [[I.I.M.U.N.|India's International Movement to Unite Nations (I.I.M.U.N.)]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=I.I.M.U.N. {{!}}{{!}} Board of Advisors|url=https://new.iimun.in/pages/BoA.html|access-date=17 July 2021|website=new.iimun.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Spiral Bound ==<br />
<br />
With a thought to bring together budding writers, amateur and professional from different walks of life and to unite and learn the nuances of screenwriting.[https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/others/sunday-read/masterclass-with-boman-irani/articleshow/78080295.cms Masterclass with Boman Irani]<ref name="dailypioneer.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2020/vivacity/boman-turns-mentor.html|title=Boman turns mentor|first=The|last=Pioneer|website=The Pioneer}}</ref> <br /><br />
[[Alexander Dinelaris]], who penned the Academy Award-winning film [[Birdman (film)|Birdman]] conducted the first workshop of Spiral Bound.<ref name="mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com">{{cite web |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/others/sunday-read/masterclass-with-boman-irani/articleshow/78080295.cms |title=Masterclass with Boman Irani |website=mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914042154/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/others/sunday-read/masterclass-with-boman-irani/articleshow/78080295.cms |archive-date=2020-09-14}}</ref>[[File:A Session at Spiral Bound.jpg|thumb|]] The extension of that workshop was scheduled to take place in 2020 but, because of the global [[COVID-19]] pandemic it couldn't happen physically, however the Spiral Bound sessions started virtually and completed more than 200 interactive screenwriting sessions online.<ref name="dailypioneer.com" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uniindia.com/boman-irani-clocks-in-150-online-screenwriting-sessions-of-spiral-bound/india/news/2163245.html|title=Boman Irani clocks in 150 online screenwriting sessions of 'Spiral Bound'}}</ref><ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/G17DBS68B1c Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20210504060200/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G17DBS68B1c&ab_channel=BollywoodLife Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G17DBS68B1c&ab_channel=BollywoodLife| title = Boman Irani opens up on how he came up with Spiral Bound Online Scriptwriting Sessions | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/videos/interviews-videos/boman-irani-opens-up-on-how-he-came-up-with-spiral-bound-online-scriptwriting-sessions-exclusive-1649809/|title = Boman Irani opens up on how he came up with Spiral Bound online scriptwriting sessions &#91;Exclusive&#93;|date = 3 July 2020}}</ref><ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/dge6ewOeT-A Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20210503040852/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dge6ewOeT-A&ab_channel=TimesPassionTrails Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dge6ewOeT-A&ab_channel=TimesPassionTrails| title = Boman Irani on the Art of Screenplay Writing | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref><br />
<br />
After completing 150 sessions virtually Irani took to his social media to express gratitude towards artists and filmmakers who showed their support to 'Spiral Bound' Few of the guest speakers who have shared the knowledge and experience with the students at Spiral Bound includes playwright [[Anosh Irani]], directors [[Raju Hirani]], [[Ram Madhvani]] and [[Shakun Batra]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/others/sunday-read/workplaces-are-still-in-the-closet/articleshow/77955483.cms |title=Workplaces are still in the closet |website=mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915212116/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/others/sunday-read/workplaces-are-still-in-the-closet/articleshow/77955483.cms |archive-date=2020-09-15}}</ref><br />
<ref name="mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/boman-irani-has-a-productive-lockdown-completes-over-50-online-screenwriting-sessions-in-quarantine/articleshow/76260256.cms|title = Boman Irani has a productive lockdown, completes over 50 online screenwriting sessions in quarantine|newspaper = The Economic Times}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Irani Movietone and Spiral Bound Anniversary Celebration.jpg|thumb]]<br />
[[Ram Madhvani]] praises Boman Irani on 3rd Anniversary of Irani Movietone and Spiral Bound<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.glamsham.com/bollywood/news/boman-tears-up-as-ram-madhvani-showers-praise-on-him|title = Boman Irani Tears up as Ram Madhvani Showers Praise on Him|date = 25 January 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
Spiral Bound has completed more than 500 sessions <ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/boman-irani-characters-3-idiots-munna-bhai-mbbs-khosla-ka-ghosla-spiral-bound-production-house-films-writing-7764196/ | title=Boman Irani decodes his characters, reveals how he prepared for 3 Idiots, Khosla Ka Ghosla: 'I find learning lines on set, odd' | date=12 February 2022 }}</ref> and celebrated it's anniversary.[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/boman-irani-felt-like-we-brought-in-a-writers-festival-celebrates-2-years-of-online-scripting-sessions/articleshow/90599573.cms Boman Irani: 'Felt like we brought in a writers' festival'; celebrates 2 years of online scripting sessions - Times of India]<br />
<br />
[[File:Boman Irani at the celebration of Spiral Bound Anniversary.jpg|thumb| ]]<br />
<br />
== Filmography ==<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
|+Key<br />
|{{Pending|{{dagger}}}}<br />
|Denotes films that are not yet released<br />
|}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year<br />
! Film<br />
! Role<br />
|-<br />
| 2001<br />
| ''[[Everybody Says I'm Fine!]]''<br />
| Resomon Mittal<br />
|-<br />
| 2002<br />
| ''[[Let's Talk (2002 film)|Let's Talk]]''<br />
| Nikhil Sharma<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" | 2003<br />
|''[[Darna Mana Hai]]''<br />
|Hotel Owner<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Boom (2003 film)|Boom]]''<br />
| Diamond Dealer<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Munna Bhai M.B.B.S.]]''<br />
| Dr. Jagdish Chandra "JC" Asthana<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" | 2004<br />
| ''[[Main Hoon Na]]''<br />
| Principal Yogesh Agarwal<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Lakshya (2004 film)|Lakshya]]''<br />
| Sanjeev Shergill<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Veer-Zaara]]''<br />
| Jahangir Hayaat Khan<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="10" | 2005<br />
| ''[[Page 3 (film)|Page 3]]''<br />
| Deepak Suri<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Waqt: The Race Against Time]]''<br />
| Natham Singh<br />
|-<br />
|''[[My Wife's Murder]]''<br />
| Inspector Tejpal Randhawa<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[No Entry]]''<br />
| Minister Pranab Kumar "PK" Gupta<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Maine Gandhi Ko Nahin Mara]]''<br />
| Public Prosecutor Avinash Roy<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Home Delivery: Aapko... Ghar Tak]]''<br />
| Michael Burnett / Santa Claus<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kal: Yesterday and Tomorrow]]''<br />
| Yashwant Dayal Singh<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Bluffmaster]]''<br />
| Dr. Vijay Bhalerao<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mr Prime Minister]]''<br />
| {{Unknown}}<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Being Cyrus]]''<br />
| Farokh Sethna<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="6" | 2006<br />
| ''[[Shaadi Se Pehle]]''<br />
| Dr. Rustam Ali<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Pyare Mohan]]''<br />
| Tony Dholakia<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Yun Hota To Kya Hota]]''<br />
| [[Deputy Commissioner of Police|DCP]] Amarkant Chauhan<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Lage Raho Munna Bhai]]''<br />
| Lakhbir "Lucky" Singh<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Khosla Ka Ghosla]]''<br />
| Kishan Khurana<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Don – The Chase Begins Again]]''<br />
| Vardhan Makhija/DCP P De Silva (Impostor)<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" | 2007<br />
| ''[[Eklavya: The Royal Guard]]''<br />
| Rana Jayavardhan Singh<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Honeymoon Travels Pvt. Ltd.]]''<br />
|Oscar Fernandes<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Heyy Babyy]]''<br />
| Bharat Sahni<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Dhan Dhana Dhan Goal]]''<br />
| Tony Singh<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="7" | 2008<br />
| ''[[Woodstock Villa]]''<br />
| {{Unknown}}<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Love Story 2050]]''<br />
| Professor Yatin Khanna<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kismat Konnection]]''<br />
| Rajiv Batra<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Dostana (2008 film)|Dostana]]''<br />
| Murali "M" Lokhande<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Yuvvraaj]]''<br />
| Dr. Pravin Kant "PK" Banton<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sorry Bhai!]]''<br />
| Naveen Godbole<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Maharathi (2008 film)|Maharathi]]''<br />
| Avvaldas "AD" Merchant<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="8" | 2009<br />
| ''[[Luck by Chance]]''<br />
| Deenaz Aziz<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Little Zizou (film)|Little Zizou]]''<br />
| Boman Pressvala<br />
|-<br />
|''[[99 (2009 film)|99]]''<br />
| Rahul Mehrotra<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kambakkht Ishq]]''<br />
| Dr. Sachin Mishra<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Perfect Mismatch]]''<br />
| Naresh Patel<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Fruit and Nut (film)|Fruit and Nut]]''<br />
| Maharaja Harry Holkar<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[3 Idiots]]''<br />
| Dr. Viru "Virus" Sahastrabuddhe<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Dharma Productions|Animal]]''<br />
| Kevin <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="6" | 2010<br />
| ''[[Well Done Abba]]''<br />
| Arman/Rahman Ali<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Teen Patti (film)|Teen Patti]]''<br />
| {{Unknown}}<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Hum Tum Aur Ghost]]''<br />
| Rakesh Kapoor<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mirch]]''<br />
| Ashmit "Aasu" Hotmal<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Jaane Kahan Se Aayi Hai]]''<br />
| {{Unknown}}<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Housefull (2010 film)|Housefull]]''<br />
| Batuk Patel<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" | 2011<br />
| ''[[F.A.L.T.U]]''<br />
| Principal Karam Sharma<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Game (2011 film)|Game]]''<br />
| Om Prakash "OP" Ramsay<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Love Breakups Zindagi]]''<br />
| Ranveer<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Don 2: The King is Back]]''<br />
| Vardhan Makhija/Interpol officer Brij Baruah (impostor)<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="7" | 2012<br />
| ''[[Ek Main Aur Ekk Tu]]''<br />
| Sushil Kapoor<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Housefull 2]]''<br />
| Batuk Patel<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Tezz]]''<br />
| Sanjay Raina<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ferrari Ki Sawaari]]''<br />
| Behram Ardeshir Deboo<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Cocktail (2012 film)|Cocktail]]''<br />
| Randhir "Randy" Kapoor<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Shirin Farhad Ki Toh Nikal Padi]]''<br />
| Farhad Ahmed<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Student of the Year]]''<br />
| Harikishan Sanon<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 2013<br />
| ''[[Jolly LLB]]''<br />
| Advocate Mahesh Rajpal<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Attarintiki Daredi]]''<br />
| Raghunath "Raghu" Nandan<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" | 2014<br />
| ''[[Youngistaan]]''<br />
| PM Dashrath Kaul (Cameo)<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Bhoothnath Returns]]''<br />
| Bhushan Sharma / Bhausaheb<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Happy New Year (2014 film)|Happy New Year]]''<br />
| Tehamton "Tammy" Irani<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[PK (film)|PK]]''<br />
|Cherry Bajwa<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 2015<br />
| ''[[Bengal Tiger (2015 film)|Bengal Tiger]]''<br />
| CM Ashok Gajapathi<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Dilwale (2015 film)|Dilwale]]''<br />
| King<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" | 2016<br />
| ''[[Santa Banta Pvt Ltd]]''<br />
| Santeshwar Singh Solaid / Santa<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Housefull 3]]''<br />
| Batuk Patel<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[The Legend of Michael Mishra]]''<br />
| Francisco Paksh<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ventilator (2016 film)|Ventilator]]''<br />
| Dr. Sairam Sukhranjan<br />
|-<br />
| 2017<br />
|''[[FU: Friendship Unlimited]]''<br />
| Bulmukand<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="6" | 2018<br />
| ''[[Agnyaathavaasi]]''<br />
| Govind "Vinda" Bhargav<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Naa Peru Surya, Naa Illu India]]''<br />
| Colonel Sanjay Shrivastav<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Parmanu: The Story of Pokhran]]''<br />
| Himanshu Shukla<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sanju]]''<br />
| Captain Homi Irani / Dr. Jagdish Chandra "JC" Asthana (archived footage from ''Munna Bhai MBBS'')<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Welcome to New York (2018 film)|Welcome to New York]]''<br />
| Gurwinder "Garry" Sandhu<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Khajoor Pe Atke]]''<br />
| Abhishek Zaveri<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="6"|2019<br />
|''[[Total Dhamaal]]''<br />
|Commissioner Shamsher "Don" Singh<br />
|-<br />
|''[[PM Narendra Modi]]''<br />
| [[Ratan Tata]]<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Jhalki]]''<br />
| [[Kailash Satyarthi]]<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Kaappaan]]''<br />
| Rajan Mahadev<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Made in China (2019 film)|Made in China]]''<br />
|Dr. Shankar Vardhi<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Drive (2019 film)|Drive]]''<br />
| Irfan Ali Mohammed<br />
|-<br />
|2020<br />
|''[[Maska (2020 film)|Maska]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2020/mar/28/maska-review-an-interesting-premise-somehow-manages-to-yield-disastrous-results--2122388.html|title='Maska' review: An interesting premise somehow manages to yield disastrous results|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=14 June 2020|archive-date=7 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407182636/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2020/mar/28/maska-review-an-interesting-premise-somehow-manages-to-yield-disastrous-results--2122388.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|Himself<br />
|-<br />
|2021<br />
|''[[83 (film)|83]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/taran_adarsh/status/1166223949497159680|title=Boman Irani to enact the part of Farokh Engineer in #83TheFilm... Stars Ranveer Singh as #KapilDev... Directed by Kabir Khan... 10 April 2020 release. #Relive83|publisher=Taran Adarsh on Twitter|access-date=18 February 2019|archive-date=4 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004174144/https://twitter.com/taran_adarsh/status/1166223949497159680|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
| [[Farokh Engineer]]<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=4|2022<br />
|''[[Runway 34]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/boman-irani-joins-cast-ajay-devgns-mayday|title=Boman Irani joins the cast of Ajay Devgn's Mayday|website=Bollywood Hungama|date=29 January 2021|access-date=29 January 2021}}</ref>''<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Jayeshbhai Jordaar]]''<br />
| Samarth Parekh<br />
|-<br />
| {{Pending film|Uunchai<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/parineeti-chopra-plays-role-tourist-guide-nepal-sooraj-barjatyas-uunchai-film-shot-worlds-dangerous-airport/|title=Parineeti Chopra plays the role of a tourist guide in Nepal in Sooraj Barjatya's Uunchai; film shot at world's most DANGEROUS airport|website=Bollywood Hungama|date=9 October 2021|access-date=9 October 2021}}</ref>}}<br />
|TBA<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Awards ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year<br />
! Award Show<br />
! Award<br />
! Film<br />
! Won<br />
|-<br />
|2004<br />
|[[Screen (magazine)|Screen Awards]]<br />
|[[Screen Award for Best Comedian|Best Comedian]]<br />
|''[[Munnabhai M.B.B.S.]]''<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|-<br />
|2007<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Filmfare Award]]s<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role|Best Villain]]<br />
|''[[Lage Raho Munnabhai]]''<br />
|{{Nominated}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |2010<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]<br />
| rowspan="3" |''[[3 Idiots]]''<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Screen Awards]]<br />
|[[Screen Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role|Best Villain]]<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[International Indian Film Academy Awards|IIFA Awards]]<br />
|[[IIFA Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role|Best Performance in a Negative Role]]<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{Commons category|Boman Irani}}{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Bollywood|Movies}}<br />
* {{IMDb name|id=1224082|name=Boman Irani}}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{IIFAAwardBestNegativeRole}}<br />
{{FilmfareBestSupportingActorAward 2001–2020}}<br />
{{ScreenAwardBestActorNegativeRole}}<br />
{{Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Comic Role}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Irani, Boman}}<br />
[[Category:1959 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian photographers]]<br />
[[Category:Irani people]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male voice actors]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Mithibai College alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Screen Awards winners]]<br />
[[Category:International Indian Film Academy Awards winners]]</div>UpdateBothttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sonu_Kakkar&diff=318352Sonu Kakkar2022-07-02T04:32:39Z<p>UpdateBot: robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian playback singer and songwriter}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Sonu Kakkar<br />
| image = Sonu kakkar.jpg<br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = [[Rishikesh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] (present-day [[Uttarakhand]]), India<br />
| nationality = <!---Do not add Indian here. Nationality should be avoided when it can be inferred from birthplace per WP:INFONAT---><br />
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Playback singer]]|[[songwriter]]|[[television personality]]}}<br />
| spouse = {{marriage| Neeraj Sharma |2006}}<br />
| relatives = [[Neha Kakkar]] (sister)<br/>[[Tony Kakkar]] (brother)<br />
| module = {{Infobox musical artist<br />
| embed = yes<br />
| genre = [[Bollywood music|Bollywood]]<br />
| origin = [[India]]<br />
| background = solo_singer, with [[Udit Narayan]]<br />
| years_active = 2003–present<br />
| label = {{hlist|[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]}}<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Sonu Kakkar''' is an Indian playback singer, songwriter and television personality.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/latest-hindi-song-mera-hai-ye-watan-sung-by-sonu-kakkar-independence-day-special-song/videoshow/65400228.cms |title=Latest Hindi Song Mera Hai Ye Watan Sung By Sonu Kakkar {{!}} Independence Day Special Song |date=14 August 2018 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> She is the elder sister of Bollywood singers, [[Neha Kakkar]] and [[Tony Kakkar]]. Sonu Kakkar's upcoming music video 'Sun Baliye' sung by [[Gajendra Verma]], Sonu Kakkar.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Check Out New Hindi Trending Song Music Video - 'Tum Mere Paas' Sung By Mohammed Irfan {{!}} Hindi Video Songs - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/check-out-new-hindi-trending-song-music-video-tum-mere-paas-sung-by-mohammed-irfan/videoshow/80443380.cms|access-date=2021-01-25|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> The music video features [[Gajendra Verma]] And [[Apoorva Arora]].<br />
<br />
[[File:Sonu Kakkar at audio release of Chand Ke Pare.jpg|thumb|right|Sonu Kakkar at audio release of Chand Ke Pare]]<br />
<br />
==Television==<br />
{|class= "wikitable sortable"<br />
|+List of television shows and roles<br />
! Year<br />
! Show<br />
! Role<br />
! Channel<br />
|-<br />
| 2020<br />
| ''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa]] [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]''<br />
| Judge<br />
| [[Zee Punjabi]]<br />
|-<br />
|2021<br />
|[[Indian Idol (Hindi TV series)|''Indian Idol 12'']]<br />
|Judge<br />
|Sony TV<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Discography ==<br />
=== Studio albums ===<br />
*''[[Coke Studio (India)#Season 2|Madari]] (2012)''<br />
*''Aisi Bani (2013)''<br />
<br />
=== Singles ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! scope="col"|'''Year''' <br />
! scope="col" width=23%|'''Song'''<br />
! scope="col" width=21%|'''Composer(s)'''<br />
! scope="col" width=17%|'''Writer(s)'''<br />
! scope="col" width=18%|'''Co-singer(s)'''<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|2013<br />
|"Akhiyan Nu Rehn De"<br />
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Tony Kakkar]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2014<br />
|"Urban Munda"<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2015<br />
|"Makhan Malai"<br />
| colspan="2" |Sham-Balkar<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2019<br />
|"Kyu Saath Tumhara Choota Hai"<br />
|[[Jeet Gannguli]]<br />
|[[Kumar Vishwas]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |2021<br />
|"Sun Baliye"<br />
| colspan="2" |Mann Taneja<br />
|[[Gajendra Verma]]<br />
|-<br />
|"Booty Shake"<br />
| colspan="3" |[[Tony Kakkar]]<br />
|-<br />
|"Akhaa Vich"<br />
|Sanjeev Chaturvedi - Ajay<br />
|Sanjeev Chaturvedi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Playback singing ===<br />
==== Hindi songs ====<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! scope="col"|'''Year''' <br />
! scope="col" width=20%|'''Film'''<br />
! scope="col" width=23%|'''Song'''<br />
! scope="col" width=21%|'''Composer(s)'''<br />
! scope="col" width=17%|'''Writer(s)'''<br />
! scope="col" width=18%|'''Co-singer(s)'''<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="3"|2003<br />
! Rowspan="2"|''[[Dum (2003 Hindi film)|Dum]]''<br />
|Babuji Zara Dheere Chalo<br />
| rowspan="3"|Sandeep Chowta<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Sameer Anjaan|Sameer]]<br />
| rowspan="2"|[[Sukhwinder Singh]]<br />
|-<br />
| Babuji Zara <small>(Bijli Mix)</small><br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Boom (film)|Boom]]''<br />
|Seduction Saavariya<br />
|Sandeep Chowta<br />
|[[Sunitha Sarathy]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"|2004<br />
!''[[Naach (2004 film)|Naach]]''<br />
|Ishq Da Tadka<br />
| colspan="2"|Nitin Raikwar<br />
| [[Adnan Sami]]<br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Kis Kis Ki Kismat]]''<br />
| Honey Moon<br />
| [[D. Imman]]<br />
| Farhad Wadia<br />
|[[Sonu Nigam]]<br />
|-<br />
|2005<br />
!''[[Sheesha (2005 film)|Sheesha]]''<br />
|Kar Mundya<br />
|Dilip Sen-Sameer Sen<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="5"|2006<br />
!''[[Sandwich (2006 film)|Sandwich]]''<br />
|Sayonee<br />
|Sukwinder Singh<br />
|<br />
|[[Sukhwinder Singh]]<br />
|-<br />
!''[[Corporate (2006 film)|Corporate]]''<br />
|O Sikandar <small>(Desi Mix)</small><br />
|Shamir Tandon<br />
|<br />
|[[Kailash Kher]], [[Sapna Mukherjee]]<br />
|-<br />
!''[[Iqraar by Chance]]''<br />
|Ghoonghat Na Khol<br />
|[[Sandesh Shandilya]]<br />
|<br />
| [[Shabab Sabri]]<br />
|-<br />
!''[[Jigyaasa]]''<br />
|Khatiya Toot Gayee <br />
|Ram Shankar<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!''Ladies Tailor''<br />
|Har Raat Teri<br />
|Nishad Chandra<br />
|Ankit Sagar<br />
|[[Kunal Ganjawala]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], Gayatri Iyer<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="4"|2007<br />
! Rowspan="2"|''[[Risk (2007 film)|Risk]]''<br />
| Hitchki<br />
| rowspan="2"|Amitabh Verma<br />
| rowspan="2"| Akbar Sami<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Hitchki <small>(Remix version)</small><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Delhi Heights]]''<br />
| Ey Gori (Holi)<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Bombay to Goa (2007 film)|Bombay to Goa]]''<br />
| Lawani<br />
| Ravi Meet<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2"|2008<br />
! Rowspan="2"|''[[Mukhbiir]]''<br />
| Jeena<br />
| Sandeep Chowta<br />
| rowspan="2"|P. K. Mishra<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Piya Mera Banjaara<br />
| Karthik Raja<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4"|2009<br />
! ''[[Toss (2009 film)|Toss]]''<br />
| Abe Saale<br />
| Shamir Tandon<br />
| Sandeep Nath<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!''[[Blue (2009 film)|Blue]]''<br />
|Blue theme<br />
| [[A. R. Rahman]]<br />
| Raqeeb Alam, Sukhwinder Singh<br />
| [[Blaaze]], Raqeeb Alam, [[Jaspreet Jasz]], [[Neha Kakkar]], Dilshaad Shaikh<br />
|-<br />
!''[[Jail (2009 film)|Jail]]''<br />
|Bareilly Ke Bazzar Mein<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Ek Se Bure Do]]''<br />
|Meri Har Ada Ke Charche<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2|2010<br />
!''[[Nakshatra (film)|Nakshatra]]''<br />
|Dj Sheizwood<br />
|Harry Anand, Rani Malik, Nawab Arzoo<br />
|Kalpana Chauhan, Taraannum Mallik<br />
|-<br />
!''[[Mittal v/s Mittal]]''<br />
|Aao Seene Se Lag Ke (Lounge Version)<br />
| Shamir Tandon<br />
| Shabbir Ahmed<br />
|[[Kailash Kher]]<br />
|-<br />
|2011<br />
! ''[[No One Killed Jessica]]''<br />
|Aali Re Sali Re<br />
|[[Amit Trivedi]]<br />
|[[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]<br />
| Raja Hasan, [[Aditi Singh Sharma]], [[Anushka Manchanda]], Tochi Raina, Shriram Iyer, [[Bonnie Chakraborty]], Sonika Sharma<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2|2012<br />
! ''[[Joker (2012 film)|Joker]]''<br />
| Singh Raja<br />
| G. V. Prakash Kumar<br />
| Shirish Kunder<br />
| [[Daler Mehndi]]<br />
|-<br />
!''[[Jism 2]]''<br />
|Yeh Kasoor<br />
|colspan="2"|[[Mithoon]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"|2013<br />
! ''[[Mere Dad Ki Maruti]]''<br />
|Hip Hip Huraah<br />
|[[Sachin Gupta (musician)]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Boss (2013 Hindi film)|Boss]]''<br />
| Boss Entry – Theme<br />
|[[Meet Bros Anjjan]]<br />
|<br />
|Meet Bros Anjjan, [[Khushboo Grewal]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3"|2014<br />
!''[[Queen (soundtrack)|Queen]]''<br />
|London Thumukda<br />
| [[Amit Trivedi]]<br />
| Anvita Dutt<br />
| [[Labh Janjua]], [[Neha Kakkar]]<br />
|-<br />
!''[[Life Mein Twist Hai]]''<br />
|Ishq Barsa Re<br />
| Aryan Jaiin<br />
|<br />
| Nishad Mishra<br />
|-<br />
!''[[Babloo Happy Hai]]''<br />
|Banjaran<br />
|Bishakh-Kanish<br />
|Protique Mojoomdar<br />
|[[Rahul Ram]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"|2015<br />
!''[[Margarita With A Straw]]''<br />
|Foreign Balamwa<br />
| [[Mikey McCleary]]<br />
| [[Prasoon Joshi]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Guddu Ki Gun]]''<br />
| "Ding Dong"<br />
| Gajendra Verma, Vikram Singh<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3"|2016<br />
! rowspan="3" |''[[Fever (2016 film)|Fever]]''<br />
|Dil Ashkon Mein<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| Tony Kakkar<br />
|-<br />
|Kya Kasak<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Khaara Khaara<br />
|[[Tony Kakkar]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2017<br />
! ''[[Running Shaadi]]''<br />
| Bhaag Milky Bhaag<br />
| Keegan Pinto<br />
| Keegan Pinto, Sonal Sehgal <br />
|[[Sanam Puri]]<br />
|-<br />
|2018<br />
! ''[[Jack and Dil]]''<br />
|Chuski<br />
|[[Arko Pravo Mukherjee]]<br />
|Vayu<br />
| Arko<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2|2019<br />
! ''[[Cabaret (2019 film)|Cabaret]]''<br />
|Phir Teri Bahon Mein<br />
|[[Tony Kakkar]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!''[[Officer Arjun Singh IPS Batch 2000]]''<br />
| "Haye Re Jawani"<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2|2020<br />
! ''[[Sab Kushal Mangal]]''<br />
| "Zamana Badal Gaya"<br />
| Harshit Saxena<br />
| Sameer Anjaan<br />
| Vandana Saxena<br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Shubh Mangal Zyada Saavdhan]]''<br />
| "Ooh La La"<br />
| Tanishk Bagchi, Tony Kakkar<br />
| rowspan="2"| Tony Kakkar<br />
| Neha Kakkar, Tony Kakkar<br />
|-<br />
|2021<br />
!''Tuesdays & Fridays''<br />
| "Funky Mohabbat"<br />
| Tony Kakkar<br />
|[[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Benny Dayal]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Kannada songs ====<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! scope="col"|'''Year''' <br />
! scope="col" width=20%|'''Film'''<br />
! scope="col" width=23%|'''Song'''<br />
! scope="col" width=21%|'''Composer(s)'''<br />
! scope="col" width=17%|'''Writer(s)'''<br />
! scope="col" width=18%|'''Co-singer(s)'''<br />
|-<br />
|2004<br />
!''[[Ranga SSLC]]''<br />
|"Oora Kannu"<br />
|Sandeep Chowta<br />
|[[V. Nagendra Prasad]]<br />
|[[Raju Ananthaswamy]]<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2"|2005<br />
!''[[Jogi (film)|Jogi]]''<br />
|"Bin Ladennu Nan Maava"<br />
| rowspan="4"|[[Gurukiran]]<br />
| [[Prem (film director)|Prem]]<br />
|Gurukiran<br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Nammanna]]''<br />
| "Mavayya"<br />
| Gurukiran<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2008<br />
! ''[[Bindaas (2008 film)|Bindaas]]''<br />
| "Kallu Mama"<br />
| Kaviraj<br />
| Gurukiran<br />
|-<br />
|2009<br />
! ''Shivamani''<br />
|"Rama Rama"<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2010<br />
! ''[[Shankar IPS]]''<br />
| "Sale Sale"<br />
|<br />
|[[Raghu Dixit]] <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2012<br />
!''[[Godfather (2012 film)|Godfather]]''<br />
| "Deepavali"<br />
|[[A. R. Rahman]]<br />
| [[K. Kalyan]]<br />
| [[Abhay Jodhpurkar]], Apoorva, Swetha Majethiya, Arun Haridas Kamath<br />
|-<br />
|2019<br />
!''[[Ayushman Bhava (2019 film)|Ayushman Bhava]]''<br />
| "Thembare Bottuvana"<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Telugu songs ====<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! scope="col"|'''Year''' <br />
! scope="col" width=20%|'''Film'''<br />
! scope="col" width=23%|'''Song'''<br />
! scope="col" width=21%|'''Composer(s)'''<br />
! scope="col" width=17%|'''Writer(s)'''<br />
! scope="col" width=18%|'''Co-singer(s)'''<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5"|2005<br />
!''Kokila''<br />
|"Pavan Laa"<br />
|Madhukar<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Sri (2005 film)|Sri]]''<br />
|"Holi Holi"<br />
| rowspan="4"|[[Sandeep Chowta]]<br />
| rowspan="2"|[[Suddala Ashok Teja]]<br />
| [[Rajesh Krishnan]], [[Teesha Nigam]]<br />
|-<br />
!''[[Political Rowdy]]''<br />
|"LKG Dress"<br />
|Teesha Nigam<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |''[[Super (2005 film)|Super]]''<br />
|"Akkad Bakkad"<br />
|Kandikonda<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|"Mudduletti"<br />
|Bhaskarabhatla Ravikumar<br />
|[[Sonu Nigam]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3"|2006<br />
!''Shankar''<br />
| "Ala Bala"<br />
|[[Vandemataram Srinivas]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!''Maa Iddari Madhya''<br />
|"Magada"<br />
|[[R. P. Patnaik]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!''[[Samanyudu]]''<br />
|"Yemera"<br />
|[[Vandemataram Srinivas]]<br />
|Kaluva Krishna Sai<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3|2008<br />
!''Sammakka Sarakka Mahathyam''<br />
|"Taatibellem Tedharotti"<br />
|[[Vandemataram Srinivas]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!''Junctiom''<br />
|"Nachavura Nachavura"<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!''[[Bujjigadu]]''<br />
|"Chitti Ayirey"<br />
|[[Sandeep Chowta]]<br />
|Bhaskarabhatla Ravi Kumar<br />
|Pradip Somasundaran<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" |2009<br />
! rowspan="2"|''[[Kalavar King]]''<br />
| "Aa Bugga"<br />
| rowspan=2|Anil.R<br />
|rowspan=2|Krishna Chaitanya<br />
|[[Baba Sehgal]]<br />
|-<br />
|"De Thadi"<br />
|Antony<br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Saleem (film)|Saleem]]''<br />
|"Poolu Gusa Gusa"<br />
|[[Sandeep Chowta]]<br />
|[[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]<br />
|Pradip Somasundaran<br />
|-<br />
!''[[Blue (2009 film)|Blue]] (D)''<br />
|"Blue Theme"<br />
|[[A. R. Rahman]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2010<br />
!''Badmash''<br />
|"Mandukottu"<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!''[[Kedi (2010 film)|Kedi]]''<br />
|"Relarey"<br />
|[[Sandeep Chowta]]<br />
|Chinni Charan<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2013<br />
! ''[[Baadshah (2013 film)|Baadshah]]''<br />
|"Rangoli Rangoli"<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[S. Thaman]]<br />
|[[Ramajogayya Sastry]]<br />
|[[Divya Kumar (singer)|Divya Kumar]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2016<br />
!''[[Sarrainodu]]''<br />
|"Sarrainodu"<br />
| Ramajogayya Sastry<br />
|[[Hard Kaur]], Brijesh Shandilya, [[Geetha Madhuri]]<br />
|-<br />
![[Theri (film)|''Policeodu'']] (D)<br />
|"Rangu"<br />
|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Tamil songs ====<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! scope="col"|'''Year''' <br />
! scope="col" width=20%|'''Film'''<br />
! scope="col" width=23%|'''Song'''<br />
! scope="col" width=21%|'''Composer(s)'''<br />
! scope="col" width=17%|'''Writer(s)'''<br />
! scope="col" width=18%|'''Co-singer(s)'''<br />
|-<br />
|2006<br />
!''[[Varalaru]]''<br />
|Dhinam Dhinam Deepavali<br />
|[[A. R. Rahman]]<br />
|[[Vairamuthu]]<br />
|[[Kalpana Raghavendar]], [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], Leon James, Peer Mohammed<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2"| 2009<br />
! ''[[Arumugam (film)|Arumugam]]''<br />
| Salona<br />
| Deva<br />
|Pa. Vijay<br />
| [[Udit Narayan]]<br />
|-<br />
!''[[Ainthaam Padai]]''<br />
| Sokku Sundar<br />
| D. Imman<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2013<br />
! ''[[Naan Rajavaga Pogiren]]''<br />
| "Malgova"<br />
| G. V. Prakash Kumar<br />
| Annamalai<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2016<br />
!''[[Theri (film)|Theri]]''<br />
| "Raangu"<br />
| G. V. Prakash Kumar<br />
| Kabilan<br />
| [[T. Rajender]], G. V. Prakash Kumar<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Marathi songs ====<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! scope="col"|'''Year''' <br />
! scope="col" width=20%|'''Film'''<br />
! scope="col" width=23%|'''Song'''<br />
! scope="col" width=21%|'''Composer(s)'''<br />
! scope="col" width=17%|'''Writer(s)'''<br />
! scope="col" width=18%|'''Co-singer(s)'''<br />
|-<br />
|2008<br />
!''Mi Amruta Boltey''<br />
|Naad Karaycha Naay..<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2009<br />
!''Nau Mahine Nau Diwas''<br />
|Mastani Jwanit Mazya<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2014<br />
! ''[[Pune Via Bihar]]''<br />
| Kacchi Kairi Hu<br />
| Amit Hadkar<br />
|<br />
| [[Raja Hasan]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2017<br />
! ''[[Karaar]]''<br />
| Chuklya Wata<br />
| Vijay Gawande, Paresh Shah<br />
|<br />
| [[Avadhoot Gupte]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Malayalam songs ====<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! scope="col"|'''Year''' <br />
! scope="col" width=20%|'''Film'''<br />
! scope="col" width=23%|'''Song'''<br />
! scope="col" width=21%|'''Composer(s)'''<br />
! scope="col" width=17%|'''Writer(s)'''<br />
! scope="col" width=18%|'''Co-singer(s)'''<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"| 2013<br />
! Rowspan="2"|''[[Kalimannu]]''<br />
| Dil Lena"<br />
| rowspan=2|[[M. Jayachandran]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Meine To"<br />
|<br />
| Sukhwinder Singh<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Punjabi songs ====<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! scope="col"|'''Year''' <br />
! scope="col" width=20%|'''Film'''<br />
! scope="col" width=23%|'''Song'''<br />
! scope="col" width=21%|'''Composer(s)'''<br />
! scope="col" width=17%|'''Writer(s)'''<br />
! scope="col" width=18%|'''Co-singer(s)'''<br />
|-<br />
| 2009<br />
! ''[[Jag Jeondeyan De Mele]]''<br />
| Gustakh Akhan<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| [[Harbhajan Mann]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2011<br />
! ''[[I Am Singh]]''<br />
| Channd Paregge<br />
| Monty Sharma<br />
|<br />
| Sukhwinder Singh<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5"|2013<br />
! Rowspan="2"|''Jatt Airways''<br />
|Ok Report<br />
| rowspan="2"| Jassi Katyal <br />
| rowspan="2"|[[Kumaar]]<br />
| rowspan="2"| [[Master Saleem]]<br />
|-<br />
| Ok Report <small>(Remix)</small><br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Young Malang]]''<br />
| Lakk Ch Current<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Fer Mamla Gadbad Gadbad]]''<br />
| Lakk Gadvi Varga<br />
| colspan="2"|Jaggi Singh<br />
| [[Roshan Prince]]<br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Pinky Moge Wali]]''<br />
| Tadka<br />
| Gurmeet Singh & Rohit <br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2014<br />
! ''Yoddha''<br />
| "Reshma"<br />
| Gurmeet Singh<br />
| Daksh Ajit Singh<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2015<br />
! ''[[Gun & Goal]]''<br />
| ghatta ghatt kar ke"<br />
|Jaggi Singh<br />
| Rajveer bawa<br />
| Jaggi Singh<br />
|- <br />
| rowspan=2| 2018<br />
! rowspan=2|''[[Kande (film)|Kande]]''<br />
| Thumka<br />
| rowspan=2| Gurmeet Singh<br />
| rowspan=2|Baaz<br />
| Nachattar Gill<br />
|-<br />
| Tere Naal<br />
| Feroz Khan<br />
|-<br />
| 2019<br />
! ''[[Kala Shah Kala]]''<br />
| Boliyaan<br />
| Bunny Bains<br />
| Bunny Bains<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Nepali songs ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! scope="col"|'''Year''' <br />
! scope="col" width=20%|'''Film'''<br />
! scope="col" width=23%|'''Song'''<br />
! scope="col" width=21%|'''Composer(s)'''<br />
! scope="col" width=17%|'''Writer(s)'''<br />
! scope="col" width=18%|'''Co-singer(s)'''<br />
|-<br />
|2014<br />
! ''Kohinoor''<br />
|Salaam Lijiye Kabool Kijiye<br />
|Sambhujeet Baskota<br />
|Sambhujeet Baskota<br />
|Udit Narayan<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
* {{Official website|http://sonukakkar.com/}}<br />
* {{IMDb name|1292956|Sonu Kakkar}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kakkar, Sonu}}<br />
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women pop singers]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian singers]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Bollywood playback singers]]<br />
[[Category:Kannada playback singers]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil playback singers]]<br />
[[Category:People from Rishikesh]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses from Uttarakhand]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]<br />
[[Category:Singers from Uttarakhand]]<br />
[[Category:Women musicians from Uttarakhand]]<br />
[[Category:Indian folk-pop singers]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>UpdateBothttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Xavier%27s_Church,_Peyad&diff=331438St. Xavier's Church, Peyad2022-07-02T04:18:02Z<p>UpdateBot: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{more citations needed|date=January 2011}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox religious building<br />
|name=St.Xavier's Church, Peyad,Trivandrum<br />
|image=Front_Elevation_St_Xaviers_church_peyad.JPG<br />
|caption=Exterior View<br />
|location={{Flagicon|IND}} [[Trivandrum]], [[India]]<br />
|geo=<br />
|religious_affiliation=[[Roman Catholic]]<br />
|state=[[Kerala]]<br />
|district=[[Trivandrum]]<br />
|consecration_year=<br />
|status=Parish<br />
|leadership=Rev. Fr. Justin Dominic<br />
|website=<br />
|architect=<br />
|architecture_type=<br />
|architecture_style=<br />
|facade_direction=South<br />
|year_completed=2006<br />
|construction_cost=<br />
|specifications=no<br />
|capacity=<br />
|length=<br />
|width=<br />
|width_nave=<br />
|height_max=<br />
|dome_quantity=1<br />
|dome_height_outer=<br />
|dome_height_inner=<br />
|dome_dia_outer=<br />
|dome_dia_inner=<br />
|minaret_quantity=<br />
|minaret_height=<br />
|spire_quantity=<br />
|spire_height=<br />
|materials=Rock,Baked Bricks,Cement,Steel,Wood<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''St. Xavier's Church''' is a [[Roman Catholic church|Roman Catholic Church]] run by the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Neyyattinkara]].<br />
<ref name="neyyattinkaradiocese">{{cite book| last =St. Xavier's Church Peyad| first =Diocese of Neyyattinkara| title =Diocese of Neyyattinkara| location =Peyad| url =http://www.diocese-neyyattinkara.net| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20040528112508/http://diocese-neyyattinkara.net/| url-status =dead| archive-date =2004-05-28}}</ref> Diocese of Neyyattinkara was formed on 5 November 1996 and prior to the formation of Diocese of Neyyattinkara, St.Xavier's Church Peyad was under the control of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Trivandrum|Metropolitan Arch Diocese of Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref name="trivandrumdiocese">{{cite book | last = Diocese of Thiruvananthapuram| first = Diocese of Thiruvananthapuram| title = Diocese of Thiruvananthapuram| location = Peyad | url = http://www.latinarchdiocesetrivandrum.org}}</ref> The church follows [[Latin liturgical rites|Latin Rite]].<br />
<br />
== Overview ==<br />
'''[[Francis Xavier|Saint Francis Xavier]]''', born '''Francisco de Jaso y Azpilcueta''' (7 April 1506, [[Javier, Spain|Javier]], [[Kingdom of Navarre|Navarre]] – 3 December 1552, [[Shangchuan Island]], [[China]]) was a [[Kingdom of Navarre|Navarrese]] pioneering [[Roman Catholic]] [[missionary]] of [[Basque people|Basque]] origin{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}} and co-founder of the [[Society of Jesus]]. He had visited India for missionary purpose.<br />
<br />
== Parish history ==<br />
The church claims its origin to the pre-independence days. Rev.Fr.John Damisien, the father of [[Neyyattinkara mission]], founded in 1901, founded [[Kundamanbhagam Mission]] which was under control of the parish of Palayam. Further missionary work, by Rev.Fr.Gregory O.C.D and Rev.Fr.Pascasious O.C.D resulted in the beginning of the church's construction in 1904 at Kundamanbhagam. Missionaries of Carmelite belonging to the Asters Province in Belgium helped. Though the region was remote, the feast of St. Sebastian attracted believers. Furthermore, records reveal that Dr. [[Alosious Maria Benzigar]], the [[Bishop of Quilon]] visited Kundamanbhagam mission and upon his suggestion the missionaries rebuilt the church of St. Francis Xavier at Peyad.<br />
It bears a combination of Greek and Roman architecture and has a Church Bell brought by Fr.Pascasious O.C.D from Belgium and it is one among the 44 Church Bells belonging to the same make. The Missionaries from Belgium selected an engineer from Belgium and native Kunju Contractor to complete the shrine. The present residence for the priest was built during the time of Fr. Brocard O.C.D. In those days St.Xavier Church at Peyad was known as a Partial district comprising Kundamanbhagam. As per Ora Malabaria the diocese of Thiruvananthapuram originated in 1937 July 1 with Rev.Fr.Vincent Dereire as the first Bishop of Thiruvananthapuram who established 15 High Schools, 28 Middle Schools and 68 Primary schools.<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
File:St Xaviers church peyad Belgium bell.jpg|The Belgium Bell<br />
File:St Xaviers church peyad Main Alter.jpg|The Main Altar<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{coord missing|Kerala}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{commons category|Saint Francis Xavier Church (Peyad)}}<br />
{{Thiruvananthapuram}}<br />
{{Thiruvananthapuram district|state=collapsed}}<br />
{{Churches of Kerala}}<br />
{{Christianity in Kerala}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Xaviers Church, Peyad}}<br />
[[Category:Roman Catholic churches in Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Churches in Thiruvananthapuram district]]</div>UpdateBothttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Himanshi_Khurana&diff=318952Himanshi Khurana2022-07-02T04:16:03Z<p>UpdateBot: robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian model, actress and singer}}<br />
{{Multiple issues|<br />
{{BLP sources|date=April 2020}}<br />
{{More citations needed|date=April 2020}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Himanshi Khurana<br />
| alt = <br />
| image = Himanshi Khurana.jpg<br />
| caption = <br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1991|11|27|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = India<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| occupation = {{flatlist|<br />
*Actress<br />
*model<br />
}}<br />
| years_active = 2010–present<br />
| known_for = ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 13)|Bigg Boss 13]]''<br />
| notable_works = {{flatlist|<br />
*[[Sadda Haq]]<br />
}}<br />
| height = <br />
| awards = <br />
| partner = <br />
}}<br />
'''Himanshi Khurana''' (born 27 November 1991) is an Indian model, actress and singer who works in [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]-language films.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title="2 BOL" to feature Himanshi Khurana as the female lead|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/2-BOL-to-feature-Himanshi-Khurana-as-the-female-lead/articleshow/48543256.cms|website=[[The Times of India]] |author=TNN |access-date=9 February 2019 |date=12 January 2017}}</ref> She appeared in the [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] movie ''[[Sadda Haq (film)|Sadda Haq]]''. In 2019, she participated in the reality show ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series)|Bigg Boss 13]]'' as a contestant.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bigg Boss 13 contestant Himanshi Khurana reveals how Shehnaaz Gill 'ruined' her love life, says channel showed her as 'villain' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bigg-boss-13-contestant-himanshi-khurana-reveals-how-shehnaaz-gill-ruined-her-love-life-says-channel-showed-her-as-villain/story-zFp9Zfn0h5sC5fTrsuFioL.html |access-date=21 January 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=15 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
Khurana was born on 27 November 1991 and hails from [[Kiratpur Sahib]], Punjab.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Himanshi Khurana celebrates birthday with Asim Riaz |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/inside-himanshi-khurana-birthday-celebration-asim-riaz-photos-7070231/ |access-date=23 December 2020 |work=The Indian Express |date=28 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=16 December 2020|title=Himanshi Khurana Shares Unseen Pictures from Birthday Celebration with Asim Riaz and Friends|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/himanshi-khurana-shares-unseen-pictures-from-birthday-celebration-with-asim-riaz-and-friends-3182468.html|access-date=14 January 2021|work=News18|language=en}}</ref> She considers her mother, Suneet Kaur, as a strong motivation in her life.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ludhiana/Bollywood-dream-keeps-Himanshi-busy/articleshow/11669323.cms|title = Bollywood dream keeps Himanshi busy|date = 29 January 2012|access-date = 9 February 2019|website = [[The Times of India]] |last =Majeed |first =Shariq }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Khurana started her modelling career at the age of 16 when she became Miss Ludhiana. She was one of the finalists in Miss PTC Punjabi 2010. In the same year she won Miss North Zone contest organised in [[Chandigarh]].<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
She made her debut in the Punjabi [[Music industry]] with the song "Jodi - Big Day Party" ([[Panjabi MC]] & [[Kuldeep Manak]]) in 2010. Later, in 2012, she starred in the music videos for (Fasli Bateray) by (Feroz Khan) and Izhaar (Harjot). In 2013, Khurana was seen in Soch ([[Hardy Sandhu]]) and the hit movie [[Sadda Haq (film)|Sadda Haq]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Sadda Haq banned in India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/sadda-haq-banned-in-india/articleshow/17112316.cms|access-date=13 January 2021|work=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> The year 2015 proved to be a very successful year for Khurana as she worked with many singers, including [[Jassi Gill]], [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]], J Star, Ninja, Mankirt Aulakh and others.<br />
In March 2016 she starred alongside Sukh-E (Muzical Doctorz) in Sad Song. In 2018, Khurana made her debut as a singer with song High Standard.<br />
<br />
Khurana made her debut in Punjabi cinema as an actor with the Punjabi movie [[Sadda Haq (film)|Sadda Haq]] which helped her to gain fame.<ref name=":0" /> Although her first [[Bollywood]] film was Jeet Lengey Jahaan (2012). She then appeared as a lead role in Punjabi movie Leather Life<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/leather-life-film|title = Leather Life|access-date = 3 October 2015|website = British Board of Film Classification}}</ref> (featuring Aman Dhaliwal as male lead). 2015 Punjabi language film ''2 Bol'' also features Khurana as a lead actress.<ref name=":0" /> She also acted in six south Indian Movies - 2 Kannada, 2 Tamil, 1 Telugu, 1 Malayalam.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
In November 2019, Khurana participated as a celebrity contestant in the [[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 13)|thirteenth season]] of the Indian version of the [[reality TV]] show ''[[Big Brother (TV series)|Big Brother]]'', ''[[Bigg Boss]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/himanshi-khurana-shehnaz-has-body-shamed-me-and-abused-my-family-but-i-will-not-bring-that-up-in-the-house/articleshow/71853936.cms|title=Himanshi Khurana: Shehnaz has body shamed me and abused my family, but I will not bring that up in the house |first=Tanvi |last=Trivedi |date=2 November 2019 |work=The Times of India|access-date=4 January 2020}}</ref>"<br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
In November 2019, Khurana confirmed on ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 13)|Bigg Boss 13]]'' that she is in a committed relationship with her boyfriend of nine years named Chow.<ref>{{cite news |date=28 November 2019 |url=https://m.timesofindia.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-13-mystery-behind-himanshi-khuranas-boyfriend-chow-ends-see-his-pic/amp_articleshow/72271980.cms |title=Bigg Boss 13: Mystery behind Himanshi Khurana's boyfriend 'Chow' ends; see his pic |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=6 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bigg Boss 13: Himanshi Khurana REVEALS Details About Her Beau 'Chow' To Asim Riaz |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-13-himanshi-khurana-reveals-details-about-her-beau-chow-to-asim-riaz-1117737 |access-date=30 March 2021 |work=ABP Live |date=3 December 2019 |language=en}}</ref> In January 2020, she confirmed on [[Twitter]] that her relationship had ended with her fiancé.<ref>{{cite news|date=19 January 2020|title=Bigg Boss 13: Himanshi Khurana confirms break up with fiance|language=en|work=Mumbai Mirror|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/bigg-boss-13-himanshi-khurana-confirms-break-up-with-fiance-tweets-in-support-of-asim-riaz/articleshow/73376354.cms|access-date=28 January 2020}}</ref> She is dating her Bigg Boss co-contestant Asim Riaz since January 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bigg Boss 13: Asim Riaz proposes marriage to Himanshi Khurana, she says 'I do'. Watch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bigg-boss-13-asim-riaz-proposes-marriage-to-himanshi-khurana-goes-down-on-one-knee-watch/story-OXU8C2BhIoFtipEALLpPsM.html |access-date=29 August 2020 |work=Hindustan Times |date=28 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bigg Boss 13's Asim Riaz stands in support of girlfriend Himanshi Khurana; here's revisiting their complicated love story |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/asim-riaz-and-himanshi-khuranas-relationship-going-through-a-rough-patch-a-look-at-what-theyve-said-about-each-other-in-the-past/photostory/75034264.cms |access-date=29 August 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=8 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Media ==<br />
Himanshi Khurana was ranked in the [[Times of india|Chandigarh Times Most Desirable Woman]] at No. 2<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chandigarh Most Desirable Women {{!}} Times Poll {{!}} Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/times-poll-2017/chandigarh-times-most-desirable-women|access-date=6 August 2021|website=The Times of India}}</ref> in 2016 as well as 2017, at No. 14<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chandigarh Times most desirable women 2018: Meenakshi Chaudhary tops the list - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/chandigarh/chandigarh-times-most-desirable-woman-2018-meenakshi-chaudhary/articleshow/67848604.cms|url-status=live|access-date=6 August 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> in 2018, at No. 9<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hotties who rule Punjab as Chandigarh Times Most Desirable Women - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/chandigarh/hotties-who-rule-punjab-as-chandigarh-times-most-desirable-women-2020/articleshow/83176089.cms|url-status=live|access-date=6 August 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> in 2019 as well as 2020.<br />
<br />
Khurana was ranked in the [[The Times of India|Times Most Desirable Women on TV]] at No. 11<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 September 2020|title=Times 20 most desirable women on television 2019|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/meet-the-times-20-most-desirable-women-on-television-2019/articleshow/77935861.cms|url-status=live|access-date=6 August 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> in 2019, at No. 17<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet The Times 20 Most Desirable Women on Television 2020 - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/meet-the-times-20-most-desirable-women-on-television-2020/articleshow/83433752.cms|access-date=6 August 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> in 2020.<br />
<br />
In 2021, Himanshi became the first female Punjabi actor to feature at the [[Times Square|New York's Times Square]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Himanshi Khurana's 'Surma Bole' makes her the first female Punjabi actor to feature at the New York Times Square Billboard - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/himanshi-khuranas-surma-bole-makes-her-the-first-female-punjabi-actor-to-be-featured-at-the-new-york-times-square-billboard/articleshow/81127251.cms|access-date=6 August 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Filmography ==<br />
{{more citations needed section|date=September 2020}}<br />
<br />
===Films===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Title !! Role<br />
!Notes!!Ref.<br />
|-<br />
| 2012 || ''Jeet Jangey Jahaan'' || Unknown<br />
| ||<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/569705|title = Jeet Lengey Jahaan 2012 Movie News, Wallpapers, Songs & Videos|access-date = 3 October 2015|website = Bollywood Hungama}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2013 || ''[[Sadda Haq (film)|Sadda Haq]]'' || Sukhpreet<br />
| ||<ref>{{Cite web|date=29 March 2013|title=Star cast of Sadda Haq,a movie about Punjab during militancy,in city|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ludhiana/star-cast-of-sadda-haq-a-movie-about-punjab-during-militancy-in-city/|access-date=16 October 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 2015 || ''Leather Life'' || Siffat<br />
| ||<ref>{{Citation |title=Leather Life Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movie-details/leather-life/movieshow/61218139.cms |publisher=[[Times Of India]] |access-date=16 October 2021}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''2 Bol'' || Unknown<br />
| ||<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://sikhsiyasat.net/2015/09/03/trailor-of-upcoming-punjabi-movie-2-bol-released/|title = 2 Bol Movie|date = 3 September 2015|access-date = 3 October 2015|website = Sikh Siyasat}} {{Dead link|date=March 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2018 || ''[[Afsar (2018 film)|Afsar]]'' ||Unnamed <br />
|Song: "Udhar Chalda"||<ref>{{cite news |title=Udhaar Chalda: Gurnam Bhullar and Nimrat Khaira croon a fun duet for 'Afsar' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/udhaar-chalda-gurnam-bhullar-and-nimrat-khaira-croon-a-fun-duet-for-afsar/articleshow/66008304.cms |access-date=7 April 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=29 September 2018 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2021||''[[Shava Ni Girdhari Lal]]''|| Surjeet Kaur<br />
| ||<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/regional-cinema/himanshi-khurana-starts-shooting-for-her-punjabi-film-shava-ni-girdhari-lal-directed-by-gippy-grewal-695278|title= Himanshi Khurana starts shooting for her Punjabi film Shava Ni Girdhari Lal, directed by Gippy Grewal|date=3 April 2021| access-date=4 April 2021|work=India TV News}}</ref> <br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Television===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|- <br />
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes<br />
!Ref.<br />
|-<br />
| 2019 ||''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 13)|Bigg Boss 13]]'' || Contestant || 14th place<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=19 November 2019|title=Bigg Boss 13 wild card Himanshi Khurana: I don’t need to take advantage of Shehnaaz Gill’s popularity|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-13-wild-card-himanshi-khurana-shehnaaz-gill-6127380/|access-date=16 October 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=9 December 2019|title=Bigg Boss 13 evicted contestant Himanshi Khurana: I did not create a rift between Sidharth Shukla and Asim Riaz|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-13-evicted-contestant-himanshi-khurana-sidharth-shukla-asim-riaz-6157476/|access-date=16 October 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Music videos ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Title !! Singer(s)<br />
!Ref.<br />
|-<br />
| 2010 || ''Jodi - Big Day Party''|| [[Kuldeep Manak]], [[Panjabi MC]]<br />
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Listen to Jodi - Big Day Party Song by Kuldip Manak on Gaana.com|url=https://gaana.com/song/jodi-big-day-party-1|language=en|access-date=16 October 2021}}</ref><br />
|- <br />
| rowspan="4" | 2012|| ''Supna''|| Manna Dhillon <br />
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Supna - YouTube Music|url=https://music.youtube.com/watch?v=GkVvt758kvk|language=en|access-date=9 November 2021}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''Fasli Batteray''|| Feroz Khan<br />
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Fasli Battere|date=12 January 2012|url=https://open.spotify.com/track/1KnAAUR0VGkYsZgX4w43HL|language=en|access-date=9 November 2021}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''Izhaar''|| Harjot<br />
|<ref>{{Citation|last=Harjot|title=Izhaar|url=https://www.amazon.com/Izhaar/dp/B00V07M88Y|access-date=9 November 2021}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''Naina De Buhe''|| [[Lakhwinder Wadali]]<br />
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Naina De Buhe|date=1 February 2012|url=https://open.spotify.com/album/2gSQglQyZtzeOnq2qVVnVF|language=en|access-date=16 October 2021}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2013 || ''Soch''|| [[Hardy Sandhu]]<br />
|<ref>{{Citation |last=HARDY SANDHU |title=SOCH |url=https://www.amazon.com/SOCH-HARDY-SANDHU/dp/B00Z09H89W |publisher=T-series |access-date=16 October 2021}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 2014 || ''Back to Bhangra''|| [[Roshan Prince]], Sachin Ahuja<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sachin Ahuja: Indian Punjabi singers promoting brands in their songs is so funny - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/sachin-ahuja-indian-punjabi-singers-promoting-brands-in-their-songs-is-so-funny/articleshow/47431693.cms|access-date=16 October 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''Insomnia''|| Sippy Gill<br />
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Insomnia Remix By DJ Charan Sandhu - YouTube Music|url=https://music.youtube.com/watch?v=Sj40MhpGOro|language=en|access-date=9 November 2021}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="9" | 2015 || ''Laden''|| [[Jassi Gill]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=देखिए, हिमांशी खुराना को परिवार के सामने से लेकर निकल गए जस्सी गिल|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/video/movie-masti/punjabi-songs/jassi-gill-himanshi-khurana-latest-punjabi-song/videoshow/75915761.cms|access-date=16 October 2021|website=Navbharat Times|language=hi}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''Na Na Na Na''|| J-Star<br />
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Listen to Na Na Na Na Song by J Star on Gaana.com|url=https://gaana.com/song/na-na-na-na-38|language=en|access-date=9 November 2021}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''Thokda Reha''|| Ninja <br />
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Listen to Thokda Reha Song by Ninja on Gaana.com|url=https://gaana.com/song/thokda-reha-2|language=en|access-date=9 November 2021}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''Bingo Mad Angles Song''|| [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]], A-Kay, [[Maninder Buttar]]<br />
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Bingo Song Songs, Download Bingo Song Movie Songs For Free Online at Saavn.com|date=18 July 2015|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/bingo-mad-angles-song/5jWX4HoNhRs_|language=en-US|access-date=16 October 2021}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''Go Baby Go''|| Ronnie<br />
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Listen to Go Baby Go Song by Ronnie on Gaana.com|url=https://gaana.com/song/go-baby-go-32|language=en|access-date=16 October 2021}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''Gal Jattan Wali''|| Ninja <br />
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Gal Jattan Wali (Full Song & Lyrics) - Ninja - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn|date=13 November 2015|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/gal-jattan-wali/AhIsaQNfT2c|language=en-US|access-date=16 October 2021}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''Gabru 2''|| J-Star<br />
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Gabru 2 - J-Star - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn|date=28 November 2015|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/gabru-2/kHvAaGDMRw0_|language=en-US|access-date=16 October 2021}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''Charda Siyaal''<br />
|Mankirt Aulakh<br />
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Charda Siyaal Song: Charda Siyaal MP3 Punjabi Song by Gupz Sehra Online Free on Gaana.com|url=https://gaana.com/album/charda-siyaal|language=en|access-date=16 October 2021}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''Soorma''|| Harjot<br />
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Soorma (Full Song) - Harjot, Goldy Desi Crew - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn|date=17 December 2015|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/soorma/BBEORDxVbnA|language=en-US|access-date=9 November 2021}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="7" |2016<br />
|''Gallan Mithiyan''<br />
|Mankirt Aulakh<br />
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Listen to Gallan Mithiyan Song by Mankirt Aulakh on Gaana.com|url=https://gaana.com/song/gallan-mithiyan|language=en|access-date=16 October 2021}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''Sad Song''|| [[Sukhe]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Punjabi Gana 2021: Latest Punjabi Song 'Sad Song' (Audio Remix) Sung by Sukh-E Muzical Doctorz {{!}} Punjabi Video Songs - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/punjabi/punjabi-gana-2021-latest-punjabi-song-sad-song-audio-remix-sung-by-sukh-e-muzical-doctorz/videoshow/85233514.cms|access-date=16 October 2021|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''Be Mine''<br />
|Amar Sajaalpuriya <br />
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Listen to Be Mine Song by Amar Sajaalpuria on Gaana.com|url=https://gaana.com/song/be-mine-385|language=en|access-date=9 November 2021}}</ref><br />
|-2016|| Be mine|| [[Amar Sajaalpuriya]]<br />
|''Jetha Putt''<br />
|Goldy Desi Crew<br />
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Listen to Jetha Putt Song by Desi Crew on Gaana.com|url=https://gaana.com/song/jetha-putt|language=en|access-date=16 October 2021}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''Teri Call''<br />
|Harsimran<br />
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Teri Call (Full Song & Lyrics) - Harsimran feat. Harsimran - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn|date=30 September 2016|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/teri-call/OB87AycGcEk|language=en-US|access-date=16 October 2021}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''Brakefail''<br />
|Harnav Brar Feat [[Sukhe]]<br />
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Brakefail|date=28 October 2016|url=https://open.spotify.com/track/13229ZddCo8PGmj4MEcczg|language=en|access-date=9 November 2021}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''Bhabhi''<br />
|Major<br />
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Listen to Bhabhi Song by Major on Gaana.com|url=https://gaana.com/song/bhabhi-11|language=en|access-date=16 October 2021}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="7" |2017<br />
|''Athra Subha''<br />
|Ninja<br />
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Athra Subah - Remix|date=11 June 2017|url=https://open.spotify.com/track/4XqT9TUlSppq7dyo5Wr6k9|language=en|access-date=16 October 2021}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''Mann Bharrya''<br />
|[[B Praak]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=9 September 2021|title=Punjabi Song: B Praak और Jaani के गाने Mann Bharrya की धूम, व्यूज के मामले में बनाया रिकॉर्ड|url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/punjabi/video/b-praak-jaani-punjabi-song-mann-bharrya-viral-ft-himanshi-khurana-video/362463|access-date=16 October 2021|website=www.timesnowhindi.com|language=hi}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''Saade Munde Da Viah''<br />
|Dilpreet Dhillon and Goldy<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 September 2017|title=Sade Munde Da Viah - Dilpreet Dhillon (New Punjabi Song) {{!}} Official Video|url=https://chandigarhmetro.com/sade-munde-da-viah-punjabi-song-dilpreet-dhillon/|access-date=16 October 2021|website=Chandigarh Metro|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''Palazzo''<br />
|[[Kulwinder Billa]] and Shivjot<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 October 2020|title=Himanshi's song 'Palazzo' got 21 crore views on YouTube|url=https://english.newstracklive.com/news/palazzo-full-video-kulwinder-billa-himanshi-khurana-video-viral-sc89-nu612-ta612-ta277-1123090-1.html|access-date=16 October 2021|website=News Track|language=English}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''Door''<br />
|Kanwar Chahal<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Punjabi Song Door Sung By Kanwar Chahal & Himanshi Khurana {{!}} Entertainment - Times of India Videos|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/punjabi/punjabi-song-door-sung-by-kanwar-chahal-himanshi-khurana/videoshow/65238212.cms|access-date=9 November 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''Black n White''<br />
|Gurnazar<br />
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Black N White Song: Black N White MP3 Punjabi Song by Gurnazar Chattha Online Free on Gaana.com|url=https://gaana.com/album/black-n-white|language=en|access-date=16 October 2021}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''Peg Di Waashna''<br />
|[[Amrit Maan]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Peg Di Waashna Song By Amrit Maan Ft. Dj Flow {{!}} Punjabi Video Songs - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/punjabi/peg-di-waashna-song-by-amrit-maan-ft-dj-flow/videoshow/64660646.cms|access-date=16 October 2021|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" |2018<br />
|''Ajj Vi Chaunni Aah''<br />
|Ninja<br />
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Ajj Vi Chaunni Aah Song: Ajj Vi Chaunni Aah MP3 Punjabi Song by Gold Boy Online Free on Gaana.com|url=https://gaana.com/album/ajj-vi-chaunni-aah|language=en|access-date=16 October 2021}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''Handsome Jatta''<br />
|[[Jordan Sandhu]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=‘Ashke’ first song: Shake a leg with the 'Handsome Jatta' Jordan Sandhu - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/ashke-first-song-shake-a-leg-with-the-handsome-jatta-jordan-sandhu/articleshow/65132460.cms|access-date=16 October 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''Digde Athru''<br />
|Jaskaran Riar<br />
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Digde Athru - Single by Jaskaran Riar|date=5 November 2019|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/digde-athru-single/1486352542|language=en-US|access-date=16 October 2021}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''Collar Bone''<br />
|[[Amrit Maan]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Collar Bone: Amrit Maan’s latest single is out - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/collar-bone-amrit-maans-latest-single-is-out/articleshow/66524525.cms|access-date=16 October 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''Udhaar Chalda''<br />
|Gurnam Bhullar and Nimrat Khaira<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Udhaar Chalda: Gurnam Bhullar and Nimrat Khaira croon a fun duet for 'Afsar' - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/udhaar-chalda-gurnam-bhullar-and-nimrat-khaira-croon-a-fun-duet-for-afsar/articleshow/66008304.cms|access-date=16 October 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2019<br />
|''Gabru Nu Tarsengi''<br />
|[[Jordan Sandhu]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Listen Latest Punjabi Audio Song 'Gabru Nu Tarsengi' Sung By Jordan Sandhu And Sonu Kakkar {{!}} Punjabi Video Songs - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/punjabi/watch-latest-punjabi-audio-song-2020-gabru-nu-tarsengi-sung-by-jordan-sandhu-and-sonu-kakkar/videoshow/75153660.cms|access-date=16 October 2021|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''Bloodline''<br />
|Sippy Gill<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Latest Punjabi Song 'Bloodline' Sung By Sippy Gill Featuring Himanshi Khurana {{!}} Punjabi Video Songs - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/punjabi/latest-punjabi-song-bloodline-sung-by-sippy-gill-featuring-himanshi-khurana/videoshow/70292240.cms|access-date=16 October 2021|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="8" |2020<br />
|''Kalla Sohna Nai''<br />
|[[Neha Kakkar]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kalla Sohna Nai: Neha Kakkar ft. Himanshi Khurana and Asim Riaz’s latest song is a perfect love story - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/kalla-sohna-nai-neha-kakkar-ft-himanshi-khurana-and-asim-riazs-latest-song-is-a-perfect-love-story/articleshow/74731176.cms|access-date=16 October 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''O Jaanwaale''<br />
|[[Akhil Sachdeva]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhasin|first=Shriya|date=4 May 2020|title=Bigg Boss 13 fame Himanshi Khurana makes appearance in Akhil Sachdeva's new song 'O Jaanwaale.' See video|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/music/bigg-boss-13-fame-himanshi-khurana-makes-appearance-in-akhil-sachdeva-s-new-song-o-jaanwaale-see-video-614174|access-date=16 October 2021|website=www.indiatvnews.com|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''Tamasha''<br />
|Marshall Sehgal<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=हिमांशी खुराना के इस गाने के हैं खूब चर्चे, देखिए वीडियो|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/video/movie-masti/punjabi-songs/himanshi-khurana-marshall-sehgal-punjabi-song-tamasha-latest-punjabi-songs/videoshow/80613007.cms|access-date=16 October 2021|website=Navbharat Times|language=hi}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''Khyaal Rakhya Kar'' <br />
|Preetinder<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Punjabi Gana New Video Songs Geet 2020: Latest Punjabi Song 'Khyaal Rakhya Kar' Sung by Preetinder|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/punjabi/punjabi-gana-new-video-songs-geet-2020-latest-punjabi-song-khyaal-rakhya-kar-sung-by-preetinder/videoshow/76333715.cms|access-date=16 October 2021|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''Bazaar''<br />
|[[Afsana Khan]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Punjabi Gana New Video Songs Geet 2021: Latest Punjabi Song 'Bazaar' Sung by Afsana Khan Featuring Himanshi Khurana and Yuvraj Hans|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/punjabi/punjabi-gana-new-video-songs-geet-2021-latest-punjabi-song-bazaar-sung-by-afsana-khan-featuring-himanshi-khurana-and-yuvraj-hans/videoshow/86680560.cms|access-date=16 October 2021|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''Dil Ko Maine Di Kasam''<br />
| [[Arijit Singh]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 August 2020|title=Dil Ko Maine Di Kasam video out: Asim Riaz and Himanshi Khurana are outlaws in love|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/dil-ko-maine-di-kasam-video-out-asim-riaz-and-himanshi-khurana-are-outlaws-in-love/story-1Gn14bSv4gsl0WhF1e7C0K.html|access-date=16 October 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=आसिम-हिमांशी का लेटेस्ट वीडियो 'दिल को मैंने दी कसम' रिलीज, दिखी रोमांटिक केमिस्ट्री|url=https://www.aajtak.in/entertainment/story/asim-riaz-himanshi-khurana-music-video-arijit-singh-voice-dil-ko-maine-di-kasam-released-tmov-1110816-2020-08-10|access-date=16 October 2021|website=आज तक|language=hi}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''Afsos Karoge''<br />
|[[Stebin Ben]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 September 2020|title=Asim-Himanshi’s music video Afsos Karoge is all about love and heartbreak|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/afsos-karoge-asim-himanshis-music-video-is-all-about-love-and-heartbreak-6581266/|access-date=16 October 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''Allah Khair Kare''<br />
|Saajz<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=हिमांशी खुराना के नए पंजाबी सॉन्ग का यूट्यूब पर धमाल, रिलीज होते ही Video वायरल|url=https://ndtv.in/punjabi-movies/himanshi-khurana-new-punjabi-song-allah-khair-kare-video-trending-on-youtube-2297491|access-date=16 October 2021|website=NDTVIndia}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" |2021<br />
|''Palazzo 2''<br />
|[[Kulwinder Billa]] and Shivjot<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kulwinder Billa, Shivjot and Himanshi Khurana team up for ‘Palazzo 2’ - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/kulwinder-billa-shivjot-and-himanshi-khurana-team-up-for-palazzo-2/articleshow/81513376.cms|access-date=16 October 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''Zyada Vadia''<br />
|Nishawn Bhullar<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Singer Nishawn Bhullar has come up with a soft romantic number, Zyada Vadia|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/singer-nishawn-bhullar-has-come-up-with-a-soft-romantic-number-zyada-vadia-285694|url-status=live|access-date=9 November 2021|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''Sky High''<br />
|Asim Riaz<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Yadav|first=Prerna|date=13 July 2021|title=Asim Riaz's new song Sky high rules the internet, fans can't get over Himanshi Khurana's special appearance|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/music/asim-riaz-s-new-song-sky-high-rules-the-internet-fans-can-t-get-over-himanshi-khurana-s-special-appearance-719028|access-date=16 October 2021|website=www.indiatvnews.com|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''Farq Nahi Padta''<br />
|[[Stebin Ben]]<br />
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Farq Nahi Padta - Stebin Ben - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn|date=11 November 2021|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/farq-nahi-padta/3abxi87G7JE_|language=en-US|access-date=15 November 2021}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" |2022<br />
|''Propose''<br />
|Ajam Khan<br />
|<ref>{{Citation|title=PROPOSE song by Ajam Khan featuring Himanshi Khurana and Inder Chahal|url=https://gaana.com/song/propose-110|language=en|access-date=6 February 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''Aakad''<br />
|Simar Sethi<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=हिमांशी खुराना, रोहन मेहरा ने रूस में अकड गाने की शूटिंग की|url=https://www.bhaskarhindi.com//entertainment/news/himanshi-khurana-rohan-mehra-shoot-for-akad-song-in-russia-335664|access-date=8 February 2022|website=Dainik Bhaskar|language=hindi}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''Challa''<br />
|Dilraj Grewal<br />
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Challa - Dilraj Grewal & Himanshi Khurana |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QfMln-tnRKI |publisher=[[Yash Raj Films|YRF]] |language= |access-date=27 March 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''Gawara Nahi''<br />
|[[Ankit Tiwari]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gawara Nahi sung by Ankit Tiwari featuring Asim Riaz and Himanshi Khurana |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/watch-latest-hindi-video-song-gawara-nahi-sung-by-ankit-tiwari-featuring-asim-riaz-and-himanshi-khurana/videoshow/92596602.cms |access-date=2022-07-02 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Discography ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Title<br />
!Ref.<br />
|-<br />
|2018<br />
|''High Standard''<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=हिमांशी खुराना का 'हाई स्टैंडर्ड' है यूट्यूब का सुपर हिट सॉन्ग|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/video/movie-masti/punjabi-songs/watch-punjabi-song-high-standard-by-himanshi-khurana/videoshow/74226632.cms|access-date=16 October 2021|website=Navbharat Times|language=hi}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2019<br />
|''Agg''<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Latest Punjabi Song Agg Sung By Himanshi Khurana {{!}} Punjabi Video Songs - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/punjabi/latest-punjabi-song-agg-sung-by-himanshi-khurana/videoshow/67700317.cms|access-date=24 October 2021|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''I Like It''<br />
|<ref>{{Citation|title=I like It - Himanshi Khurana - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn|date=14 January 2019|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/i-like-it/GdLzRLUkFwI_|language=en-US|access-date=16 October 2021}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |2020<br />
|''Ohdi Shreaam''<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=आते ही छाया हिमांशी खुरानी का पंजाबी गाना 'औह्दी सरेआम'|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/video/movie-masti/punjabi-songs/watch-hd-punjabi-video-song-ohdi-shreaam-sung-by-himashi-khurana/videoshow/73415302.cms|access-date=16 October 2021|website=Navbharat Times|language=hi}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''Suit Dwaade''<br />
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Listen to Suit Dwaade Song by Himanshi Khurana on Gaana.com|url=https://gaana.com/song/suit-dwaade|language=en|access-date=16 October 2021}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''Distance''<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 July 2020|title=Himanshi Khurana’s Distance: A visually appealing music video|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/himanshi-khurana-distance-music-video-punjabi-song-6514497/|access-date=16 October 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2021<br />
|''Surma Bole''<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 February 2021|title=Surma Bole: Himanshi Khurana channels Arab princess vibes in latest song|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/fashion/surma-bole-himanshi-khurana-channels-arab-princess-vibes-in-latest-song-101613831106122.html|access-date=9 November 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''Gallan Bholiyan''<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 October 2021|title=Gallan Bholiyan song featuring Azim Riaz and Himanshi Khurana is out now|url=https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/gallan-bholiyan-song-out-azim-riaz-and-himanshi-khuranas-cute-romance-will-melt-your-heart|url-status=live|access-date=|website=ZEE5|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2022<br />
|''Pinjra''<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srivastava |first=Arushi |date=7 May 2022 |title=Himanshi Khurana shares her new song Pinjra is ‘special as she rendered it with her favourite Asim Riaz&#039; |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/himanshi-khurana-shares-her-new-song-pinjra-special-she-rendered-it-her-favourite-asim-riaz-1084397 |access-date=27 June 2022 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
* {{IMDb name|5258859|Himanshi Khurana}}<br />
* {{Twitter|realhimanshi}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Khurana, Himanshi}}<br />
[[Category:1991 births]]<br />
[[Category:Indian female models]]<br />
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Punjabi cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses from Ludhiana]]<br />
[[Category:Female models from Punjab, India]]<br />
[[Category:Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) contestants]]</div>UpdateBothttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Energy,_New_and_Renewable_Energy_Maharashtra&diff=330705Ministry of Energy, New and Renewable Energy Maharashtra2022-07-02T04:12:32Z<p>UpdateBot: robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)</p>
<hr />
<div>{{No footnotes|date=June 2022}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date= June 2021}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox government agency<br />
| agency_name = Ministry of Energy, New and Renewable Energy Maharashtra<br />
<br /> [[Government of Maharashtra]]<br />
| nativename = '''मंत्रालय ऊर्जा, नवीन और नवीकरणीय ऊर्जा <br />महाराष्ट्र शासन'''<br />
| nativename_a = <br />
| nativename_r = <br />
| type = <br />
| seal = Seal of Maharashtra.png<br />
| seal_width = 200<br />
| seal_caption = [[Emblem of Maharashtra|Seal of the state of Maharashtra]]<br />
| logo = <br />
| logo_width = <br />
| logo_caption = <br />
| picture = Mantralay of Mumbai, Administrative Headquarters 03.jpg<br />
| picture_width = <br />
| picture_caption = Building of Administrative Headquarters of Mumbai<br />
| formed = {{Start date and age|1960}}<br />
| preceding1 = Department of Energy<br />
| preceding2 = <!-- (etc.) --><br />
| dissolved = <br />
| jurisdiction = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]]<br />
| headquarters = [[Mantralaya, Mumbai]]<br />
| coordinates = <br />
| motto = <br />
| employees = <br />
| budget = State budget of Government of Maharashtra<br />
| minister1_name = '''[[Nitin Raut]]'''<br />
| minister1_pfo = <br /> [[Government of Maharashtra|Cabinet Minister]]<br />
| deputyminister2_name = '''[[Prajakt Tanpure]]'''<br />
| deputyminister2_pfo = [[Government of Maharashtra|Minister of State]] <!-- (etc.) --><br />
| chief1_name = '''Mr. Asim Gupta (IAS)'''<br />
| chief1_position = <br /> Principal Secretary<br />
| chief2_name = '''Mr. U.D. Walunj'''<br />
| chief2_position = <br /> Joint Secretary<br />
| chief3_name = '''Mr. P.P. Badgeri'''<br />
| chief3_position = <br />Deputy Secretary<br />
| chief4_name = <br />
| chief4_position = <br />
| chief5_name = <br />
| chief5_position = <br />
| chief6_name = <br />
| chief6_position = <br />
| chief7_name = <br />
| chief7_position = <br />
| chief8_name = <br />
| chief8_position = <br />
| chief9_name = <br />
| chief9_position = <br />
| parent_department = <br />
| parent_agency = <br />
| child1_agency = <br />
| child2_agency = <!-- (etc.) --><br />
| keydocument1 = <!-- (etc.) --><br />
| website = http://www.mahaurja.com/<br />
| map = <br />
| map_width = <br />
| map_caption = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
| agency_type = <br />
}}<br />
{{Renewable energy}}<br />
'''Ministry of Energy, New and Renewable Energy Maharashtra''' or '''MAHAURJA''' is a ministry of [[Government of Maharashtra]]. The Ministry is currently headed by '''[[Nitin Raut]]''', a [[Government of Maharashtra|Cabinet Minister]].<br />
<br />
The Ministry is mainly responsible for [[research and development]], [[intellectual property]] protection, and international cooperation, promotion, and coordination in [[renewable energy]] sources such as [[wind power]], [[small hydro]], [[biogas]], and [[Solar energy|solar power]]. The broad aim of the Ministry is to develop and deploy new and renewable energy for supplementing the energy requirements of India.<br />
<br />
The Ministry is headquartered in [[Mantralaya, Mumbai]], [[Mumbai]]. According to the Central New and Renewable Energy Ministry's 2012–2013 annual report, India has made significant advances in several renewable energy sectors which include, [[Solar energy]], [[Wind power]], and [[Hydroelectricity]].<br />
<br />
==Head office==<br />
{{Infobox political post<br />
| border = parliamentary<br />
| minister = not_prime<br />
| insignia = Seal of Maharashtra (1).svg<br />
| insigniasize = 150px<br />
| insigniacaption = [[Emblem of India]]<br />
| department = '''Ministry of Energy New and Renewable Energy (Maharashtra)'''<br />
| style = [[The Honourable]]<br />
| post = {{big|Minister of Energy New and Renewable Energy}}<br>'''मंत्री ऊर्जा नवीन और नवीकरणीय ऊर्जा विभाग'''<br />
|image=File:Nitin Raut.jpeg<br />
| incumbent = [[Nitin Raut]] <br />
| incumbent_since = 30 December 2019<br />
| member_of = State Cabinet<br />
| reports_to = '''[[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]''',<br><br />
'''[[Maharashtra Legislature]]'''<br />
| seat = [[Mantralaya, Mumbai]]<br />
| appointer = '''[[Governor of Maharashtra|Governor]]''' on the advice of the <br>'''[[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]'''<br />
| termlength = 5 years<br />
| inaugural = <br />
*'''[[Shankarrao Chavan]]'''<br />
<small>(1960-1962)</small><br />
| precursor = <br />
* '''[[Chandrashekhar Bawankule]]'''<br />
<small>(2014- 2019)</small><br />
| deputy = <br />
*'''[[Prajakt Tanpure]]'''<br />
| formation = 1 May 1960<br />
| body = <br />
| flag = Flag of India.svg<br />
| flagsize = 110px<br />
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]<br />
| flagborder = yes<br />
| website = <br />
| abbreviation = Cabinet Minister<br />
| incumbentsince = 30 December 2019<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==List of Cabinet Ministers==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!No<br />
!Name<br />
! colspan="2" |Party<br />
!Term_of_office<br />
!Ministry<br />
! colspan="2" |Chief minister<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|rowspan="2" |'''[[Shankarrao Chavan]]''' <br />
| rowspan="10" width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
| rowspan="10" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|1 May 1960 - 8 March 1962<br />
| -<br />
| rowspan="9" width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"| <br />
|[[File:Yashwantrao Chavan 2010 stamp of India.jpg|80px]]'''[[Yashwantrao Balwantrao Chavan]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
| 8 March 1962 - 19 November 1962<br />
|[[Second Yashwantrao Chavan ministry (Maharashtra)]]<br />
|[[File:Yashwantrao Chavan 2010 stamp of India.jpg|80px]]'''[[Yashwantrao Balwantrao Chavan]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
| '''[[Balasaheb Desai]]'''<br />
|20 November 1962 - 24 November 1963<br />
| - <br />
|'''[[Marotrao Kannamwar]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
| '''[[S. K. Wankhede]]'''<br />
|25 November 1963 - 4 December 1963<br />
| -<br />
|'''[[P. K. Sawant]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
| '''M. D. Choudhary''' <br />
|5 December 1963 - 1 March 1967<br />
| - <br />
|'''[[Vasantrao Naik]]''' <br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
| '''[[A. R. Antulay]]'''<br />
|1 March 1967 - 13 March 1972<br />
| -<br />
|'''[[Vasantrao Naik]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|7<br />
| '''[[Vasantdada Patil]]''' <br />
|13 March 1972 - 20 February 1975<br />
|[[Third Vasantrao Naik ministry]]<br />
|'''[[Vasantrao Naik]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|8<br />
| '''[[Shankarrao Chavan]]''' <br />{{small|[[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]}}<br />
|21 February 1975 - 16 April 1977<br />
|[[First Shankarrao Chavan ministry]]<br />
|[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India.jpg|80px]]'''[[Shankarrao Chavan]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|9<br />
|'''N. M. Tidke''' <br />
|17 April 1977 - 6 March 1978<br />
| [[First Vasantdada Patil ministry]]<br />
| [[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|80px]]'''[[Vasantdada Patil]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|10<br />
| '''[[Jawaharlal Darda]]''' <br />
|7 March 1978 - 18 July 1978<br />
|[[Second Vasantdada Patil ministry]]<br />
| width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (U)}}"| <br />
|[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|80px]]'''[[Vasantdada Patil]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|11 <br />
| '''Chhedilal Gupta''' <br />
| width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party}}" |<br />
| [[Janata Party|JP]]<br />
| 18 July 1978 - 18 February 1980<br />
|[[First Pawar ministry]]<br />
| width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (Socialist)}}" |<br />
|[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|80px]]'''[[Sharad Pawar]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|12<br />
|'''[[Jayant Shridhar Tilak]]'''<br />
| rowspan="11" width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
| rowspan="11" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|9 June 1980 - 12 January 1982<br />
|[[Antulay ministry]]<br />
| rowspan="11" width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
|'''[[A. R. Antulay]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|13<br />
|'''S. M. I. Aseer'''<br />
|13 January 1982 - 1 February 1983<br />
|[[Bhosale ministry]]<br />
|'''[[Babasaheb Bhosale]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|14<br />
|'''Baliram Hiray'''<br />
|7 February 1983 - 5 March 1985<br />
|[[Third Vasantdada Patil ministry]]<br />
| [[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|80px]]'''[[Vasantdada Patil]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|15<br />
|'''[[V. Subramanian]]'''<br />
|12 March 1985 - 1 June 1985<br />
|[[Fourth Vasantdada Patil ministry]]<br />
| [[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|80px]]'''[[Vasantdada Patil]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|16<br />
|'''[[Jawaharlal Darda]]'''<br />
|4 June 1985 - 6 March 1986<br />
|[[Nilangekar ministry]]<br />
| '''[[Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar]]'''<br />
|- <br />
|17<br />
|'''[[V. Subramanian]]'''<br />
|12 March 1986 - 26 June 1988<br />
|[[Second Shankarrao Chavan ministry]]<br />
| [[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India.jpg|80px]]'''[[Shankarrao Chavan]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|18<br />
|'''[[Sudhakarrao Naik]]'''<br />
|26 June 1988 - 3 March 1990<br />
|[[Second Pawar ministry]]<br />
| [[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|80px]]'''[[Sharad Pawar]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|19<br />
|'''[[Padamsinh Bajirao Patil]]''' <br />
|4 March 1990 - 25 January 1991<br />
| rowspan="2"| [[Third Pawar ministry]]<br />
| rowspan="2"| [[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|80px]]'''[[Sharad Pawar]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|20<br />
| '''[[Datta Meghe]]'''<br />
| 25 January 1991 - 24 June 1991<br />
|-<br />
|21<br />
|'''[[Padamsinh Bajirao Patil]]'''<br />
|28 June 1991 - 22 February 1993<br />
|[[Sudhakarrao Naik ministry]]<br />
| '''[[Sudhakarrao Naik]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|22<br />
|'''[[Padamsinh Bajirao Patil]]''' <br />
|6 March 1993 - 14 March 1995<br />
|[[Fourth Pawar ministry]]<br />
| [[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|80px]]'''[[Sharad Pawar]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|23<br />
| '''[[Sureshdada Jain]]'''<br />
| rowspan="2"width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]<br />
|14 March 1995 - 31 January 1999<br />
|[[Manohar Joshi ministry]]<br />
| rowspan="2" width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |<br />
| '''[[Manohar Joshi]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|24<br />
|'''[[Sureshdada Jain]]''' <br />
|1 February 1999 - 17 October 1999<br />
|[[Narayan Rane ministry|Narayn Rane Ministry]]<br />
|[[File:Narayan Rane (cropped).jpg|80px]] '''[[Narayan Rane]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|25<br />
|'''[[Padamsinh Patil]]'''<br />
| width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |<br />
| [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|27 October 1999 - 16 January 2003<br />
|[[First Deshmukh ministry]]<br />
| rowspan="8" width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
|[[File:Vilasrao Deshmukh at Innovation Partnerships Event May 8, 2012.jpg|80px]] '''[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|26<br />
|'''[[Patangrao Kadam]]'''<br />
| width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|18 January 2003 - 19 October 2004<br />
|[[Sushilkumar Shinde ministry]]<br />
|[[File:Shri Sushilkumar Shinde, in New Delhi on August 06, 2009 (cropped).jpg|80px]] '''[[Sushilkumar Shinde]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|27<br />
|'''[[Dilip Walse-Patil]]'''<br />
| rowspan="4" width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |<br />
| rowspan="4" |[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|1 November 2004 - 4 December 2008<br />
|[[Second Deshmukh ministry]]<br />
|[[File:Vilasrao Deshmukh at Innovation Partnerships Event May 8, 2012.jpg|80px]] '''[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|28<br />
|'''[[Sunil Tatkare]]'''<br />
|8 December 2008 - 6 November 2009<br />
|[[First Ashok Chavan ministry]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Ashok Chavan 2010 - still 114915 crop.jpg|80px]] '''[[Ashok Chavan]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|29<br />
|'''[[Ajit Pawar]]'''<br />
|7 November 2009 - 10 November 2010<br />
|[[Second Ashok Chavan ministry]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|30<br />
|'''[[Ajit Pawar]]'''<br />{{small|[[Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Deputy Chief Minister]]}}<br />
|11 November 2010 - 25 September 2012<br />
|rowspan="3" |[[Prithviraj Chavan ministry]]<br />
|rowspan="3"|[[File:Prithviraj Chavan - India Economic Summit 2011.jpg|80px]] '''[[Prithviraj Chavan]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|31<br />
|'''[[Prithviraj Chavan]]''' <br />{{small|[[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]}}<br />
| width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|25 September 2012 - 7 December 2012<br />
|-<br />
|32<br />
|'''[[Ajit Pawar]]'''<br />{{small|[[Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Deputy Chief Minister]]}}<br />
| width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|7 December 2012 - 26 September 2014<br />
|-<br />
|33<br />
|'''[[Chandrashekhar Bawankule]]''' <br />
| width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|31 October 2014 – 8 November 2019<br />
|[[First Fadnavis ministry|Devendra Fadanvis Ministry]]<br />
|width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
|[[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|80px]] '''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|34<br />
|'''[[Balasaheb Thorat]]'''<br />''(Acting)''<br />
| rowspan="2" width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|28 November 2019 - 30 December 2019<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Uddhav Thackeray ministry|Uddhav Thackrey Ministry]]<br />
| rowspan="2" width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|80px]] '''[[Uddhav Thackeray]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|35<br />
|'''[[Nitin Raut]]'''<br />
|30 December 2019 - 29 June 2022<br />
|-<br />
|36<br />
|'''NA'''<br />
|width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
| <br />
*[[Shiv Sena|SHS]] Eknath group <br />
*[[Bhartiya Janata Party|BJP]] <br />
| '''NA'''<br />
|[[Eknath Shinde ministry|Eknath Shinde Ministry]]<br />
|width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
| [[File:Eknath Sambhaji Shinde.jpg|80px]] '''[[Eknath Shinde]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== List of Ministers of State ==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!No<br />
!Name<br />
! colspan="2" |Party<br />
!Term of office<br />
!Ministry<br />
! colspan="2" |Alliance<br />
! colspan="2" |Chief minister<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|'''[[Prajakt_Tanpure]]''' <br />
| width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |<br />
| [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|30 December 2019 - 29 June 2022<br />
| rowspan="1" |[[Uddhav Thackeray ministry|Uddhav Thackrey Ministry]]<br />
| width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
| <br />
* '''[[United Progressive Alliance]]'''<br />
* '''[[Maha Vikas Aghadi]]'''<br />
* '''[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]'''+'''[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]'''+'''[[Indian National Congress|INC]]'''<br />
| width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |<br />
| [[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|80px]] '''[[Uddhav Thackeray]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|'''NA'''<br />
|width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
| <br />
*[[Shiv Sena|SHS]] Eknath group <br />
*[[Bhartiya Janata Party|BJP]] <br />
| '''NA'''<br />
|[[Eknath Shinde ministry|Eknath Shinde Ministry]]<br />
|width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
|<br />
* '''[[National Democratic Alliance]]'''<br />
* '''[[National Democratic Alliance|Mahayuti]]'''<br />
*'''[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]'''<br />
*'''[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]''' Eknath group <br />
| width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
| [[File:Eknath Sambhaji Shinde.jpg|80px]] '''[[Eknath Shinde]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Mission==<br />
The mission of the Ministry is to bring in [[Energy Security]]; Increase the share of clean power; increase Energy Availability and Access; improve Energy Affordability; and maximise Energy Equity.<br />
<br />
==Key functional area==<br />
<br />
The major functional area or Allocation of Business of MNRE are:<br />
<br />
* Commission for Additional Sources of Energy (CASE);<br />
* Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency (IREDA);<br />
* Integrated Rural Energy Programme (IREP);<br />
* Research and development of Biogas and programmes relating to [[Biogas]] units;<br />
* [[Solar Energy]] including Solar Photovoltaic devices and their development, production and applications;<br />
* Programme relating to improved chulhas and research and development thereof;<br />
* All matters relating to small/mini/micro hydel projects of and below 25 MW capacities;<br />
* Research and development of other non-conventional/renewable sources of energy and programmes relating thereto;<br />
* [[Tidal energy]];<br />
* [[Geothermal Energy]];<br />
* [[Biofuel]]: (i) National Policy; (ii) research, development and demonstration on transport, stationary and other applications; (iii) setting up of a National Bio-fuels Development Board and strengthening the existing institutional mechanism; and (iv) overall coordination.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Energy policy of India]]<br />
* [[National hydrogen energy road map]]<br />
* [[Renewable energy in India]]<br />
* [[Wind power in India]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{cite web|url=http://www.mahaurja.com/|title=Maharashtra Energy Development Agency|publisher=mahaurja.com|access-date=2015-10-05}}<br />
*[http://mnre.gov.in/ Official website]<br />
*[http://ahec.org.in Alternate Hydro Energy Centre]<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150913235943/http://www.cwet.tn.nic.in/ Centre for Wind Energy Technology]<br />
*[http://dst.gov.in/ Department of Science and Technology, India]<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150925204813/http://www.ireda.gov.in/ Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency]<br />
<br />
{{State Agencies of Maharashtra}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Government agencies for energy (India)]]<br />
[[Category:Renewable energy in India]]<br />
[[Category:Subnational energy ministries|Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Government ministries of Maharashtra]]</div>UpdateBothttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chilkur_mandal&diff=332931Chilkur mandal2022-07-02T04:06:34Z<p>UpdateBot: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Chilkur mandal<br />
| native_name = చిలుకూరు మండలం<br />
| native_name_lang = te<br />
| other_name =<br />
| nickname =<br />
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt =<br />
| image_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Telangana<br />
| pushpin_label_position =<br />
| pushpin_map_alt =<br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|16|57|40|N|79|54|45|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = [[India]]<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Suryapet district|Suryapet]]<br />
| seat_type = Headquarters<br />
| seat = [[Chilkur, Suryapet district|Chilkur]]<br />
| parts_type = [[Administrative divisions of India|Major villages]]<br />
| parts_style = <br />
| parts = <br />
| leader_title = [[Tehsildar]]<br />
| leader_name = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank =<br />
| area_total_km2 =<br />
| elevation_footnotes =<br />
| elevation_m =<br />
| population_total = 37,770<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank =<br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym =<br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code =508206 <br />
| MPDO = V.V.Appa Rao<br />
| registration_plate = TS 29<br />
<br />
| website =<br />
| footnotes =<br />
}}<br />
{{More citations needed|date=June 2022}}<br />
'''Chilkur mandal''' is one of the 23 [[mandal]]s in [[Suryapet district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Telangana]].<ref name="district">{{cite web|title=Suryapet district|url=http://newdistrictsformation.telangana.gov.in/uploads/gos-circulars/1476130644554246.Suryapet.pdf|website=New Districts Formation Portal|accessdate=11 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011225153/http://newdistrictsformation.telangana.gov.in/uploads/gos-circulars/1476130644554246.Suryapet.pdf|archive-date=11 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is under the administration of [[Kodad revenue division]] with its headquarters at [[Chilkur, Suryapet district|Chilkur]]. The mandal is bounded by [[Kodad mandal]] to the east, [[Huzurnagar mandal]] to the south, [[Munagala mandal]] to the north.<br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
Chilkur mandal has a population of 37,770 living in 8,970 houses. Males are 19,126 and females are 18,644. Seetharampuram is the smallest village, and Chilkur is the biggest village in the mandal.<br />
Being a very small village in Chilkur mandal, Seetharampuram produced successful leaders like Ganna Appaiah garu and had 92% literacy. And also won "Aadarsha Gramam" award in 2010. Chilkur MPDO V.V. Appa Rao<br />
<br />
==Villages ==<br />
{{As of|2011}} [[census of India]], the mandal has 4 settlements.<ref>[http://www.census2011.co.in/data/subdistrict/4667-chilkur-nalgonda-andhra-pradesh.html Chilkur]</ref><br />
The settlements in the mandal are listed below:<br />
{{Columns-list|style=width:450px;|<br />
# [[Chilkur, Suryapet district|Chilkur]] (CT) †<br />
# Bethavole<br />
# Kondapuram<br />
# Paleannaram<br />
# Seetharamapuram<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
;Notes<br />
:(†) Mandal headquarter<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Suryapet district}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Mandals in Suryapet district]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Telangana-geo-stub}}</div>UpdateBothttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veera_(actor)&diff=317038Veera (actor)2022-07-02T04:05:10Z<p>UpdateBot: robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian actor}}<br />
{{About||the 2011 film|Veera Bahu (film)}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Veera<br />
| image = <br />
| image_size =<br />
| caption = Veera<br />
| birth_date = 26 July 1983<br />
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu, India<br />
| years active = 2008 – present<br />
| other_names = Veerabahu<br />
| parents =<br />
| occupation = Actor<br />
| website =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Veera''' (born as '''Veerabahu''') is an Indian actor who has appeared in Tamil language films. Closely associated with director [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]],<ref name="Trisha and the boys! - Sify.com">[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927224227/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14501429 Trisha and the boys! - Sify.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Veera has worked previously as Gautham Menon's assistant in the film ''[[Vaaranam Aayiram]]'',<ref name="Trisha and the boys! - Sify.com" /> before making his debut in the director's experimental thriller ''[[Nadunisi Naaygal]]'' (2011).<br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Veera joined Gautham Menon's directorial team in 2006 and worked with him during the production of ''[[Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu]]'' (2006) and ''[[Pachaikili Muthucharam]]'' (2007), before being announced as one of the four new male leads in a film titled ''Chennaiyil Oru Mazhaikaalam'' to be directed by Menon. The film, set in the backdrop of Chennai's booming IT industry, began its shoot in mid 2007 with [[Trisha Krishnan]] leading an ensemble cast but was later delayed and then eventually shelved.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/chennai-set-for-the-rains/article2292725.ece Chennai set for the rains! - The Hindu<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Veera then continued his work with Menon as an assistant director, and featured in a small role of an army commando in the [[Suriya]]-starrer ''[[Vaaranam Aayiram]]'' (2008). Veera made his debut as a lead actor with Menon's psychological thriller ''[[Nadunisi Naaygal]]'', in which he played a psychopath murderer. He revealed in order to prepare for the role he trained with a Chennai-based psychiatrist, Rangarajan, and learnt typical mannerisms and behavioural patterns shown by psychopaths.<ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-not-without-gautham-says-tamil-actor-veera-1505904 Not without Gautham, says Tamil actor Veera | Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The film, which had been long in production, opened to mixed reviews in February 2011 from critics and did not perform well commercially. However Veera won rave reviews for his portrayal, with a critic from [[Sify]].com noting "for a first timer, Veera as the psychopath with split personality makes a lasting impression in a well-written role" and that "he is riveting and holds the film together with his performance".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131008221704/http://www.sify.com/movies/nadunisi-naaygal-review-tamil-14963242.html Movie Review : Nadunisi Naaygal<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Similarly another reviewer from [[Times of India]] stated "Veera has tremendous screen presence and fulfils the faith reposed in him by the director", and his performance saw him garner a nomination for at the [[Vijay Awards]] in 2011 for [[Vijay Award for Best Debut Actor|Best Debut Actor]].<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Nadunisi-Naaygal/movie-review/7527209.cms Nadunisi Naaygal movie review: Wallpaper, Story, Trailer at Times of India<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><br />
<br />
After the release of the film, Veera was signed by director [[Ram (director)|Ram]] for a film ''Adangaamai'', but the venture was eventually shelved after pre-production.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/veeras-next-is-with-ram/article3382026.ece Veera's next is with Ram - The Hindu<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> In 2015, he starred in an action thriller titled ''[[Rajathandhiram]]'' which featured him alongside [[Regina Cassandra]].<br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
*''All films are in Tamil, unless otherwise noted.''<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#f5f5f5;"<br />
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"<br />
! Year !! Film !! Role !! class=unsortable| Notes<br />
|-<br />
| 2007 || ''[[Pachaikili Muthucharam]]'' || Bus Passenger || Uncredited role<br />
|-<br />
| 2008 || ''[[Vaaranam Aayiram]]'' || Commando || <br />
|-<br />
| 2011 || ''[[Nadunisi Naaygal]]'' || Veera/Samar || Nominated, [[Vijay Award for Best Debut Actor]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2015 || ''[[Rajathanthiram]]'' || Arjun Parthiban || <br />
|-<br />
| 2020 || ''[[Arasiyalla Idhellam Saadharnamappa]]'' || || Filming <br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb name|id=3835651}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bahu, Veera}}<br />
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil male actors]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors from Chennai]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]<br />
[[Category:1983 births]]</div>UpdateBothttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thamarai&diff=320728Thamarai2022-07-02T04:04:41Z<p>UpdateBot: robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian writer}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| honorific_prefix = Tamil Lyricist<br />
| name = Thamarai<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| image_size = <br />
| birth_place = [[Coimbatore]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1965|11|10}}<br />
| occupation = Lyricist, poet, journalist<br />
| years_active = 1997–present<br />
| alma_mater = Government College of Technology Coimbatore<br />
| spouse = [[Thozhar Thiyagu]]<br />
| children = 1<br />
| awards = {{ubl|Filmfare Awards South |Tamil Nadu State Film Awards|Vijay Awards | Filmfare Award|ITFA Best Lyricist Award|Meera Isaiaruvi Tamil Music Award| Anandha Vikatan awards| Zee Cine Awards| TSIIMA Award}}<br />
| nationality = Indian<br />
| signature = <br />
}}<br />
'''Thamarai''' (born 10 November 1965) is a noted Tamil lyricist, poet and journalist. She is a prominent figure in the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] literary world.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kollywood Lyricist Thamarai Biography, News, Photos, Videos|url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/tamil/lyricist/thamarai|access-date=2020-12-14|website=nettv4u|language=en}}</ref> She made her debut in the Tamil film industry through the 1998 film [[Iniyavale]], which was directed by [[Senthamizhan Seeman|Seeman]] and music composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]].<br />
<br />
==Life and career==<br />
Thamarai was born in [[Coimbatore]], [[Tamil Nadu]] on 10 November 1975. She graduated from Government College of Technology, Coimbatore, in production engineering and worked for six years in [[Coimbatore]]. With her passion for poetry, she decided to move to [[Chennai]], where she worked as a [[freelance journalist]] in an organization named Bhagya and wrote essays, stories and poems.<ref name=protests>{{cite web|url=http://www.marunadanmalayali.com/cinema/stardust/famous-lyricist-protests-for-missing-husband-14659|title=ഭർത്താവിന്റെ പാർട്ടി ഓഫീസിന് മുന്നിൽ നിരാഹാര സമരവുമായി തമിഴ് ഗാനരചയിതാവ് താമരൈ; വീട്ട...}}</ref> Through her literary works, she became popular and got noticed. Director [[Seeman (director)|Seeman]] assigned her as lyricist for the song "Thendral Enthan" for his Tamil film [[Iniyavale]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fetna.org/index.php?view=details&id=15%3AKavignar+Thaamarai&option=com_eventlist|title=Kavignar Thaamarai|publisher=fetna.org|access-date=7 April 2009}}</ref> Subsequently, she wrote lyrics for films such as ''[[Unnidathil Ennai Koduthen]]'' ("Malligai Poove") and ''[[Thenali]]'' ("Injirango Injirango"). Her work together with music director [[Harris Jayaraj]] in ''[[Minnale]]'' marked the turning point in her cine industry career, primarily noted for her song "Vaseegara" in the movie.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}<br />
<br />
After ''Minnale'', the trio, composed of director [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]] and music director [[Harris Jayaraj]], teamed up several times again (''[[Kaakha Kaakha]]'', ''[[Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu]]'', ''[[Pachaikili Muthucharam]]'' and ''[[Vaaranam Aayiram]]'') and were a very successful collaboration in the film field, until the break-up between Menon and Jayaraj happened. Since then, she is teaming up with [[A. R. Rahman]], who replaced Jayaraj. [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]], [[Harris Jayaraj]] and Thamarai trio teamed up again in July 2014 for [[Ajith Kumar]] starrer ''[[Yennai Arindhaal...]]'' The film's album was released on 1 January 2015, and it was well received by critics.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/yennai-arindhaal/yennai-arindhaal-songs-review.html|title = Behindwoods - Yennai Arindhaal Music Review}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.sify.com/movies/yennai-arindhaal-audio-review-news-tamil-pbbnhRdjifdfe.html|title = 'Yennai Arindhaal' audio review | publisher=Sify | first=Siddharth | last=K | date=1 January 2015 | accessdate=13 June 2022}}</ref> She wrote" Neeraambal Poovae" from the movie [[Nannbenda]], where she again works for [[Harris Jayaraj]]. The song is sung by [[Arjun Menon]].{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}<br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
Thamarai is married to [[Thozhar Thiyagu]]. They have a son. Thamarai is a [[vegan]] and an advocate of [[animal rights]] and [[veganism]].<ref>{{cite journal<br />
| last =<br />
| first =<br />
| author-link =<br />
| title = Nanmai Payakkum Nanisaivam [Veganism results in good]<br />
| journal = Kumudam Reporter <br />
| volume = 18<br />
| issue = 67<br />
| pages = 16–17<br />
| publisher = Kumudam Publications<br />
| location = Chennai<br />
| date = 23 November 2018<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
| url =<br />
| access-date = }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
{{Main|Thamarai filmography}}<br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
; [[Filmfare Awards South]]<br />
* [[Filmfare Best Lyricist Award (Tamil)|Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist]] – [[Vaaranam Aayiram]] (2008)<br />
* [[Filmfare Best Lyricist Award (Tamil)|Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist]] – [[Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa]] (2010)<br />
* [[Filmfare Best Lyricist Award (Tamil)|Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist]] – [[Achcham Yenbadhu Madamaiyada]] (2016)<br />
<br />
; [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]<br />
* [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Lyricist]]- [[Thenali]] (2000)<br />
*[[Tamil Nadu State Film Honorary Award]] - Paavender Bharathidasan Award in 2006<br />
<br />
; [[Vijay Awards]]<br />
* [[Vijay Award for Best Lyricist]] – [[Vaaranam Aayiram]] (2008)<br />
* [[Vijay Award for Best Lyricist]] – [[Muppozhudhum Un Karpanaigal]] (2012)<br />
; Other awards and recognition<br />
* [[ITFA Best Lyricist Award]] – [[Kaaka Kaaka]] (2003)<br />
* Meera Isaiaruvi Tamil Music Award for Best Lyricist – [[Vaaranam Aayiram]] (2008)<br />
*Anandha Vikatan awards - Best lyricist for Thalli pogathey<br />
*[[Zee Cine Awards]] - Best Lyricist for Kaanana Kanney - [[Viswasam]] (2020)<br />
<br />
; Nominations<br />
* [[Filmfare Best Lyricist Award (Tamil)|Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist]] – [[Kaaka Kaaka]] (2003)<br />
* [[Filmfare Best Lyricist Award (Tamil)|Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist]] – [[Ghajini (2005 film)|Ghajini]] (2005)<br />
* [[Filmfare Best Lyricist Award (Tamil)|Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist]] – [[Subramaniapuram]] (2008)<br />
* [[Filmfare Best Lyricist Award (Tamil)|Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist]] – [[Pasanga]] (2009)<br />
* [[Vijay Award for Best Lyricist]] – [[Pasanga]] (2009)<br />
* [[Vijay Award for Best Lyricist]] – [[Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa]] (2010)<br />
* [[Filmfare Best Lyricist Award (Tamil)|Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist]] – [[7aum Arivu]] (2011)<br />
* [[Filmfare Best Lyricist Award (Tamil)|Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist]] – [[Yennai Arindhaal]] (2015)<br />
* [[SIIMA Best Lyricist Award (Tamil)|SIIMA for Best Lyricist]] – [[Achcham Yenbadhu Madamaiyada]] (2017)<br />
* [[SIIMA Best Lyricist Award (Tamil)|SIIMA for Best Lyricist]] – [[Viswasam]]<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of vegans]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090314054905/http://tamils.tamilpower.com/poems_thamarai.html Kavignar Thamarai's short Tamil poems]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080926180856/http://www.hummaa.com/music/artist/9356/Thamarai Thamarai's songs] at Hummaa.com<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100302094013/http://www.pixmonk.com/2009/11/07/thamarai-kavi-samurai/ Thamarai – Kavi Samurai ] at PixMonk.com<br />
<br />
{{FilmfareAwardBestTamilLyricist}}<br />
{{Animal rights}}<br />
{{Veganism}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Thamarai}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil film poets]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language lyricists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women poets]]<br />
[[Category:Indian lyricists]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian poets]]<br />
[[Category:People from Coimbatore]]<br />
[[Category:Poets from Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century women writers]]<br />
[[Category:1975 births]]<br />
[[Category:Veganism activists]]</div>UpdateBothttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military&diff=333553Military2022-07-02T04:00:29Z<p>UpdateBot: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Organization primarily tasked with preparing for and conducting war}}<br />
{{For|the film|Military (film){{!}}''Military'' (film)}}<br />
{{Redirect|Armed forces}}<br />
{{Use British English Oxford spelling|date=May 2020}}<br />
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date= March 2017}}<br />
{{Multiple issues|<br />
{{More citations needed|date= August 2008}}<br />
{{more footnotes|date= September 2013}}<br />
}}<br />
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[[File:141113-A-QS211-509 - Soldiers of the 1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division, and 2nd Cavalry Regiment participate in the closing ceremony for Iron Sword 2014.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|[[NATO]] military ceremony, [[Pabrade]], Lithuania in November 2014]] <br />
A '''military''', also known collectively as '''armed forces''', is a heavily armed, highly organized force primarily intended for [[warfare]]. It is typically authorized and maintained by a [[sovereign state]], with its members identifiable by their distinct [[military uniform]]. It may consist of one or more [[military branch]]es such as an [[army]], [[navy]], [[air force]], [[space force]], [[marines]], or [[coast guard]]. The main task of the military is usually defined as defence of the state and its interests against external armed threats.<br />
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In broad usage, the terms ''armed forces'' and ''military'' are often treated as synonymous, although in technical usage a distinction is sometimes made in which a country's armed forces may include both its military and other [[paramilitary]] forces. There are various forms of [[irregular military]] forces, not belonging to a recognized state; though they share many attributes with regular military forces, they are less often referred to as simply ''military''.<br />
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[[File:Countries by soldier count.svg|thumb|upright=1.6|Countries by number of active soldiers (2009)]]<br />
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A nation's military may function as a discrete social [[subculture]], with dedicated infrastructure such as military housing, schools, utilities, [[logistics]], hospitals, legal services, food production, finance, and banking services. Beyond warfare, the military may be employed in additional sanctioned and non-sanctioned functions within the state, including internal security threats, [[population control]], the promotion of a [[political agenda]], [[emergency service]]s and reconstruction, protecting [[corporate]] economic interests, social ceremonies and national honour guards.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jordan |first1=David |last2=Kiras |first2=James D. |last3=Lonsdale |first3=David J. |last4=Speller |first4=Ian |last5=Tuck |first5=Christopher |last6=Walton |first6=C. Dale |title=Understanding modern warfare |date=2016 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1107134195 |page=66 |edition=Second}}</ref><br />
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The profession of [[soldier]]ing as part of a military is older than [[recorded history]] itself.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/war/|title=War in Ancient Times|last=Mark|first=Joshua J.|date=2 September 2009|website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Some of the most enduring images of [[classical antiquity]] portray the power and feats of its military [[Leadership|leaders]]. The [[Battle of Kadesh]] in 1274 BC was one of the defining points of Pharaoh [[Ramesses II|Ramses II]]'s reign, and his monuments commemorate it in [[bas-relief]]. A thousand years later, the first [[Emperor of China|emperor of unified China]], [[Qin Shi Huang]], was so determined to impress the gods with his military might that he had himself buried with an army of [[Terracotta Army|terracotta soldiers]].<ref name="ReferenceA"><br />
[[:File:Terrakotta 2006 3.jpg|Terra cotta of massed ranks of Qin Shi Huang's terra cotta soldiers]]<br />
</ref><br />
The [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] paid considerable attention to military matters, leaving to posterity many [[treatise]]s and writings on the subject, as well as many lavishly carved [[triumphal arch]]es and [[victory column]]s.<br />
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{{War}}<br />
<br />
==Etymology and definitions==<br />
[[File:Рисунок № 2 к статье «Египетские войны». Военная энциклопедия Сытина (Санкт-Петербург, 1911-1915).jpg|thumb|right|Depiction of [[Military of ancient Egypt|ancient Egyptian military]] formation]]<br />
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The first recorded use of the word military in English, spelled {{lang|enm|militarie}}, was in 1582.<ref name="OED">{{cite OED|military|access-date = 25 March 2019}}</ref> It comes from the Latin ''militaris'' (from Latin ''miles'', meaning "soldier") through French, but is of uncertain etymology, one suggestion being derived from ''*mil-it-'' – going in a body or mass.<ref>{{OEtymD|military}}</ref><ref>Tucker, T.G. (1985) ''Etymological dictionary of Latin'', Ares publishers Inc., Chicago. p. 156</ref><br />
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As a noun, the military usually refers generally to a country's armed forces, or sometimes, more specifically, to the senior officers who command them.<ref name="OED"/><ref name="Webster">{{cite web|url=http://www.Merriam-Webster.com|title=Merriam Webster Dictionary online|website=Merriam-Webster.com|access-date=2011-08-01}}</ref> In general, it refers to the physicality of armed forces, their [[Military personnel|personnel]], [[Military technology|equipment]], and the physical area which they occupy.<br />
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As an adjective, military originally referred only to soldiers and soldiering, but it soon broadened to apply to land forces in general, and anything to do with their profession.<ref name = "OED"/> The names of both the [[Royal Military Academy, Woolwich|Royal Military Academy]] (1741) and [[United States Military Academy]] (1802) reflect this. However, at about the time of the [[Napoleonic Wars]], 'military' began to be used in reference to armed forces as a whole, such as '[[military service]]', '[[military intelligence]]', and '[[military history]]'. As such, it now connotes any activity performed by armed force personnel.<ref name="OED"/><br />
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==History==<br />
{{Main|Military history}}<br />
[[File:Riace bronzes - Statue A- Ancient Greek warrior.jpg|thumb|upright|An Ancient Greek warrior demonstrates the effectiveness of [[Power training#Historical examples of power-type training|contemporary physical training]] regimes. [[Riace Bronzes]], c.450 BC]]<br />
Military history is often considered to be the history of all conflicts, not just the history of the state militaries. It differs somewhat from the [[history of war]], with military history focusing on the people and institutions of war-making, while the history of war focuses on the evolution of war itself in the face of changing technology, governments, and geography.<br />
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Military history has a number of facets. One main facet is to learn from past accomplishments and mistakes, so as to more effectively wage war in the future. Another is to create a sense of [[military tradition]], which is used to create cohesive military forces. Still, another may be to learn to prevent wars more effectively. Human knowledge about the military is largely based on both recorded and [[oral history]] of military conflicts (war), their participating [[army|armies]] and [[navy|navies]] and, more recently, [[air force]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Morillo, Stephen |first1=F. Pavkovic, Michael |title=What is Military History? |date=2006 |publisher=Polity Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=0-7456-3390-0 |pages=2, 6–7 |edition=1}}</ref><br />
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==Organization==<br />
{{further|Military organization}}<br />
[[File:GCCMAP_2019.png|thumb|upright=1.35|An example of military command; a map of the United States' Unified Combatant Command's area of responsibility.]]<br />
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===Personnel and units===<br />
{{main|Military personnel}}<br />
{{See also|Military reserve|Military service}}<br />
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Despite the growing importance of [[military technology]], military activity depends above all on people. For example, in 2000 the British Army declared: "Man is still the first weapon of war."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/395358/2000-ADPvol5_Soldiering_the_Military_Covenant_Ver2.pdf|title=Soldiering: The military covenant|last=British Army|date=2000|access-date=2017-12-13}}</ref><br />
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==== Rank and role ====<br />
The military organization is characterized by a strict [[command hierarchy]] divided by [[military rank]], with ranks normally grouped (in descending order of authority) as [[Officer (armed forces)|officers]] (e.g. [[Colonel]]), [[non-commissioned officer]]s (e.g. [[Sergeant]]), and personnel at the lowest rank (e.g. [[Private (rank)|Private Soldier]]). While senior officers make strategic decisions, subordinated military personnel ([[soldier]]s, [[sailor]]s, [[marine (military)|marines]], or [[airmen]]) fulfil them. Although rank titles vary by [[military branch]] and country, the rank hierarchy is common to all state armed forces worldwide.<br />
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In addition to their rank, personnel occupy one of many trade roles, which are often grouped according to the nature of the role's military tasks on combat operations: [[combat]] roles (e.g. [[infantry]]), [[combat support]] roles (e.g. [[combat engineer]]s), and [[combat service support]] roles (e.g. logistical support).<br />
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In the past, the armed forces of some Communist states, such as the Soviet Union, China and Albania, have attempted to abolish military ranks, but they were later reintroduced due to operational difficulties relating to [[command and control]].<br />
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==== Recruitment ====<br />
{{Main|Military recruitment}}<br />
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Personnel may be [[Military recruitment|recruited]] or [[Conscription|conscripted]], depending on the system chosen by the state. Most military personnel are males; the minority proportion of female personnel varies internationally (approximately 3% in India,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/02/indias-military-to-allow-women-in-combat-roles/|title=India's Military to Allow Women in Combat Roles|last=Franz-Stefan Gady|work=The Diplomat|access-date=2017-12-12|language=en-US}}</ref> 10% in the UK,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/uk-armed-forces-biannual-diversity-statistics-2017|title=UK armed forces biannual diversity statistics: 2017|date=2017|website=www.gov.uk|language=en|access-date=2017-12-12}}</ref> 13% in Sweden,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forsvarsmakten.se/sv/om-myndigheten/vara-varderingar/jamstalldhet-och-jamlikhet/historik/|title=Historik|last=Försvarsmakten|website=Försvarsmakten|language=sv-SE|access-date=2017-12-12}}</ref> 16% in the US,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.usarec.army.mil/support/faqs.htm|title=Support Army Recruiting|last=US Army|date=2013|website=www.usarec.army.mil|access-date=2017-12-12|archive-date=9 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109101909/http://www.usarec.army.mil/support/faqs.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> and 27% in South Africa<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=16708:fact-file-sandf-regular-force-levels-by-race-a-gender-april-30-2011-&catid=79:fact-files&Itemid=159|title=Fact file: SANDF regular force levels by race & gender: April 30, 2011 {{!}} defenceWeb|last=Engelbrecht|first=Leon|website=www.defenceweb.co.za|date=29 June 2011|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-12-12}}</ref>). While two-thirds of states now recruit or conscript only adults, as of 2017 50 states still relied partly on children under the age of 18 (usually aged 16 or 17) to staff their armed forces.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.child-soldiers.org/where-are-there-child-soldiers|title=Where are child soldiers?|work=Child Soldiers International|access-date=2017-12-08|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201210707/https://www.child-soldiers.org/where-are-there-child-soldiers|archive-date=1 February 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
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Whereas recruits who join as [[Officer (armed forces)|officers]] tend to be [[Upwardly mobile|upwardly-mobile]],<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Segal, D R|display-authors=etal|date=1998|title=The all-volunteer force in the 1970s|jstor=42863796|journal=Social Science Quarterly|volume=72 |issue=2|pages=390–411}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bachman|first1=Jerald G.|last2=Segal|first2=David R.|last3=Freedman-Doan|first3=Peter|last4=O'Malley|first4=Patrick M.|title=Who chooses military service? Correlates of propensity and enlistment in the U.S. Armed Forces.|journal=Military Psychology|language=en|volume=12|issue=1|pages=1–30|doi=10.1207/s15327876mp1201_1|year=2000|s2cid=143845150}}</ref> most enlisted personnel have a childhood background of relative [[Socio-economic gap|socio-economic deprivation]].<ref name=":0">Brett, Rachel, and Irma Specht. Young Soldiers: Why They Choose to Fight. Boulder: [[Lynne Rienner Publishers]], 2004. {{ISBN|1-58826-261-8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicef.org/publications/index_49985.html|title=Machel Study 10-Year Strategic Review: Children and conflict in a changing world|website=UNICEF|access-date=2017-12-08|archive-date=9 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209100213/https://www.unicef.org/publications/index_49985.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Iversen|first1=Amy C.|last2=Fear|first2=Nicola T.|last3=Simonoff|first3=Emily|last4=Hull|first4=Lisa|last5=Horn|first5=Oded|last6=Greenberg|first6=Neil|last7=Hotopf|first7=Matthew|last8=Rona|first8=Roberto|last9=Wessely|first9=Simon|date=2007-12-01|title=Influence of childhood adversity on health among male UK military personnel|url=http://bjp.rcpsych.org/content/191/6/506|journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry|language=en|volume=191|issue=6|pages=506–511|doi=10.1192/bjp.bp.107.039818|issn=0007-1250|pmid=18055954|doi-access=free}}</ref>&nbsp;For example, after the US suspended conscription in 1973, "the military disproportionately attracted African American men, men from lower-status socioeconomic backgrounds, men who had been in nonacademic high school programs, and men whose high school grades tended to be low".<ref name=":4" /> However, a study released in 2020 on the socio-economic backgrounds of U.S. Armed Forces personnel suggests that they are at parity or slightly higher than the civilian population with respect to socio-economic indicators such as parental income, parental wealth and cognitive abilities. The study found that technological, tactical, operational and doctrinal changes have led to a change in the demand for personnel. Furthermore, the study suggests that the most disadvantaged socio-economic groups are less likely to meet the requirements of the modern U.S. military.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Asoni|first1=Andrea|last2=Gilli|first2=Andrea|last3=Gilli|first3=Mauro|last4=Sanandaji|first4=Tino|date=2020-01-30|title=A mercenary army of the poor? Technological change and the demographic composition of the post-9/11 U.S. military|journal=Journal of Strategic Studies|pages=1–47|doi=10.1080/01402390.2019.1692660|issn=0140-2390|doi-access=free}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== Obligations ====<br />
{{Main|Military recruitment}}<br />
<br />
The obligations of military employment are many. Full-time military employment normally requires a minimum period of service of several years; between two and six years is typical of armed forces in Australia, the UK and the US, for example, depending on role, branch, and rank.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://army.defencejobs.gov.au/jobs/artillery-air-defender?ci=0|title=Army – Artillery – Air Defender|website=army.defencejobs.gov.au|language=en|access-date=2017-12-09}}{{Dead link|date=April 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=":522">{{Cite journal|last1=Gee|first1=David|last2=Taylor|first2=Rachel|date=2016-11-01|title=Is it Counterproductive to Enlist Minors into the Army?|journal=The RUSI Journal|volume=161|issue=6|pages=36–48|doi=10.1080/03071847.2016.1265837|s2cid=157986637|issn=0307-1847}}</ref><ref name=":622">{{Cite news|url=http://military.findlaw.com/administrative-issues-benefits/what-is-a-military-enlistment-contract.html|title=What is a Military Enlistment Contract?|work=Findlaw|access-date=2017-12-09}}</ref> Some armed forces allow a short [[Military discharge|discharge]] window, normally during training, when recruits may leave the armed force as of right.<ref name=":72">{{Cite web|url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2007/3382/contents/made|title=The Army Terms of Service Regulations 2007|website=www.legislation.gov.uk|language=en|access-date=2017-12-09}}</ref> Alternatively, part-time military employment, known as [[Military reserve force|reserve service]], allows a recruit to maintain a civilian job while training under military discipline at weekends; he or she may be called out to [[Military operation|deploy on operations]] to supplement the full-time personnel complement. After leaving the armed forces, recruits may remain liable for compulsory return to full-time military employment in order to train or [[Military operation|deploy on operations]].<ref name=":72" /><ref name=":622" /><br />
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[[Military Law|Military law]] introduces offences not recognised by civilian courts, such as [[Desertion|absence without leave (AWOL)]], desertion, political acts, [[malingering]], behaving disrespectfully, and disobedience (see, for example, [[offences against military law in the United Kingdom]]).<ref name=":82">{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/440632/20150529-QR_Army_Amdt_31_Jul_2013.pdf|title=Queen's Regulations for the Army (1975, as amended)|last=UK, Ministry of Defence|date=2017|access-date=2017-12-09}}</ref> Penalties range from a summary [[reprimand]] to imprisonment for several years following a [[Court-martial|court martial]].<ref name=":82" /> Certain fundamental rights are also restricted or suspended, including the freedom of association (e.g. union organizing) and freedom of speech (speaking to the media).<ref name=":82" /> Military personnel in some countries have a right of [[Conscientious objector|conscientious objection]] if they believe an order is immoral or unlawful, or cannot in good conscience carry it out.<br />
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Personnel may be posted to bases in their home country or overseas, according to operational need, and may be deployed from those bases on [[Military exercise|exercises]] or [[Military operation|operations]] anywhere in the world. During peacetime, when military personnel are generally stationed in [[garrison]]s or other permanent military facilities, they mostly conduct administrative tasks, [[military training|training]] and [[military education|education]] activities, [[Maintenance, repair and operations|technology maintenance]], [[military recruitment|and recruitment]].<br />
<br />
==== Training ====<br />
[[File:USRAK soldiers attend Finnish army's cold weather training 150110-A-WX507-585.jpg|thumb|upright|Finnish and American soldiers train together in arctic conditions in [[Lapland, Finland]], as part of Cold Weather Basic Operation Course, January 6–16, 2015]]<br />
{{Main|Recruit training}}<br />
[[Recruit training|Initial training]] conditions recruits for the demands of military life, including preparedness to injure and kill other people, and to face mortal danger without fleeing. It is a physically and psychologically intensive process which [[Resocialization|resocializes]] recruits for the unique nature of military demands. For example:<br />
* Individuality is suppressed (e.g. by shaving the head of new recruits, issuing uniforms, denying privacy, and prohibiting the use of first names);<ref name=":22">{{Cite book|chapter=Joining the ranks: The role of indoctrination in transforming civilians to service members|title = Military life: The psychology of serving in peace and combat |volume = 2|last1=McGurk|first1= Dennis|last2=Cotting |first2 = Dave I.|last3= Britt|first3=Thomas W.|last4= Adler|first4 = Amy B.|display-authors=1|publisher=Praeger Security International |year=2006|isbn=978-0-275-98302-4|location=Westport, Connecticut|pages=13–31|chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=mwuEuGG1-1UC&pg=PA13}}</ref><ref name=":42">{{Cite book|title=Squaddies : portrait of a subculture|last=Hockey|first=John|date=1986 |publisher= University of Exeter|isbn=978-0-85989-248-3|location=Exeter, Devon|oclc=25283124}}</ref><br />
* Daily routine is tightly controlled (e.g. recruits must make their beds, polish boots, and stack their clothes in a certain way, and mistakes are punished);<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Bourne|first=Peter G.|date=1967-05-01|title=Some Observations on the Psychosocial Phenomena Seen in Basic Training|journal=Psychiatry|volume=30|issue=2|pages=187–196|doi=10.1080/00332747.1967.11023507|issn=0033-2747|pmid=27791700}}</ref><ref name=":42" /><br />
* Continuous [[stressor]]s deplete psychological resistance to the demands of their instructors (e.g. depriving recruits of sleep, food, or shelter, shouting insults and giving orders intended to humiliate)<ref name=":32">{{Cite book|title=On killing : the psychological cost of learning to kill in war and society|last=Grossman|first=Dave|date=2009|publisher=Little, Brown and Co|isbn=978-0-316-04093-8|edition=Rev.|location=New York|oclc=427757599}}</ref><ref name=":42" /><ref name=":6" /> <br />
* Frequent punishments serve to condition group conformity and discourage poor performance;<ref name=":42" /><br />
* The disciplined drill instructor is presented as a role model of the ideal soldier.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Faris|first=John H.|date=2016-09-16|title=The Impact of Basic Combat Training: The Role of the Drill Sergeant in the All-Volunteer Army|journal=Armed Forces & Society|language=en|volume=2|issue=1|pages=115–127|doi=10.1177/0095327x7500200108|s2cid=145213941}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Intelligence===<br />
{{Main|Military intelligence|}}<br />
{{more citations needed section|date=March 2017}}<br />
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The next requirement comes as a fairly basic need for the military to identify possible [[military threat|threats]] it may be called upon to face. For this purpose, some of the commanding forces and other military, as well as often civilian personnel participate in identification of these threats. This is at once an organization, a system and a process collectively called [[military intelligence]] (MI).<br />
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The difficulty in using military intelligence concepts and military intelligence methods is in the nature of the [[Information security|secrecy]] of the information they seek, and the [[clandestine operation|clandestine]] nature that intelligence operatives work in obtaining what may be plans for a [[conflict escalation]], [[Phase (combat)|initiation of combat]], or an [[invasion]].<br />
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An important part of the military intelligence role is the military analysis performed to assess [[military capability]] of potential future aggressors, and provide combat modelling that helps to understand factors on which comparison of forces can be made. This helps to quantify and qualify such statements as: "[[People's Liberation Army|China]] and [[Military of India|India]] maintain the largest armed forces in the World" or that "the [[U.S. Military]] is considered to be the world's strongest".<ref>[http://www.statista.com/statistics/220318/opinion-of-americans-on-the-us-being-the-no1-military-power-in-the-world/ Statistics on Americans' opinion about the U.S. being the world's no1 military power], Gallup, March 2012. Retrieved May 3, 2013.</ref><br />
[[File:Simple guerrilla organization.svg|thumb|Guerrilla structure]]<br />
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Although some groups engaged in combat, such as militants or [[resistance movement]]s, refer to themselves using military terminology, notably 'Army' or 'Front', none have had the structure of a national military to justify the reference, and usually have had to rely on support of outside national militaries. They also use these terms to conceal from the MI their true capabilities, and to impress potential ideological recruits.<br />
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Having military intelligence representatives participate in the execution of the national defence policy is important, because it becomes the first respondent and commentator on the policy expected [[strategic goal (military)|strategic goal]], compared to the realities of [[Intelligence (information gathering)|identified threats]]. When the intelligence reporting is compared to the policy, it becomes possible for the national leadership to consider allocating resources over and above the officers and their subordinates military pay, and the expense of maintaining military facilities and military support services for them.<br />
<br />
===Economics===<br />
{{Main|Military budget}}<br />
{{Bar chart<br />
| title = Military Budget 2021 {{small|(in USD billions)}}<br />
| caption = {{small|Source: [[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute|SIPRI]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (2021)|url=https://sipri.org/sites/default/files/2021-04/fs_2104_milex_0.pdf|access-date=2021-08-16|website=www.sipri.org|language=en-UK}}</ref>}}<br />
| label_type = {{small|Country}}<br />
| data_type = {{small|Military Budget}}<br />
| bar_width = 35<br />
| width_units = em<br />
| data_max = 800<br />
| label1 = {{flagicon|US}}<br> United States<br />
| data1 = 778.0<br />
| label2 = {{flagicon|China}}<br> China<br />
| data2 = 252.0<br />
| label3 = {{flagicon|India}}<br> India<br />
| data3 = 72.9<br />
| label4 = {{flagicon|Russia}}<br> Russia<br />
| data4 = 61.7<br />
| label5 = {{flagicon|UK}}<br> United Kingdom<br />
| data5 = 59.2<br />
| label6 = {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}}<br> Saudi Arabia<br />
| data6 = 57.5<br />
| label7 = {{flagicon|Germany}}<br> Germany<br />
| data7 = 52.8<br />
| label8 = {{flagicon|France}}<br> France<br />
| data8 = 52.7<br />
| label9 = {{flagicon|Japan}}<br> Japan<br />
| data9 = 49.1<br />
| label10 = {{flagicon|South Korea}}<br> South Korea<br />
| data10 = 45.7<br />
| label11 = {{flagicon|Italy}}<br> Italy<br />
| data11 = 28.9<br />
| label12 = {{flagicon|Australia}}<br> Australia<br />
| data12 = 27.5<br />
| label13 = {{flagicon|Canada}}<br> Canada<br />
| data13 = 22.8<br />
| label14 = {{flagicon|Israel}}<br> Israel<br />
| data14 = 21.7<br />
| label15 = {{flagicon|Brazil}} Brazil<br />
| data15 = 19.7<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[Economics of defense|Defense economics]] is the financial and monetary efforts made to resource and sustain militaries, and to finance [[military operation]]s, including war.<br />
<br />
The process of allocating resources is conducted by determining a [[military budget]], which is administered by a military finance organization within the military. Military procurement is then authorized to purchase or contract provision of goods and services to the military, whether in peacetime at a permanent base, or in a combat zone from local population.<br />
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<gallery mode=packed heights=180><br />
File:Military Expenditures as percent of GDP 2017.png|Map of military expenditures as a percentage of [[gross domestic product|GDP]] by country, 2017.<ref>'''2017''' data from: {{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS|title=Military expenditure (% of GDP). Stockholm International Peace Research Institute ( SIPRI ), Yearbook: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security.|website=[[:en:World Bank|World Bank]]|access-date=2019-03-08}}</ref>{{Update inline|date=July 2019}}<br />
File:Military Expenditures by Country 2019.svg|A pie chart showing global military expenditures by country for 2019, in US$ billions, according to SIPRI<br />
File:2014 militrary expenditures absolute.svg|Military expenditure of 2014 in [[USD]]<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
===Capability development===<br />
Capability development, which is often referred to as the military 'strength', is arguably one of the most complex activities known to humanity; because it requires determining: strategic, operational, and tactical capability requirements to counter the identified threats; strategic, [[Operational doctrine|operational]], and tactical doctrines by which the acquired capabilities will be used; identifying concepts, methods, and systems involved in executing the doctrines; creating design specifications for the manufacturers who would produce these in adequate quantity and quality for their use in combat; purchase the concepts, methods, and systems; create a forces structure that would use the concepts, methods, and systems most effectively and efficiently; integrate these concepts, methods, and systems into the force structure by providing [[military education]], [[military training|training]], and [[Military exercise|practice]] that preferably resembles combat environment of intended use; create [[military logistics]] systems to allow continued and uninterrupted performance of [[military organization]]s under combat conditions, including provision of health services to the personnel, and maintenance for the equipment; the services to assist recovery of wounded personnel, and repair of damaged equipment; and finally, post-conflict [[demobilization]], and disposal of war stocks surplus to peacetime requirements.<br />
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Development of [[military doctrine]] is perhaps the most important of all capability development activities, because it determines how military forces are used in conflicts, the concepts and methods used by the command to employ appropriately military skilled, [[soldier|armed]] and [[military equipment|equipped]] personnel in achievement of the tangible goals and objectives of the [[war]], [[military campaign|campaign]], [[battle]], engagement, and action.<ref name="p.67, Dupuy">Dupuy, T.N. (1990) ''Understanding war: History and Theory of combat'', Leo Cooper, London, p. 67</ref> The line between strategy and tactics is not easily blurred, although deciding which is being discussed had sometimes been a matter of personal judgement by some commentators, and military historians. The use of forces at the level of organization between strategic and tactical is called [[operational mobility]].<br />
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===Science===<br />
{{Main|Military technology}}<br />
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2017}}<br />
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Because most of the concepts and methods used by the military, and many of its systems are not found in commercial branches, much of the material is researched, designed, developed, and offered for inclusion in [[arsenal]]s by [[military science]] organizations within the overall structure of the military. Military scientists are therefore found{{by whom|date=January 2022}} to interact with all Arms and Services of the armed forces, and at all levels of the military hierarchy of command.<br />
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Although concerned with research into [[military psychology]], particularly [[Combat stress reaction|combat stress]] and how it affect troop [[morale]], often the bulk of military science activities is directed at military intelligence technology, [[military communications]], and improving [[military capability]] through research. The design, development, and prototyping of [[weapon]]s, military support equipment, and [[military technology]] in general, is also an area in which much effort is invested – it includes everything from global communication networks and [[aircraft carrier]]s to paint and food.<br />
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===Logistics===<br />
{{Main|Military logistics}}<br />
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2017}}<br />
[[File:C-1Transport aircraft02.jpg|thumb|The [[Kawasaki C-1]] is a tactical military transport of the [[Japan Air Self-Defense Force]]]]<br />
[[File:Convoy Red Ball Express.jpg|thumb|[[Red Ball Express]] convoy in [[France]]]]<br />
Possessing military capability is not sufficient if this capability cannot be deployed for, and employed in combat operations. To achieve this, [[military logistics]] are used for the [[logistics management]] and logistics planning of the forces [[military supply chain management]], the consumables, and capital equipment of the troops.<br />
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Although mostly concerned with the [[military transport]], as a means of delivery using different modes of transport; from [[military truck]]s, to [[container ship]]s operating from permanent [[military base]], it also involves creating field supply dumps at the rear of the [[combat]] zone, and even forward supply points in specific unit's [[Tactical Area of Responsibility]].<br />
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These supply points are also used to provide [[military engineering]] services, such as the recovery of defective and derelict vehicles and weapons, maintenance of weapons in the field, the repair and field modification of weapons and equipment; and in peacetime, the life-extension programmes undertaken to allow continued use of equipment. One of the most important role of logistics is the supply of [[munition]]s as a primary type of consumable, their storage, and [[Ordnance disposal|disposal]].<br />
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==In combat==<br />
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2017}}<br />
The primary reason for the existence of the military is to engage in [[combat]], should it be required to do so by the national defence policy, and to win. This represents an organisational goal of any military, and the primary focus for military thought through [[military history]]. How [[victory]] is achieved, and what shape it assumes, is studied by most, if not all, military groups on three levels.<br />
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===Strategic victory===<br />
{{Main|Strategic victory}}<br />
{{more citations needed section|date=March 2017}}<br />
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[[File:Mahratta pirates attacking the sloop 'Aurora', of the Bombay Marine, 1812; end of the action RMG BHC1085.tiff|thumb|The [[Maratha Navy]], which is considered to be the foundation of the modern [[Indian Navy]], often employed land and sea coordination tactics when attacking, which won them many battles against the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] and [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]]]]<br />
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[[Military strategy]] is the management of forces in [[war]]s and [[military campaign]]s by a [[commander-in-chief]], employing large military forces, either national and allied as a whole, or the component elements of [[Army|armies]], [[Navy|navies]] and [[air force]]s; such as [[army group]]s, [[naval fleet]]s, and large numbers of [[aircraft]]. Military strategy is a long-term projection of belligerents' policy, with a broad view of outcome implications, including outside the concerns of military command. Military strategy is more concerned with the [[logistics|supply of war]] and planning, than management of field forces and combat between them. The scope of strategic military planning can span weeks, but is more often months or even years.<ref name="p.67, Dupuy"/><br />
{{-}}<br />
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===Operational victory===<br />
{{more citations needed section|date=March 2017}}<br />
[[File:Crowd of Dutch civilians celebrating the liberation of Utrecht by the Canadian Army.jpg|thumb|Dutch civilians celebrating the arrival of the [[I Canadian Corps]] in [[Utrecht]] as the [[Canadian Army]] liberates the Netherlands from Nazi occupation]]<br />
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[[Operational mobility]] is, within [[war]]fare and [[military doctrine]], the level of command which coordinates the minute details of [[military tactics|tactics]] with the overarching goals of [[strategy]]. A common synonym is operational art.<br />
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The operational level is at a scale bigger than one where line of sight and the time of day are important, and smaller than the strategic level, where production and politics are considerations. Formations are of the operational level if they are able to conduct operations on their own, and are of sufficient size to be directly handled or have a significant impact at the strategic level. This concept was pioneered by the [[Germany|German]] army prior to and during the [[World War II|Second World War]]. At this level, planning and duration of activities takes from one week to a month, and are executed by [[Field Army|Field Armies]] and [[Army Corps]] and their naval and air equivalents.<ref name="p.67, Dupuy"/><br />
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===Tactical victory===<br />
{{Main|Tactical victory}}<br />
{{more citations needed section|date=March 2017}}<br />
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[[Military tactics]] concerns itself with the methods for engaging and defeating the enemy in direct combat. Military tactics are usually used by units over hours or days, and are focused on the specific, close proximity tasks and objectives of [[squadron (army)|squadrons]], [[Company (military unit)|companies]], [[battalion]]s, [[regiment]]s, [[brigade]]s, and [[Division (military)|divisions]], and their naval and air force equivalents.<ref name="p.67, Dupuy"/><br />
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One of the oldest military publications is ''[[The Art of War]]'', by the [[List of Chinese philosophers|Chinese philosopher]] [[Sun Tzu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mypivots.com/articles/booktext.aspx?bookname=The%20Art%20of%20War|title=The Art of War|website=Mypivots.com|date=11 June 2011|access-date=1 August 2011}}</ref> Written in the 6th century BCE, the 13-chapter book is intended as military instruction, and not as [[military theory]], but has had a huge influence on Asian military doctrine, and from the late 19th century, on European and United States [[military plan]]ning. It has even been used to formulate business tactics, and can even be applied in social and political areas.{{Where|date=July 2011}}<br />
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[[File:Macedonian battle formation-en.svg|thumb|Battle formation and tactics of [[Macedon]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.westpoint.edu/history/SitePages/Home.aspx|title=Welcome to the Department of History|website=westpoint.edu|access-date=1 August 2011|archive-date=18 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120518101505/http://www.westpoint.edu/history/SitePages/Home.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>]]<br />
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The Classical Greeks and the Romans wrote prolifically on [[military campaign]]ing. Among the best-known Roman works are [[Julius Caesar]]'s commentaries on the [[Gallic Wars]], and the [[Caesar's civil war|Roman Civil war]] – written about 50 BC.<br />
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Two major works on tactics come from the late Roman period: ''Taktike Theoria'' by [[Aelianus Tacticus]], and ''[[De Re Militari]]'' ('On military matters') by [[Publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus|Vegetius]]. ''Taktike Theoria'' examined Greek military tactics, and was most influential in the [[Byzantine]] world and during the [[Islamic Golden Age|Golden Age of Islam]].<br />
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''De Re Militari'' formed the basis of European military tactics until the late 17th century. Perhaps its most enduring maxim is [[Si vis pacem, para bellum|''Igitur qui desiderat pacem, praeparet bellum'']] (let he who desires peace prepare for war).<br />
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Due to the changing nature of combat with the introduction of [[artillery]] in the European [[Middle Ages]], and infantry firearms in the [[Renaissance]], attempts were made to define and identify those strategies, [[grand tactics]], and tactics that would produce a victory more often than that achieved by the Romans in praying to the gods before the battle.<br />
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Later this became known as [[military science]], and later still, would adopt the [[scientific method]] approach to the conduct of military operations under the influence of the [[Industrial Revolution]] thinking. In his seminal book ''[[On War]]'', the [[Prussia]]n [[Major-General]] and leading [[expert]] on modern [[military strategy]], [[Carl von Clausewitz]] defined military strategy as 'the employment of battles to gain the end of war'.<ref>{{cite journal|last=MacHenry|first=Robert|title=The New Encyclopædia Britannica|journal=Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc|year=1993|page=305|bibcode=1991neb..book.....G}}</ref> According to Clausewitz: <blockquote><br />
strategy forms the plan of the War, and to this end it links together the series of acts which are to lead to the final decision, that is to say, it makes the plans for the separate campaigns and regulates the combats to be fought in each.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.Gutenberg.org/files/1946/1946-h/1946-h.htm#2H_4_0023|title=''On War'' by General Carl von Clausewitz|access-date=31 May 2007|website=Gutenberg.org|date=2006-02-26}}</ref><br />
</blockquote><br />
Hence, Clausewitz placed political aims above [[Strategic goal (military)|military goals]], ensuring [[civilian control of the military]]. Military strategy was one of a triumvirate of '[[Military art (Military science)|arts]]' or 'sciences' that governed the conduct of warfare, the others being: [[military tactics]], the execution of plans and [[Operational mobility|manoeuvring of forces in battle]], and maintenance of an army.<br />
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The meaning of military tactics has changed over time; from the deployment and manoeuvring of entire land armies on the fields of ancient battles, and galley fleets; to modern use of small unit [[ambush]]es, [[encirclement]]s, [[bombardment]] attacks, [[frontal assault]]s, [[air assault]]s, [[hit-and-run tactics]] used mainly by [[guerrilla]] forces, and, in some cases, [[suicide attack]]s on land and at sea. Evolution of [[aerial warfare]] introduced its own [[Air combat manoeuvring|air combat tactics]]. Often, [[military deception]], in the form of [[military camouflage]] or misdirection using [[decoy]]s, is used to confuse the enemy as a tactic.<br />
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A major development in [[infantry tactics]] came with the increased use of [[trench warfare]] in the 19th and 20th centuries. This was mainly employed in [[World War I]] in the [[Battle of Gallipoli|Gallipoli campaign]], and the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]]. Trench warfare often turned to a stalemate, only broken by a large loss of life, because, in order to attack an enemy entrenchment, soldiers had to run through an exposed '[[no man's land]]' under heavy fire from their opposing entrenched enemy.<br />
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==Technology==<br />
{{Main|Military technology}}<br />
{{More citations needed section|date=October 2014}}<br />
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[[File:Arrow-head Olynthus BM GR1912.4-19.4.jpg|thumb|[[Arrow-head]]. Bronze, 4th century BC. From [[Olynthus]], [[Chalcidice]].]]<br />
As with any occupation, since the ancient times, the military has been distinguished from other members of the society by their tools, the military weapons, and [[military equipment]] used in combat. When [[Stone Age]] humans first took a sliver of flint to tip the [[spear]], it was the first example of [[applied research|applying technology]] to improve the weapon.<br />
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Since then, the advances made by human societies, and that of weapons, has been irretrievably linked. Stone weapons gave way to [[Bronze Age]] weapons, and later, the [[Iron Age]] weapons. With each technological change, was realized some tangible increase in military capability, such as through greater effectiveness of a sharper edge in defeating [[leather armour]], or [[Mechanics of materials|improved density of materials]] used in manufacture of weapons.<br />
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On [[Land warfare|land]], the first really significant technological advance in warfare was the development of the [[ranged weapon]]s, and notably, the [[Sling (weapon)|sling]]. The next significant advance came with the [[domestication of the horse]]s and mastering of [[equestrianism]].<br />
[[File:Armor for Man and Horse, Italy (probably Milan), c. 1565, and Field armor for horseman, Italy, c. 1575 - Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art - DSC08601.JPG|thumb|Mounted and foot [[armour]]ed [[knight]]s. Armour and [[cavalry]] dominated the battlefield, until the invention of [[firearms]].]]<br />
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Arguably, the greatest invention that affected not just the military, but all society, after adoption of fire, was the [[wheel]], and its use in the construction of the [[chariot]]. There were no advances in military technology, until, from the mechanical arm action of a slinger, the [[Ancient Greece|Greeks]], [[Egyptians]], [[Roman Empire|Romans]], [[Persia]]ns, [[History of China#Ancient China|Chinese]], etc., developed the [[siege engine]]s. The [[Bow (weapon)|bow]] was manufactured in increasingly larger and more powerful versions, to increase both the weapon range, and armour penetration performance. These developed into the powerful composite and recurve bows, and crossbows of [[History of China#Ancient China|Ancient China]]. These proved particularly useful during the rise of cavalry, as horsemen encased in ever-more sophisticated [[armour]] came to dominate the battlefield.<br />
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Somewhat earlier, in medieval China, [[gunpowder]] had been invented, and was increasingly used by the military in combat. The use of gunpowder in the early [[mortar (weapon)|vase-like mortars]] in Europe, and advanced versions of the [[long bow]] and [[cross bow]], which all had armour-piercing [[arrowhead]]s, that put an end to the dominance of the armoured knight. After the long bow, which required great skill and strength to use, the next most significant technological advance was the [[musket]], which could be used effectively, with little training. In time, the successors to muskets and [[cannon]], in the form of [[rifle]]s and [[artillery]], would become core battlefield technology.<br />
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As the speed of technological advances accelerated in civilian applications, so too warfare became more [[Industrial warfare|industrialized]]. The newly invented [[machine gun]] and [[repeating rifle]] redefined [[firepower]] on the battlefield, and, in part, explains the high casualty rates of the [[American Civil War]]. The next breakthrough was the conversion of artillery parks from the [[Muzzleloader|muzzle loading guns]], to the quicker loading [[Breech-loading weapon|breech loading guns]] with recoiling barrel that allowed quicker aimed fire and use of a shield. The widespread introduction of low smoke (smokeless) propellant powders since the 1880s also allowed for a great improvement of artillery ranges.<br />
[[File:BattleOfVirginiaCapes.jpg|thumb|right|Naval military forces of France and Britain exchange fire at the [[Battle of the Chesapeake]]]]<br />
The development of breech loading had the greatest effect on [[naval warfare]], for the first time since the Middle Ages, altering the way weapons are mounted on [[warship]]s, and therefore [[naval tactics]], now divorced from the reliance on [[Age of Sail|sails]] with the invention of the [[internal combustion]]. A further advance in military naval technology was the design of the [[submarine]], and its weapon, the [[torpedo]].<br />
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[[Main battle tank]]s, and other heavy equipment such as [[armoured fighting vehicle]]s, [[military aircraft]], and [[ship]]s, are characteristic to organized military forces.<br />
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During [[World War I]], the need to break the deadlock of trench warfare saw the rapid development of many new technologies, particularly [[tank]]s. [[Military aviation]] was extensively used, and [[bomber]]s became decisive in many battles of [[World War II]], which marked the most frantic period of weapons development in history. Many new designs, and concepts were used in combat, and all existing technologies of warfare were improved between 1939 and 1945.<br />
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During the war, significant advances were made in [[military communications]] through increased use of radio, military intelligence through use of the [[radar]], and in [[military medicine]] through use of [[penicillin]], while in the air, the guided [[missile]], [[jet aircraft]], and [[helicopter]]s were seen for the first time. Perhaps the most infamous of all military technologies was the creation of the [[atomic bomb]], although the exact effects of its [[radiation]] were unknown until the early 1950s. Far greater use of [[military vehicles]] had finally eliminated the cavalry from the military [[force structure]].<br />
[[File:USAF F-15C fires AIM-7 Sparrow.jpg|thumb|[[AIM-7]] Sparrow medium range [[air-to-air missile]] from an [[F-15 Eagle]]]]<br />
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After World War II, with the onset of the [[Cold War]], the constant technological development of new weapons was institutionalized, as participants engaged in a constant '[[arms race]]' in capability development. This constant state of weapons development continues into the present, and remains a constant drain on national resources, which some{{Who|date=March 2017}} blame on the [[military–industrial complex]].<br />
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The most significant technological developments that influenced combat have been the guided missiles, which can be used by all branches of the armed services. More recently, [[information technology]], and its use in [[surveillance]], including space-based reconnaissance systems, have played an increasing role in military operations.<br />
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The impact of [[information warfare]] that focuses on attacking command communication systems, and military databases, has been coupled with the new development in military technology, has been the use of robotic systems in intelligence combat, both in hardware and software applications.<br />
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Recently, there has also been a particular focus towards the use of [[renewable fuels]] for running military vehicles on. Unlike fossil fuels, renewable fuels can be produced in any country, creating a strategic advantage. The [[US military]] has committed itself to have 50% of its energy consumption come from alternative sources.<ref>{{cite web|author=Craig Hooper|url=http://NextNavy.com/air-force-cedes-the-green-lead-and-the-lede-to-navy/|title=Ray Mabus greening the military|website=NextNavy.com|access-date=22 May 2012}}</ref><br />
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==As part of society==<br />
{{More citations needed section|date=October 2014}}<br />
[[File:Samurai and Ainu Fuzoku Ema.jpg|thumb|[[Samurai]], member of the Japanese warrior caste]]<br />
For much of [[military history]], the armed forces were considered to be for use by the heads of their societies, until recently, the crowned heads of states. In a democracy or other political system run in the public interest, it is a [[public force]].<br />
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The relationship between the military and the [[society]] it serves is a complicated and ever-evolving one. Much depends on the nature of the society itself, and whether it sees the military as important, as for example in time of threat or war, or a burdensome expense typified by defence cuts in time of peace.<br />
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One difficult matter in the relation between military and society is control and transparency. In some countries, limited information on military operations and budgeting is accessible for the public. However transparency in the military sector is crucial to fight [[corruption]]. This showed the Government Defence Anti-corruption Index [[Transparency International|Transparency International UK]] published in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=Transparency is feasible|author=Pyman, Mark|url=https://www.DandC.eu/en/article/transparency-international-assesses-82-governments-defence-related-corruption-risks-first|website=www.DandC.eu|publisher=[[D+C Development and Cooperation]], Engagement GlobalGmbH|date=5 March 2013|access-date=2 March 2017}}</ref><br />
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Militaries often function as [[society|societies]] within societies, by having their own military communities, [[military–industrial complex|economies]], [[Military education and training|education]], [[military medicine|medicine]], and other aspects of a functioning [[civil society|civilian society]]. Although a 'military' is not limited to nations in of itself as many [[private military companies]] (or PMC's) can be used or 'hired' by organizations and figures as security, escort, or other means of protection; where police, agencies, or militaries are absent or not trusted.<br />
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===Ideology and ethics===<br />
{{Main|Militarism}}<br />
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2017}}<br />
[[File:Gustavus Adolphus in action (probably at Lützen).jpg|thumb|Swedish king [[Gustavus Adolphus]] leading a cavalry charge, 1634]]<br />
Militarist ideology is the [[society]]'s [[social attitude]] of being best served, or being a beneficiary of a [[government]], or guided by concepts embodied in the military ''culture, doctrine, system'', or ''leaders''.<br />
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Either because of the [[cultural memory]], national history, or the potentiality of a [[military threat]], the militarist argument asserts that a [[civilian]] population is dependent upon, and thereby subservient to the needs and goals of its military for continued [[independence]]. [[Militarism]] is sometimes contrasted with the concepts of [[comprehensive national power]], [[soft power]] and [[hard power]].<br />
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Most nations have separate [[military law]]s which regulate conduct in war and during peacetime. An early exponent was [[Hugo Grotius]], whose ''[[De jure belli ac pacis|On the Law of War and Peace]]'' (1625) had a major impact of the humanitarian approach to warfare development. His theme was echoed by [[Gustavus Adolphus]].<br />
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Ethics of warfare have developed since 1945, to create constraints on the military treatment of prisoners and civilians, primarily by the [[Geneva Conventions]]; but rarely apply to use of the military forces as internal security troops during times of political conflict that results in popular protests and incitement to [[popular uprising]].<br />
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International protocols restrict the use, or have even created international bans on some types of weapons, notably [[weapons of mass destruction]] (WMD). [[International convention]]s define what constitutes a [[war crime]], and provides for war crimes prosecution. Individual countries also have elaborate codes of [[military justice]], an example being the United States' [[Uniform Code of Military Justice]] that can lead to [[court martial]] for military personnel found guilty of war crimes.<br />
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Military actions are sometimes argued to be justified by furthering a humanitarian cause, such as [[disaster relief]] operations, or in defence of refugees. The term [[military humanism]] is used to refer to such actions.<br />
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==See also==<br />
{{Portal|War}}<br />
{{-}}<br />
{{colbegin|colwidth=20em}}<!-- list contains terms that should actually be worked into the main article --><br />
* [[Arms industry]]<br />
* [[Civil defense]]<br />
* [[Civilian control of the military]]<br />
* [[Command and control]]<br />
* [[Conscription]]<br />
* [[Court-martial]]<br />
* [[Deterrence theory]]<br />
* [[Martial arts]]<br />
* [[Martial law]]<br />
* [[Mercenary]]<br />
* [[Militaria]]<br />
* [[Military academy]]<br />
* [[Military advisor]]<br />
* [[Military aid]]<br />
* [[Military aid to the civil community]] (MACC)<br />
* [[Military aid to the civil power]] (MACP)<br />
* [[Military alliance]]<br />
* [[Military dictatorship]]<br />
* [[Military district]]<br />
* [[Military engineering]]<br />
* [[Military exercise]]<br />
* [[Military fiat]]<br />
* [[Military incompetence]]<br />
* [[Military junta]]<br />
* [[Military meteorology]]<br />
* [[Military operations other than war]]<br />
* [[Military police]]<br />
* [[Military prison]]<br />
* [[Military Revolution]]<br />
* [[Military sociology]]<br />
* [[Military terminology]]<br />
* [[Military–industrial complex]]<br />
* [[Militarization of police]]<br />
* [[Militia]]<br />
* [[Ministry of defence]]<br />
* [[Mobilization]]<br />
* [[Police]]<br />
* [[Private military company]]<br />
* [[Recruit training]]<br />
* [[Staff (military)]]<br />
* [[Standing army]]<br />
* [[Weapon]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
; Armed forces of the world<br />
* [[List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel]]<br />
* [[List of countries by Military Strength Index]]<br />
* [[List of countries by level of military equipment]]<br />
* [[List of countries by Global Militarization Index]]<br />
* [[List of countries without armed forces]]<br />
* [[List of countries by military expenditures]]<br />
* [[List of countries by past military expenditure]]<br />
* [[List of countries by military expenditure per capita]]<br />
* [[List of air forces]]<br />
* [[List of armies]]<br />
* [[List of navies]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{Sister project links|military}}<br />
* [http://lebanese-economy-forum.com/wdi-gdf-advanced-data-display/show/MS-MIL-XPND-GD-ZS/ Military Expenditure % of GDP] hosted by Lebanese economy forum, extracted from the World Bank public data.<br />
* {{curlie|Society/Military}}<br />
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{{Authority control}}<br />
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[[Category:Military| ]]<br />
[[Category:Defense]]<br />
[[Category:Government institutions]]<br />
[[Category:International security]]<br />
[[Category:National security]]<br />
[[Category:Main topic articles]]</div>UpdateBothttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Party_(United_States)&diff=332097Democratic Party (United States)2022-07-02T03:49:46Z<p>UpdateBot: </p>
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<div>{{Short description|American political party}}<br />
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}<br />
{{pp-move-indef}}<br />
{{Use American English|date=December 2014}}<br />
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox political party<br />
| name = Democratic Party<br />
| logo = [[File:US Democratic Party Logo.svg|125px]]<br />
| logo_alt = A blue circle with a capital "D" inside<br />
| symbol = [[File:Democratic Disc.svg|100px]]<br />
| colorcode = {{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}}<!-- Please DO NOT change or remove. Thank you. --><br />
| chairperson = [[Jaime Harrison]] ([[South Carolina|SC]])<br />
| governing_body = [[Democratic National Committee]]<ref>{{cite web |title=About the Democratic Party |url=https://democrats.org/who-we-are/about-the-democratic-party/ |website=Democratic Party |access-date=15 April 2022 |quote=For 171 years, [the Democratic National Committee] has been responsible for governing the Democratic Party}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Democratic Party |title=The Charter & The Bylaws of the Democratic Party of the United States |url=https://democrats.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/DNC-Charter-Bylaws-03.12.2022.pdf#page=5 |access-date=15 April 2022 |page=3 |date=12 March 2022 |quote=The Democratic National Committee shall have general responsibility for the affairs of the Democratic Party between National Conventions}}</ref><br />
| leader1_title = [[President of the United States|U.S. President]]<br />
| leader1_name = [[Joe Biden]] ([[Delaware|DE]])<br />
| leader2_title = [[Vice President of the United States|U.S. Vice President]]<br />
| leader2_name = [[Kamala Harris]] ([[California|CA]])<br />
| leader3_title = {{nowrap|[[Party leaders of the United States Senate|Senate Majority Leader]]}}<br />
| leader3_name = [[Chuck Schumer]] ([[New York (state)|NY]])<br />
| leader4_title = [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker of the House]]<br />
| leader4_name = [[Nancy Pelosi]] ([[California|CA]])<br />
| leader5_title = [[House Majority Leader]]<br />
| leader5_name = <!--Again, we know he's ranked below Pelosi in the House Democratic leadership. But he does have the title House Majority leader regardless, so please STOP deleting him-->[[Steny Hoyer]] ([[Maryland|MD]]){{efn|Pelosi is the House Democratic leader, as Speaker}}<!--(Again, we know he's ranked below Pelosi. But he's still titled House Majority leader, so please STOP deleting him--><br />
| founders = {{plainlist|<br />
* [[Andrew Jackson]]<br />
* [[Martin Van Buren]]<br />
}}<br />
| founded = {{start date and age|1828|1|8}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Jacksonian Democracy in New Hampshire, 1800-1851 |last=Cole |first=Donald B. |date=1970 |publisher=Harvard University Press |page=69 |isbn=978-0-67-428368-8}}</ref><br />{{nowrap|[[Baltimore]], [[Maryland]], U.S.}}<br />
| predecessor = [[Democratic-Republican Party]]<br />
| headquarters = 430 [[South Capitol Street|South Capitol St.]] SE,<br />[[Washington, D.C.]], U.S.<br />
| student_wing = {{unbulleted list|[[High School Democrats of America]]|[[College Democrats of America]]}}<br />
| youth_wing = [[Young Democrats of America]]<br />
| womens_wing = [[National Federation of Democratic Women]]<br />
| wing1_title = Overseas wing<br />
| wing1 = [[Democrats Abroad]]<br />
| membership_year = 2021<br />
| position = <!--Longstanding consensus is not to include a political position here. Do not change without talk page consensus.--><br />
| membership = {{decrease}} 47,019,985<ref>{{Cite web |last=Winger |first=Richard |title=December 2021 Ballot Access News Print Edition |url=https://ballot-access.org/2021/12/29/december-2021-ballot-access-news-print-edition/ |access-date=January 20, 2022 |website=Ballot Access News}}</ref><br />
| ideology = {{unbulleted list|<br />
|'''[[#Political positions|Majority]]:'''<br />
|{{•}} [[Modern liberalism in the United States|Modern liberalism]]<ref name="sarnold" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=June 29, 2012 |title=President Obama, the Democratic Party, and Socialism: A Political Science Perspective |work=The Huffington Post |url=https://huffingtonpost.com/benjamin-knoll/obama-romney-economy_b_1615862.html |access-date=January 9, 2015 |archive-date=March 24, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324035220/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/benjamin-knoll/obama-romney-economy_b_1615862.html |url-status=live}}</ref><!-- Concise list of factions below. --><br />
|'''[[Factions in the Democratic Party (United States)|Factions]]:'''<br />
|{{•}} [[Third Way]]<ref name="jhale">{{Cite book |last=Hale |first=John |title=The Making of the New Democrats |publisher=[[Political Science Quarterly]] |year=1995 |location=New York |page=229}}</ref><ref name="DewanKornblut2006">{{Cite news |last1=Dewan |first1=Shaila |last2=Kornblut |first2=Anne E. |date=October 30, 2006 |title=In Key House Races, Democrats Run to the Right |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/30/us/politics/30dems.html |access-date=January 28, 2017 |archive-date=July 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727021022/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/30/us/politics/30dems.html |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|{{•}} [[Progressivism in the United States|Progressivism]]<ref name="SteinCornwellTanfani2018">{{Cite news |last1=Stein |first1=Letita |last2=Cornwell |first2=Susan |last3 =Tanfani |first3 =Joseph |date=August 23, 2018 |title=Inside the progressive movement roiling the Democratic Party |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-election-progressives-specialrepo/inside-the-progressive-movement-roiling-the-democratic-party-idUSKCN1L81GI |access-date=June 13, 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613163545/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-election-progressives-specialrepo/inside-the-progressive-movement-roiling-the-democratic-party-idUSKCN1L81GI|archive-date=June 13, 2022}}</ref><br />
|{{•}} [[Social democracy]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ball |first=Molly |title=The Battle Within the Democratic Party |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2013/12/the-battle-within-the-democratic-party/282235/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142340/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2013/12/the-battle-within-the-democratic-party/282235/ |archive-date=June 12, 2018 |access-date=January 28, 2017 |website=[[The Atlantic]]}}</ref><ref name="How Socialist Is Bernie Sanders?">{{cite magazine |last1=Chotiner |first1=Isaac |title=How Socialist Is Bernie Sanders? |url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/q-and-a/how-socialist-is-bernie-sanders |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |access-date=February 14, 2021 |language=en-us |date=March 2, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/the-six-wings-of-the-democratic-party/|title=The Six Wings Of The Democratic Party|first=Perry Jr.|last=Bacon|work = [[FiveThirtyEight]]|date=March 11, 2019}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
| international = <!--- Please do not re-insert "Progressive Alliance" unless you can find a reliable published source for the oft-repeated, never-documented assertion that the Democrats are part of the organization, other than a listing on that organization's website (see [[WP:SPS]]). ---><br />
| colors = {{color box|{{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}|border=darkgray}} [[Blue]]<!-- Please DO NOT change the HTML color formatting in this field or in any of the below fields. Thank you. --><br />
| seats1_title = [[List of current United States senators|Seats]] in the [[United States Senate|Senate]]<br />
| seats1 = <!--Keep at 48, as Bernie Sanders & Angus King are independents, who caucus with the Democrats-->{{composition bar|48|100|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}|ref={{Efn|There are 48 senators who are members of the party; however, two [[independent politician|independent]] senators, [[Angus King]] and [[Bernie Sanders]], caucus with the Democrats, effectively making a 50–50 split. [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]] and Democratic Party member [[Kamala Harris]], in her role as President of the Senate, serves as the tie-breaking vote, thus giving the Democrats an effective majority.|name=|group=}}}}<br />
| seats2_title = [[List of current members of the United States House of Representatives|Seats]] in the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]<br />
| seats2 = {{composition bar|220|435|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
| seats3_title = [[List of current United States governors#State governors|State governorships]]<br />
| seats3 = <!-- Don't change numbers until terms begin --> {{composition bar|22|50|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
| seats4_title = [[List of U.S. state senators|Seats]] in [[State legislature (United States)|state upper chambers]]<br />
| seats4 = <!--Don't change numbers until terms begin--> {{composition bar|861|1972|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
| seats5_title = [[List of U.S. state representatives|Seats]] in [[State legislature (United States)|state lower chambers]]<br />
| seats5 = <!--Don't change numbers until terms begin--> {{composition bar|2432|5411|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
| seats6_title = [[List of current United States governors#Territory governors|Territorial governorships]]<br />
| seats6 = <!--Don't change numbers until terms begin--> {{composition bar|3|5|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
| seats7_title = Seats in [[Territories of the United States#Governments and legislatures|territorial upper chambers]]<br />
| seats7 = <!--Don't change numbers until terms begin--> {{composition bar|31|97|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
| seats8_title = Seats in [[Territories of the United States#Governments and legislatures|territorial lower chambers]]<br />
| seats8 = <!--Don't change numbers until terms begin--> {{composition bar|8|91|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
| website = {{Official URL}}<br />
| country = United States<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Democratic Party''' is one of the [[Two-party system|two]] [[Major party|major]] contemporary [[political parties in the United States]]. It was founded in 1828 by supporters of [[Andrew Jackson]], making it the world's oldest active political party.<ref>"The Democratic Party, founded in 1828, is the world's oldest political party" states {{Cite book |last1=Kenneth Janda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t_lC8k3SELMC&pg=PA276 |title=The Challenge of Democracy: American Government in Global Politics |last2=Jeffrey M. Berry |last3=Jerry Goldman |publisher=Cengage Learning |year=2010 |isbn=9780495906186 |page=276}}</ref> Since the 1860s, its main political rival has been the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]].<br />
<br />
Before 1860, the Democratic Party supported [[limited government]] and [[States' rights|state sovereignty]] while opposing a national bank and high tariffs. It split in 1860 over [[Slavery in the United States|slavery]] and won the presidency only twice between 1860 and 1910. In the late 19th century, it continued to oppose high tariffs and had fierce internal debates on the [[gold standard]]. In the early 20th century, it supported [[Progressivism in the United States|progressive]] reforms and opposed [[American imperialism|imperialism]], with [[Woodrow Wilson]] winning the White House in [[1912 United States presidential election|1912]] and [[1916 United States presidential election|1916]]. Since [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] and his [[New Deal coalition]] after 1932, the Democratic Party has promoted a [[Social liberalism|socially liberal]] platform.<ref name="sarnold">{{cite book|last=Arnold|first=N. Scott|title=Imposing values: an essay on liberalism and regulation|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2009|page=3|isbn=9780495501121|quote=Modern liberalism occupies the left-of-center in the traditional political spectrum and is represented by the Democratic Party in the United States.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xGNRRwkZFysC|access-date=April 28, 2020|archive-date=October 2, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002180929/https://books.google.com/books?id=xGNRRwkZFysC&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="egrigsby">{{cite book|last=Grigsby|first=Ellen|title=Analyzing Politics: An Introduction to Political Science|publisher=Cengage Learning|year=2008|pages=106–107|isbn=9780495501121|quote=In the United States, the Democratic Party represents itself as the liberal alternative to the Republicans, but its liberalism is for the most part the later version of liberalism—modern liberalism.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xGNRRwkZFysC|access-date=April 28, 2020|archive-date=October 2, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002180930/https://books.google.com/books?id=xGNRRwkZFysC&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[New Deal]] attracted strong support for the party from recent European immigrants, many of whom were [[Catholic Church in the United States|Catholics]] based in the cities, but caused a decline of the party's conservative pro-business wing.<ref>{{cite book|last=Prendergast|first=William B.|date=1999|title=The Catholic Voter in American Politics: The Passing of the Democratic Monolith |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Georgetown University |isbn=978-0-87840-724-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B9nFwo5B1BQC}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Marlin|first=George J.|date=2004|title=The American Catholic Voter: 200 Years of Political Impact|location=South Bend, Indiana|publisher=St. Augustine|isbn=978-1-58731-029-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MBc6PgAACAAJ|access-date=April 28, 2020|archive-date=October 2, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002180931/https://books.google.com/books?id=MBc6PgAACAAJ&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Michael Corbett et al. ''Politics and Religion in the United States'' (2nd ed. 2013).</ref> Following the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]] and the [[Voting Rights Act of 1965]], the core bases of the two parties shifted, with the [[Southern strategy|Southern states]] becoming more reliably Republican in presidential politics and the Northeastern states becoming more reliably Democratic. The once-powerful [[Labor unions in the United States|labor union]] element became smaller after the 1970s, though the working class remains an important component of the Democratic base. Women, people with post graduate degrees, people living in [[List of United States cities by population|urban areas]], younger Americans, as well as most [[sexual minority|sexual]], [[Religion in the United States|religious]], and [[Race and ethnicity in the United States|racial minorities]], also tend to support the Democratic Party.<ref name = "trends">{{cite web|url=http://www.people-press.org/2018/03/20/1-trends-in-party-affiliation-among-demographic-groups/|title=1. Trends in party affiliation among demographic groups|publisher=Pew Research Center|date=2018-03-20|language=en-US |df=mdy-all|access-date=2018-12-29|archive-date=June 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605002725/https://www.people-press.org/2018/03/20/1-trends-in-party-affiliation-among-demographic-groups/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://prospect.org/article/how-asian-americans-became-democrats-0|title=How Asian Americans Became Democrats|newspaper=The American Prospect |df=mdy-all|access-date=2016-10-22|archive-date=September 26, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926082258/http://prospect.org/article/how-asian-americans-became-democrats-0|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/05/21/politics/house-democrats-united-vote-urban-suburban-districts/index.html|title=The Democratic Party is being transformed. These House votes show how.|last=Brownstein|first=Ronald|date=May 21, 2019|publisher=[[CNN]]|access-date=May 22, 2019|archive-date=May 21, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190521153450/https://www.cnn.com/2019/05/21/politics/house-democrats-united-vote-urban-suburban-districts/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=gallup2010/><br />
<br />
The Democratic Party's philosophy of [[Modern liberalism in the United States|modern liberalism]] blends notions of [[civil liberties|civil liberty]] and [[social equality]] with support for a [[mixed economy]].<ref name="Larry E. Sullivan 2009 p 291">Larry E. Sullivan. ''The SAGE glossary of the social and behavioral sciences'' (2009). p. 291: "This liberalism favors a generous welfare state and a greater measure of social and economic equality. Liberty thus exists when all citizens have access to basic necessities such as education, healthcare, and economic opportunities."</ref> In [[United States Congress|Congress]], the party is a [[Big tent|big-tent]] coalition with influential [[New Democrat Coalition|centrist]], [[Congressional Progressive Caucus|progressive]], and [[Blue Dog Coalition|conservative]] wings.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Allott|first=Daniel|date=2020-11-14|title=Biden could lose Georgia Senate races all by himself|url=https://thehill.com/opinion/campaign/525973-biden-could-lose-georgia-senate-races-all-by-himself|access-date=2020-11-16|website=The Hill|language=en}}</ref> [[Corporate governance]] reform, [[environmental protection]], support for [[Trade union|organized labor]], expansion of [[Social programs in the United States|social programs]], affordable [[College tuition in the United States|college tuition]], [[Healthcare reform in the United States|health care reform]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Goodnough |first1=Abby |last2=Kaplan |first2=Thomas |title=Democrat vs. Democrat: How Health Care Is Dividing the Party |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/28/health/democratic-debate-healthcare.html |website=The New York Times |date=June 28, 2019 |access-date=22 July 2020}}</ref> [[equal opportunity]], and [[consumer protection]] form the core of the party's economic agenda.<ref name="jlevy">{{cite book |last=Levy|first=Jonah|title=The State after Statism: New State Activities in the Age of Liberalization|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2006|page=198|isbn=9780495501121|quote=In the corporate governance area, the center-left repositioned itself to press for reform. The Democratic Party in the United States used the postbubble scandals and the collapse of share prices to attack the Republican Party&nbsp;... Corporate governance reform fit surprisingly well within the contours of the center-left ideology. The Democratic Party and the SPD have both been committed to the development of the regulatory state as a counterweight to managerial authority, corporate power, and market failure.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xGNRRwkZFysC}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://economics.about.com/od/howtheuseconomyworks/a/mixed_economy.htm|title=A Mixed Economy: The Role of the Market|author=[[U.S. Department of State]]|publisher=[[About.com]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118100105/http://economics.about.com/od/howtheuseconomyworks/a/mixed_economy.htm|archive-date=January 18, 2017}}</ref> On social issues, it advocates [[Campaign finance reform in the United States|campaign finance reform]],<ref name="ontheissues.org" /> [[LGBT rights in the United States|LGBT rights]],<ref name=":0" /> [[Criminal justice reform in the United States|criminal justice]] and [[Immigration reform in the United States|immigration reform]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.themarshallproject.org/2016/07/18/two-parties-two-platforms-on-criminal-justice|title=Two Parties, Two Platforms on Criminal Justice|last=Chammah|first=Maurice|date=July 18, 2016|publisher=[[The Marshall Project]]|access-date=May 22, 2019|archive-date=May 31, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531162731/https://www.themarshallproject.org/2016/07/18/two-parties-two-platforms-on-criminal-justice|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Gun politics in the United States|stricter gun laws]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://democrats.org/issues/preventing-gun-violence/|title=Preventing Gun Violence|publisher=Democrats.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104232429/https://democrats.org/issues/preventing-gun-violence/ |df=mdy-all|archive-date=2018-11-04|url-status=dead|access-date=May 22, 2019}}</ref> [[abortion rights]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ontheissues.org/celeb/Democratic_Party_Abortion.htm|title=Democratic Party on Abortion|publisher=OnTheIssues.org|access-date=August 5, 2020|archive-date=September 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200911161207/https://www.ontheissues.org/Celeb/Democratic_Party_Abortion.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> the abolition of [[Capital punishment in the United States|capital punishment]],<ref>{{cite web |title=PROTECTING COMMUNITIES AND BUILDING TRUST BY REFORMING OUR CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM |url=https://democrats.org/where-we-stand/party-platform/protecting-communities-and-building-trust-by-reforming-our-criminal-justice-system/ |publisher=Democratic Party |access-date=30 November 2021}}</ref> and [[Drug policy reform|drug reform]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://democrats.org/about/party-platform/ |title=The 2016 Democratic Platform |publisher=Democrats.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927085530/https://democrats.org/about/party-platform/ |df=mdy-all|archive-date=2018-09-27|url-status=dead|access-date=May 22, 2019}}</ref><br />
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Including the incumbent, [[Joe Biden]], 16 Democrats have served as [[President of the United States]]. As of 2022, the party holds a federal [[government trifecta]] (the presidency and majorities in both the [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House]] and the [[United States Senate|U.S. Senate]]), as well as 22 [[List of United States governors|state governorships]], 17 [[List of United States state legislatures|state legislatures]], and 14 state government trifectas (the governorship and both legislative chambers).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ballotpedia.org/State_government_trifectas|title=State government trifectas |publisher=Ballotpedia |access-date=January 13, 2018|archive-date=March 28, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328215337/https://ballotpedia.org/State_government_trifectas|url-status=live}}</ref> Three of the nine justices on the [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]] were appointed by Democratic presidents. By registered members (in those states which permit or require [[voter registration in the United States#Party affiliation|registration by party affiliation]]), the Democratic Party is the largest party in the United States and the [[List of largest political parties|third largest in the world]].<ref name="sarnold" /><br />
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{{TOC limit}}<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
{{main|History of the Democratic Party (United States)}}<br />
[[File:Andrew jackson head.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Andrew Jackson]] was the [[List of presidents of the United States|seventh president of the United States]] (1829–1837) and the [[History of the United States Democratic Party|first Democratic]] [[President of the United States|president]].]]<br />
<br />
Democratic Party officials often trace its origins to the [[Democratic-Republican Party]], founded by [[Thomas Jefferson]], [[James Madison]] and other influential opponents of the [[Federalist Party|Federalists]] in 1792.<ref>The party has claimed a founding date of 1792 as noted in S.2047 which passed in the United States Senate in 1991. {{citation|title= S.2047 – A bill to establish a commission to commemorate the bicentennial of the establishment of the Democratic Party of the United States.|author= 102nd Congress|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/102nd-congress/senate-bill/2047/text?r=90&s=1|year=1991}} “[I]n 1992, the Democratic Party of the United States will celebrate the 200th anniversary of its establishment on May 13, 1792.”</ref> That party died out before the modern Democratic Party was organized; the Jeffersonian party also inspired the [[Whig Party (United States)|Whigs]] and modern Republicans. Historians argue that the modern Democratic Party was first organized in the late 1820s with the election of [[Andrew Jackson]].<ref>Michael Kazin, ''What It Took to Win: A History of the Democratic Party'' (2022) pp 5, 12.</ref> <br />
<br />
Since the nomination of [[William Jennings Bryan]] in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the [[Left-wing politics|left]] of the Republican Party on economic issues. Democrats have been more liberal on civil rights since 1948, although conservative factions within the Democratic Party that opposed them persisted in the South until the 1960s. On foreign policy, both parties have changed positions several times.<ref>Arthur Paulson, ''Realignment and Party Revival: Understanding American Electoral Politics at the Turn of the Twenty-First Century'' (2000) pp. 46–72.</ref><br />
<br />
=== Background ===<br />
The Democratic Party evolved from the [[Jeffersonian Republican]] or [[Democratic-Republican Party]] organized by Jefferson and Madison in opposition to the Federalist Party. The Democratic-Republican Party favored [[Republicanism in the United States|republicanism]]; a weak [[Federal government of the United States|federal government]]; [[states' rights]]; agrarian interests (especially Southern planters); and strict adherence to the [[Constitution]]. The party opposed a national bank and [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]].<ref>James Roger Sharp, ''American Politics in the Early Republic: The New Nation in Crisis'' (1993).</ref> After the [[War of 1812]], the Federalists virtually disappeared and the only national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans, which was prone to splinter along regional lines. The era of one-party rule in the United States, known as the [[Era of Good Feelings]], lasted from 1816 until 1828, when Andrew Jackson became president. Jackson and Martin Van Buren worked with allies in each state to form a new Democratic Party on a national basis. In the 1830s, the [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig Party]] coalesced into the main rival to the Democrats.<br />
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=== 19th century ===<br />
{{Further info|Second Party System|Third Party System}}<br />
[[File:Martin Van Buren by Mathew Brady c1855-58.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.7|[[Martin Van Buren]] was the [[List of presidents of the United States|eighth president of the United States]] (1837–1841) and the [[History of the United States Democratic Party|second Democratic]] [[President of the United States|president]].]]<br />
The Democratic-Republican Party split over the choice of a successor to President [[James Monroe]]. The faction that supported many of the old [[Jeffersonian democracy|Jeffersonian principles]], led by Andrew Jackson and [[Martin Van Buren]], became the modern Democratic Party.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Traub |first1=James |title=The Ugly Election That Birthed Modern American Politics |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/archaeology-and-history/magazine/2016/11-12/america-presidential-elections-1824-corrupt-bargain/ |magazine=National Geographic |access-date=July 6, 2018 |archive-date=July 7, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707010137/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/archaeology-and-history/magazine/2016/11-12/america-presidential-elections-1824-corrupt-bargain/ |url-status=live}}</ref> As Norton explains the transformation in 1828: {{blockquote|Jacksonians believed the people's will had finally prevailed. Through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president. The Democrats became the nation's first well-organized national party ... and tight party organization became the hallmark of nineteenth-century American politics.<ref>Mary Beth Norton et al., ''A People and a Nation, Volume I: to 1877'' (Houghton Mifflin, 2007) p. 287.</ref>|sign=|source=}}<br />
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Behind the platforms issued by state and national parties stood a widely shared political outlook that characterized the Democrats: {{blockquote|The Democrats represented a wide range of views but shared a fundamental commitment to the Jeffersonian concept of an agrarian society. They viewed the central government as the enemy of individual liberty. The [[Corrupt bargain#Election of 1824|1824 "corrupt bargain"]] had strengthened their suspicion of Washington politics. ... Jacksonians feared the concentration of economic and political power. They believed that government intervention in the economy benefited special-interest groups and created corporate monopolies that favored the rich. They sought to restore the independence of the individual—the artisan and the ordinary farmer—by ending federal support of banks and corporations and restricting the use of paper currency, which they distrusted. Their definition of the proper role of government tended to be negative, and Jackson's political power was largely expressed in negative acts. He exercised the veto more than all previous presidents combined. Jackson and his supporters also opposed reform as a movement. Reformers eager to turn their programs into legislation called for a more active government. But Democrats tended to oppose programs like educational reform mid the establishment of a public education system. They believed, for instance, that public schools restricted individual liberty by interfering with parental responsibility and undermined freedom of religion by replacing church schools. Nor did Jackson share reformers' humanitarian concerns. He had no sympathy for American Indians, initiating the removal of the Cherokees along the Trail of Tears.<ref>Mary Beth Norton et al., ''A People and a Nation, Volume I: to 1877'' (2007) pp. 287–288.</ref>|sign=|source=}}<br />
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Opposing factions led by [[Henry Clay]] helped form the Whig Party. The Democratic Party had a small yet decisive advantage over the Whigs until the 1850s when the Whigs fell apart over the issue of slavery. In 1854, angry with the [[Kansas–Nebraska Act]], anti-slavery Democrats left the party and joined Northern Whigs to form the [[History of the United States Republican Party|Republican Party]].<ref>Galbraith Schlisinger, ''Of the People: The 200 Year History of the Democratic Party'' (1992) ch. 1–3.</ref><ref>Robert Allen Rutland, ''The Democrats: From Jefferson to Clinton'' (U. of Missouri Press, 1995) ch. 1–4.</ref><br />
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[[File:Stephen A Douglas - headshot.jpg|thumb|right|170px|[[United States Senate|Senator]] [[Stephen A. Douglas]]]]<br />
The Democrats split over slavery, with Northern and Southern tickets in the [[1860 United States presidential election|election of 1860]], in which the Republican Party gained ascendancy.<ref>Jean H. Baker, ''Affairs of Party: Political Culture of Northern Democrats in the Mid-nineteenth Century'' (1983)</ref> The radical pro-slavery [[Fire-Eaters]] led walkouts at the two conventions when the delegates would not adopt a resolution supporting the extension of slavery into territories even if the voters of those territories did not want it. These [[1860 United States presidential election#Constitutional (Southern) Democratic|Southern Democrats]] nominated the pro-slavery incumbent [[Vice President of the United States|vice president]], [[John C. Breckinridge]] of Kentucky, for [[President of the United States|president]] and General [[Joseph Lane]], of Oregon, for vice president. The [[1860 United States presidential election#National (Northern) Democratic|Northern Democrats]] nominated Senator [[Stephen A. Douglas]] of Illinois for president and former Georgia Governor [[Herschel Vespasian Johnson|Herschel V. Johnson]] for vice president. This fracturing of the Democrats led to a Republican victory and [[Abraham Lincoln]] was elected the 16th president of the United States.<ref name="auto">David M. Potter. ''The Impending Crisis, 1848–1861'' (1976). ch. 16.</ref><br />
[[File:Cleveland Inauguration 1885.jpg|thumb|left|The [[First inauguration of Grover Cleveland|1885 inauguration]] of [[Grover Cleveland]], the only president with non-consecutive terms]]<br />
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As the [[American Civil War]] broke out, Northern Democrats were divided into [[War Democrats]] and [[Copperheads (politics)|Peace Democrats]]. The [[Confederate States of America]] deliberately avoided organized political parties. Most War Democrats rallied to Republican President Abraham Lincoln and the Republicans' [[National Union Party (United States)|National Union Party]] in the [[1864 United States presidential election|election of 1864]], which featured [[Andrew Johnson]] on the Union ticket to attract fellow Democrats. Johnson replaced Lincoln in 1865, but he stayed independent of both parties.<ref>Mark E. Neely. ''Lincoln and the Democrats: The Politics of Opposition in the Civil War'' (2017).</ref><br />
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The Democrats benefited from white Southerners' resentment of [[Reconstruction era of the United States|Reconstruction]] after the war and consequent hostility to the Republican Party. After [[Redeemers]] ended Reconstruction in the 1870s and following the often extremely violent [[Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era|disenfranchisement]] of African Americans led by such [[White supremacy#Academic use of the term|white supremacist]] Democratic politicians as [[Benjamin Tillman]] of [[South Carolina]] in the 1880s and 1890s, the South, voting Democratic, became known as the "[[Solid South]]." Although Republicans won all but two presidential elections, the Democrats remained competitive. The party was dominated by pro-business [[Bourbon Democrat]]s led by [[Samuel J. Tilden]] and [[Grover Cleveland]], who represented mercantile, banking, and railroad interests; opposed [[imperialism]] and overseas expansion; fought for the [[gold standard]]; opposed [[bimetallism]]; and crusaded against corruption, high taxes and tariffs. Cleveland was elected to non-consecutive presidential terms in [[1884 United States presidential election|1884]] and [[1892 United States presidential election|1892]].<ref>Rutland, ''The Democrats: From Jefferson to Clinton'' (1995) ch. 5–6.</ref><br />
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=== 20th century ===<br />
{{Further info|Fourth Party System|Fifth Party System|Sixth Party System}}<br />
[[File:Breckinridgelong2.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Leaders of the [[History of the United States Democratic Party|Democratic Party]] during the first half of the 20th century on 14 June 1913: Secretary of State [[William J. Bryan]], [[Josephus Daniels]], President [[Woodrow Wilson]], [[Breckinridge Long]], [[William Phillips (diplomat)|William Phillips]], and [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]]]<br />
Agrarian Democrats demanding [[free silver]], drawing on Populist ideas, overthrew the Bourbon Democrats in 1896 and nominated [[William Jennings Bryan]] for the presidency (a nomination repeated by Democrats in 1900 and 1908). Bryan waged a vigorous campaign attacking Eastern moneyed interests, but he lost to Republican [[William McKinley]].<ref>Robert W. Cherny, ''A Righteous Cause: The Life of William Jennings Bryan'' (1994)</ref><br />
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The Democrats took control of the House in 1910, and [[Woodrow Wilson]] won election as president in 1912 (when the Republicans split) and 1916. Wilson effectively led Congress to put to rest the issues of tariffs, money, and antitrust, which had dominated politics for 40 years, with new progressive laws. He failed to secure Senate passage of the [[Versailles Treaty]] (ending the war with Germany and joining the League of Nations).<ref>H.W. Brands, ''Woodrow Wilson'' (2003).</ref> The weak party was deeply divided by issues such as the KKK and prohibition in the 1920s. However, it did organize new ethnic voters in Northern cities.<ref>Douglas B. Craig, ''After Wilson: The Struggle for the Democratic Party, 1920-1934'' (1993)</ref><br />
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[[File:RooseveltTruman1944poster.jpg|thumb|left|[[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] and [[Harry S. Truman]], 32nd and 33rd presidents of the United States (1933–1945; 1945–1953), featured on a campaign poster for the [[1944 United States presidential election|1944 presidential election]]]]<br />
The [[Great Depression]] in 1929 that began under Republican President [[Herbert Hoover]] and the Republican Congress set the stage for a more liberal government as the Democrats controlled the House of Representatives nearly uninterrupted from 1930 until 1994, the Senate for 44 of 48 years from 1930, and won most presidential elections until 1968. [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], elected to the presidency in 1932, came forth with federal government programs called the [[New Deal]]. New Deal liberalism meant the regulation of business (especially finance and banking) and the promotion of labor unions as well as federal spending to aid the unemployed, help distressed farmers and undertake large-scale public works projects. It marked the start of the American welfare state.<ref>{{cite book|author=Ellen Russell|title=New Deal Banking Reforms and Keynesian Welfare State Capitalism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qzOUAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA4|year=2007|publisher=Routledge|pages=3–4|isbn=9781135910655|access-date=April 28, 2020|archive-date=October 2, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002180941/https://books.google.com/books?id=qzOUAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA4&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref> The opponents, who stressed opposition to unions, support for business and low taxes, started calling themselves "conservatives".<ref>Rutland, ''The Democrats: From Jefferson to Clinton'' (1995) ch. 7.</ref><br />
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Until the 1980s, the Democratic Party was a coalition of two parties divided by the Mason–Dixon line: liberal Democrats in the North and culturally conservative voters in the South, who though benefitting from many of the New Deal public works projects opposed increasing [[Civil and political rights|civil rights]] initiatives advocated by Northeastern liberals. The polarization grew stronger after Roosevelt died. Southern Democrats formed a key part of the bipartisan [[conservative coalition]] in an alliance with most of the Midwestern Republicans. The economically activist philosophy of Franklin D. Roosevelt, which has strongly influenced [[Liberalism in the United States|American liberalism]], shaped much of the party's economic agenda after 1932.<ref>David M. Kennedy, ''Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929-1945'' (2001).</ref> From the 1930s to the mid-1960s, the liberal [[New Deal coalition]] usually controlled the presidency while the conservative coalition usually controlled Congress.<ref>Paul Finkelman and Peter Wallenstein, eds. ''The Encyclopedia Of American Political History'' (CQ Press, 2001) pp. 124–126.</ref><br />
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Issues facing parties and the United States after World War II included the [[Cold War]] and the [[civil rights movement]]. Republicans attracted conservatives and, after the 1960s, white Southerners from the Democratic coalition with their use of the [[Southern strategy]] and resistance to New Deal and [[Great Society]] liberalism. Until the 1950s, African Americans had traditionally supported the Republican Party because of its anti-slavery civil rights policies. Following the passage of the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]] and [[Voting Rights Act of 1965]], the Southern states became more reliably Republican in presidential politics, while Northeastern states became more reliably Democratic.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300077230/race-campaign-politics-and-realignment-south|title=Race, Campaign Politics, and the Realignment in the South|website=yalebooks.yale.edu|access-date=June 9, 2018|archive-date=June 5, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605173805/https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300077230/race-campaign-politics-and-realignment-south|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Regional Variations in the Realignment of American Politics, 1944–2004">{{cite journal|last1=Bullock|first1=Charles S.|last2=Hoffman|first2=Donna R.|last3=Gaddie|first3=Ronald Keith|date=2006|title=Regional Variations in the Realignment of American Politics, 1944–2004|journal=Social Science Quarterly|volume=87|issue=3|pages=494–518|doi=10.1111/j.1540-6237.2006.00393.x|issn=0038-4941|quote=The events of 1964 laid open the divisions between the South and national Democrats and elicited distinctly different voter behavior in the two regions. The agitation for civil rights by southern blacks continued white violence toward the civil rights movement, and President Lyndon Johnson's aggressive leadership all facilitated passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act. ... In the South, 1964 should be associated with GOP growth while in the Northeast this election contributed to the eradication of Republicans.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Gaddie|first=Ronald Keith|date=February 17, 2012|title=Realignment|url=http://oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195381948.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780195381948-e-13|journal=Oxford Handbooks Online|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195381948.013.0013|access-date=June 9, 2018|archive-date=June 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141820/http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195381948.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780195381948-e-13|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Stanley|first=Harold W.|date=1988|title=Southern Partisan Changes: Dealignment, Realignment or Both?|journal=The Journal of Politics|volume=50|issue=1|pages=64–88|doi=10.2307/2131041|issn=0022-3816|quote=Events surrounding the presidential election of 1964 marked a watershed in terms of the parties and the South (Pomper, 1972). The Solid South was built around the identification of the Democratic party with the cause of white supremacy. Events before 1964 gave white southerners pause about the linkage between the Democratic Party and white supremacy, but the 1964 election, passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 altered in the minds of most the positions of the national parties on racial issues.|jstor=2131041|s2cid=154860857}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Miller|first1=Gary|last2=Schofield|first2=Norman|year=2008|title=The Transformation of the Republican and Democratic Party Coalitions in the U.S.|journal=Perspectives on Politics|volume=6|issue=3|pages=433–50|doi=10.1017/S1537592708081218|s2cid=145321253|issn=1541-0986|quote=1964 was the last presidential election in which the Democrats earned more than 50 percent of the white vote in the United States.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674012486|title=The Rise of Southern Republicans – Earl Black, Merle Black|website=hup.harvard.edu|publisher=Harvard University Press|access-date=June 9, 2018|quote=When the Republican party nominated Arizona Senator Barry Goldwater—one of the few senators who had opposed the Civil Rights Act—as their presidential candidate in 1964, the party attracted many southern whites but permanently alienated African-American voters. Beginning with the Goldwater-versus-Johnson campaign more southern whites voted Republican than Democratic, a pattern that has recurred in every subsequent presidential election. ... Before the 1964 presidential election the Republican party had not carried any Deep South state for eighty-eight years. Yet shortly after Congress passed the Civil Rights Act, hundreds of Deep South counties gave Barry Goldwater landslide majorities.|archive-date=June 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612135934/http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674012486|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Issue Evolution">{{cite book|url=https://press.princeton.edu/titles/4385.html|title=Issue Evolution|date=September 6, 1990|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=9780691023311|access-date=June 9, 2018|archive-date=May 16, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516081536/https://press.princeton.edu/titles/4385.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Miller|first1=Gary|last2=Schofield|first2=Norman|year=2003|title=Activists and Partisan Realignment in the United States|journal=American Political Science Review|volume=97|issue=2|pages=245–60|doi=10.1017/S0003055403000650|s2cid=12885628|issn=1537-5943|quote=By 2000, however, the New Deal party alignment no longer captured patterns of partisan voting. In the intervening 40 years, the Civil Rights and Voting Rights Acts had triggered an increasingly race-driven distinction between the parties. ... Goldwater won the electoral votes of five states of the Deep South in 1964, four of the states that had voted Democratic for 84 years (Califano 1991, 55). He forged a new identification of the Republican party with racial conservatism, reversing a century-long association of the GOP with racial liberalism. This, in turn, opened the door for Nixon's "Southern strategy" and the Reagan victories of the eighties.}}</ref> Studies show that Southern whites, which were a core constituency in the Democratic Party, shifted to the Republican Party due to racial conservatism.<ref name="Issue Evolution" /><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Valentino|first1=Nicholas A.|last2=Sears|first2=David O.|author-link2=David O. Sears|year=2005|title=Old Times There Are Not Forgotten: Race and Partisan Realignment in the Contemporary South|journal=American Journal of Political Science|volume=49|issue=3|pages=672–88|doi=10.1111/j.1540-5907.2005.00136.x|issn=0092-5853|author-link1=Nicholas Valentino}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first1=Ilyana|last1=Kuziemko|first2=Ebonya|last2=Washington|title=Why Did the Democrats Lose the South? Bringing New Data to an Old Debate|journal=American Economic Review|year=2018|volume=108|issue=10|pages=2830–2867|doi=10.1257/aer.20161413|issn=0002-8282|doi-access=free}}</ref><br />
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The election of President [[John F. Kennedy]] from Massachusetts in 1960 partially reflected this shift. In the campaign, Kennedy attracted a new generation of younger voters. In his agenda dubbed the [[New Frontier]], Kennedy introduced a host of social programs and public works projects, along with enhanced support of the [[NASA|space program]], proposing a crewed spacecraft [[Apollo 11|trip to the moon]] by the end of the decade. He pushed for civil rights initiatives and proposed the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]], but with his [[Assassination of John F. Kennedy|assassination]] in November 1963, he was not able to see its passage.<ref>James T. Patterson, ''Grand Expectations: The United States, 1945-1974'' (1997).</ref><br />
[[File:President Kennedy and Vice President Johnson prior to ceremony.jpg|thumb|left|[[John F. Kennedy]] and [[Lyndon B. Johnson]], 35th and 36th presidents of the United States (1961–1963, 1963–1969)]]<br />
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Kennedy's successor [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] was able to persuade the largely conservative Congress to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and with a more progressive Congress in 1965 passed much of the [[Great Society]], which consisted of an array of social programs designed to help the poor. Kennedy and Johnson's advocacy of civil rights further solidified black support for the Democrats but had the effect of alienating Southern whites who would eventually gravitate toward the Republican Party, particularly after the election of [[Ronald Reagan]] to the presidency in 1980. The United States' involvement in the [[Vietnam War]] in the 1960s was another divisive issue that further fractured the fault lines of the Democrats' coalition. After the [[Gulf of Tonkin Resolution]] in 1964, President Johnson committed a large contingency of combat troops to Vietnam, but the escalation failed to drive the [[Viet Cong]] from South Vietnam, resulting in an increasing [[Quagmire theory|quagmire]], which by 1968 had become the subject of widespread anti-war protests in the United States and elsewhere. With increasing casualties and nightly news reports bringing home troubling images from Vietnam, the costly military engagement became increasingly unpopular, alienating many of the kinds of young voters that the Democrats had attracted in the early 1960s. The protests that year along with assassinations of [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] and Democratic presidential candidate Senator [[Robert F. Kennedy]] (younger brother of John F. Kennedy) climaxed in turbulence at the hotly-contested [[1968 Democratic National Convention|Democratic National Convention]] that summer in Chicago (which amongst the ensuing turmoil inside and outside of the convention hall nominated Vice President [[Hubert Humphrey]]) in a series of events that proved to mark a significant turning point in the decline of the Democratic Party's broad coalition.<ref>Patterson, ''Grand Expectations: The United States, 1945-1974'' (1997).</ref><br />
[[File:Jimmy Carter presents his State of the Union Speech to Congress. - NARA - 183085.tif|thumb|right|[[Jimmy Carter]], 39th president of the United States (1977–1981), delivering the State of the Union Address in 1979]]<br />
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Republican presidential nominee [[Richard Nixon]] was able to capitalize on the confusion of the Democrats that year, and won the 1968 election to become the 37th president. He won re-election in a [[1972 United States presidential election|landslide]] in 1972 against Democratic nominee [[George McGovern]], who like Robert F. Kennedy, reached out to the younger anti-war and counterculture voters, but unlike Kennedy, was not able to appeal to the party's more traditional white working-class constituencies. During Nixon's second term, his presidency was rocked by the [[Watergate]] scandal, which forced him to resign in 1974. He was succeeded by vice president [[Gerald Ford]], who served a brief tenure. Watergate offered the Democrats an opportunity to recoup, and their nominee [[Jimmy Carter]] won the 1976 presidential election. With the initial support of [[evangelical]] Christian voters in the South, Carter was temporarily able to reunite the disparate factions within the party, but [[inflation]] and the [[Iran Hostage Crisis]] of 1979–1980 took their toll, resulting in a [[1980 United States presidential election|landslide]] victory for Republican presidential nominee [[Ronald Reagan]] in 1980, which shifted the political landscape in favor of the Republicans for years to come.<br />
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[[File:Defense.gov News Photo 980217-D-9880W-016.jpg|thumb|left|[[Bill Clinton]], 42nd president of the United States (1993–2001), at [[The Pentagon]] in 1998]]<br />
With the ascendancy of the Republicans under Ronald Reagan, the Democrats searched for ways to respond yet were unable to succeed by running traditional candidates, such as former vice president and Democratic presidential nominee [[Walter Mondale]], who lost to Reagan in the 1984 presidential election. Many Democrats attached their hopes to the future star of [[Gary Hart]], who had challenged Mondale in the 1984 primaries running on a theme of "New Ideas"; and in the subsequent 1988 primaries became the de facto front-runner and virtual "shoo-in" for the Democratic presidential nomination before a sex scandal ended his campaign. The party nevertheless began to seek out a younger generation of leaders, who like Hart had been inspired by the pragmatic idealism of John F. Kennedy.<ref>James T. Patterson, ''Restless Giant: The United States from Watergate to Bush v. Gore'' (2011).</ref><br />
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Arkansas governor [[Bill Clinton]] was one such figure, who was elected president in 1992 as the Democratic nominee. He labeled himself and governed as a "[[New Democrats|New Democrat]]." The party adopted a [[Centrism|centrist]] economic yet [[Social progressivism|socially progressive]] agenda, with the voter base after Reagan having shifted considerably to the [[Right (politics)|right]]. In an effort to appeal both to liberals and to fiscal conservatives, Democrats began to advocate for a [[balanced budget]] and [[market economy]] tempered by [[Economic interventionism|government intervention]] ([[mixed economy]]), along with a continued emphasis on [[social justice]] and [[affirmative action]]. The economic policy adopted by the Democratic Party, including the former [[Presidency of Bill Clinton|Clinton administration]], has been referred to as "[[Third Way (centrism)|Third Way]]." The Democrats lost control of Congress in the [[Republican Revolution|election of 1994]] to the Republican Party. Re-elected in 1996, Clinton was the first Democratic president since Franklin D. Roosevelt to be elected to two terms.<ref>Patterson. ''Restless Giant: The United States from Watergate to Bush v. Gore'' (2011).</ref><br />
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=== 21st century ===<br />
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|footer=[[Barack Obama]] and [[Joe Biden]], 44th and 46th presidents of the United States (2009–2017, 2021–''present'').<br />
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In the wake of the 2001 [[September 11 attacks|terrorist attacks]] on the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]] and [[the Pentagon]] as well as the growing concern over [[global warming]], some of the party's key issues in the early 21st century have included combating [[terrorism]] while preserving [[human rights]], expanding access to [[health care]], [[labor rights]], and environmental protection. Democrats regained majority control of both the House and the Senate in the [[United States general elections, 2006|2006 elections]]. [[Barack Obama]] won the Democratic Party's nomination and was elected as the first [[African American]] president in 2008. Under the Obama presidency, the party moved forward reforms including an [[American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009|economic stimulus]] package, the [[Dodd-Frank Act|Dodd–Frank]] financial reform act, and the [[Affordable Care Act]]. In the [[2010 United States elections|2010 midterm elections]], the Democratic Party lost control of the House and lost its majority in state legislatures and state governorships. In the [[2012 United States presidential election|2012 elections]], President Obama was re-elected, but the party remained in the minority in the House of Representatives and lost control of the Senate in the [[2014 United States elections|2014 midterm elections]]. After the [[2016 United States presidential election|2016 election]] of [[Donald Trump]], the Democratic Party transitioned into the role of an opposition party and held neither the presidency nor the Senate but won back a majority in the House in the [[2018 United States House of Representatives elections|2018 midterm elections]].<ref>Rutland, ''The Democrats: From Jefferson to Clinton'' (1995) ch 8</ref> Democrats were extremely critical of President Trump, particularly his policies on immigration, healthcare, and abortion, as well as his response to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite news|last=York|first=David Smith Molly Redden in New|date=2016-04-01|title=Donald Trump's abortion remarks provoke biggest crisis of his campaign|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/mar/31/donald-trump-abortion-remarks-biggest-campaign-crisis |df=mdy-all|access-date=2020-06-29|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=July 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729191734/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/mar/31/donald-trump-abortion-remarks-biggest-campaign-crisis|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=McCormick|first=Stephanie Armour and John|date=2020-03-14|title=Democrats Sharpen Criticism of Trump's Health-Care Policy in Coronavirus Pandemic|language=en-US|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/democrats-sharpen-criticism-of-trumps-health-care-policy-in-coronavirus-pandemic-11584195089 |df=mdy-all|access-date=2020-06-29|issn=0099-9660|archive-date=July 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729182405/https://www.wsj.com/articles/democrats-sharpen-criticism-of-trumps-health-care-policy-in-coronavirus-pandemic-11584195089|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Trump WHO decision draws criticism from Democrats in US Congress|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/trump-decision-draws-criticism-democrats-congress-200415184644345.html |df=mdy-all|access-date=2020-06-29|website=www.aljazeera.com|archive-date=July 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729193902/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/trump-decision-draws-criticism-democrats-congress-200415184644345.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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Based on a poll conducted in 2014, [[The Gallup Organization|Gallup]] found that 30% of Americans identified as Democrats, 23% as Republicans, and 45% as [[Independent voter|independents]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/15370/party-affiliation.aspx|title=Party Affiliation &#124; Gallup Historical Trends|date=September 20, 2007|publisher=Gallup.com|access-date=March 18, 2014|archive-date=March 18, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318032559/http://www.gallup.com/poll/15370/party-affiliation.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> In the same poll, a survey of registered voters stated that 47% identified as Democrats or leaned toward the party compared to 40% of registered voters who identified as or leaned toward the Republicans.<br />
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In 2018, Democratic [[United States Congress|congressional]] candidate [[Tom Malinowski]], who was later elected, described the party:{{promotional inline|date=June 2022}}<br />
<br />
{{Blockquote|We're now the party of fiscal responsibility in America. We didn't just add $2 trillion to the national debt for that tax cut that Warren Buffett didn't want{{nbsp}}... We're the party of law enforcement in America; we don't vilify the Federal Bureau of Investigation every single day. We're the party of family values. We don't{{nbsp}}... take kids from their parents at the border. We're the party of patriotism in America that wants to defend this country against our foreign adversaries.|Tom Malinowski in July 2018<ref name=twsWashPost0786>{{cite news|first1=E. J.|last1=Dionne|date=July 15, 2018|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/does-the-blue-wave-start-in-jersey/2018/07/15/db44a0b2-86e4-11e8-8f6c-46cb43e3f306_story.html|title=Does the blue wave start in Jersey?|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716011710/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/does-the-blue-wave-start-in-jersey/2018/07/15/db44a0b2-86e4-11e8-8f6c-46cb43e3f306_story.html |archive-date=July 16, 2018|access-date=July 16, 2018}}</ref>}} In November 2020, Democrat [[Joe Biden]] won the [[2020 United States presidential election|2020 presidential election]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-07|title=Biden defeats Trump for White House, says 'time to heal'|url=https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-wins-white-house-ap-fd58df73aa677acb74fce2a69adb71f9|access-date=2020-11-07|website=AP NEWS}}</ref> He began his term with narrow Democratic majorities in the House and the Senate.<ref>{{cite news |title=Georgia Highlights: Democrats Win the Senate as Ossoff Defeats Perdue |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/01/06/us/georgia-election-results |website=The New York Times |date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=11 January 2021|last1=Martin |first1=Jonathan |last2=Fausset |first2=Richard |last3=Epstein |first3=Reid J. }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=U.S. House Election Results|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/11/03/us/elections/results-house.html|access-date=2021-02-08|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><br />
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== Name and symbols ==<br />
{{multiple image<br />
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|caption1="A Live Jackass Kicking a Dead Lion" by Thomas Nast, ''[[Harper's Magazine|Harper's Weekly]]'', January 19, 1870<br />
|image2=DemocraticLogo.svg<br />
|caption2=The donkey party logo remains a well-known symbol for the Democratic Party despite not being the official logo of the party.<br />
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|caption3=The Democratic donkey party logo in a modernized "kicking donkey" form<br />
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The [[Democratic-Republican Party]] splintered in 1824 into the short-lived [[National Republican Party]] and the Jacksonian movement which in 1828 became the Democratic Party. Under the Jacksonian era, the term "The Democracy" was in use by the party, but the name "Democratic Party" was eventually settled upon<ref>{{cite book|author=Appleby, Joyce|title=Thomas Jefferson|year=2003|page=4|isbn=978-0-521-64841-7|author-link=Joyce Appleby|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6rOu3WYEiiQC|access-date=April 28, 2020|archive-date=October 2, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002180948/https://books.google.com/books?id=6rOu3WYEiiQC&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref> and became the official name in 1844.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/157244/Democratic-Party/308570/Slavery-and-the-emergence-of-the-bipartisan-system|title=Democratic Party|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=January 19, 2015|archive-date=February 17, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217133844/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/157244/Democratic-Party/308570/Slavery-and-the-emergence-of-the-bipartisan-system|url-status=live}}</ref> Members of the party are called "Democrats" or "Dems".<br />
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The term [[Democrat Party (epithet)|"Democrat Party"]] has also been in local use but has usually been used by opponents since 1952 as a disparaging term.<br />
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The most common mascot symbol for the party has been the [[donkey]], or jackass.<ref>see [https://web.archive.org/web/20090307093800/https://www.democrats.org/a/2005/06/history_of_the.php "History of the Democratic Donkey"]</ref> [[Andrew Jackson]]'s enemies twisted his name to "jackass" as a term of ridicule regarding a stupid and stubborn animal. However, the Democrats liked the common-man implications and picked it up too, therefore the image persisted and evolved.<ref>{{cite book|author=John William Ward|title=Andrew Jackson: Symbol for an Age|url=https://archive.org/details/andrewjacksonsym0000ward|url-access=registration|year=1962|publisher=Oxford Up|pages=[https://archive.org/details/andrewjacksonsym0000ward/page/87 87]–88|isbn=9780199923205}}</ref> Its most lasting impression came from the cartoons of [[Thomas Nast]] from 1870 in ''[[Harper's Magazine|Harper's Weekly]]''. Cartoonists followed Nast and used the donkey to represent the Democrats and the elephant to represent the [[History of the Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]].<br />
<br />
In the early 20th century, the traditional symbol of the Democratic Party in Indiana, Kentucky, Oklahoma and Ohio was the rooster, as opposed to the Republican eagle. This symbol still appears on Oklahoma, Kentucky, Indiana, and West Virginia [[ballot]]s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Barbour County, West Virginia General Election Ballot|date=November 4, 2008|url=http://www.wvsos.com/elections/ballots/barbourgen.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081024032144/https://www.wvsos.com/elections/ballots/barbourgen.pdf|archive-date=October 24, 2008}}</ref> The rooster was adopted as the official symbol of the national Democratic Party.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ithaca.edu/rhp/programs/cmd/blogs/posters_and_election_propaganda/the_rooster_as_the_symbol_of_the_u.s._democratic_p/|title=The Rooster as the Symbol of the U.S. Democratic Party|first=Steven|last= Seidman| publisher=Ithaca College|date=June 12, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024043133/http://www.ithaca.edu/rhp/programs/cmd/blogs/posters_and_election_propaganda/the_rooster_as_the_symbol_of_the_u.s._democratic_p/|<br />
archive-date=October 24, 2017}}</ref> In [[New York (state)|New York]], the Democratic ballot symbol is a five-pointed star.<ref>{{cite web|title=Poor Ballot Design Hurts New York's Minor Parties{{nbsp}}... Again|publisher=[[Brennan Center for Justice]]|first=Tomas|last=Lopez|date=October 23, 2014|url=https://www.brennancenter.org/blog/poor-ballot-design-hurts-new-yorks-minor-parties-again|access-date=February 6, 2017|archive-date=February 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207031521/https://www.brennancenter.org/blog/poor-ballot-design-hurts-new-yorks-minor-parties-again|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
Although both major political parties (and many minor ones) use the traditional American colors of red, white, and blue in their marketing and representations, since [[2000 United States presidential election|election night 2000]] blue has become the identifying color for the Democratic Party while red has become the identifying color for the Republican Party. That night, for the first time all major broadcast television networks used the same color scheme for the electoral map: [[Red states and blue states|blue states]] for [[Al Gore]] (Democratic nominee) and red states for [[George W. Bush]] (Republican nominee). Since then, the color blue has been widely used by the media to represent the party. This is contrary to common practice outside of the United States where blue is the traditional color of the [[right-wing politics|right]] and red the color of the [[left-wing politics|left]].<ref name="WP Nov 2004">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A17079-2004Nov1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509144731/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A17079-2004Nov1.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 9, 2008|title=Elephants Are Red, Donkeys Are Blue|last=Farhi|first=Paul|date=November 2, 2004|newspaper=Washington Post|page=C01|access-date=October 11, 2016}}</ref> For example, in Canada red represents the [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberals]] while blue represents the [[Conservative Party of Canada|Conservatives]]. In the United Kingdom, red denotes the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] and blue symbolizes the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]]. Any use of the color blue to denote the Democratic Party prior to 2000 would be historically inaccurate and misleading. Since 2000, blue has also been used both by party supporters for promotional efforts—[[ActBlue]], BuyBlue and BlueFund as examples—and by the party itself in 2006 both for its "Red to Blue Program", created to support Democratic candidates running against Republican incumbents in the [[United States general elections, 2006|midterm elections]] that year and on its official website.<br />
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In September 2010, the Democratic Party unveiled its new logo, which featured a blue D inside a blue circle. It was the party's first official logo; the donkey logo had only been semi-official.<br />
<br />
[[Jefferson-Jackson Day]] is the annual fundraising event (dinner) held by Democratic Party organizations across the United States.<ref>{{cite news|first=Bill|last=Trotter|title=Obama sets sights on November battle|newspaper=[[Bangor Daily News]]|date=February 11, 2008|url=http://www.bangornews.com/news/t/city.aspx?articleid=160039&zoneid=176|access-date=February 12, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228050855/http://www.bangornews.com/news/t/city.aspx?articleid=160039&zoneid=176|archive-date=February 28, 2008}}</ref> It is named after Presidents [[Thomas Jefferson]] and [[Andrew Jackson]], whom the party regards as its distinguished early leaders.<br />
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The song "[[Happy Days Are Here Again]]" is the unofficial song of the Democratic Party. It was used prominently when [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] was nominated for president at the [[1932 Democratic National Convention]] and remains a sentimental favorite for Democrats today. For example, [[Paul Shaffer]] played the theme on the ''[[Late Show with David Letterman]]'' after the Democrats won Congress in 2006. "[[Don't Stop (Fleetwood Mac song)|Don't Stop]]" by [[Fleetwood Mac]] was adopted by [[Bill Clinton]]'s presidential campaign in 1992 and has endured as a popular Democratic song. The emotionally similar song "[[Beautiful Day]]" by the band [[U2]] has also become a favorite theme song for Democratic candidates. [[John Kerry]] used the song during his 2004 presidential campaign and several Democratic Congressional candidates used it as a celebratory tune in 2006.<ref>{{cite news|first=Michael|last=Gruss|title=Local roast becomes political pep rally for Democrats|newspaper=[[The Virginian-Pilot]]|date=November 21, 2006|url=http://hamptonroads.com/node/185421|access-date=April 15, 2007|archive-date=February 25, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150225035614/http://hamptonroads.com/node/185421|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Michael|last=Scherer|title=The Democrats are ready to lead|work=[[Salon.com]]|date=November 8, 2006|url=https://www.salon.com/news/feature/2006/11/08/pelosi/|access-date=March 18, 2007|archive-date=August 11, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090811050908/http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2006/11/08/pelosi/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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As a traditional anthem for its presidential nominating convention, [[Aaron Copland]]'s "[[Fanfare for the Common Man]]" is traditionally performed at the beginning of the Democratic National Convention.<br />
<br />
== Current structure and composition ==<br />
<br />
=== National committee ===<br />
The [[Democratic National Committee]] (DNC) is responsible for promoting Democratic campaign activities. While the DNC is responsible for overseeing the process of writing the Democratic Platform, the DNC is more focused on campaign and organizational strategy than [[public policy]]. In presidential elections, it supervises the [[Democratic National Convention]]. The national convention is subject to the charter of the party and the ultimate authority within the Democratic Party when it is in session, with the DNC running the party's organization at other times. The DNC is chaired by [[Jaime Harrison]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Schneider |first1=Avie |title=DNC Chairman Jaime Harrison Wants To Build The 'Next Generation' Of Democratic Talent |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/01/22/959573611/dnc-chairman-jaime-harrison-wants-to-build-the-next-generation-of-democratic-tal |access-date=22 January 2021 |publisher=NPR |date=22 January 2021}}</ref><br />
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=== State parties ===<br />
{{main|List of state parties of the Democratic Party (United States)}}<br />
Each state also has a state committee, made up of elected committee members as well as ex officio committee members (usually elected officials and representatives of major constituencies), which in turn elects a chair. County, town, city, and ward committees generally are composed of individuals elected at the local level. State and local committees often coordinate campaign activities within their jurisdiction, oversee local conventions, and in some cases primaries or caucuses, and may have a role in nominating candidates for elected office under state law. Rarely do they have much funding, but in 2005 DNC Chairman Dean began a program (called the "50 State Strategy") of using DNC national funds to assist all state parties and pay for full-time professional staffers.<ref>{{cite news|last=Gilgoff|first=Dan|title=Dean's List|date=July 16, 2006|url=https://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/060716/24dems.htm|work=[[U.S. News & World Report]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709100930/http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/060716/24dems.htm|archive-date=July 9, 2012|access-date=April 26, 2007|url-status=dead|df=mdy}}</ref><br />
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=== Major party groups ===<br />
[[File:Barack Obama Speaks to College Democrats.jpg|thumb|right|[[Barack Obama]] speaking to [[College Democrats of America]] in 2007]]<br />
The [[Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee]] (DCCC) assists party candidates in House races and its current chairman (selected by the party caucus) is Representative [[Sean Patrick Maloney]] of New York. Similarly, the [[Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee]] (DSCC), headed by Senator [[Gary Peters]] of Michigan, raises funds for Senate races. The [[Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee]] (DLCC), chaired by [[Majority Leader of the New York State Senate]] [[Andrea Stewart-Cousins]], is a smaller organization that focuses on state legislative races. The DNC sponsors the [[College Democrats of America]] (CDA), a student-outreach organization with the goal of training and engaging a new generation of Democratic activists. [[Democrats Abroad]] is the organization for Americans living outside the United States. They work to advance the party's goals and encourage Americans living abroad to support the Democrats. The [[Young Democrats of America]] (YDA) and the [[High School Democrats of America]] (HSDA) are young adult and youth-led organizations respectively that attempt to draw in and mobilize young people for Democratic candidates but operates outside of the DNC. The [[Democratic Governors Association]] (DGA) is an organization supporting the candidacies of Democratic gubernatorial nominees and incumbents. Likewise, the mayors of the largest cities and urban centers convene as the [[National Conference of Democratic Mayors]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Home |url=http://www.democraticmayors.org/ |website=National Conference of Democratic Mayors |access-date=March 21, 2020 |archive-date=October 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002181004/https://www.democraticmayors.org/ |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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== Ideology ==<br />
{{Liberalism US}}<br />
{{further|Factions in the Democratic Party (United States)}}<br />
Upon foundation, the Democratic Party supported [[agrarianism]] and the [[Jacksonian democracy]] movement of President [[Andrew Jackson]], representing farmers and rural interests and traditional [[Jeffersonian democracy|Jeffersonian democrats]].<ref>John Ashworth, ''"Agrarians" & "aristocrats": Party political ideology in the United States, 1837–1846''(1983)</ref> Since the 1890s, especially in northern states, the party began to favor more liberal positions (the term "liberal" in this sense describes [[Modern liberalism in the United States|modern liberalism]], rather than [[classical liberalism]] or [[economic liberalism]]). In recent [[exit poll]]s, the Democratic Party has had broad appeal across all socio-ethno-economic demographics.<ref name="CNN. (2000). Exit Poll.">{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2000/results/index.epolls.html|title=CNN. (2000). Exit Poll|access-date=July 11, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630063715/http://www4.cnn.com/ELECTION/2000/results/index.epolls.html<!-- Bot retrieved archive -->|archive-date=June 30, 2007}}</ref><ref name="CNN. (2004). Exit Poll.">{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2004/pages/results/states/US/P/00/epolls.0.html|title=CNN. (2004). Exit Poll|access-date=July 11, 2007|archive-date=May 14, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070514025413/http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2004/pages/results/states/US/P/00/epolls.0.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CNN. (2006). Exit Poll.">{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2006/pages/results/states/US/H/00/epolls.0.html|title=CNN. (2006). Exit Poll|access-date=July 11, 2007|archive-date=February 13, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213112422/http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2006/pages/results/states/US/H/00/epolls.0.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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Historically, the party has represented farmers, laborers, and religious and ethnic minorities as it has opposed unregulated business and finance and favored progressive income taxes. In foreign policy, [[internationalism (politics)|internationalism]] (including [[interventionism (politics)|interventionism]]) was a dominant theme from 1913 to the mid-1960s. In the 1930s, the party began advocating [[Social programs in the United States|social programs]] targeted at the poor. The party had a [[Fiscal conservatism|fiscally conservative]], [[Economic liberalism|pro-business]] wing, typified by [[Grover Cleveland]] and [[Al Smith]], and a [[Southern Democrats|Southern]] conservative wing that shrank after President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] supported the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]]. The major influences for liberalism were labor unions (which peaked in the 1936–1952 era) and [[African Americans]]. [[Environmentalism]] has been a major component since the 1970s. The 21st century Democratic Party is predominantly a coalition of centrists, liberals, and progressives, with significant overlap between the three groups.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Brownstein |first1=Ronald |title=The Democrats' Coalition Could Fundamentally Change by 2020 |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2019/05/democrats-progressive-agenda-and-2020-election/589066/ |website=The Atlantic |date=May 9, 2019 |access-date=March 13, 2020 |archive-date=March 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323161712/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2019/05/democrats-progressive-agenda-and-2020-election/589066/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Political scientists characterize the Democratic Party as less ideologically cohesive than the Republican Party due to the broader diversity of coalitions than compose the Democratic Party.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gidron|first1=Noam|last2=Ziblatt|first2=Daniel|date=2019-05-11|title=Center-Right Political Parties in Advanced Democracies|url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-polisci-090717-092750|journal=Annual Review of Political Science|language=en|volume=22|issue=1|pages=17–35|doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-090717-092750|s2cid=182421002|issn=1094-2939}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Grossman|first1=Matt|url=https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190626594.001.0001/acprof-9780190626594|title=Asymmetric Politics: Ideological Republicans and Group Interest Democrats|last2=Hopkins|first2=David A.|date=2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-062659-4|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190626594.001.0001}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lelkes|first1=Yphtach|last2=Sniderman|first2=Paul M.|date=2016|title=The Ideological Asymmetry of the American Party System|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-of-political-science/article/ideological-asymmetry-of-the-american-party-system/52D59CAD35259CA306598353E93272AC|journal=British Journal of Political Science|language=en|volume=46|issue=4|pages=825–844|doi=10.1017/S0007123414000404|issn=0007-1234}}</ref><br />
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The Democratic Party, once dominant in the [[Southeastern United States]], is now strongest in the Northeast ([[Mid-Atlantic (United States)|Mid-Atlantic]] and [[New England]]), the [[Great Lakes region]], and the [[West Coast of the United States|West Coast]] (including [[Hawaii]]). The party is also very strong in [[List of United States cities by population|major cities]] (regardless of region).<ref name="cities">{{cite web |last1=Thompson |first1=Derek |title=How Democrats Conquered the City |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/09/brief-history-how-democrats-conquered-city/597955/ |website=The Atlantic |date=September 13, 2019 |access-date=March 13, 2020 |archive-date=March 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200307075726/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/09/brief-history-how-democrats-conquered-city/597955/ |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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=== Centrists ===<br />
Centrist Democrats, or [[New Democrats]], are an ideologically [[Centrism|centrist]] faction within the Democratic Party that emerged after the victory of [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] [[George H. W. Bush]] in the [[1988 United States presidential election|1988 presidential election]]. They are an economically [[Economic liberalism|liberal]] and "[[Third Way]]" faction which dominated the party for around 20 years starting in the late 1980s after the United States populace turned much further to the [[political right]]. They are represented by organizations such as the [[New Democrat Network]] and the [[New Democrat Coalition]]. The New Democrat Coalition is a pro-growth and fiscally moderate congressional coalition.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newdemocratcoalition-kind.house.gov/about-me|title=About Us - New Democrat Coalition|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305184704/http://newdemocratcoalition-kind.house.gov/about-me|archive-date=March 5, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref><br />
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One of the most influential centrist groups was the [[Democratic Leadership Council]] (DLC), a nonprofit organization that advocated centrist positions for the party. The DLC hailed President [[Bill Clinton]] as proof of the viability of "Third Way" politicians and a DLC success story. The DLC disbanded in 2011 and much of the former DLC is now represented in the think tank [[Third Way (United States)|Third Way]].<ref>[http://www.prospect.org/cs/articles?article=how_the_dlc_does_it "How the DLC Does It"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110918040311/http://prospect.org/cs/articles?article=how_the_dlc_does_it |date=September 18, 2011}}, Robert Dreyfuss, ''American Prospect'', April 23, 2001.</ref><br />
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Some Democratic elected officials have self-declared as being centrists, including former President Bill Clinton, former Vice President [[Al Gore]], Senator [[Mark Warner]], former Pennsylvania governor [[Ed Rendell]], former Senator [[Jim Webb]], President [[Joe Biden]], congresswoman [[Ann Kirkpatrick]], and former congressman [[Dave McCurdy]].<ref name="Members - New Democrat Coalition">{{cite web|url=https://newdemocratcoalition-kind.house.gov/members|title=Members - New Democrat Coalition|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160907005152/https://newdemocratcoalition-kind.house.gov/members|archive-date=September 7, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|jstor=2152360|title=The Making of the New Democrats|first=Jon F.|last=Hale|date=January 1, 1995|journal=Political Science Quarterly|volume=110|issue=2|pages=207–232|doi=10.2307/2152360}}</ref><br />
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The New Democrat Network supports socially liberal and fiscally moderate Democratic politicians and is associated with the congressional [[New Democrat Coalition]] in the House.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ndn.org/|title=NDN - A Progressive Think Tank and Advocacy Organization|access-date=March 11, 2016|archive-date=March 10, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310191245/http://ndn.org/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Suzan DelBene]] is the chair of the coalition,<ref name="Members - New Democrat Coalition"/> and former senator and 2016 Democratic presidential nominee [[Hillary Clinton]] was a member while in Congress.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newdem.org/coalition/sndcmembers.shtml|title=Senate New Democrat Coalition Members|date=August 26, 2002|work=New Democrrat Network|access-date=April 16, 2017|url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020826214310/http://newdem.org/coalition/sndcmembers.shtml|archive-date=August 26, 2002|df=mdy-all}}</ref> In 2009, President [[Barack Obama]] was self-described as a New Democrat.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.politico.com/story/2009/03/obama-i-am-a-new-democrat-019862#ixzz3o9jykSUe|title=Obama: 'I am a New Democrat'|work=Politico.com|access-date=April 16, 2017|archive-date=April 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419161022/http://www.politico.com/story/2009/03/obama-i-am-a-new-democrat-019862#ixzz3o9jykSUe|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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=== Conservatives ===<br />
A [[conservative Democrat]] is a member of the Democratic Party with [[Conservatism in the United States|conservative]] political views, or with views relatively conservative with respect to those of the national party. While such members of the Democratic Party can be found throughout the nation, actual elected officials are disproportionately found within the [[Southern United States|Southern states]] and to a lesser extent within [[Rural United States|rural]] regions of the United States generally, more commonly in the [[Western United States|West]]. Historically, [[Southern Democrats]] were generally much more ideologically conservative than conservative Democrats are now.<br />
[[File:State Dining Room 2009.jpg|thumb|right|President [[Barack Obama]] meeting with the [[Blue Dog Coalition]] in the [[State Dining Room of the White House]] in 2009]]<br />
<br />
Many conservative Southern Democrats defected to the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]], beginning with the passage of the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]] and the general leftward shift of the party. [[Strom Thurmond]] of [[South Carolina]], [[Billy Tauzin]] of [[Louisiana]], [[Kent Hance]] and [[Ralph Hall]] of [[Texas]] and [[Richard Shelby]] of [[Alabama]] are examples of this. The influx of conservative Democrats into the Republican Party is often cited as a reason for the Republican Party's shift further to the right during the late 20th century as well as the shift of its base from the Northeast and Midwest to the South.<br />
<br />
Into the 1980s, the Democratic Party had a conservative element, mostly from the South and Border regions. Their numbers declined sharply as the Republican Party built up its Southern base. They were sometimes humorously called "[[Yellow dog Democrat]]s", or "[[Boll weevil (politics)|boll weevils]]" and "[[Dixiecrats]]." In the [[United States House of Representatives|House]], they form the [[Blue Dog Coalition]], a caucus of conservatives and centrists willing to broker compromises with the Republican leadership. They have acted as a unified voting bloc in the past, giving its members some ability to change legislation, depending on their numbers in Congress.<br />
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[[Split-ticket voting]] was common among conservative Southern Democrats in the 1970s and 1980s. These voters supported conservative Democrats for local and statewide office while simultaneously voting for Republican presidential candidates.<ref>Roger Chapman, ''Culture Wars: An Encyclopedia'' (2010) vol 1 Page 136</ref><br />
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=== Liberals ===<br />
{{see also|Modern liberalism in the United States}}<br />
[[File:Eleanor Roosevelt at the Democratic Nationall Convention in Chicago, Illinois - NARA - 195997.jpg|thumb|left|[[Eleanor Roosevelt]] at the [[1956 Democratic National Convention]] in Chicago]]<br />
[[Social liberalism|Social liberals]] ([[Modern liberalism in the United States|modern liberals]]) are a large portion of the Democratic base. According to 2018 exit polls, liberals constituted 27% of the electorate, and 91% of American liberals favored the candidate of the Democratic Party.<ref name="2018e">{{cite web |title=Exit Polls |url=https://www.cnn.com/election/2018/exit-polls |website=CNN Politics |access-date=July 4, 2020 |archive-date=November 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114225635/https://www.cnn.com/election/2018/exit-polls |url-status=live}}</ref> [[White-collar worker|White-collar]] college-educated professionals were mostly Republican until the 1950s, but they now compose a vital component of the Democratic Party.<ref name="Judis, B. J. (July 11, 2003). The trouble with Howard Dean. ''Salon.com''.">{{cite web|last=Judis|first=John B.|title=The trouble with Howard Dean|work=Salon|publisher=Salon.com|url=http://dir.salon.com/story/news/feature/2003/07/11/dean/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921000516/http://www.salon.com/2003/07/11/dean_15/|archive-date=September 21, 2012|date=July 11, 2003|access-date=July 19, 2007|url-status=dead|df=mdy}}</ref><br />
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A large majority of liberals favor moving toward [[universal health care]], with many supporting an eventual gradual transition to a [[single-payer health care|single-payer system]] in particular. A majority also favor [[diplomacy]] over [[war|military action]], [[stem cell|stem cell research]], the legalization of [[same-sex marriage]], stricter [[Gun politics in the United States|gun control]] and environmental protection laws as well as the preservation of [[pro-choice|abortion rights]]. Immigration and [[cultural diversity]] are deemed positive as liberals favor [[cultural pluralism]], a system in which immigrants retain their native culture in addition to adopting their new culture. They tend to be divided on [[free trade]] agreements such as the [[North American Free Trade Agreement]] (NAFTA) and organizations, with some seeing them as more favorable to corporations than workers. Most liberals oppose increased military spending and the mixing of church and state.<ref name="Pew Research Center.">{{cite web|url=http://people-press.org/2005/05/10/beyond-red-vs-blue/|title=Pew Research Center. (May 10, 2005). Beyond Red vs. Blue, p. 1 of 8|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120731155950/http://www.people-press.org/2005/05/10/beyond-red-vs-blue/|archive-date=July 31, 2012|access-date=July 12, 2007|url-status=dead |df=mdy-all|date=2005-05-10}}</ref><br />
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This ideological group differs from the traditional organized labor base. According to the [[Pew Research Center]], a plurality of 41% resided in [[mass affluent]] households and 49% were college graduates, the highest figure of any typographical group. It was also the fastest growing typological group between the late 1990s and early 2000s.<ref name="Pew Research Center."/> Liberals include most of academia<ref name="Kurtz, H. (March 29, 2005). College Faculties A Most Liberal Lot, Study Finds. ''The Washington Post''.">{{cite news|title=College Faculties A Most Liberal Lot, Study Finds|last=Kurtz|first=Howard|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A8427-2005Mar28.html|newspaper=The Washington Post|agency=Washingtonpost.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604090510/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A8427-2005Mar28.html|archive-date=June 4, 2012|access-date=July 2, 2007|date=March 29, 2005|url-status=dead|df=mdy}}</ref> and large portions of the professional class.<ref name="CNN. (2000). Exit Poll."/><ref name="CNN. (2004). Exit Poll."/><ref name="CNN. (2006). Exit Poll."/><br />
<br />
=== Progressives ===<br />
[[Progressivism in the United States|Progressives]] are the most left-leaning faction in the party and support strong business regulations, [[Social programs in the United States|social programs]], and [[workers' rights]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/65/pr/progrsvsm.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080629030845/http://www.bartleby.com/65/pr/progrsvsm.html|archive-date=June 29, 2008|title=Progressivism|publisher=Columbia Encyclopaedia|year=2007|access-date=January 19, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-personal.umd.umich.edu/~ppennock/Progressive%20Reforms.htm|title=Important Examples of Progressive Reforms|publisher=University of Michigan|access-date=April 2, 2014|archive-date=February 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212014328/http://www-personal.umd.umich.edu/~ppennock/Progressive%20Reforms.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Progressive ideological stances have much in common with the programs of [[Europe]]an countries as well as many East Asian countries. Many progressive Democrats are descendants of the [[New Left]] of Democratic presidential candidate Senator [[George McGovern]] of South Dakota whereas others were involved in the [[Bernie Sanders 2016 presidential campaign|2016 presidential candidacy]] of Vermont Senator [[Bernie Sanders]]. Progressives are often considered to have ideas similar to social democracy due to heavy inspiration from the [[nordic model]], believing in federal top marginal income taxes ranging from 52% to 70%,<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/1/4/18168431/alexandria-ocasio-cortez-70-percent<br />
|publisher=Mathew Yglesias|title=Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez is floating a 70 percent top tax rate — here's the research that backs her up|date=January 4, 2019| access-date=November 5, 2021}}</ref> rent control,<ref>{{cite web|url= https://bungalow.com/articles/rent-control-in-san-francisco-everything-you-need-to-know<br />
|publisher=Bungalow team|title=Rent control in San Francisco: Everything you need to know| access-date=November 5, 2021}}</ref> increased collective bargaining power, a $15 an hour minimum wage, as well as free tuition and Universal Healthcare (typically [[Single-payer healthcare|Medicare for All]]).<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.dailydot.com/debug/bernie-sanders-2020-platform-issues/<br />
|publisher= Brenden Gallagher|title=Everybody wants to be him in 2020, but there's only one Bernie Sanders|date= February 24, 2019| access-date=November 5, 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2014, progressive Senator [[Elizabeth Warren]] set out "Eleven Commandments of Progressivism": tougher regulation on corporations, affordable education, scientific investment and [[environmentalism]], [[net neutrality]], increased wages, equal pay for women, collective bargaining rights, defending social programs, same-sex marriage, [[Immigration reform in the US|immigration reform]], and unabridged access to reproductive healthcare.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nationaljournal.com/politics/elizabeth-warren-s-11-commandments-of-progressivism-20140718|title=Elizabeth Warren's 11 Commandments of Progressivism|work=National Journal|access-date=October 22, 2014|archive-date=October 20, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020041916/http://www.nationaljournal.com/politics/elizabeth-warren-s-11-commandments-of-progressivism-20140718|url-status=dead}}</ref> In addition, progressives strongly oppose [[political corruption]] and seek to advance electoral reforms such as campaign finance rules and voting rights protections.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pdacommunity.org/issues|title=Issues|publisher=Pdacommunity.org|access-date=March 18, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223222648/http://www.pdacommunity.org/issues|archive-date=February 23, 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Today, many progressives have made combating [[Economic inequality in the United States|economic inequality]] their top priority.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/the-invisible-primary-against-hillary-clinton-20140203|title=The Invisible Primary Against Hillary Clinton|work=National Journal|date=February 3, 2014|access-date=May 11, 2014|archive-date=September 5, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905150902/http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/the-invisible-primary-against-hillary-clinton-20140203|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
The [[Congressional Progressive Caucus]] (CPC) is a caucus of progressive Democrats chaired by [[Pramila Jayapal]] of [[Washington (state)|Washington]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rollcall.com/news/politics/jayapal-joins-pocan-as-co-chair-of-congressional-progressive-caucus |title=Jayapal Joins Pocan As Co-Chair of Congressional Progressive Caucus |last=McPherson |first=Lindsey |date=November 29, 2018 |website=[[rollcall.com]] |access-date=January 20, 2019 |archive-date=January 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121064755/https://www.rollcall.com/news/politics/jayapal-joins-pocan-as-co-chair-of-congressional-progressive-caucus |url-status=live}}</ref> Its members have included Representatives [[Dennis Kucinich]] of [[Ohio]], [[John Conyers]] of [[Michigan]], [[Jim McDermott]] of [[Washington (state)|Washington]], [[Barbara Lee]] of [[California]], and Senator [[Paul Wellstone]] of [[Minnesota]]. Senators [[Sherrod Brown]] of [[Ohio]], [[Tammy Baldwin]] of [[Wisconsin]], [[Mazie Hirono]] of [[Hawaii]], and [[Ed Markey]] of [[Massachusetts]] were members of the caucus when in the House of Representatives. While no Democratic senators currently belong to the CPC, independent Senator Bernie Sanders is a member.<ref>{{cite web |title=Caucus Members |url=https://cpc-grijalva.house.gov/caucus-members/ |website=Congressional Progressive Caucus |access-date=March 21, 2020 |archive-date=March 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323191920/https://cpc-grijalva.house.gov/caucus-members/ |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Political positions ==<br />
{{main|Political positions of the Democratic Party}}<br />
; Economic policy:<br />
* Expand [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]] and safety net programs.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/plum-line/wp/2014/03/13/push-to-expand-social-security-not-cut-it-gets-another-boost/|title=Push to expand Social Security (not cut it) gets another boost|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|first=Greg|last=Sargent|date=March 13, 2014|access-date=August 22, 2017|archive-date=July 16, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716044825/https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/plum-line/wp/2014/03/13/push-to-expand-social-security-not-cut-it-gets-another-boost/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* Increase top [[Capital gains tax in the United States|capital gains tax]] and [[dividend tax]] rates to above 28%.<ref>[https://latimes.com/nation/la-na-obama-taxes-20150117-story.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206004218/https://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-obama-taxes-20150117-story.html |date=December 6, 2019}} {{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/obama-likely-to-make-economic-recovery-a-centerpiece-of-state-of-the-union-address/2015/01/17/22ecec32-9cd6-11e4-a7ee-526210d665b4_story.html|title=Obama's budget proposal will take aim at the wealthy|last=Mufson|first=Steven|date=January 2015|work=Washingtonpost.com|access-date=August 22, 2017|archive-date=June 10, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610194212/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/obama-likely-to-make-economic-recovery-a-centerpiece-of-state-of-the-union-address/2015/01/17/22ecec32-9cd6-11e4-a7ee-526210d665b4_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* Cut taxes for the working and middle classes as well as small businesses.<ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite web|url=http://www.ontheissues.org/democratic_party.htm|title=On The Issues : Every Issue - Every Politician|publisher=Ontheissues.org|access-date=January 19, 2015|archive-date=May 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504192839/http://www.ontheissues.org/Democratic_Party.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* Change tax rules to not encourage shipping jobs overseas.<ref name="ReferenceB"/><br />
* Increase federal and state [[Minimum wage in the United States|minimum wages]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/what-republicans-and-democrats-are-doing-in-the-states-where-they-have-total-power/|title=What Republicans And Democrats Are Doing In The States Where They Have Total Power|last=Bacon|first=Perry, Jr.|date=2019-05-28|website=FiveThirtyEight|language=en-US |df=mdy-all|access-date=2019-06-05|archive-date=June 5, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605210614/https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/what-republicans-and-democrats-are-doing-in-the-states-where-they-have-total-power/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* Modernize and expand access to [[Education in the United States|public education]] and provide [[universal preschool]] education.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.democrats.org/issues/education|title=Education|work=Democrats.org|access-date=May 29, 2014|archive-date=April 30, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430183210/http://www.democrats.org/issues/education|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* Support the goal of [[universal health care]] through a [[public health insurance option]] or expanding [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]]/[[Medicaid]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.democrats.org/issues/health_care|title=Health Care|work=Democrats.org|access-date=May 29, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140530035527/http://www.democrats.org/issues/health_care|archive-date=May 30, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> <br />
* Increase investments in [[infrastructure]] development<ref name = "2016platform"/> as well as scientific and technological research.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.democrats.org/issues/science_and_technology|title=Science & Technology|work=Democrats.org|access-date=May 29, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626133224/http://www.democrats.org/issues/science_and_technology|archive-date=June 26, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
* Expand the use of [[renewable energy]] and diminish the use of [[fossil fuels]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2012/09/04/6-energy-policy-highlights-from-the-democratic-party-platform|title=6 Energy Policy Highlights from the Democratic Party Platform|author=Meg Handley|work=US News & World Report|access-date=August 26, 2017|archive-date=July 6, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706213626/https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2012/09/04/6-energy-policy-highlights-from-the-democratic-party-platform|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* Implement a [[carbon tax]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/287641-democrats-circulate-carbon-fee-bill|title=Democrats circulate carbon tax bill|author=Zack Colman|work=TheHill |df=mdy-all|date=2013-03-12|access-date=June 7, 2014|archive-date=July 14, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714140217/http://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/287641-democrats-circulate-carbon-fee-bill|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* Uphold labor protections and the right to [[Labor unions in the United States|unionize]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scholarsstrategynetwork.org/sites/default/files/ssn_basic_facts_schlozman_on_why_labor_unions_ally_with_the_democrats.pdf|title=THE ALLIANCE OF U.S. LABOR UNIONS AND THE DEMOCRATIC PARTY|publisher=Scholarsstrategynetwork.org|access-date=January 19, 2015|archive-date=March 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041402/http://www.scholarsstrategynetwork.org/sites/default/files/ssn_basic_facts_schlozman_on_why_labor_unions_ally_with_the_democrats.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://democrats.edworkforce.house.gov/issue/worker-rights|title=Worker Rights|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821122706/http://democrats.edworkforce.house.gov/issue/worker-rights|archive-date=August 21, 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref><br />
* Reform the [[Student loans in the United States|student loan]] system and allow for refinancing student loans.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbur.org/2014/06/09/obama-warren-student-loan-refinancing|title=Obama Endorses Sen. Warren's Student Loan Refinancing Bill|author=Asma Khalid|date=June 9, 2014|work=wbur|access-date=June 11, 2014|archive-date=June 11, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611020027/http://www.wbur.org/2014/06/09/obama-warren-student-loan-refinancing|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* Make college more affordable.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Green |first1=Erica |title=House Democrats Unveil Plan to Make College More Affordable |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/15/us/politics/house-democrats-higher-education.html |website=The New York Times |date=October 15, 2019 |access-date=March 21, 2020 |archive-date=March 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321220407/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/15/us/politics/house-democrats-higher-education.html |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* Mandate [[equal pay for equal work]] regardless of gender, race, or ethnicity.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2014/04/07/democrats-highlight-equal-pay-in-political-push/|title=Democrats highlight equal pay in political push|publisher=CNN|date=April 7, 2014|access-date=September 1, 2014|archive-date=June 10, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610173814/http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2014/04/07/democrats-highlight-equal-pay-in-political-push/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
; Social policy:<br />
* Decriminalize or legalize marijuana.<ref name=":1" /><br />
* Uphold [[Network neutrality in the United States|network neutrality]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/11/technology/obama-net-neutrality-fcc.html|title=Obama Net Neutrality|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=January 19, 2015|first=Edward|last=Wyatt|date=November 10, 2014|archive-date=April 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427132858/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/11/technology/obama-net-neutrality-fcc.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* Implement [[Campaign finance reform in the United States|campaign finance reform]] and electoral reform.<ref name="ontheissues.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.ontheissues.org/celeb/Democratic_Party_Government_Reform.htm|title=Democratic Party on Government Reform|publisher=Ontheissues.org|access-date=January 19, 2015|archive-date=April 30, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430084041/http://www.ontheissues.org/Celeb/Democratic_Party_Government_Reform.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* Uphold [[voting rights]] and easy access to voting.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://huffingtonpost.com/nick-nyhart/a-call-for-election-refor_b_3443648.html|title=A Call for Election Reform, Beginning with New York|work=The Huffington Post|date=June 15, 2013|access-date=December 6, 2019|archive-date=March 24, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324035217/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/nick-nyhart/a-call-for-election-refor_b_3443648.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=http://www.democrats.org/issues/voting_rights|title=Voting Rights|work=Democrats.org|access-date=February 2, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209071842/http://www.democrats.org/issues/voting_rights|archive-date=February 9, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
* Support [[same-sex marriage]] and ban [[conversion therapy]].<ref name=":1" /><br />
* Allow legal access to [[Abortion in the United States|abortions]] and women's reproductive health care.<ref name = "2016platform"/><br />
* Reform the immigration system and allow for a [[Immigration reform in the United States|pathway to citizenship]].<ref name = "2016platform"/><br />
* Support gun background checks and stricter [[gun control]] regulations.<ref name = "2016platform"/><br />
* Improve privacy laws and curtail government surveillance.<ref name = "2016platform"/><br />
* Oppose [[Torture in the United States|torture]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://irregulartimes.com/2009/04/27/for-torture-and-surveillance-commission-via-hr-104-target-the-congressional-progressive-caucus/|title=For Torture and Surveillance Commission via H.R. 104, Target The Congressional Progressive Caucus|work=Irregular Times|access-date=May 29, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529103649/http://irregulartimes.com/2009/04/27/for-torture-and-surveillance-commission-via-hr-104-target-the-congressional-progressive-caucus/|archive-date=May 29, 2014|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ontheissues.org/celeb/Democratic_Party_Crime.htm|title=Democratic Party on Crime|publisher=Ontheissues.org|access-date=January 19, 2015|archive-date=April 29, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429193145/http://www.ontheissues.org/Celeb/Democratic_Party_Crime.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* Abolish [[capital punishment]].<ref name="Protecting Communities and Building">{{cite web |title=Protecting Communities and Building Trust by Reforming Our Criminal Justice System |url=https://democrats.org/where-we-stand/party-platform/protecting-communities-and-building-trust-by-reforming-our-criminal-justice-system/ |website=Democrats}}</ref><br />
* Recognize and defend [[Internet freedom]] worldwide.<ref name="ReferenceB"/><br />
<br />
=== Economic issues ===<br />
<br />
[[Equal opportunity employment|Equal economic opportunity]], a [[social safety net]], and strong [[Labor unions in the United States|labor unions]] have historically been at the heart of Democratic economic policy.<ref name="Larry E. Sullivan 2009 p 291"/> The Democratic Party's economic policy positions, as measured by votes in Congress, tend to align with those of middle class.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Grossmann|first1=Matt|last2=Mahmood|first2=Zuhaib|last3=Isaac|first3=William|date=2021|title=Political Parties, Interest Groups, and Unequal Class Influence in American Policy|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/711900|journal=The Journal of Politics|volume=83|issue=4|pages=1706–1720|doi=10.1086/711900|s2cid=224851520|issn=0022-3816}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Bartels|first=Larry M.|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/64558|title=Unequal Democracy: The Political Economy of the New Gilded Age - Second Edition|date=2016|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-8336-3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rhodes|first1=Jesse H.|last2=Schaffner|first2=Brian F.|date=2017|title=Testing Models of Unequal Representation: Democratic Populists and Republican Oligarchs?|url=http://www.nowpublishers.com/article/Details/QJPS-16077|journal=Quarterly Journal of Political Science|volume=12|issue=2|pages=185–204|doi=10.1561/100.00016077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lax|first1=Jeffrey R.|last2=Phillips|first2=Justin H.|last3=Zelizer|first3=Adam|date=2019|title=The Party or the Purse? Unequal Representation in the US Senate|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/abs/party-or-the-purse-unequal-representation-in-the-us-senate/286BFEAA039374759DE14D782A0BB8DD|journal=American Political Science Review|language=en|volume=113|issue=4|pages=917–940|doi=10.1017/S0003055419000315|s2cid=21669533|issn=0003-0554}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Hacker|first1=Jacob S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kqu6DwAAQBAJ|title=Let them Eat Tweets: How the Right Rules in an Age of Extreme Inequality|last2=Pierson|first2=Paul|date=2020|publisher=Liveright Publishing|isbn=978-1-63149-685-1|language=en}}</ref> Democrats support a [[progressive tax]] system, higher [[Minimum wage in the United States|minimum wages]], [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]], [[universal health care]], [[Education in the United States|public education]], and [[Subsidized housing in the United States|subsidized housing]].<ref name="Larry E. Sullivan 2009 p 291"/> They also support [[infrastructure]] development and clean energy investments to achieve economic development and job creation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.democrats.org/issues/economy_and_job_creation|title=Jobs and the Economy|work=Democrats.org|access-date=July 14, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320195530/http://www.democrats.org/issues/economy_and_job_creation|archive-date=March 20, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Since the 1990s, the party has at times supported [[Centrism|centrist]] economic reforms that cut the size of government and reduced market regulations.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/19/wall-street-deregulation-clinton-advisers-obama|title=Wall Street deregulation pushed by Clinton advisers, documents reveal|author=Dan Roberts|newspaper=The Guardian |df=mdy-all|date=2014-04-19|access-date=December 14, 2016|archive-date=January 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200106185232/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/19/wall-street-deregulation-clinton-advisers-obama|url-status=live}}</ref> The party has generally rejected both [[Laissez-faire|''laissez-faire'' economics]] and [[market socialism]], instead favoring [[Keynesian economics]] within a capitalist market-based system.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mudge |first1=Stephanie |title=Leftism Reinvented: Western Parties from Socialism to Neoliberalism |date=2018 |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |pages=167–213}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== Fiscal policy ====<br />
<br />
Democrats support a more [[progressive tax]] structure to provide more services and reduce [[economic inequality]] by making sure that the wealthiest Americans pay the highest amount in taxes.<ref name="how-high">{{cite web |url=http://economics.about.com/od/monetaryandfiscalpolicy/a/high_taxes.htm |title=How High Should Taxes Be? |publisher=Economics.about.com |date=June 12, 2010 |access-date=June 17, 2010 |archive-date=April 14, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414204158/http://economics.about.com/od/monetaryandfiscalpolicy/a/high_taxes.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> They oppose the cutting of social services, such as [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]], [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]], and [[Medicaid]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://usinfo.state.gov/infousa/government/social/ch9.htm|title=The Social Safety Net|publisher=usinfo.state.gov|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410221216/http://usinfo.state.gov/infousa/government/social/ch9.htm|archive-date=April 10, 2008|df=mdy-all}}</ref> believing it to be harmful to efficiency and [[social justice]]. Democrats believe the benefits of social services in monetary and non-monetary terms are a more [[Productive and unproductive labour|productive labor]] force and cultured population and believe that the benefits of this are greater than any benefits that could be derived from lower taxes, especially on top earners, or cuts to social services. Furthermore, Democrats see social services as essential toward providing [[Positive liberty|positive freedom]], freedom derived from economic opportunity. The Democratic-led House of Representatives reinstated the [[PAYGO]] (pay-as-you-go) budget rule at the start of the [[110th United States Congress|110th Congress]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Day Two: House passes new budget rules|date=January 5, 2007|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/16487187|agency=Associated Press|access-date=January 5, 2007|archive-date=December 4, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204034031/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/16487187|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== Minimum wage ====<br />
{{see also|Minimum wage in the United States}}<br />
The Democratic Party favors raising the [[minimum wage]]. The [[Fair Minimum Wage Act of 2007]] was an early component of the Democrats' agenda during the [[110th United States Congress|110th Congress]]. In 2006, the Democrats supported six state ballot initiatives to increase the minimum wage and all six initiatives passed.<ref name="democrats.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.democrats.org/democratic-national-platform |title=The Democratic Party Platform |publisher=Democrats.org |access-date=March 18, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315234633/http://www.democrats.org/democratic-national-platform |archive-date=March 15, 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2017, Senate Democrats introduced the Raise the Wage Act which would raise the minimum wage to $15 an hour by 2024.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kulwin|first=Noah|date=May 25, 2017|title=Democrats just united on a $15-an-hour minimum wage|url=https://news.vice.com/story/democrats-just-united-on-a-15-an-hour-minimum-wage|work=Vice|access-date=May 29, 2017|archive-date=May 26, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170526052042/https://news.vice.com/story/democrats-just-united-on-a-15-an-hour-minimum-wage|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2021, Democratic president [[Joe Biden]] proposed increasing the minimum wage to $15 by 2025.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Freking |first1=Kevin |title=Biden, Democrats hit gas on push for $15 minimum wage |url=https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-business-rashida-tlaib-coronavirus-pandemic-minimum-wage-ee0e8cc7c96a30d9581723b2c6bb4189 |website=The Associated Press |access-date=6 February 2021}}</ref> While various states controlled by a democratic (e.g. California, Connecticut) have decided to have a set minimum wage before that date [https://www.epi.org/minimum-wage-tracker/#/min_wage/California as seen in the Economic Policy Institute Minimum Wage Tracker]<br />
<br />
==== Health care ====<br />
[[File:Obama signing health care-20100323.jpg|thumb|President Barack Obama signing the [[Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act]] into law at the White House on March 23, 2010]]<br />
Democrats call for "affordable and quality health care" and favor moving toward [[universal health care]] in a variety of forms to address rising healthcare costs. Some Democratic politicians favor a [[single-payer health care|single-payer program]] or [[Medicare for All]], while others prefer creating a [[public health insurance option]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Goodnough |first1=Abby |last2=Kaplan |first2=Thomas |title=Democrat vs. Democrat: How Health Care Is Dividing the Party |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/28/health/democratic-debate-healthcare.html |website=The New York Times |date=June 28, 2019 |access-date=July 22, 2020 |archive-date=July 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722004441/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/28/health/democratic-debate-healthcare.html |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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The [[Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act]], signed into law by President [[Barack Obama]] on March 23, 2010, has been one of the most significant pushes for universal health care. As of December 2019, more than 20&nbsp;million Americans have gained health insurance under the Affordable Care Act.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nova |first1=Annie |title=How the Affordable Care Act transformed our health-care system |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/12/29/how-the-affordable-care-act-transformed-the-us-health-care-system.html |website=CNBC |date=December 29, 2019 |access-date=July 22, 2020 |archive-date=July 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727041849/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/12/29/how-the-affordable-care-act-transformed-the-us-health-care-system.html |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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==== Education ====<br />
Democrats favor improving [[public education]] by raising school standards and reforming the [[Head Start (program)|Head Start program]]. They also support [[universal preschool]] and expanding access to primary education, including through [[charter schools]]. They call for addressing [[student loan]] debt and reforms to reduce college tuition.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/papers_pdf/101962.pdf |title=Moving America Forward 2012 Democratic National Platform |publisher=presidency.ucsb.edu |date=September 14, 2012 |access-date=January 13, 2018 |archive-date=August 19, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819093203/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/papers_pdf/101962.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> Other proposals have included tuition-free public universities and reform of [[standardized testing]]. Democrats have the long-term aim of having publicly funded college education with low tuition fees (like in much of Europe and Canada), which would be available to every eligible American student. Alternatively, they encourage expanding access to post-secondary education by increasing state funding for student financial aid such as [[Pell Grants]] and [[college tuition]] [[tax deductions]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Clinton Joins Key Senate Democrats to Release Report on "The College Cost Crunch"|date=June 28, 2006|url=http://clinton.senate.gov/news/statements/details.cfm?id=258005|work=clinton.senate.gov|access-date=November 25, 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061025234254/http://www.clinton.senate.gov/news/statements/details.cfm?id=258005|archive-date=October 25, 2006|df=mdy}}</ref><br />
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==== Environment ====<br />
{{main|Environmental policy of the United States}}<br />
[[File:Secretary Kerry Addresses Delegates Before Signing the COP21 Climate Change Agreement on Earth Day in New York (26554283406).jpg|thumb|right|Secretary of State [[John Kerry]] addressing delegates at the [[United Nations]] before signing the [[Paris Agreement]] on April 22, 2016]]<br />
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| image1 = 2020 Pew Survey - Global warming - Climate change - political party.svg | caption1 = In the United States, Democrats (blue) and [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] (red) have long differed in views of the importance of addressing climate change, with the gap widening in the late 2010s mainly through Democrats' share increasing by more than 30 points.<ref name=PewSurvey_2020>{{cite web |title=As Economic Concerns Recede, Environmental Protection Rises on the Public's Policy Agenda / Partisan gap on dealing with climate change gets even wider |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2020/02/13/as-economic-concerns-recede-environmental-protection-rises-on-the-publics-policy-agenda/ |website=PewResearch.org |publisher=Pew Research Center |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116155958/https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2020/02/13/as-economic-concerns-recede-environmental-protection-rises-on-the-publics-policy-agenda/ |archive-date=16 January 2021 |date=13 February 2020 |url-status=live}} (Discontinuity resulted from survey changing in 2015 from reciting "global warming" to "climate change".)</ref><br />
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| image2 = 2021 Survey on existence of global warming and responsibility for climate change - bar chart.svg | caption2 = The sharp divide over the existence of and responsibility for global warming and climate change falls largely along political lines. Overall, 60% of those surveyed said oil and gas companies were "completely or mostly responsible" for climate change.<ref name=Guardian_20211026>{{cite news |last1=McGreal |first1=Chris |title=Revealed: 60% of Americans say oil firms are to blame for the climate crisis |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/oct/26/climate-change-poll-oil-gas-companies-environment |work=The Guardian |date=26 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026122356/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/oct/26/climate-change-poll-oil-gas-companies-environment |archive-date=26 October 2021 |url-status=live |quote=Source: Guardian/Vice/CCN/YouGov poll. Note: ±4% margin of error.}}</ref><br />
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| image3= 20220301 Opinions by political party - Climate change causation - Action for carbon neutral 2050 - Pew Research.svg | caption3= Opinion about human causation of climate change increased substantially with education among Democrats, but not among Republicans.<ref name=Pew_20220301/> Conversely, opinions favoring becoming carbon neutral declined substantially with age among Republicans, but not among Democrats.<ref name=Pew_20220301>{{cite web |last1=Tyson |first1=Alec |last2=Funk |first2=Cary |last3=Kennedy |first3=Brian |title=Americans Largely Favor U.S. Taking Steps To Become Carbon Neutral by 2050 / Appendix (Detailed charts and tables) |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/science/2022/03/01/carbon-neutral-2050-appendix/ |website=Pew Research |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418220503/https://www.pewresearch.org/science/2022/03/01/carbon-neutral-2050-appendix/ |archive-date=18 April 2022 |date=1 March 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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Democrats believe that the government should protect the environment and have a history of [[environmentalism]]. In more recent years, this stance has emphasized [[renewable energy]] generation as the basis for an improved economy, greater [[national security]], and general environmental benefits.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.democrats.org/a/national/clean_environment/ |title=Agenda&nbsp;— Environment |access-date=March 18, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070315113030/http://www.democrats.org/a/national/clean_environment/ |archive-date=March 15, 2007}}</ref> The Democratic Party is substantially more likely than the Republican Party to support environmental regulation and policies that are supportive of renewable energy.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Coley|first1=Jonathan S.|last2=Hess|first2=David J.|date=2012|title=Green energy laws and Republican legislators in the United States|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421512004752|journal=Energy Policy|language=en|volume=48|pages=576–583|doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2012.05.062|issn=0301-4215}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bergquist|first1=Parrish|last2=Warshaw|first2=Christopher|date=2020|title=Elections and parties in environmental politics|url=https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781788972833/9781788972833.00017.xml|journal=Handbook of U.S. Environmental Policy|pages=126–141|language=en-US|doi=10.4337/9781788972840.00017|isbn=9781788972840|s2cid=219077951}}</ref><br />
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The Democratic Party also favors expansion of conservation lands and encourages open space and rail travel to relieve highway and airport congestion and improve air quality and the economy as it "believe[s] that communities, environmental interests, and the government should work together to protect resources while ensuring the vitality of local economies. Once Americans were led to believe they had to make a choice between the economy and the environment. They now know this is a false choice".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ontheissues.org/Celeb/Democratic_Party_Environment.htm|title=Democratic Party on Environment|access-date=October 24, 2007|archive-date=July 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703223850/http://ontheissues.org/Celeb/Democratic_Party_Environment.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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The foremost environmental concern of the Democratic Party is [[climate change]]. Democrats, most notably former Vice President [[Al Gore]], have pressed for stern regulation of [[greenhouse gas]]es. On October 15, 2007, Gore won the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] for his efforts to build greater knowledge about man-made [[climate change]] and laying the foundations for the measures needed to counteract it.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=John Nicols|title=Al Gore Wins Nobel Peace Prize|magazine=The Nation|date=October 12, 2007}}</ref><br />
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==== Renewable energy and fossil fuels ====<br />
Democrats have supported increased domestic [[renewable energy]] development, including wind and solar power farms, in an effort to reduce carbon pollution. The party's platform calls for an "all of the above" energy policy including clean energy, natural gas and domestic oil, with the desire of becoming energy independent.<ref name="democrats.org"/> The party has supported higher taxes on [[oil companies]] and increased regulations on [[coal power plant]]s, favoring a policy of reducing long-term reliance on [[fossil fuels]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.democrats.org/issues/energy_independence|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100920002824/http://www.democrats.org/issues/energy_independence|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 20, 2010|title=Energy Independence|work=Democrats.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-politics/wp/2014/06/02/coal-state-democrats-to-obama-curb-emissions-um-no-thanks/|title=Coal state Democrats to Obama: Curb emissions? Um, no thanks.|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|first=Sean|last=Sullivan|date=June 2, 2014|access-date=August 22, 2017|archive-date=May 13, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513225106/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-politics/wp/2014/06/02/coal-state-democrats-to-obama-curb-emissions-um-no-thanks/|url-status=live}}</ref> Additionally, the party supports stricter [[fuel emissions standard]]s to prevent air pollution.<br />
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==== Trade agreements ====<br />
Many Democrats support [[fair trade]] policies when it comes to the issue of [[international trade]] agreements and some in the party have started supporting [[free trade]] in recent decades.<ref name="Rorty">Rorty, R. (1997). ''Achieving Our Country: Leftist Thought In Twentieth Century America''. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. {{ISBN|0-674-00312-8}}</ref> In the 1990s, the Clinton administration and a number of prominent Democrats pushed through a number of agreements such as the [[North American Free Trade Agreement]] (NAFTA). Since then, the party's shift away from free trade became evident in the [[Dominican Republic&nbsp;– Central America Free Trade Agreement|Central American Free Trade Agreement]] (CAFTA) vote, with 15 House Democrats voting for the agreement and 187 voting against.<ref>{{cite news|last=Weisman|first=Jonathan|title=CAFTA Reflects Democrats' Shift From Trade Bills|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=July 6, 2005|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/05/AR2005070501345_pf.html|access-date=December 10, 2006|archive-date=November 2, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102173616/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/05/AR2005070501345_pf.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Nichols |first=John |title=CAFTA Vote Outs "Bush Democrats" |magazine=[[The Nation]] |date=July 28, 2005 |url=http://www.thenation.com/blogs/thebeat?bid=1&pid=8874 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20111027041618/http://www.thenation.com/blogs/john-nichols?bid=1&pid=8874 |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 27, 2011 |access-date=December 15, 2006 |df=mdy-all}}</ref><br />
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=== Social issues ===<br />
[[File:Shirley Chisholm.jpg|thumb|right|[[Shirley Chisholm]] was the first major-party African American candidate to run nationwide primary campaigns.]]<br />
The modern Democratic Party emphasizes [[social equality]] and [[equal opportunity]]. Democrats support [[Voting rights in the United States|voting rights]] and [[minority rights]], including [[LGBT rights in the United States|LGBT rights]]. The party championed the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]], which for the first time outlawed segregation. Carmines and Stimson wrote "the Democratic Party appropriated racial liberalism and assumed federal responsibility for ending racial discrimination."<ref>Carmines, Edward G.; Stimson, James A. "Racial Issues and The Structure of Mass Belief Systems," ''Journal of Politics'' (1982) 44#1 pp 2-20 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2130281 in JSTOR]</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Talmadge Anderson |author2=James Benjamin Stewart |name-list-style=amp |title=Introduction to African American Studies: Transdisciplinary Approaches and Implications|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=49tXR1Ok6poC&pg=PA205|year=2007|publisher=Black Classic Press|page=205|isbn=9781580730396 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Jeffrey M. Stonecash|title=New Directions in American Political Parties|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNuOAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA131|year=2010|publisher=Routledge|page=131|isbn=9781135282059}}</ref><br />
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Ideological social elements in the party include [[cultural liberalism]], [[civil libertarianism]], and [[feminism]]. Some Democratic social policies are immigration reform, [[electoral reform]], and women's [[reproductive rights]].<br />
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==== Equal opportunity ====<br />
The Democratic Party supports [[equal opportunity]] for all Americans regardless of sex, age, race, ethnicity, [[sexual orientation]], [[gender identity]], religion, creed, or national origin. Many Democrats support [[affirmative action]] programs to further this goal. Democrats also strongly support the [[Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990|Americans with Disabilities Act]] to prohibit discrimination against people based on physical or mental disability. As such, the Democrats pushed as well the [[ADA Amendments Act of 2008]], a disability rights expansion that became law.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.democrats.org/issues/civil_rights|title=Civil Rights|work=Democrats.org|access-date=February 2, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209053820/http://www.democrats.org/issues/civil_rights|archive-date=February 9, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
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==== Voting rights ====<br />
The party is very supportive of improving voting rights as well as election accuracy and accessibility.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://usliberals.about.com/od/electionreform/a/VotingAgenda.htm|title=Liberalism 101: Democratic Party Agenda on Electoral Reform|author=Deborah White|work=About|access-date=April 17, 2014|archive-date=March 10, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310140253/http://usliberals.about.com/od/electionreform/a/VotingAgenda.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> They support extensions of voting time, including making election day a holiday. They support reforming the electoral system to eliminate [[gerrymandering]], abolishing the [[United States Electoral College|electoral college]], as well as passing comprehensive [[Campaign finance reform in the United States|campaign finance reform]].<ref name="ontheissues.org"/><br />
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==== Abortion and reproductive rights ====<br />
{{see also|Abortion law in the United States}}<br />
The Democratic Party believes that all women should have access to [[birth control]] and supports public funding of contraception for poor women. In its national platforms from 1992 to 2004, the Democratic Party has called for [[abortion]] to be "safe, legal and rare"—namely, keeping it legal by rejecting laws that allow governmental interference in abortion decisions and reducing the number of abortions by promoting both knowledge of reproduction and contraception and incentives for adoption. The wording changed in the 2008 platform. When Congress voted on the [[Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act]] in 2003, Congressional Democrats were split, with a minority (including former [[Party leaders of the United States Senate|Senate Majority Leader]] [[Harry Reid]]) supporting the ban and the majority of Democrats opposing the legislation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ontheissues.org/HouseVote/Party_2003-530.htm|title=House Votes on 2003-530|publisher=Ontheissues.org|date=October 2, 2003|access-date=March 18, 2014|archive-date=February 28, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228171204/http://www.ontheissues.org/HouseVote/Party_2003-530.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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The Democratic Party opposes attempts to reverse the 1973 Supreme Court decision ''[[Roe v. Wade]]'', which declared abortion covered by the constitutionally protected individual [[right to privacy]] under the [[Ninth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Ninth Amendment]]; and ''[[Planned Parenthood v. Casey]]'', which lays out the legal framework in which government action alleged to violate that right is assessed by courts. As a matter of the [[Privacy|right to privacy]] and of [[gender equality]], many Democrats believe all women should have the ability to choose to abort without governmental interference. They believe that each woman, conferring with her conscience, has the right to choose for herself whether abortion is morally correct.<br />
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Former [[Party leaders of the United States Senate|Senate Minority Leader]] [[Harry Reid]] was [[anti-abortion]] and former President [[Jimmy Carter]] has expressed his wish to see the Democratic Party becoming more [[Anti-abortion movements|pro-life]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.realclearpolitics.com/video/2012/03/29/jimmy_carter_democratic_party_should_be_more_pro-life.html |title=Jimmy Carter: Democratic Party Should Be More Pro-Life, March 29, 2012 |access-date=March 9, 2019 |archive-date=October 26, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026180216/https://www.realclearpolitics.com/video/2012/03/29/jimmy_carter_democratic_party_should_be_more_pro-life.html |url-status=live}}</ref> while former President [[Barack Obama]] and [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker of the House]] [[Nancy Pelosi]] favor [[abortion rights]]. Groups such as [[Democrats for Life of America]] represent the anti-abortion [[political faction|faction]] of the party while groups such as [[EMILY's List]] represent the abortion rights [[political faction|faction]]. A ''[[Newsweek]]'' poll from October 2006 found that 25% of Democrats were anti-abortion while a 69% majority was in favor of abortion rights.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pollingreport.com/abortion.htm|title=Abortion|publisher=Pollingreport.com|access-date=January 19, 2015|archive-date=May 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504121402/http://www.pollingreport.com/abortion.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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According to the 2020 Democratic Party platform, "Democrats believe every woman should be able to access high-quality reproductive health care services, including safe and legal abortion."<ref>{{cite web |title=2020 Democratic Party Platform |url=https://www.demconvention.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/2020-07-31-Democratic-Party-Platform-For-Distribution.pdf |website=2020 Democratic National Convention |access-date=10 January 2021 |archive-date=February 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216091833/https://www.demconvention.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/2020-07-31-Democratic-Party-Platform-For-Distribution.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
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==== Immigration ====<br />
{{see also|Immigration to the United States|Illegal immigration to the United States}}<br />
[[File:President Lyndon B. Johnson Signing of the Immigration Act of 1965 (02) - restoration1.jpg|thumb|upright=1.6|President Lyndon B. Johnson signing the [[Immigration Act of 1965]] as [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]] [[Hubert Humphrey]], [[United States Senate|Senators]] [[Ted Kennedy|Edward M. Kennedy]] and [[Robert F. Kennedy]] and others look on]]<br />
Many Democratic politicians have called for systematic reform of the immigration system such that residents that have [[Illegal immigration to the United States|come into the United States illegally]] have a pathway to legal citizenship. President Obama remarked in November 2013 that he felt it was "long past time to fix our broken immigration system," particularly to allow "incredibly bright young people" that came over as students to become full citizens. The Public Religion Research Institute found in a late 2013 study that 73% of Democrats supported the pathway concept, compared to 63% of Americans as a whole.<ref name="long-past">{{cite news |last=Frumin |first=Aliyah |title=Obama: 'Long past time' for immigration reform |date=November 25, 2013 |url=https://msnbc.com/hardball/obama-long-past-time-reform |publisher=[[MSNBC.com]] |access-date=January 26, 2014 |archive-date=January 21, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121145422/http://www.msnbc.com/hardball/obama-long-past-time-reform |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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In 2013, Democrats in the Senate passed [[Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013|S.744]], which would reform immigration policy to allow citizenship for illegal immigrants in the United States and improve the lives of all immigrants currently living in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=113&session=1&vote=00167 |title=U.S. Senate: Legislation & Records Home > Votes > Roll Call Vote |publisher=Senate.gov |access-date=March 18, 2014 |archive-date=November 10, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110070108/http://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=113&session=1&vote=00167 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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==== LGBT rights ====<br />
The Democratic Party is supportive of [[LGBT]] rights. Most support for [[same-sex marriage in the United States]] has come from Democrats. Support for same-sex marriage has increased in the past decade according to [[ABC News]]. An April 2009 ABC News/''Washington Post'' public opinion poll put support among Democrats at 62%<ref>{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/images/PollingUnit/1089a6HotButtonIssues.pdf|title=Changing Views on Social Issues|date=April 30, 2009|access-date=May 14, 2009|archive-date=November 10, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110130400/http://abcnews.go.com/images/PollingUnit/1089a6HotButtonIssues.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> whereas a June 2008 ''[[Newsweek]]'' poll found that 42% of Democrats support same-sex marriage while 23% support [[civil union]]s or [[domestic partnership]] laws and 28% oppose any legal recognition at all.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pollingreport.com/civil.htm|title=Civil Rights|work=pollingreport.com|access-date=August 23, 2008|archive-date=April 28, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130428225441/http://www.pollingreport.com/civil.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> A broad majority of Democrats have supported other LGBT-related laws such as extending [[hate crime]] statutes, [[Employment Non-Discrimination Act|legally preventing discrimination against LGBT people in the workforce]] and repealing the "[[don't ask, don't tell]]" military policy. A 2006 [[Pew Research Center]] poll of Democrats found that 55% supported gays adopting children with 40% opposed while 70% support [[Sexual orientation and military service|gays in the military]], with only 23% opposed.<ref>[http://people-press.org/report/273/less-opposition-to-gay-marriage-adoption-and-military-service Less Opposition to Gay Marriage, Adoption and Military Service] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110310052909/http://people-press.org/report/273/less-opposition-to-gay-marriage-adoption-and-military-service |date=March 10, 2011}}. [[Pew Research Center]]. March 22, 2006.</ref> Gallup polling from May 2009 stated that 82% of Democrats support open enlistment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/120764/conservatives-shift-favor-openly-gay-service-members.aspx|title=Conservatives Shift in Favor of Openly Gay Service Members|publisher=[[The Gallup Organization|Gallup.com]]|date=June 5, 2009|first=Lymari|last=Morales|access-date=August 25, 2010|archive-date=May 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501214245/http://www.gallup.com/poll/120764/Conservatives-Shift-Favor-Openly-Gay-Service-Members.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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The 2004 Democratic National Platform stated that marriage should be defined at the state level and it repudiated the [[Federal Marriage Amendment]].<ref name="platform">{{cite web|url=http://www.democrats.org/pdfs/2004platform.pdf |title=The 2004 Democratic National Platform for America|url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041013001521/http://www.democrats.org/pdfs/2004platform.pdf |archive-date=October 13, 2004 |df=mdy}}&nbsp;{{small|(111&nbsp;KB)}}</ref> While not stating support of same-sex marriage, the 2008 platform called for repeal of the [[Defense of Marriage Act]], which banned federal recognition of same-sex marriage and removed the need for interstate recognition, supported antidiscrimination laws and the extension of hate crime laws to LGBT people and opposed "don't ask, don't tell".<ref>{{cite web |last=Garcia |first=Michelle |url=http://www.advocate.com/print-issue/advance/2012/04/22/year-democrats-embrace-marriage-equality |title=Is This the Year Democrats Embrace Marriage Equality? |publisher=Advocate.com |date=April 22, 2012 |access-date=October 2, 2013 |archive-date=October 4, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004234045/http://www.advocate.com/print-issue/advance/2012/04/22/year-democrats-embrace-marriage-equality |url-status=live}}</ref> The 2012 platform included support for same-sex marriage and for the repeal of DOMA.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |work=All Things Considered |url=https://www.npr.org/2012/09/04/160562404/democratic-platform-endorses-gay-marriage |title=Democratic Platform Endorses Gay Marriage |publisher=Npr.org |date=September 4, 2012 |access-date=October 2, 2013 |archive-date=October 5, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005001326/http://www.npr.org/2012/09/04/160562404/democratic-platform-endorses-gay-marriage |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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On May 9, 2012, [[Barack Obama]] became the first sitting president to say he supports same-sex marriage.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-57431122-503544/obama-backs-same-sex-marriage/|title=Obama backs same-sex marriage|work=[[CBS News]]|date=May 9, 2012|access-date=May 9, 2012|archive-date=May 10, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510010911/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-57431122-503544/obama-backs-same-sex-marriage/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="The Huffington Post">{{cite news|url=https://huffingtonpost.com/2012/05/09/obama-gay-marriage_n_1503245.html|title=Obama Backs Gay Marriage|author=Sam Stein|date=May 9, 2012|work=The Huffington Post|access-date=December 6, 2019|archive-date=September 20, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920002222/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/05/09/obama-gay-marriage_n_1503245.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Previously, he had opposed restrictions on same-sex marriage such as the [[Defense of Marriage Act]], which he promised to repeal,<ref name=LGBT>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2008/issues/issues.samesexmarriage.html|title=Same-sex Marriage - Issues - Election Center 2008 - CNN.com|publisher=Cnn.com|access-date=January 19, 2015|archive-date=April 28, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428162155/http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2008/issues/issues.samesexmarriage.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[California]]'s [[Prop 8]],<ref>[http://voices.washingtonpost.com/the-trail/2008/07/02/obama_opposes_gay_marriage_ban.html Obama Opposes Gay Marriage Ban] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926223051/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/the-trail/2008/07/02/obama_opposes_gay_marriage_ban.html |date=September 26, 2011}}. ''[[The Washington Post]]''. By Perry Bacon Jr. July 2, 2008.</ref> and a [[constitutional amendment]] to ban same-sex marriage (which he opposed saying that "decisions about marriage should be left to the states as they always have been"),<ref>[http://obama.senate.gov/press/060607-obama_statement_26/index.php Obama Statement on Vote Against Constitutional Amendment to Ban Gay Marriage] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208020010/http://obama.senate.gov/press/060607-obama_statement_26/index.php |date=December 8, 2008}}. [[United States Senate]] [http://senate.gov/ Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228084718/http://www.senate.gov/ |date=December 28, 2016}}. June 7, 2006.</ref> but also stated that he personally believed marriage to be between a man and a woman and that he favored civil unions that would "give same-sex couples equal legal rights and privileges as married couples".<ref name=LGBT/> Earlier, when running for the Illinois Senate in 1996 he said, "I favor legalizing same-sex marriages, and would fight efforts to prohibit such marriages".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://huffingtonpost.com/2009/01/13/obama-once-supported-same_n_157656.html |title=Obama Once Supported Same-Sex Marriage 'Unequivocally' |publisher=Huffingtonpost.com |date=January 13, 2009 |access-date=June 17, 2010 |first=Jason |last=Linkins |archive-date=May 12, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512012736/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/01/13/obama-once-supported-same_n_157656.html |url-status=live}}</ref> [[John Kerry]], Democratic presidential candidate in 2004, did not support same-sex marriage. Former presidents [[Bill Clinton]]<ref>{{cite news | url=http://ac360.blogs.cnn.com/2009/09/25/video-clinton-shifts-on-gay-marriage/ |work=CNN |title=Video: Clinton shifts on gay marriage |access-date=May 1, 2010 |date=September 25, 2009 |archive-date=December 26, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091226140541/http://ac360.blogs.cnn.com/2009/09/25/video-clinton-shifts-on-gay-marriage/ |url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Jimmy Carter]]<ref>{{cite news|date=March 19, 2012|url=https://huffingtonpost.com/2012/03/19/president-jimmy-carter-bible-book_n_1349570.html|title=President Jimmy Carter Authors New Bible Book, Answers Hard Biblical Questions|work=The Huffington Post|access-date=June 26, 2012|first=Paul|last=Raushenbush|archive-date=June 25, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625134951/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/03/19/president-jimmy-carter-bible-book_n_1349570.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and former vice presidents [[Al Gore]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://current.com/items/88817757_gay-men-and-women-should-have-the-same-rights.htm |title=Gay men and women should have the same rights // Current |publisher=Current.com |date=January 17, 2008 |access-date=June 17, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091129220957/http://current.com/items/88817757_gay-men-and-women-should-have-the-same-rights.htm |archive-date=November 29, 2009 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all}}</ref> and [[Walter Mondale]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Israel|first=Josh|title=Mondale and Dukakis Back Marriage Equality|website=[[ThinkProgress]]|date=May 16, 2013|url=https://thinkprogress.org/mondale-dukakis-back-marriage-equality-joining-every-living-democratic-presidential-nominee-56a1d402991d/|access-date=November 4, 2019|archive-date=November 4, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104164913/https://thinkprogress.org/mondale-dukakis-back-marriage-equality-joining-every-living-democratic-presidential-nominee-56a1d402991d/|url-status=live}}</ref> also support gay marriage. President [[Joe Biden]] has been in favor of [[same-sex marriage]] since 2012 when he became the highest-ranking government official to support it.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cournoyer |first1=Caroline |title=Joe Biden Endorses Gay Marriage |url=https://www.governing.com/archive/Joseph-Biden-Endorses-Gay-Marriage.html |website=Governing |date=May 7, 2012 |access-date=9 February 2021}}</ref><br />
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==== Puerto Rico ====<br />
The 2016 Democratic Party platform declares: "We are committed to addressing the extraordinary challenges faced by our fellow citizens in Puerto Rico. Many stem from the fundamental question of Puerto Rico's political status. Democrats believe that the people of Puerto Rico should determine their ultimate political status from permanent options that do not conflict with the Constitution, laws, and policies of the United States. Democrats are committed to promoting economic opportunity and good-paying jobs for the hardworking people of Puerto Rico. We also believe that Puerto Ricans must be treated equally by Medicare, Medicaid, and other programs that benefit families. Puerto Ricans should be able to vote for the people who make their laws, just as they should be treated equally. All American citizens, no matter where they reside, should have the right to vote for the president of the United States. Finally, we believe that federal officials must respect Puerto Rico's local self-government as laws are implemented and Puerto Rico's budget and debt are restructured so that it can get on a path towards stability and prosperity".<ref name = "2016platform">{{cite web|url=https://www.demconvention.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Democratic-Party-Platform-7.21.16-no-lines.pdf|title=Democratic Party Platform 2016|access-date=November 11, 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161110225904/https://www.demconvention.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Democratic-Party-Platform-7.21.16-no-lines.pdf|archive-date=November 10, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref><br />
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=== Legal issues ===<br />
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==== Gun control ====<br />
[[File:20210420 Gun control survey by political party - Pew Research.svg|thumb|upright=1.5| U.S. opinion on gun control issues is deeply divided along political lines, as shown in this 2021 survey.<ref name=Pew_20210420>{{cite web |title=Amid a Series of Mass Shootings in the U.S., Gun Policy Remains Deeply Divisive |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2021/04/20/amid-a-series-of-mass-shootings-in-the-u-s-gun-policy-remains-deeply-divisive/ |website=PewResearch.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530202009/https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2021/04/20/amid-a-series-of-mass-shootings-in-the-u-s-gun-policy-remains-deeply-divisive/ |archive-date=May 30, 2022 |date=April 20, 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref>]]<br />
With a stated goal of reducing crime and homicide, the Democratic Party has introduced various [[Gun politics in the United States|gun control]] measures, most notably the [[Gun Control Act of 1968]], the [[Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act|Brady Bill]] of 1993 and Crime Control Act of 1994. However, some Democrats, especially rural, Southern, and Western Democrats, favor fewer restrictions on firearm possession and warned the party was defeated in the 2000 presidential election in rural areas because of the issue.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Abramsky |first=Sasha |title=Democrat Killer? |magazine=[[The Nation]] |date=April 18, 2005 |url=http://www.thenation.com/doc/20050418/abramsky |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050930082519/http://www.thenation.com/doc/20050418/abramsky |archive-date=September 30, 2005 |access-date=October 10, 2006}}</ref> In the national platform for 2008, the only statement explicitly favoring gun control was a plan calling for renewal of the 1994 [[Federal Assault Weapons Ban|Assault Weapons Ban]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.queerty.com/wp/docs/2008/08/2008-democratic-platform-080808.pdf|title=THE DRAFT 2008 DEMOCRATIC NATIONAL PLATFORM: RENEWING AMERICA'S PROMISE|access-date=February 4, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512191810/http://www.queerty.com/wp/docs/2008/08/2008-democratic-platform-080808.pdf|archive-date=May 12, 2012}}</ref><br />
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==== Death penalty ====<br />
The Democratic Party currently opposes the death penalty.<ref name="Protecting Communities and Building"/> Although most Democrats in Congress have never seriously moved to overturn the rarely used [[Capital punishment by the United States federal government|federal death penalty]], both [[Russ Feingold]] and [[Dennis Kucinich]] have introduced such bills with little success. Democrats have led efforts to overturn state death penalty laws, particularly in [[New Jersey#Capital punishment|New Jersey]] and in [[New Mexico]]. They have also sought to prevent the reinstatement of the death penalty in those states which prohibit it, including [[Massachusetts]] and [[New York (state)#Capital punishment|New York]]. During the [[Presidency of Bill Clinton|Clinton administration]], Democrats led the expansion of the federal death penalty. These efforts resulted in the passage of the [[Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996]], signed into law by [[Bill Clinton|President Clinton]], which heavily limited appeals in death penalty cases.<br />
In 1972, the Democratic Party platform called for the abolition of capital punishment.<ref>{{cite web |title=1972 Democratic Party Platform |via=American Presidency Project|url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/1972-democratic-party-platform|date=July 11, 1972|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408133915/https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/1972-democratic-party-platform|archive-date=April 8, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
In 1992, 1993 and 1995, Democratic Texas Congressman [[Henry B. Gonzalez|Henry González]] unsuccessfully introduced the [[s:Death Penalty Abolition Amendment|Death Penalty Abolition Amendment]] which prohibited the use of [[capital punishment in the United States]]. Democratic Missouri Congressman [[Bill Clay|William Lacy Clay, Sr.]] cosponsored the amendment in 1993.<br />
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During his [[Illinois Senate career of Barack Obama|Illinois Senate career]], former [[President of the United States|President]] [[Barack Obama]] successfully introduced legislation intended to reduce the likelihood of [[Miscarriage of justice|wrongful convictions]] in capital cases, requiring videotaping of confessions. When [[Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign|campaigning for the presidency]], Obama stated that he supports the limited use of the death penalty, including for people who have been convicted of raping a minor under the age of 12, having opposed the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]]'s ruling in ''[[Kennedy v. Louisiana]]'' that the death penalty was unconstitutional in child rape cases.<ref>[http://www.newser.com/story/30953/obama-backs-death-penalty-for-child-rapists.html "Obama Backs Death Penalty for Child Rapists"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090527012457/http://www.newser.com/story/30953/obama-backs-death-penalty-for-child-rapists.html |date=May 27, 2009}}. [[Newser]], June 26, 2008. Retrieved June 10, 2009.</ref> Obama has stated that he thinks the "death penalty does little to deter crime" and that it is used too frequently and too inconsistently.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Candidates on the Death Penalty|url=http://pewforum.org/religion08/compare.php?Issue=Death_Penalty|access-date=July 26, 2009|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704020036/http://pewforum.org/religion08/compare.php?Issue=Death_Penalty |archive-date=July 4, 2008}}</ref><br />
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In June 2016, the Democratic Platform Drafting Committee unanimously adopted an amendment to abolish the death penalty.<ref>{{cite web|title=Democratic Platform Drafting Meeting Concludes|url=https://demconvention.com/news/democratic-platform-drafting-meeting-concludes/|date=June 25, 2016|access-date=June 29, 2016|publisher=DNCC|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20160802094026/https://demconvention.com/news/democratic-platform-drafting-meeting-concludes/|archive-date=August 2, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref><br />
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==== Torture ====<br />
Many Democrats are opposed to the [[Torture and the United States|use of torture]] against individuals apprehended and held prisoner by the [[United States armed forces|United States military]] and hold that categorizing such prisoners as [[unlawful combatant]]s does not release the United States from its obligations under the [[Geneva Conventions]]. Democrats contend that torture is inhumane, damages the United States' moral standing in the world, and produces questionable results. Democrats are largely against [[waterboarding]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tyson |first1=Alec |title=Americans divided in views of use of torture in U.S. anti-terror efforts |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/01/26/americans-divided-in-views-of-use-of-torture-in-u-s-anti-terror-efforts/ |access-date=March 21, 2020 |date=January 26, 2017 |archive-date=March 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321214249/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/01/26/americans-divided-in-views-of-use-of-torture-in-u-s-anti-terror-efforts/ |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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Torture became a divisive issue in the party after Barack Obama was elected president.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/obama/articles/2009/05/22/obama-and-democrats-torture-problem|title=Obama and Democrats' Torture Problem|author=Kenneth T. Walsh|work=US News & World Report|access-date=August 26, 2017|archive-date=July 6, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706211938/https://www.usnews.com/news/obama/articles/2009/05/22/obama-and-democrats-torture-problem|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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==== Patriot Act ====<br />
Many Democrats are opposed to the [[Patriot Act]], but when the law was passed most Democrats were supportive of it and all but two Democrats in the Senate voted for the original Patriot Act legislation in 2001. The lone nay vote was from [[Russ Feingold]] of [[Wisconsin]] as [[Mary Landrieu]] of [[Louisiana]] did not vote.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=107&session=1&vote=00313 |title=Senate roll call on passage of the PATRIOT Act |publisher=Senate.gov |date=April 25, 2017 |access-date=January 13, 2018 |archive-date=December 5, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171205074052/https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=107&session=1&vote=00313 |url-status=live}}</ref> In the House, the Democrats voted for the Act by 145 yea and 62 nay. Democrats were split on the renewal in 2006. In the Senate, Democrats voted 34 for the 2006 renewal and nine against. In the House, Democrats voted 66 voted for the renewal and 124 against.<ref>{{cite web |title=House approves Patriot Act renewal |url=https://www.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/03/07/patriot.act/ |website=CNN.com |access-date=March 21, 2020 |archive-date=March 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321220837/https://www.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/03/07/patriot.act/ |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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==== Privacy ====<br />
The Democratic Party believes that individuals should have a [[privacy law|right to privacy]]. For example, many Democrats have opposed the [[NSA warrantless surveillance (2001–07)|NSA warrantless surveillance of American citizens]].<br />
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Some Democratic officeholders have championed [[consumer protection]] laws that limit the sharing of consumer data between corporations. Democrats have opposed [[Sodomy laws in the United States|sodomy laws]] since the 1972 platform which stated that "Americans should be free to make their own choice of life-styles and private habits without being subject to discrimination or prosecution",<ref>{{cite web |title=1972 Democratic Party Platform |url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/1972-democratic-party-platform |website=The American Presidency Project}}</ref> and believe that government should not regulate consensual noncommercial sexual conduct among adults as a matter of personal privacy.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ashtari|first=Shadee|title=Here's The Medieval-Sounding Sodomy Law That Helped Ken Cuccinelli Lose In Virginia|url=https://huffingtonpost.com/2013/11/06/ken-cuccinelli-sodomy_n_4226708.html|work=Huffington Post|date=November 6, 2013|access-date=December 6, 2019|archive-date=March 24, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324035215/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/11/06/ken-cuccinelli-sodomy_n_4226708.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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=== Foreign policy issues ===<br />
The foreign policy of the voters of the two major parties has largely overlapped since the 1990s. A Gallup poll in early 2013 showed broad agreement on the top issues, albeit with some divergence regarding human rights and international cooperation through agencies such as the United Nations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/160649/republicans-democrats-agree-top-foreign-policy-goals.aspx|title=Republicans, Democrats Agree on Top Foreign Policy Goals|work=Gallup.com|date=February 20, 2013|access-date=April 16, 2017|archive-date=March 10, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310130915/http://www.gallup.com/poll/160649/republicans-democrats-agree-top-foreign-policy-goals.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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In June 2014, the Quinnipiac Poll asked Americans which foreign policy they preferred:<br />
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{{blockquote|A) The United States is doing too much in other countries around the world, and it is time to do less around the world and focus more on our own problems here at home.<br />
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B) The United States must continue to push forward to promote democracy and freedom in other countries worldwide because these efforts make our own country more secure.}}<br />
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Democrats chose A over B by 65% to 32%; Republicans chose A over B by 56% to 39%; and independents chose A over B by 67% to 29%.<ref>See "July 3, 2014 - Iraq - Getting In Was Wrong; Getting Out Was Right, U.S. Voters Tell Quinnipiac University National Poll" [http://www.quinnipiac.edu/news-and-events/quinnipiac-university-poll/national/release-detail?ReleaseID=2057 Quinnipiac University Poll] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402190652/http://www.quinnipiac.edu/news-and-events/quinnipiac-university-poll/national/release-detail?ReleaseID=2057 |date=April 2, 2016}} item #51</ref><br />
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==== Iraq War ====<br />
{{see also|Iraq War}}<br />
[[File:Barack Obama 2008 Iraq 19.jpg|thumb|right|160px|Then-Senator [[Barack Obama]] shaking hands with an American soldier in [[Basra]], [[Iraq]] in 2008]]<br />
In 2002, Congressional Democrats were divided on the [[Iraq Resolution|Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq]]: 147 voted against it (21 in the Senate and 126 in the House) and 110 voted for it (29 in the Senate and 81 in the House). Since then, many prominent Democrats, such as former senator [[John Edwards]], have expressed regret about this decision and have called it a mistake while others, such as Senator [[Hillary Clinton]], have criticized the conduct of the war yet not repudiated their initial vote for it (though Clinton later went on to repudiate her stance during the 2008 primaries). Referring to Iraq, [[Party leaders of the United States Senate|Senate Majority Leader]] [[Harry Reid]] declared in April 2007 the war to be "lost" while other Democrats (especially during the 2004 presidential election cycle) accused the President of lying to the public about weapons of mass destruction in Iraq. Among lawmakers, Democrats are the most vocal opponents of [[Operation Iraqi Freedom VI|Operation Iraqi Freedom]] and campaigned on a platform of withdrawal ahead of the [[United States elections, 2006|2006 midterm elections]].<br />
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A March 2003 [[CBS News]] poll taken a few days before the [[2003 invasion of Iraq|invasion of Iraq]] found that 34% of Democrats nationwide would support it without [[United Nations]] backing, 51% would support it only with its backing and 14% would not support it at all.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pollingreport.com/iraq16.htm |title=Archive page #16 of polls |publisher=Pollingreport.com |date=June 1, 2003 |access-date=October 2, 2013 |archive-date=October 5, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005012940/http://www.pollingreport.com/iraq16.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> The ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' stated in early April 2003 that 70% of Democrats supported the decision to invade while 27% opposed it.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pollingreport.com/iraq15.htm |title=Archive page #15 of polls |publisher=Pollingreport.com |access-date=October 2, 2013 |archive-date=June 24, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624170856/http://www.pollingreport.com/iraq15.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Pew Research Center]] stated in August 2007 that opposition increased from 37% during the initial invasion to 74%.<ref>[http://pewresearch.org/pubs/579/iraq-vietnam Pew Research Center: Along the Iraq-Vietnam Parallel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016232233/http://pewresearch.org/pubs/579/iraq-vietnam |date=October 16, 2012}}. [[Pew Research Center]]. August 28, 2007.</ref> In April 2008, a [[CBS News]] poll found that about 90% of Democrats disapprove of the [[Presidency of George W. Bush|Bush administration]]'s conduct and want to end the war within the next year.<ref>[http://www.pollingreport.com/iraq.htm Recent polls from] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161205075857/http://www.pollingreport.com/iraq.htm |date=December 5, 2016}} [http://www.pollingreport.com/ Pollingreport] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161211210554/http://www.pollingreport.com/ |date=December 11, 2016}}.</ref><br />
<br />
Democrats in the House of Representatives near-unanimously supported a [[non-binding resolution]] disapproving of President Bush's decision to send [[Iraq War troop surge of 2007|additional troops into Iraq in 2007]]. Congressional Democrats overwhelmingly supported military funding legislation that included a provision that set "a timeline for the withdrawal of all US combat troops from Iraq" by March 31, 2008, but also would leave combat forces in Iraq for purposes such as targeted counter-terrorism operations.<ref>{{cite news|last=Flaherty |first=Anne |title=Congress passes Iraq bill, veto awaits |url=http://www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2007/04/26/veto_awaits_iraq_troop_withdrawal_bill/ |date=April 26, 2007 |agency=Associated Press |access-date=April 26, 2007 |work=The Boston Globe |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070529185006/http://www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2007/04/26/veto_awaits_iraq_troop_withdrawal_bill/ |archive-date=May 29, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=US Democrats push for 2008 Iraq exit |url=http://news.brisbanetimes.com.au/us-democrats-push-for-2008-iraq-exit/20075426-9l4.html |date=April 26, 2007 |agency=Reuters |access-date=April 26, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011210013/http://news.brisbanetimes.com.au/us-democrats-push-for-2008-iraq-exit/20075426-9l4.html |archive-date=October 11, 2007}}</ref> After a veto from the President and a failed attempt in Congress to override the veto,<ref>{{cite news|title=Democrats fail to override Bush on war funding |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/05/02/africa/prexy.php |date=May 2, 2007 |work=International Herald Tribune |access-date=May 2, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070504015531/http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/05/02/africa/prexy.php |archive-date=May 4, 2007}}</ref> the [[U.S. Troop Readiness, Veterans' Care, Katrina Recovery, and Iraq Accountability Appropriations Act, 2007]] was passed by Congress and signed by the President after the timetable was dropped. [[Criticism of the Iraq War]] subsided after the [[Iraq War troop surge of 2007]] led to a dramatic decrease in Iraqi violence. The Democratic-controlled 110th Congress continued to fund efforts in both Iraq and Afghanistan. Presidential candidate [[Barack Obama]] advocated a withdrawal of combat troops within Iraq by late 2010 with a residual force of peacekeeping troops left in place.<ref name="force"/> He stated that both the speed of withdrawal and the number of troops left over would be "entirely conditions-based".<ref name="force">[https://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUSN2639269420080727 Obama says conditions to dictate final Iraq force] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090110211722/http://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUSN2639269420080727 |date=January 10, 2009}}. [[Reuters]]. July 27, 2008.</ref><br />
<br />
On February 27, 2009, President Obama announced: "As a candidate for president, I made clear my support for a timeline of 16 months to carry out this drawdown, while pledging to consult closely with our military commanders upon taking office to ensure that we preserve the gains we've made and protect our troops ... Those consultations are now complete, and I have chosen a timeline that will remove our combat brigades over the next 18 months".<ref name=top/> Around 50,000 non-combat-related forces would remain.<ref name=top/> Obama's plan drew wide bipartisan support, including that of defeated Republican presidential candidate Senator [[John McCain]].<ref name=top>[http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0209/19410.html Top Republicans embrace Iraq plan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013190657/http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0209/19410.html |date=October 13, 2012}}. ''[[The Politico]]''. February 27, 2009.</ref>{{Update inline|date=April 2017}}<br />
<br />
==== Iran sanctions ====<br />
{{see also|United States sanctions against Iran}}<br />
The Democratic Party has been critical of the Iran's nuclear weapon program and supported economic sanctions against the Iranian government. In 2013, the Democratic-led administration worked to reach a diplomatic agreement with the government of Iran to halt the Iranian nuclear weapon program in exchange for [[Sanctions against Iran|international economic sanction]] relief.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/24/world/middleeast/talks-with-iran-on-nuclear-deal-hang-in-balance.html |work=The New York Times |first=Michael R. |last=Gordon |title=Accord Reached With Iran to Halt Nuclear Program |date=November 23, 2013 |access-date=February 21, 2017 |archive-date=March 26, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326212426/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/24/world/middleeast/talks-with-iran-on-nuclear-deal-hang-in-balance.html | url-status=live}}</ref> {{as of|2014}}, negotiations had been successful and the party called for more cooperation with Iran in the future.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/jewish-world-news/.premium-1.577070|title=Jewish Democratic donors urge Congress: Back off Iran sanctions|date=February 28, 2014|work=Haaretz.com|access-date=March 26, 2014|archive-date=September 24, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924160604/http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/jewish-world-news/.premium-1.577070|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2015, the Obama administration agreed to the [[Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action]], which provides sanction relief in exchange for international oversight of the [[Iranian nuclear program]]. In February 2019, the Democratic National Committee passed a resolution calling on the United States to re-enter the JCPOA, which President Trump withdrew from in 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/democratic-party-passes-resolution-calling-for-us-to-re-enter-iran-nuke-deal/|title=Democratic Party passes resolution calling for US to re-enter Iran nuke deal|last=Cortellessa|first=Eric|website=www.timesofisrael.com|language=en-US |df=mdy-all|access-date=2019-02-21|archive-date=February 21, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221022455/https://www.timesofisrael.com/democratic-party-passes-resolution-calling-for-us-to-re-enter-iran-nuke-deal/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== Invasion of Afghanistan ====<br />
{{see also|Afghanistan–United States relations|International public opinion on the war in Afghanistan}}<br />
Democrats in the House of Representatives and in the Senate near-unanimously voted for the [[Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists]] against "those responsible for the [[September 11 attacks|recent attacks launched against the United States]]" in [[Afghanistan]] in 2001, supporting the [[NATO]] coalition [[Operation Enduring Freedom|invasion of the nation]]. Most elected Democrats continue to support the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|Afghanistan conflict]] and some, such as a [[Democratic National Committee]] spokesperson, have voiced concerns that the [[Invasion of Iraq|Iraq War]] shifted too many resources away from the presence in Afghanistan.<ref>[http://www.boston.com/news/politics/politicalintelligence/2008/07/democrats_say_m_1.html "Democrats say McCain forgot Afghanistan"]. ''[[Boston Globe]]''. July 24, 2008. Retrieved August 23, 2008. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820113620/http://www.boston.com/news/politics/politicalintelligence/2008/07/democrats_say_m_1.html |date=August 20, 2008}}</ref><ref name="daily">[http://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/2008/07/15/2008-07-15_john_mccain__barack_obama_urge_afghanist.html "John McCain & Barack Obama urge Afghanistan surge"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091113131424/http://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/2008/07/15/2008-07-15_john_mccain__barack_obama_urge_afghanist.html |date=November 13, 2009}}. ''[[New York Daily News]]''. July 15, 2008. Retrieved August 23, 2008.</ref> Since 2006, Democratic candidate [[Barack Obama]] has called for a "surge" of troops into Afghanistan.<ref name="daily"/> As president, Obama sent a "surge" force of additional troops to Afghanistan. Troop levels were 94,000 in December 2011 and kept falling, with a target of 68,000 by fall 2012. Obama planned to bring all the troops home by 2014.<ref>"U.S. plans major shift to advisory role in Afghanistan", [http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/world_now/2011/12/us-plans-major-shift-to-advisory-role-in-afghanistan.html ''Los Angeles Times'', December 13, 2011] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819153404/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/world_now/2011/12/us-plans-major-shift-to-advisory-role-in-afghanistan.html |date=August 19, 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
Support for the war among the American people has diminished over time and many Democrats have changed their opinion and now oppose a continuation of the conflict.<ref name=holland/><ref name="edge"/> In July 2008, [[Gallup poll|Gallup]] found that 41% of Democrats called the invasion a "mistake" while a 55% majority disagreed. In contrast, Republicans were more supportive of the war. The survey described Democrats as evenly divided about whether or not more troops should be sent—56% support it if it would mean removing troops from Iraq and only 47% support it otherwise.<ref name="edge">[http://www.gallup.com/poll/109150/Afghan-War-Edges-Iraq-Most-Important-US.aspx "Afghan War Edges Out Iraq as Most Important for U.S."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224202906/http://www.gallup.com/poll/109150/Afghan-War-Edges-Iraq-Most-Important-US.aspx |date=December 24, 2016}} by Frank Newport. [[Gallup poll|Gallup]]. July 30, 2008. Retrieved August 24, 2009.</ref> A [[CNN]] survey in August 2009 stated that a majority of Democrats now oppose the war. CNN polling director Keating Holland said: "Nearly two thirds of Republicans support the war in Afghanistan. Three quarters of Democrats oppose the war".<ref name=holland>[http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,25895398-12335,00.html Most Americans oppose Afghanistan war: poll] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090810102232/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,25895398-12335,00.html |date=August 10, 2009}}. ''[[The Australian]]''. August 7, 2009. Retrieved August 24, 2009.</ref> An August 2009 ''Washington Post'' poll found similar results, and the paper stated that Obama's policies would anger his closest supporters.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/08/19/AR2009081903066.html Public Opinion in U.S. Turns Against Afghan War] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025072529/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/08/19/AR2009081903066.html |date=October 25, 2017}}. By Jennifer Agiesta and Jon Cohen. ''Washington Post''. August 20, 2009. Retrieved August 24, 2009.</ref><br />
<br />
==== Israel ====<br />
{{see also|Israel–United States relations}}<br />
[[File:Jimmy Carter and Menahem Begin - NARA - 181332.tif|thumb|right|President [[Jimmy Carter]] and [[Israel]]i Prime Minister [[Menachem Begin]] in 1978]]<br />
The Democratic Party has both recently and historically supported [[Israel]].<ref name=Israel/><ref name=leftpush/> A 2008 [[Gallup poll]] found that 64% of Americans have a favorable image of Israel while only 16% say that they have a favorable image of the [[Palestinian Authority]].<ref name=Israel>[http://www.gallup.com/poll/104734/Americans-Most-Least-Favored-Nations.aspx Americans' Most and Least Favored Nations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909115334/http://www.gallup.com/poll/104734/Americans-Most-Least-Favored-Nations.aspx |date=September 9, 2016}}. By Lydia Saad. Gallup. March 3, 2008.</ref> A pro-Israel view is held by the party leadership although some Democrats, including former [[President of the United States|President]] [[Jimmy Carter]], have criticized Israel.<ref name=leftpush>[http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0707/4986.html Left could push pro-Israel voters to GOP] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207213523/http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0707/4986.html |date=December 7, 2013}}. By [[Jennifer Rubin (journalist)|Jennifer Rubin]]. ''[[Politico]]''. July 18, 2007.</ref><br />
<br />
The 2008 Democratic Party platform acknowledges a "[[special relationship]] with Israel, grounded in shared interests and shared values, and a clear, strong, fundamental commitment to the security of Israel, our strongest ally in the region and its only established democracy." It also included:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>It is in the best interests of all parties, including the United States, that we take an active role to help secure a lasting settlement of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict with a democratic, viable Palestinian state dedicated to living in peace and security side by side with the Jewish State of Israel. To do so, we must help Israel identify and strengthen those partners who are truly committed to peace while isolating those who seek conflict and instability, and stand with Israel against those who seek its destruction. The United States and its Quartet partners should continue to isolate Hamas until it renounces terrorism, recognizes Israel's right to exist, and abides by past agreements. Sustained American leadership for peace and security will require patient efforts and the personal commitment of the President of the United States. The creation of a Palestinian state through final status negotiations, together with an international compensation mechanism, should resolve the issue of Palestinian refugees by allowing them to settle there, rather than in Israel. All understand that it is unrealistic to expect the outcome of final status negotiations to be a full and complete return to the armistice lines of 1949. Jerusalem is and will remain the capital of Israel. The parties have agreed that Jerusalem is a matter for final status negotiations. It should remain an undivided city accessible to people of all faiths.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.democrats.org/a/party/platform.html |title=Renewing America's Promise: Democratic Party Platform, 2008 |publisher=Democrats.org |access-date=June 17, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616214838/http://www.democrats.org/a/party/platform.html |archive-date=June 16, 2010}}</ref></blockquote><br />
<br />
[[File:Shimon Peres observes Binyamin Nitanyahu greeting Barack Obama.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Israeli Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] meeting with President [[Barack Obama]] at [[Ben Gurion Airport]] in 2013]]<br />
A January 2009 [[Pew Research Center]] study found that when asked "which side do you sympathize with more", 42% of Democrats and 33% of liberals (a plurality in both groups) sympathize most with the Israelis. Around half of all political moderates or independents sided with Israel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewglobal.org/2009/01/29/ideology-and-views-toward-the-middle-east-conflict/|title=Ideological Gaps Over Israel on Both Sides of Atlantic|date=January 29, 2009|work=PewGlobal.org|access-date=April 16, 2017|archive-date=April 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417155617/http://www.pewglobal.org/2009/01/29/ideology-and-views-toward-the-middle-east-conflict/|url-status=live}}</ref> The years leading up to the 2016 election have brought more discussion of the party's stance on Israel as polls reported declining support for Israel among the party faithful.<ref name="Galluppoll">{{cite web|url=http://www.politico.com/story/2015/02/democrats-israel-palestine-gallup-poll-115419.html|title=Gallup poll: Democrats losing sympathy for Israel|author=Kendall Breitman|date=February 23, 2015|work=POLITICO|access-date=March 30, 2015|archive-date=March 28, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328075951/http://www.politico.com/story/2015/02/democrats-israel-palestine-gallup-poll-115419.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Gallup suggested that the decline in support might be due to tensions between Israeli Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] and President Barack Obama.<ref name="Galluppoll" /><br />
<br />
The rise of the progressive Bernie Sanders-aligned faction of the party, which tends to trend more pro-Palestine, is also likely responsible for the decline in support for Israel. A 2016 Pew Research poll found that while Clinton supporters sympathized more with Israel than Palestinians by a 20-point margin, Sanders supporters sympathized more with Palestinians than with Israel by a 6-point margin.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/05/17/clinton-sanders-supporters-differ-sharply-on-u-s-global-role/|title=Clinton, Sanders supporters differ sharply on U.S. global role |df=mdy-all|date=2016-05-17|work=Pew Research Center|access-date=2018-08-25|language=en-US|archive-date=August 26, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826005045/http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/05/17/clinton-sanders-supporters-differ-sharply-on-u-s-global-role/|url-status=live}}</ref> In June 2016, DNC members voted against an amendment to the party platform proposed by Sanders supporter [[James Zogby]] calling for an "end to occupation and illegal settlements".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/democrats-reject-sanders-platform-changes-on-palestinians-1.5401124|title=Democrats Reject Platform Proposal Calling for 'End to Occupation and Illegal Settlements' |df=mdy-all|date=2016-06-25|work=Haaretz|access-date=2018-08-25|language=en|archive-date=August 26, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826010647/https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/democrats-reject-sanders-platform-changes-on-palestinians-1.5401124|url-status=live}}</ref> In August 2018, [[Rashida Tlaib]], who supports a [[one-state solution]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/michigan-candidate-of-palestinian-heritage-rejects-2-state-solution/|title=Michigan candidate backs 1-state solution, slashing military aid to Israel |df=mdy-all|access-date=2018-08-25|language=en-US|archive-date=August 26, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826010718/https://www.timesofisrael.com/michigan-candidate-of-palestinian-heritage-rejects-2-state-solution/|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Ilhan Omar]], who has referred to Israel as an "apartheid regime"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jta.org/2018/08/15/news-opinion/ilhan-omar-called-israel-apartheid-regime-wins-congressional-primary-minnesota|title=Ilhan Omar, who once called Israel an 'apartheid regime,' wins congressional primary in Minnesota {{!}} Jewish Telegraphic Agency|website=www.jta.org|language=en-US |df=mdy-all|access-date=2018-08-25|date=2018-08-15|archive-date=November 21, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121164631/https://www.jta.org/2018/08/15/news-opinion/ilhan-omar-called-israel-apartheid-regime-wins-congressional-primary-minnesota|url-status=live}}</ref> won Democratic primaries in Michigan and Minnesota. In November 2018, shortly after being elected to Congress, Omar came out in support of the [[Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions]] (BDS) campaign against Israel.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://forward.com/news/national/414050/muslim-trailblazer-ilhan-omar-admits-she-backs-bds-now-that-election-is/|title=Muslim Trailblazer Ilhan Omar Admits She Backs BDS — Now That Election Is Over|work=The Forward |df=mdy-all|access-date=2018-11-14|archive-date=March 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190312174104/https://forward.com/news/national/414050/muslim-trailblazer-ilhan-omar-admits-she-backs-bds-now-that-election-is/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Voter base ==<br />
{{further|Factions in the Democratic Party (United States)#Voter base}}<br />
[[File:Republican v Democrat Gallup 6-10.svg|thumb|upright=1.15|Self-identified Democrats ([[Blue state|blue]]) versus self-identified Republicans ([[Red state|red]]) (January–June 2010 data)]]<br />
<br />
=== Professionals ===<br />
{{see also|Higher education in the United States}}<br />
Professionals, those who have a [[Higher education|college education]] and those whose work revolves around the conception of ideas, have tended to support the Democratic Party since 2000. While the professional class was once a stronghold of the Republican Party, it has become increasingly in favor of the Democratic Party. Support for Democratic candidates among professionals may be traced to the prevalence of liberal cultural values among this group:<ref name="Judis & Teixeira">{{cite journal|url=http://www.prospect.org/cs/articles?article=back_to_the_future061807|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712135150/http://www.prospect.org/cs/articles?article=back_to_the_future061807|archive-date=July 12, 2007|author1=Judis, J. B.|author2=Teixeira, R.|date=June 19, 2007|title=Back to the Future|journal=The American Prospect|access-date=August 19, 2007}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{blockquote|Professionals, who are, roughly speaking, college-educated producers of services and ideas, used to be the most staunchly Republican of all occupational groups ... now chiefly working for large corporations and bureaucracies rather than on their own, and heavily influenced by the environmental, civil-rights, and feminist movements—began to vote Democratic. In the four elections from 1988 to 2000, they backed Democrats by an average of 52 percent to 40 percent.|John B. Judis and Ruy Teixeira, ''The American Prospect'', June 19, 2007}}<br />
<br />
The highly [[Educational attainment|educated]] constitute an important part of the Democratic voter base. The party has strong support among [[scientist]]s, with 55% identifying as Democrats, 32% as independents, and 6% as Republicans in a 2009 study.<ref>[http://people-press.org/report/?pageid=1549 "Public Praises Science; Scientists Fault Public, Media Section 4: Scientists, Politics and Religion"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110310163411/http://people-press.org/report/?pageid=1549 |date=March 10, 2011}}.</ref> Those with a college education have become increasingly Democratic in the 1992,<ref name="nyt-exit">{{cite news|url=http://elections.nytimes.com/2008/results/president/national-exit-polls.html|title=Exit Polls - Election Results 2008|work=The New York Times|date=November 5, 2008|access-date=October 2, 2013|archive-date=October 11, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011094602/http://elections.nytimes.com/2008/results/president/national-exit-polls.html|url-status=live}}</ref> 1996,<ref name="nyt-exit"/> 2000,<ref name="CNN. (2000). Exit Poll."/> 2004,<ref name="CNN. (2004). Exit Poll."/> and 2008<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2008/results/polls/#USP00p1|publisher=CNN|title=Local Exit Polls - Election Center 2008 - Elections & Politics from CNN.com|access-date=May 1, 2010|archive-date=April 22, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100422210456/http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2008/results/polls/#USP00p1|url-status=live}}</ref> elections. In exit polls for the [[2018 United States House of Representatives elections|2018 elections]], 65% of those with a graduate degree said they voted Democratic, and Democrats won college graduates overall by a 20-point margin.<ref name = "2018e"/><br />
<br />
=== Labor ===<br />
[[File:Fig 109 - does someone in house belong to union.JPG|thumb|right|upright=1.7|Higher percentages of Democrats than Republicans are members of union households.]]<br />
Since the 1930s, a critical component of the Democratic Party coalition has been [[Labor unions in the United States|organized labor]]. Labor unions supply a great deal of the money, [[Grassroots|grass roots]] [[Political organisation|political organization]], and voters for the party. Democrats are far more likely to be represented by unions, although union membership has declined in general during the last few decades. This trend is depicted in the following graph from the book ''Democrats and Republicans—Rhetoric and Reality''.<ref>Fried, Joseph, ''Democrats and Republicans: Rhetoric and Reality'' (New York: Algora Publishing, 2008), 126.</ref> It is based on surveys conducted by the National Election Studies (NES).<br />
<br />
The three most significant labor groupings in the Democratic coalition today are the [[AFL–CIO]] and [[Change to Win Federation|Change to Win]] [[National trade union center|labor federations]] as well as the [[National Education Association]], a large, unaffiliated [[teacher|teachers']] union. Important issues for labor unions include supporting [[industrial policy]] that sustains unionized [[manufacturing]] jobs, raising the [[minimum wage]], and promoting broad social programs such as [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]] and [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]].<br />
<br />
=== Working class ===<br />
{{further|Social class in the United States}}<br />
The [[American working class]] is a stronghold of the Democratic Party and continues to be an essential part of the Democratic base. Economic insecurity makes the majority of working-class people left-of-center on economic issues. However, many working class Democrats differ from liberals in their more socially conservative views. Working class Democrats tend to be more religious and more likely to belong to an ethnic minority. The continued importance of the working class manifests itself in exit polls, which show that the majority of those with working class [[Income in the United States|incomes]] and education vote for the Democratic Party.<ref name="CNN. (2004). Exit Poll." /><ref name="CNN. (2006). Exit Poll." /> Since 1980,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Tyson|first1=Alec|last2=Maniam|first2=Shiva|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]|url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/11/09/behind-trumps-victory-divisions-by-race-gender-education/|title=Behind Trump's victory: Divisions by race, gender and education|date=November 9, 2016|access-date=July 9, 2017|archive-date=July 6, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706102106/http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/11/09/behind-trumps-victory-divisions-by-race-gender-education/|url-status=live}}</ref> there has been a decline in support for the Democratic Party among white working class voters.<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Cohn|first1=Nate|title=Obama's Problem With White, Non-College Educated Voters is Getting Worse|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/103969/obamas-problem-white-non-college-educated-voters-getting-worse|magazine=[[The New Republic]]|date=June 11, 2012|access-date=February 13, 2017|archive-date=February 14, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214103205/https://newrepublic.com/article/103969/obamas-problem-white-non-college-educated-voters-getting-worse|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite interview|last=Teixeira|first=Ruy|interviewer=[[Steve Inskeep]]|title=Democrats' Problem: White, Working-Class Voters|url=https://www.npr.org/2015/01/02/374511123/democrats-problem-white-working-class-voters|publisher=[[NPR]]|date=January 2, 2015|access-date=May 5, 2015|archive-date=May 13, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513173623/http://www.npr.org/2015/01/02/374511123/democrats-problem-white-working-class-voters|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Judis|first1=John B.|title=The Emerging Republican Advantage|url=http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/the-emerging-republican-advantage-20150130|magazine=[[National Journal]]|date=January 31, 2015|access-date=May 5, 2015|archive-date=May 6, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150506011110/http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/the-emerging-republican-advantage-20150130|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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=== Younger Americans ===<br />
{{see also|Young Democrats of America}}<br />
[[File:Jon Ossoff Senate Portrait 2021.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|150px|Elected at age 33, [[Jon Ossoff]] is currently the youngest member of the [[United States Senate|U.S. Senate]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=O'Kane |first1=Caitlin |title=Jon Ossoff becomes the youngest Democrat elected to the Senate since Joe Biden in 1973 |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/jon-ossoff-youngest-democrat-senator-since-joe-biden/ |website=CBS News |access-date=12 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Wise |first1=Alana |title=Jon Ossoff Wins Georgia Runoff, Handing Democrats Senate Control |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/01/06/952417689/democrat-jon-ossoff-claims-victory-over-david-perdue-in-georgia-runoff |website=NPR |date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021}}</ref>]]<br />
Younger Americans, including [[millennials]] and [[Generation Z]], tend to vote mostly for Democratic candidates in recent years.<ref name = "trends"/><br />
<br />
The young have voted in favor of the Democratic presidential candidate in every election since [[Bill Clinton]] in 1992 and are more likely to identify as liberals than the general population.<ref name="Nagourney">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/27/washington/27poll.html|title=Nagourney, A. (June 27, 2007). Young Americans are leaning left, new poll finds. ''The New York Times''|access-date=April 5, 2007|archive-date=December 9, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209083725/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/27/washington/27poll.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In the [[2004 United States presidential election|2004 presidential election]], Democratic presidential candidate [[John Kerry]] received 54% of the vote from voters of the age group 18–29 while Republican [[George W. Bush]] received 45%. In the 2006 [[midterm election]]s, the Democrats received 60% of the vote from the same age group.<ref name="CNN. (2004). Exit Poll."/><ref name="CNN. (2006). Exit Poll."/><br />
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Polls suggest that younger Americans have more liberal views than the general public on same-sex marriage and universal health care, helping [[Barack Obama]] carry 66% of their votes in 2008. In the [[2018 United States House of Representatives elections|2018 midterm elections]], 67% of those in the 18–29 age range voted for the Democratic candidate. Democrats also won those in the 30–44 age range by a 19-point margin.<ref name = "2018e"/><br />
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=== Women ===<br />
[[File:Hillary Clinton by Gage Skidmore 4 (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[Hillary Clinton]] was the first woman to be nominated for president by a major party.]]<br />
Although the gender gap has varied over many years, women of all ages are more likely than men to identify as Democrats.<br />
<br />
Since the 1990s, women have supported Democratic Party candidates to various offices at higher rates than men.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/fixgov/2020/02/19/the-future-is-female-how-the-growing-political-power-of-women-will-remake-american-politics/ |title=The future is female: How the growing political power of women will remake American politics |date=February 19, 2020 |access-date=July 24, 2020 |archive-date=July 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729191329/https://www.brookings.edu/blog/fixgov/2020/02/19/the-future-is-female-how-the-growing-political-power-of-women-will-remake-american-politics/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Polls in 2009 indicated that 41% of women identify as Democrats while only 25% of women identify as Republicans and 26% as independents whereas 32% of men identify as Democrats, 28% as Republicans and 34% as independents. Among ethnic minorities, women also are more likely than men to identify as Democrats.<br />
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The [[National Federation of Democratic Women]] is an affiliated organization meant to advocate for women's issues. National women's organizations that support Democratic candidates include [[EMILY's List]], which aims to help elect pro-choice female Democratic candidates to office.<br />
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Of the 118 women in the [[United States House of Representatives]] at the start of the [[117th United States Congress|117th Congress]], there were 89 Democrats.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cohen |first1=Ethan |last2=Stark |first2=Liz |last3=Levy |first3=Adam |title=117th Congress: Breaking down the historic numbers |url=https://www.cbs58.com/news/117th-congress-breaking-down-the-historic-numbers |website=CNN |access-date=January 12, 2021}}</ref> After [[2021 United States House of Representatives elections|one special election in June 2021]], where one more female Democrat was elected as U.S. Representative, there have been 119 women in the House, 90 of whom are Democratic.<ref>{{cite web |title=Women in the U.S. House of Representatives 2021 |url=https://cawp.rutgers.edu/women-us-house-representatives-2021 |website=Center for American Women and Politics |date=July 9, 2015 |access-date=November 12, 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Relation to marital status and parenthood ===<br />
<br />
Americans that identify as single, living with a domestic partner, divorced, separated, or widowed are more likely to vote Democratic in contrast to married Americans which split about equally between Democrat and Republican.<ref name=gallup2010>{{cite web|url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/120839/Women-Likely-Democrats-Regardless-Age.aspx|title=Women More Likely to Be Democrats, Regardless of Age|date=June 12, 2009|publisher=Gallup.com|access-date=June 17, 2010|archive-date=June 14, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100614010429/http://www.gallup.com/poll/120839/Women-Likely-Democrats-Regardless-Age.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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[[General Social Survey]]s of more than 11,000 Democrats and Republicans conducted between 1996 and 2006 came to the result that the differences in [[fertility rate]]s are not statistically significant between these parties, with the average Democrat having 1.94 children and the average Republican having 1.91 children.<ref name=Fried2008>{{cite book|last1=Fried|first1=Joseph.|title=Democrats and Republicans--rhetoric and reality : comparing the voters in statistics and anecdote|year=2008|publisher=Algora Pub.|location=New York|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=wGtJ66o3EyIC&pg=PA1 16]|isbn=978-0-87586-603-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QYJNBAAAQBAJ|access-date=April 28, 2020|archive-date=October 2, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002180955/https://books.google.com/books?id=QYJNBAAAQBAJ&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref> However, there is a significant difference in fertility rates between the two related groups [[Liberalism in the United States|liberals]] and [[Conservatism in the United States|conservatives]], with liberals reproducing at a much lower rate than conservatives.<ref name=Fried2008/><br />
<br />
=== LGBT Americans ===<br />
[[File:Pete Buttigieg official photo.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|150px|[[United States Secretary of Transportation|Secretary of Transportation]] [[Pete Buttigieg]]]]<br />
According to exit polling, [[LGBT Americans]] typically vote Democratic in national elections within the 70–80% range. In heavily gay precincts in large cities across the nation, the average was higher, ranging from 85% to 94%. This trend has continued since 1996 when Bill Clinton won 71% of the LGBT vote compared to Bob Dole's 16%. In 2000 Al Gore won 70% to George W. Bush's 25%, in 2004 John Kerry won 77% to George W. Bush's 23%, in 2008 Barack Obama won 70% to John McCain's 27%,<ref name="press"/> in 2012 Barack Obama won 76% to Mitt Romney's 22%,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/16/us/politics/gay-vote-seen-as-crucial-in-obamas-victory.html|title=Gay Vote Proved a Boon for Obama|date=November 15, 2012|work=The New York Times|access-date=December 27, 2012|first=Micah|last=Cohen|archive-date=December 26, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121226210703/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/16/us/politics/gay-vote-seen-as-crucial-in-obamas-victory.html|url-status=live}}</ref> in 2016 Hillary Clinton won 78% to Donald Trump's 14%, and in 2020 Joe Biden won 73% to Donald Trump's 25%.<ref>{{cite news |title=National Voter Surveys: How Different Groups Voted |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/11/03/us/elections/ap-polls-national.html |website=The New York Times |access-date=11 January 2021}}</ref> Patrick Egan, a professor at New York University specializing in LGBT voting patterns, calls this a "remarkable continuity", saying that "about three-fourths vote Democratic and one-fourth Republican from year to year".<ref name="press">{{cite web|url=http://www.law.ucla.edu/williamsinstitute/press/GaySupportForObamaSimilarToDemsInPastElections.html|title=Gay Support for Obama Similar to Dems in Past Elections|publisher=Law.ucla.edu|date=November 26, 2008|access-date=June 17, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091209021908/http://www.law.ucla.edu/williamsinstitute/press/GaySupportForObamaSimilarToDemsInPastElections.html|archive-date=December 9, 2009}}</ref><br />
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Notable LGBT Democrats include Senator [[Tammy Baldwin]] of Wisconsin, Senator [[Kyrsten Sinema]] of Arizona, Representative [[David Cicilline]] of Rhode Island, Governor [[Kate Brown]] of Oregon, and Governor [[Jared Polis]] of Colorado. The late activist and San Francisco Supervisor [[Harvey Milk]] was a Democrat as is former Representative [[Barney Frank]] of Massachusetts.<br />
<br />
The [[Stonewall Democrats]] is an LGBT advocacy group associated with the Democratic Party. The [[Congressional LGBT Equality Caucus|Congressional LGBTQ+ Equality Caucus]] is a congressional caucus of 172 Democrats that advocate for LGBT rights within the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]].<ref name="lgbtcaucus">{{cite web |url=https://lgbt-cicilline.house.gov/members |title=Members |publisher=Congressional LGBT Equality Caucus |df=mdy-all |access-date=2 March 2019 |archive-date=March 31, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331154313/https://lgbt-cicilline.house.gov/members |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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By winning the [[2020 Iowa Democratic presidential caucuses]], former [[List of mayors of South Bend, Indiana|Mayor of South Bend, Indiana]], [[Pete Buttigieg]] became the first openly gay candidate to win a presidential primary or caucus. In December 2020, Buttigieg was selected to serve as [[United States Secretary of Transportation]], and he became the first openly gay cabinet secretary to be confirmed by the U.S. Senate in February 2021.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bennett |first1=Geoff |last2=Golden |first2=Amanda |last3=Talbot |first3=Haley |last4=Smith |first4=Allan |title=Biden to nominate Pete Buttigieg for transportation secretary |website=[[NBC News]] |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/biden-nominate-pete-buttigieg-transportation-secretary-n1251291 |access-date=12 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Shephardson |first1=David |title=Pete Buttigieg becomes first openly gay cabinet secretary confirmed by U.S. Senate |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-biden-transportation/pete-buttigieg-becomes-first-openly-gay-cabinet-secretary-confirmed-by-u-s-senate-idUSKBN2A22IQ |website=Reuters |date=February 2, 2021 |access-date=15 February 2021}}</ref><br />
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=== African Americans ===<br />
[[File:Kamala Harris Vice Presidential Portrait.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Vice President [[Kamala Harris]]]]<br />
From the end of the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] to the early 20th century, [[African Americans]] primarily favored the Republican Party due to its role in achieving the abolition of [[Slavery in the United States|slavery]], particularly through [[Abraham Lincoln|President Lincoln]]'s [[Emancipation Proclamation]].<ref name="Blacks and the Democratic Party"/> The South had long been a Democratic stronghold, favoring a state's right to legal slavery. In addition, the ranks of the fledgling [[Ku Klux Klan]] were composed almost entirely of white Democrats who were angry over the treatment they had received at the hands of Northerners and who were also bent on reversing the policies of [[Reconstruction Era of the United States|Reconstruction]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Ku Klux Klan - History|url=http://www.adl.org/learn/ext_us/kkk/history.asp?LEARN_Cat=Extremism&LEARN_SubCat=Extremism_in_America&xpicked=4&item=kkk|publisher=Anti-Defamation League|access-date=October 31, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110212043142/http://www.adl.org/learn/ext_us/kkk/history.asp?LEARN_Cat=Extremism&LEARN_SubCat=Extremism_in_America&xpicked=4&item=kkk|archive-date=February 12, 2011|df=mdy-all}}</ref><br />
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African Americans began drifting to the Democratic Party when [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] was elected president.<ref name="Blacks and the Democratic Party"/> Support for the [[civil rights movement]] in the 1960s by Democratic presidents [[John F. Kennedy]] and [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] helped give the Democrats even greater support in the African-American community, which has consistently voted between 85% and 95% Democratic from the 1960s to the present day, making African Americans one of the biggest support groups in any US party.<ref name="Blacks and the Democratic Party">{{cite web|last=Jackson|first=Brooks|title=Blacks and the Democratic Party|url=http://www.factcheck.org/2008/04/blacks-and-the-democratic-party/|publisher=FactCheck.org|access-date=October 30, 2011 |df=mdy-all|date=2008-04-18|archive-date=November 3, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103050026/http://www.factcheck.org/2008/04/blacks%2Dand%2Dthe%2Ddemocratic%2Dparty/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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Prominent modern-day African-American Democratic politicians include [[Jim Clyburn]], [[Maxine Waters]], [[Barbara Lee]], [[Charles Rangel]], [[John Conyers]], [[Karen Bass]], [[Ayanna Pressley]], [[Ilhan Omar]], Senator [[Cory Booker]], Vice President [[Kamala Harris]], and former President [[Barack Obama]], who managed to win over 95% of the African-American vote in the 2008 election.<ref>{{cite web|last=Teixeira|first=Ruy (November 11, 2008)|title=Digging into the 2008 Exit Polls|url=http://takingnote.tcf.org/2008/11/digging-into-th.html|publisher=Taking Note|access-date=October 30, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111111258/http://takingnote.tcf.org/2008/11/digging-into-th.html|archive-date=January 11, 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Despite not having a partisan affiliation, the [[NAACP]] often participates in organizing voter turnout drives and advocates for progressive causes, especially, those that affect people of color.<ref>{{cite web|title=National Association for the Advancement of Colored People|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People.aspx|publisher=encyclopedia.com|access-date=October 31, 2011|archive-date=January 18, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118135410/http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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Within the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]], the [[Congressional Black Caucus]], consisting of 55 black Democrats, serves to represent the interests of African Americans and advocate on issues that affect them.<ref>{{cite web |title=Membership |url=https://cbc.house.gov/membership/ |website=Congressional Black Caucus |publisher=United States House of Representatives |access-date=June 22, 2020 |archive-date=April 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421010244/https://cbc.house.gov/membership/ |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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=== Latino Americans ===<br />
[[File:Julián Castro's Official HUD Portrait.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Julian Castro|Julián Castro]] served as [[United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development|Secretary of Housing and Urban Development]].]]<br />
The [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Latino]] population, particularly the large [[Mexican Americans|Mexican American]] population in the [[Southwestern United States|Southwest]] and the large [[Puerto Ricans in the United States|Puerto Rican]] and [[Dominican American|Dominican]] populations in the [[Northeastern United States|Northeast]], have been strong supporters of the Democratic Party. In the [[1996 United States presidential election|1996 presidential election]], Democratic President [[Bill Clinton]] received 72% of the Latino vote.<ref>{{cite news|last=Cillizza|first=Chris|title=With Hispanic support for Obama waning, could Latino vote be up for grabs in 2012?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/with-hispanic-support-for-obama-waning-could-latino-vote-be-up-for-grabs-in-2012/2011/09/18/gIQAG9KUdK_story.html|access-date=October 30, 2011|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=September 18, 2011|archive-date=September 21, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921104649/http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/with-hispanic-support-for-obama-waning-could-latino-vote-be-up-for-grabs-in-2012/2011/09/18/gIQAG9KUdK_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In following years, the Republican Party gained increasing support from the Latino community, especially among Latino Protestants and [[Pentecostalism|Pentecostals]]. With his much more liberal views on immigration, President Bush was the first Republican president to gain 40% of the Latino vote in the [[2004 United States presidential election|2004 presidential election]]. But the Republican Party's support among Hispanics eroded in the [[United States House of Representatives elections, 2006|2006 midterm elections]], dropping from 44% to 30%, with the Democrats gaining in the Latino vote from 55% in 2004 to 69% in 2006.<ref name="CNN. (2004). Exit Poll."/><ref name="CNN. (2006). Exit Poll."/> Democrats increased their share of the Latino vote in the [[2008 United States presidential election|2008 presidential election]], with [[Barack Obama]] receiving 67%. According to exit polls by Edison Research, Obama increased his support again in 2012, winning 71% of Latino voters.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/11/09/politics/latino-vote-key-election/index.html|work=CNN|title=Latino vote key to Obama's re-election|date=November 9, 2012|access-date=November 19, 2012|archive-date=November 13, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113052957/http://www.cnn.com/2012/11/09/politics/latino-vote-key-election/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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[[Cuban Americans]] still tend to vote Republican, though there has been a noticeable change starting with the 2008 elections. During the 2008 elections, Barack Obama received 47% of the Cuban American vote in Florida.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/21/us/21miami.html|work=The New York Times|first=Damien|last=Cave|title=U.S. Overtures Find Support Among Cuban-Americans|date=April 21, 2009|access-date=February 21, 2017|archive-date=April 21, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421101019/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/21/us/21miami.html|url-status=live}}</ref> According to Bendixen's [[exit polls]], 84% of Miami-Dade Cuban-American voters 65 or older backed McCain, while 55% of those 29 or younger backed Obama,<ref>Woods, Casey (November 6, 2008). [http://candidatecubawatch.blogspot.com/2008/11/analysis-of-cuban-american-vote.html "Presidential and Congressional Candidate Cuba Watch: Analysis of Cuban American vote"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011130541/http://candidatecubawatch.blogspot.com/2008/11/analysis-of-cuban-american-vote.html |date=October 11, 2016}}. Candidatecubawatch.blogspot.com. Retrieved July 15, 2013.</ref> showing that the younger Cuban-American generation has become more liberal.<br />
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Unaffiliated Latino advocacy groups that often support progressive candidates and causes include the [[National Council of La Raza]] and the [[League of United Latin American Citizens]]. In the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]], the Democratic caucus of Latino Americans is the [[Congressional Hispanic Caucus]].<br />
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In the [[2018 United States House of Representatives elections|2018 elections]], 69% of Latino Americans voted for the Democratic House candidate.<ref name = "2018e"/><br />
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=== Asian Americans ===<br />
[[File:Tammy Duckworth, official portrait, 115th Congress.jpg|thumb|left|upright|150px|[[United States Senate|U.S. Senator]] [[Tammy Duckworth]]]]<br />
The Democratic Party has supermajority support in the [[Asian Americans|Asian-American]] population. Asian Americans had been a stronghold of the Republican Party up to and including the 1992 presidential election, in which [[George H. W. Bush]] won 55% of the Asian-American vote. Originally, the vast majority of Asian Americans were strongly anti-communist [[Vietnamese American|Vietnamese refugees]], [[Chinese Americans]], [[Taiwanese Americans]], [[Korean Americans]], and [[Filipino Americans]], and the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]]'s positions resonated with this demographic.<br />
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The Democratic Party made gains among Asian Americans starting in 1996 and in 2006 won 62% of the Asian-American vote. Exit polls after the 2008 presidential election indicated that Democratic candidate, [[Barack Obama]], won 62% of the Asian-American vote.<ref>"[http://pewresearch.org/pubs/1209/racial-ethnic-voters-presidential-election?&proj=peoplepress Dissecting the 2008 Electorate: Most Diverse in U.S. History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618075224/http://pewresearch.org/pubs/1209/racial-ethnic-voters-presidential-election?&proj=peoplepress |date=June 18, 2012}}". Pew Research Center. April 30, 2009</ref> In the 2012 presidential election, 73% of the Asian-American electorate voted for Obama's re-election.<ref>{{cite news|title=Presidential Race - 2012 Election Center - President: Full Results - Exit Polls|url=http://www.cnn.com/election/2012/results/race/president#exit-polls |publisher=CNN |access-date=November 18, 2012|date=November 15, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121117193003/http://www.cnn.com/election/2012/results/race/president|archive-date=November 17, 2012}}</ref> Barack Obama had the support of 85% of Indian Americans, 68% of Chinese Americans, and 57% of Filipino Americans.<ref>"[http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-06/us-canada-news/31596885_1_indian-americans-asian-americans-asian-american-pacific-islander 85% Indian-Americans support Obama for second term: Survey] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116183645/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-06/us-canada-news/31596885_1_indian-americans-asian-americans-asian-american-pacific-islander |date=January 16, 2013}}". ''[[The Times Of India]]''. May 6, 2012.</ref> The Asian-American community's increasing number of young voters has also helped to erode traditionally reliably Republican voting blocs such as Vietnamese and Filipino Americans, leading to an increase in support for Democrats.<br />
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Prominent past and present Asian-American Democrats include [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]] [[Kamala Harris]], U.S. Senators [[Tammy Duckworth]], [[Daniel Inouye]], [[Daniel Akaka]], and [[Mazie Hirono]], former Governor and Secretary of Commerce [[Gary Locke]], and U.S. Representatives [[Mike Honda]], [[Judy Chu]], [[Doris Matsui]], [[Ro Khanna]], [[Pramila Jayapal]], [[Norman Mineta]], and [[Dalip Singh Saund]]. Saund was the first Asian-American U.S. Representative.<br />
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In the [[2018 United States House of Representatives elections|2018 elections]], 77% of Asian Americans voted for the Democratic candidate.<ref name = "2018e"/><br />
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=== Native Americans ===<br />
[[File:Secretary Deb Haaland, official headshot.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Secretary of the Interior [[Deb Haaland]]]]<br />
The Democratic Party also has strong support among the [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] population, particularly in [[Arizona]], [[New Mexico]], [[Montana]], [[North Dakota]], [[South Dakota]], [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]], [[Alaska]], [[Idaho]], [[Minnesota]], [[Wisconsin]], [[Oklahoma]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Paying Attention to the Native American Vote |url=https://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/election2008/2008/11/paying-attention-to-the-n.html |website=www.pbs.org |access-date=January 2, 2016 |archive-date=December 30, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151230073355/http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/election2008/2008/11/paying-attention-to-the-n.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and [[North Carolina]]. Although now a small percentage of the population (virtually non-existent in some regions), most Native American precincts vote Democratic in margins exceeded only by African Americans.<ref>[http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0508/10676.html Dems woo Native American vote] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205183555/http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0508/10676.html |date=December 5, 2013}}. [[Politico (newspaper)|Politico]]. May 29, 2008.</ref><br />
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Modern-day Democratic Native American politicians include former Congressman [[Brad Carson]] of Oklahoma as well as Principal Chief [[Bill John Baker]] of the [[Cherokee Nation]], Governor [[Bill Anoatubby]] of the [[Chickasaw Nation]], and Chief [[Gary Batton]] of the [[Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma]].<br />
<br />
In [[2018 United States House of Representatives elections|2018]], Democrats [[Deb Haaland]] of [[New Mexico]] and [[Sharice Davids]] of [[Kansas]] became the first Native American women to be elected to Congress.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Watkins |first1=Eli |title=First Native American women elected to Congress: Sharice Davids and Deb Haaland |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/11/06/politics/sharice-davids-and-deb-haaland-native-american-women/index.html |website=CNN |date=November 7, 2018 |access-date=June 10, 2020 |archive-date=July 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708020834/https://www.cnn.com/2018/11/06/politics/sharice-davids-and-deb-haaland-native-american-women/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Democrat [[Peggy Flanagan]] was also elected in 2018 and currently serves as [[List of lieutenant governors of Minnesota|Lieutenant Governor of Minnesota]]. Flanagan is the second Native American woman to be elected to statewide executive office in U.S. history and the highest-ranking Native woman to be elected to executive office.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Rory |title=Lieutenant Governor-Elect of Minnesota Peggy Flanagan Becomes the Highest-Ranking Native Woman Elected to Executive Office in the United States |url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/lieutenant-governor-of-minnesota-peggy-flanagan |website=Teen Vogue |date=December 3, 2018 |access-date=June 16, 2020 |archive-date=July 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729201015/https://www.teenvogue.com/story/lieutenant-governor-of-minnesota-peggy-flanagan |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
In December 2020, Joe Biden chose Deb Haaland to serve as [[United States Secretary of the Interior]]; she became the first Native American Cabinet secretary in March 2021.<br />
<br />
=== Christian Americans ===<br />
{{see also|Christianity in the United States|Catholic Church and politics in the United States}}<br />
[[File:Official photo of Speaker Nancy Pelosi in 2019.jpg|thumb|left|upright|150px|[[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker of the House]] [[Nancy Pelosi]]]]<br />
[[Black church]]es, mainline [[Protestants]], [[Evangelicalism in the United States|evangelicals]], and [[Catholic Church in the United States|Catholics]] contributed to [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]'s [[New Deal coalition]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Walsh |first1=Andrew D. |title=Religion, Economics, and Public Policy: Ironies, Tragedies, and Absurdities of the Contemporary Culture Wars |date=2000 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-96611-9 |pages=81–83 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NBs313dbCQQC&pg=PA82 |language=en}}</ref> During the [[New Deal]] era, President Roosevelt appealed to notions of [[Christian charity]].<ref name="Lawson">{{cite book |last1=Lawson |first1=Alan |title=A Commonwealth of Hope: The New Deal Response to Crisis |date=24 July 2006 |publisher=JHU Press |isbn=978-0-8018-8872-4 |page=19 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ffe9hAlbC2sC&pg=PT19 |access-date=15 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref> In explaining his philosophy, he said: "I am a Christian and a Democrat".<ref name="Lawson"/><br />
<br />
Catholic Americans have traditionally been a stronghold for the Democratic Party, although they have become more divided between the two major parties in recent years. Both Catholics elected to be president, [[John F. Kennedy]] and [[Joe Biden]], have been Democrats.<ref>{{cite web |last1=O'Kane |first1=Caitlin |title=Joe Biden to become the second Catholic president ever, following JFK |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/joe-biden-second-catholic-president-jfk/ |website=CBS News |access-date=17 November 2020}}</ref> [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker of the House]] [[Nancy Pelosi]] is also Catholic.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Steinhauer |first1=Jennifer |title=In Pelosi, Strong Catholic Faith and Abortion Rights Coexist |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/22/us/politics/in-pelosi-strong-catholic-faith-and-abortion-rights-coexist.html |website=The New York Times |date=September 21, 2015 |access-date=21 February 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
In response to high white evangelical support for [[Donald Trump]] and the Republican Party,<ref>{{cite news |title=National Exit Polls: How Different Groups Voted |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/11/03/us/elections/exit-polls-president.html |access-date=November 16, 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=November 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201110220846/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/11/03/us/elections/exit-polls-president.html |archive-date=November 10, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> Hillary Scholten, a member of the [[Christian Reformed Church in North America|Christian Reformed Church]], founded the Christian Democrats of America.<ref name="Rani">{{cite news |last1=Rani |first1=Rikha Sharma |title=Could These Evangelical Democrats Change the Party? |url=https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2020/08/03/evangelical-democrats-390976 |access-date=15 November 2020 |work=POLITICO |date=3 August 2020 |language=en}}</ref>{{Undue weight inline|date=January 2021}} During the 2020 primaries, Christians were more likely to support [[Joe Biden]] than [[Bernie Sanders]], who was favored among religiously unaffiliated Democrats.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lipka |first1=Michael |last2=Smith |first2=Gregory A. |title=Among Democrats, Christians lean toward Biden, while 'nones' prefer Sanders |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/01/31/among-democrats-christians-lean-toward-biden-while-nones-prefer-sanders/ |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |access-date=November 16, 2020 |date=January 31, 2020}}</ref> 1,600 faith leaders (mostly mainline Protestants, evangelicals, and Catholics) supported [[Joe Biden]]'s 2020 presidential bid.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sherwood |first1=Harriet |title=Faith leaders back Biden in sign that evangelical support for Trump is waning |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/oct/09/faith-leaders-back-biden-evangelicals-trump |access-date=November 16, 2020 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=October 9, 2020 |language=en}}</ref>{{Undue weight inline|date=January 2021}} Robb Ryerse, political director at [[Vote Common Good]], a religiously motivated anti-Trump organization, estimated that there were roughly a dozen evangelical Christians running for political office as Democrats in 2020, as opposed to two or three in 2018.<ref name="Rani"/>{{Undue weight inline|date=January 2021}}<br />
<br />
{{As of|2021}}, every Democratic president, Democratic vice president, and Democratic presidential nominee has been a Christian. According to the [[Pew Research Center]], 78.4% of Democrats in the 116th United States Congress were Christian.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2019/01/03/faith-on-the-hill-116/|title=Faith on the Hill: The religious composition of the 116th Congress|work=Pew Research Center|date=January 3, 2019|access-date=May 18, 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Religious minorities ===<br />
<br />
==== Secular Americans ====<br />
{{see also|Irreligion in the United States}}<br />
[[File:Kyrsten Sinema (cropped).jpg|thumb|150px|[[United States Senate|U.S. Senator]] [[Kyrsten Sinema]]]]<br />
The Democratic Party receives support from secular organizations such as the [[Secular Coalition for America]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://secular.org/content/secular-coalition-flunks-us-house-religious-freedom-issues|title=Secular Coalition Flunks U.S. House on Religious Freedom Issues|work=secular.org|access-date=January 20, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203052914/http://secular.org/content/secular-coalition-flunks-us-house-religious-freedom-issues|archive-date=February 3, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> and many [[agnostic]] and [[atheist]] Americans. Exit polls from the 2008 election showed that voters with a religious affiliation of "[[Irreligion|none]]" accounted for the 12% of the electorate and voted for Democratic candidate Barack Obama by a 75–25% margin.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2008/results/polls/#val=USP00p2|work=CNN|title=Local Exit Polls - Election Center 2008 - Elections & Politics from CNN.com|access-date=December 26, 2008|archive-date=December 23, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081223033226/http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2008/results/polls/#val=USP00p2|url-status=live}}</ref> In his first inaugural address, Obama acknowledged atheists by saying that the United States is not just "Christians and Muslims, Jews and Hindus but non-believers as well".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/religion/2009-01-20-obama-non-believers_N.htm|work=USA Today|title=An inaugural first: Obama acknowledges 'non-believers'|date=January 22, 2009|access-date=August 22, 2017|archive-date=April 1, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401094239/http://www.usatoday.com/news/religion/2009-01-20-obama-non-believers_N.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> In the [[2012 United States presidential election|2012 election cycle]], Democratic president Barack Obama, who was running for re-election, had moderate to high ratings with the Secular Coalition for America while the majority of the Republican candidates had ratings in the low-to-failing range.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://secular.org/content/2012-presidental-candidate-scorecard|title=2012 Presidential Primary Candidate Scorecard|work=secular.org|access-date=March 11, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402165644/https://www.secular.org/content/2012-presidental-candidate-scorecard|archive-date=April 2, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the [[2020 United States presidential election]], exit polls show that voters with no religious affiliation accounted for 22% of the electorate and voted for Biden by a 65–31% margin.<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Results 2020 President exit polls.|url=https://www.cnn.com/election/2020/exit-polls/president/national-results|access-date=2020-11-27|website=www.cnn.com|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== Jewish Americans ====<br />
{{see also|National Jewish Democratic Council}}<br />
[[File:Chuck Schumer official photo.jpg|150px|thumb|upright=0.9|[[Party leaders of the United States Senate|Senate Majority Leader]] [[Chuck Schumer]]]]<br />
[[American Jews|Jewish American]] communities tend to be a stronghold for the Democratic Party. [[Al Gore]] received 79% of the Jewish votes in 2000, and Barack Obama won about 77% of the Jewish vote in 2008.<ref>"[http://www.haaretz.com/news/barack-obama-wins-77-percent-of-jewish-vote-exit-polls-show-1.256651 Barack Obama wins 77 percent of Jewish vote, exit polls show] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509024804/http://www.haaretz.com/news/barack-obama-wins-77-percent-of-jewish-vote-exit-polls-show-1.256651 |date=May 9, 2016}}". Haaretz Daily. November 5, 2008.</ref> In the [[2018 United States House of Representatives elections|2018 House of Representatives elections]], 79% of Jewish Americans voted for the Democratic candidate.<ref name = "2018e"/><br />
<br />
Jewish Americans as an important Democratic constituency are especially politically active and influential in large cities such as [[New York City]], [[Los Angeles]], [[Boston]], and [[Chicago]] and play critical roles in large cities within presidential [[swing states]], such as [[Philadelphia]], [[Miami]], and [[Las Vegas Valley|Las Vegas]]. Many prominent national Democrats in recent decades have been Jewish, including [[Chuck Schumer]], [[Carl Levin]], [[Abraham Ribicoff]], [[Ben Cardin]], [[Henry Waxman]], [[Joseph Lieberman]], [[Bernie Sanders]], [[Dianne Feinstein]], [[Barney Frank]], [[Barbara Boxer]], [[Paul Wellstone]], [[Rahm Emanuel]], [[Russ Feingold]], [[Herb Kohl]], and [[Howard Metzenbaum]].<ref name=ajc>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080926212903/http://www.ajc.org/site/apps/nlnet/content2.aspx?c=ijITI2PHKoG&b=2818289&content_id=%7B1031E98B-96D6-4CA2-A3FD-2A1E4411F777%7D&notoc=1 Survey]. [[American Jewish Committee]] September 2008. Retrieved April 30, 2009.</ref><br />
<br />
==== Arab and Muslim Americans ====<br />
[[Arab American]]s and [[Islam in the United States|Muslim Americans]] have leaned Democratic since the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]].<ref name="VOA">[http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2007-07/2007-07-23-voa41.cfm Arab-American Voters Say Iraq Top Issue in 2008 Campaign]. By Mohamed Elshinnawi. [[Voice of America]]. July 23, 2007, {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080313045105/http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2007-07/2007-07-23-voa41.cfm|date=March 13, 2008}}</ref> [[Zogby International|Zogby]] found in June 2007 that 39% of Arab Americans identify as Democrats, 26% as Republicans, and 28% as [[Independent (voter)|independents]].<ref name="VOA"/> Arab Americans, who are in general socially conservative but have more diverse economic views, historically voted Republican until recent years, having supported Republican presidential candidate [[George W. Bush]] over Democrat [[Al Gore]] in 2000.<ref>[http://www.aaiusa.org/press-room/2045/mustread072003 Mideast, Civil Liberties Concern Arab-Americans] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070807043022/http://www.aaiusa.org/press-room/2045/mustread072003 |date=August 7, 2007}}. By James Q. Lynch. ''The Gazette (Cedar Rapids-Iowa City)''. Reprinted by the [http://www.aaiusa.org/ Arab-American Institute] . July 19, 2003</ref> A 2012 poll found that 68% of Muslim Americans surveyed supported Democratic president Barack Obama.<ref>"[http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/american-muslims-support-obama-poll/192790/on American Muslims supported Obama: poll] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116192112/http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/american-muslims-support-obama-poll/192790/on |date=January 16, 2013}}". ''Business Standard''. October 25, 2012.</ref> A 2017 Pew Research Center report found that a majority (66%) of American Muslims identify with or lean toward the Democratic Party, receiving consistent support from 63% in 2007 to 70% in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2017-07-26|title=American Muslims' political and social views|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2017/07/26/political-and-social-views/|access-date=2021-01-28|website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
The first Arab American in the U.S. House of Representatives, [[California]]n [[George A. Kasem]], and the first Arab American in the U.S. Senate, [[South Dakota]]n [[James Abourezk]], were both Democrats.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-29|title=12 of the First Arab Americans|url=https://www.arabamerica.com/12-first-arab-americans/|access-date=2021-04-03|website=Arab America|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Democratic presidents ==<br />
{{seealso|List of presidents of the United States|Republican Party (United States)#Republican presidents}}<br />
{{as of|2021}}, there have been a total of 16 Democratic Party presidents.<br />
{|class="sortable wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
!<abbr title="Order of presidency">#</abbr><br />
!Name<br />
!Portrait<br />
!State<br />
!style="text-align:center;"|Presidency<br />start date<br />
!style="text-align:center;"|Presidency<br />end date<br />
!style="text-align:center;"|Time in office<br />
|-<br />
|7<br />
|[[Andrew Jackson]] (1767–1845)<br />
|[[File:Andrew jackson headFXD.jpg|65px]]<br />
|[[Tennessee]]<br />
|[[First inauguration of Andrew Jackson|March 4, 1829]]<br />
|[[Inauguration of Martin Van Buren|March 4, 1837]]<br />
|{{ayd|1829|3|4|1837|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|8<br />
|[[Martin Van Buren]] (1782–1862)<br />
|[[File:Francis Alexander - Martin Van Buren - Google Art Project.jpg|65px]]<br />
|[[New York (state)|New York]]<br />
|[[Inauguration of Martin Van Buren|March 4, 1837]]<br />
|[[Inauguration of William Henry Harrison|March 4, 1841]]<br />
|{{ayd|1837|3|4|1841|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|11<br />
|[[James K. Polk]] (1795–1849)<br />
|[[File:James Knox Polk by George Peter Alexander Healy (detail), 1846 - DSC03261.JPG|65px]]<br />
|[[Tennessee]]<br />
|[[Inauguration of James K. Polk|March 4, 1845]]<br />
|[[Inauguration of Zachary Taylor|March 4, 1849]]<br />
|{{ayd|1845|3|4|1849|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|14<br />
|[[Franklin Pierce]] (1804–1869)<br />
|[[File:George Peter Alexander Healy - Franklin Pierce - Google Art Project.jpg|65px]]<br />
|[[New Hampshire]]<br />
|[[Inauguration of Franklin Pierce|March 4, 1853]]<br />
|[[Inauguration of James Buchanan|March 4, 1857]]<br />
|{{ayd|1853|3|4|1857|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|15<br />
|[[James Buchanan]] (1791–1868)<br />
|[[File:James Buchanan painted by J. Eichholtz.jpg|65px]]<br />
|[[Pennsylvania]]<br />
|[[Inauguration of James Buchanan|March 4, 1857]]<br />
|[[First inauguration of Abraham Lincoln|March 4, 1861]]<br />
|{{ayd|1857|3|4|1861|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|17<br />
|[[Andrew Johnson]] (1808–1875)<br />
|[[File:President Andrew Johnson.jpg|65px]]<br />
|[[Tennessee]]<br />
|[[Inauguration of Andrew Johnson|April 15, 1865]]<br />
|[[First inauguration of Ulysses S. Grant|March 4, 1869]]<br />
|{{ayd|1865|4|15|1869|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|22<br />
|rowspan=2|[[Grover Cleveland]] (1837–1908)<br />
|rowspan=2|[[File:StephenGroverCleveland.jpg|65px]]<br />
|rowspan=2|[[New York (state)|New York]]<br />
|[[First inauguration of Grover Cleveland|March 4, 1885]]<br />
|[[Inauguration of Benjamin Harrison|March 4, 1889]]<br />
|rowspan=2|{{ayd|1885|3|4|1893|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|24<br />
|[[Second inauguration of Grover Cleveland|March 4, 1893]]<br />
|[[First inauguration of William McKinley|March 4, 1897]]<br />
|-<br />
|28<br />
|[[Woodrow Wilson]] (1856–1924)<br />
|[[File:Thomas Woodrow Wilson, Harris & Ewing bw photo portrait, 1919.jpg|65px]]<br />
|[[New Jersey]]<br />
|[[First inauguration of Woodrow Wilson|March 4, 1913]]<br />
|[[Inauguration of Warren G. Harding|March 4, 1921]]<br />
|{{ayd|1913|3|4|1921|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|32<br />
|[[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] (1882–1945)<br />
|[[File:1944 Official Campaign Portrait session (8145288140).jpg|65px]]<br />
|[[New York (state)|New York]]<br />
|[[First inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt|March 4, 1933]]<br />
|[[Death of Franklin D. Roosevelt|April 12, 1945]]{{efn|name=died|Died in office.}}<br />
|{{ayd|1933|3|4|1945|4|12}}<br />
|-<br />
|33<br />
|[[Harry S. Truman]] (1884–1972)<br />
|[[File:TRUMAN 58-766-06 (cropped).jpg|65px]]<br />
|[[Missouri]]<br />
|[[First inauguration of Harry S. Truman|April 12, 1945]]<br />
|[[First inauguration of Dwight D. Eisenhower|January 20, 1953]]<br />
|{{ayd|1945|4|12|1953|1|20}}<br />
|-<br />
|35<br />
|[[John F. Kennedy]] (1917–1963)<br />
|[[File:John F. Kennedy, White House color photo portrait.jpg|65px]]<br />
|[[Massachusetts]]<br />
|[[Inauguration of John F. Kennedy|January 20, 1961]]<br />
|[[Assassination of John F. Kennedy|November 22, 1963]]{{efn|name=died|Died in office.}}<br />
|{{ayd|1961|1|20|1963|11|22}}<br />
|-<br />
|36<br />
|[[Lyndon B. Johnson]] (1908–1973)<br />
|[[File:37 Lyndon Johnson 3x4.jpg|65px]]<br />
|[[Texas]]<br />
|[[First inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson|November 22, 1963]]<br />
|[[First inauguration of Richard Nixon|January 20, 1969]]<br />
|{{ayd|1963|11|22|1969|1|20}}<br />
|-<br />
|39<br />
|[[Jimmy Carter]] (born 1924)<br />
|[[File:Jimmy Carter Crop.jpg|65px]]<br />
|[[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]<br />
|[[Inauguration of Jimmy Carter|January 20, 1977]]<br />
|[[First inauguration of Ronald Reagan|January 20, 1981]]<br />
|{{ayd|1977|1|20|1981|1|20}}<br />
|-<br />
|42<br />
|[[Bill Clinton]] (born 1946)<br />
|[[File:Bill Clinton.jpg|65px]]<br />
|[[Arkansas]]<br />
|[[First inauguration of Bill Clinton|January 20, 1993]]<br />
|[[First inauguration of George W. Bush|January 20, 2001]]<br />
|{{ayd|1993|1|20|2001|1|20}}<br />
|-<br />
|44<br />
|[[Barack Obama]] (born 1961)<br />
|[[File:President Barack Obama, 2012 portrait crop.jpg|88x88px]]<br />
|[[Illinois]]<br />
|[[First inauguration of Barack Obama|January 20, 2009]]<br />
|[[Inauguration of Donald Trump|January 20, 2017]]<br />
|{{ayd|2009|1|20|2017|1|20}}<br />
|-<br />
|46 <br />
|[[Joe Biden]] (born 1942) <br />
|[[File:Joe Biden presidential portrait (cropped).jpg|65px]]<br />
|[[Delaware]]<br />
|[[Inauguration of Joe Biden|January 20, 2021]]<br />
| ''Incumbent''<br />
|{{ayd|2021|1|20}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Supreme Court justices appointed by Democratic presidents ==<br />
In the [[U.S. Supreme Court|Supreme Court]], {{as of|2021|January|lc=y}}, three of the nine seats are filled by justices appointed by Democratic presidents Bill Clinton and Barack Obama.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.supremecourt.gov/about/biographies.aspx|title=Current Members|website=www.supremecourt.gov|access-date=June 5, 2019|archive-date=July 22, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722030612/https://www.supremecourt.gov/about/biographies.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+<br />
!Portrait<br />
!Justice<br />
!Senate Vote<br />
!Since<br />
!President<br />
|-<br />
|[[Ketanji Brown Jackson]]<br />
<small>Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States</small><br />
|53 – 47<br />
|June 30, 2022<br />
|[[Joe Biden]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Sonia Sotomayor in SCOTUS robe crop.jpg|frameless|125x125px]]<br />
|[[Sonia Sotomayor]]<br />
<small>Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States</small><br />
|68 – 31<br />
|August 8, 2009<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Barack Obama]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Elena Kagan-1-1.jpg|frameless|124x124px]]<br />
|[[Elena Kagan]]<br />
<small>Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States</small><br />
|63 – 37<br />
|August 7, 2010<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Recent electoral history ==<br />
<br />
=== In congressional elections: 1950–present ===<br />
{{see also|Party divisions of United States Congresses}}<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! colspan="3" |House of Representatives<br />
| rowspan="999" |<br />
! rowspan="2" |President<br />
| rowspan="999" |<br />
! colspan="3" |Senate<br />
|-<br />
!Election<br />
year<br />
!No. of<br />
seats won<br />
!+/–<br />
!No. of<br />
seats won<br />
!+/–<br />
!Election<br />
year<br />
|-<br />
![[United States House of Representatives elections, 1950|1950]]<br />
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|235|435|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|{{decrease}} 28<br />
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[Harry S. Truman]]<br />
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|49|96|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|{{decrease}} 5<br />
![[United States Senate elections, 1950|1950]]<br />
|-<br />
![[United States House of Representatives elections, 1952|1952]]<br />
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |{{Composition bar|213|435|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|{{decrease}} 22<br />
| rowspan="4" {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]<br />
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |{{Composition bar|47|96|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|{{decrease}} 2<br />
![[United States Senate elections, 1952|1952]]<br />
|-<br />
![[United States House of Representatives elections, 1954|1954]]<br />
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|232|435|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 19<br />
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|49|96|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 2<br />
![[United States Senate elections, 1954|1954]]<br />
|-<br />
![[United States House of Representatives elections, 1956|1956]]<br />
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|234|435|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 2<br />
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|49|96|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|{{steady}} 0<br />
![[United States Senate elections, 1956|1956]]<br />
|-<br />
![[United States House of Representatives elections, 1958|1958]]<br />
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|283|437|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 49<br />
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|64|98|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 15<br />
![[United States Senate elections, 1958|1958]]<br />
|-<br />
![[United States House of Representatives elections, 1960|1960]]<br />
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|262|437|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|{{decrease}} 21<br />
| rowspan="2" {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[John F. Kennedy]]<br />
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|64|100|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|{{decrease}} 1<br />
![[United States Senate elections, 1960|1960]]<br />
|-<br />
![[United States House of Representatives elections, 1962|1962]]<br />
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|258|435|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|{{decrease}} 4<br />
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|66|100|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 3<br />
![[United States Senate elections, 1962|1962]]<br />
|-<br />
![[United States House of Representatives elections, 1964|1964]]<br />
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|295|435|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 37<br />
| rowspan="2" {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[Lyndon B. Johnson]]<br />
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|68|100|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 2<br />
![[United States Senate elections, 1964|1964]]<br />
|-<br />
![[United States House of Representatives elections, 1966|1966]]<br />
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|248|435|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|{{decrease}} 47<br />
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|64|100|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|{{decrease}} 3<br />
![[United States Senate elections, 1966|1966]]<br />
|-<br />
![[United States House of Representatives elections, 1968|1968]]<br />
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|243|435|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|{{decrease}} 5<br />
| rowspan="3" {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[Richard Nixon]]<br />
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|57|100|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|{{decrease}} 5<br />
![[United States Senate elections, 1968|1968]]<br />
|-<br />
![[United States House of Representatives elections, 1970|1970]]<br />
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|255|435|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 12<br />
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|54|100|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|{{decrease}} 3<br />
![[United States Senate elections, 1970|1970]]<br />
|-<br />
![[United States House of Representatives elections, 1972|1972]]<br />
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|242|435|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|{{decrease}} 13<br />
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|56|100|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 2<br />
![[United States Senate elections, 1972|1972]]<br />
|-<br />
![[United States House of Representatives elections, 1974|1974]]<br />
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|291|435|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 49<br />
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[Gerald Ford]]<br />
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|60|100|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 4<br />
![[United States Senate elections, 1974|1974]]<br />
|-<br />
![[United States House of Representatives elections, 1976|1976]]<br />
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|292|435|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 1<br />
| rowspan="2" {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[Jimmy Carter]]<br />
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|61|100|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|{{steady}} 0<br />
![[United States Senate elections, 1976|1976]]<br />
|-<br />
![[United States House of Representatives elections, 1978|1978]]<br />
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|277|435|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|{{decrease}} 15<br />
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|58|100|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|{{decrease}} 3<br />
![[United States Senate elections, 1978|1978]]<br />
|-<br />
![[United States House of Representatives elections, 1980|1980]]<br />
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|243|435|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|{{decrease}} 34<br />
| rowspan="4" {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[Ronald Reagan]]<br />
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |{{Composition bar|46|100|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|{{decrease}} 12<br />
![[United States Senate elections, 1980|1980]]<br />
|-<br />
![[United States House of Representatives elections, 1982|1982]]<br />
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|269|435|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 26<br />
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |{{Composition bar|46|100|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 1<br />
![[United States Senate elections, 1982|1982]]<br />
|-<br />
![[United States House of Representatives elections, 1984|1984]]<br />
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|253|435|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|{{decrease}} 16<br />
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |{{Composition bar|47|100|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 2<br />
![[United States Senate elections, 1984|1984]]<br />
|-<br />
![[United States House of Representatives elections, 1986|1986]]<br />
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|258|435|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 5<br />
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|55|100|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 8<br />
![[United States Senate elections, 1986|1986]]<br />
|-<br />
![[United States House of Representatives elections, 1988|1988]]<br />
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|260|435|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 2<br />
| rowspan="2" {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[George H.W. Bush]]<br />
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|55|100|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 1<br />
![[United States Senate elections, 1988|1988]]<br />
|-<br />
![[United States House of Representatives elections, 1990|1990]]<br />
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|267|435|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 7<br />
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|56|100|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 1<br />
![[United States Senate elections, 1990|1990]]<br />
|-<br />
![[United States House of Representatives elections, 1992|1992]]<br />
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|258|435|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|{{decrease}} 9<br />
| rowspan="4" {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[Bill Clinton]]<br />
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|57|100|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 1<br />
![[United States Senate elections, 1992|1992]]<br />
|-<br />
![[United States House of Representatives elections, 1994|1994]]<br />
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |{{Composition bar|204|435|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|{{decrease}} 54<br />
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |{{Composition bar|47|100|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|{{decrease}} 10<br />
![[United States Senate elections, 1994|1994]]<br />
|-<br />
![[United States House of Representatives elections, 1996|1996]]<br />
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |{{Composition bar|206|435|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 2<br />
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |{{Composition bar|45|100|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|{{decrease}} 2<br />
![[United States Senate elections, 1996|1996]]<br />
|-<br />
![[United States House of Representatives elections, 1998|1998]]<br />
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |{{Composition bar|211|435|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 5<br />
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |{{Composition bar|45|100|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|{{steady}} 0<br />
![[United States Senate elections, 1998|1998]]<br />
|-<br />
![[United States House of Representatives elections, 2000|2000]]<br />
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |{{Composition bar|212|435|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 1<br />
| rowspan="4" {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[George W. Bush]]<br />
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |{{Composition bar|50|100|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 5{{efn|Vice President [[Dick Cheney]] provided tie-breaking vote, giving Republicans a majority until June 6, 2001, when [[Jim Jeffords]] left Republicans to join the Democratic Caucus.}}<br />
![[United States Senate elections, 2000|2000]]<br />
|-<br />
![[United States House of Representatives elections, 2002|2002]]<br />
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |{{Composition bar|204|435|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|{{decrease}} 7<br />
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |{{Composition bar|49|100|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|{{decrease}} 2<br />
![[United States Senate elections, 2002|2002]]<br />
|-<br />
![[United States House of Representatives elections, 2004|2004]]<br />
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |{{Composition bar|202|435|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|{{decrease}} 2<br />
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |{{Composition bar|45|100|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|{{decrease}} 4<br />
![[United States Senate elections, 2004|2004]]<br />
|-<br />
![[United States House of Representatives elections, 2006|2006]]<br />
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|233|435|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 31<br />
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|51|100|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 6{{efn|name=ind|Includes two independents caucusing with the Democrats.}}<br />
![[United States Senate elections, 2006|2006]]<br />
|-<br />
![[United States House of Representatives elections, 2008|2008]]<br />
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|257|435|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 21<br />
| rowspan="4" {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[Barack Obama]]<br />
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|59|100|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 8{{efn|name=ind}}<br />
![[United States Senate elections, 2008|2008]]<br />
|-<br />
![[United States House of Representatives elections, 2010|2010]]<br />
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |{{Composition bar|193|435|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|{{decrease}} 63<br />
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|53|100|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|{{decrease}} 6{{efn|name=ind}}<br />
![[United States Senate elections, 2010|2010]]<br />
|-<br />
![[United States House of Representatives elections, 2012|2012]]<br />
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |{{Composition bar|201|435|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 8<br />
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|55|100|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 2{{efn|name=ind}}<br />
![[United States Senate elections, 2012|2012]]<br />
|-<br />
![[United States House of Representatives elections, 2014|2014]]<br />
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |{{Composition bar|188|435|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|{{decrease}} 13<br />
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |{{Composition bar|46|100|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|{{decrease}} 9{{efn|name=ind}}<br />
![[United States Senate elections, 2014|2014]]<br />
|-<br />
![[United States House of Representatives elections, 2016|2016]]<br />
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |{{Composition bar|194|435|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 6<br />
| rowspan="2" {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[Donald Trump]]<br />
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |{{Composition bar|48|100|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 2{{efn|name=ind}}<br />
![[United States Senate elections, 2016|2016]]<br />
|-<br />
![[United States House of Representatives elections, 2018|2018]]<br />
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|235|435|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 41<br />
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |{{Composition bar|47|100|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|{{decrease}} 1{{efn|name=ind}}<br />
![[United States Senate elections, 2018|2018]]<br />
|-<br />
![[United States House of Representatives elections, 2020|2020]]<br />
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|222|435|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|{{decrease}} 13<br />
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[Joe Biden]]<br />
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|50|100|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 3{{efn|name=ind}}<br />
![[United States Senate elections, 2020|2020]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== In presidential elections: 1828–present ===<br />
{{see also|List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets}}<br />
<br />
{|class="sortable wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
!style="text-align:center;"|Election<br />year<br />
!Presidential ticket<br />
!Votes<br />
!Vote %<br />
!Electoral votes<br />
!+/–<br />
!Result<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1828 United States presidential election|1828]]<br />
|[[Andrew Jackson]]/[[John C. Calhoun]]<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|642,553<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|56.0<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|178|261|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{increase}}178<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1832 United States presidential election|1832]]<br />
|[[Andrew Jackson]]/[[Martin Van Buren]]<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|701,780<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|54.2<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|219|286|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{increase}}41<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1836 United States presidential election|1836]]<br />
|[[Martin Van Buren]]/[[Richard Mentor Johnson]]<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|764,176<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|50.8<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|170|294|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{decrease}}49<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1840 United States presidential election|1840]]<br />
|[[Martin Van Buren]]/''None''{{efn|While there was no official Democratic nominee, the majority of the Democratic electors still cast their electoral votes for incumbent Vice President [[Richard Mentor Johnson]].}}<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|1,128,854<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|46.8<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|60|294|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{decrease}}110<br />
|{{lost}}<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1844 United States presidential election|1844]]<br />
|[[James K. Polk]]/[[George M. Dallas]]<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|1,339,494<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|49.5<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|170|275|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{increase}}110<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1848 United States presidential election|1848]]<br />
|[[Lewis Cass]]/[[William O. Butler]]<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|1,223,460<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|42.5<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|127|290|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{decrease}}43<br />
|{{lost}}<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1852 United States presidential election|1852]]<br />
|[[Franklin Pierce]]/[[William R. King]]<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|1,607,510<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|50.8<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|254|296|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{increase}}127<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1856 United States presidential election|1856]]<br />
|[[James Buchanan]]/[[John C. Breckinridge]]<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|1,836,072<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|45.3<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|174|296|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{decrease}}80<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1860 United States presidential election|1860]]<br />
|[[Stephen A. Douglas]]/[[Herschel Vespasian Johnson|Herschel V. Johnson]]<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|1,380,202<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|29.5<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|12|303|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{decrease}}162<br />
|{{lost}}<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1864 United States presidential election|1864]]<br />
|[[George B. McClellan]]/[[George H. Pendleton]]<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|1,812,807<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|45.0<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|21|233|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{increase}}9<br />
|{{lost}}<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1868 United States presidential election|1868]]<br />
|[[Horatio Seymour]]/[[Francis Preston Blair Jr.]]<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|2,706,829<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|47.3<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|80|294|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{increase}}59<br />
|{{lost}}<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1872 United States presidential election|1872]]<br />
|[[Horace Greeley]]/[[Benjamin G. Brown]] ([[Liberal Republican Party (United States)|Liberal Republican]])<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|2,834,761<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|43.8<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|69|352|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{decrease}}11<br />
|{{lost}}<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1876 United States presidential election|1876]]<br />
|[[Samuel J. Tilden]]/[[Thomas A. Hendricks]]<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|4,288,546<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|50.9<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|184|369|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{increase}}115<br />
|{{lost}}{{efn|group=upper-alpha|Although Tilden won a majority of the popular vote, Republican [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] won a majority of votes in the Electoral College.}}<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1880 United States presidential election|1880]]<br />
|[[Winfield Scott Hancock]]/[[William H. English]]<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|4,444,260<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|48.2<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|155|369|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{decrease}}29<br />
|{{lost}}<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1884 United States presidential election|1884]]<br />
|[[Grover Cleveland]]/[[Thomas A. Hendricks]]<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|4,914,482<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|48.9<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|219|401|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{increase}}64<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1888 United States presidential election|1888]]<br />
|[[Grover Cleveland]]/[[Allen G. Thurman]]<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|5,534,488<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|48.6<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|168|401|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{decrease}}51<br />
|{{lost}}{{efn|group=upper-alpha|Although Cleveland won a [[plurality (voting)|plurality]] of the popular vote, Republican [[Benjamin Harrison]] won a majority of votes in the Electoral College.}}<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1892 United States presidential election|1892]]<br />
|[[Grover Cleveland]]/[[Adlai Stevenson I]]<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|5,556,918<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|46.0<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|277|444|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{increase}}109<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1896 United States presidential election|1896]]<br />
|[[William Jennings Bryan]]/[[Arthur Sewall]]<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|6,509,052<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|46.7<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|176|447|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{decrease}}101<br />
|{{lost}}<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1900 United States presidential election|1900]]<br />
|[[William Jennings Bryan]]/[[Adlai Stevenson I]]<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|6,370,932<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|45.5<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|155|447|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{decrease}}21<br />
|{{lost}}<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1904 United States presidential election|1904]]<br />
|[[Alton B. Parker]]/[[Henry G. Davis]]<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|5,083,880<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|37.6<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|140|476|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{decrease}}15<br />
|{{lost}}<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1908 United States presidential election|1908]]<br />
|[[William Jennings Bryan]]/[[John W. Kern]]<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|6,408,984<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|43.0<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|162|483|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{increase}}22<br />
|{{lost}}<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1912 United States presidential election|1912]]<br />
|[[Woodrow Wilson]]/[[Thomas R. Marshall]]<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|6,296,284<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|41.8<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|435|531|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{increase}}273<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1916 United States presidential election|1916]]<br />
|[[Woodrow Wilson]]/[[Thomas R. Marshall]]<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|9,126,868<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|49.2<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|277|531|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{decrease}}158<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1920 United States presidential election|1920]]<br />
|[[James M. Cox]]/[[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|9,139,661<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|34.2<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|127|531|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{decrease}}150<br />
|{{lost}}<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1924 United States presidential election|1924]]<br />
|[[John W. Davis]]/[[Charles W. Bryan]]<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|8,386,242<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|28.8<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|136|531|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{increase}}9<br />
|{{lost}}<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1928 United States presidential election|1928]]<br />
|[[Al Smith]]/[[Joseph T. Robinson]]<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|15,015,464<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|40.8<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|87|531|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{decrease}}49<br />
|{{lost}}<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1932 United States presidential election|1932]]<br />
|[[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]/[[John Nance Garner]]<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|22,821,277<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|57.4<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|472|531|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{increase}}385<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1936 United States presidential election|1936]]<br />
|[[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]/[[John Nance Garner]]<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|27,747,636<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|60.8<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|523|531|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{increase}}51<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1940 United States presidential election|1940]]<br />
|[[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]/[[Henry A. Wallace]]<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|27,313,945<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|54.7<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|449|531|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{decrease}}74<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1944 United States presidential election|1944]]<br />
|[[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]/[[Harry S. Truman]]<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|25,612,916<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|53.4<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|432|531|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{decrease}}17<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1948 United States presidential election|1948]]<br />
|[[Harry S. Truman]]/[[Alben W. Barkley]]<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|24,179,347<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|49.6<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|303|531|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{decrease}}129<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1952 United States presidential election|1952]]<br />
|[[Adlai Stevenson II]]/[[John Sparkman]]<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|27,375,090<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|44.3<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|89|531|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{decrease}}214<br />
|{{lost}}<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1956 United States presidential election|1956]]<br />
|[[Adlai Stevenson II]]/[[Estes Kefauver]]<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|26,028,028<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|42.0<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|73|531|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{decrease}}16<br />
|{{lost}}<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1960 United States presidential election|1960]]<br />
|[[John F. Kennedy]]/[[Lyndon B. Johnson]]<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|34,220,984<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|49.7<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|303|537|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{increase}}230<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1964 United States presidential election|1964]]<br />
|[[Lyndon B. Johnson]]/[[Hubert Humphrey]]<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|43,127,041<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|61.1<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|486|538|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{increase}}183<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1968 United States presidential election|1968]]<br />
|[[Hubert Humphrey]]/[[Edmund Muskie]]<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|31,271,839<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|42.7<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|191|538|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{decrease}}295<br />
|{{lost}}<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1972 United States presidential election|1972]]<br />
|[[George McGovern]]/[[Sargent Shriver]]<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|29,173,222<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|37.5<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|17|538|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{decrease}}174<br />
|{{lost}}<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1976 United States presidential election|1976]]<br />
|[[Jimmy Carter]]/[[Walter Mondale]]<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|40,831,881<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|50.1<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|297|538|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{increase}}280<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1980 United States presidential election|1980]]<br />
|[[Jimmy Carter]]/[[Walter Mondale]]<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|35,480,115<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|41.0<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|49|538|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{decrease}}248<br />
|{{lost}}<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1984 United States presidential election|1984]]<br />
|[[Walter Mondale]]/[[Geraldine Ferraro]]<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|37,577,352<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|40.6<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|13|538|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{decrease}}36<br />
|{{lost}}<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1988 United States presidential election|1988]]<br />
|[[Michael Dukakis]]/[[Lloyd Bentsen]]<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|41,809,074<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|45.6<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|111|538|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{increase}}98<br />
|{{lost}}<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1992 United States presidential election|1992]]<br />
|[[Bill Clinton]]/[[Al Gore]]<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|44,909,806<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|43.0<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|370|538|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{increase}}259<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1996 United States presidential election|1996]]<br />
|[[Bill Clinton]]/[[Al Gore]]<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|47,401,185<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|49.2<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|379|538|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{increase}}9<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[2000 United States presidential election|2000]]<br />
|[[Al Gore]]/[[Joe Lieberman]]<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|50,999,897<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|48.4<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|266|538|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{decrease}}113<br />
|{{lost}}{{efn|group=upper-alpha|Although Gore won a [[plurality (voting)|plurality]] of the popular vote, Republican [[George W. Bush]] won a majority of votes in the Electoral College.}}<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[2004 United States presidential election|2004]]<br />
|[[John Kerry]]/[[John Edwards]]<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|59,028,444<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|48.3<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|251|538|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{decrease}}15<br />
|{{lost}}<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[2008 United States presidential election|2008]]<br />
|[[Barack Obama]]/[[Joe Biden]]<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|69,498,516<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|52.9<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|365|538|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{increase}}114<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[2012 United States presidential election|2012]]<br />
|[[Barack Obama]]/[[Joe Biden]]<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|65,915,795<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|51.1<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|332|538|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{decrease}}33<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[2016 United States presidential election|2016]]<br />
|[[Hillary Clinton]]/[[Tim Kaine]]<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|65,853,514<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|48.2<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|227|538|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{decrease}}105<br />
|{{lost}}{{efn|group=upper-alpha|Although Clinton won a [[plurality (voting)|plurality]] of the popular vote, Republican [[Donald Trump]] won a majority of votes in the Electoral College.}}<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|[[2020 United States presidential election|2020]]<br />
|[[Joe Biden]]/[[Kamala Harris]]<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|81,268,924<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|51.3<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|306|538|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{increase}}79<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
{{Portal|Liberalism|Politics|United States}}<br />
* [[Democratic Party (United States) organizations]]<br />
* [[List of political parties in the United States]]<br />
*[[List of United States Democratic Party presidential candidates]]<br />
* [[List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets]]<br />
* [[Political party strength in U.S. states]]<br />
* [[Politics of the United States]]<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
{{notelist-ua}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
{{refbegin|30em}}<br />
* ''The Almanac of American Politics 2022'' (2022) details on members of Congress, and the governors: their records and election results; also state and district politics; revised every two years since 1975. [https://www.amazon.com/Almanac-American-Politics-Richard-Cohen/dp/195237409X/ details]; see [[The Almanac of American Politics]]<br />
<br />
* ''American National Biography'' (20 volumes, 1999) covers all politicians no longer alive; online at many academic libraries and at [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/84/ Wikipedia Library].<br />
<br />
* Andelic, Patrick. ''Donkey Work: Congressional Democrats in Conservative America, 1974-1994'' (2019) [https://www.amazon.com/Donkey-Work-Congressional-Democrats-Conservative/dp/0700628037/ excerpt]<br />
* Baker, Jean H. ''Affairs of party: The political culture of northern Democrats in the mid-nineteenth century'' (Fordham UP, 1998).<br />
* Bass Jr, Harold F. ''Historical dictionary of United States political parties'' (Scarecrow Press, 2009).<br />
* {{cite journal|last1=Black|first1=Merle|year=2004|title=The transformation of the southern Democratic Party|journal=Journal of Politics|volume=66|issue=4|pages=1001–1017|doi=10.1111/j.1468-2508.2004.00287.x|s2cid=154506701}}<br />
* Burner, David. ''The Politics of Provincialism: The Democratic Party in Transition, 1918–1932'' (Knopf, 1968).<br />
* Congressional Quarterly. ''National Party Conventions, 1831–2000'' (2001).<br />
* Congressional Quarterly. ''Presidential Elections 1789-2008'' (10th edition, 2009)<br />
* Craig, Douglas. "Newton D. Baker and the Democratic Malaise, 1920–1937." ''Australasian Journal of American Studies'' (2006): 49–64. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41054006 in JSTOR] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819101710/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41054006 |date=August 19, 2018}}<br />
* Dowe, Pearl K. Ford, et al. ''Remaking the Democratic Party: Lyndon B. Johnson as a Native-Son Presidential Candidate'' (University of Michigan Press, 2016).<br />
* Feller, David. "Politics and Society: Toward a Jacksonian Synthesis" ''Journal of the Early Republic'' 10#2 (1990), pp.&nbsp;135–161 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3123555 in JSTOR] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819101717/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3123555 |date=August 19, 2018}}<br />
* Frymer, Paul. ''Black and blue: African Americans, the labor movement, and the decline of the Democratic party'' (Princeton UP, 2008).<br />
* Gerring, John. "A chapter in the history of American party ideology: The nineteenth-century Democratic Party (1828–1892)." ''Polity'' 26.4 (1994): 729–768. [http://people.bu.edu/jgerring/documents/19thcDems.pdf online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202021309/http://people.bu.edu/jgerring/documents/19thcDems.pdf |date=February 2, 2017}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Gillon |first=Steven M. |author-link=Steven M. Gillon |year=1992 |title=The Democrats' Dilemma: Walter F. Mondale and the Liberal Legacy |location=New York |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=9780231076302 }} [https://archive.org/details/democratsdilemma0000gill online]<br />
* Kazin, Michael. ''What It Took to Win: A History of the Democratic Party'' (2022) [https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0374200238/ excerpt]<br />
<br />
* Landis, Michael Todd. ''Northern Men with Southern Loyalties: The Democratic Party and the Sectional Crisis''. (Cornell UP, 2014).<br />
* Lawrence, David G. ''The collapse of the democratic presidential majority: Realignment, dealignment, and electoral change from Franklin Roosevelt to Bill Clinton''. (Westview Press, 1997).<br />
* {{cite journal|last1=McGuire|first1=John Thomas|year=2014|title=Beginning an 'Extraordinary Opportunity': Eleanor Roosevelt, Molly Dewson, and the expansion of women's boundaries in the Democratic Party, 1924–1934|journal=Women's History Review|volume=23|issue=6|pages=922–937|doi=10.1080/09612025.2014.906841|s2cid=146773549}}<br />
* Maisel, L. Sandy, and Jeffrey M. Berry, eds. ''The Oxford handbook of American political parties and interest groups'' (Oxford UP, 2010).<br />
* Mieczkowski, Yanek, and Mark C Carnes. ''The Routledge historical atlas of presidential elections'' (2001).<br />
* Neal, Steven. ''Happy Days are Here Again: The 1932 Democratic Convention, the Emergence of FDR--and how America was Changed Forever'' (Harper Collins, 2010).<br />
* Remini, Robert V. ''Martin Van Buren and the making of the Democratic Party'' (Columbia UP, 1961).<br />
* Savage, Sean J. ''Roosevelt: The Party Leader, 1932–1945'' (U Press of Kentucky, 2015).<br />
* Savage, Sean J. ''JFK, LBJ, and the Democratic Party'' (SUNY Press, 2012).<br />
* Savage, Sean J. ''Truman and the Democratic Party'' (U Press of Kentucky, 2015).<br />
* Woods, Randall B. ''Prisoners of Hope: Lyndon B. Johnson, the Great Society, and the Limits of Liberalism'' (Basic Books, 2016).<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
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{{Sister project links|display=Democratic Party|d=Q29552|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|species=no|n=Category:Democratic Party (United States)|wikt=Democrat|s=Category:Democratic Party (United States)|b=Voter's Guide/United States/Democratic Party|v=no}}<br />
* {{official website}}<br />
* [http://democrats.senate.gov/ Democratic Senate Caucus]<br />
* [http://www.housedemocrats.gov/ Democratic House Caucus]<br />
* [http://www.dscc.org/ Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee]<br />
* [http://www.dccc.org/ Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee]<br />
* [http://www.dlcc.org/ Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee]<br />
* [http://www.democraticgovernors.org/ Democratic Governors Association]<br />
* [http://www.democraticags.org/ Democratic Attorneys General Association]<br />
* [http://democraticmayors.org/ National Conference of Democratic Mayors]<br />
* [http://www.nfdw.com/ National Federation of Democratic Women]<br />
* [http://www.collegedems.com/ College Democrats of America]<br />
* [http://www.yda.org/ Young Democrats of America]<br />
* [http://www.democratsabroad.org/ Democrats Abroad]<br />
* [http://www.pdamerica.org/ Progressive Democrats of America]<br />
* {{curlie|Regional/North_America/United_States/Society_and_Culture/Politics/Parties/Democratic/|Democratic Party}}.<br />
<br />
{{Democratic Party (United States)|state=expanded}}<br />
{{United States political parties}}<br />
{{United States topics}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Democratic Party}}<br />
[[Category:Democratic Party (United States)| ]]<br />
[[Category:1828 establishments in Maryland]]<br />
[[Category:Liberal parties in the United States]]<br />
[[Category:Political parties established in 1828]]<br />
[[Category:Political parties in the United States]]<br />
[[Category:Social liberal parties in the United States]]</div>UpdateBothttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Textile&diff=319772Textile2022-07-02T03:46:06Z<p>UpdateBot: robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|A vast field that includes fiber, yarn, fabrics, and various fiber-based products}}<br />
{{redirect|Fabric|other uses|Fabric (disambiguation)|and|Textile (disambiguation)}}<br />
{{EngvarO|date=September 2016}}<br />
[[File:Flores y colores hechos a mano.jpg|thumb|right|[[Handicraft|Handmade]] floral patterns on textiles, The production of textiles which were initially artisanal work, has grown into a vast field today that includes the production of fibers, yarns, fabrics, and various fibrous products for different domestic and industrial usages.]]<br />
[[File:Urdimbre rosa.jpg|thumb|right| In textile production, longitudinal yarns are referred to as warp and are interlaced with weft or filing yarns to create a woven fabric.]]<br />
[[File:Tzutujil.weaving.jpg|thumb|right|[[Weaving]]]] <br />
[[File:Weaving_demonstrated_on_a_historic_loom_in_Leiden.webm|right|thumbtime=12|thumb|Weaving demonstration on an 1830 handloom in the [[Museum Het Leids Wevershuis|weaving museum]] in [[Leiden]]]]<br />
'''Textile''' is an [[Hyponymy and hypernymy|umbrella term]] that includes various [[Fiber|fiber-based]] materials, including fibers, [[Yarn|yarns]], [[Staple (textiles)#Filament fiber|filaments]], [[Thread (yarn)|threads]], different [[#Fabric|fabric]] types, etc. At first, the word "textiles" only referred to [[Woven fabric|woven fabrics]]. However, [[weaving]] is not the only manufacturing method, and many other methods were later developed to form textile structures based on their intended use. [[Knitting]] and [[Nonwoven|non-woven]] are other popular types of fabric manufacturing. In the contemporary world, textiles satisfy the [[material]] needs for versatile applications, from simple daily [[clothing]] to [[Bulletproof vest|bulletproof jackets]], [[Spacesuit|spacesuits]], and [[Medical gown|doctor's gowns]]. <ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Joseph |first=Marjory L. |url=http://archive.org/details/introductorytext00jose |title=Introductory textile science |date=1977 |publisher=New York : Holt, Rinehart and Winston |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-03-089970-6 |pages=3, 4, 439}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=textile {{!}} Description & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/textile |access-date=2021-08-19 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite dictionary |title=Cloth |dictionary=Merriam-Webster |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cloth |access-date=2012-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606071507/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cloth |archive-date=2012-06-06 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{cite web |title=Textile |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/textile |access-date=2012-05-25 |publisher=The Free Dictionary By Farlex}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/fairchildsdictio0000unse |title=Fairchild's dictionary of textiles |date=1959 |publisher=New York, Fairchild Publications |others=Internet Archive |pages=552, 553, 211, 131}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Elsasser |first=Virginia Hencken |url=http://archive.org/details/textiles00virg |title=Textiles : concepts and principles |date=2005 |publisher=New York, NY : Fairchild Publications |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-1-56367-300-9 |pages=8,9, 10}}</ref><br />
<br />
Textiles are divided into two groups: Domestic purpose [consumer textiles] and [[Technical textile|technical textiles]]. In consumer textiles, [[Aesthetics (textile)|aesthetics]] and [[Textile performance#Comfort|comfort]] are the most important factors, but in technical textiles, [[Textile performance#Properties|functional properties]] are the priority.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite book |last1=Horrocks |first1=A. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JBGkAgAAQBAJ&q=technical+textiles |title=Handbook of Technical Textiles |last2=Anand |first2=Subhash C. |date=2000-10-31 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-1-85573-896-6 |pages=1 to 20 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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[[Geotextile|Geotextiles]], [[Indutech|industrial textiles]], [[medical textiles]], and many other areas are examples of technical textiles, whereas [[clothing]] and furnishings are examples of consumer textiles. Each component of a textile product, including fiber, yarn, fabric, processing, and [[Finishing (textiles)|finishing]], affects the final product. Components may vary among various textile products as they are selected based on [[Textile performance|fitness for purpose]].<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><br />
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Fiber is the smallest component of a fabric; fibers are typically spun into yarn, and yarns are used to manufacture fabrics.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Division |first=United States Department of Labor Wage and Hour |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Yxh19vrzd0C&dq=textile+industry+definition&pg=PP3 |title=Some Basic Information on the Textile Industry |date=1941 |publisher=U.S. Department of Labor, Wage and Hour Division. |pages=3–6 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Household Textile - an overview {{!}} ScienceDirect Topics |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/household-textile |access-date=2022-05-19 |website=www.sciencedirect.com}}</ref> Fiber has a hair-like appearance and a higher length-to-width ratio. The sources of fibers may be [[Natural fiber|natural]], [[Synthetic fiber|synthetic]], or both. The techniques of [[Felt|felting]] and [[Nonwoven fabric|bonding]] directly transform fibers into fabric. In other cases, yarns are manipulated with different fabric manufacturing systems to produce various fabric constructions. The fibers are twisted or laid out to make a long, continuous strand of yarn.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Kadolph |first=Sara J. |url=http://archive.org/details/textiles0000kado |title=Textiles |date=1998 |publisher=Upper Saddle River, N.J. : Merrill |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-13-494592-7 |pages=4, 5}}</ref> Yarns are then used to make different kinds of fabric by weaving, knitting, [[Crochet|crocheting]], [[Macramé|knotting]], [[tatting]], or [[braid|braiding]].<ref>{{cite web |title=An Introduction to Textile Terms |url=http://www.textilemuseum.org/PDFs/TextileTerms.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060723073411/http://www.textilemuseum.org/PDFs/TextileTerms.pdf |archive-date=July 23, 2006 |access-date=August 6, 2006}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{cite web |title=Definition of FABRIC |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/fabric |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019004250/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/fabric |archive-date=2017-10-19 |access-date=2017-10-18}}</ref><ref name=":6" /> After manufacturing, textile materials are processed and finished to add value, such as aesthetics, physical characteristics, and increased usefulness.<ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Choudhury |first=Asim Kumar Roy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p_9PCwAAQBAJ&q=finishing+textiles |title=Principles of Textile Finishing |date=2017-04-29 |publisher=Woodhead Publishing |isbn=978-0-08-100661-0 |pages=1–10 |language=en}}</ref> The manufacturing of textiles is the oldest industrial [[Textile arts|art]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/sim_business_1971-11_21_11 |title=Atlanta Economic Review 1971-11: Vol 21 Iss 11 |date=1971 |publisher=College of Business Administration. Georgia State University |others=Internet Archive |pages=6 |language=English}}</ref> [[Dyeing]], [[Textile printing|printing]], and [[embroidery]] are all different decorative arts applied to textile materials.<ref name=":72">{{Cite book |last=Elsasser |first=Virginia Hencken |url=http://archive.org/details/textiles00virg |title=Textiles : concepts and principles |date=2005 |publisher=New York, NY : Fairchild Publications |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-1-56367-300-9 |pages=9}}</ref><br />
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==Etymology==<br />
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=== Textile ===<br />
The word 'textile' comes from the [[Latin]] adjective {{lang|la|textilis}}, meaning 'woven', which itself stems from {{lang|la|textus}}, the past participle of the verb {{lang|la|texere}}, 'to weave'.<ref name=":4" /> Originally applied to [[woven fabric]]s, the term "textiles" is now used to encompass a diverse range of materials, including fibers, [[yarns]], and [[fabrics]], as well as other related items.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><br />
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=== Fabric ===<br />
A fabric is defined as any thin, flexible material made from yarn, directly from fibers, polymeric film, foam, or any combination of these techniques. Fabric has a broader application than cloth.<ref name=":17" />{{Rp|page=207}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kadolph |first=Sara J. |url=http://archive.org/details/textiles0010kado |title=Textiles |date=2007 |publisher=Upper Saddle River, N.J. : Pearson Prentice Hall |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-13-118769-6 |pages=469}}</ref> Fabric is synonymous with cloth, material, goods, or [[piece goods]].<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":6" /> The word 'fabric' also derives from Latin, with roots in the [[Proto-Indo-European language]]. Stemming most recently from the [[Middle French]] {{lang|fr|fabrique}}, or 'building, thing made', and earlier from the Latin {{lang|la|fabrica}} ('workshop; an art, trade; a skillful production, structure, fabric'), the noun {{lang|la|fabrica}} stems from the Latin {{lang|la|faber}}, or 'artisan who works in hard materials', which itself is derived from the Proto-Indo-European ''dhabh-'', meaning 'to fit together'.<ref>{{OEtymD|fabric|access-date=2012-12-11}}</ref><br />
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=== Cloth ===<br />
[[File:Brooklyn Museum - Cloth Merchant's Shop - Basarat.jpg|thumb|right|Cloth Merchant's Shop]]<br />
[[File:Museum of Lincolnshire Life, Lincoln, England - DSCF1759.JPG|thumb|right|A replica [[Draper|draper's shop]] at the [[Museum of Lincolnshire Life]], Lincoln, England]]<br />
Cloth is a kind of fabric that consists of a fine, flexible network of yarns. While the term "cloth" is synonymous with fabric, not all fabrics can be defined as cloth.<ref name=":17" />{{Rp|page=207}}{{clarification needed|date=June 2022}} The word 'cloth' derives from the [[Old English]] {{lang|ang|clað}}, meaning a 'cloth, woven or felted material to wrap around ones body', from the [[Proto-Germanic language|Proto-Germanic]] {{lang|gem|kalithaz}}, similar to the [[Old Frisian language|Old Frisian]] {{lang|ofs|klath}}, the [[Middle Dutch]] {{lang|dum|cleet}}, the [[Middle High German]] {{lang|gmh|kleit}} and the [[German language|German]] {{lang|de|kleid}}, all meaning 'garment'.<ref>{{OEtymD|cloth|access-date=2012-12-11}}</ref><br />
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== History ==<br />
{{Main|History of clothing and textiles}}<br />
The precursor of today's textiles includes leaves, barks, fur pelts, and felted cloths.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Weibel|first=Adèle Coulin|url=http://archive.org/details/twothousandyears0000unse_s3q7|title=Two thousand years of textiles; the figured textiles of Europe and the Near East|date=1952|publisher=New York, Published for the Detroit Institute of Arts [by] Pantheon Books|others=Internet Archive|pages=27}}</ref> <br />
<br />
The Banton Burial Cloth, the oldest existing example of [[Warp (weaving)|warp]] [[ikat]] in Southeast [[Asia]], is displayed at the [[National Museum of the Philippines]]. The cloth was most likely made by the native Asian people of the northwest [[Romblon]].<br />
The first clothes, worn at least 70,000 years ago and perhaps much earlier, were probably made of animal skins and helped protect early humans from the elements. At some point, people learned to weave plant fibers into textiles.<br />
The discovery of [[Flax|dyed flax fibers]] in a cave in the [[Georgia (country)|Republic of Georgia]] dated to 34,000 [[BCE]] suggests that textile-like materials were made as early as the Paleolithic era.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1126/science.325_1329a |pmid=19745126 |title=Clothes Make the (Hu) Man |year=2009 |last1=Balter |first1=M. |journal=Science |volume=325 |issue=5946 |pages=1329}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{cite journal |doi=10.1126/science.1175404 |pmid= 19745144 |title=30,000-Year-Old Wild Flax Fibers |year=2009 |last1=Kvavadze |first1=E. |last2=Bar-Yosef |first2=O. |last3=Belfer-Cohen |first3=A. |last4=Boaretto |first4=E. |last5=Jakeli |first5=N. |last6=Matskevich |first6=Z. |last7=Meshveliani |first7=T. |journal=Science |volume=325 |issue=5946 |pages=1359 |url= http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:4270521 |bibcode= 2009Sci...325.1359K |s2cid= 206520793}} [http://worldtextile.aimoo.com/ Supporting Online Material] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091127065045/http://worldtextile.aimoo.com/ |date=2009-11-27 }}</ref> <br />
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The speed and scale of textile production have been altered almost beyond recognition by industrialization and the introduction of modern [[manufacturing]] techniques.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Advanced+Textile+Engineering+Materials-p-9781119487852|title = Advanced Textile Engineering Materials |publisher= Wiley|editor1-first =Shahid |editor1-last =Ul-Islam |editor2-first= B. S.|editor2-last= Butola |isbn= 978-1-119-48785-2|date = 2018}}</ref><br />
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=== Textile industry ===<br />
The [[textile industry]] grew out of art and craft and was kept going by [[Guild|guilds]]. In the 18th and 19th centuries, during the [[Industrial Revolution|industrial revolution]], it became increasingly mechanized. In the 20th century, [[science]] and [[technology]] were driving forces.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hollen |first1=Norma R. |url=http://archive.org/details/isbn_9780023675300 |title=Textiles |last2=Hollen |first2=Norma R. Textiles |date=1988 |publisher=New York : Macmillan |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-02-367530-0 |pages=1, 2, 3}}</ref><br />
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=== Naming ===<br />
[[File:Calico sample Crum & Co..jpg|thumb|right|Sample of calico printed with a six-colour machine by Walter Crum & Co., from [[Frederick Crace Calvert]], ''Dyeing and Calico Printing'' (1878).]]<br />
Most textiles were called by their generic names, their place of origin, or were put into groups based loosely on manufacturing techniques, characteristics, and on their designs.<ref name=":18">{{Cite book |last=Malekandathil |first=Pius |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-WEPDQAAQBAJ&dq=Textiles+and+origin+of+their+names&pg=PT359 |title=The Indian Ocean in the Making of Early Modern India |date=2016-09-13 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-99745-4 |pages=359 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":19">{{Cite book |last=Peck |first=Amelia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BYjh82N63IQC&dq=Textiles+and+origin+of+their+names&pg=PA60 |title=Interwoven Globe: The Worldwide Textile Trade, 1500-1800 |date=2013 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |isbn=978-1-58839-496-5 |pages=60 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":20">{{Cite book |last=Corbman |first=Bernard P. |url=http://archive.org/details/textilesfibertof0006corb |title=Textiles : fiber to fabric |date=1983 |publisher=New York : Gregg Division, McGraw-Hill |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-07-013137-8 |pages=2 to 8}}</ref><ref name=":21">{{Cite book |last1=Cerchia |first1=Rossella Esther |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=37UTEAAAQBAJ&dq=Textiles+and+origin+of+their+names&pg=PA3 |title=The New Frontiers of Fashion Law |last2=Pozzo |first2=Barbara |date=2021-01-13 |publisher=MDPI |isbn=978-3-03943-707-8 |pages=2, 3 |language=en}}</ref> [[Nylon]], [[Olefin fiber|Olefin]], [[Acrylic fiber|Acrylic]] are all generic names for some synthetic fibers.<ref name=":7" />{{Rp|page=219}} <br />
{{-}} <br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Name<br />
!Product<br />
! colspan="2" |Textiles named by <br />
!Description<br />
|-<br />
|[[Cashmere wool|Cashmere]]<br />
|Wool fiber obtained from [[Cashmere goat|cashmere goats]]<br />
|Origin<br />
|[[Kashmir]]<br />
|Cashmere is synonymous with the [[Kashmir shawl]], with the term "cashmere" derived from an anglicisation of Kashmir.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Boulanger |first=Jean-Claude |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MLChUpf_66EC&dq=Jagannath%3D+light+cotton+material&pg=PA143 |title=Actes du XVIe Congrès international des sciences onomastiques: Québec, Université Laval, 16-22 août 1987 : le nom propre au carrefour des études humaines et des sciences sociales |date=1990 |publisher=Presses Université Laval |isbn=978-2-7637-7213-4 |pages=143 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Calico]]<br />
|[[Plain weave]] textile material<br />
|Origin<br />
|[[Kozhikode|Calicut]]<br />
|The fabric originated in the southwestern Indian city of Calicut.<br />
|-<br />
|Jaconet<br />
|Lightweight cotton fabric in plain weave<br />
|Origin<br />
|[[Puri|Jagannath Puri]]<br />
|Jaconet is [[anglicisation]] of Jagannath where it was originally produced.<ref name=":23">{{Cite book |last=Humphries |first=Mary |url=http://archive.org/details/fabricreference0000hump |title=Fabric reference |date=1996 |publisher=Upper Saddle River, N.J. : Prentice Hall |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-13-349671-0 |pages=15}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Jersey (fabric)|Jersey]]<br />
|A type of [[Knitted fabric]]<br />
|Origin<br />
|[[Jersey]], [[Channel Islands]]<br />
|Jersey fabric was produced first at Jersey, Channel Islands.<ref name=":22" /><br />
|-<br />
|[[Kersey (cloth)|Kersey]]<br />
|A coarse [[woolen]] cloth<br />
|Origin<br />
|[[Kersey, Suffolk]]<br />
|The fabric is named after the town in the east of [[England]].<ref name=":22" /><br />
|-<br />
|[[Paisley (design)]]<br />
|A type of [[Motif (visual arts)|motif]]<br />
|Design<br />
|[[Paisley, Renfrewshire]]<br />
|A town situated in the west [[central Lowlands]] of [[Scotland]].<ref name=":22" /> <br />
|-<br />
|[[Dosuti]]<br />
|A handspun cotton cloth.<br />
|Characteristics<br />
|A coarse and thick cotton cloth. <br />
|In and around the 19th century [[Punjab]] and [[Gujarat]] were famous destination for various handspun cloths. Dosuti was distinguished by the number of yarns [Do+Suti translates to two yarns] used to produce it. Eksuti was another variation with a single thread.<br />
<ref name=":110">{{Cite book |last=Baden-Powell |first=Baden Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gg_JAAAAMAAJ |title=Hand-book of the Manufactures & Arts of the Punjab: With a Combined Glossary & Index of Vernacular Trades & Technical Terms ... Forming Vol. Ii to the "Hand-book of the Economic Products of the Punjab" Prepared Under the Orders of Government |date=1872 |publisher=Punjab printing Company |isbn= |location= |pages=7 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":03">{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yVM5AQAAIAAJ |title=Supplies and Disposals Year Book |date=1964 |publisher= |isbn= |location= |pages=74, 335, 351 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Muslin|Mulmul]] types such as āb-i-ravān <nowiki>''</nowiki>running water<nowiki>''</nowiki>, Baft Hawa 'woven air<nowiki>''</nowiki> <ref name=":24">{{Cite book |last=Weibel |first=Adèle Coulin |url=http://archive.org/details/twothousandyears0000unse_s3q7 |title=Two thousand years of textiles; the figured textiles of Europe and the Near East |date=1952 |publisher=New York, Published for the Detroit Institute of Arts [by] Pantheon Books |others=Internet Archive |pages=54}}</ref><br />
|Fine muslin fabric variations from [[Dhaka|Dacca]] in [[Bengal]].<br />
|Characteristics<br />
|Delicate muslin types<br />
|Dacca, India's eastern subcontinent, had a wide range of handwoven and spun muslins. Baft Hawa, which means "woven air," Shabnam, which means "evening dew," and ab-i-ravan, which means "flowing water" are some poetic names for soft muslins.<ref name=":24" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=King |first=Brenda M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vqua3eovs7kC&q=Abrawan&pg=PR16 |title=Silk and Empire |date=2005-09-03 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-0-7190-6700-6 |pages=61, xvi |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Nainsook]]<br />
|A plain weave fabric with soft hand<br />
|Characteristics<br />
|Pleasing to the eyes<br />
|Nain + Sook translates to "eye-pleasing."<ref name=":23" /><br />
|-<br />
|[[Swanskin cloth|Swanskin]]<br />
|A woven [[flannel]] cloth<br />
|Characteristics<br />
|Appears and feels like [[Swan]] skin<br />
|A18th century fabric developed at [[Shaftesbury]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Harmuth |first=Louis |url=http://archive.org/details/dictionaryoftext00harmrich |title=Dictionary of textiles |date=1915 |publisher=New York, Fairchild publishing company |others=University of California Libraries |pages=149}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Tansukh cloth|Tansukh]]<br />
|Another type of Muslin with soft and delicate texture<br />
|Characteristics<br />
|Pleasing to the body<br />
|Tan + Sukh translates to "body pleasing." Tansukh was a fine, soft, and delicate textured cloth. The cloth type is mentioned in the 16th century Mughal time records, [[Ain-i-Akbari]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sangar |first=S. P. |date=1965 |title=FEMALE COSTUMES IN THE SIXTEENTH AND SEVENTEENTH CENTURIES (as reflected in the contemporary Hindi literature) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44140630 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=27 |pages=243–247 |jstor=44140630 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
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=== Related terms ===<br />
The related words "'''fabric'''"<ref name=":5" /> and "'''cloth'''"<ref name=":3" /> and "'''material'''" are often used in textile assembly trades (such as [[tailor]]ing and [[dressmaker|dressmaking]]) as synonyms for ''textile''. However, there are subtle differences in these terms in specialized usage. A textile is any material made of interlacing fibers, including [[carpet]]ing and [[geotextile]]s, which may not necessarily be used in the production of further goods, such as [[clothing]] and [[upholstery]]. A ''fabric'' is a material made through [[Woven fabric|weaving]], [[Knitted fabric|knitting]], spreading, felting, stitching, crocheting or bonding that may be used in the production of further products, such as clothing and upholstery, thus requiring a further step of the production. ''Cloth'' may also be used synonymously with ''fabric'', but often specifically refers to a piece of fabric that has been processed or cut.{{Need Citation|date=May 2022}}<br />
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* Greige goods: Textiles that are raw and unfinished are referred to as [[greige goods]]. After manufacturing, the materials are processed and finished.<ref>{{Cite book |last=MATHEWS |first=KOLANJIKOMBIL |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XkqoDwAAQBAJ |title=Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Textile Terms: Four Volume Set |date=2017 |publisher=Woodhead Publishing India PVT. Limited |isbn=978-93-85059-66-7 |pages=690 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":10" /><br />
* Piece goods: [[Piece goods]] were textile materials sold in cut pieces as specified by the buyer. Piece goods were either cut from a fabric roll or made to a specific length, also known as yard goods.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wingate |first=Isabel Barnum |url=http://archive.org/details/fairchildsdictio00wing |title=Fairchild's dictionary of textiles |date=1979 |publisher=New York : Fairchild Publications |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-87005-198-2 |pages=455}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Blanco |first=A. E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WsbCDwAAQBAJ&q=wool+piecegoods+length&pg=PT14 |title=Piece Goods Manual: Fabrics described; textile, knit goods, weaving terms, etc., explained; with notes on the classification of samples |date=2021-05-19 |publisher=Good Press |language=en}}</ref><br />
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== Types ==<br />
[[File:Well-clothed baby.jpg|thumb|upright=.85|A [[Infant|baby]] wearing many items of soft [[winter]] clothing: [[headband]], [[cap]], fur-lined [[Coat (clothing)|coat]], [[scarf]] and [[sweater]]]]<br />
Textiles are various materials made from fibers and yarns. The term "textile" was originally only used to refer to woven fabrics, but today it covers a broad range of subjects.<ref name=":1" /> Textiles are classified at various levels, such as according to fiber origin (natural or synthetic), structure (woven, knitted, nonwoven), finish, etc.<ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20" /><ref name=":21" />.However, there are primarily two types of textiles: <br />
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=== Consumer textiles ===<br />
Textiles have an assortment of uses, the most common of which are for [[clothing]] and for [[containers]] such as bags and [[basket]]s. In the household, textiles are used in [[carpet]]ing, upholstered [[furniture|furnishings]], [[window shade]]s, [[towel]]s, coverings for tables, beds, and other flat surfaces, and in [[art]]. Textiles are used in many traditional hand [[crafts]] such as [[sewing]], [[quilting]] and [[embroidery]].<ref name=":7" /><br />
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=== Technical textiles ===<br />
[[File:Übung Northern Coast.jpg|thumb|right|Technical textile is a branch of textile that focuses on the protection, safety and other functional performance attributes of textiles, unlike domestic textiles, where the primary focus is aesthetics and comfort., an EOD technician wearing a bomb suit [[Bomb suit|Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) suit]]]]<br />
[[File:Nonwoven geotextile containers.jpg|thumb|Nonwoven [[geotextile]] bags are much more robust than woven bags of the same thickness.]]<br />
<br />
Textiles produced for industrial purposes, and designed and chosen for technical characteristics beyond their appearance, are commonly referred to as ''[[technical textiles]].'' Technical textiles include textile structures for automotive applications, medical textiles (such as implants), [[geotextile]] (reinforcement of embankments), agrotextiles (textiles for [[crop protection]]), protective clothing (such as clothing resistant to heat and radiation for fire fighter clothing, against molten metals for welders, stab protection, and [[bullet]] proof vests).<br />
<br />
In the workplace, textiles can be used in industrial and scientific processes such as filtering. Miscellaneous uses include [[flag]]s, [[backpack]]s, [[tent]]s, [[Net (device)|nets]], cleaning [[wikt:rag|rags]], [[transportation]] devices such as [[balloon]]s, [[kite flying|kites]], [[sail]]s, and [[parachute]]s; textiles are also used to provide strengthening in [[composite material]]s such as [[fiberglass|fibreglass]] and industrial [[geotextile]]s. <ref name=":7" /><ref name=":9" /><br />
<br />
Due to the often highly technical and legal requirements of these products, these textiles are typically tested in order to ensure they meet stringent performance requirements. Other forms of technical textiles may be produced to experiment with their scientific qualities and to explore the possible benefits they may have in the future. Threads coated with [[zinc oxide]] [[nanowire]]s, when woven into fabric, have been shown capable of "self-powering nanosystems", using vibrations created by everyday actions like wind or body movements to generate energy.<ref>{{cite news |author=Keim, Brandon |title=Piezoelectric Nanowires Turn Fabric Into Power Source |url=http://blog.wired.com/wiredscience/2008/02/piezoelectric-n.html |date=February 13, 2008 |work=Wired News |publisher=CondéNet |access-date=2008-02-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215001128/http://blog.wired.com/wiredscience/2008/02/piezoelectric-n.html |archive-date=February 15, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Yong Qin, Xudong Wang & Zhong Lin Wang |title=Letter/abstract: Microfibre–nanowire hybrid structure for energy scavenging |journal=Nature |volume=451 |pages=809–813 |doi=10.1038/nature06601 |date=October 10, 2007 |pmid=18273015 |issue=7180 |bibcode=2008Natur.451..809Q |s2cid=4411796}} cited in {{cite web |title=Editor's summary: Nanomaterial: power dresser |url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v451/n7180/edsumm/e080214-06.html |work=Nature |publisher=Nature Publishing Group |date=February 14, 2008 |access-date=2008-02-13 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215185507/http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v451/n7180/edsumm/e080214-06.html |archive-date=February 15, 2008 |volume=451 |issue=7180}}</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
== Significance ==<br />
Textiles are all around us. Textile is a component of basic needs like food and shelter. Textiles are everywhere in our lives, from bath towels to space suits. Textiles help humans by comforting, protecting, and extending their lives. Textiles meet our clothing needs, keeping us warm in the winter and cool in the summer. There are several applications for textiles, such as medical textiles, intelligent textiles, and automotive textiles. All of them contribute to the well-being of humans.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
=== Serviceability in textiles ===<br />
<br />
The term "serviceability" refers to a textile product's ability to meet the needs of consumers. The emphasis is on knowing the target market and matching the needs of the target market to the product's serviceability. Serviceability in textiles or Performance is the ability of textile materials to withstand various conditions, environments, and hazards. Aesthetics, durability, comfort and safety, appearance retention, care, environmental impact, and cost are the serviceability concepts employed in structuring the material. <ref name=":0" />{{Rp|pages=1 to 12}}<br />
<br />
=== Components ===<br />
Fibers, yarns, fabric construction, and finishes and designing [of garments] are the various components of a textile product. The selection of components varies with the intended use. Henceforth, the fibers, yarns, and fabric manufacturing systems are selected with consideration of the required performance. <ref name=":0" />{{Rp|pages=1 to 12}}<br />
<br />
== Use and applications ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Commercial textiles/ Domestic textiles<br />
!End uses<br />
!Technical textiles/ Industrial purpose textiles<br />
!End uses<br />
|-<br />
|[[Clothing]]<br />
|Clothing items for men, women and children. [[nightwear]], [[sportswear]], [[lingerie]], [[Undergarment|undergarments]], [[swimsuit]]. Accessories such as [[Cap|caps]], [[umbrella]], [[Sock|socks]], [[Glove|gloves]], and [[Handbag|handbags]].<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":11">{{Cite book |last1=Abisch |first1=Roz |url=http://archive.org/details/textiles00abis |title=Textiles |last2=Kaplan |first2=Boche |date=1975 |publisher=New York, Watts |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-531-00824-9 |pages=1, 2}}</ref><br />
|Agro-textiles<br />
|Agro-textiles are used in [[agriculture]], [[horticulture]], [[aquaculture]], landscape [[gardening]] and [[forestry]]. Mainly for [[crop protection]], in crop development for instance shade nets, thermal insulation and sunscreen materials, windshield, antibird nets, covering livestock protection, suppressing weed and insect control, etc.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Annapoorani |first=Grace S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ckqoDwAAQBAJ&q=Technical+textiles+can+be+divided+into+many+categories,+depending+on+their+end+use.&pg=PA3 |title=Agro Textiles and Its Applications |date=2018 |publisher=Woodhead Publishing |isbn=978-93-85059-89-6 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Furnishing<br />
|[[Upholstery]], [[Curtain|curtains]], [[Drapery|draperies]], [[Carpet|Carpets]], [[Towel|towels]].<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":11" /><br />
|Geotextile<br />
|Technical textiles which are used in [[civil engineering]], [[Road|roads]], [[Airfield|airfields]], [[Railroad|railroads]], [[Embankment (transportation)|embankments]], [[Retaining structure|retaining structures]], [[Reservoir|reservoirs]], [[Canal|canals]], [[Dam|dams]], [[Stream bed|bank]] protection, [[coastal engineering]] and [[construction]] site [[Silt fence|silt fences]], and protection of melting glaciers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Italian glaciers tell the tale of climate change; lost 1/3rd of its volume - World News |url=https://www.wionews.com/videos/italian-glaciers-tell-the-tale-of-climate-change-lost-13rd-of-its-volume-307503/amp |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=www.wionews.com}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Bedding]]<br />
|[[Bed sheet|Bed sheets]], [[khes]], [[Blanket|blankets]], [[Pillow|pillows]].<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":11" /><br />
|Automotive textile<br />
|[[Airbag|Airbags]], [[Seat belt|Seat belts]], [[Headliner (material)|Headliners]], [[Upholstery]], car carpets, and [[Door card]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shishoo |first=Roshan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6aajAgAAQBAJ |title=Textile Advances in the Automotive Industry |date=2008-10-20 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-1-84569-504-0 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Others<br />
|[[Shower|Shower curtains]]<ref name=":7" /><br />
|Medical textile<br />
|[[Implant (medicine)|Implants]], [[Surgical suture|Sutures]], [[Dressing (medical)|Dressings]], [[Bandage|Bandages]], [[Medical gown|Medical gowns]], [[Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic|Face masks]].<ref name=":7" /><br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|[[Indutech]]<br />
|This particular sector includes [[Conveyor belt|conveyor belts]], [[Drive belt|drive belts]], [[Rope|ropes]] and cordages, [[filtration]] products, glass battery separators, decatising and bolting cloth, AGM (absorption glass mat) [[Plasma screen|plasma screens]], coated abrasives, [[Composite material|composite materials]], printed circuit boards, [[Printer (computing)|printer]] ribbon, seals, gaskets, [[paper]] making fabrics.<ref name=":9" /><br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Other uses ===<br />
<br />
==== Source of knowledge ====<br />
[[Artifact (archaeology)|Artifacts]] unearthed in various [[Archaeological excavation|archaeological excavations]] informs us about the remains of past human life and their activities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=archaeology {{!}} Definition, History, Types, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/archaeology |access-date=2022-05-27 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Dyed flax fibers discovered in the Republic of Georgia indicate that textile-like materials were developed during the [[Paleolithic|Paleolithic period]]. [[Radiocarbon dating|Radiocarbon dates]] the microscopic fibers to 36,000 years ago, when modern humans migrated from Africa.<ref name=":14" /><br />
<br />
Several textile remnants, such as the Inca Empire's textile arts remnants, which embody the Incas' aesthetics and social ideals, serve as a means for disseminating information about numerous civilizations, customs, and cultures.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Phipps |first1=Elena |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A6nutjzmxvkC&q=The+yacolla+was+basically+a+blanket |title=The Colonial Andes: Tapestries and Silverwork, 1530-1830 |last2=Hecht |first2=Johanna |last3=Martín |first3=Cristina Esteras |last4=Martin |first4=Cristina Esteras |last5=N.Y.) |first5=Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York |date=2004 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |isbn=978-1-58839-131-5 |pages=17 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=D.C.) |first=Textile Museum (Washington |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ovWAAAAMAAJ&q=textile+remains+tell+us+history |title=Textile Museum Journal |date=2003 |publisher=Textile Museum |pages=123 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
There are [[Textile museum|textile museums]] that display history related to many aspects of textiles. The Textile Museum raises public awareness and appreciation of the artistic merits and cultural significance of the world's textiles on a local, national, and international scale. [[Textile Museum (George Washington University)|Textile Museum]] in [[Washington, D.C.]] was established in 1925.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-04-28 |title=The Textile Museum {{!}} Mission & History |url=http://www.textilemuseum.org/about/history.htm |access-date=2022-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120428185646/http://www.textilemuseum.org/about/history.htm |archive-date=2012-04-28 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==== Narrative art ====<br />
[[Bayeux Tapestry]] is a rare example of secular [[Romanesque art]]. The art work depicts the [[Norman Conquest]] of England in 1066.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bernstein |first=David J. |url=http://archive.org/details/mysteryofbayeuxt0000bern |title=The mystery of the Bayeux tapestry |date=1986 |publisher=London : Weidenfeld and Nicolson |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-297-78928-4 |pages=1–10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/kingharoldiibaye0000unse |title=King Harold II and the Bayeux Tapestry |date=2005 |publisher=Woodbridge, Suffolk ; Rochester, NY : Boydell Press |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-1-84383-124-2}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== Decorative art ====<br />
Textiles are also used for [[decorative arts|decorative art]]. [[Pipili appliqué work|Appliqué work of pipili]] is decorative art of [[Odisha]], a state in [[East India|eastern India]], used for [[Umbrella|umbrellas]], wall hangings, lamp sheds, and bags. To make a range of decorative products, colored clothes are sewn in the shapes of animals, birds, flowers, and magnificent walls on a base cloth.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-04-27 |title=Facilitation of IPR Protection through Geographical Indications {{!}} Services {{!}} Textiles Committee (Ministry of Textiles, Government of India) |url=http://textilescommittee.nic.in/services/geographical-indications#Pipli |access-date=2022-05-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427132918/http://textilescommittee.nic.in/services/geographical-indications#Pipli |archive-date=2015-04-27 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==== Architextiles ====<br />
[[Architextiles]], a combination of the words architecture and textile, are textile-based assemblages. Awnings are a basic type of architectural textile.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Garcia |first=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WNM3AQAAIAAJ |title=Architextiles |date=2006 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-0-470-02634-2 |pages=5 |language=en}}</ref> [[Shahi Lal Dera| Mughal Shahi Lal Dera Tent]], which was a movable palace, is an example of the architextiles of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal period]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Willem |title=Mughal Shahi Lal Dera Tent |url=https://trc-leiden.nl/trc-needles/com-k2/individual-textiles-and-textile-types/furnishings/tent-of-shah-jahan |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=trc-leiden.nl |language=en-gb}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Fiber==<br />
The smallest component of a fabric is fiber; fibers are typically spun into yarn, and yarns are used to make fabrics. Fibers are very thin and hair-like structures. The sources of fibers may be [[Natural fiber|natural]], [[Synthetic fiber|synthetic]], or both.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":17">{{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Betty F. |url=http://archive.org/details/textilesinperspe0002smit |title=Textiles in perspective |date=1982 |publisher=Englewood Cliffs, N.J. : Prentice-Hall |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-13-912808-0 |pages=3, 10, 17, 49}}</ref>{{Rp|page=|pages=64, 69}}<br />
<br />
=== Sources ===<br />
* Natural fibers are obtained from plants, animals and minerals.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Kadolph |first=Sara J. |url=http://archive.org/details/textiles0000kado |title=Textiles |date=1998 |publisher=Upper Saddle River, N.J. : Merrill |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-13-494592-7 |pages=4, 5}}</ref>{{Rp|page=18}} Since prehistoric times, textiles have been made from natural fibers. Natural fibers are further categorized as cellulosic, protein, and mineral.<ref name=":17" />{{Rp|page=70}} <br />
<br />
* Synthetic or manmade fibers are manufactured with [[chemical synthesis]].<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=18}} <br />
* Semi-synthetic: A subset of synthetic or manmade fibers is semi-synthetic fiber. Rayon is a classified as a semi-synthetic fiber, made with natural polymers.<br />
Monomers are the building blocks of polymers. Polymers in fibers are of two types: additive or condensation. Natural fibers, such as cotton and wool, have a condensation polymer type, whereas synthetic fibers can have either an additive or a condensation polymer type. For example [[Acrylic fiber]] and [[Olefin fiber|Olefin fibers]] have additive polymers and [[Nylon]] and [[Polyester]] are condensation polymers.<ref name=":17" /><br />
<br />
=== Types ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+Types of fibers<ref name=":17" />{{Rp|page=68}}<br />
! colspan="3" |Natural <br />
!Synthetic<br />
!Semi-synthetic<br />
|-<br />
!Cellulosic fibers (Vegetable or plant fibers)<br />
!Protein fibers (Animal fibers)<br />
!Mineral fibers<br />
![[Petroleum]] based<br />
![[Cellulose]] based<br />
|-<br />
|[[Cotton]]<br />
|[[Wool]]<br />
|[[Asbestos]]<br />
|[[Nylon]]<br />
|[[Rayon]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Linen]]<br />
|[[Silk]]<br />
|[[Glass fiber]]<br />
|[[Polyester]]<br />
|[[Acetate]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Jute]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|[[Acrylic fiber]]<br />
|[[Cellulose triacetate|Triacetate]]<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|[[Olefin fiber]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|[[Spandex]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|[[Aramid]]<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Fiber properties ===<br />
Fiber properties influence textile characteristics such as aesthetics, durability, comfort, and cost.<ref name=":17" />{{Rp|page=69}}<br />
Fineness is one of the important characteristics of the fibers. They have a greater length-to-width ratio [100 times the diameter]. Fibers need to be strong, cohesive, and flexible. The usefulness of fibers are characterized on the basis of certain parameters such as strength, flexibility, and length to diameter ratio, and spinnability. Natural fibers are relatively short [<nowiki/>[[Staple (textiles)|staple]]] in length. Synthetic fibers are produced in longer lengths called filaments. Silk is the only natural fiber that is a filament. The classification of fibers is based on their origin, derivation, and generic types.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":17" />{{Rp|page=|pages=64, 69}}<br />
<br />
Certain properties of synthetic fibers, such as their diameter, [[Cross section (fiber)|cross section]], and color, can be altered during production.<ref name=":17" />{{Rp|page=66}}<br />
<br />
Cotton: Cotton has a long history of use in the clothing due to its favorable properties. This fiber is soft, moisture-absorbent, breathable, and is renowned for its long durability.<br />
<br />
==== Blends (blended textiles) ====<br />
Fabric or [[yarn]] produced with a [[combination]] of two or more types of different [[Fibre|fibers]], or yarns to obtain desired traits. Blending is possible at various stages of [[textile manufacturing]]. Final composition is liable for the properties of the resultant product. [[Natural fiber|Natural]] and [[Synthetic fiber|Synthetic fibers]] are blended to overcome disadvantage of single fiber properties and to achieve better performance characteristics and aesthetic effects such as [[devoré]], [[Heather (fabric)|heather effect, cross dyeing and stripes pattern]] etc. [[Clothing]] woven from a blend of [[cotton]] and [[polyester]] can be more durable and easier to maintain than material woven solely from cotton. Other than sharing functional properties, blending makes the products more economical.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Barnett |first=Anne |title=Examining Textiles Technology |publisher=Heinemann Educational |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-435-42104-5 |pages=51}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gulrajani |first=M. L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JrgwAAAAMAAJ&q=blended+textiles+advantages |title=Blended Textiles : Papers of the 38th All India Textile Conference, an International Conference, November 18-20th ... Bombay |date=1981 |publisher=Textile Association |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Union or Union fabrics is the 19th century term for blended fabrics. While it is no longer in use.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Montgomery |first=Florence M. |url=http://archive.org/details/textilesinameric00mont |title=Textiles in America 1650-1870 : a dictionary based on original documents, prints and paintings, commercial records, American merchants' papers, shopkeepers' advertisements, and pattern books with original swatches of cloth |date=1984 |publisher=New York ; London : Norton |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-393-01703-8 |pages=369}}</ref> <nowiki>''Mixture'' or ''Mixed cloth''</nowiki> is another term used for blended cloths when different types of yarns are used in warp and weft sides.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kadolph |first=Sara J. |url=http://archive.org/details/textiles0000kado |title=Textiles |date=1998 |publisher=Upper Saddle River, N.J. : Merrill |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-13-494592-7 |pages=402}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/fairchildsdictio0000unse |title=Fairchild's dictionary of textiles |date=1959 |publisher=New York, Fairchild Publications |others=Internet Archive |pages=355}}</ref> <br />
<br />
Blended textiles are not new.<br />
* [[Mashru]] was a 16th-century fabric, is one of the earliest forms of "mixed cloth," a material composed of silk and cotton.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O8gnAQAAIAAJ&q=Mashru,+a+16th-century+fabric |title=Indian Journal of History of Science |date=1982 |publisher=National Institute of Sciences of India |pages=120 |language=en}}</ref> <br />
* [[Siamoise]] was a 17th century cotton and linen material.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Montgomery |first=Florence M. |url=http://archive.org/details/textilesinameric00mont |title=Textiles in America 1650-1870 : a dictionary based on original documents, prints and paintings, commercial records, American merchants' papers, shopkeepers' advertisements, and pattern books with original swatches of cloth |date=1984 |publisher=New York ; London : Norton |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-393-01703-8 |pages=347}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== Composition ====<br />
Fiber composition<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=Raj |last2=Srivastava |first2=H.C. |date=1980-06-01 |title=Analysis of Fiber Blends. Part II. Determination of Blend Composition by Moisture Regain |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/004051758005000607 |journal=Textile Research Journal |language=en |volume=50 |issue=6 |pages=359–362 |doi=10.1177/004051758005000607 |issn=0040-5175 |s2cid=136831481}}</ref> the fiber blend composition of mixtures of the fibers,<ref>{{Cite web |title=ASTM D629 - 15 Standard Test Methods for Quantitative Analysis of Textiles |url=https://www.astm.org/Standards/D629.htm |access-date=2021-05-24 |website=www.astm.org}}</ref> is an important criterion to analyze the behavior, properties such as functional aspects, and commercial classification of the merchandise.<ref>Effect of fiber content<br />
<br />
<nowiki>''Fiber content is a significant consideration for the design with polymer reinforced composites, as it controls the mechanical, thermomechanical, and tribological performance. Therefore, for particular applications, it is important to identify how the polymer composite behavior reacts with the fiber content under given operating circumstances.''</nowiki><br />
<br />
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/fiber-content</ref><ref><nowiki>''An analysis such as this permits evaluation of fiber properties which are important in such more ubtle characteristics as ... that there are many reasons why different fibers are blended which include both economic and performance factors .''</nowiki><br />
<br />
Page 517 https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Mechanical_Engineering/xhArAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=&printsec=frontcover</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Franck |first=R. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GbejAgAAQBAJ&q=Fiber+properties+is+an+important+criteria+to+analyze+in+blends&pg=PA230 |title=Silk, Mohair, Cashmere and Other Luxury Fibres |date=2001-10-29 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-1-85573-759-4 |pages=230 |language=en}}</ref> <br />
<br />
The most common blend is cotton and polyester. Regular blended fabric is 65% Polyester and 35% Cotton. It is called a <nowiki>''reverse blend''</nowiki> if the ratio of cotton predominates—the percentage of the fibers changes with the price and required properties.<br />
<br />
Blending adds value to the textiles; it helps in reducing the cost (Artificial fibers are less expensive than natural fibers) and adding advantage in properties of the final product.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Joseph |first=Marjory L. |url=http://archive.org/details/josephsintroduct06edjose |title=Joseph's introductory textile science |date=1992 |publisher=Fort Worth : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-03-050723-6 |pages=58}}</ref><ref><nowiki>''</nowiki>polyester - andcotton - blend clothing has advantages over all - cotton garments . For one thing , polyester , which is man - made , costs less than cotton , which grows naturally , but is expensive to ...<nowiki>''</nowiki><br />
<br />
Page 79<br />
<br />
https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Improving_Reading_Comprehension_Skills/20gN3AousRAC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=frontcover<br />
</ref> For instance, a small amount of spandex adds stretch to the fabrics.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stauffer |first=Jeanne |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8_-NkR8TEyEC&q=blend+spandex+adds+elasticity&pg=PA139 |title=Sewing Smart with Fabric |date=2004 |publisher=DRG Wholesale |isbn=978-1-59217-018-0 |pages=139 |language=en}}</ref> Wool can add warmth.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mendelson |first=Cheryl |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xfB99Kf38MwC&q=blend+spandex+adds+elasticity&pg=PA264 |title=Home Comforts: The Art and Science of Keeping House |date=2005-05-17 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-0-7432-7286-5 |pages=264 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Uses of different fibers ==<br />
<br />
=== Natural fibers ===<br />
<br />
==== Plant ====<br />
<br />
[[Poaceae|Grass]], [[Juncaceae|rush]], [[hemp]], and [[sisal]] are all used in making [[rope]]. In the first two, the entire plant is used for this purpose, while in the last two, only fibers from the plant are utilized. [[Coir]] ([[coconut]] fiber) is used in making [[twine]], and also in floormats, [[Mat|doormats]], [[brush]]es, [[mattress]]es, floor tiles, and [[Bag|sacking]].<br />
<br />
* [[Straw]] and [[bamboo textiles|bamboo]] are both used to make hats. Straw, a dried form of grass, is also used for stuffing, as is [[Ceiba pentandra|kapok]].<br />
<br />
* Fibers from [[pulpwood]] trees, cotton, [[rice paper|rice]], hemp, and [[Urtica dioica|nettle]] are used in making [[paper]].<br />
<br />
* [[Cotton]], [[Linen|flax]], [[jute]], [[hemp]], [[Modal (textile)|modal]] and even [[banana fiber|banana]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hendrickx |first1=Katrien |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=ULyu8dNqS1sC|page=188}} |title=The Origins of Banana-fibre Cloth in the Ryukyus, Japan |publisher=Leuven University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-90-5867-614-6 |page=188 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327155254/https://books.google.com/books?id=ULyu8dNqS1sC&pg=PA188&dq=banana%20textile#v=onepage&q=banana%20textile |archive-date=March 27, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> and bamboo fibers are all used in clothing. [[Piña]] ([[pineapple]] fiber) and [[ramie]] are also fibers used in clothing, generally with a blend of other fibers such as cotton. Nettles have also been used to make a fiber and fabric very similar to hemp or flax. The use of milkweed stalk fiber has also been reported, but it tends to be somewhat weaker than other fibers like hemp or flax.<br />
<br />
* The inner bark of the [[Lagetta lagetto|lacebark tree]] is a fine netting that has been used to make clothing and accessories as well as utilitarian articles such as rope.<br />
<br />
* [[cellulose acetate|Acetate]] is used to increase the shininess of certain fabrics such as [[silk]]s, [[velvet]]s, and [[taffeta]]s.<br />
<br />
* [[Seaweed]] is used in the production of textiles: a water-soluble fiber known as [[Alginic acid|alginate]] is produced and is used as a holding fiber; when the cloth is finished, the alginate is dissolved, leaving an open area.<br />
<br />
* [[Rayon]] is a manufactured fabric derived from plant pulp. Different types of rayon can imitate [[Hand feel|feel]] and texture of silk, cotton, wool, or linen.<br />
<br />
Fibers from the stalks of plants, such as hemp, flax, and nettles, are also known as 'bast' fibers. Hemp Fiber is yellowish-brown fiber made from the hemp plant. The fiber characteristics are coarser, harsher, strong and lightweight. Hemp fiber is used primary to make twine, rope and cordage.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cohen |first1=Allen |title=J.J. Pizzuto's Fabric Science |date=11 November 2011 |publisher=Fairchild Books |isbn=978-1-60901-380-6 |edition=tenth |page=41}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== Animal ====<br />
Animal textiles are commonly made from [[hair]], [[fur]], [[skin]] or [[silk]] (in the case of silkworms).<br />
<br />
* Wool refers to the hair of the domestic [[sheep]] or [[goat]], which is distinguished from other types of animal hair in that the individual strands are coated with scales and tightly crimped, and the wool as a whole is coated with a [[wax]] mixture known as [[lanolin]] (sometimes called wool grease), which is waterproof and dirtproof.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vatin Nikolai Ivanovich |first=Alexandr A. Berlin, Roman Joswik |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Engineering_Textiles/Mt6YCgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=lanolin++is+waterproof+and+dirtproof&pg=PA142&printsec=frontcover |title=Engineering Textiles |publisher=Apple Academic Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-4987-0603-2 |pages=142}}</ref> The lanolin and other contaminants are removed from the raw wool before further processing.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Arno Cahn |first=Edward C. Leonard, Edward George Perkins |title=Proceedings of the World Conference on Palm and Coconut Oils for the 21st Century |publisher=AOCS Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-935315-99-8 |pages=115}}</ref> [[Woollen|Woolen]] refers to a yarn produced from carded, non-parallel fibre, while [[worsted]] refers to a finer yarn spun from longer fibers which have been combed to be parallel. <br />
**Other animal textiles which are made from hair or fur are ''alpaca wool'', ''[[Vicuña|vicuña wool]]'', ''llama wool'', and ''camel hair'', generally used in the production of [[Coat (clothing)|coats]], [[jacket]]s, [[poncho]]s, [[blanket]]s, and other warm coverings.<br />
** ''[[Cashmere wool|Cashmere]]'', the hair of the Indian [[cashmere goat]], and [[mohair]], the hair of the North African [[angora goat]], are types of wool known for their softness. Used in the production of sweaters and scarfs.<br />
** ''[[Angora wool|Angora]]'' refers to the long, thick, soft hair of the [[angora rabbit]]. [[Qiviut]] is the fine inner wool of the [[muskox]].<br />
* Silk is an animal textile made from the fibres of the [[Cocoon (silk)|cocoon]] of the Chinese [[silkworm]] which is spun into a smooth fabric prized for its softness. There are two main types of the silk: 'mulberry silk' produced by the [[Bombyx mori|Bombyx Mori]], and 'wild silk' such as [[Wild silk|Tussah silk]] (wild silk). Silkworm larvae produce the first type if cultivated in habitats with fresh mulberry leaves for consumption, while Tussah silk is produced by silkworms feeding purely on oak leaves. Around four-fifths of the world's silk production consists of cultivated silk.<ref>{{cite web |last=Trevisan |first=Adrian |title=Cocoon Silk: A Natural Silk Architecture |url=http://www.senature.com/research/publications/cocoon-silk-a-natural-architecture |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507085636/http://www.senature.com/research/publications/cocoon-silk-a-natural-architecture |archive-date=2012-05-07 |publisher=Sense of Nature}}</ref> Silk production consists of pillow covers, dresses, tops, skirts, bed sheets, curtains.<br />
<br />
==== Mineral ====<br />
* Asbestos and [[basalt fibre]] are used for vinyl tiles, sheeting and adhesives, "transite" panels and siding, acoustical ceilings, stage curtains, and fire blankets.<br />
* [[Glass fibre]] is used in the production of ironing board and mattress covers, ropes and cables, reinforcement fibre for composite materials, insect netting, flame-retardant and protective fabric, soundproof, fireproof, and insulating fibres. Glass fibres are woven and coated with [[Teflon]] to produce [[beta cloth]], a virtually fireproof fabric which replaced nylon in the outer layer of United States [[space suit]]s since 1968.{{Verify source|date=January 2018}}<br />
* Metal fibre, metal foil, and metal wire have a variety of uses, including the production of [[cloth-of-gold]] and [[jewellery]]. [[Hardware cloth]] (US term only) is a coarse woven [[mesh]] of steel wire, used in construction. It is much like standard [[window screen]]ing, but heavier and with a more open weave.<br />
<br />
Minerals and natural and synthetic fabrics may be combined, as in [[emery cloth]], a layer of [[Emery (rock)|emery]] abrasive glued to a cloth backing. Also, "sand cloth" is a U.S. term for fine wire mesh with abrasive glued to it, employed like emery cloth or coarse [[sandpaper]].<br />
<br />
=== Synthetic ===<br />
<br />
In the 20th century, they were supplemented by artificial fibers made from [[petroleum]]. Textiles are made in various strengths and degrees of durability, from the finest [[microfibre]] made of strands thinner than one [[Units of textile measurement#Denier|denier]] to the sturdiest [[canvas]]. <br />
<br />
Synthetic textiles are used primarily in the production of clothing, as well as the manufacture of [[geotextile]]s. Synthetic fibers are those that are chemically constructed, therefore are unsustainable. <br />
<br />
* [[Polyester]] fibre is used in all types of clothing, either alone or blended with fibres such as cotton.<br />
* [[Aramid]] fibre (e.g. [[Twaron]]) is used for flame-retardant clothing, cut-protection, and armour.<br />
* [[Acrylic fibre|Acrylic]] is a fibre used to imitate wools,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hammerskog |first1=Paula |url=https://archive.org/details/swedishknitsclas0000hamm |title=Swedish Knits: Classic and Modern Designs in the Scandinavian Tradition |last2=Wincent |first2=Eva |date=2009 |publisher=Skyhorse Publishing Inc. |isbn=978-1-60239-724-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/swedishknitsclas0000hamm/page/32 32] |language=en |quote=acrylic fiber used to imitate wools. |url-access=registration}}</ref> including cashmere, and is often used in replacement of them.<br />
* [[Nylon]] is a fibre used to imitate silk; it is used in the production of [[pantyhose]]. Thicker nylon fibres are used in [[rope]] and outdoor clothing.<br />
* [[Spandex]] (trade name ''Lycra'') is a [[polyurethane]] product that can be made tight-fitting without impeding movement. It is used to make [[activewear]], [[Brassiere|bras]], and [[swimsuit]]s.<br />
* [[Olefin fibre]] is a fibre used in activewear, linings, and warm clothing. Olefins are hydrophobic, allowing them to dry quickly. A sintered felt of olefin fibres is sold under the trade name [[Tyvek]].<br />
* [[Ingeo]] is a [[polylactide]] fibre blended with other fibres such as cotton and used in clothing. It is more hydrophilic than most other synthetics, allowing it to wick away perspiration.<br />
* [[Lurex (yarn)|Lurex]] is a metallic fibre used in clothing embellishment.<br />
* [[Milk]] proteins have also been used to create synthetic fabric. Milk or [[casein]] fibre cloth was developed during [[World War I]] in Germany, and further developed in Italy and America during the 1930s.<ref>Euroflax Industries Ltd. [http://euroflax.com/products_imports%20of_textiles.htm "Euroflaxx Industries (Import of Textiles)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113023858/http://euroflax.com/products_imports%20of_textiles.htm|date=2010-01-13}}</ref> Milk fibre fabric is not very durable and wrinkles easily, but has a pH similar to human skin and possesses anti-bacterial properties. It is marketed as a [[biodegradation|biodegradable]], [[renewable resource|renewable]] synthetic fibre.<ref>{{cite news |author=Fonte, Diwata |date=August 23, 2005 |title=Milk-fabric clothing raises a few eyebrows |work=The Orange County Register |url=http://www.textile-technology.com/2010/04/milk-fabric-clothing-raises-a-few-eyebrows/ |url-status=dead |access-date=2009-10-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501074855/http://www.textile-technology.com/2010/04/milk-fabric-clothing-raises-a-few-eyebrows/ |archive-date=May 1, 2015}}</ref><br />
* [[Carbon fibre]] is mostly used in composite materials, together with resin, such as [[carbon fibre reinforced plastic]]. The fibres are made from polymer fibres through carbonization.<br />
<br />
== Production methods ==<br />
{{Main|Textile manufacturing|Textile industry}}<br />
Textile manufacturing has progressed from prehistoric crafts to a fully automated industry.<ref name=":17" /> Over the years, there have been continuous improvements in fabric structure and design.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |last=Birrell |first=Verla Leone |url=http://archive.org/details/textileartshandb0000birr |title=The textile arts : a handbook of weaving, braiding, printing, and other textile techniques |date=1973 |publisher=New York : Schocken Books |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-8052-0390-5 |pages=1}}</ref> <br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+Production methods<br />
!Production method<br />
!Description<br />
!Inventors, inventions and milestones in progression<br />
!<br />
|-style="vertical-align: top;"<br />
|[[Barkcloth]]<br />
|Barkcloth is made by pounding bark until it is soft and flat.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Veys |first=Fanny Wonu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lCytDQAAQBAJ |title=Unwrapping Tongan Barkcloth: Encounters, Creativity and Female Agency |date=2017-01-26 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-4742-8331-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=245}}<br />
|Bark is an older known fabric; ancient people around the world wore bark cloth daily until woven fabrics replaced it. In [[Indonesia]], the bark cloth is associated with the [[Torajan people]], who made it from the fermentation of inner bark of certain local trees, mulberry and pandanus. The Torajans used stones and wooden beaters to produce bark cloth.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Warming |first=Wanda |url=http://archive.org/details/worldofindonesia0000warm_v5j5 |title=The world of Indonesian textiles |date=1981 |publisher=Tokyo ; New York : Kodansha International |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-87011-432-8 |pages=56}}</ref><br />
|[[File:Barkcloth dress of Lore Bada, Central Sulawesi.jpg|thumb|center|Barkcloth dress of Lore Bada people in Lore Valley, Poso Regency, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. This collection of Central Sulawesi Museum was exhibited in Textile Museum Jakarta in November 2016.]]<br />
|-style="vertical-align: top;"<br />
|[[Felt|Felting]]<br />
|Felting is a method of manufacturing fabric directly from fibers by entangling, interlocking the fibers by rubbing and pressing.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=245}}<br />
|Both felt and [[Tapa cloth]] (a type of bark cloth) have a history that dates back to antiquity. Felting is another old method of fabric manufacturing. While civilizations in the [[Mediterranean Sea|western Mediterranean]] improved their weaving skills, [[Nomad|nomads]] in [[Central Asia]] learned how to make felt, a non-woven material, from wool.<ref name=":17" />{{Rp|page=5}}<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=245}}Felting involves applying pressure and friction to a mat of fibers, working and rubbing them together until the fibers become interlocked and tangled, forming a nonwoven textile. A liquid, such as soapy water, is usually added to lubricate the fibers, and to open up the microscopic scales on strands of wool.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=245}}<br />
|[[File:Kazah jurta.jpg|thumb|center|[[Kazakhs|Kazakh]] felt [[yurt]]]]<br />
|-style="vertical-align: top;"<br />
|[[Nonwoven fabric|Nonwoven]]<br />
|Nonwoven fabric are manufactured by the bonding of fibers to make fabric. Bonding may be thermal, mechanical, chemical, or adhesives can be used.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chapman |first=R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PM9ZAgAAQBAJ&q=nonwoven+fabrics |title=Applications of Nonwovens in Technical Textiles |date=2010-06-15 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-1-84569-974-1 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|Nonwovens and felting share a similar history. The first fabric that was made without yarn [nonwoven] was felt. Later on, needle punched, bonded nonwovens were developed.<ref name=":17" />{{Rp|page=5}}<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=245}}<br />
|[[File:Material Non-Woven Fabric.jpg|thumb|center|Nonwoven fabrics]]<br />
|-style="vertical-align: top;"<br />
|[[Weaving]]<br />
|Weaving is a textile production method which involves interlacing a set of longer [[Yarn|threads]] (called the [[warp (weaving)|warp]]) with a set of crossing threads (called the [[weft]]). This is done on a frame or machine known as a loom, of which there are a number of types. Some weaving is still done by hand, but the vast majority is mechanized.<ref name=":12" />{{Rp|pages=1-14}}<br />
|Handlooms: Early [[Loom|Looms]] date to 5000 BC. From antiquity until the mediaeval times, the loom improved in both Asia and Europe, despite the fact that the loom's fundamental operation remained unchanged.<ref>{{Cite web |title=loom {{!}} weaving {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/loom |access-date=2022-06-01 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> In 200 BC, the Chinese invented vertical looms and pedal looms, transforming the craft into an industry. By decreasing the worker's workload, innovative solutions improved productivity.<br />
There were harnesses and [[Heddle|heddles]] to govern the movement of the warp yarn, a shuttle to transport the weft yarns, a reed to compact the cloth, and a take up roller to roll down the cloth. By the 1st century A.D., all necessary components for a loom were assembled.<ref name=":17" />{{Rp|page=6}}<br />
<br />
Power looms: [[John Kay (flying shuttle)|John Kay]] invented the [[flying shuttle]] in 1734 in Bury, Lancashire. It was one of the first innovations in the cotton woven fabric industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=John Kay {{!}} British engineer and inventor {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Kay |access-date=2022-06-01 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> [[Samuel Crompton]] invented a [[Spinning mule|spinning machine]] in 1779 that produced yarn faster than ever before. Then [[Edmund Cartwright]] invented the first [[power loom]] in 1785.<ref name=":17" />{{Rp|page=10}}<br />
<br />
Jacquard loom: [[Jacquard machine]] was a modified version of programmable loom developed in 1804. It was developed by [[Joseph Marie Jacquard]] based on earlier inventions by [[Basile Bouchon]] (1725), Jean Baptiste Falcon (1728), and [[Jacques Vaucanson]] (1740).<br />
<br />
The industrial revolution in the 18th century led to mass production of yarn and cloth, which led to the growth of the woven fabric part of the textile industry.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hammond |first1=J. L. (John Lawrence) |url=http://archive.org/details/skilledlabourer00hammiala |title=The skilled labourer, 1760-1832 |last2=Hammond |first2=Barbara Bradby |date=1919 |publisher=London, New York [etc.] : Longmans, Green and co. |others=University of California Libraries |pages=51}}</ref><br />
|[[File:Warp and weft 2.jpg|thumb|center|In weaving warp and weft]]<br />
|-style="vertical-align: top;"<br />
|[[Knitting]]<br />
|Knitting involve interlacing loops of yarn, which are formed either on a [[knitting needle]], needle, or on a [[crochet hook]], together in a line. The processes are different in that knitting has several active loops at one time, on the knitting needle waiting to interlock with another loop.<ref name=":13">{{Cite book |last=Rowe |first=Ann Pollard |title=Looping and Knitting |publisher=The Textile Museum |year=1997 |location=Washington, D.C. |page=2}}</ref><br />
|Hand knitting: Though knitting was developed by [[Danes]] around 900 BC it did not reach to other civilizations until 900 A.D.<ref name=":17" />{{Rp|page=5}} Europe learned to knit by hand around 1400. Three to four [[Stocking|Stockings]]<nowiki/>could be knit in a week by 1450. [[William Lee (inventor)|William Lee]] invented a [[stocking frame]] in 1589 that could knit one stocking per day. Acceptance of Lee's invention and subsequent modifications resulted in a wide range of fabrics in Europe.<ref name=":17" />{{Rp|page=8}}<br />
|[[File:Knit-schematic.png|thumb|center|Loop formation, Structure of stockinette stitch in a knitted fabric.]]<br />
|-style="vertical-align: top;"<br />
|Looping, and [[crochet]]ing<br />
|Looping and crocheting never have more than one active loop on the needle. Knitting can be performed by machine, but crochet can only be performed by hand.<ref name=":13" /><br />
|[[Nålebinding]] is a precursor of crocheting and knitting. <br />
Crocheting is type of knitting which was originally practised by [[Scottish people|Scottish]] peasants with a small, hooked needle known as a shepherd's hook.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Frances Lambert |url=http://archive.org/details/mycrochetsample00lambgoog |title=My crochet sampler |date=1844 |others=Oxford University |pages=12 |language=English}}</ref><br />
|[[File:Crochet-round.jpg|thumb|center|Most crochet uses one hook and works upon one stitch at a time. Crochet may be worked in circular rounds without any specialized tools, as shown here.]]<br />
|-style="vertical-align: top;"<br />
|[[Spread tow fabric|Spread tow]]<br />
|Spread tow is a production method where the tow fibers are spread into thin tapes, and then the tapes are woven as warp and weft. This method is mostly used for composite materials; spread tow fabrics can be made in [[carbon fibers|carbon]], [[aramid]] and other fibers.<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-style="vertical-align: top;"<br />
|[[Braid]]ing or plaiting<br />
|Braiding or plaiting involves intertwining threads together into cloth. [[Knot|Knotting]] involves tying threads together and is used in making [[tatting]] and [[macrame]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Collier |first=Billie J. |url=http://archive.org/details/understandingtex0000coll_b7k9 |title=Understanding textiles |date=2009 |publisher=Upper Saddle River, N.J. : Pearson Prentice Hall |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-13-118770-2 |pages=543}}</ref><ref name=":12" />{{Rp|page=279}}<br />
|<br />
|[[File:Braid StepBystep.jpg|thumb|center|Braiding]]<br />
|-style="vertical-align: top;"<br />
|[[Lace]]<br />
|Lace is made by interlocking threads together independently, using a backing alongside any of the methods described above, to create a fine fabric with open holes in the work. Lace can be made by either hand or machine.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lyle |first=Dorothy Siegert |url=http://archive.org/details/moderntextiles02edlyle |title=Modern textiles |date=1982 |publisher=New York : Wiley |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-471-07805-0 |pages=474}}</ref><br />
|<br />
|[[File:Ursuline lace 2.jpg|thumb|center|Lace structure]]<br />
|-style="vertical-align: top;"<br />
|[[3D textiles]]<br />
|Fabric manufacturing by [[3D printing|3D printer]] employs additive manufacturing, also known as additive layer manufacturing (ALM), a [[Computer-aided design|CAD-aided]] manufacturing technique that builds the object layer by layer. The method is used in manufacturing of [[Auxetics|Auxetic]] textiles and in composite materials.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hu |first1=Hong |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7_mhDwAAQBAJ&q=three+dimensional |title=Auxetic Textiles |last2=Zhang |first2=Minglonghai |last3=Liu |first3=Yanping |date=2019-07-11 |publisher=Woodhead Publishing |isbn=978-0-08-102212-2 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|<br />
|[[File:XYZprinting inBloom Dress 3D Printed Outfit (16837487086).jpg|thumb|center|3D Printed Outfit ]]<br />
|}<br />
Important parameters in fabric selection: <br />
<br />
The primary consideration in fabric selection is the end use. The fabric needs vary greatly depending on the application. Similar types of fabric may not be suitable for all applications.<ref name=":17" />{{Rp|page=18}}<br />
<br />
[[Units of textile measurement#Grams per square metre (GSM)|Fabric weight]] is an important criteria while producing different fabrics. A carpet requires a fabric with 1300 GSM, but a robe may be made with 160 GSM. Certainly, fabrics for clothes and carpets have distinct weights.<ref name=":17" />{{Rp|page=18}}<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+Range of fabric weights typically used in various textile products<ref>{{Cite book |last=Humphries |first=Mary |url=http://archive.org/details/fabricreference0000hump |title=Fabric reference |date=1996 |publisher=Upper Saddle River, N.J. : Prentice Hall |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-13-349671-0 |pages=4}}</ref><br />
!GSM (grams per square meter) range<br />
!Categorization<br />
!Termed as<br />
!Suitable for the textile products<br />
|-<br />
|0-50<br />
|[[Sheer fabric]]<br />
|<br />
|Sheer curtains, [[Lingerie]] items, [[Wedding dress|Wedding dresses]],<br />
|-<br />
|50-150<br />
|Light weight<br />
|Top weight<br />
|[[Blouse]], [[Lining (sewing)|Lining]], [[Shirt]], [[T-shirt]], [[Dress]]<br />
|-<br />
|150-300<br />
|Medium weight<br />
|Bottom weight<br />
|[[Skirt]], [[Trousers]], Kind of [[Denim|denims]], and [[Suit|Suits]]<br />
|-<br />
|300-600<br />
|Medium to heavy weight<br />
|Bull denim<br />
|[[Drapery]], [[Overcoat]], [[Towel]], [[Slipcover]], [[Workwear]]<br />
|-<br />
|More than 600 <br />
|Heavy<br />
|<br />
|[[Carpet]], [[Mat]], [[Upholstery]], Type of Winter coats<br />
|}<br />
Stretchable fabrics have greater movability and are thus more comfortable than fabrics with no stretch or less stretch.<ref name=":17" />{{Rp|page=23}}<br />
<br />
=== Textile exports ===<br />
{| class="wikitable floatright" <br />
|-<br />
! colspan=2| '''Top five exporters of textiles—2013'''<br /><small>($ billion)</small><br />
|-<br />
| China || style="text-align:right;"| 274<br />
|-<br />
| India || style="text-align:right;"| 40<br />
|-<br />
| Italy || style="text-align:right;"| 36<br />
|-<br />
| Germany || style="text-align:right;"| 35<br />
|-<br />
| Bangladesh || style="text-align:right;"| 28<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=2 style="font-size:90%;"|''Source:''<ref name=stat>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/India-overtakes-Germany-and-Italy-is-new-world-No-2-in-textile-exports/articleshow/35973054.cms |title=India overtakes Germany and Italy, is new world No. 2 in textile exports |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=June 3, 2014 |access-date=2015-02-03 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215101537/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/India-overtakes-Germany-and-Italy-is-new-world-No-2-in-textile-exports/articleshow/35973054.cms |archive-date=2015-02-15}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
According to the United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database, the global textiles and apparel export market reached $772 billion in 2013.<ref>{{Cite news |title=India world's second largest textiles exporter: UN Comtrade |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/garments-/-textiles/india-worlds-second-largest-textiles-exporter-un-comtrade/articleshow/35958852.cms |access-date=2022-05-31}}</ref> <br />
<br />
==== Changing dynamics of the market ====<br />
China is the largest exporter of textile goods. The majority of China's exports consist of apparel, apparel accessories, textile yarns, and textile products. The competitive advantages of the China are low prices and abundant labor, lowered commercial obstacles, and a ready supply of raw materials. China, along with the United States and India, is a major producer of cotton. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Largest textile exporting countries in 2019 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/236397/value-of-the-leading-global-textile-exporters-by-country/ |access-date=2022-05-31 |website=Statista |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World cotton production by country 2019 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/263055/cotton-production-worldwide-by-top-countries/ |access-date=2022-05-31 |website=Statista |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
China's apparel market share has declined in recent years due to various reasons and a shift toward high-end, sophisticated products. Additionally, the investors from China made stakes in Myanmar, Vietnam, and Cambodia. Last year, its market share was 36.7%, or $161 billion, a decline of 8% year-over-year. In other words, China lost $14 billion in garment work orders to other countries in a single year. In 2016, Bangladesh's apparel market share was valued at $28 billion, increasing 7.69 percent from the previous year.<br />
<br />
In 2016, China ($161 billion), Bangladesh ($28 billion), Vietnam ($25 billion), India ($18 billion), Hong Kong ($16 billion), Turkey ($15 billion), and Indonesia ($7 billion) were the leading exporters of apparel.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mirdha |first=Refayet Ullah |date=2017-08-11 |title=Exporters hardly grab orders diverted from China |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/business/exporters-hardly-grab-orders-diverted-china-1446907 |access-date=2022-05-31 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Finishing ==<br />
[[File:Old_method_of_Bleaching_Figure_20_Appleton_1884.tif|thumb|right|Early method of bleaching cotton and linen goods on lawns]]<br />
The fabric, when it leaves a loom or knitting machine, is not readily usable. It may be rough, uneven, or have flaws like skewing. Henceforth, it is necessary to finish the fabric. Finishing techniques enhance the value of the treated fabrics.<ref name=":17" />{{Rp|page=6}} After manufacturing, textiles undergo a range of finishing procedures, including bleaching, dyeing, printing, as well as mechanical and chemical finishing.<ref name=":10" /><br />
<br />
=== Coloration ===<br />
Textiles are often [[dyeing|dyed]], with fabrics available in almost every [[Color of clothing|colour]]. The dyeing process often requires several dozen gallons of water for each pound of clothing.<ref>Green Inc. Blog [http://greeninc.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/07/21/cutting-water-use-in-the-textile-industry/ "Cutting Water Use in the Textile Industry."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724170857/http://greeninc.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/07/21/cutting-water-use-in-the-textile-industry/ |date=2009-07-24 }} ''[[The New York Times]]''. July 21, 2009. July 28, 2009.</ref> Coloured designs in textiles can be created by weaving together fibres of different colours ([[tartan]] or Uzbek Ikat), adding coloured stitches to finished fabric ([[embroidery]]), creating patterns by [[resist dyeing]] methods, tying off areas of cloth and dyeing the rest ([[tie-dyeing]]), drawing wax designs on cloth and dyeing in between them ([[batik]]), or using various printing processes on finished fabric. [[Woodblock printing]], still used in India and elsewhere today, is the oldest of these dating back to at least 220 CE in [[China]]. Textiles are also sometimes [[bleach]]ed, making the textile pale or white.<br />
<br />
=== Finishes ===<br />
Textile finishing is the process of converting the loomstate or raw goods into a useful product, which can be done mechanically or chemically. Finishing is a broad term that refers to a variety of physical and chemical techniques and treatments that finish one stage of textile production while also preparing for the next. Textile finishing can include aspects like improving surface feel, aesthetical enhancement, and adding advanced chemical finishes.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Choudhury |first=Asim Kumar Roy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p_9PCwAAQBAJ&q=finishing+textiles |title=Principles of Textile Finishing |date=2017-04-29 |publisher=Woodhead Publishing |isbn=978-0-08-100661-0 |pages=1–10 |language=en}}</ref> A finish is any process that transforms [[Greige goods|unfinished products]] into finished products.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hollen |first1=Norma R. |url=http://archive.org/details/isbn_9780023675300 |title=Textiles |last2=Hollen |first2=Norma R. Textiles |date=1988 |publisher=New York : Macmillan |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-02-367530-0 |pages=2}}</ref> This includes mechanical finishing and chemical applications which alter the composition of treated textiles (fiber, yarn or fabric.)<br />
<br />
Since the 1990s, with advances in technologies such as [[permanent press]] process, [[Finishing (textiles)|finishing]] agents have been used to strengthen fabrics and make them wrinkle free.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ask.yahoo.com/ask/20010315.html |title=What makes fabric "wrinkle-free"? Is it the weave or a special type of fiber? |publisher=Ask.yahoo.com |date=2001-03-15 |access-date=2011-12-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117025006/http://ask.yahoo.com/ask/20010315.html |archive-date=2012-01-17}}</ref> More recently, nanomaterials research has led to additional advancements, with companies such as Nano-Tex and NanoHorizons developing permanent treatments based on metallic [[nanoparticle]]s for making textiles more resistant to things such as water, stains, wrinkles, and pathogens such as bacteria and fungi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tms.org/pubs/journals/jom/0507/byko-0507.html |title=The Materials Science and Engineering of Clothing |publisher=Tms.org |access-date=2011-12-04 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121161232/http://www.tms.org/pubs/journals/jom/0507/byko-0507.html |archive-date=2012-01-21}}</ref><br />
<br />
Textiles receive a range of treatments before they reach the end-user. From [[formaldehyde]] finishes (to improve crease-resistance) to biocidic finishes and from flame retardants to dyeing of many types of fabric, the possibilities are almost endless. However, many of these finishes may also have detrimental effects on the end user. A number of disperse, acid and reactive dyes, for example, have been shown to be allergenic to sensitive individuals.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1468-3083.2004.00967.x |title=Textile dermatitis in patients with contact sensitization in Israel: A 4-year prospective study |year=2004 |last1=Lazarov |first1=A |journal=Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology |volume=18 |issue=5 |pages=531–7b |pmid=15324387|s2cid=8532195 }}</ref> Further to this, specific dyes within this group have also been shown to induce purpuric contact dermatitis.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=12952748 |year=2003 |last1=Lazarov |first1=A |last2=Cordoba |first2=M |last3=Plosk |first3=N |last4=Abraham |first4=D |title=Atypical and unusual clinical manifestations of contact dermatitis to clothing (textile contact dermatitis): Case presentation and review of the literature |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=1 |journal=Dermatology Online Journal|doi=10.5070/D30KD1D259 }}</ref><br />
<br />
{{lang|de|[[Eisengarn]]}}, meaning "iron yarn" in English, is a light-reflecting, strong material invented in [[Germany]] in the 19th century. It is made by soaking cotton threads in a starch and paraffin wax solution. The threads are then stretched and polished by steel rollers and brushes. The result of the process is a lustrous, tear-resistant yarn which is extremely hardwearing.<ref name="history">[http://www.wuppertal.ihk24.de/servicemarken/branchen_neu/industrie/industrie_im_bs/902782/Textilstandort_Wuppertal.html ''Industriegeschichte aus dem Bergischen land''] (in German). (Accessed: 27 November 2016)</ref><ref name="video">[http://digit.wdr.de/entries/5900?index=69&q=eyJ7aH0iOlsiezE2fSIsInsxYX0iXSwie2t9IjpbInsyMn0iXSwiezF9IjpbeyJmaWVsZCI6IiJ9XX0%3D&qt=search WDR digit project. ''Eisengarnfabrikation in Barmen''.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128050159/http://digit.wdr.de/entries/5900?index=69&q=eyJ7aH0iOlsiezE2fSIsInsxYX0iXSwie2t9IjpbInsyMn0iXSwiezF9IjpbeyJmaWVsZCI6IiJ9XX0%3D&qt=search|date=2016-11-28}} (Video (16 min) in German). (Accessed: 27 November 2016).</ref><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+Finishing techniques<br />
!Finishing<br />
!Fabrics<br />
|-<br />
|[[Gig-mill|Brushing]]<br />
|[[Carpet]]s, rugs, velvet, [[velour]], and [[velveteen]], referred to as pile fabrics, are made by interlacing a secondary yarn through woven cloth, creating a tufted layer known as a [[nap (fabric)|nap]] or [[pile (textile)|pile]].<ref name=":7" />{{Rp|page=196}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Shearing (textiles)|Shearing]] <br />
|"Shearing machine" is a [[machine]] equipped with shearing cylinder, ledger blade, fluff exhaust, and joint seam sensors. The machine operates similarly to a lawn mower.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Choudhury |first=A. K. Roy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0TamObsaaPQC&dq=shearing+process+in+textile&pg=PA138 |title=Textile Preparation and Dyeing |date=2006-01-09 |publisher=Science Publishers |isbn=978-1-57808-404-3 |pages=138 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":7" />{{Rp|page=197}} [[Moleskin]] and [[velvet]] are sheared materials in which pile is cut to a certain level.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Denny |first=Grace G. (Grace Goldena) |url=http://archive.org/details/fabricshowtoknow00denn |title=Fabrics and how to know them;definitions of fabrics, practical textile tests, classification of fabrics |date=1923 |publisher=Philadephia, London, J.B. Lippincott company |others=The Library of Congress |pages=103}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Environmental and health impacts ===<br />
Although formaldehyde levels in clothing are unlikely to be at levels high enough to cause an allergic reaction,<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=9687033 |year=1998 |last1=Scheman |first1=AJ |last2=Carroll |first2=PA |last3=Brown |first3=KH |last4=Osburn |first4=AH |title=Formaldehyde-related textile allergy: An update |volume=38 |issue=6 |pages=332–6 |journal=Contact Dermatitis |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0536.1998.tb05769.x|s2cid=32650590 }}</ref> due to the presence of such a chemical, quality control and testing are of utmost importance. Flame retardants (mainly in the brominated form) are also of concern where the environment, and their potential toxicity, are concerned.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.elsevier.com/authored_subject_sections/P09/pdf/EI-cited-97-times.pdf |doi=10.1016/S0160-4120(03)00121-1 |title=An overview of commercially used brominated flame retardants, their applications, their use patterns in different countries/regions and possible modes of release |year=2003 |last1=Alaee |first1=M |journal=Environment International |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=683–9 |pmid=12850087 |last2=Arias |first2=P |last3=Sjödin |first3=A |last4=Bergman |first4=A |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028015421/http://www.elsevier.com/authored_subject_sections/P09/pdf/EI-cited-97-times.pdf |archive-date=2012-10-28}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== Environmental and health effects of textile industry wastewater ====<br />
Many kind of respiratory diseases, skin problems and allergies maybe caused by the dyes and pigments discharged in water<br />
<br />
==== Testing ====<br />
Testing for these additives is possible at a number of commercial laboratories, it is also possible to have textiles tested according to the [[Oeko-tex]] certification standard, which contains limits levels for the use of certain chemicals in textiles products.<br />
<br />
== Laws and regulations ==<br />
Different countries have certain laws and regulations to protect consumers' interests. [[Textile Fiber Products Identification Act]] is a law that protects consumers in the United States. The act protects producer and consumer interests by implementing labelling (required content disclosure) and advertising requirements on textile products. The Textile Fiber Products Identification Act applies to all textile fiber products besides wool, which is governed by the Wool Product Label Number. The law prohibits misinformation about the fiber content, misbranding, and any unfair advertising practice, as well as requires businesses to operate in a particular manner.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kadolph |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gIzOkQXARpsC&q=Textile+Fiber+Products+Identification+Act+(TFPIA)&pg=PA433 |title=Textiles |date=2009 |publisher=Pearson Education |isbn=978-81-317-2570-2 |pages=433 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":7" /><br />
<br />
== Testing of textiles ==<br />
Testing occurs at various stages of the textile manufacturing process, from raw material to finished product. The purpose of testing is to evaluate and analyze the regulatory compliance, the product's quality and performance, as well as to measure its specifications. Textile testing encompasses a wide range of methodologies, procedures, equipment, and sophisticated [[Laboratory|laboratories]]. Local governments and authorized organization's such as [[ASTM International]], [[International Organization for Standardization]], and [[American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists]] establish standards for testing of textiles. <ref name=":15">{{Cite book |last=Saville |first=B. P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4-uiAgAAQBAJ&q=testing+of+textiles |title=Physical Testing of Textiles |date=1999-01-08 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-1-84569-015-1 |pages=1 to 24 |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":16">{{Cite book |last=Hu |first=J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ybekAgAAQBAJ&q=testing+of+textiles |title=Fabric Testing |date=2008-09-09 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-1-84569-506-4 |pages=1 to 15 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Some examples of tests at different stages:<br />
<br />
For fiber: Fiber identification is a necessary test for determining fiber content and classifying products. The labelling of items with their fiber content percentage is a regulatory requirement. Using [[Microscope|microscopy]], solubility, and burn tests, fibers are distinguished from one another.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kadolph |first=Sara J. |url=http://archive.org/details/textiles0010kado |title=Textiles |date=2007 |publisher=Upper Saddle River, N.J. : Pearson Prentice Hall |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-13-118769-6 |pages=33, 34}}</ref> More fiber relating tests include fiber length, diameter, [[Cotton maturity|Micronaire]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Micronaire - an overview {{!}} ScienceDirect Topics |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/micronaire |access-date=2022-05-28 |website=www.sciencedirect.com}}</ref> <br />
<br />
For yarn: [[Units of textile measurement#Linear density|Yarn count]], [[Units of textile measurement#Denier|Denier]], Strength, evenness.<br />
<br />
For fabric: [[Dimensional stability (fabric)|Dimensional stability]], [[Colour fastness|color fastness]], [[Units of textile measurement#Thread count|thread count]], [[Units of textile measurement#Grams per square metre (GSM)|G.S.M]], [[Pill (textile)|pilling]], [[Combustibility and flammability|flammability]].<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":16" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Houck |first=M. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xQmkAgAAQBAJ |title=Identification of Textile Fibers |date=2009-01-30 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-1-84569-565-1 |language=en}}</ref><br />
== Picture gallery ==<br />
<br />
<gallery mode="traditional"><br />
File:Karachi - Pakistan-market.jpg|thumb|Textile market on the sidewalks of [[Karachi]], [[Pakistan]]<br />
File:Simple-textile-magnified.jpg|thumb|Magnified view of a plain or tabby weave textile<br />
File:P1080828.JPG|thumb|right|Fabric shop in canal town [[Mukalla]], [[Yemen]]<br />
File:DumbartonOaksTextileEuropa.jpg|thumb|Late antique textile, [[Egypt]]ian, now in the [[Dumbarton Oaks]] collection<br />
File:Conde nast fortuny.jpg|thumb|Mrs. [[Condé Montrose Nast|Condé Nast]] wearing a [[silk]] [[Delphos gown|Fortuny tea gown]]<br />
File:Tablecloth romanian 1full view.jpg#Summary|thumb|Traditional [[tablecloth]], [[Maramureș]], [[Romania]]<br />
File:Otavalo Artisan Market - Andes Mountains - South America - photograph 001.JPG|thumb|right|Textiles made from [[Alpaca]] wool at the [[Otavalo (city)|Otavalo]] Artisan Market in the Andes Mountains, Ecuador<br />
File:Banton Burial Cloth.JPG|thumb|The Banton Burial Cloth, the oldest existing example of warp [[ikat]] in [[Southeast Asia]], displayed at the [[National Museum of the Philippines]]. The cloth was most likely made by the native Asia people of northwest [[Romblon]].<br />
File:Double ikat weaving from Sulu, Philippines, East-West Center.JPG|thumb|right|A double [[ikat]] weaving made by the [[Tausug people]] from [[Sulu]], made of banana leaf stalk fiber ([[Abacá]])<br />
File:1963 Zepel advertisement.jpg|thumb|right|Advertisement for Zepel, the trade name used to market [[Teflon]] as a fabric treatment<br />
File:Plevna-sali 1932.jpg|thumb|A [[weaving shed]] of the [[Finlayson (company)|Finlayson & Co]] factory in [[Tampere]], [[Finland]] in 1932<ref>Doria-archive of the Finnish National Library{{full citation needed|date=October 2021}}</ref><br />
File:Textile machinery at Cambrian Factory, Llanwrtyd (1293828).jpg|thumb|Textile machinery at the Cambrian Factory, [[Llanwrtyd]], [[Wales]] in the 1940s<br />
File:BALLS OF COTTON (ANDHRA -SOUTH INDIA) READY FOR HARVEST.jpg|thumb|right|[[Cotton]] fiber<br />
File:Nylon6 and Nylon 66.png|thumb|right|Nylon<br />
File:Cloth 800.jpg|thumb|A variety of contemporary fabrics. From the left: evenweave [[cotton]], [[velvet]], [[Textile printing|printed cotton]], [[Calico (textile)|calico]], [[felt]], [[satin]], [[silk]], [[Hessian (Cloth)|hessian]], polycotton<br />
File:Dan Hadani collection (990044401360205171).jpg|thumb|A textile factory in [[Israel]], [[1969]].<br />
File:Tartan Clan Campbell.png|thumb|Woven tartan of [[Clan Campbell]], [[Scotland]]<br />
File:Embroidery-flowers-Alfaro-Nunez.jpg|thumb|[[embroidery|Embroidered]] skirts by the Alfaro-Nùñez family of Cochas, [[Peru]], using traditional Peruvian embroidery methods<ref>[http://art-gourds.com/the_craft_embroideries/en Art-Gourds.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013043017/http://art-gourds.com/the_craft_embroideries/en|date=2008-10-13}} Traditional Peruvian embroidery production methods</ref><br />
File:M0354_000727-005_1.jpg|alt=|thumb|A modern umbrella fabric has specific requirements for [[colour fastness]] to light, water and wet rubbing, and permeability<br />
File:Borduurtechnieken-applique kruis-gelegde draad.jpg|thumb|Appliqué cross. The edges are covered and stiches are hidden. It is overlaid with decorative gold thread.<br />
File:Chiang Mai, Thailand, Colorful clothing.jpg|thumb|Clothing made of textiles, [[Thailand]]<br />
File:Barong Up Close.jpg|thumb|Close-up view of a [[Barong Tagalog]] made with [[piña]] fiber in the [[Philippines]]<br />
File:Scene with Fabric Tunnel - Srimangal - Sylhet Division - Bangladesh (12904860703).jpg|thumb|A fabric tunnel in [[Moulvibazar District]], [[Bangladesh]].<br />
<br />
<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}<br />
* [[Clothing in the ancient world]]<br />
* [[International Down and Feather Testing Laboratory]]<br />
* [[List of textile fibres]]<br />
* [[Technical textile]]<br />
* [[Textile arts]]<br />
* [[Textile manufacturing]]&nbsp;([[Textile manufacturing terminology|terminology]])<br />
* [[Textile printing]]<br />
* [[Timeline of clothing and textiles technology]]<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
{{Wikiquote}}<br />
{{Wiktionary|cloth}}<br />
{{Commons category|Textiles}}<br />
* {{Cite book | last=Fisher | first=Nora | title=Rio Grande Textiles | publisher=Museum of New Mexico Press | edition=Paperbound |date=1994 |isbn= 0-89013-266-6}} Introduction by Teresa Archuleta-Sagel. 196 pages with 125 black and white as well as colour plates. Fisher is Curator Emirta, Textiles & Costumes of the [[Museum of International Folk Art]].<br />
* {{Cite book | last=Good | first=Irene | date=2006 | chapter=Textiles as a Medium of Exchange in Third Millennium B.C.E. Western Asia | title=Contact and Exchange in the Ancient World | editor-first=Victor H. | editor-last=Mair | publisher=[[University of Hawai'i Press]] | place=Honolulu | pages=191–214 | isbn=978-0-8248-2884-4 }}<br />
* Arai, Masanao (Textile Industry Research Institute of Gunma). "[http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1142&context=tsaconf From Kitsch to Art Moderne: Popular Textiles for Women in the First Half of Twentieth-Century Japan]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20150412060754/http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1142&context=tsaconf Archive]). ''Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings''. [[Textile Society of America]], January 1, 1998.<br />
* {{ cite book |first= Virginia |last= Postrel |author-link=Virginia Postrel |title=The Fabric of Civilization: How Textiles Made the World |date= 10 Nov 2020 |location= New York, NY |publisher= [[Basic Books]] |isbn= 978-1-5416-1760-5 |edition= Hardcover}}<br />
<br />
{{Textile arts}}<br />
{{Fabric}}<br />
{{Clothing materials and parts}}<br />
{{sewing}}<br />
{{weaving}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Textiles| ]]<br />
[[Category:Clothing industry]]</div>UpdateBothttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ginger_Hotels&diff=334892Ginger Hotels2022-07-02T03:44:50Z<p>UpdateBot: robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)</p>
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<div>{{short description|Indian budget hotel chain}}<br />
{{more citations needed|date=July 2012}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox company<br />
| name = GINGER - An IHCL Brand<br />
| logo = Ginger_Hotels_New_Logo.png<br />
| logo_caption = <br />
| image = Ginger Lean Luxe Launch.jpg<br />
| image_size = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| trading_name = <br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <!-- Use ISO 639-1 code, e.g. "fr" for French. For multiple names in different languages, use {{Lang|[code]|[name]}}. --><br />
| romanized_name = <br />
| former_name = INDI-ONE hotels<br />
| type = [[Public Limited Company]]<br />
| traded_as = <br />
| industry = [[Hotel]]s<br />
| founded = 2004<br />
| founder = <!-- or: | founders = --><br />
| hq_location = Vikhroli<br />
| hq_location_city = Mumbai<br />
| hq_location_country = India<br />
| num_locations = 50 properties at 34 locations<br />
| area_served = India<br />
| key_people = Deepika Rao ([[Managing Director]] & [[Chief Executive Officer]])<br />Sanjay Arora ([[Head Finance]])<br />Tarun Lakhanpal ([[Chief Revenue Officer]])<br />
| brands = <br />
| services = <br />
| revenue = <br />
| revenue_year = <!-- Year of revenue data (if known) --><br />
| operating_income = <br />
| income_year = <!-- Year of operating_income data (if known) --><br />
| net_income = <!-- or: | profit = --><br />
| net_income_year = <!-- or: | profit_year = --><!-- Year of net_income/profit data (if known) --><br />
| num_employees = <br />
| num_employees_year = <!-- Year of num_employees data (if known) --><br />
| parent = [[Tata Group]]<br />
| website = {{URL|https://www.gingerhotels.com/}}<br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Ginger''' is an Indian budget [[hotel chain]] established by Roots Corporation Limited, part of [[Indian Hotels Company Limited]], a subsidiary of the [[Tata Group]].<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
[[File:Ginger Hotel, Andheri East.tif|thumb|Ginger Hotel at [[Andheri East, Mumbai]]]]<br />
[[File:Ginger Jamshedpur.gif|thumb|Ginger Hotel at [[Bistupur, Jamshedpur]]]]<br />
The first hotel was opened in [[Whitefield, Bangalore]] in June 2004.<ref name="firstspot 666403">{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/business/tata-group-to-double-ginger-budget-hotels-by-2015-666403.html|title=Tata group to double 'Ginger' budget hotels by 2015|website=Firstspot.com|date=20 December 2014|access-date=26 November 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
In March 2013, Ginger Hotels opened its 27th location.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/BZ52ZElh0PS3nt2kfcIqJK/Guests-want-efficiency-not-discounts-at-Ginger-Hotels-Moha.html|title=Guests want efficiency, not discounts at Ginger Hotels: Mohankumar|website=Livemint.com|date=19 March 2013|author=Madhurima Nandy|access-date=26 November 2019}}</ref> In 2014, the group announced its plan to double the number of its locations to reach 50 hotels.<ref name="firstspot 666403"/><br />
<br />
In 2018, IHCL announced its plan to double the number of Ginger Hotels to reach 100 hotels, and rolled out a new branding across its existing locations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/uzPXQ1y3DR0H9ZTo5pImVK/Indian-Hotels-revamps-Ginger-brand-eyes-profitability-by-FY.html|title=Indian Hotels revamps Ginger brand, eyes profit by FY19-end|website=Livemint.com|date=10 December 2018|author=Bidya Sapam|access-date=26 November 2019}}</ref> The hotels' modernized design was first introduced at the Goa location.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-ihcl-s-ginger-to-unveil-first-rebranded-full-service-hotel-in-goa-today-2694072|title=IHCL's Ginger to unveil first rebranded, full-service hotel in Goa today|website=Dnaindia.com|date=10 December 2018|author=Ashish K. Tiwari|access-date=26 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hospitalitynet.org/announcement/41002207/ginger-hotel-goa-panaji.html|title=Ginger Hotel Goa, Panaji|website=Hospitality-net.org|date=21 December 2018|access-date=26 November 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2019, IHCL engaged in an asset-light strategy and announced it would sell and lease-back 5 to 10 Ginger Hotels locations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/taj-hotels-will-cater-only-to-the-rich-as-it-plans-to-exit-the-budget-hotel-business/articleshow/70599214.cms|title=Taj Hotels wants to turn asset light with its sell-and-lease-back strategy|website=Businessinsider.com|date=9 August 2019|author=Prabhjote Gill|access-date=26 November 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Description ==<br />
<br />
Roots Corporation Limited is a subsidiary of the [[Indian Hotels Company Limited]] (IHCL), part of the Tata Group. It is [[India]]’s largest hotel chain with more than 70 properties in India and abroad.{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Indian Hotels Company Limited]]<br />
* [[Tata Group]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://www.gingerhotels.com/ Ginger Homepage]<br />
<br />
{{Tata Group}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Companies based in Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Taj Hotels Resorts and Palaces]]<br />
[[Category:Hotels established in 2004]]<br />
[[Category:Hotel chains in India]]<br />
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2004]]<br />
[[Category:2004 establishments in Maharashtra]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{India-hotel-stub}}<br />
{{India-company-stub}}</div>UpdateBothttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prakash_Raj_filmography&diff=323698Prakash Raj filmography2022-07-02T03:34:13Z<p>UpdateBot: robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)</p>
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<div>{{short description|Filmography of Indian actor Prakash Raj}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}<br />
[[File:Prakash Raj at KLF.jpg|thumb|Raj at the 2018 [[Kerala Literature Festival]]]]<br />
[[Prakash Raj]] is an Indian actor, film director, producer and television presenter who mainly works in the [[South Indian film industry]].<ref name=forgranted>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-10/news-interviews/40491192_1_negative-roles-prakash-rai-prakash-raj |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927023205/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-10/news-interviews/40491192_1_negative-roles-prakash-rai-prakash-raj |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 September 2013 |title=I stopped taking life for granted after my son's death: Prakash Raj |date=10 July 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=6 December 2013}}</ref> He acted in back-to-back stage shows for {{INR}}300 a month in the initial stages of his career when he joined [[Ravindra Kalakshetra|Kalakshetra, Bengaluru]], and he has 2,000 street theatre performances to his credit.<ref name="hindu.com">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/06/08/stories/2004060800210100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040609232051/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/06/08/stories/2004060800210100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 June 2004 |title='I cannot allow love to rule my thoughts' |date=8 June 2004 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=6 December 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
After working in the [[Kannada]] television industry and [[Cinema of Karnataka|Kannada cinema]] for a few years, he made his debut in [[Tamil cinema]] through ''[[Duet (1994 film)|Duet]]'' (1994) by [[K. Balachander]] and has since been a commercially successful film star in Tamil. In remembrance, he named his production company [[Duet Movies]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040609232051/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/06/08/stories/2004060800210100.htm 'I cannot allow love to rule my thoughts'] Metro Plus, 8 June 2004 ''The Hindu''</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article582088.ece Catching them young!], Malathi Rangarajan, 19 August 2010 ''The Hindu''</ref> Prakash has also worked in a number of [[Bollywood]] films. [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]], [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]], [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]], [[Hindi]] and English has placed him among the most sought after actors in [[Cinema of India|Indian cinema]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://myyearofprakashraj.blogspot.in/2011/05/passion-for-cinema-post-on-prakash-raj.html |title=Passion for Cinema Post on Prakash Raj (2007) |date=24 May 2011 |publisher=My Year of Prakash Raj |accessdate=6 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.helloandhra.com/storyoftheweek/prakashraj-king-of-action-11.html |title=Story of the week: Prakashraj.. King of action ! |publisher=HelloAndhra.com |accessdate=6 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023111636/http://www.helloandhra.com/storyoftheweek/prakashraj-king-of-action-11.html |archivedate=23 October 2013 }}</ref> He has played a variety of roles, most notably as the antagonist and, of late, as a character actor. Prakash, as an actor has won a [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor]] in 1998 for [[Mani Ratnam]]'s ''[[Iruvar]]'' and a [[National Film Award for Best Actor]] in 2009 for his role in ''[[Kanchivaram]]'', a Tamil film directed by [[Priyadarshan]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2009/sep/r2009090707.pdf|title=55th National Film Awards for the Year 2007 |publisher=Press Information Bureau ([[Govt. of India]])}}</ref> and as a producer has won a [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Kannada]] for ''[[Puttakkana Highway]]'' directed by his long-time theatre friend B. Suresh in 2011. Prakash was also the host of ''[[Neengalum Vellalam Oru Kodi]]'' during the shows second season. He has appeared in 398 films.<br />
<br />
== Film ==<br />
<br />
===As actor===<br />
==== 1980–1989 ====<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left" cellpadding="1"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" | Year<br />
! scope="col" | Title<br />
! scope="col" | Role<br />
! scope="col" | Language<br />
! scope="col" class="unsortable"|Notes<br />
! scope="col" class="unsortable"|{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="1" | 1988 || ''[[Mithileya Seetheyaru]]'' || || [[Kannada]] || || style="text-align: center;" |<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== 1990–1999 ====<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left" cellpadding="1"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" | Year<br />
! scope="col" | Title<br />
! scope="col" | Role<br />
! scope="col" | Language<br />
! scope="col" class="unsortable"|Notes<br />
! scope="col" class="unsortable"|{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |1990 || ''[[Muthina Haara]]''|| Jaisingh || rowspan="7" | Kannada || <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ramachaari]]'' || ||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Anukoolakkobba Ganda]]'' || ||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1991 || ''Keralida Kesari''|| Mari Veerappan||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |1992 || ''Chamatkara''|| Inspector Rao || Cameo appearance<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mallige Hoove]]''|| ||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |1993 || ''[[Harakeya Kuri]]''|| Badri ||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''Tropical Heat'' || Police officer || English ||<br />
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Tropical Heat|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/tropical_heat/|language=en|accessdate=19 April 2017}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5"| 1994 || ''[[Duet (1994 film)|Duet]]''|| Actor Sirpy|| [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Nishkarsha]]'' || Suresh || rowspan="2" | Kannada ||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Lockup Death]]'' || Giri ||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Nila (film)|Nila]]'' || Ramesh || Tamil ||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Thekkekara Superfast|| Johnykutty|| Malayalam ||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="6"| 1995 || ''Thalaivanin Arulullam'' || Dev Saravanan || rowspan="2" | Tamil ||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Bombay (film)|Bombay]]'' || Kumar ||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sankalpam]]'' || Gaddapalugu Chenchu Ramaiah || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Pullakuttikaran]]'' ||Prakash Rao || rowspan="4" | Tamil ||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Aasai]]'' || Major Madhavan ||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Seethanam]]'' || Rajasekhar ||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="13"| 1996 || ''[[Kalki (1996 film)|Kalki]]'' || Prakash || [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Villain]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[The Prince (1996 film)|The Prince]]'' ||Surya Das || [[Malayalam]] ||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Priyam (1996 film)|Priyam]]'' || Dharma || rowspan="2" |Tamil||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Subash (film)|Subash]]'' || Arumugasamy ||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''Sahanam'' || K.N.Rao || rowspan="3" | Telugu ||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Gunshot (film)|Gunshot]]'' || Ali Zaffar Khan ||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vinodam]]'' || ||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''Janani'' || || Kannada ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Indraprastham (film)|Indraprastham]]'' || Mohan George || Malayalam ||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Pavithra Bandham]]'' ||Suriya || Telugu ||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vishwanath (1996 film)|Vishwanath]]'' || Michael || rowspan="3" | Tamil ||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Poomani (film)|Poomani]]'' || Thangamani ||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Alexander (1996 film)|Alexander]]'' || Ashok ||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="16" |1997|| ''[[Suswagatham]]'' || Vasudeva Rao || rowspan="2" | Telugu ||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Hitler (1997 film)|Hitler]]'' || Prakash Raj ||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Iruvar]]'' || Tamilzhchelvan || rowspan="2" | Tamil || [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Minsara Kanavu]]'' || Jaipal ||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mommaga]]'' || || Kannada ||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Aravindhan]]'' ||Krishnan Kumar || Tamil ||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Oru Yathramozhi]]'' || Satya || Malayalam ||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Raasi (film)|Raasi]]'' || Melapatty Ramasamy's son || rowspan="4" | Tamil ||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Dhinamum Ennai Gavani]]'' || Rolex ||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[V. I. P. (1997 film)|V.I.P.]]'' || || Cameo appearance<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Nandhini (film)|Nandhini]]'' || Prakash ||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Nagamandala]]'' || Appanna || Kannada ||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Nerrukku Ner]]'' || Kandaswamy || Tamil||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Pellichesukundam]]'' || || Telugu ||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Paththini (1997 film)|Paththini]]'' || Eeswar || rowspan="2" | Tamil||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vidukathai (film)|Vidukathai]]'' || Neelakandan ||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="12" | 1998 || ''[[Anthapuram (1998 film)|Anthapuram]]'' || Narasimha || Telugu || [[National Film Award – Special Jury Award (Feature Film)|National Film Award for Best Actor (Special Jury)]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Santhosham (1998 film)|Santhosham]]'' || Nadesan || rowspan="3" | Tamil ||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kavalai Padathe Sagodhara]]'' || ||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Swarnamukhi (film)|Swarnamukhi]]'' || Akash ||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Choodalani Vundi]]'' || Mahendra || Telugu ||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Yaare Neenu Cheluve]]'' || Jeetu || Kannada ||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sandhippoma]]'' || Vishwa's father || rowspan="4" | Tamil ||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Senthooram]]'' || Muthu Manikkam ||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sollamale]]'' || Dr. Surya Prakash ||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Gurupaarvai]]'' || Gurumurthy ||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Shanti Shanti Shanti]]'' || Ganga Prasad || rowspan="2" | Kannada ||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Preethsod Thappa]]'' || ||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="11"| 1999 || ''[[Sneham Kosam]]'' || Peddabbayi || Telugu ||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[En Swaasa Kaatrae]]'' || Guru || rowspan="2" | Tamil ||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Padayappa]]'' || IG Subramaniam || Cameo appearance<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''Veedu Samanyudu Kaadu'' || || rowspan="2" | Telugu ||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Rajakumarudu]]'' || Dhanunjay ||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''Anthapuram'' ||Narashima || Tamil ||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''P'' || Venkata Narayana || Telugu ||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Rajasthan (film)|Rajasthan]]'' || || Tamil ||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''Preminchedi Endukamma'' || Jagan || rowspan="2" | Telugu ||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Samudram (1999 film)|Samudram]]'' || Nooka Raju ||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Z (1999 film)|Z]]'' || Prakash || Kannada || <br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== 2000–2009 ====<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left" cellpadding="1"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" | Year<br />
! scope="col" | Title<br />
! scope="col" | Role<br />
! scope="col" | Language<br />
! scope="col" | Notes<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="18"| 2001 || ''[[Maa Aavida Meeda Ottu Mee Aavida Chala Manchidi]]'' || GV || rowspan="3" | Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Kshemamga Velli Labhamga Randi]]'' || Master || <br />
|-<br />
| ''Sanchalanam'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Appu (2000 film)|Appu]]'' || Maharani ||Tamil ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Badri (2000 film)|Badri]]'' || Nanda || rowspan="5" | Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Manoharam (2000 film)|Manoharam]]'' || Srinivasa Murthy ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Real Story'' || Veeraiya ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sardukupodaam Randi]]'' || Problem Paramkusam ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Adavi Chukka'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Chamundi (film)|Chamundi]]'' || || Kannada ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Moodu Mukkalaata]]'' || Paramahamsa || Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Chinna Chinna Kannile]]'' || Sabesan || Tamil ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Azad (2000 film)|Azad]]'' || Salim || Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vaanavil]]'' || Prakash || Tamil || [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Villain]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''Thank You'' || GK || rowspan="5" | Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Bachi (film)|Bachi]]'' || Tatineni Koteswara Rao || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Chiru Navvutho]]'' || Pratap ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Tirumala Tirupati Venkatesa]]'' || || Cameo appearance<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="12"| 2001 || ''[[Mrugaraju]]'' || Valmiki Dora ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vaanchinathan|Vanchinathan]]'' || Chidambaram || Tamil||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Murari (film)|Murari]]'' || Zamindar || Telugu || Cameo appearance<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Usire (film)|Usire]]'' || Rudre Gowda || Kannada ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Rishi (2001 film)|Rishi]]'' || || Tamil ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Little John (film)|Little John]]'' || Kaala Bhairavan / Kala Bhairava || Tamil / Hindi / English||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Dosth (2001 Tamil film)|Dosth]]'' || [[Assistant commissioner (police)|ACP]] Neelakanda Bhramachari || Tamil ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ammayi Kosam|Ammai Kosam]]'' || Anjali's father || Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Premakke Sai]]'' || || Kannada ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Bhalevadivi Basu]]'' || Benerjee || rowspan="2" | Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Nuvvu Naaku Nachav]]'' || Murthy ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Alli Thandha Vaanam]]'' || || Tamil ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="17"| 2002 || ''[[Premaku Swagatam]]'' || Mahendra || Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Kannathil Muthamittal]]'' || Dr. Herold Vikramesinghe ||Tamil || [[ITFA Best Supporting Actor Award]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ekangi]]'' || || Kannada ||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Dhaya (film)|Dhaya]]'' || Dhaya || Tamil|| [[National Film Award – Special Jury Award (Feature Film)|National Film Award for Best Actor (Special Jury)]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Hai (film)|Hai]]'' || Priya's father || rowspan="4" | Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Adrustam (2002 film)|Adrustam]]'' || Police Officer || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Indra (2002 film)|Indra]]'' || Chenna Kesava Reddy ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Idiot (2002 film)|Idiot]]'' || Vipra Narayana ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Shakti&nbsp;– The Power]]'' || Sharpshooter || [[Hindi]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Atithi (2002 film)|Atithi]]'' || Ali Abdul Khan || Kannada ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Album (2002 film)|Album]]'' || || Tamil || Cameo appearance<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Nuvve Nuvve]]'' || Vishwanath || rowspan="2" | Telugu || [[Filmfare Best Supporting Actor Award (Telugu)|Filmfare Award for Best Telugu Supporting Actor]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Bobby (2002 film)|Bobby]]'' || Yadagiri ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kadhal Azhivathillai]]'' || || Tamil ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Khadgam]]'' || Amjad Khan || Telugu || [[Nandi Award for Best Supporting Actor]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[I Love You Da]]'' || Siddharth || Tamil ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Rifles'' || Narasimha Varma || Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="15"| 2003 || ''[[Chokka Thangam]]'' || Sundaram || Tamil || Nominated, [[Filmfare Best Supporting Actor Award (Tamil)|Filmfare Best Tamil Supporting Actor Award]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Okkadu]]'' || Obul Reddy || rowspan="5" | Telugu|| [[Santosham Best Villain Award]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Juniors (film)|Juniors]]'' || Principal ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Fools'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Gangotri (film)|Gangotri]]'' || Neelakantha Naidu || [[Nandi Award for Best Villain]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Dil (2003 film)|Dil]]'' || Gowri Shankar ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kadhal Sadugudu]]'' || Chidambaram || Tamil ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Amma Nanna O Tamila Ammayi]]'' || Raghuveer || rowspan="5" | Telugu || [[Nandi Award for Best Character Actor]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Nijam]]'' || [[Assistant commissioner (police)|A.C.P]] Raja Narendra ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Simhachalam]]'' || Dora Swamy Raju ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Charminar'' || Surendra Babu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Tagore (film)|Tagore]]'' || Suryam || [[Filmfare Best Supporting Actor Award (Telugu)|Filmfare Award for Best Telugu Supporting Actor]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Naam (2003 film)|Naam]]'' || Irfan Pathan Khan || Tamil ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Preethi Prema Pranaya]]'' ||Dr. Ashok || Kannada ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sivamani (film)|Sivamani]]'' || Dattu || rowspan="4" | Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="23"| 2004 || ''[[Varsham (2004 film)|Varsham]]'' || Ranga Rao ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Lakshmi Narasimha (film)|Lakshmi Narasimha]]'' || Dharma Bhiksham ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Athade Oka Sainyam]]'' || Prakash Rao ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Khakee]]'' || [[Assistant commissioner (police)|ACP]] Shrikant Naidu || Hindi ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Thekkekkara Superfast]]'' || Jonnykutty ||Malayalam||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Seenu Vasanthi Lakshmi]]'' || Appala Naidu || Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ghilli]]'' || Muthu Pandi || Tamil || [[Filmfare Best Villain Award (Tamil)|Filmfare Award for Best Tamil Villain]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Samba (2004 film)|Samba]]'' || Pasupathi || rowspan="4" |Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Koduku'' || Narayanan ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Yagnam (2004 film)|Yagnam]]'' || Inspector Pratap Reddy ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sri Anjaneyam]]'' || Anji's father ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Bimba'' ||Bhim Kumar ||Kannada||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Shart: The Challenge]]'' || Nandu ||Hindi||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Naa Autograph]]'' || Prakash Kumar || rowspan="2" |Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Intlo Srimathi Veedhilo Kumari]]'' || Sundara Murthy ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vasool Raja MBBS]]'' || Vishwanathan || rowspan="2" |Tamil ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Azhagiya Theeye]]'' || Aravind ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Arjun (2004 film)|Arjun]]'' || Bala ||Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Giri (film)|Giri]]'' || Suryaprakash || rowspan="2" |Tamil ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[M. Kumaran Son Of Mahalakshmi]]'' || Easwar ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Konchem Touchlo Vunte Cheputanu'' || || rowspan="3" |Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vidyardhi|Vidyarthi]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mass (2004 film)|Mass]]'' || Durga Prasad ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="20"| 2005 || ''[[Ayya (2005 Tamil film)|Ayya]]'' || Karuppusamy ||Tamil ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana]]'' || Prakash || rowspan="8" | Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Dhana 51'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sankranthi (film)|Sankranthi]]'' || Govardhan Choudary ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Chakram (2005 film)|Chakram]]'' || Chakram's father ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Bunny (2005 film)|Bunny]]'' || Somaraju ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Subash Chandra Bose (film)|Subhash Chandra Bose]]'' || Venkatratnam ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Athanokkade]]'' || Ram's father ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Bhadra (2005 film)|Bhadra]]'' || Surendra ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Amudhae]]'' || Victor || rowspan="2" | Tamil ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Arinthum Ariyamalum]]'' ||Aadhi Narayanan ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Andarivaadu]]'' || Veerendra (Eeru Babu) ||Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Anniyan]]'' || [[Deputy Commissioner (India)|DCP]] Prabhakar ||Tamil || [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Villain]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Athadu]]'' || [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] Officer Anjaneya Prasad || Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ponniyin Selvan (2005 film)|Ponniyin Selvan]]'' || Guru || Tamil ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Pandipada]]'' || Pandidurai || Malayalam ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Political Rowdy]]'' || Pandu ||Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Aadum Koothu]]'' || Zamindar ||Tamil|| direct-to-television<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Bhageeratha (film)|Bhageeratha]]'' || Venkata Ratnam ||Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sivakasi (film)|Sivakasi]]'' || Udayappa || rowspan="6" | Tamil || [[Filmfare Best Villain Award (Tamil)|Filmfare Award for Best Tamil Villain]]<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="24"| 2006 || ''[[Paramasivan]]'' || Nandhakumar ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Aathi]]'' || Aadhi's father||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Saravana]]'' || Soundarapandi ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Idhaya Thirudan]]'' || Mayilravanan ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Suyetchai MLA]]'' || Ilampirai ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ajay (2006 film)|Ajay]]'' || Vijay ||Kannada ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Illalu Priyurala'' || Veer Singh || rowspan="3" |Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Pokiri (2006 film)|Pokiri]]'' || Ali Bhai ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Veerabhadra (film)|Veerabhadra]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Thalainagaram]]'' || || rowspan="2" |Tamil || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Parijatham (2006 film)|Parijatham]]'' || Santhosh ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vikramarkudu]]'' || DGP || rowspan="3" | Telugu || Cameo appearance<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ashok (film)|Ashok]]'' || Ashok's father ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Bommarillu]]'' || Aravind || [[Nandi Award for Best Supporting Actor]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Keerthi Chakra (film)|Aran]]'' || Colonel || rowspan="3" | Tamil ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu]]'' || Arokiyaraj ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Perarasu (film)|Perarasu]]'' || Elakkyam ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Stalin (2006 film)|Stalin]]'' || Muddu Krishnayya || Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vathiyar]]'' || Easwara Pandian || Tamil ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sainikudu]]'' || Mondi Naani || rowspan="2" | Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Khatarnak]]'' || Commissioner ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Thiruvilaiyaadal Aarambam]]'' || Guru || Tamil || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Rakhi (2006 film)|Rakhi]]'' || || Telugu || Cameo appearance<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Poi (film)|Poi]]'' || Vidhi || rowspan="5" | Tamil ||<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="11"| 2007 || ''[[Pokkiri]]'' || Ali Bhai || Nominated, [[Vijay Award for Best Villain]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Lee (2007 film)|Lee]]'' || Puthiran ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mozhi (film)|Mozhi]]'' || Vijayakumar || [[Vijay Award for Best Supporting Actor]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Viyabari]]'' || || Cameo appearance<br />
|-<br />
| ''Aadivaram Adavallaku Selavu'' || || rowspan="3" | Telugu || Cameo appearance<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Jagadam]]'' || Police Commissioner || Cameo appearance<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Munna (2007 film)|Munna]]'' || Kakha ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Veerappu]]'' || Vedhukannu || rowspan="2" | Tamil ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Arya (2007 film)|Aarya]]'' || Kasi ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Chiruta|Chirutha]]'' || Karthikeya || Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kanna (film)|Kanna]]'' || Raghunath || rowspan="3" | Tamil || <br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="15"| 2008 || ''[[Bheemaa]]'' || Chinna ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Velli Thirai]]'' || Kannaiya ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Jalsa]]'' || Indu & Bhagyamati's father || Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Santosh Subramaniam]]'' || Subramaniam || rowspan="2" | Tamil || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Arai En 305-il Kadavul]]'' || Kadavul ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kantri]]'' || Pothu Raju alias PR || rowspan="2" |Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Parugu]]'' || Neelakanta ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Saroja (2008 film)|Saroja]]'' || Vishwanath || Tamil ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Rainbow (2008 film)|Rainbow]]'' || Doctor || Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Alibhabha]]'' || Subramaniam || rowspan="2" | Tamil||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Pandhayam (2008 film)|Pandhayam]]'' || Masanam ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kotha Bangaru Lokam]]'' || Balu's father ||Telugu || Nominated, [[Filmfare Best Supporting Actor Award (Telugu)|Filmfare Award for Best Telugu Supporting Actor]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kanchivaram]]'' || Vengadam || rowspan="4" | Tamil || [[National Film Award for Best Actor]]<br />[[Filmfare Best Actor Award (Tamil)|Filmfare Best Tamil Actor Award]] (2009)<br>[[Vijay Award for Best Actor]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Abhiyum Naanum (film)|Abhiyum Naanum]]'' || Raghuram || [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Character Artiste (Male)]]<br>Nominated, [[Filmfare Best Supporting Actor Award (Tamil)|Filmfare Best Tamil Supporting Actor Award]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Panchamirtham]]'' || Raavana ||<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="11"| 2009 || ''[[Villu (film)|Villu]]'' || J. D. || [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Villain]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Konchem Ishtam Konchem Kashtam]]'' || Prakash ||Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Thoranai]]'' || Thamizharasu || Tamil ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Pistha (film)|Pistha]]'' || Suryaprakash || Telugu || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Malai Malai]]'' || Essaki || Tamil || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Anjaneyulu (film)|Anjaneyulu]]'' || Jai Prakash || rowspan="2" | Telugu ||Cameo appearance<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Josh (2009 Telugu film)|Josh]]'' || Principal ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Wanted (2009 film)|Wanted]]'' || Gani Bhai || Hindi || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Solla Solla Inikkum]]'' || Bhadri Narayanan || rowspan="2" |Tamil || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mathiya Chennai]]'' || || Cameo appearance<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Katha (2009 film)|Katha]]'' || Viren || Telugu ||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== 2010–2019 ====<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left" cellpadding="1"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" | Year<br />
! scope="col" | Title<br />
! scope="col" | Role<br />
! scope="col" | Language<br />
! scope="col" | Notes<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="14"| 2010 || ''[[Naanu Nanna Kanasu]]'' || Raj Uthappa || Kannada || Also director<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Singam]]'' || Mayil Vaaganam || rowspan="2" |Tamil ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Theeradha Vilaiyattu Pillai]]'' || Jyoti's brother ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Hoo (film)|Hoo]]'' || Michael || Kannada ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kadhalagi]]'' || Ananthakrishnan (AK) || Tamil ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Golimaar (film)|Golimaar]]'' || DGP || rowspan="3" | Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Brindavanam (2010 film)|Brindaavanam]]'' || Bhanu Prasad ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Khaleja]]'' || GK ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Anwar (2010 film)|Anwar]]'' || Stalin Manimaran || Malayalam/Tamil ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Elektra (2011 film)|Elektra]]'' || Abraham and Isaac|| Malayalam || Dual role<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Collector Gari Bharya]]'' || Gautham || Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Magizhchi]]'' || || Tamil || Cameo appearance<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Orange (2010 Telugu film)|Orange]]'' || Abhishek Verma || Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Chutti Chathan]]'' || || Tamil || <br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="24"| 2011 || ''[[Mirapakaay]]'' || Kittu || Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Payanam (2011 film)|Payanam]]'' || Vishwanathan || Tamil || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Gaganam]]'' || Vishwanath || rowspan="4" | Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vastadu Naa Raju]]'' || Narasimha ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Wanted (2011 film)|Wanted]]'' || Basava Reddy ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Dongala Mutha]]'' || Munna Bhai ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ponnar Shankar]]'' || Manthiappan || rowspan="2" | Tamil ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ko (film)|Ko]]'' || Yogeswaran ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mr. Perfect (film)|Mr. Perfect]]'' || Dubey || Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vaanam]]'' || Rahimuddin Qureshi || Tamil ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Dhool (2011 film)|Dhool]]'' || Nanda || Kannada ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Engeyum Kaadhal]]'' || Himself || Tamil || Cameo appearance<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Puttakkana Highway]]'' || Shani Krishna || Kannada ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Rajadhani (2011 film)|Rajadhani]]'' || Ajay || Kannada ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Badrinath (film)|Badrinaadh]]'' || Bheeshmanarayana || Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Pillaiyar Theru Kadaisi Veedu]]'' || Doctor || Tamil || Cameo appearance<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Bbuddah... Hoga Terra Baap]]'' || Kabir Bhai || Hindi ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Venghai]]'' || Rajalingam || Tamil ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Singham (2011 film)|Singham]]'' || Jaikanth Shikre || Hindi||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Rowthiram]]'' || Shiva's grandfather ||Tamil || Cameo appearance<br />
|-<br />
| ''Mr. Rascal'' || || rowspan="4" | Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Dookudu]]'' || Shankar Narayana ||[[South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Oosaravelli]]'' || Ajju Bhai ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Solo (2011 film)|Solo]]'' || Raghupathi Naidu ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="10" | 2012 || ''Prarthane'' || Sahukar Thimmappa || Kannada ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Businessman (film)|Businessman]]'' || Jaidev || Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Bodyguard (2012 film)|Bodyguard]]'' || Varadarajula Naidu || rowspan="2" | Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Dhoni (film)|Dhoni]]'' || Subramaniam || Also director<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Saguni]]'' || R. K. Boopathi || Tamil ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Devudu Chesina Manushulu (2012 film)|Devudu Chesina Manushulu]]'' || Prakash Raj || rowspan="2" | Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Julayi]]'' || {{n/a}} || Voiceover<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Cameraman Gangatho Rambabu]]'' || Rana Prathap Naidu || rowspan="2" | Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Dhamarukam]]'' || Lord Shiva / Sambayya ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Dabangg 2]]'' || Thakur Bachcha Singh || Hindi||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="15"| 2013 || ''[[Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu]]'' || Relangi Mavayya || Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Mumbai Mirror'' || Shetty || Hindi ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ongole Githa]]'' || Adikeshavulu || Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Chennaiyil Oru Naal]]'' || Gautham Krishna || rowspan="2" | Tamil ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"|''[[Gouravam (2013 film)|Gouravam]]'' || rowspan="2" |Pasupathi ||<br />
|-<br />
| Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Thillu Mullu (2013 film)|Thillu Mullu]]'' || Siva Gurunathan || Tamil ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Balupu]]'' || Nanaji / Mohan Rao || Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Thulli Vilayadu]]'' || Singamuthu || Tamil ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Policegiri]]'' || Nagori Subramaniam || rowspan="3" | Hindi ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Bhaag Milkha Bhaag]]'' || Veerapandian ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Zanjeer (2013 film)|Zanjeer]]'' || rowspan="2"|Teja ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Thoofan]]'' || Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Rajjo]]'' || Handa Bhau || rowspan="2" | Hindi ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Singh Saab the Great]]'' || Bhoodev Singh ||<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="14"| 2014 || ''[[Heart Attack (2014 film)|Heart Attack]]'' || Cameo || Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Crazy Star (film)|Crazy Star]]'' || || Kannada ||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Race Gurram]]'' || Bheem Prakash || Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Heropanti]]'' || Surat Singh Chaudhary || Hindi ||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Un Samayal Arayil]]'' || rowspan="2"|Kalidas || Tamil ||rowspan="3"| Also director<br />
|-<br />
|''Ulavacharu Biriyani'' || Telugu<br />
|-<br />
|''Oggarane'' || Kalidasa || Kannada<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Alludu Seenu]]'' || Bhai & Narasimha || rowspan="2" | Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Pilla Nuvvu Leni Jeevitham]]'' || Prabhakar ||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Entertainment (2014 film)|Entertainment]]'' || Karan || Hindi ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kathai Thiraikathai Vasanam Iyakkam]]'' || || Tamil || Cameo appearance<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Govindudu Andarivadele]]'' || Balaraju || rowspan="5" | Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Power (2014 Telugu film)|Power]]'' || A. K. Mishra ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mukunda]]'' || Jaya Prakash ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="15" | 2015 || ''[[Temper (film)|Temper]]'' || Waltair Vasu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[S/O Satyamurthy]]'' || Satyamurthy ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Pulan Visaranai 2]]'' || || rowspan="3" | Tamil ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[JK Enum Nanbanin Vaazhkai]]'' || Rudhratchagan ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[O Kadhal Kanmani]]'' ||Ganapathy||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Lion (2015 film)|Lion]]'' ||CM Bharadwaja || Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ranna (film)|Ranna]]'' || Sharat Chandra || Kannada ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Vinavayya Ramayya'' || || rowspan="2" | Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Rudhramadevi (film)|Rudhramadevi]]''|| Shiva Devaiah ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mr. Airavata]]'' || Prathap Khale || Kannada ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Thoonga Vanam]]'' || rowspan="2"|Vittal Rao || Tamil ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Cheekati Rajyam]]'' || Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Size Zero (film)|Inji Iduppazhagi]]'' || rowspan="2"|Satyanand || Tamil ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Size Zero (film)|Size Zero]]'' || Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Boologam]]'' || Deepak || rowspan="2" |Tamil||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="19" | 2016 || ''[[Bangalore Naatkal]]'' || Francis ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Priyanka (2016 film)|Priyanka]]'' || || Kannada ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Speedunnodu]]'' || Veerabhadrappa || Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Devara Nadalli]]'' || || Kannada ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[CandyFlip (film)|CandyFlip]]'' || Jojo || English / Hindi ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Shourya (2016 film)|Shourya]]'' || Krishna || rowspan="2" | Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Oopiri]]'' || Prasad Rao ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Oopiri|Thozha]]'' || Prasad || Tamil ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Attack (2016 film)|Attack]]'' || Guru Raj || Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Manithan (2016 film)|Manithan]]'' || Adisheshan || rowspan="2" | Tamil || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ko 2]]'' || Yogeeswaran ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[JK Enum Nanbanin Vaazhkai|Rajadhi Raja]]'' || Rudhraksha || rowspan="2" | Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Srirastu Subhamastu]]'' || Krishna Mohan ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kotigobba 2]]'' || Sathya's father || Kannada ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mudinja Ivana Pudi]]'' || Sathyam's father || Tamil ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Idolle Ramayana]]'' ||rowspan="2"| Bhujangaiah || Kannada ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mana Oori Ramayanam]]'' || Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kadavul Irukaan Kumaru]]'' || Manimaran || Tamil ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Naanu Mattu Varalakshmi]]'' || Trainer || Kannada ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="15" | 2017 || ''[[Shatamanam Bhavati]]'' || Raghavaraju || rowspan="2" | Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Dwaraka (film)|Dwarka]]'' || Chief Minister ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Yaakkai]]'' || Sagayam || Tamil ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Raajakumara]]'' || Jagannath || Kannada ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Achayans]]'' || [[Commissioner]] Karthik Kathiresan || Malayalam ||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Aaradugula Bullet]]'' || Nithyanand || Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vanamagan]]'' || Rajashekar || Tamil ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Nakshatram (film)|Nakshatram]]'' || Parasuramaiah [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] || rowspan="2" | Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Ungarala Rambabu]]'' || Ranga Nayar ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Golmaal Again]]'' || Vasu Reddy || Hindi ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Raja The Great]]'' || [[Superintendent (police)|SP]] Prakash || Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Gowdru Hotel]]'' || Rishi's grandfather || Kannada ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Richie (film)|Richie]]'' || Father A.K. Sagayam || rowspan="3" | Tamil ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Velaikkaran (2017 film)|Velaikkaran]]'' || Kasi ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kalavadiya Pozhudugal]]'' || Soundarrajan ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="17" |2018 || ''[[Jai Simha]]'' || Master || Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Prema Baraha]]'' || rowspan="2"|Army man's father || Kannada || <br />
|-<br />
|''[[Prema Baraha|Sollividava]]'' || Tamil || <br />
|-<br />
|''[[Rangasthalam]]'' || [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]] Dakshina Murthy || Telugu || <br />
|-<br />
|''[[Seizer]]'' || Bhupathi || Kannada || Nominted – Filmibeat Award for Best Villain – Kannada<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Mohanlal (film)|Mohanlal]]'' || Himself || Malayalam ||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Bharat Ane Nenu]]''|| Varadarajulu || rowspan="2" | Telugu || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mahanati]]'' || [[Aluri Chakrapani]] ||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Sometimes (film)|Sometimes]]'' || Krishnamoorthy || rowspan="2" | Tamil || direct-to-video<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Traffic Ramasamy (film)|Traffic Ramasamy]]'' || Police Officer ||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Goodachari]]'' || Satya || rowspan="2" | Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Srinivasa Kalyanam (2018 film)|Srinivasa Kalyanam]]'' || R.K. ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[60 Vayadu Maaniram]]'' || Govindarajan || rowspan="2" | Tamil ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Chekka Chivantha Vaanam]]'' || Senapathi ||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Hello Guru Prema Kosame]]'' || Viswanath || Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Sei (film)|Sei]]'' || [[Assistant Commissioner of Police (India)|ACP]] Suryanarayana || Tamil || <br />
|-<br />
|''[[Odiyan]]'' || Ravunni || Malayalam ||<br />
|-<br />
|Rowspan=11|2019 || ''[[N.T.R. Kathanayakudu|N. T. R.]]'' || [[B. Nagi Reddy|Nagi Reddy]] || rowspan="2" | Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[F2: Fun and Frustration]]'' || Dora Swamy Naidu ||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Nine (2018 film)|9]]''|| Dr. Iniyath Khan || Malayalam || <br />
|-<br />
|''[[Dev (2019 film)|Dev]]'' || Ramalingam || Tamil || <br />
|-<br />
|''[[Athiran]]''|| Doctor || Malayalam || <br />
|-<br />
|''[[Maharshi (2019 film)|Maharshi]]'' || K. Satyanarayana || rowspan="2" | Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[1st Rank Raju (2019 film)|1st Rank Raju]]'' || CEO Parthasarathy ||<br />
|- <br />
| ''[[Asuran (2019 film)|Asuran]]'' || Venugopal Seshadri|| rowspan="2" | Tamil ||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Azhiyatha Kolangal 2]]'' || Gowri Shankar ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Venky Mama]]'' || [[Brigadier]] Vijay Prakash || rowspan="2" | Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ruler (film)|Ruler]]'' || Veerandranath Tagore ||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== 2020–present ====<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left" cellpadding="1"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" | Year<br />
! scope="col" | Title<br />
! scope="col" | Role<br />
! scope="col" | Language<br />
! scope="col" | Notes<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 2020 || ''[[Sarileru Neekevvaru]]'' || [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]] Yeddula Nagendra || Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mayabazar 2016]]'' || [[Assistant Commissioner|ACP]] Ashok || Kannada || <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="6" |2021<br />
| ''[[Alludu Adhurs]]'' || Jaypal Reddy || Telugu || <br />
|-<br />
|''[[Yuvarathnaa]]'' || Guru Dev Deshmukh || Kannada ||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Vakeel Saab]]'' || Nanda Gopal || Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Jai Bhim (film)|Jai Bhim]]'' || [[Inspector General|IG]] Perumalsamy || rowspan="3" | Tamil || Direct release on [[Amazon Prime Video]] <br />
|-<br />
|''[[Annaatthe]]'' || Nattadurai ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Enemy (2021 film)|''Enemy'']]|| Paarirajan ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="15" |2022|| ''[[Clap (2022 film)|Clap]]'' || Kathir's / Vishnu's father || Tamil<br />Telugu || Direct release on Sony LIV<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Pada (film)|Pada]]'' || Chief Secretary N. Rajasekharan ||Malayalam||<br />
|- <br />
|''[[Attack (2022 film)|Attack]]'' <br />
| V K Subramaniam<br />
| [[Hindi]] <br />
|<ref>{{cite web |title=BREAKING: John Abraham-starrer Attack to release a week after Akshay Kumar-starrer Prithviraj, on January 27, 2022 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/breaking-john-abraham-starrer-attack-release-week-akshay-kumar-starrer-prithviraj-january-27-2022/ |date=30 September 2021 |website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[[K.G.F: Chapter 2]]'' || Vijayendra Ingalagi || Kannada||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Shekar (film)|Shekar]]'' || Advocate || Telugu || Cameo appearance<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Major (film)|Major]]'' || K. Unnikrishnan ||Telugu<br>Hindi||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Rashtra Kavach Om]]''<br />
|<br />
|Hindi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{Pending film|[[Thiruchitrambalam]]}} || Inspector Neelakandan|| Tamil|| completed<br />
|-<br />
| {{Pending film|[[Shaakuntalam]]}} || {{TBA}} || Telugu || Post-production<br />
|- <br />
| {{Pending film|[[Viruman]]}} ||Shakthivel's father ||Tamil ||Filming <br />
|-<br />
| {{Pending film|[[List of Malayalam films of 2022|Varaal]]}} || {{TBA}} ||Malayalam||Post-production<br />
|-<br />
| {{Pending film|[[Ponniyin Selvan (2022 film)|Ponniyin Selvan]]}} || [[Parantaka Chola II|Sundara Chola]] || Tamil || Post-production<br />
|-<br />
| {{Pending film|[[List of Malayalam films of 2022|Kunjamminees Hospital]]}} || {{TBA}} ||Malayalam||Pre-production<br />
|-<br />
| {{Pending film|[[Kabzaa]]}} || {{TBA}} || Kannada ||<br />
Filming <br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Television ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left" cellpadding="1"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" | Year<br />
! scope="col" | Title<br />
! scope="col" | Role<br />
! scope="col" | Language<br />
! scope="col" | Channel<br />
! scope="col" | Notes<br />
|-<br />
|1995 ||''[[Guddada Bhootha]]'' || ||Kannada ||DD Chandana ||<br />
|-<br />
|1995||''Kaialavu Manasu'' ||Gururangan || rowspan="4" |Tamil || rowspan="2" |Sun TV||<br />
|-<br />
|1995 ||''Chinna Chinna Aasaigal'' || ||Acted in the story "Judgement"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=09WvgsbZRGA|title = Chinna Chinna Aasai (Judgment) - Episode 11|website = [[YouTube]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2003 ||''[[Sindhu Bhairavi (film)#Sequel|Sahana]]'' || ||Jaya TV ||<br />
|-<br />
|2013 || ''[[Neengalum Vellalam Oru Kodi]]''|| Host ||Star Vijay|| <br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Web series===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Title<br />
!Role<br />
!Language<br />
!Platform<br />
!Notes<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|2020<br />
| ''[[Paava Kadhaigal]]'' || Janakiraman || Tamil || Anthology film on [[Netflix]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2020<br />
|''[[Shootout at Alair]]''<br />
|DSP Suryanarayana<br />
|Telugu<br />
|[[ZEE5]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2021<br />
|''[[Navarasa (web series)|Navarasa]]''<br />
|Sivaraman<br />
| rowspan="2" |Tamil<br />
|Anthology film on [[Netflix]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2022<br />
|''[[Anantham (web series)|Anantham]]''<br />
|Venkatesan<br />
|[[ZEE5]]<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===As voice actor===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Title<br />
!Role<br />
!Actor<br />
!Notes<br />
|-<br />
|1998||[[Dil Se..|Uyire]]||Arun Kashyap CBI officer||Piyush Mishra||<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===As producer and director===<br />
{| class="wikitable<br />
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"<br />
! Year !! Title !! Language !! Producer !! Director !!Notes<br />
|-<br />
| 2002 ||''[[Dhaya (film)|Dhaya]]'' || rowspan="9" |Tamil ||{{yes}}||{{no}}||<br />
|-<br />
| 2003 || ''[[Naam (2003 film)|Naam]]'' ||{{yes}}||{{no}}||<br />
|-<br />
| 2004 || ''[[Azhagiya Theeye]]'' ||{{yes}}||{{no}}||<br />
|-<br />
| 2005 || ''[[Kanda Naal Mudhal]]'' ||{{yes}}||{{no}}||<br />
|-<br />
| 2006 || ''[[Poi (film)|Poi]]'' ||{{yes}}||{{no}}||<br />
|-<br />
| 2007 || ''[[Mozhi (film)|Mozhi]]'' ||{{yes}}||{{no}}||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 2008 || ''[[Velli Thirai]]'' ||{{yes}}||{{no}}||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Abhiyum Naanum (film)|Abhiyum Naanum]]'' ||{{yes}}||{{no}}||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 2010 || ''[[Inidhu Inidhu]]'' ||{{yes}}||{{no}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Naanu Nanna Kanasu]]'' || Kannada || {{yes}}||{{yes}}||Directorial Debut<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 2011 || ''[[Payanam (2011 film)|Payanam]]'' || Tamil ||{{yes}}||{{no}}||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Puttakkana Highway]]'' || Kannada || {{yes}}||{{no}}||National Award for Best Regional Film of the year<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cinevedika.net/2011/05/national-film-award-for-prakash-raj.html |title=National Film Award for Prakash Raj&nbsp;— Puttakkana Highway &#124; Cine Vedika &#124; Telugu &#124;Film News &#124; Daily Serials &#124; TV Shows &#124; Movies&#124; Music |publisher=Cine Vedika |accessdate=6 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324194203/http://cinevedika.net/2011/05/national-film-award-for-prakash-raj.html |archivedate=24 March 2012 }}</ref> <br> Bengaluru International Film Festival Award<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/lucky-wins-the-golden-bherunda-award-at-biff/215058-62-132.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203220408/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/lucky-wins-the-golden-bherunda-award-at-biff/215058-62-132.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 December 2013 |title='Lucky' wins the Golden Bherunda award at BIFF&nbsp;— IBN South&nbsp;— IBN Bangalore|publisher=CNN IBN |date=26 December 2011 |accessdate=6 August 2012}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 2012 || ''[[Mayilu]]'' || Tamil ||{{yes}}||{{no}}||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Dhoni (film)|Dhoni]]'' || rowspan="2"|Tamil / Telugu ||{{yes}}||{{yes}}||<br />
|-<br />
| 2013 || ''[[Gouravam (2013 film)|Gouravam]]'' ||{{yes}}||{{no}}||<br />
|-<br />
| 2014 || ''[[Un Samayal Arayil]] / [[Oggarane]] / [[Oggarane|Ulavacharu Biriyani]]''<ref name="chakpak1">[http://www.chakpak.com/content/news/prakash-rai-direct-oggarane Prakash Rai to direct Oggarane | Chakpak<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref name="oneindia1">[http://kannada.oneindia.in/movies/news/oggarane-kannada-film-by-prakash-raj-077450.html Oggarane Kannada film by actor Prakash Raj | ಮೈಸೂರಿನಲ್ಲಿ 'ಒಗ್ಗರಣೆ' ಹಾಕಲಿರುವ ಪ್ರಕಾಶ್ ರೈ – Oneindia Kannada<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> || Tamil / [[Kannada]] / Telugu ||{{yes}} ||{{yes}}|| <br />
|-<br />
|2016 ||''[[Mana Oori Ramayanam|Manavoori Ramayanam / Idolle Ramayana]]'' ||Telugu / Kannada ||{{yes}} ||{{yes}} ||<br />
|-<br />
|2020 ||''[[Arishadvarga]]'' ||Kannada ||{{yes}} ||{{no}} ||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Raj, Prakash}}<br />
[[Category:Indian filmographies]]<br />
[[Category:Male actor filmographies]]<br />
[[Category:Director filmographies]]</div>UpdateBothttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tirupati&diff=334211Tirupati2022-07-02T03:28:36Z<p>UpdateBot: robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)</p>
<hr />
<div>{{About|the city in Andhra Pradesh, India|}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Tirupati<br />
| other_name = <br />
| settlement_type = City<br />
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage<br />
| photo1a = Tirumala 090615.jpg<br />
| photo2a = Tirupati_001.jpg<br />
| photo2b = A_Tirupathi_laddu.jpg<br />
| photo3a = View_of_Tirupati_city.jpg<br />
| photo3b = Natural_stone_arch_in_tirumala.JPG<br />
| spacing = 1<br />
| position = centre<br />
| border = 2<br />
| color = white<br />
|| size = 250<br />
| foot_montage = }}<br />
| image_caption = [[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala|Sri Venkateswara Temple Tirumala Tirupati]], [[Tirupati Laddu]], [[Alipiri|Garuda Circle Alipiri]] , [[Tirumala|city view from Tirumala]], [[Natural Arch, Tirumala hills|Silathoranam Tirumala]]<br />
| etymology = <br />
| nickname = ''Spiritual Capital of Andhra Pradesh'',''Heritage City''<br />
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India#Asia<br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India<br />
| pushpin_label = <!-- only necessary if "name" or "official_name" are too long --><br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|13.65|N|79.42|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| coordinates_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref>tags --><br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = India<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Rayalaseema]]<br />
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts in India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name3 = [[Tirupati district|Tirupati]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Founded --><br />
| established_date = <!-- requires established_title= --><br />
| established_title1 = Incorporated (Municipality)<br />
| established_date1 = 1 April 1886<br />
| established_title2 = Incorporated (Corporation)<br />
| established_date2 = 2 March 2007<br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = [[Venkateswara]]<br />
| parts_type = Wards<br />
| parts = 50<br />
| government_footnotes = <br />
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Mayor–Council]]<br />
| governing_body = [[Tirupati Municipal Corporation]], [[Tirupati Urban Development Authority]](TUDA)<br />
| leader_party = <br />
| leader_title = [[Mayor]]<br />
| leader_name = Dr.B. R. Sirisha Yadav<ref>{{cite news |title=Dr. Sirisha elected as Tirupati Corporation Mayor |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/tirupathi/dr-sirisha-elected-as-tirupati-corporation-mayor-677438 |access-date=10 April 2022 |work=The Hans India |date=18 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref><br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <ref name="area">{{cite web|title=City profile|url=http://mct.gov.in/welcome/pagedetails/?id=6|website=Tirupati Municipal Corporation|access-date=23 December 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223191120/http://mct.gov.in/welcome/pagedetails/?id=6|archive-date=23 December 2015}}</ref><br />
| area_total_km2 = 28.86<br />
| area_metro_footnotes = <ref name="about_us">{{cite web |title=About Us |url=http://tirupati.cdma.ap.gov.in/about-tirupati |website=Tirupati Municipal Corporation |access-date=9 June 2019}}</ref><br />
| area_metro_km2 = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = 287,035<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = [[List of cities in Andhra Pradesh by population|9th <small>(in AP)</small>]]<br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_metro_footnotes = <ref name=UA /><br />
| population_metro = 459985<br />
| population_blank1_title = <br />
| population_blank1 = <br />
| population_demonym = Tirupatian<br />
| population_note = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Literacy<ref name="profile"/><br />
| demographics1_title1 = Literates<br />
| demographics1_info1 = 229,730<br />
| demographics1_title2 = Effective literacy rate<br />
| demographics1_info2 = 87.55%<br />
| demographics_type2 = Languages<br />
| demographics2_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics2_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 517501 - 517560<br />
| area_code_type = <!-- defaults to: Area code(s) --><br />
| area_code = +91–877<br />
| geocode = [[UN/LOCODE]] IN TIR<ref>{{cite web|title=United Nations – Code for Trade and Transport Locations| url=http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/cefact/locode/in.htm|access-date=5 June 2015}}</ref><br />
| registration_plate_type = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|Vehicle registration]]<br />
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India|AP-39]] (from 30 January 2019)<ref>{{cite news |title=New 'AP 39' code to register vehicles in Andhra Pradesh launched |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |access-date=9 June 2019 |work=The New Indian Express |date=31 January 2019 |location=Vijayawada}}</ref><br />
| website = {{URL|https://tirupati.cdma.ap.gov.in/}}<br />
| official_name = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Currency]]<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Indian Rupee]] , [[Indian rupee|INR]]<br />
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Air|International Airport]]<br />
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Tirupati Airport]]<br />
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Air|Domestic Airport]]<br />
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Tirupati Airport]]<br />
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Railway Station]]<br />
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[Tirupati railway station|Tirupati Cenral Railway station]]<br />
| blank5_name_sec1 = [[Police]]<br />
| blank5_info_sec1 = [[Andhra Pradesh Police]]<br />
}}<br />
{{Hinduism}}<br />
{{Vaishnavism}}<br />
'''Tirupati''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=Tirupati.ogg|'|t|ɪ|r|ʊ|p|ɒ|t|ɪ}}) is a city in the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is the administrative headquarters of the [[Tirupati district]]. Located {{cvt|415|km}} southwest of state's capital [[Amaravati]], the city is home to the important Hindu shrine of [[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple]] and [[Hindu Temples in Tirupati|other historic temples]] and is referred to as the "Spiritual Capital of Andhra Pradesh".<ref>{{cite news|title=Administration-AP-Financial Capital|url=http://www.uniindia.com/news/other/administration-ap-financial-capital/45016.html|access-date=13 August 2015|date=29 April 2015|location=Visakhapatnam|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222111422/http://www.uniindia.com/news/other/administration-ap-financial-capital/45016.html|archive-date=22 December 2015}}</ref> It is one of the eight ''Swayam vyaktha kshetras'' (''Self-Manifested Temples'') dedicated to [[Vishnu]]. Tirupati is a [[List of municipal corporations in India|municipal corporation]] and the headquarters of [[Tirupati (urban) mandal]], [[Tirupati (rural) mandal]], and the [[Tirupati revenue division]].<ref name=map>{{cite web |title=Part III - District and Sub-District (Mandals) - Guntur to Chittoor (7 Districts) - Guntur District |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/maps/atlas/28part32.pdf |publisher=Census of India |access-date=19 January 2015 |pages=459, 512}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{As of|2011}} [[2011 Census of India|census]], it had a population of 287,035 making it the [[List of cities in Andhra Pradesh|9th most populous city]] in Andhra Pradesh.<ref name="profile" /> It is the seventh most urban agglomerated city in the state, with a population of {{formatnum:459985}}.<ref name="UA">{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf | title = Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above |work= Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011|access-date = 30 April 2019 }}</ref> It is the second biggest city in [[Rayalaseema]] after [[Kurnool]]. For the year 2012–2013, India's [[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Ministry of Tourism]] named Tirupati as the "Best Heritage City".<ref>{{cite news|title=Tirupati bags 'best heritage city' award|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Tirupati-bags-best-heritage-city-award/articleshow/30577258.cms|access-date=1 June 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=17 February 2014}}</ref> Tirupati has been selected as one of the hundred Indian cities to be developed as a [[smart city]] under [[Smart Cities Mission]] by [[Government of India]].<br />
<br />
== Etymology ==<br />
In Dravidian translation, ''tiru'' means sacred or ''[[Lakshmi]]'' and ''pati'' means abode or ''husband.''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WiAnDwAAQBAJ&q=tiru+dravidian+word&pg=PA25|title=On the Original Inhabitants of Bharatavarsa or India|last=Oppert|first=Gustav Salomon|date=8 June 2017|publisher=BoD – Books on Demand|isbn=9789925082193|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924024065470/cu31924024065470_djvu.txt|title=Full text of "On the original inhabitants of Bharatavarsa or India"|website=archive.org|year=1893|access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tera-3.ul.cs.cmu.edu/NASD/4a7f1db4-5792-415c-be79-266f41eef20a/upgrade-archive-06-14-2007/data/upload-allbooks/disk%203/Jan%20N/ENGLISH/The_Dravidians_/TXT/|title=Index of /NASD/4a7f1db4-5792-415c-be79-266f41eef20a/upgrade-archive-06-14-2007/data/upload-allbooks/disk 3/Jan N/ENGLISH/The_Dravidians_/TXT|website=tera-3.ul.cs.cmu.edu|access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref><br />
Tirupati (Tirumala) is referred to as Pushpa-mandapa in Acharya-Hridayam (13th century).<ref name=pushpa1>{{cite book|title=Temple Art, Icons And Culture Of India And South-East Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vb2fAAAAMAAJ&q=pushpa|access-date=25 September 2019|isbn = 9788188934317|last1 = Raman|first1 = K. V.|date = January 2006}}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
=== Puranas ===<br />
According to ''[[Varaha Purana]]'', during ''[[Treta Yuga]]'', [[Rama]] resided here along with [[Sita]] and [[Lakshmana]] on his return from Lankapuri.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lord Sri Kodanda Rama Swamy Temple in Tirupati and Sri Pattabhiramalayam Temple at Valmikipuram Gear up for Annual Mega Fete-special Story|url=http://news.tirumala.org/lord-sri-kodanda-rama-swamy-temple-in-tirupati-and-sri-pattabhiramalayam-temple-at-valmikipuram-gear-up-for-annual-mega-fete-special-story/|publisher=Tirumala Tirupati Devastanams|access-date=12 May 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
As per the ''[[Purana]]'', a loan of one crore and 11.4 million gold coins was sought by [[Venkateswara|Balaji]] from [[Kubera]] for his marriage with Padmavathi. To pay back the loan, devotees from all over India visit the temple and donate money.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Prakasan |first1=Chethana |title=Latest travel Articles & blogs |url=https://www.india.com/travel/articles/tirupati-balaji-temple-heres-why-it-is-the-richest-temple-in-the-world-3233863/ |access-date=12 February 2020 |work=India News, Breaking News, Entertainment News {{!}} India.com |date=1 June 2016 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Ancient history ===<br />
Tirupati was developed by Pallava Kings from 6th century onwards.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}} The city became a great Vaishnava centre during the time of [[Ramanujacharya]] in 11th century, from where Srivaishnavism spread to other parts of Andhra Desa. [[Kurmanathaswamy temple, Srikurmam|Srikurmam Temple]] in Srikakulam district of Andhra Pradesh bears the inscription saying ''Tirupati Srivaishnavula Raksha''.<ref name=srivaishnav>{{cite book|title=Glimpses of our past—historical researches|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IQtuAAAAMAAJ&q=srivaishnavism+tirupati|access-date=13 September 2019|date = 7 January 2004|last1 = Sarma|first1 = Mukkamala Radhakrishna}}</ref> Tirupati survived the [[Muslim]] invasions by accepting to pay [[Jizya]] to the Muslims. {{Citation needed span|text=During the early 1300s [[Malik Kafur|Muslim invasion]] of South India, the deity of [[Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam]] was brought to Tirupati for safekeeping.|date=December 2020}}<br />
<br />
The temple town for most of the medieval era part of [[Vijayanagara Empire]] until the 17th century and its rulers contributed considerable resources and wealth notable by [[Krishna Deva Raya]] and [[Achyuta Deva Raya]], [[Sadasiva Raya]] and [[Tirumala Deva Raya]].<br />
<br />
The city has many historical temples including the [[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala|Venkateswara Temple]] which bears 1,150 inscriptions in Sanskrit, Tamil, Telugu and Kannada languages.<ref name=inscrip>{{cite news |last=Neelima |first=P |date= 22 September 2009 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Gold-coat-to-hide-Tirumala-carvings/articleshow/5039959.cms |title=Gold coat to hide Tirumala carvings |work=Times of India |access-date=30 March 2015}}</ref> Out of 1150 inscriptions 236 belong to [[Pallava dynasty|Pallava]], [[Chola dynasty|Chola]] and [[Pandya dynasty|Pandya]] dynasties, 169 belonged to [[Saluva dynasty]], 251 belonged to [[Achyuta Deva Raya]] period, 130 belonged to [[Sadasiva Raya]] period and another 135 originated in [[Aravidu dynasty]].<ref name=inscrip /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/inscriptions-at-tirumala-digitised/article749997.ece|title=Inscriptions at Tirumala digitised|work=The Hindu|access-date=30 March 2015}}</ref> which specify the contributions of the [[Pallava Empire|Pallava Kingdom]] around the ninth century CE, [[Chola Empire|Chola Kingdom]] around the tenth century CE and the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] in the 14th century CE.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tirumala.org/maintemple_history.htm |title=Temple History |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412013703/http://www.tirumala.org/maintemple_history.htm |archive-date=12 April 2012 }}</ref><br />
During the 15th century, Sri [[Tallapaka Annamacharya]] sung many songs in praise of the holy town in Telugu.<br />
He compared it to be divine, including the rocks, streams, trees, animals, and adds that it is heaven on the earth. One example of such a song is:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sangeetasudha.org/annamacharya/k.html|title=Sangeeta Sudha|website=www.sangeetasudha.org}}</ref><br />
<br />
<center><blockquote><br />
''Kattedura Vaikuntamu Kaanachaina Konda'' <br /><br />
''Thettalaya Mahimale Tirumala Konda'' ||<br /><br />
''Vedamulae Silalai Velasinadi Konda'' <br /><br />
''Yedesa Punya Rasule Yerulainadi Konda'' <br /><br />
''Gadili Brahmadi Lokamula Konalu Konda'' <br /><br />
''Sree Devudundeti Seshadri Konda'' ||<br /><br />
{{Cquote| Tirumala, in all its right, is heaven. Its powers are indescribable. The Vedas have taken the form of rocks and appeared on Tirumala. Holiness has taken the form of water and is flowing as streams on [[Tirumala]]. Its holy peaks are Brahmaloka and other lokas. Srinivasa lives on Seshadri.}}<br />
</blockquote></center><br />
<br />
There was no human settlement at Lower Tirupati until 1500. With the growing importance of Upper Tirupati, a village formed at the present-day Kapilatheertham Road area and was named "kotturu". It was later shifted to the vicinity of [[Govindaraja Temple, Tirupati|Govindarajaswamy Temple]] which was consecrated around the year 1130 CE. Later the village grew into its present-day form around Govindaraja Swamy Temple which is now the heart of the city. It has now gained a lot of popularity as a tourism place.<ref name=TirupatiHistory1>{{cite book|title=Sri Venkateshwara by Shantha Nair|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CY9eAAAAQBAJ&q=Upper+Tirupathi&pg=PT118|access-date=21 June 2015|isbn = 9788184954456|last1 = Nair|first1 = Shantha|date = 7 January 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Modern history ===<br />
In 1932, [[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple]] was handed over to [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]] by the TTD Act of 1932. In 2006, [[Tirupati Urban Development Authority]] (TUDA) and [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams|TTD]] together conducted "Tirupati Utsavam" which focused on the history of development of Tirupati town, kings who visited Tirumala and their contribution for development of the temple.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tirupati Utsavam |url=http://www.tuda.gov.in/engineering/tirupatiustavam.aspx|access-date=21 June 2015}}</ref> The fourth [[World Telugu Conference]], a conference for furtherance of [[Telugu language]], was conducted at Tirupati during December 2012 for three days.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pranab inaugurates 4th World Telugu conference |newspaper=The Hindu|date=27 December 2012|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/pranab-inaugurates-4th-world-telugu-conference/article4245424.ece|access-date=2 July 2015|last1=Rao|first1=M. Malleswara}}</ref> In January 2017, the 104th Indian Science Congress (ISCA) meeting was held in Tirupati.{{citation needed|date=October 2017}}<br />
<br />
== Environment ==<br />
<br />
=== Geography ===<br />
Tirupati is located at {{Coord|13.65|N|79.42|E|}} in the [[Tirupati district]] of South Indian State of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It lies at the foot of [[Seshachalam Hills]] of [[Eastern Ghats]] which were formed during [[Precambrian]] era.<ref name=topography>{{cite book |last=A |first=Vijaya Kumari |title=Social Change Among Balijas: Majority Community of Andhra Pradesh |publisher=MD publication pvt Ltd |page=20 |isbn=81-7533-072-4|year=1998 }}</ref> One of its suburbs, [[Tirumala]], which is the home to [[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple|Sri Venkateswara Temple]], is also located within the hills.<ref name=topography /> Tirupati [[Urban agglomeration]] includes Tirupati (City) and census towns Akkarampalle, Avilala, Cherlopalle, Mangalam, Perur, Settipalle, Thummala gunta (part), Timminaidupalle, [[Tiruchanur]], Tirupati (NMA).<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/metropolitan/350-tirupati.html| title=Tirupati Urban Region|access-date=3 November 2017}}</ref> Tirupati is surrounded by [[Srikalahasti]] towards the east, [[Puttur, Andhra Pradesh|Puttur]] towards the south, Puthalapattu towards the west and the Seshachalam hills towards the north.{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}} [[Swarnamukhi]] River originates in Chandragiri Hills and passes through the Tirupati City before reaching Srikalahasti in the east.<ref name=topography /><br />
[[File:Plaque at Tirumal hills on Eparchean Unconformity.jpg|thumb|A board in [[Tirumala]] hills briefing details of [[Eparchaean Unconformity]]]]<br />
<br />
=== Geology ===<br />
At the {{cvt|12|km}} point on the Tirupati – [[Tirumala ghat roads|Tirumala ghat road]], there is a major discontinuity of [[stratigraphic]] significance that represents a period of remarkable serenity in the geological history of the [[Earth]]. This is referred to as [[Eparchaean Unconformity]]. This [[unconformity]] separates the Nagari [[Quartzite]] of the [[Proterozoic]] from the [[granite]] of the [[Archean]],.<ref>{{cite web|title=Geological Survey of India – Monuments of Stratigraphic Significance|url=http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/portal/page?_pageid=127,529424&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL|access-date=22 July 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721161523/http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/portal/page?_pageid=127,529424&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL|archive-date=21 July 2011}}</ref> In 2001, the [[Geological Survey of India]] (GSI) declared the Eparchaean Unconfirmity to be one of the 26 "Geological Monuments of India".<br />
<br />
[[File:Natural stone arch in tirumala.JPG|thumb|left|[[Natural Arch, Tirumala hills|Silathoranam]] ([[natural arch]]) at [[Tirumala]] Hills, Tirupati, [[Andhra Pradesh]]]]<br />
<br />
[[Natural Arch, Tirumala hills|Silathoranam]], a [[natural arch]] and a distinctive geological feature, is located in the Tirumala Hills at a distance of {{cvt|1|km}} from [[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple]]. The Arch measures 8 metres in width and 3 metres in height and is eroded from quartzite of Cuddapah Supergroup of Middle to Upper [[Proterozoic]] (1600 to 570 [[Mya (unit)|Ma]]) by weathering agents like water and wind.<ref>{{cite web|title=Geological Survey of India – Monuments of Stratigraphic Significance|url=http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/portal/page?_pageid=127,529414&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&linkId=1077|access-date=22 July 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Flora and fauna ===<br />
Sri Venkateswara National Park<ref>{{cite web|title=Sri Venkateshwara Sanctuary & National Park |url=http://forest.ap.nic.in/WL%20svnp.htm |publisher=Andhra Pradesh Forest Department |access-date=6 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430045712/http://forest.ap.nic.in/WL%20svnp.htm |archive-date=30 April 2015 }}</ref> is a [[national park]] and [[biosphere reserve]] which is part of Seshachalam Hills. The total area of the park is {{cvt|353|km2}}. The park is home for about 1,500 vascular plant species belonging to 174 families. Some of the rare and endemic plant species like [[Pterocarpus santalinus|red sanders]], ''[[Shorea]] talura'', ''[[Shorea]] thumburggaia'', ''[[Terminalia (plant)|Terminalia pallida]]'', [[sandalwood]], ''[[Syzygium alternifolium]]'', and ''[[Psilotum nudum]]'' occur in this region. ''[[Cycas beddomei]]'', a species of [[cycad]] in the genus [[Cycas]], is found only in the [[Tirumala Hills]].<br />
<br />
About 178 species of birds from this national park have been identified which includes the globally threatened [[yellow-throated bulbul]], [[grey-fronted green pigeon]], critically endangered [[white-backed vulture|Oriental white-backed vulture]], [[large hawk-cuckoo]], [[blue-faced malkoha]], [[yellow-browed bulbul]], [[Indian scimitar-babbler]] and [[Loten's sunbird]]. Among predators the [[leopard]] is quite common, along with the [[wild dog]]. Among reptiles, the most interesting species is the [[Draco (genus)|gliding lizard]], found in some deep forested valleys. Another important reptile of this national park is the [[golden gecko]].<br />
<br />
Established in 1987, Tirupati Zoo or [[Sri Venkateswara Zoological Park]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Sri Venkateswara Zoological Park' |url=http://svzoo.org/html/theme.htm |access-date=6 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509084830/http://svzoo.org/html/theme.htm |archive-date=9 May 2015 }}</ref> is a zoo located at Tirupati and is Asia's largest zoo, with an area of 5500 acres. It is built on the concept of Hindu mythology. It exhibits only animals that are mentioned in the ancient epics like ''[[Ramayana]]'', ''[[Mahabharatha]]'', and ''[[Panchatantra]]''. The enclosures are named based on Indian mythology. It hosts a wide range of animals such as deer, monkeys, lions, tigers, bears, elephants, peafowl, grey pelicans, marsh crocodiles, and starred tortoises.<br />
<br />
Sri Venkateswara Gosamrakshana shala is a home for [[cattle]] received as a donation (Godanam). It was established in 1956 by TTD and renamed to S.V. Gosamrakshana Shala in 2004. It is located at Chandragiri Road, Tirupati. It is maintained by [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]] based on the funds received under the Sri Venkateswara Gosamrakshana Shala Trust. Activities of the trust include providing a good environment, management, and feeding for the cattle. The milk and its products produced here are used by TTD for daily rituals at Sri Venkateswara Temple and other TTD temples.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sri Venkateswara Gosamrakshana Shala' |url=http://ttdgoshala.org/|publisher=Tirumala Tirupati Devastanams|access-date=6 June 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Climate ===<br />
<br />
Tirupati has a [[tropical wet and dry climate]], designated ''Aw'' under the [[Köppen climate classification]]. In winter the minimum temperatures are between {{convert|18|and|20|C|F|1}}. Usually summer lasts from March to June, with the advent of rainy season in July, followed by winter which lasts until the end of February. The city experiences heavy rainfall in November during the northeast monsoon season. The highest rainfall in 24 hours was on 16 November 2015, during the [[2015 South India floods]], with {{convert|219|mm|in|2|disp=or}}. Cyclones commonly hit the Coast of Nellore, and bring heavy rain to the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://city.imd.gov.in/citywx/extreme/NOV/tirupathi2.htm|title=TIRUPATHI|website=city.imd.gov.in|access-date=28 August 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Weather box<br />
| location = Tirupati ([[Tirupati Airport]]) 1981–2010, extremes 1981–2012<br />
| metric first = Y<br />
| single line = Y<br />
| temperature colour = pastel<br />
| Jan record high C = 35.6<br />
| Feb record high C = 39.5<br />
| Mar record high C = 43.0<br />
| Apr record high C = 44.2<br />
| May record high C = 45.0<br />
| Jun record high C = 45.2<br />
| Jul record high C = 40.6<br />
| Aug record high C = 40.0<br />
| Sep record high C = 43.1<br />
| Oct record high C = 37.8<br />
| Nov record high C = 34.8<br />
| Dec record high C = 34.3<br />
| year record high C = 45.2<br />
| Jan high C = 30.0<br />
| Feb high C = 33.1<br />
| Mar high C = 36.8<br />
| Apr high C = 39.2<br />
| May high C = 40.3<br />
| Jun high C = 37.9<br />
| Jul high C = 35.9<br />
| Aug high C = 35.0<br />
| Sep high C = 34.9<br />
| Oct high C = 32.8<br />
| Nov high C = 30.2<br />
| Dec high C = 29.0<br />
| year high C = 34.6<br />
| Jan low C = 18.8<br />
| Feb low C = 19.9<br />
| Mar low C = 22.8<br />
| Apr low C = 26.2<br />
| May low C = 28.0<br />
| Jun low C = 27.3<br />
| Jul low C = 26.1<br />
| Aug low C = 25.7<br />
| Sep low C = 25.2<br />
| Oct low C = 23.7<br />
| Nov low C = 21.8<br />
| Dec low C = 19.9<br />
| year low C = 23.8<br />
| Jan record low C = 12.9<br />
| Feb record low C = 11.9<br />
| Mar record low C = 14.2<br />
| Apr record low C = 20.0<br />
| May record low C = 20.4<br />
| Jun record low C = 21.5<br />
| Jul record low C = 20.7<br />
| Aug record low C = 21.8<br />
| Sep record low C = 21.7<br />
| Oct record low C = 16.5<br />
| Nov record low C = 15.0<br />
| Dec record low C = 13.5<br />
| year record low C = 11.9<br />
| rain colour = green<br />
| Jan rain mm = 17.6<br />
| Feb rain mm = 5.1<br />
| Mar rain mm = 5.2<br />
| Apr rain mm = 15.9<br />
| May rain mm = 58.5<br />
| Jun rain mm = 77.0<br />
| Jul rain mm = 117.3<br />
| Aug rain mm = 127.3<br />
| Sep rain mm = 131.7<br />
| Oct rain mm = 205.2<br />
| Nov rain mm = 249.1<br />
| Dec rain mm = 116.2<br />
| Jan rain days = 1.1<br />
| Feb rain days = 0.6<br />
| Mar rain days = 0.5<br />
| Apr rain days = 1.1<br />
| May rain days = 2.8<br />
| Jun rain days = 5.0<br />
| Jul rain days = 7.9<br />
| Aug rain days = 7.7<br />
| Sep rain days = 7.0<br />
| Oct rain days = 9.0<br />
| Nov rain days = 9.4<br />
| Dec rain days = 4.8<br />
| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| Jan humidity = 55<br />
| Feb humidity = 45<br />
| Mar humidity = 37<br />
| Apr humidity = 37<br />
| May humidity = 38<br />
| Jun humidity = 45<br />
| Jul humidity = 51<br />
| Aug humidity = 52<br />
| Sep humidity = 56<br />
| Oct humidity = 65<br />
| Nov humidity = 69<br />
| Dec humidity = 65<br />
| year humidity = 51<br />
| source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDnormals><br />
{{cite web<br />
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf<br />
| archive-date = 5 February 2020<br />
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf<br />
| title = Station: Tirupati (A) Climatological Table 1981-2010<br />
| work = Climatological Normals 1981-2010<br />
| publisher = India Meteorological Department<br />
| date = January 2015<br />
| pages = 751–752<br />
| access-date = 19 February 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes><br />
{{cite web<br />
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf<br />
| archive-date = 5 February 2020<br />
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf<br />
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)<br />
| publisher = India Meteorological Department<br />
| date = December 2016<br />
| page = M19<br />
| access-date = 19 February 2020}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India]], the Tirupati city municipal corporation had a population of 287,035. The total population constitute, 145,977 males and 141,058 females — a sex ratio of 966 females per 1000 males, higher than the national average of 940 per 1000. There were 24,643 children are in the age group of 0–6 years. It had an effective literacy rate (7+ copulation) of 87.55%.<ref name="profile">{{cite web |title=Cities having population 1 lakh and above, Census 2011 |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |website=census.gov.in |access-date=5 September 2020}}</ref> The urban agglomeration had a population of 459,985, of which males constitute 231,456, females constitute 228,529 — a sex ratio of 987 females per 1000 males and 41,589 children are in the age group of 0–6 years. There are a total of 356,558 literates with an effective literacy rate (7+ population) of 85.22%.<ref name=UA /><br />
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[[Telugu language|Telugu]] is the official and the most commonly spoken language. It is followed by [[Urdu]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]], while [[Kannada]] and [[Hindi]] are spoken in small numbers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2800.XLSX|title=C-16 Population By Mother Tongue - Andhra Pradesh|website=censusindia.gov.in|access-date=10 April 2022}}</ref> [[Hinduism]] is the major religion and most of the temples in Tirupati are of [[Dravidian architecture]].<br />
<br />
== Culture ==<br />
<br />
===Festivals===<br />
The city celebrates all major [[List of Hindu festivals|Hindu festivals]] which includes [[Sankranti]], [[Ugadi]], [[Krishna Janmashtami]], [[Maha Shivaratri]], [[Ganesh Chaturthi]], [[Deepavali]], [[Rama Navami]], [[Kartik Poornima]] etc. [[Srivari Brahmotsavam]] is a nine-day event, celebrated during the months of September–October, the temple of Tirumala witness lakhs of devotees.<ref>{{cite news |title=Over 4 Lakh Witness Garuda Vahana Seva |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2014/oct/01/Over-4-Lakh-Witness-Garuda-Vahana-Seva-667120.html |access-date=9 May 2022 |work=The New Indian Express |date=1 October 2014}}</ref> During this festival, the processional deity [[Malayappa swami|Malayappa]] of Venkateswara Temple, along with his consorts Sridevi and Bhudevi, is taken in a procession in four mada streets around the temple on different [[Vahana]]ms. Tirupati also celebrates a carnival named as [[Tirupati Ganga Jatara]], held during second week of May every year. This is a week long festival where Gangamma ([[Gramadevata|Grama Devatha]]) is worshiped.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tirupati set for 'Ganga Jatara' |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/tirupati-set-for-ganga-jatara/article4694213.ece|date=8 May 2013|work=The Hindu|access-date=30 March 2015}}</ref> The tank behind the temple of [[Padmavathi Temple, Tiruchanur]] has Padma Pushkarini, where Chakra Snanam will be held on last day of Annual Padmavathi Brahmotsavams (Panchami Teertham). It will witness lakhs of Devotees taking a dip in the holy waters.<ref>{{cite news |title=2 Lakh Take Holy Dip on 'Panchami Theertham' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2014/nov/28/2014-687845.html |access-date=9 May 2022 |work=The New Indian Express |date=28 November 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Vaikunta Ekadasi]], the day on which it is believed that Vaikunta Dwarams will be opened and the most important Vasihnavite festival, is celebrated in Tirumala and Tirupati with grandeur.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tirupati gearing for Ekadasi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tirupati-gearing-for-ekadasi/article2721342.ece |access-date=21 March 2016 |work=The Hindu |date=16 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=1.5 lakh converge on Tirumala for Vaikuntha Ekadasi, New Year |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/450956/15-lakh-converge-tirumala-vaikuntha.html |access-date=21 June 2015 |work=Deccan Herald |date=1 January 2015 |language=en}}</ref> [[Ratha Saptami#In Tirumala|Rathasapthami]] is another festival, celebrated during February, when Venkateswara's processional deity ([[Malayappa swami|Malayappa]]) is taken in a procession around the temple on seven different [[vahana]]s from early morning to late night.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.geocities.com/suman_malepati/rathasaptami.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091027133227/http://www.geocities.com/suman_malepati/rathasaptami.html | archive-date = 27 October 2009 | title = Rathasapthami photos}}</ref><br />
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[[Krishna Janmashtami|Sri Krishna janmastami]] also known as Gokulashtami is celebrated with great fervor at Tirupati. The Lotus Temple belonging to [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness]] (ISKCON) will be illuminated with lamps and paintings displaying themes from [[Bhagavata Purana|Srimad Bhagavatham]]. The celebrations include offering prayers to [[Krishna|Sri Krishna]], Utlotsavam, [[Annamacharya|Annamayya]] Kirtana alapana, [[Bhagavad Gita|Geetha]] Parayanam etc. On this day 'Gokulashtami Asthanam' will be held at [[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple]]. TTD will also celebrate the janmastami at Sri Venkateswara Gosamrakshana Shala where prayers will be offered to cows, horses and elephants.<ref>{{cite web|title=Janmashtami celebrated in Tirupati |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/janmashtami-celebrated-in-tirupati/article3091470.ece|work=The Hindu|access-date=23 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=All set for Sri Krishna Janmashtami in Tirupati|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/all-set-for-sri-krishna-janmashtami-in-tirupati/article2380638.ece|work=The Hindu|access-date=23 June 2015}}</ref> The [[Maha Shivaratri]] and [[Kartik Poornima]] are the most auspicious occasions celebrated in [[Kapila Theertham]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Sri Kapileswara Swamy Temple|url=https://www.tirumala.org/KAPILESWARA%20SWAMY%20TEMPLE.aspx|access-date=2 July 2015}}</ref><br />
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[[File:A Tirupathi laddu.jpg|thumb|[[Tirupati Laddu]] ([[Venkateswara|Srivari]] Laddu) offered to [[Venkateswara]] at [[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple|Tirupati Temple]]]]<br />
<br />
===Cuisine===<br />
Tirupati is world-famous for [[Tirupati Laddu]]. It is the [[prasad]]am at [[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala]]. Tirupati Laddu had got [[Geographical indication]] tag which entitles only [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]] to make or sell it.<ref>{{cite web|title=Only TTD entitled to make or sell 'Tirupati laddu': High Court|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/only-ttd-entitled-to-make-or-sell-tirupati-laddu-high-court/article5743809.ece|work=The Hindu|access-date=23 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Now, Geographical Indication rights for 'Tirupati laddu'|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/now-geographical-indication-rights-for-tirupati-laddu-114022800969_1.html|publisher=Business Standard|access-date=23 June 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Arts, crafts and architecture===<br />
[[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]] established Sri Venkateswara Museum, one at Tirumala and the other at Tirupati. It has a wonderful collection of Tirupati temple architecture and historical artefacts, such as ancient weaponry, pooja items and idols. It has a comprehensive photo gallery that gives a unique insight into the Tirupati region's culture and traditions. It also boasts a meditation centre.<ref>{{cite web|title=Heritage in Tirupati-SV Museum|url=http://www.aptdc.gov.in/heritage-in-tirupati.html|publisher=Andhra Pradesh Tourism board|access-date=23 June 2015}}</ref> In 1988–89 [[Archaeological Survey of India]] had established an Archaeological Museum in the [[Chandragiri Fort, Andhra Pradesh|Chandragiri fort]] at [[Chandragiri]]. It exhibits rich collection of stone and metal sculptures of Hindu gods and other cultural vestiges retrieved from other historical places like [[Gudimallam]], [[Gandikota]] and [[Yaganti]]. It also includes galleries for medieval weaponry swords and daggers, coins and paper documents.<ref>{{cite web|title=Archaeological Museum, Chandragiri|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_museums_chandragiri.asp|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India|access-date=23 June 2015}}</ref><br />
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== Governance ==<br />
[[Tirupati (Assembly constituency)|Tirupati Assembly constituency]] is one of the 175 assembly constituencies of [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], India. Tirupati is part of [[Tirupati (Lok Sabha constituency)]]. Gurumurthy Maddela of [[YSR Congress Party]] is the sitting [[Member of Parliament]] for Tirupati (Lok Sabha constituency) <br />
<br />
Bhumana Karunakara Reddy of YSR Congress Party is the sitting [[Member of Legislative Assembly]] for Tirupati (Assembly constituency) and B. R. Sirisha Yadav of YSR Congress Party is the mayor for [[Tirupati Municipal Corporation]].<ref>{{cite web|title=TDP wins Tirupati Assembly by-election|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/tdp-wins-tirupati-assembly-byelection/article6901522.ece|access-date=10 July 2015}}</ref> C. Bhaskar Reddy of YSR Congress Party is the [[Chairman]] for [[Tirupati Urban Development Authority]] (TUDA).{{cn|date=May 2022}}<br />
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=== Civic administration ===<br />
Tirupati Municipal Corporation (TMC) oversees the administration of the city. Tirupati was constituted as a municipality on 1 April 1886; it was upgraded to a second grade municipality on 1 October 1962, to a first grade municipality on 12 December 1965, to special grade municipality on 13 February 1970, and to selection grade municipality on 7 October 1998. Tirupati Municipality was upgraded to a municipal corporation on 2 March 2007. The area of the municipal corporation at the time of formation was {{convert|16.59|km2|mi2}}.<ref name=tmc>{{cite web|title=ABOUT TMC|url=http://www.tirupaticorporation.org.in/about-tmc.aspx|website=Tirupati Municipal Corporation|access-date=23 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707052157/http://www.tirupaticorporation.org.in/about-tmc.aspx|archive-date=7 July 2015}}</ref> While, at present the area of the city is {{convert|27.44|km2|mi2}}.<ref name=profile /><br />
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Tirupati Urban Development Authority (TUDA) is the [[urban planning]] authority. It was constituted in the year 1981, with Tirupati town and 89 villages under its jurisdiction. In 2008, it included [[Srikalahasti]], [[Puttur, Andhra Pradesh|Puttur]] and 69 surrounding villages. At present TUDA covers an area of {{convert|1211.51|km2|abbr=on}}.<ref name=tuda>{{cite web|title=TUDA – RTI 2005|url=http://www.tuda.gov.in/RTI_English.aspx|website=Tirupati Urban Development Authority|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=12 June 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614025001/http://www.tuda.gov.in/RTI_English.aspx|archive-date=14 June 2015}}</ref><br />
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=== Law and order ===<br />
[[File:The Gateway of Heaven.JPG|thumb|Sapthagiri Security Zone at [[Alipiri]]-Tirupati]]<br />
Tirupati has the status of Urban Police District; it has 25 police stations.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tirupati Urban District| url=http://www.appolice.gov.in/jsp/userDistComm.do?method=viewDistComm|access-date=22 June 2015}}</ref> Tirupati temple was deployed with 100 [[Organisation for Counter Terrorist Operations|Octopus]] (Organisation For Counter Terrorist Operations) commandos to look over its security. This was formed by [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]] in the year 2012. The elite commando force has been specially trained for in house intervention, hostage rescue and Israeli combat technique [[Krav Maga]].<ref>{{cite web|title=How Octopus commandos flushed out militants in 10-hr-long operation in Chittoor?| url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/NAT-TOP-how-octopus-commandos-flushed-out-militants-in-10-hr-long-operation-in-chittoor-4395129-NOR.html|access-date=22 June 2015}}</ref><br />
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At [[Alipiri]], security zone was established to screen vehicles and pilgrims entering Tirumala, to safeguard the hills from terrorists and anti-social elements.<ref>{{cite web|title=New security set-up at Alipiri| website=[[The Hindu]]| url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/new-security-setup-at-alipiri/article188746.ece|access-date=22 June 2015}}</ref> To assure more safety in Tirumala-Tirupati, the government of Andhra Pradesh started a project called "Safe City-Tirupati": the Tirupati temple and the city will be placed under 24*7 CCTV surveillance with 3000 CCTV cameras, monitored from a command-and-control centre. Baggage scanners and Explosive detectors are installed at several places.<ref>{{cite news|title=High security in Tirumala, Tirupati after terror alert| url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/high-security-in-tirumala-tirupati-after-terror-alert/|date=30 January 2015|work=Indian Express|access-date=22 June 2015}}</ref><br />
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=== Utility services ===<br />
[[File:Wind Turbine on Tirumala.jpg|thumb|Wind Turbines on the hills of Tirumala]]<br />
Electricity to the city is distributed by [[Andhra Pradesh Southern Power Distribution Company Limited]] (APSPDCL), headquartered at Tirupati.<ref name=power1>{{cite web|title=APSPDCL-Company Profile |url=http://www.apspdcl.in/SPDCL_Home.portal?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=Login_portal_page_34_page_35 |access-date=10 August 2015}}</ref> The city mostly depends on [[groundwater]] for its needs,<ref name=water1>{{cite web|title=Statistical Analysis of Drinking Water Quality and its Impact on Human Health in Chandragiri, near Tirupati, India|url=http://www.eco-web.com/edi/111219.html|access-date=10 August 2015}}</ref> though it also gets water from [[Telugu Ganga]] canal and Kalyani dam.<ref name=dam1>{{cite web|title=Tirupati Municipal Corporation-Water supply Timings|url=http://www.tirupaticorporation.org.in/waterstime.aspx|website=Tirupati Municipal Corporation|access-date=23 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707053835/http://www.tirupaticorporation.org.in/waterstime.aspx|archive-date=7 July 2015}}</ref> There are five dams in the vicinity: [[Kalyani Dam]], Papavinasanam Dam, Gogurbham Dam, Pasupudara Dam, Kumaradara Dam, Akasa Ganga.<ref name=dam2>{{cite news |title=Acute water crisis hits Tirumala |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140624/nation-current-affairs/article/acute-water-crisis-hits-tirumala |access-date=10 August 2015 |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=24 June 2014 |language=en}}</ref> all in the Tirumala Hill ranges. Of these dams Papavinasanam, Gogurbham, Pasupudara, kumaradara, and Akasa Ganga completely cater the water needs of Tirumala and Venkateswara Temple while 49% of [[Kalyani Dam]] water is being supplied to Tirumala and remaining water will be supplied to Tirupati.<ref name=dam2 /><ref name=dam3>{{cite news |last1=Murali |first1=B |title=TTD May Purchase Reservoir from AP to Meet Water Needs |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2015/jul/14/TTD-May-Purchase-Reservoir-from-AP-to-Meet-Water-Needs-783768.html |access-date=9 May 2022 |work=The New Indian Express |date=14 July 2015}}</ref><br />
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Tirupati falls under the Tirupati Telecom District of the [[Bharat Sanchar Nigam]] Limited.<ref name=Telecom1>{{cite news |last1=Sandeep |first1=B. Venkat |title=BSNL ready to set up 27 Wi-Fi hotspots in Tirupati |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/bsnl-ready-to-set-up-27-wifi-hotspots-in-tirupati/article7142206.ece |access-date=10 August 2015 |work=The Hindu |date=25 April 2015 |language=en-IN}}</ref> BSNL is planning to establish 27 Wi-Fi hotspots in the city.<ref name=Telecom1 /> The city also had a Regional Passport Seva Kendra(PSK).<ref name=passport1>{{cite news |last1=PTI |title=MEA realigns jurisdiction of passport offices in Andhra Pradesh, Telangana |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/mea-realigns-jurisdiction-of-passport-offices-in-andhra-pradesh-telangana/articleshow/47374175.cms |access-date=9 May 2022 |work=The Economic Times |date=21 May 2015}}</ref> PSK-Tirupati will cover [[Prakasam district|Prakasam]], [[Nellore]], [[Chittoor]], [[Kadapa]], [[Kurnool]] and [[Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh|Anantapur]] districts of Andhra Pradesh and will come under Visakhapatnam Passport Office.<ref>{{cite news |title=Good news for passport seekers from Kurnool, Kadapa |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/Good-news-for-passport-seekers-from-Kurnool-Kadapa/article17287415.ece |access-date=15 November 2017 |work=The Hindu |date=10 February 2017 |language=en-IN}}</ref><br />
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The city ranked sixth in India among the 200 cities that competed during Swachh Survekshan – 2018 conducted by [[Ministry of Urban Development]], [[Government of India]], and the [[Central Pollution Control Board]] (CPCB) of India. According to the National Urban Sanitation Policy, the city was ranked 117th in the country in 2009–10, with a total of 39.363 points.<ref>{{cite news|title=State bags 3 of top 10 Swachh ranks |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/state-bags-3-of-top-10-swachh-ranks/article24242936.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=23 June 2018|access-date=30 July 2018}}</ref> As a part of 'Swachh Tirupati', Tirupati Municipal Corporation has started household waste segregation programme.<ref name=waste1>{{cite news|title=Waste segregation begins in Tirupati|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/waste-segregation-begins-in-tirupati/article6972881.ece|access-date=10 August 2015|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=9 March 2015}}</ref> As of May 2015, 150 [[Tonnes]] of waste is being collected per day from households within the municipal limits.<ref name=waste1 /> The city is the 11th most cleanliest city with 66 points in the cleanliness scorecard published by Union Tourism Ministry of India.<ref>{{cite news|title=Delhi Emerges 7th Cleanest in 36-City Cleanliness Survey, Gangtok Cleanest, Raipur Dirtiest|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Delhi-Emerges-7th-Cleanest-in-36-City-Cleanliness-Survey-Gangtok-Cleanest-Raipur-Dirtiest/2015/08/23/article2989433.ece|access-date=23 December 2015|work=The New Indian Express|date=23 August 2015|location=New Delhi}}</ref><br />
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=== Healthcare ===<br />
Tirupati is a medical hub with major hospitals situated in its vicinity. Many of these are either run under State government or run/funded by [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]] (TTD).<br />
[[File:SVAravind EYE Hospital Tirupati.jpg|thumb|SVAravind EYE Hospital Tirupati]]<br />
[[Sri Venkateswara Ramnarain Ruia Government General Hospital]] is one of the largest in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]], and the main government hospital for the [[Rayalaseema]] region. It is started in the year 1962 with a donation of Rs.5 lakhs from Sri Radha Krishna N. Ruia and 15 lakhs from [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]]. At present it has 750 beds.<ref>{{cite web|title=Foundation Laying Ceremony of the New Children's Hospital, Tirupati| url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=30671|access-date=15 June 2015}}</ref> [[Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences]] (SVIMS) is another major medical institute, founded in 1986.<ref name="SVIMS"/><br />
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[[File:Pvt Hospital in Tpty.jpg|thumb|Private medical facility]]<br />
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Balaji Institute of Surgery, Research and Rehabilitation for the Disabled (BIRRD) has 250 beds; it was established in 1985 by TTD to treat patients with polio myelitis, cerebral palsy, congenital anomalies, spinal injuries, and orthopaedical impairments. A non-profit organisation, it is run with funds from Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams and donations from the public.<ref>{{cite web|title=BIRRD| url=http://www.birrd.org/|access-date=15 June 2015}}</ref> [[Government Maternity Hospital, Tirupati|Government Maternity Hospital]] (GMH) in Tirupati is the largest maternity hospital in the state of Andhra pradesh in terms of number of deliveries.<ref name=GMH>{{cite web|title=Maternity hospital awaits better 'treatment'| website=[[The Hindu]]| url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/maternity-hospital-awaits-better-treatment/article5446494.ece|access-date=3 September 2015}}</ref> Established 50 years ago, GMH is thronged by Pregnant woman from Chittoor, YSR kadapa, Nellore, Anantapur districts of Andhra Pradesh and few areas of Tamil Nadu.<ref name=GMH /> GMH was named "best hospital" under the "sterilization and institutional deliveries category" from the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]] for the year 2013.<ref name=GMH /> Aswini Hospital in Tirumala is a general hospital in Tirumala maintained by TTD.<br />
<br />
== Economy ==<br />
===City economic overview===<br />
[[File:FOXLINK Facility at APIIC EMC Tpty.jpg|thumb|FOXLINK Facility at APIIC Park Tpty]]<br />
[[Tourism in Andhra Pradesh|Tourism]] is the major industry in Tirupati.<ref>{{cite news |last1=PTI |title=Tirupati temple makes Andhra Pradesh top tourist spot |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/tirupati-temple-makes-andhra-pradesh-top-tourist-spot-529266 |access-date=9 May 2022 |work=NDTV |date=23 July 2013}}</ref><ref name=tour1>{{cite news |title='Spiritual tourism' to rake in the moolah |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/spiritual-tourism-to-rake-in-the-moolah/article6862908.ece |access-date=9 May 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=5 February 2015 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name=tour2>{{cite news |last1=Rangarajan |first1=A. D. |title=Pilgrimage tourism hit in Tirupati |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/pilgrimage-tourism-hit-in-tirupati/article5025528.ece |access-date=9 May 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=15 August 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
The entire economy directly or indirectly depends on [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]] (TTD). TTD is headquartered at Tirupati.<ref name=tirupatiTradition>{{cite book | title =Vedic Voices: Intimate Narratives of a Living Andhra Tradition| publisher =Oxford University Press| last=Knipe| first= David M |year = 2015 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=8oUSBwAAQBAJ&q=tirupati&pg=PT70| isbn =9780190266738}}</ref> Established in 1932, TTD is an independent trust which manages [[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala|Tirumala Venkateswara Temple]] and [[List of temples under Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams|other temples]] in Tirupati and all over the world. It is also involved in several social activities. As Tirupati is a major religious tourist destination, the [[hospitality industry]] is also a major industry which includes many 3 star hotels and lodges.<ref name=tour1 /><ref name=tour2 /><br />
[[File:Taj Group of Hotel Tirupati.jpg|thumb|Taj Group of Hotel Tirupati]]<br />
Andhra Pradesh Southern Power Distribution Company Limited (APSPDCL) is also headquartered at Tirupati. Gandhi Road, Prakasam Road, V.V Mahal Road, AIR Bypass Road are highly commercial areas in the city. Major brands of automobile, textile, mobile, electrical and electronic companies have their outlets in Tirupati.<ref name=economy1>{{cite news |title=AP registers surge in vehicle sale |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/AP-registers-surge-in-vehicle-sale/articleshow/48660181.cms |access-date=9 May 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=25 August 2015}}</ref><br />
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[[Andhra Pradesh Industrial Infrastructure Corporation|APIIC]] Industrial Park is located at Gajulamandyam, Renigunta. Industries like Sri Venkateswara Cooperative Sugar Factory Limited, AshwiniBio Pharma Ltd and others are situated in this park. [[Amara Raja Group|Amara Raja]] factory is located at Karakambadi, Renigunta. Lanco cement factory is located at Eerpedu mandal. The majority of the city residents are employed under TTD. [[Zoho Corporation|Zoho]], an Indian software development company has an office in [[Renigunta]] and has been operating from this office since 2018.<ref name="BL">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/zoho-corporation-opens-office-at-renigunta/article10031688.ece|title=Zoho Corporation opens office at Renigunta|date=13 January 2018|newspaper=Business Line|access-date=9 May 2022}}</ref><br />
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=== IT/ITES and electronics industry ===<br />
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[[File:DIXON Facility at APIIC EMC Tpty.jpg|thumb|DIXON Facility at APIIC EMC Tpty]]<br />
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[[Sri Venkateshwara Mobile and Electronics Manufacturing Hub]] is a dedicated mobile handset and electronics manufacturing facility located at Tirupati. The Hub is spread over {{Convert|122|acre|abbr=on}} Acres out of which Celkon is established in {{Convert|20|acre|abbr=on}} acres, Micromax in {{Convert|15|acre|abbr=on}} acres, Karbonn in {{Convert|15.28|acre|abbr=on}} acres and Lava in {{Convert|20|acre|abbr=on}} acres with a total investment of Rupees 2000 crores.<ref>{{Cite news|last=PTI|date=21 October 2015|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/prime-minister-narendra-modi-to-lay-stone-of-mobile-hub-in-tirupati/articleshow/49486090.cms|title=Prime Minister Narendra Modi to lay stone of mobile hub in Tirupati|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=9 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=IANS|date=22 October 2015|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/tech-news-technology/pm-lays-foundation-stone-for-mobile-manufacturing-facility-in-tirupati/|title=PM lays foundation stone for mobile manufacturing facility in Tirupati|work=Indian Express|access-date=9 May 2022}}</ref> Dixon Technologies has a manufacturing unit in this hub, where they are producing [[Smart TV]]s for [[Xiaomi]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kurmanath |first1=K. V. |title=Xiaomi begins production of smart TVs at Tirupati |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/xiaomi-begins-production-of-smart-tvs-at-tirupati/article25125337.ece |access-date=9 May 2022 |work=Business Line |date=4 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref><br />
[[File:CELKON Manifacturing plant at Tirupati.jpg|thumb|CELKON Manufacturing plant at Tirupati]]<br />
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=== Tourism sector ===<br />
Tourism sector is of great importance to the city. It is because of the presence of [[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple]] and a number of other temples in and around the city. It attracts large number of tourists which helps the tourism department of the state in generating revenue.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tirupati Tour – Andhra Pradesh Tourism|url=http://www.aptdc.gov.in/tirupathi.html|website=www.aptdc.gov.in|access-date=23 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Govt determined to strengthen tourism infrastructure: PM|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/modi-inaugurates-garuda-terminla-at-tirupati-airport/article7792787.ece|access-date=23 December 2015|work=The Hindu|date=22 October 2015|location=Tirupati|language=en-IN}}</ref> Tirumala is said to be one of the most visited religious sites on earth, and Tirupati Temple is currently a Guinness World Record holder for most visited temple in the world.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}} Tourism comprises a large portion of the Tirupati economy.<br />
<br />
== Cityscape ==<br />
<br />
===Temples===<br />
{{Main|Hindu Temples in Tirupati}}<br />
[[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple]] is the most notable temple for being the world{{'}}s richest [[Vaishnavite]] temple of [[Venkateswara]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Record collection of Rs 5.73 crore at Tirumala|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Record-collection-of-Rs-5-73-crore-at-Tirumala/articleshow/12498226.cms|access-date=13 August 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=2 April 2012|location=Tirumala}}</ref> Beside Venkateswara Temple, the city is known for many other ancient temples, such as [[Padmavathi Temple, Tiruchanur|Padmavathi Temple]] at [[Tiruchanur]], [[Govindaraja Temple, Tirupati|Govindaraja Temple]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Sri Govindaraja Swamy Temple|url=http://www.tirumala.org/TemplesAtTirupathi.aspx|access-date=23 June 2015}}</ref> Kapileswara Temple at [[Kapila Theertham]], Thathayyagunta Gangamma Temple of goddess Gangamma is the [[Gramadevata]] of Tirupati{{citation needed|date=March 2016}}, [[Sri Kodandaramaswami Temple]] etc.<br />
<gallery mode="packed" style="font-size:88%; line-height:130%; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;" heights="210" caption="[[Hindu Temples in Tirupati]]"><br />
File:Sri Venkateswara Swamy Temple in Tirumala in Chittoor district,Andhra Pradesh.jpg|[[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala|Venkateswara Temple]]<br />
File:Tirupathi (6337140675).jpg|[[Govindaraja Temple, Tirupati|Govindaraja Temple]]<br />
File:Padmavathi Ammavari Temple.JPG|[[Padmavathi Temple]]<br />
File:KodhandaRamarTemple.jpg|[[Kodandarama Temple, Tirupati|Kodandarama Temple]]<br />
File:Kapila Theertham waterfalls Tirupati 2015 1.jpg|[[Kapila Theertham]]<br />
</gallery><br />
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===Other landmarks===<br />
[[File:Divyaramam View.jpg|thumb|Divyaramam View]]<br />
[[File:Talakona falls view.jpg|thumb|Talakona falls view]]<br />
Besides historic temples, there are other tourist destinations in and around the city. [[Chandragiri Fort, Andhra Pradesh|Chandragiri Fort]] is a historical fort, built in the 11th century located in [[Chandragiri]]. The fort also host an Archaeological Museum maintained by Archaeological Survey of India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Museum – Chandagiri|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_museums_chandragiri.asp|website=Archaeological Survey of India|publisher=National Informatics Centre|access-date=16 March 2016}}</ref> Established in 1987, [[Sri Venkateswara Zoological Park]] in Tirupati is the largest [[Zoo Park|zoo park]] in Asia, which covers an area of 5532 acres.<ref>{{cite web |title=Asia's biggest zoo beckons tourists|url=http://www.siasat.com/?by_user=183.82.212.231&ref_url=/news/asia%E2%80%99s-biggest-zoo-beckons-tourists|publisher=The Siasat Daily|access-date=13 July 2014|date=13 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Tirupati Zoo asked to exchange animals|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/article1314096.ece|access-date=16 June 2015|work=The Hindu|date=11 August 2008}}</ref> Tirupati also hosts a Regional Science centre. A Space Exposition Hall which has a digital Planetarium, first of its kind in Andhra Pradesh and an Innovation Space are added to this centre now.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/cm-inaugurates-space-exposition-hall-innovation-hub-at-rsct/article18522391.ece|title=CM inaugurates Space Exposition Hall, Innovation Hub at RSCT|author=Staff Reporter|date=22 May 2017|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VUDak_q0jaE |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/VUDak_q0jaE |archive-date=21 December 2021 |url-status=live|title=Inauguration of Innovation Space, Space Exposition Hall and a digital planetarium|date=13 June 2017|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref><br />
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<gallery mode="packed" style="font-size:88%; line-height:130%; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;" heights="210" caption="Other Places of interest in Tirupati"><br />
File:Chandragiri Fort - Raja Mahal (11).jpg|[[Chandragiri Fort, Andhra Pradesh|Chandragiri Fort]]<br />
File:Regional science centre Tpty.jpg|Regional science centre, Tirupati<br />
</gallery><br />
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=== Neighbourhoods ===<br />
[[Tiruchanur]], [[Alipiri]], [[Chandragiri]], [[Renigunta]], Netaji Road aka Karnala veedi, Gandhi Road, Teertha katta veedi, NTR Circle, Tiruchanur Road, Tilak Road, Tirupati Central bus stand and railway station, and Sri Krishnadevaraya Circle (Leela Mahal) areas are the notable neighbourhoods of the city.<ref name="areas">{{cite news|last1=Rangarajan|first1=A.D|title=Tirupati set to enter 'smart' league|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/tirupati-set-to-enter-smart-league/article8030338.ece|access-date=28 February 2016|work=The Hindu|date=26 December 2015|location=Tirupati}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Heavy security blanket thrown around Tirupati|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/heavy-security-blanket-thrown-around-tirupati/article7956262.ece|access-date=16 March 2016|work=The Hindu|date=7 December 2015|location=Tirupati}}</ref><br />
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== Transport ==<br />
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[[File:Tirupati Ghat.jpg|thumb|Tirupati Ghat Road]]<br />
[[File:APSRTC bus1.jpg|thumb|Sapthagiri Express bus of APSRTC]]<br />
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=== Roadways ===<br />
[[File:Veterinary University Road.jpg|thumb|Veterinary University Road]]<br />
The city is well connected to major cities through [[National Highway (India)|national]] and [[state highways]]. The National highways passing through Tirupati are, National Highway 71 which connects [[Madanapalle]] and [[Kadiri]], National Highway 140 connecting Tirupati with [[Puthalapattu]]. Within Tirupati Urban Development Authority Limits, there are two additional national highways, namely, NH 716 AND NH 565. NH 716 connects Renigunta part of Tirupati to Chennai and Muddanur (via Kadapa and Rajampet).NH 565 on the other hand connects NH 71 to NH 65. it starts from Yerpedu area of Tirupati and ends at Nakrekal in Nalgonda district.<ref>{{cite web|title=List of National Highways passing through A.P. State|url=http://aproads.cgg.gov.in/getInfo.do?dt=1&oId=33|website=Roads and Buildings Department|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=22 February 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328053359/http://aproads.cgg.gov.in/getInfo.do?dt=1&oId=33|archive-date=28 March 2016}}</ref><br />
[[File:NH 140 near Tirupati.jpg|thumb|NH 140 near Tirupati]]<br />
Constructed one in 1944 and the other in 1974, there are two all-weather, [[Road surface|asphalt]] [[Tirumala ghat roads|ghat roads between Tirupati and Tirumala]].<ref name=transport /> There is a total of {{cvt|294.47|km}} of roads within the Tirupati Municipal Corporation Limits.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tirupati - Public services/amenities|url=http://cdma.gov.in/tirupati/Public%20services_amenities.html|website=Municipal Administration & Urban Development Department|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=23 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428003711/http://cdma.gov.in/tirupati/Public%20services_amenities.html|archive-date=28 April 2015}}</ref><br />
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=== Public transport ===<br />
[[APSRTC]] is the state owned transport service, which operates buses to various destinations from [[Tirupati bus station complex]]. The bus station comprises three mini bus stations to various destinations, such as Srinivasa bus station for west-bound destinations, Sri Hari bus station for east bound destinations and Yedukondalu bus station is utilised for bus services to [[Tirumala]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Tirupati bus station gets new name|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/tirupati-bus-station-gets-new-name/article3067373.ece|work=The Hindu|access-date=17 July 2015}}</ref> Balaji Link bus station at [[Alipiri]] is also used for bus services to Tirumala.<ref name=transport>{{cite web|title=Travelling from Tirupati to Tirumala by road|url=http://www.tirumala.org/TransportFacilities.aspx|access-date=17 July 2015}}</ref> Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams runs free buses from the railway station and central bus stand to Alipiri for pilgrims. The buses to Tirumala are known as Sapthagiri Express.<ref>{{cite web|title=Super luxury buses on Tirumala ghat roads |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/super-luxury-buses-on-tirumala-ghat-roads/article362222.ece|work=The Hindu|access-date=17 July 2015}}</ref><br />
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Tirupati is in close proximity with the states of [[Karnataka]] and [[Tamil Nadu]]. Hence, direct buses from [[Tirumala]] to [[Chennai]], [[Bengaluru]], [[Jayanagar, Bangalore]], [[Vellore]], [[Kanchipuram]] are run by [[APSRTC]] Sapthagiri Express. [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]], [[TNSTC]] and [[State Express Transport Corporation (Tamil Nadu)|SETC]] also operates their services to Lower Tirupati. There are also private transport which operate in the city.<br />
<br />
=== Tirumala foot steps ===<br />
There are two footpaths from Tirupati to [[Tirumala]]. These paths are called ''Sopanamargas'' and are mostly used by pilgrims. The first (and oldest) path starts from [[Alipiri]] and has 3550 steps, totalling {{cvt|11|km}}. At Alipiri there is a temple dedicated to Venkateswara called Padalamandapam. There are four [[Gopuram]]s (temple towers) along the way. The other path, called ''Sri Vari Mettu'' starts from Srinivasa Mangapuram and is {{cvt|6|km}} long. Both paths are completely roofed and pass through seven hills (part of [[Seshachalam Hills]]).<ref>{{cite web|title=Tirupati to Tirumala on Foot |url=http://www.tirumala.org/TirumalatoTirupathiOnFoot.aspx|publisher=Tirumala Tirupati Devastanams|access-date=6 June 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Railways ===<br />
{{rws|Tirupati Main}} is classified as an ''A1 station'' in the [[Guntakal railway division]] of [[South Central Railway zone]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Statement showing category-wise No. of stations|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/StationRedevelopment/AI&ACategoryStns.pdf|website=Indian Railways|access-date=6 July 2017}}</ref> {{rws|Tirupati West Halt}} and {{rws|Tiruchanur}} are the satellite stations, used for decongesting rail traffic at the main station. In addition to these, Tirupati also has Chandragiri, Yerpedu and Renigunta Junction Railway stations to serve the needs of the people of the city.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sixth platform works begin in Tirupati railway station|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2017-05-02/Sixth-platform-works-begin-in-Tirupati-railway-station/297343|access-date=6 July 2017|work=The Hans India|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Airways ===<br />
[[File:Tirupati Airport View.jpg|thumb|Tirupati Airport View]]<br />
[[Tirupati Airport|Sri Venkateswara Airport]] is located {{cvt|15|km}} from the city centre and has daily flights to [[Coimbatore]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], [[Kolkata]], [[Mumbai]], [[New Delhi]], [[Bangalore]], [[Kolhapur]],[[Pune]], [[Tiruchirapalli]], [[Madurai]], [[Shirdi]], [[Rajahmundry]], [[Gulbarga]], [[Hubli]], [[Vijayawada]] and [[Visakhapatnam]]. The closest international airport is [[Chennai International Airport]] which is {{convert|130|km|abbr=on}} from Tirupati. Tirupati Airport is being upgraded to an international airport. The new terminal was inaugurated on 22 October 2015.<ref name=newterminal>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/tirupati-international-airport-inauguration-on-vijaya-dasami/article7751455.ece|title=Tirupati International Airport inauguration on Vijaya Dasami|work=The hindu|access-date=12 October 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Education ==<br />
[[File:ICI Tirupati.jpg|thumb|ICI Tirupati]]<br />
The primary and secondary school education is imparted by government, aided and private schools of the School Education Department of the state.<ref>{{cite web|title=School Education Department|url=http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf|publisher=School Education Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=7 November 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107220545/http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf|archive-date=7 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Department of School Education – Official AP State Government Portal {{!}} AP State Portal|url=http://www.ap.gov.in/department/organizations/school-education/|website=www.ap.gov.in|access-date=7 November 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107155331/http://www.ap.gov.in/department/organizations/school-education/|archive-date=7 November 2016}}</ref> Majority of them are named after presiding deity of Tirupati temple, [[Venkateswara]] and his consort goddess [[Alamelu|Padmavati]].<br />
<br />
[[File:SVU Admin Building.jpg|thumb|SVU Admin Building]]<br />
[[File:S V Agricultural College.jpg|thumb|S V Agricultural College Tirupati]]<br />
<br />
There are several universities and colleges including [[Government of Andhra Pradesh|state government]] and [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanam]] sponsored such as, [[Sri Venkateswara University]], established in 1954; [[Sri Padmavati Mahila Visvavidyalayam]], a dedicated women's university; Medical colleges include [[Sri Venkateswara Medical College]] and [[Sri Padmavathi Medical College]] for Women.<ref name="SVIMS">{{cite web|title=Sri Padmavathi Medical College for Women Tirupati AP' |url=https://svimstpt.ap.nic.in/|access-date=26 May 2015}}</ref> [[Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences]] (SVIMS) is also a medical institute, [[Sri Venkateswara Vedic University]] to preserve, foster and promote oral traditions of Vedic, Agamic and Cognate Literature, with focus on right intonations.<ref>{{cite web|title=WELCOME TO SVVU' |url=http://www.svvedicuniversity.org/}}</ref> [[Rashtriya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha]], a university established for higher learning in Sanskrit studies, Traditional Sastras and Pedagogy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rsvidyapeetha.ac.in/#/|title=Rashtriya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha :: Tirupati|website=rsvidyapeetha.ac.in}}</ref> [[Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University]] to strengthen education and services in the fields of Veterinary Science, Dairy Technology and Fishery Science in the State of Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sri Venkateswara veterinary University HISTORY' |url=http://www.svvu.edu.in/history.html |access-date=26 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424232812/http://svvu.edu.in/history.html |archive-date=24 April 2015 }}</ref> Sri Venkateswara Institute of Traditional Sculpture and Architecture (SVITSA) run by TTD is one of the two institutions in India offering courses in traditional sculpture and architecture to students. Seven diploma courses are offered in subjects such as [[Hindu temple architecture|temple architecture]], stone sculpture, Sudai aculpture, metal sculpture, wood sculpture, traditional painting and traditional [[Kalamkari]] art.<ref>{{cite news |title=Institute of Traditional Sculpture, Ancient Architecture at Tirupati |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2014/oct/05/Institute-of-Traditional-Sculpture-Ancient-Architecture-at-Tirupati-668114.html |access-date=19 June 2015 |work=The New Indian Express |date=5 October 2014}}</ref> [[Indian Culinary Institute, Tirupati]] is the first culinary institute in India established by [[Ministry of Tourism (India)]].<ref name=ICIT1>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/indian-culinary-institute-ready-for-inauguration/article24673689.ece| title=Indian Culinary Institute ready for inauguration | work=The Hindu | date=13 August 2018 | access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref><ref name=ICIT2>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2018-06-19/Indian-Culinary-Institute-in-Tirupati-is-all-set-to-open/390351/| title=Indian Culinary Institute in Tirupati is all set to open | work=The Hans India | date=19 June 2018 | access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
The city has [[Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research]] (IISER) and [[IIT Tirupati]] which were allotted by [[Government of India]] to the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=PTI |title=Minister lays foundations of IIT, IIIT, IISER in Chittoor dist |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/minister-lays-foundations-of-iit-iiit-iiser-in-chittoor-dist/article7043687.ece |access-date=9 May 2022 |work=Business Line |date=28 March 2015 |language=en}}</ref> There are three law colleges, namely, [[Sri Venkateswara College of Law]], Anantha College of Law, and Dr. Ambedkar Global Law Institute.<br />
<br />
==Research==<br />
[[File:Inst Of Agri Business Management.jpg|thumb|Inst Of Agri Business Management Tirupati]]<br />
* The [[National Atmospheric Research Laboratory]] (NARL) is an autonomous research institute funded by the Department of Space of the Government of India. NARL is engaged in fundamental and applied research in the field of atmospheric sciences. It is around {{cvt|30|km}} from Tirupati.<br />
* Sri Venkateswara Medical College, Tirupati is selected for establishment of Multidisciplinary Research Units (MRUs) and Model Rural Health Research Units (MRHRU) by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR).<ref name=research>{{cite web|title=Schemes to Promote Health Research in the Country|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=113262|access-date=15 June 2015}}</ref><br />
*[[Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences]] (SVIMS), Tirupati is selected for establishment of college level Viral Diagnostic Research Labs.<ref name=research /><br />
* A sub-centre for All India Coordinated Research Project (AICRP) on the groundnut ([[peanut]]) is established at the Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Tirupati to conduct research activities on new high. The research will help to meet the needs of the country's 100 arid districts which receive less than {{cvt|500|mm}} rainfall. RARS has so far developed 12 groundnut varieties.<ref name=GNresearch>{{cite news |title=Groundnut research to get a boost at Tirupati |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/groundnut-research-to-get-a-boost-at-tirupati/article6984044.ece |access-date=9 May 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=12 March 2015 |language=en-IN}}</ref><br />
* A research centre for indigenous cows was established by TTD at its dairy farm named Sri Venkateswara Gosamrakshanashala. The purpose of the centre is to protect the cows and also to share the rare breeds among similar organisations. The Gosamrakshanashala already had distinctive high-worth breeds like Ongole, while it is also trying to gather Sahiwal breed of cows from Punjab, Gir cows of Gujarat to the centre, Tharparker and Kankrej cows from Karnataka.<ref>{{cite news |title=TTD's dairy farm to become a research centre for indigenous cows |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/ttds-dairy-farm-to-become-a-research-centre-for-indigenous-cows/article5071265.ece |access-date=3 September 2015 |work=The Hindu |date=29 August 2013 |language=en-IN}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Media ==<br />
[[SVBC TV|Sri Venkateswara Bhakti Channel (SVBC)]], the first 24-hour Telugu devotional channel dedicated to broadcast Hindu devotional programmes and live telecasts of poojas performed at [[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple]], is telecasted from Tirupati.<br />
<br />
Started in 1949, ''[[Sapthagiri (magazine)|Sapthagiri]]'' is a spiritual monthly magazine based at Tirupati and published in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Sanskrit]], [[Hindi]], English, [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Kannada]] languages.<ref>{{cite news |title=TTD to release 2,000 publications as 'e-books' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/ttd-to-release-2000-publications-as-ebooks/article7319785.ece |access-date=17 July 2015 |work=The Hindu |date=15 June 2015 |language=en-IN}}</ref> Both SVBC channel and ''Sapthagiri'' are run by [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]].<ref>{{cite news |title='Link Puranic Tales to Current Issues' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2015/jun/23/Link-Puranic-Tales-to-Current-Issues-773209.html |access-date=9 May 2022 |work=The New Indian Express |date=23 June 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
Telugu newspapers ''[[Andhra Bhoomi]]'', ''[[Sakshi (magazine)|Saakshi]]'', ''[[Eenadu]]'', ''[[Vaartha]]'', ''[[Andhra Jyothi]]'', and ''[[Andhra Prabha]]''; and English newspapers ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'', ''[[The Hindu]]'', ''[[Indian Express]]'', ''[[Times of India]]'', and ''[[The Hans India]]'', are available in the city. The Hindu, Sakshi, Andhrajyothi, Eenadu and other dailies have their printing and publication offices set up here.<br />
<br />
Tirupati has [[Akashvani (radio broadcaster)|All India Radio]] station and is served by FM stations like [[BIG FM 92.7|92.7 Big FM]], [[Red FM 93.5|93.5 Red FM]], and [[E-FM 104|104 Enadu FM]].<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[List of cities in Andhra Pradesh by population]]<br />
* [[List of municipal corporations in Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
* [[List of urban agglomerations in Andhra Pradesh]] <br />
* [[List of temples under Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{Commons category|Tirupati}}<br />
{{Wikivoyage|Tirupati}}<br />
* [http://tuda.gov.in/ Tirupati Urban Development Authority]<br />
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[[Category:Tirupati| ]]<br />
[[Category:Tirupati district]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu holy cities]]<br />
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[[Category:District headquarters of Andhra Pradesh]]</div>UpdateBothttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anjum_Fakih&diff=328043Anjum Fakih2022-07-02T03:26:19Z<p>UpdateBot: robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)</p>
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<div>{{short description|Indian television actress and model|bot=PearBOT 5}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2016}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Anjum Fakih<br />
| image = Anjum Fakih, Saas Bahu Aur Saazish (01) (cropped).jpg<br />
| caption = Fakih in 2017<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1989|9|12|}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/tv/news/hindi/kundali-bhagyas-dheeraj-dhoopar-shraddha-arya-and-others-pour-birthday-wishes-at-anjum-fakih-in-their-own-style/amp_articleshow/78074820.cms|title=Kundali Bhagya's Dheeraj Dhooper, Shraddha Arya and others pour birthday wishes at Anjum Fakih at their own style|work=[[Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra, India<br />
| nationality = Indian<br />
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress<br>Model}}<br />
| known_for = ''[[Kundali Bhagya]]''<br />
| years_active = 2009—present<br />
}}<br />
'''Anjum Fakih''' (born 12 September 1989) is an Indian actress and [[Model (person)|model]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/i-used-to-wear-a-burkha-earlier-but-in-2010-i-decided-to-live-my-life-on-my-terms-anjum-fakih-of-kundali-bhagya/articleshow/59386414.cms|title=I used to wear a burkha earlier, but in 2010 I decided to live my life on my terms: Anjum Fakih of Kundali Bhagya - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kundali Bhagya's Dheeraj Dhoopar, Shraddha Arya, and others pour birthday wishes at Anjum Fakih in their own style - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kundali-bhagyas-dheeraj-dhoopar-shraddha-arya-and-others-pour-birthday-wishes-at-anjum-fakih-in-their-own-style/articleshow/78074820.cms|access-date=2021-11-30|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> She is best known for her work in [[Zee TV]] popular shows ''[[Ek Tha Raja Ek Thi Rani]]'' and ''[[Kundali Bhagya]]''.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bikini-television-actresses-in-bikini/kundali-bhagya-actress-anjum-fakih-rocks-the-bikini-look/photostory/61724431.cms|title=Kundali Bhagya actress Anjum Fakih rocks the bikini look - Top TV actresses in bikini|website=The Times of India}}</ref> In a short span of time, she has established herself as one of the promising new actresses on Indian television.<ref name="Anjum Fakih to play lead in Nilanjana’s next!">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Anjum-Fakih-EPIC-TV-Nilanjana-Manish-Wadhwa-Krishna-Shetty/articleshow/25254377.cms|title=Anjum Fakih to play lead in Nilanjana’s next!|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 November 2013|accessdate=2 March 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Anjum Fakih was born on 12 September 1989 in [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra, India in a [[Konkani]] [[Islam]] family. Her parents Kamaluddin Fakih and Sultana Fakih live in [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arab]]. She completed her education from [[University of Mumbai]]. At the age of 19 she left her home to pursue a career in acting and modeling and relocated herself to Mumbai. Later she enrolled herself in Elan Modelling Agency Pvt Ltd. where she started her career as a model and later appeared in several commercials.{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}}<br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
<br />
Fakih decided to become a [[Model (person)|model]] when she was just 19 years old.<ref name="Anjum Fakih to play lead in Nilanjana’s next!"/><br />
<br />
In 2010, she ventured into [[Television in India|Hindi television]] with an unnoticed part of Bonita Ahluwalia in [[romantic comedy|rom-com]] ''[[Mahi Way]]''.<ref name="auto"/><br />
<br />
Post a five years hiatus, she returned to television in 2015 with [[Star Plus]]'s romantic drama ''[[Tere Sheher Mein]]'' which featured her as Rachita Agnihotri. In the same year, she also appeared in ''Time Machine''. Later that year in December, Fakih starred as the evil antagonist Rani Rageshwari in ''[[Ek Tha Raja Ek Thi Rani]]'', a period drama broadcast on [[Zee TV]], and was highly appreciated for her acting skills before she left the show in 2016.<ref name="auto1" /><br />
<br />
In February 2017, she signed [[Colors TV]]'s social drama ''[[Devanshi (TV series)|Devanshi]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/helly-shah-and-anjum-fakih-to-play-parallel-leads-on-devanshi/articleshow/57122647.cms|title=Helly Shah and Anjum Fakih to play parallel leads on Devanshi - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-02-26}}</ref> It saw her portray Sakshi, the adoptive sister of main titular character Devanshi (played by [[Helly Shah]]).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.abplive.in/television/meet-the-another-lead-actress-of-colors-tv-show-devanshi-491916|title=Meet the another LEAD ACTRESS of Colors TV show ‘Devanshi’|last=Desk|first=ABP News Web|access-date=2018-03-01|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Since July 2017, Fakih appears as a parallel lead in [[Zee TV]] popular television show ''[[Kundali Bhagya]]'' which is backed by [[Ekta Kapoor]]. Her performance as the naughty and fun-loving Srishti won her a [[Gold Awards|Gold Award]] and [[Zee Rishtey Awards|Zee Rishtey Award]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/what-s-hot/story/meet-kundali-bhagya-s-anjum-fakih-the-new-hottie-in-town-1168535-2018-02-13|title=Meet Kundali Bhagya's Anjum Fakih, the new hottie in town|date=2018-02-13|website=India Today|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-26}}</ref> Apart from being the biggest weekday launch in terms of [[Target rating point|TRP]] since 2016, ''Kundali Bhagya'' is currently [[Zee TV]]'s most watched soap on TV.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/dheeraj-dhoopar-starrer-kundali-bhagya-becomes-the-biggest-weekday-launch-since-2016/articleshow/59876265.cms|title=Dheeraj Dhoopar starrer Kundali Bhagya becomes the biggest weekday launch since 2016 - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-03-02}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2018 and 2020, she also did a cameo in [[Ekta Kapoor]]'s other productions ''[[Dil Hi Toh Hai]]'' (on [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]]) and ''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin 5]]'' (on [[Colors TV]]) respectively.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/zee-tv-as-kumkum-bhagya-and-kundali-bhagya-get-together-and-play-holi/19129157|title=Zee TV as Kumkum Bhagya and Kundali Bhagya get together and play Holi|date=2018-02-28|work=mid-day|access-date=2018-03-02}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2020, Fakih was seen playing key roles in two web shows ''Kashmakash and [[Kehne Ko Humsafar Hain]]''. In December 2020, she made her music video debut with ''Ik Dafa Toh Mil''.<br />
<br />
Since August 2021, Fakih is seen as Maitri in ''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain 2]].''<ref>{{Cite web|last=|date=2021-08-26|title=Anjum Fakih joins 'Bade Acche Lagte Hain 2' as Priya's sister|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/anjum-fakih-joins-bade-acche-lagte-hain-2-as-priyas-sister/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-29|website=BizAsia {{!}} Media, Entertainment, Showbiz, Brit, Events and Music|language=en-GB}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Filmography ==<br />
<br />
===Television===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Year !! Title !! Role<br />
!Notes<br />
!Ref.<br />
|-<br />
| 2010<br />
| ''[[Mahi Way]]''<br />
|| Bonita Ahluwalia<br />
| rowspan="7" |Recurring role<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 2015<br />
|''[[Tere Sheher Mein]]''<br />
|| Rachita Agnihotri<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Why is Anjum Fakih missing from 'Kundali Bhagya'? - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/why-is-anjum-fakih-missing-from-kundali-bhagya/articleshow/72105472.cms|access-date=2021-11-29|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''Time Machine''<br />
|Roshini Chatterjee<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2015–2016<br />
|''[[Ek Tha Raja Ek Thi Rani]]''<br />
|| Rageshwari<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2017<br />
|''[[Devanshi (TV series)|Devanshi]]''<br />
| Sakshi Bhatnagar<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Helly Shah and Anjum Fakih to play parallel leads on Devanshi - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/helly-shah-and-anjum-fakih-to-play-parallel-leads-on-devanshi/articleshow/57122647.cms|access-date=2021-11-29|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2017–present<br />
| ''[[Kundali Bhagya]]''<br />
|Srishti Arora Luthra<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-05|title=Anjum Fakih Shares Her Difficult But Inspiring Journey In This Exclusive #BreakingTheBarrier Women's Day Edition|url=https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/anjum-fakih-shares-her-difficult-but-inspiring-journey-in-this-exclusive-breakingthebarrier-womens-day-edition|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-29|website=ZEE5|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2021–present<br />
|''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain 2]]''<br />
|| Maitri Sood Bahl<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|last2=|first2=|last3=|first3=|title=Kundali Bhagya's Anjum Fakih to play Disha Parmar's sister in Bade Acche Lagte Hain 2|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/kundali-bhagya-s-anjum-fakih-to-play-disha-parmar-s-sister-in-bade-acche-lagte-hain-2-1845596-2021-08-26|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-29|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Special appearances ====<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Year !! Title !! Role<br />
!Ref.<br />
|-<br />
| 2017/2018 <br />
|''[[Kumkum Bhagya]]''<br />
|Srishti Arora<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-09 |title=Kumkum Bhagya: Pragya's Daughters, Rhea And Prachi Share The Same Life Story As Hers! Check Out How - Zee5 News |url=https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/kumkum-bhagya-pragyas-daughters-rhea-and-prachi-share-the-same-life-story-as-hers-check-out-how |access-date=2021-11-29 |website=ZEE5 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2018 <br />
|''[[Dil Hi Toh Hai]]'' <br />
|| Herself<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2020<br />
|''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin 5]]''<br />
|| Noor Beg<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020-08-25 |title=Anjum Fakih shares adorable pictures from the sets of Naagin 5 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/anjum-fakih-finds-bro-surbhi-chandna-shares-adorable-pictures-sets-naagin-5/ |url-status=live |access-date=2021-11-29 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Music videos===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Title !! Singer<br />
!Ref.<br />
|-<br />
| 2020<br />
| ''Ik Dafa To Mil''<br />
| Oye Kunaal<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Oye Kunaal's new song 'Ek Dafa Toh Mil' to feature actors Arjit Taneja and Anjum Fakih|url=https://www.mumbailive.com/en/music-dance/oye-kunaal%27s-new-song-%27ek-dafa-toh-mil%27-to-feature-actors-arjit-taneja-and-anjum-fakih-58543|access-date=2021-11-29|website=Mumbai Live|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Ik Dafa To Mil song by Oye Kunaal|url=https://gaana.com/album/ik-dafa-mil|language=en|access-date=2021-11-29}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Web series===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year<br />
! Title<br />
! Role<br />
!Notes<br />
!Ref.<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2020<br />
|''Kashmakash''<br />
|Guddi<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hungama Play Launches ‘Kashmakash’, A New Original Show Featuring 5 Unique Stories Of Modern-Day Crimes - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hungama-play-launches-kashmakash-a-new-original-show-featuring-5-unique-stories-of-modern-day-crimes/articleshow/74380594.cms|access-date=2021-09-19|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Kehne Ko Humsafar Hain]]''<br />
|Nisha<br />
|Season 3<br />
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Kehne Ko Humsafar Hain Season 3 Review: Loaded with the right quotient of drama and emotions|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/kehne-ko-humsafar-hain/kehne-ko-humsafar-hain-season-3/seasonreview/76244109.cms|access-date=2021-09-19}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons Category}}<br />
* {{IMDb name|id=7851691}}<br />
* {{Instagram|nzoomfakih}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Fakih, Anjum}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]<br />
[[Category:1996 births]]</div>UpdateBothttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rabri_Devi&diff=327776Rabri Devi2022-07-02T03:25:25Z<p>UpdateBot: robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Leader of Opposition in Bihar Vidhan Parishad, Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Rabri Devi Yadav<br />
| image = Rabri Devi presenting a cheque for Rs. 10 crore on behalf of the State Government to the Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh for the Prime Minister's National Relief Fund, in New Delhi on January 04, 2005 (cropped).jpg<br />
| image_size = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1956|1|1|df=y}}<ref name="oneindia" /><br />
| birth_place = [[Gopalganj, Bihar|Gopalganj]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]<ref name="oneindia" /><br />
| residence = [[Patna]]<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place =<br />
| office = [[Bihar Legislative Council|Leader of Opposition in Bihar Vidhan Parishad]]<br />
| term_start = 13 April 2022<br />
| term_end = <br />
| predecessor =<br />
| office1 = [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Bihar Legislative Assembly|Leader of Opposition<br>Bihar Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start1 = 20 Nov 2005<br />
| term_end1 = 23 Dec 2010<br />
| predecessor1 = [[Upendra Kushwaha]]<br />
| successor1 = [[Abdul Bari Siddiqui]]<br />
| office2 =21st [[Chief Minister of Bihar]]<br />
| term_start2 = 11 March 2000<br />
| term_end2 = 6 March 2005<br />
| governor2 = • [[V. C. Pande]]<br> • [[M R Jois]]<br>• [[Ved Prakash Marwah]] ''(acting)'' <br> • [[Buta Singh]]<br> • [[Gopalkrishna Gandhi]]<br />
| predecessor2 = [[Nitish Kumar]]<br />
| successor2 = [[President's rule]]<br />
| term_start3 = 9 March 1999<br />
| term_end3 = 2 March 2000<br />
| governor3 = [[Sunder Singh Bhandari]]<br />
| predecessor3 = [[President's rule]]<br />
| successor3 = [[Nitish Kumar]]<br />
| term_start4 = 25 July 1997<br />
| term_end4 = 11 February 1999<br />
| governor4 = [[Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai]]<br />
| predecessor4 = [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]]<br />
| successor4 = [[President's rule]]<br />
| office5 = [[list of chief ministers of Bihar|Spouse of the chief minister of Bihar]]<br />
| 1blankname5 = Chief Minister<br />
| 1namedata5 = Lalu Prasad Yadav<br />
| 1blankname6 = Chief Minister<br />
| 1namedata6 = Lalu Prasad Yadav<br />
| term_start6 = 10 March 1990 <br />
| term_end6 = 28 March 1995<br />
| predecessor6 = [[Jagannath Mishra|Veena Mishra]]<br />
| successor6 = herself<br />
| term_start5 = 4 April 1995 <br />
| term_end5 = 25 July 1997<br />
| predecessor5 = herself<br />
| successor5 = [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]]<br />
| party = [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]<br />
| spouse = [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]]<br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
| date = <br />
| year = <br />
| source = <br />
| relations = [[Tejashwi Yadav]] (Son)<br/>[[Tej Pratap Yadav]] (Son)<br/>[[Misa Bharti]] (Daughter)<br/>Raj Laxmi Yadav (Daughter)<br/>[[Tej Pratap Singh Yadav]] (Son-in-law)<br/>[[Chiranjeev Rao]] (Son-in-law)<br/>[[Sadhu Yadav]] (brother)<br/> [[Subhash Prasad Yadav]] (brother)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Rabri Devi Yadav''' (born 1 January 1956) is an Indian politician who is serving as the current [[Bihar Legislative Council|Leader of the Opposition in Bihar Vidhan Parishad]]. She formerly served three terms as the [[Chief Minister of Bihar]], the first and only woman till date to have held the office. She is a [[Member of Legislative Council|Member of Bihar Vidhan Parishad]]. She is the wife of Indian politician [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]], former [[Chief minister|Chief Minister]] of Bihar and former [[Railway Minister of India]] and mother of [[Tejashwi Yadav]], former [[Deputy Chief Minister]] of Bihar and Leader of Opposition. <br />
<br />
==Political career==<br />
Rabri Devi became the first female [[Chief Minister of Bihar]] on 25 July 1997, after her husband, Lalu Prasad Yadav, was forced to resign following the arrest warrant issued against him in corruption charges relating to the [[Fodder Scam|Fodder scam]]. She went on to rule the state till 2005.<ref name="kitchen">{{cite news|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/dragged-from-the-kitchen-to-bihar-assembly-rabri-devi-learns-politics-fast/1/276449.html|date=1997-08-11|access-date=2017-01-31|work=[[India Today]]|first=Farz|last=Ahmed|title=Dragged from the kitchen to Bihar Assembly, Rabri Devi learns politics fast : Cover Story - India Today|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327080503/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/dragged-from-the-kitchen-to-bihar-assembly-rabri-devi-learns-politics-fast/1/276449.html|archive-date=27 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="proxy">{{cite news|last=Mishra|first=Dipak|date=2017-02-17|title=Proxy rule lessons from Bihar|work=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170219/jsp/frontpage/story_136545.jsp|url-status=live|access-date=2017-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327165724/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170219/jsp/frontpage/story_136545.jsp|archive-date=27 March 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Rabri Devi presenting a cheque for Rs. 10 crore on behalf of the State Government to the Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh for the Prime Minister's National Relief Fund, in New Delhi on January 04, 2005.jpg|thumb|Bihar CM Rabri Devi presents Rs.10 crore cheque to Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] for the national relief fund]]<br />
<br />
Devi was elected thrice to Bihar Vidhan Sabha from [[Raghopur, Vaishali (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Raghopur]] seat. In [[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]], Rabri Devi contested from two seats: [[Raghopur, Vaishali (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Raghopur]] and [[Sonpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sonpur]] assembly seats, but lost both in an election where the [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] faced defeat, winning only 22 seats.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/rjd-mobbed-rabri-devi-loses-both-her-seats/702322|title=RJD Mobbed: Rabri Devi Loses Both Her Seats|access-date=10 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141449/https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/rjd-mobbed-rabri-devi-loses-both-her-seats/702322|archive-date=12 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Rabri-loses-in-both-seats/article15714578.ece|title=Rabri loses in both seats}}</ref><br />
<br />
She contested from [[Saran (Lok Sabha constituency)|Saran]] in [[2014 Indian general election|2014 Lok Sabha election]] but lost to [[Rajiv Pratap Rudy]] of BJP.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://m.timesofindia.com/home/lok-sabha-elections-2014/news/Election-results-2014-JDU-RJD-decimated-in-Bihar/articleshow/35233557.cms|date=2014-05-17|access-date=2014-05-30|work=The Times of India|agency=TNN|first=Aditya|last=Vaibhav|title=Election results 2014: JD(U), RJD decimated in Bihar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531090847/http://m.timesofindia.com/home/lok-sabha-elections-2014/news/Election-results-2014-JDU-RJD-decimated-in-Bihar/articleshow/35233557.cms|archive-date=31 May 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Criticism==<br />
Devi's appointment as the [[Chief Minister of Bihar]] is considered one of the most unexpected and awkward decisions<ref name="proxy" /> in Indian political history, as she was a traditional housewife and had no interest nor any prior experience in politics.<ref name="kitchen" /> She came under severe satirical criticism and stiff opposition, because of her [[Literacy|illiteracy]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2000/feb/22rabri.htm|title=rediff.com: The Rediff Interview/ Rabri Devi|publisher=Rediff.com|access-date=2016-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051114141826/http://www.rediff.com/news/2000/feb/22rabri.htm|archive-date=14 November 2005|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/3514292.stm|title=Profile: Laloo to the Prasad Yadav|date=2006-12-18|publisher=BBC|access-date=2016-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070222090325/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/3514292.stm|archive-date=22 February 2007|url-status=live}}</ref> and inexperience.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2000/feb/23rabri.htm|title=rediff.com: The Rediff Interview/ Rabri Devi|publisher=Rediff.com|access-date=2016-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050824081347/http://www.rediff.com/news/2000/feb/23rabri.htm|archive-date=24 August 2005|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
Rabri Devi was born in 1956 in [[Gopalganj, Bihar|Gopalganj]], Bihar.<ref name="oneindia">{{cite web |title=Rabri Devi: Age, Biography, Education, Husband, Caste, Net Worth & More - Oneindia |url=https://www.oneindia.com/politicians/rabri-devi-32893.html |website=www.oneindia.com |publisher=OneIndia |language=en}}</ref> She is named after an [[Rabri|Indian sweet]] as per a custom in her family. Her sisters are similarly named [[Jalebi]], [[Rasgulla]] and [[Paan]].<ref name="gulfnews">{{cite news |last1=Akbar |first1=M. J. |title=M. J. Akbar: Laloo steals Congress seats in Bihar for sweet Rabri |url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/m-j-akbar-laloo-steals-congress-seats-in-bihar-for-sweet-rabri-1.319862 |access-date=14 December 2020 |work=gulfnews.com |language=en}}</ref> Rabri Devi married [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]] in 1973<ref name="sify-2005-02-07">{{cite news|date=7 February 2005|title=Rabri Devi|newspaper=Hindustan Times|url=http://sify.com/news/internet/fullstory.php?id=13664560|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930184612/http://sify.com/news/internet/fullstory.php?id=13664560|archive-date=30 September 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-lalu-paid-off-a-debt-to-his-wife-handsomely-1093659|title=Rabri vividly recalls how she had boarded a steamer at Pahleja Ghat in Sonepur (Chapra) to reach the Patna residence soon after her marriage on March 18, 1974 when curfew had been imposed all over the district|access-date=12 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224215207/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-lalu-paid-off-a-debt-to-his-wife-handsomely-1093659|archive-date=24 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> at the age of 17 and has nine children, seven girls and two boys.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140327/jsp/frontpage/story_18124041.jsp|title = A sibling swing at succession|last = Thakur|first = Sankarshan|date = 27 March 2014|journal = The Telegraph|access-date = 2015-01-30|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140614091750/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140327/jsp/frontpage/story_18124041.jsp|archive-date = 14 June 2014|url-status = live}}</ref> Her younger son [[Tejashwi Yadav]] served as the 4th [[Deputy Chief Minister]] of Bihar and currently serves as the [[Leader of Opposition]] in the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]], the youngest to hold the office.<br />
<br />
==In popular culture==<br />
In 2021, Indian web series ''[[Maharani (web series)|Maharani]]'' was inspired by Rabri Devi's tenure as the chief minister.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Menon |first1=Aditya |title=Jungle Raj Inverted: ‘Maharani’ Gets Caste Better Than Many Others |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/hot-on-web/maharani-web-series-huma-qureshi-sonyliv-rabri-devi-bihar-caste-politics |access-date=17 September 2021 |work=TheQuint |date=2 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Chaara Ghotala As Daana Ghotala, How Bollywood Passes Off Facts As Fodder For Fiction |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/chaara-ghotala-as-daana-ghotala-how-bollywood-passes-off-facts-as-fodder-for-fiction/384445 |access-date=17 September 2021 |work=Outlook India}}</ref><br />
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==References==<br />
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{{reflist}}<br />
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==External links==<br />
<br />
{{s-start}}<br />
{{succession box |<br />
before=[[Lalu Prasad Yadav]]|<br />
title=[[Chief Minister of Bihar]]|<br />
years=1997—1999|<br />
after=[[President's rule]]<br />
}}<br />
{{succession box |<br />
before=[[President's rule]]|<br />
title=[[Chief Minister of Bihar]]|<br />
years=1999—2000|<br />
after=[[Nitish Kumar]]<br />
}}<br />
{{succession box |<br />
before=[[Nitish Kumar]] |<br />
title=[[Chief Minister of Bihar]]|<br />
years=2000—2005|<br />
after=[[President's rule]]<br />
}}<br />
{{S-end}}<br />
{{Chief Ministers of Bihar}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Devi, Rabri}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Chief Ministers of Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:Rashtriya Janata Dal politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Finance Ministers of Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:Women chief ministers of Indian states]]<br />
[[Category:United Progressive Alliance candidates in the 2014 Indian general election]]<br />
[[Category:Leaders of the Opposition in the Bihar Legislative Assembly]]<br />
[[Category:Women members of the Bihar Legislative Assembly]]<br />
[[Category:Yadav family of Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Members of the Bihar Legislative Council]]<br />
[[Category:Members of the Bihar Legislative Assembly]]<br />
[[Category:1956 births]]</div>UpdateBot