Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Lehra Sondha

2026-05-05T13:06:46Z

UnknownEdits0303: added a article w/ refs

{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=June 2018}}
{{Unreferenced|date=May 2026}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
'''Lehra Sondha''' is a modest village located on the National Highway 7 (India) in Bathinda district of Punjab, India. The village's post office is Lehra Dhurkot, and the Tehsil is Nathana. It is situated near the Guru Hargobind Thermal Plant.

The village has a population of approximately 2400, with 1300 eligible voters.

==Economy==
The primary occupation in the village is agriculture, however, approximately 100+ individuals are employed in government positions. A significant portion of the villagers are also employed at the thermal plant.

==Government==
Harmail Singh is [[Sarpanch]] of the village and he has 7 members for help. This village is in the block of Bhucho [[M.L.A]] seat and [[Bathinda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bathinda]] [[M.P.]] seat.{{clarify|date=November 2014}}

==Culture==
People are connected with Punjabi culture.

===Religion===
People are from the Sikh religion, so that's why there are two [[Gurudwara Sahib]] and 1 smad of sant kartar Das ji.
All castes are sub castes of the Sikh religion like [[Jats|Jatts]], [[Harijans]], [[Ramdasia]], and Mehre Sikhs...apart from this Mistri and Raja Sikh.

==Education==
The village has a limited educational infrastructure, with only a Middle Government School. As a result, children and young adults must travel to the city of Bathinda for higher education opportunities.

==Other facilities==
There is a Sub Health Centre and MNREGA Centre in the village. The water supply is good, but there is no playground for the young people.
{{Bathinda district}}
{{coord missing|Punjab (India)}}

[[Category:Villages in Bathinda district]]

Bharatiya Janata Party – Nagaland

2026-05-05T10:24:33Z

UnknownEdits0303:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}{{short description|Nagaland affiliate of the Bharatiya Janata Party}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
| colorcode = {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| party_name = Bharatiya Janata Party – Nagaland
| logo = [[File:Logo of the Bharatiya Janata Party.svg|150px]]
| abbreviation = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| president = Benjamin Yepthomi
| general_secretary = Khevishe Sema and Er Cheong
| headquarters = 1st Floor, Aiko Building, Opp. Town Hall, Bank Colony, [[Dimapur]], 797112, [[Nagaland]], India
<ref>https://www.bjp.org/nagaland-state-office</ref>
| colours = {{colour box|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Saffron (color)|Saffron]]
| loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|0|1|hex=#FF9900}} (as of 2022)
| rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|1|1|hex=#FF9900}}(as of [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Nagaland|2022]])
| state_seats_name = [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly]]
Seats in Nagaland [[Urban Local Bodies]]
| state_seats = {{Composition bar|12|60|hex=#FF9933}}(as of 2022)
{{Composition bar|25|278|hex=#FF9933}}
(as of 2024)
| state2_seats_name =
| state2_seats =
| website = {{URL|https://www.bjp.org/nagaland-state-office}}
| symbol = [[Nelumbo nucifera|Lotus]] [[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|130px]]
| leader = [[Yanthungo Patton]] ({{small|[[List of deputy chief ministers of Nagaland|Deputy Chief Minister of Nagaland]]}})
| treasurer = Mahesh Kotecha
| foundation = {{start_date and years ago|df=y|p=y|1980|4|6|br=y}}
| flag = BJP Flag.svg{{!}}border
| eci =
| alliance = '''National level''' [[National Democratic Alliance]] '''NorthEast Region''' [[North East Democratic Alliance]] '''Nagaland''' [[United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland)|United Democratic Alliance]]
| ideology = {{ubl|[[Integral humanism (India)|Integral humanism]]|[[Secularism]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://morungexpress.com/congress-sickular-party-not-secular-bjp-nagaland| title=Congress a 'sickular' Party, not secular: BJP Nagaland}}</ref>|[[Social conservatism]]|[[Economic nationalism]] '''Majority'''|[[Cultural nationalism]]}}
| youth =[[Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha]]
| women =[[BJP Mahila Morcha]]
| publication = '''[[Kamal Sandesh]]'''
| founder={{ubl
| [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| [[L. K. Advani|Lal Krishna Advani]]<ref name=":3001">{{Cite news|date=23 May 2019|title=What you need to know about India's BJP|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/05/india-bjp-190523053850803.html|url-status=live|access-date=16 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513075856/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/05/india-bjp-190523053850803.html|archive-date=13 May 2020}}</ref>
}} {{cslist
| title = Other founders<ref name="founders" />
| [[Murli Manohar Joshi]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Praveen |date=7 January 2024 |title=Murli Manohar Joshi turns 90: Well-wishers flock to Raisina Road to celebrate life of BJP stalwart |url=https://theprint.in/in-pictures/murli-manohar-joshi-turns-90-well-wishers-flock-to-raisina-road-to-celebrate-life-of-bjp-stalwart/1913267/ |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>
| [[Nanaji Deshmukh]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bharat Ratna for Pranab, Nanaji Deshmukh and Bhupen Hazarika |url=http://www.bihartimes.in/newsbihar/2019/jan/newsbihar25jan12.html |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=Bihar Times}}</ref>
| [[K. R. Malkani]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sir |first=Sp |date=29 April 2021 |title=K R Malkani - The Sindhu World Sindhi Author: The Sindh Story: Sindhi Politician: Political Mysteries |url=https://thesindhuworld.com/k-r-malkani/ |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=The Sindhu World |language=en-US}}</ref>
| [[Sikandar Bakht]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2024 |script-title=hi:कौन थे बीजेपी के इकलौते मुस्लिम फाउंडर सिकंदर बख्त? जानिए कैसे थामा पार्टी का साथ |url=https://www.abplive.com/news/india/bjp-foundation-day-who-was-bjp-muslim-founder-sikandar-bakht-political-career-profile-in-hindi-2658177 |access-date=18 January 2025 |website= |language=hi}}</ref>
| [[Vijay Kumar Malhotra]]
| [[Vijaya Raje Scindia]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jain |first=Devaki |work=The Citizen (India) |url=https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/7/20759/The-Maharani-who-Founded-the-BJP |title=The Maharani who founded the BJP |date=14 August 2021 }}</ref>
| [[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 May 2023 |title=Rajput votes at stake in Rajasthan, Bhairon Singh Shekhawat legacy a new front in BJP, Cong battle |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/rajput-rajasthan-bhairon-singh-shekhawat-bjp-congress-8623357/ |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
| [[Shanta Kumar]]
| [[Ram Jethmalani]]
| [[Jagannathrao Joshi]]
}}
| predecessor =
* [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] (1951–1977)
* [[Janata Party]] (1977–1980)
| split = [[Janata Party]]
|labour = [[Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Need to Know BJP-led BMS is biggest labour union in India |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/ohkSVkDnWYnxvZyuzggTsL/Need-to-Know--BJPled-BMS-is-biggest-labour-union-in-India.html |access-date=17 March 2020 |work=live mint |date=15 January 2008 |author=Pragya Singh }}</ref>
|peasants=[[Bharatiya Kisan Sangh]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Gupta|first=Sejuta Das|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mQiKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA172|pages=172–173|title= Class, Politics, and Agricultural Policies in Post-liberalisation India|isbn=978-1-108-41628-3|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2019e}}</ref>
| international =
}}

The '''Bharatiya Janata Party – Nagaland''', or simply, '''BJP Nagaland''' ('''BJP'''; {{IPA|hns|bʱaːɾət̪iːjə dʒənət̪aː paːrtiː||Hindi-Bharatiya Janata Party.ogg|pronunciation}}; {{lit|Indian People's Party}}), is the state unit of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] of [[Nagaland]]. Its state head office<ref>{{Cite web |title=JP Nadda inaugurates Nagaland BJP office in Kohima |url=https://newsonair.gov.in/Main-News-Details.aspx?title=JP-Nadda-inaugurates-Nagaland-BJP-office-in-Kohima&id=450882 |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=newsonair.gov.in}}</ref> is located at H.No. 235, Upper Agri, Kohima, [[Nagaland]], India. The current president of BJP Nagaland is Benjamin Yepthomi.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Benjamin Yepthomi new president of BJP Nagaland unit |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/nagaland/benjamin-yepthomi-new-president-of-bjp-nagaland-unit-2700430 |access-date=2023-10-31 |newspaper=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

==History==

==[[Rajya Sabha]] members==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Name!! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Photo !! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"| Date of appointment !! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"| Date of retirement
|-
|[[S. Phangnon Konyak]]
||
||03/04/2022 || 02/04/2028
|}

==In General Election==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+[[Lok Sabha|In General Elections]]
|-
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Party leader
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Seats contested
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Seats won
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Change in seats
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Result
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| colspan=4|Not contested but supported to [[Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party|NDPP]]
| style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Government
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
| colspan=4|Not contested but supported to [[Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party|NDPP]]
| style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Government
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| colspan=4|Not contested but supported to [[Naga People's Front|NPF]]
| style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Government
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
| colspan=4|Not contested but supported to [[Naga People's Front|NPF]]
| style="background-color:#808080; color:white"|Opposition
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
| colspan=4|Not contested but supported to [[Naga People's Front|NPF]]
| style="background-color:#808080; color:white"|Opposition
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|
| 1
| 0
| {{steady}} 0
| style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Government
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
| colspan=4|Not contested
| style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Government
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
| colspan=4|Not contested
| style="background-color:#F8C8B0; color:white"|Government, later Opposition
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|
| 1
| 0
| {{steady}} 0
| style="background-color:#808080; color:white"| Opposition
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
| colspan=4|Not contested
| style="background-color:#808080; color:white"| Opposition
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
| colspan=4|Not contested
| style="background-color:#808080; color:white"| Opposition
|}

==In State Election==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Year || style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Election || style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Seats won || style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Change of Seats || style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Popular votes || style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Vote% || style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Change of Vote% ||style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Result
|-
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 1993|| [[1993 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|8th Assembly (Nagaland)]] || {{Composition bar|0|60|hex=#FF9933}} || new || 3,755 || 0.51% || new ||style="background-color:#DCDCDC; color:white"|None
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 1998|| [[1998 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|9th Assembly (Nagaland)]] || colspan=6|Not contested
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 2003|| [[2003 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|10th Assembly (Nagaland)]] || {{Composition bar|7|60|hex=#FF9933}} || {{increase}} 7 || 96,658 || 11.98% || - ||style="background-color:#F8C8B0; color:white"|Allied Government with [[Naga People's Front|NPF]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 2008|| [[2008 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|11th Assembly (Nagaland)]] || {{Composition bar|2|60|hex=#FF9933}} || {{decrease}} 5 || 96,658 || 8.27% || {{decrease}} 2.61% ||style="background-color:#F8C8B0; color:white"|Allied Government with [[Naga People's Front|NPF]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 2013|| [[2013 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|12th Assembly (Nagaland)]]|| {{Composition bar|1|60|hex=#FF9933}} || {{decrease}} 1 || 19,121 || 1.8% || {{decrease}} 3.6% ||style="background-color:#F8C8B0; color:white"|Allied Government with [[Naga People's Front|NPF]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 2018|| [[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|13th Assembly (Nagaland)]] || {{Composition bar|12|60|hex=#FF9933}} || {{increase}} 11 || 153,864 || 15.3% || {{increase}} 13.5% ||style="background-color:#F8C8B0; color:white"|Allied Government with [[Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party|NDPP]] and [[Naga People's Front|NPF]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 2023|| [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|14th Assembly (Nagaland)]] || {{Composition bar|12|60|hex=#FF9933}} || {{steady}} || 215,336 || 18.81% || {{increase}} 3.51% ||style="background-color:#F8C8B0; color:white"|Allied Government with [[Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party|NDPP]], later [[Naga People's Front|NPF]]
|}

==List of Deputy Chief Ministers==
{{See also|List of deputy chief ministers of Nagaland}}
{| class="wikitable"
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |No
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Portrait
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Name
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Constituency
! colspan="3" style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Term of office
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Assembly
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Chief minister
|-style="text-align:center;"

|1
|[[File:The Nagaland Home Minister, Shri Yanthungo Patton meeting the Minister of State for Home Affairs, Shri Hansraj Gangaram Ahir, in New Delhi on November 09, 2016 (cropped).jpg|100px]]
|[[Yanthungo Patton]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/nagaland-lokayukta-orders-probe-against-deputy-chief-minister-yanthungo-patton/article30874652.ece |title=Nagaland Lokayukta orders probe against Deputy Chief Minister Yanthungo Patton |website=The Hindu |date=2020-02-21 }}</ref>
|[[Tyüi Assembly constituency|Tyüi]]
|13 December 2023
|''Incumbent''
|{{age in years and days|2018|03|08}}
|
|[[Neiphiu Rio]]
|-style="text-align:center;"
|}

==See also==
*[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
*[[National Democratic Alliance]]
*[[North East Democratic Alliance]]
*[[Naga People's Front]]
*[[Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party]]
*[[United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland)|United Democratic Alliance]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bharatiya Janata Party - Nagaland}}
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party by state or union territory|Nagaland]]
[[Category:Political parties in Nagaland]]

Places of worship in Piravom

2026-05-04T16:22:53Z

UnknownEdits0303: starting pg!

There are many places of worship in the town of [[Piravom]] in the Indian state of [[Kerala]], catering for the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] and [[Christianity|Christian]] faiths. Religious festivals are also celebrated.

==Temples==
* Pallikkavu Bhagavathi Temple
* [[Pazhoor Perumthrikkovil]] Temple of Lord Shiva{{efn|Legend says it was renovated by [[Perumthachan]].}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sinu |title=Pazhoor Perumthrikkovil History Photos and Architectural details |url=http://enchantingkerala.org/kerala-monuments/pazhoor-perumthrikkovil.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101103145228/http://enchantingkerala.org/kerala-monuments/pazhoor-perumthrikkovil.php |archive-date=2010-11-03 |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=enchantingkerala.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=പെരുംതൃക്കോവിലപ്പന് ശതകലശാഭിഷേകം നടത്തിയാൽ ഐശ്വര്യവും സമൃദ്ധിയും |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/astrology/astro-news/2018/02/20/pazhoor-perumthrikkovil-temple.html |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=ManoramaOnline}}</ref>
* Karavelloor Mahadeva Temple [108 sivalaya fame] kalampoor
* Narasimha swamy Temple Kalampoor
* Desadhipan Amarkkulam Sreekrishna Swamy Temple{{efn|Built by Pancha Paandavar.}}
* Pisharukovil Temple
* Chalasseril Kalari Paradevatha Kshetram and Gandarva Kshetram, Chalasseril, Piravom
* Pazhoor Pallippattu Kshethram
* Peringamala Bala Sreekrishna Swami Temple, Thekkummoottil Pady, Palachuvadu
* Thiruveeshamkulam Mahadeva Temple Palachuvadu Mulakkulam
* Sree Subramanya Swami temple Palachuvadu
* Sree Purushamangalam Sree Krishna Swami Temple, Kakkad
* Sree Thrikka Narasimha Swami Temple, Piravom
* Kalampookkavu Devi Kshethram
* Parekkunnu Sreedharma Sastha temple
* Karoorkaavu Temple
* Thaliyil Ayyapa Temple, Kalampoor
* Thirumanamkunnu Devi Temple, Thekkummoottil Pady
* Acharya Kovil Devi Temple, Piravom
* Sree Raja Rajeswari Temple, Pazhoor
* Ittyamattel Dharmadaiva Kshethram, Thottabhagom
* Saint Anthony's Church, Piravom

==Churches==

* Rajadhiraja St'marys Malankara Orthodox Syrian Cathedral, Piravom(Valiyapally)
* Holy Kings Knanaya Catholic Church, Piravom (Kochupally)
* Little Flower Syro Malabar Catholic Church, Piravom
*St. Thomas Orthodox Syrian church, Nechoor
* St. Mary's Catholic Church, Mulakulam
* St. Luke's [[Church of South India|C.S.I.]] Church, Piravom
* St. Mary's Malankara Catholic Church
* Mar Gregorious Catholicate Centre
* Mulakulam Mar Yohanon Ihidiyo Orthodox Syrian church (Mulakulam valiya palli)
* Parumala mar Gregorious Shrine, Palachuvadu
* St.Mary's Syrian Jacobite Church, Kottarakkunnu
* St.Peter's and St.Paul's Orthodox Syrian Church (Parel Pally), Namakuzhy, Mulakulam North
* St. George Orthodox Syrian Church, Karmelkunnu, Mulakkulam
* St.Michael's Church, Kolengai
* St. George Jacobite Syrian Church, Kalampoor
* Christian Fellowship Piravom, Kakkad
* malankara Christian church piravom
* Mulakkulam Christ Marthoma Church, Palachuvadu
* St Andrew's CSI Church, Edappallychira, Palachuvadu

==Festivals==
* Holy "Danaha perunnal" at [[Rajadhiraja St. Mary's Jacobite Syrian Cathedral, Piravom]] (Piravom valiya pally perunnal)
* "Vishudha Rajakanmarude Thirunnal" at Piravom Kochu pally.
* Pazhoor [[Shivaraathri]] and thiruvaathira aarattu maholthsavam.
* [[Easter]] at [[Rajadhiraja St. Mary's Jacobite Syrian Cathedral, Piravom]] (Piravom valiya pally)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nedumparambill |first=Aaron |date=2019-02-06 |title=A feud that began in 19th century: What happened before Jacobite-Orthodox locked horns |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/voices/feud-began-19th-century-what-happened-jacobite-orthodox-locked-horns-96295 |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-09-26 |title=Orthodox-Jacobite spar sparks tension at Piravom church |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/orthodox-jacobite-spar-sparks-tension-at-piravom-church/articleshow/71303568.cms |access-date=2025-06-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* Thiruvathira Mahotsavam of Thiruveeshamkulam temple
* Pallikkavu 'meenabharani' festival
* Acharikovil meenabharani festival
* Athachamayam Festival
* Kalamboor Kaavu pana Maholsavam [kalampoor], thookkam
* Medam Rohini Mahotsavam, Sree Purushamangalam Temple, Kakkad
* Pazhoor pallippattu temple pana maholsavam
* Makara Vilaku Ulsavam at Thaliyil ayyapa temple [Kalampoor]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Religious buildings and structures in Ernakulam district]]

2002–03 Ranji Trophy

2026-05-01T11:28:17Z

UnknownEdits0303: made new pg v1.

{{Short description|Cricket tournament}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 2002–03 Ranji Trophy
| image = Ranji_trophy.jpg
| imagesize = 285px
| fromdate =
| todate =
| caption = The Ranji Trophy, which the winners get.
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
| cricket format = [[First-class cricket]]
| tournament format = League and [[Single-elimination tournament|knockout]]
| host =
| champions = [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]
| count = 35
| participants = 27
| matches =
| attendance =
| player of the series =
| most runs = [[Gautam Gambhir]] (Delhi) (833)<ref>{{cite web|title=Ranji Trophy, 2002/03 / Records / Most runs |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_2002-03/Batting_by_Runs.html|access-date=25 July 2015}}</ref>
| most wickets = [[Lakshmipathy Balaji]] (Tamil Nadu) and [[Sunil Joshi]] (Karnataka) (47)<ref>{{cite web|title=Ranji Trophy, 2002/03 / Records / Most wickets |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_2002-03/Bowling_by_Wickets.html|access-date=25 July 2015}}</ref>
| website =
| previous_year = 2001–02
| previous_tournament = 2001–02 Ranji Trophy
| next_year = 2003–04
| next_tournament = 2003–04 Ranji Trophy
}}

The '''2002–03 Ranji Trophy''' was the 69th season of the [[Ranji Trophy]]. Mumbai defeated Tamil Nadu by 141 runs in the final.

==Format==

The major change in the format of the tournament was the introduction of the Elite and Plate divisions. The 15 teams which qualified from the Zonal league in the previous season were placed in two groups in the upper Elite division. The top two teams from each group qualified for the semifinal and then played for the Ranji title. The remaining twelve teams played each other in two groups in the Plate division. They played the Plate semifinal and the final. The finalists qualified for the Elite division in the next year while the two lowest placed teams in the Elite division were demoted.

Karnataka and Kerala were promoted to the Elite division for 2003–04. This meant that five of the six South Zone teams played in the Elite division. Himachal Pradesh and Orissa were demoted to the Plate.

==Scorecards and averages==
*[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_2002-03.html CricketArchive]

==Group Matches==

===Elite Group===
;Group A
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:120px"|Team<ref>{{cite web|url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2002-03/IND_LOCAL/RJI/ELITE/RJI-ELITE_2002-03_TABLE.html |title=Ranji Trophy, 2002/03 Elite Group Points Table |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=30 December 2021}}</ref>
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Played| Matches played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|FL|First innings lead}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|FD|First innings deficit}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Bonus|Bonus points}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Points|Points}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]
| 7 || 5 || 0 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 2 || '''13'''
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]
| 7 || 2 || 1 || 3 || 1 || 0 || 1 || '''8'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Andhra Pradesh cricket team|Andhra Pradesh]]
| 7 || 2 || 2 || 1 || 2 || 0 || || '''5'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| 7 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 1 || 0 || || '''5'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]
| 7 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 2 || 1 || || '''4'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]
| 7 || 1 || 2 || 1 || 2 || 1 || || '''3'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Railways cricket team|Railways]]
| 7 || 0 || 2 || 3 || 1 || 1 || || '''3'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Himachal Pradesh cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]]
| 7 || 0 || 2 || 1 || 3 || 1 || || '''1'''
|}
* {{Color box|#cfc|border=darkgray}} Mumbai and Delhi qualified for the Elite Group [[#Knockout Matches|knockout stage]].

;Group B
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:120px"|Team<ref>{{cite web|url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2002-03/IND_LOCAL/RJI/ELITE/RJI-ELITE_2002-03_TABLE.html |title=Ranji Trophy, 2002/03 Elite Group Points Table |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=30 December 2021}}</ref>
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Played| Matches played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|FL|First innings lead}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|FD|First innings deficit}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Bonus|Bonus points}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Points|Points}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]
| 6 || 2 || 0 || 3 || 1 || 0 || 1 || '''8'''
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]
| 6 || 2 || 0 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 1 || '''7'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
| 6 || 2 || 0 || 3 || 1 || 0 || || '''7'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Assam cricket team|Assam]]
| 6 || 1 || 2 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 1 || '''4'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Gujarat cricket team|Rajasthan]]
| 5 || 0 || 1 || 2 || 2 || 0 || || '''2'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
| 6 || 0 || 2 || 1 || 2 || 1 || || '''1'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Orissa cricket team|Orissa]]
| 5 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 2 || 1 || || '''0'''
|}
* {{Color box|#cfc|border=darkgray}} Tamil Nadu and Baroda qualified for the Elite Group [[#Knockout Matches|knockout stage]].
* Baroda qualified to the knockouts ahead of Punjab on a better run-quotient.

===Plate Group===
;Group A
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:120px"|Team<ref>{{cite web|url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2002-03/IND_LOCAL/RJI/PLATE/RJI-PLATE_2002-03_TABLE.html |title=Ranji Trophy, 2002/03 Plate Group Points Table |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=30 December 2021}}</ref>
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Played| Matches played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|FL|First innings lead}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|FD|First innings deficit}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Bonus|Bonus points}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Points|Points}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]]
| 5 || 4 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 2 || '''11'''
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]
| 5 || 2 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 1 || '''6'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Goa cricket team|Goa]]
| 5 || 1 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || || '''4'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]
| 5 || 0 || 2 || 3 || 0 || 0 || || '''3'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Services cricket team|Services]]
| 5 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 4 || 0 || || '''1'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]]
| 5 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 3 || 0 || || '''0'''
|}
* {{Color box|#cfc|border=darkgray}} Kerala and Vidarbha qualified for the Plate Group [[#Knockout Matches|knockout stage]].

;Group B
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:120px"|Team<ref>{{cite web|url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2002-03/IND_LOCAL/RJI/PLATE/RJI-PLATE_2002-03_TABLE.html |title=Ranji Trophy, 2002/03 Plate Group Points Table |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=30 December 2021}}</ref>
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Played| Matches played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|FL|First innings lead}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|FD|First innings deficit}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Bonus|Bonus points}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Points|Points}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]
| 5 || 3 || 0 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 2 || '''9'''
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
| 5 || 3 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 2 || '''9'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]
| 5 || 3 || 1 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 1 || '''7'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]
| 5 || 2 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 1 || '''6'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team|Jammu and Kashmi]]
| 5 || 0 || 4 || 0 || 0 || 1 || || '''0'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]]
| 5 || 0 || 4 || 0 || 0 || 1 || || '''0'''
|}
* {{Color box|#cfc|border=darkgray}} Karnataka and Madhya Pradesh qualified for the Elite Group [[#Knockout Matches|knockout stage]].

==Knockout Matches==
===Plate Semifinal 1===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 18–21 January 2003
| team1 = [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]]
| team2 = [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 156 (68.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = C Hemanth Kumar 43 (79)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Harvinder Sodhi]] 3/26 (10 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 112 (70.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Amay Khurasiya]] 42 (88)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] 3/29 (14 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 185 (81.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = Suresh Kumar 58 (111)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Narendra Hirwani]] 4/58 (31.4 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 161 (69.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Amay Khurasiya]] 77 (113)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Sreekumar Nair]] 5/66 (13 overs)

| result = Kerala won by 68 runs
| report = [http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2002-03/IND_LOCAL/RJI/KNOCK-OUTS/KERALA_MP_RJI_PLATE-SF1_18-22JAN2003.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|Nehru Stadium]], [[Kochi]]
| umpires = VM Gupte and SM Bandedkar
| motm =
| toss = Kerala won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Kerala advances to the Ranji Trophy Plate final
}}

===Plate Semifinal 2===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 27–31 January 2003
| team1 = [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]
| team2 = [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 364 (139.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Barrington Rowland]] 124 (306)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = Chandrashekar Atram 3/71 (19 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 236 (76.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Vivek Naidu]] 43 (101)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Sunil Joshi]] 5/45 (26.5 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 607/9d (147 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = Deepak Chougule 166 (282)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = Alind Naidu 2/42 (7 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 270 (78.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = Ranjit Paradkar 70 (160)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Sunil Joshi]] 4/51 (28 overs)

| result = Karnataka won by 465 runs
| report = [http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2002-03/IND_LOCAL/RJI/KNOCK-OUTS/VIDAR_KNTKA_RJI_PLATE-SF2_27-31JAN2003.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Ground]], [[Nagpur]]
| umpires = V Chopra and Devendra Sharma
| motm =
| toss =
| rain =
| notes = Karnataka advances to the Ranji Trophy Plate final
}}

===Plate Final===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 4–6 March 2003
| team1 = [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]]
| team2 = [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 190 (77.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = Hemanth Kumar 48 (128)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Sunil Joshi]] 6/62 (30 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 405 (129.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = Sudhindra Shinde 84 (136)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] 5/118 (37 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 204 (59.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = Hemanth Kumar 44 (130)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Sunil Joshi]] 6/75 (23.3 overs)

| result = Karnataka won by an innings and 11 runs
| report = [http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2002-03/IND_LOCAL/RJI/KNOCK-OUTS/KNTKA_KERALA_RJI_PLATE-FINAL_04-08MAR2003.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]]
| umpires = SK Sharma and Jasbir Singh
| motm =
| toss = Kerala won the toss and elected to bat
| rain =
| notes = Karnataka won the Plate Division
}}

===Elite Semifinal 1===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 25–29 April 2003
| team1 = [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]
| team2 = [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 327 (128.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Sadagoppan Ramesh]] 82 (244)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Rahul Sanghvi]] 3/26 (13 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 256 (95.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = Narender Negi 44(135)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = MR Shrinivas 4/47 (23.1 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 261 (93 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = Sridharan Sharath 75 (175)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = NS Negi 3/41 (12 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 200 (53.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Virender Sehwag]] 99 (114)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Lakshmipathy Balaji]] 5/49 (16 overs)

| result = Tamil Nadu won by 132 runs
| report = [http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2002-03/IND_LOCAL/RJI/KNOCK-OUTS/DELHI_TN_RJI_ELITE-SF1_25-29APR2003.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Feroz Shah Kotla]], [[Delhi]]
| umpires = F Gomes and AM Saheba
| motm =
| toss = Tamil Nadu won the toss and elected to bat
| rain =
| notes = Tamil Nadu qualified for the Ranji Trophy Final
}}

===Elite Semifinal 2===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 25–29 April 2003
| team1 = [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]
| team2 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 130 (43.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Rakesh Solanki]] 43 (114)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Ajit Agarkar]] 5/46 (15 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 390 (122.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = Bhavin Thakkar 76 (254)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Zaheer Khan]] 5/46 (23.3 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 122 (51.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Rakesh Solanki]] 38 (142)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Sairaj Bahutule]] 5/21 (13.2 overs)

| result = Mumbai won by an innings and 138 runs
| report = [http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2002-03/IND_LOCAL/RJI/KNOCK-OUTS/BARODA_BOM_RJI_ELITE-SF2_25-29APR2003.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Gujarat State Fertilizer Corporation Ground]], [[Vadodara]]
| umpires = Devendra Sharma and K Hariharan
| motm =
| toss = Mumbai Nadu won the toss and elected to field
| rain =
| notes = Mumbai qualified for the Ranji Trophy Final
}}

==Final==
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 4–8 May 2003
| team1 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]
| team2 = [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 260 (91 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Wasim Jaffer]] 83 (154)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Somasetty Suresh]] 3/51 (18 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 271 (115.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Sadagoppan Ramesh]] 85 (202)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Ajit Agarkar]] 4/57 (29 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 387/7 d (105 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = Nishit Shetty 100 (133)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = MR Shrinivas 3/73 (21 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 235 (100.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Hemang Badani]] 109 (220)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Sairaj Bahutule]] 5/70 (30.4 overs)

| result = Mumbai won by 141 runs
| report = [http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2002-03/IND_LOCAL/RJI/KNOCK-OUTS/BOM_TN_RJI_ELITE-FINAL_04-08MAY2003.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = V Chopra and NN Menon
| motm =
| toss = Mumbai won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Ranji Trophy Seasons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranji Trophy, 2002-03}}
[[Category:2002 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:2003 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 2002–03]]
[[Category:Ranji Trophy seasons]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{Indian-domestic-cricket-competition-stub}}

Rajendra Chaudhary (born 1955)

2026-04-23T06:11:18Z

UnknownEdits0303: starting a article

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Similar names|Rajendra Chaudhary (disambiguation){{!}}Rajendra Chaudhary}}
{{multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=October 2013}}
{{external links|date=April 2025}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=October 2013}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| birth_name =
| name = Rajendra Choudhary
| image =
| office = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Member of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| state =
| education = [[Bachelor of Laws]] [[Master of Arts]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1955|8|25|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Jodhpur]], [[Rajasthan]], India
| spouse = Vimlesh Chaudhary
| children = 2
| term_end = 1990
| term_start = 1985
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| constituency = [[Bilara Assembly constituency|Bilara, Pali]]
| constituency1 = [[Bilara Assembly constituency|Bilara, Pali]]
| term_start1 = 1993
| term_end1 = 2003
| successor1 = [[Ramnarayan Dudi]]
| predecessor1 = Mishri Lal Choudhary
| successor = Mishri Lal Choudhary
| predecessor = [[Ramnarayan Dudi]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
}}

'''Rajendra Choudhary''' (born 25 August 1955) is an Indian politician who served as a state minister in the [[Government of Rajasthan]]. A member of the [[Indian National Congress]], he was elected to the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] for three terms from the [[Bilara Assembly constituency|Bilara constituency]] in [[Pali, Rajasthan|Pali]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajendra Choudhary (MLA), Minister Govt. of Rajasthan |url=https://rajasthanlink.com/VanuDetails/jodhpur/assembly-10/57772/rajendra-choudhary-mla |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=Rajasthan Link }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2000-05-04 |title=Rajasthan bans smoking in public places |url=http://hindu.com/2000/05/04/stories/0404221t.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131009060945/http://hindu.com/2000/05/04/stories/0404221t.htm |archive-date=2013-10-09 |accessdate=2013-10-09 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Official website}}
*[https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19960930-bjp-opponents-gun-for-jaswant-singh-764211-2012-10-10 indiatoday.intoday.in]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050209093458/http://www.hindu.com/2005/01/25/stories/2005012505070500.htm]
*https://web.archive.org/web/20131019115951/http://rajassembly.nic.in/partyposition.htm
*http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/temple-tragedy-goofup-may-cost/article1387513.ece
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20131019052207/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-11-01/jaipur/27895238_1_jat-leaders-parasram-maderna-sisram-ola]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chaudhary, Rajendra}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:People from Jodhpur]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 1985–1990]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 1993–1998]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 1998–2003]]

Ghani (2022 film)

2026-04-21T01:54:28Z

UnknownEdits0303: made stub!

{{Short description|Film by Kiran Korrapati}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ghani
| image = Ghani (2022 film).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Kiran Korrapati
| producer = {{Ubl|Sidhu Mudda|Allu Bobby}}
| writer = Kiran Korrapati
| based_on =
| starring = {{Ubl|[[Varun Tej]]|[[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]]|[[Suniel Shetty]]|[[Jagapathi Babu]]|[[Saiee Manjrekar]]|[[Naveen Chandra]]}}
| music = [[S. Thaman]]
| cinematography = [[George C. Williams (cinematographer)|George C. Williams]]
| editing = [[Marthand K. Venkatesh]]
| studio = {{Ubl|Renaissance Pictures|[[Geetha Arts#Allu Bobby Company (Bobby and Aravind)|Allu Bobby Company]]}}
| distributor = [[Geetha Arts]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2022|04|08}}
| runtime = 152 minutes<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/ghani-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdaznjiy|title=Ghani|website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|access-date=6 April 2022|archive-date=6 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220406055328/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/ghani-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdaznjiy|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Certificate detail|url=https://www.ecinepramaan.gov.in/cbfc/?a=Certificate_Detail&i=100070292200000132|website=[[Central Board of Film Certification]]|access-date=20 April 2022|archive-date=10 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010062859/https://www.ecinepramaan.gov.in/cbfc/?a=Certificate_Detail&i=100070292200000132|url-status=live}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = {{INR}}30–50 crore<ref>{{cite news|title='Ghani' box office collection day 1: Varun Tej and Saiee Manjrekar's film mint approx Rs 2.5 – 3 crores on its opening day|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/ghani-box-office-collection-day-1-varun-tej-and-saiee-manjrekars-film-mint-approx-rs-2-5-3-crores-on-its-opening-day/articleshow/90740946.cms?from=mdr|website=[[The Times Of India]]|access-date=8 April 2022|quote=produced by Allu Arjun's brother Allu Bobby Company with a whopping budget of Rs 30 crores.|archive-date=9 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409055651/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/ghani-box-office-collection-day-1-varun-tej-and-saiee-manjrekars-film-mint-approx-rs-2-5-3-crores-on-its-opening-day/articleshow/90740946.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=వరుణ్ తేజ్ 'గని' కోసం అంత బడ్జెట్ ఎందుకు? |url=https://www.hmtvlive.com/movies/varun-tej-ghani-movie-has-a-budget-of-50-crores-79536 |website=[[HMTV]] |language=te |date=28 March 2022 |access-date=8 April 2022 |archive-date=28 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328235034/https://www.hmtvlive.com/movies/varun-tej-ghani-movie-has-a-budget-of-50-crores-79536 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR}}21.3 crore<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/amid-an-rrr-tsunami-varun-tejs-ghani-tanks-at-box-office-collection-details-inside-4969807.html | title=Amid an RRR Tsunami, Varun Tej's Ghani Tanks at Box Office. Collection Details Inside | date=12 April 2022 | access-date=3 May 2022 | archive-date=3 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503060310/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/amid-an-rrr-tsunami-varun-tejs-ghani-tanks-at-box-office-collection-details-inside-4969807.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

'''''Ghani''''' is a 2022 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[sports drama]] film written and directed by Kiran Korrapati and produced by Renaissance Pictures and [[Geetha Arts|Allu Bobby Company]]. The film stars [[Varun Tej]] as the title character alongside an ensemble cast of [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]], [[Suniel Shetty]], [[Jagapathi Babu]], [[Saiee Manjrekar]], and [[Naveen Chandra]], along with a special appearance by [[Tamannaah]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=NS |title=Sukhjeevan Singh Dhillon makes his presence felt on screen with his debut Telugu film Ghani {{!}} APN News |date=28 April 2022 |url=https://www.apnnews.com/sukhjeevan-singh-dhillon-makes-his-presence-felt-on-screen-with-his-debut-telugu-film-ghani/ |access-date=2022-04-29 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=News |first=Nagpur |date=2022-04-27 |title=Sukhjeevan Singh Dhillon's debut Tollywood film Ghani enters the OTT realm. |url=https://www.nagpurtoday.in/sukhjeevan-singh-dhillons-debut-tollywood-film-ghani-enters-the-ott-realm/04271002 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=Nagpur Today : Nagpur News |language=en-US |archive-date=27 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427043345/https://www.nagpurtoday.in/sukhjeevan-singh-dhillons-debut-tollywood-film-ghani-enters-the-ott-realm/04271002 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The film was scheduled to release on 25 February 2022 theatrically but postponed further.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/varun-tejs-ghani-postponed-box-office-clash-with-bheemla-nayak-7785467/|title=Varun Tej's Ghani postponed, avoids box office clash with Bheemla Nayak|date=22 February 2022|website=The Indian Express|access-date=27 February 2022|archive-date=27 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227174728/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/varun-tejs-ghani-postponed-box-office-clash-with-bheemla-nayak-7785467/|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was released on 8 April 2022, and received overwhelmingly negative reviews from critics. Following the film's release, Tej acknowledged and apologised, accepting the film's [[box office bomb|failure at the box office]] through a note on social media.{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}}

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Varun Tej]] as Ghani
** Ronit Kamra as young Ghani
* [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] as Vikramaditya, Ghani's father
* [[Suniel Shetty]] as Vijender Sinha
* [[Jagapathi Babu]] as Eswarnath
* [[Nadhiya]] as Madhuri, Ghani's mother
* [[Saiee Manjrekar]] as Maya
* [[Naveen Chandra]] as Aadi
* [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]] as Ghani’s college coach
* [[Tanikella Bharani]] as Maya’s father
* [[Satya (Telugu actor)|Satya]] as Vijender's servant
* [[Raghu Babu]] as Eswarnath's assistant
* [[Bharath Reddy (actor)|Bharath Reddy]] as Yusuf, Betting specialist
* [[Brahmaji]] as Sports federation member
* [[Hari Teja]] as Madhuri's maid
* Appaji Ambarisha Darbha as Boxing committee head
* Sukhjeevan Singh Dhillon as Ivan
* Ashu Reddy as Maya's friend
* [[Sudharshan]] as Ghani's friend
* Rajiv Kumar Aneja as a commentator
* Lahari Shari as a commentator
===Cameo appearance===
* [[Tamannaah Bhatia]] in a performance in the special song "Kodthe"
}}

== Production ==
The film's title was unveiled in January 2021.<ref>{{cite news|date=19 January 2021|title=Varun Tej, Kiran Korrapati's film titled Ghani|work=[[Cinema Express]]|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/jan/19/varun-tej-kiran-korrapatis-film-titled-ghani-22331.html|access-date=30 January 2021|archive-date=5 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205024646/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/jan/19/varun-tej-kiran-korrapatis-film-titled-ghani-22331.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Tej was reported to play a boxer. He was trained under [[Tony Jeffries]], the former England boxer who won a bronze at the [[2008 Summer Olympics]].<ref>{{cite news|date=19 January 2021|title=Varun Tej in sports drama 'Ghani'|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/varun-tej-in-sports-drama-ghani/article33609335.ece|access-date=30 January 2021|archive-date=28 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128234357/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/varun-tej-in-sports-drama-ghani/article33609335.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The film is produced by Sidhu Mudda and Allu Bobby. [[S. Thaman]] is composing the music.<ref>{{cite news|date=19 January 2021|title=Ghani's first look revealed: Varun Tej plays a boxer in the Kiran Korapatti's directorial|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ghanis-first-look-revealed-varun-tej-plays-a-boxer-in-the-kiran-korapattis-directorial/articleshow/80340818.cms|access-date=30 January 2021|archive-date=21 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121144058/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ghanis-first-look-revealed-varun-tej-plays-a-boxer-in-the-kiran-korapattis-directorial/articleshow/80340818.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] joined the production in February 2021. Filming took place in [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Upendra starts shooting for Varun Tej's Ghani|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/feb/18/upendra-starts-shooting-for-varun-tejs-ghani-22910.html|access-date=2021-04-10|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=18 February 2021 |language=en|archive-date=10 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410144216/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/feb/18/upendra-starts-shooting-for-varun-tejs-ghani-22910.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A shooting schedule also took place at [[Visakhapatnam]]. Special sets were made for the boxing episodes of the film.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Vyas|date=2021-03-29|title=Special sets for Varun Tej's boxing episodes|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/special-sets-for-varun-tejs-boxing-episodes-679155|access-date=2021-04-10|website=www.thehansindia.com|language=en|archive-date=10 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410144217/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/special-sets-for-varun-tejs-boxing-episodes-679155|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Ghani
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[S. Thaman]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|03|31}}
| recorded = 2021
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=11|s=43}}
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = [[S. Thaman]]
| prev_title = [[Bheemla Nayak]]
| prev_year = 2022
| next_title = [[Sarkaru Vaari Paata]]
| next_year = 2022
| misc = {{Singles
| name = Ghani
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = Ghani Anthem
| single1date = 27 October 2021
| single2 = Kodthe
| single2date = 15 January 2022
| single3 = Romeo Juliet
| single3date = 8 February 2022
}}
}}

The [[film score]] and [[soundtrack album]] of the film is composed by [[S. Thaman]]. The first single from the soundtrack, "Ghani Anthem" was released on 27 October 2021. The music rights were acquired by [[Aditya Music]].{{track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 11:43
| title1 = Ghani Anthem
| extra1 = Aditya Iyengar, [[Sri Krishna (singer)|Sri Krishna]], Sai Charan, Prudhvi Chandra
| lyrics1 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| length1 = 4:06
| title2 = Kodthe
| extra2 = Harika Narayan
| lyrics2 = Ramajogayya Sastry
| length2 = 3:46
| title3 = Romeo Juliet
| extra3 = [[Aditi Shankar]]
| lyrics3 = Raghuram
| length3 = 3:51
}}

== Release ==
''Ghani'' was released on 8 April 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Varun Tej-starrer 'Ghani' gets postponed, release in theatres on April 8 |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/varun-tej-starrer-ghani-gets-postponed-will-now-release-in-theatres-on-april-8/articleshow/89944275.cms |access-date=2022-03-03 |archive-date=3 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303003352/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/varun-tej-starrer-ghani-gets-postponed-will-now-release-in-theatres-on-april-8/articleshow/89944275.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was originally scheduled to release on 30 July 2021,<ref>{{cite news|title=Varun Tej and Saiee Manjrekar starrer Ghani to hit screens on July 30|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/varun-tej-and-saiee-manjrekar-starrer-ghani-to-hit-screens-on-july-30/articleshow/80496363.cms|access-date=30 January 2021|archive-date=28 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128130150/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/varun-tej-and-saiee-manjrekar-starrer-ghani-to-hit-screens-on-july-30/articleshow/80496363.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> but was later postponed due to [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]]. In early-August 2021, the film's release was rescheduled to November 2021, coinciding with [[Deepavali]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-06|title=Varun Tej's sports drama 'Ghani' gets theatrical release date|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/varun-tejs-sports-drama-ghani-gets-theatrical-release-date-153569|access-date=2021-08-08|website=The News Minute|language=en|archive-date=8 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808090935/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/varun-tejs-sports-drama-ghani-gets-theatrical-release-date-153569|url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2021, the release date was announced as 3 December 2021.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=6 October 2021|title=Varun Tej packs a punch in Ghani teaser. Film to hit theatres on Dec 3|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/varun-tej-packs-a-punch-in-ghani-teaser-film-to-hit-theatres-on-dec-3-1861618-2021-10-06|website=India Today|access-date=6 October 2021|archive-date=6 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006151727/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/varun-tej-packs-a-punch-in-ghani-teaser-film-to-hit-theatres-on-dec-3-1861618-2021-10-06|url-status=live}}</ref> Later, it was rescheduled to release on 24 December 2021. In the early-December, the makers postponed the release indefinitely to avoid clash with other films releasing the same month.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2021-12-11|title=Varun Tej's Ghani release postponed|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/varun-tej-s-ghani-release-postponed-158624|website=The News Minute|access-date=21 December 2021|archive-date=21 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221141849/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/varun-tej-s-ghani-release-postponed-158624|url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2022, it was announced by the makers that the film will release on 25 February 2022 or that the film was going to be postponed to 4 March 2022 depending upon the release of other films.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-01|title=Ghani producers block two potential dates for release|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/ghani-makers-block-two-release-dates-7751011/|access-date=2022-02-07|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=7 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207190339/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/ghani-makers-block-two-release-dates-7751011/|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was scheduled for a theatrical release on 25 February 2022 but was postponed due to ''[[Bheemla Nayak]]'' choosing to release on that day.<ref name="auto"/><ref name=":2">{{cite tweet |author=Renaissance Pictures |user=RenaissanceMovi |number=1496030309917536257 |date=22 February 2022 |title=#Ghani will meet you on big screens at a later date!🥊 A new release date will be announced very soon! ✨ @IAmVarunTej @IamJagguBhai @nimmaupendra @SunielVShetty @saieemmanjrekar @dir_kiran @MusicThaman @george_dop @sidhu_mudda @Bobbyallu @adityamusic @dhilipaction https://t.co/oQoWGNALae |language=en |access-date=28 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222104540/https://twitter.com/RenaissanceMovi/status/1496030309917536257 |archive-date=22 February 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Non-theatrical rights including digital streaming and satellite rights of the film were acquired by [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]] and [[Gemini TV]] respectively at a cost of {{INR|25 crore}} combined.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-31 |title=ఒక్క ట్రైలర్ తోనే మెగా హీరో సినిమాకు భారీ బిజినెస్.. 'గని' శాటిలైట్ రైట్స్ తెలిస్తే షాక్ అవ్వాల్సిందే |url=https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/tollywood/varun-tej-ghani-movie-ott-in-all-languages-satellite-rights-sold-for-25-crores-673859.html |access-date=2022-05-03 |website=TV9 Telugu |language=te |archive-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331122731/https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/tollywood/varun-tej-ghani-movie-ott-in-all-languages-satellite-rights-sold-for-25-crores-673859.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Prior to the film's release, ''[[Telangana Today]]'' reported that the film premiere on [[Netflix]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-01 |title=Post-theatrical digital streaming partner locked for Varun Tej's 'Ghani' |url=https://telanganatoday.com/post-theatrical-digital-streaming-partner-locked-for-varun-tejs-ghani |access-date=2022-05-03 |website=Telangana Today |language=en-US |archive-date=3 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503054808/https://telanganatoday.com/post-theatrical-digital-streaming-partner-locked-for-varun-tejs-ghani |url-status=live }}</ref> but the film was premiered on Aha on 22 April 2022.{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}}

== Reception ==
=== Box office ===
''Ghani'' collected a distributor's share of {{INR|3}} crore on its opening day.<ref>{{cite news|title='Ghani' box office collection day 1: Varun Tej and Saiee Manjrekar's film mint approx Rs 2.5 – 3 crores on its opening day|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/ghani-box-office-collection-day-1-varun-tej-and-saiee-manjrekars-film-mint-approx-rs-2-5-3-crores-on-its-opening-day/articleshow/90740946.cms|website=[[The Times Of India]]|access-date=11 April 2022|archive-date=11 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411105316/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/ghani-box-office-collection-day-1-varun-tej-and-saiee-manjrekars-film-mint-approx-rs-2-5-3-crores-on-its-opening-day/articleshow/90740946.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was able to collect close to {{INR|6 crore}} in the first two days.<ref>{{cite news|title='Ghani' box office collection: Varun Tej's-Allu Bobby movie erns close Rs. 6 crores in 2 days|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ghani-box-office-collection-varun-tejs-allu-bobby-movie-erns-close-rs-6-crores-in-2-days/articleshow/90762864.cms|website=[[The Times Of India]]|access-date=11 April 2022|archive-date=10 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410205018/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ghani-box-office-collection-varun-tejs-allu-bobby-movie-erns-close-rs-6-crores-in-2-days/articleshow/90762864.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Critical response ===
The film received mixed to negative reviews from critics who severely panned the film.<ref>{{cite web|title=Varun Tej's Ghani full HD Movie Leaked Online by Tamilrockers and Movierulz|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/varun-tejs-ghani-full-hd-movie-leaked-online-by-tamilrockers-and-movierulz-737250|website=[[The Hans India]]|access-date=9 April 2022|quote=The film has got mixed reviews from the audience as well as film critics.|archive-date=9 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409074913/https://www.thehansindia.com/amp/cinema/tollywood/varun-tejs-ghani-full-hd-movie-leaked-online-by-tamilrockers-and-movierulz-737250|url-status=live}}</ref> Neeshita Nyayapati of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Ghani is a decent sports drama, but that’s all it ends up being – decent. The film doesn’t provide anything you haven’t seen before".<ref>{{cite web|title=Ghani Movie Review: A decent sports drama that lacks freshness|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/ghani/amp_movie_review/90721783.cms|website=[[The Times Of India]]|access-date=8 April 2022|archive-date=24 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424050914/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/ghani/amp_movie_review/90721783.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> A reviewer from ''[[Sakshi Post]]'' rated the film 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Ghani is a decent sports drama".<ref>{{cite web|title=Ghani Movie Review, Rating: Varun Tej Impresses in This Sports Drama|url=https://www.menglishsakshi.com/amp/news/tollywood/ghani-movie-review-rating-153223|website=[[Sakshi Post]]|access-date=8 April 2022}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Sowmya Rajendran of ''[[The News Minute]]'' rated the film 2 out of 5 stars and stated "The film has nothing new to offer and is a half-baked sports drama full of déjà vu moments".<ref>{{cite web|title=Ghani review: Varun Tej's boxing film lacks punch|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ghani-review-varun-tej-s-boxing-film-lacks-punch-162722%3famp|website=[[The News Minute]]|access-date=8 April 2022|archive-date=8 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408103832/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ghani-review-varun-tej-s-boxing-film-lacks-punch-162722?amp|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ram Venkat Srikar of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' rated the film 1.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Ghani fails to pack a punch. I know it’s a cliched verdict, but it’s still more inventive than the film".<ref>{{cite web|title=Laughable cliche-ridden snoozefest|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/Apr/09/laughable-cliche-ridden-snoozefest-2439742.html|website=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=8 April 2022 |access-date=9 April 2022|archive-date=9 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409083833/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/apr/09/laughable-cliche-ridden-snoozefest-2439742.amp|url-status=live}}</ref> Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' stated "A few masala moments stand out, but the sports and revenge drama is let down by insipid writing".<ref>{{cite news|title='Ghani' movie review: A muddle of a narrative|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/ghani-movie-review-a-muddle-of-a-narrative/article65302501.ece/|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=8 April 2022|access-date=8 April 2022|last1=Dundoo|first1=Sangeetha Devi|archive-date=8 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408100810/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/ghani-movie-review-a-muddle-of-a-narrative/article65302501.ece/amp/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt13872244}}

[[Category:2022 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2022 drama films]]
[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:Geetha Arts films]]
[[Category:Indian boxing films]]
[[Category:Indian sports drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Thaman S]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:2020s sports drama films]]
[[Category:2022 sports films]]
[[Category:Films postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:Film productions suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:Films set in Visakhapatnam]]

Ebrahim Ebrahim

2026-04-19T06:31:38Z

UnknownEdits0303: made post!

{{Short description|South African anti-apartheid activist (1937–2021)}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Ebrahim Ebrahim
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Ebrahim Ismail Ebrahim.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Ebrahim in 2010
| office1 = Deputy Minister of International Relations and Cooperation
| president1 = [[Jacob Zuma]]
| term_start1 = 11 May 2009
| term_end1 = 25 May 2014
| predecessor1 = [[Aziz Pahad]]
| successor1 = [[Nomaindia Mfeketo]]
| birth_name = Ebrahim Ismail Ebrahim
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1937|07|01|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Durban]], [[Union of South Africa|South Africa]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2021|12|06|1937|07|01|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Johannesburg]], [[South Africa]]
| party = [[African National Congress]]
| other_party =
| spouse = {{marriage|Shannon Ebrahim (née Field)|2000}}
| partner = 
| relations = [[Gora Ebrahim]] (brother)
| children = 3
| education =
| alma_mater = [[University of South Africa]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[Bachelor of Commerce|BCom]])
| occupation = [[Internal resistance to apartheid|Anti-apartheid]] activist, lawmaker
| profession =
| known_for =
| committees =
| awards =
| website =
| alongside1 = [[Sue van der Merwe]]
}}

'''Ebrahim Ismail Ebrahim''' [[Order of Luthuli|OLG]] (1 July 1937{{Spaced en dash}}6 December 2021) was a South African anti-apartheid activist of [[Indian South Africans|Indian origin]] who was a member of the [[African National Congress]]'s armed wing [[uMkhonto we Sizwe]]''.'' He was tried in the Pietermaritzburg sabotage trials of 1963 and was sentenced to a 15-year imprisonment at the [[Maximum Security Prison, Robben Island|Robben Island Maximum Security Prison]].

Popularly known as Ebie, he served as a lawmaker in the [[1994 South African general election|first democratically elected government of South Africa in 1994]] and also served as the country's deputy minister for international relations between 2009 and 2014.

== Early life ==
Ebrahim was born in [[Durban]] in 1937 to parents, Hafeeza and Mohammed Adam Modan, of Indian origin. His father was from [[Gujarat]] and traveled to [[Union of South Africa|South Africa]] in 1933, while his mother was born in South Africa. His father took the surname Ebrahim from the family with whom he had traveled to South Africa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=7 December 2021|title=Explained: Who was Ebrahim Ebrahim, the Indian-origin anti-apartheid veteran?|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/who-was-ebrahim-ebrahim-indian-origin-anti-apartheid-veteran-7661106/|access-date=8 December 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=8 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208020415/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/who-was-ebrahim-ebrahim-indian-origin-anti-apartheid-veteran-7661106/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Ebrahim, Shannon|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1061275307|title=Ebrahim Ismail Ebrahim : a gentle revolutionary|oclc=1061275307|access-date=8 December 2021|archive-date=8 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208221001/https://www.worldcat.org/title/ebrahim-ismail-ebrahim-a-gentle-revolutionary/oclc/1061275307|url-status=live}}</ref>

Ebrahim's schooling was taken care of by his grandmother after the authorities denied him primary school admission, stating that schools for Indian students were full and could not admit him. This continued for five years until he was ten. He then joined a government funded school The Hindu Tamil Institute.<ref name=":1" />

== Career and activism ==
Ebrahim was exposed to speeches from the [[African National Congress|African National Congress (ANC)]] and [[Natal Indian Congress|Natal Indian Congress (NIC)]] leaders when he attended their rallies in [[Durban]] as a 13 year old. During this time he was introduced to activism that fought discrimination against Indians in the country.<ref name=":1" /> He was an admirer of [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s [[passive resistance]] movement, and attended rallies where ANC leader [[Albert Luthuli]] spoke.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=S.African anti-apartheid veteran Ebrahim dies aged 84|url=https://gulfnews.com/world/africa/safrican-anti-apartheid-veteran-ebrahim-dies-aged-84-1.84227893|access-date=8 December 2021|website=gulfnews.com|date=7 December 2021 |language=en|archive-date=8 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208055009/https://gulfnews.com/world/africa/safrican-anti-apartheid-veteran-ebrahim-dies-aged-84-1.84227893|url-status=live}}</ref>

Ebrahim joined the [[Internal resistance to apartheid|anti-apartheid]] movement by joining the NIC in 1952 during the [[Defiance Campaign|Defiance campaign]].<ref name=":1" /> In the same year, he became a member of the [[ANC Youth League]]. As a member of the NIC he got to be a delegate to [[Congress of the People (1955)|Congress of the People]] that adopted the [[Freedom Charter]] in 1955.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=6 December 2021|title=South African anti-apartheid veteran Ebrahim Ismail Ebrahim dies at 84|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/world/africa/article/3158670/south-african-anti-apartheid-veteran-ebrahim-ismail-ebrahim-dies|access-date=8 December 2021|website=South China Morning Post|language=en|archive-date=8 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208015927/https://www.scmp.com/news/world/africa/article/3158670/south-african-anti-apartheid-veteran-ebrahim-ismail-ebrahim-dies|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Ebrahim Ismail Ebrahim|url=http://www.pa.org.za/person/ebrahim-ismail-ebrahim/|access-date=8 December 2021|website=People's Assembly|language=en|archive-date=10 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710010536/https://www.pa.org.za/person/ebrahim-ismail-ebrahim/|url-status=live}}</ref>

He went on to become a member of the [[ANC]] armed wing ''[[Umkhonto We Sizwe]]'' in 1961 and was a member of the organization that carried out sabotage across the country.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=8 December 2021|title=Remembering Ebrahim Ismail Ebrahim|url=https://tribunemag.co.uk/2021/12/ebrahim-ismail-ebrahim-anc-apartheid-south-africa-obituary|last=Kasrils|first=Ronnie|access-date=9 December 2021|work=Tribune|archive-date=8 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208214222/https://tribunemag.co.uk/2021/12/ebrahim-ismail-ebrahim-anc-apartheid-south-africa-obituary|url-status=live}}</ref> He would later say that the [[Sharpeville massacre]] of 1960, where 69 protestors were shot dead by the Transvaal police, changed his mind about peaceful means of protest and passive resistance, leading him to join the armed wing of the ANC.<ref name=":3"/>

He was arrested in 1963 under the [[General Law Amendment Act, 1962|Sabotage act]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> He was tried in the [[Pietermaritzburg Sabotage Trial]] that included 18 other activists and was sentenced to a 15-year imprisonment at the [[Maximum Security Prison, Robben Island|Robben Island Maximum Security Prison]]. His time at the prison coincided with the time that other prominent activists including [[Nelson Mandela]] were in the same prison.<ref name=":0" /> During his time in prison, for a brief period he shared his cell with [[Jacob Zuma]], who would later be the president of the country.<ref name=":3" />

Ebrahim would write in his memoir later of the physical abuse, torture, and suffering inflicted in the prison saying, "In prison we were assaulted, starved, under-clothed and exposed to bitter cold weather. We were sworn at and humiliated in the most degrading manner. We broke stones and ate a measly meal. For years we were made to stand stark naked for long periods of time in an open courtyard, sometimes in biting cold weather." Despite this, he used his time in the prison to obtain two university degrees, [[Bachelor of Arts]] and [[Bachelor of Commerce]], from the [[University of South Africa]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2"/>

Ebrahim was released from prison in 1979, with the condition that he not participate in any political activities,<ref name=":1" /> and followed the ANC's order to go into exile the following year.<ref name=":2" /> However, he was arrested again in 1989 for planting landmines in white-owned farms in [[Swaziland]] (now [[Eswatini]]) in 1986, along with two others. He was kidnapped from Swaziland by South African apartheid agents and sentenced to 20 years of imprisonment, again in Robben Island.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=6 December 2021|title=S. African anti-apartheid veteran Ebrahim dies aged 84|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20211206-s-african-anti-apartheid-veteran-ebrahim-dies-aged-84|access-date=8 December 2021|website=France 24|language=en|archive-date=6 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206230139/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20211206-s-african-anti-apartheid-veteran-ebrahim-dies-aged-84|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Battersby|first1=John D.|date=17 January 1989|title=Afrikaner Paper Urges Talks With Mandela|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/01/17/world/afrikaner-paper-urges-talks-with-mandela.html|access-date=8 December 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=8 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208071955/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/01/17/world/afrikaner-paper-urges-talks-with-mandela.html|url-status=live}}</ref> During the trial, a former Umkhonto we Sizwe operative turned state witness, [[Glory Sedibe]] (known in court as “Mr X1”), testified for the prosecution against Ebrahim and his co-accused in 1988.<ref>[https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/lifestyle/2014-11-15-how-do-you-tell-a-man-his-courage-has-run-out/ How do you tell a man his courage has run out], Times live, 15 November 2014. Retrieved 20 February 2022</ref><ref>[https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/opinion/ebrahim-ebrahim-obituary-a-life-that-leaves-behind-a-substantial-legacy-of-kindness-and-compassion-f05263aa-903e-46af-8bdd-37fc5260a91c Ebrahim Ebrahim Obituary: A life that leaves behind a substantial legacy of kindness and compassion. Retrieved 23 February 2022]</ref><ref>[https://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/ebrahim-maseko-and-dladla-are-abducted-swaziland Ebrahim, Maseko and Dladla are abducted in Swaziland. Retrieved 25 February 2022]</ref> Ebrahim was released in 1991; the kidnapping was [[State v Ebrahim|ruled illegal]] since it had taken place outside South African jurisdiction.<ref name=":1" />

[[File:Ebrahim Ismail Ebrahim, Deputy Minister of International Relations and Cooperation, South Africa and Fadhl Al-Maghafi, Minister Plenipotentiary, Yemen with a joey from Caversham Wildlife Park.jpg|thumb|Ebrahim in Australia (2013)]]

Ebrahim was part of the [[1994 South African general election|first democratically elected government of South Africa in 1994]],<ref name=":0" /> first as a member of the National Assembly, and then as an advisor, assisting with conflict mediation between the [[Palestinians]] and Israel, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Rwanda, and in Nepal, Bolivia, [[Kosovo]], and Burundi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=South African Anti-Apartheid Veteran Ebrahim Ismail Ebrahim Dies At 84|url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/south-african-anti-apartheid-veteran-ebrahim-ismail-ebrahim-dies-at-84-2639524|access-date=8 December 2021|website=NDTV.com|archive-date=6 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206143149/https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/south-african-anti-apartheid-veteran-ebrahim-ismail-ebrahim-dies-at-84-2639524|url-status=live}}</ref> As a mediator in the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]] he advocated for a middle ground between the multiple Palestinian organizations. He met the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] leader [[Yasser Arafat]] in 2001 in the [[West Bank]] during this time. In 2002, he was part of a group of South Africans that called for a Palestinian boycott of Israel and called for sanctions against the Israeli state.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Call for South Africa to cut ties with Israel|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/call-for-south-africa-to-cut-ties-with-israel-83765|access-date=8 December 2021|website=www.iol.co.za|language=en|archive-date=6 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206173119/https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/call-for-south-africa-to-cut-ties-with-israel-83765|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2010, he had called for an end to the "cleansing of Palestinians from Jerusalem" noting that the "Israel and Palestine conflict (was) primarily about freedom to live in dignity".<ref>{{cite news|last=AFP and TOI staff|title=South African anti-apartheid, Palestinian rights advocate Ebrahim dies at 84|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/south-african-anti-apartheid-palestinian-rights-advocate-ebrahim-dies-at-84/|access-date=8 December 2021|website=[[The Times of Israel]]|language=en-US|archive-date=6 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206190954/https://www.timesofisrael.com/south-african-anti-apartheid-palestinian-rights-advocate-ebrahim-dies-at-84/|url-status=live |issn=0040-7909}}</ref>

He was appointed the [[Minister of International Relations and Cooperation|deputy foreign minister]] in 2009 and served in the position for six years between 2009 and 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Mahlati |first1= Zintle|last2=Morais|first2=Sheldon |title=Former deputy minister Ebrahim Ebrahim dies aged 84 |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/former-deputy-minister-ebrahim-ebrahim-dies-aged-84-20211206 |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> He also served as the member of the [[National Executive Committee of the African National Congress]] for over 26 years between 1991 and 2017.<ref name=":1" /> He represented the constituency of [[Chatsworth, KwaZulu-Natal|Chatsworth]] in [[KwaZulu-Natal]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kianja |title=Ebrahim Ebrahim – Farewell to a Gentle Revolutionary |url=https://www.thediplomaticsociety.co.za/3600-ebrahim-ebrahim-the-gentle-revolutionary |access-date=2022-08-28 |website=www.thediplomaticsociety.co.za |language=en-gb}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Ebrahim, who was also known as Ebie,<ref name=":1"/> met his future wife Shannon née Field, a [[United Nations]] official, in 1998. The couple married in 2000 and went on to have a son and a daughter. He also had another daughter from his earlier relationship with an American academic Julia Wells.{{Efn|Some sources note the spelling of Wells's first name as Julie}}<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Ebrahim Ebrahim obituary: A life that leaves behind a substantial legacy of kindness and compassion|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/opinion/ebrahim-ebrahim-obituary-a-life-that-leaves-behind-a-substantial-legacy-of-kindness-and-compassion-f05263aa-903e-46af-8bdd-37fc5260a91c|access-date=8 December 2021|website=www.iol.co.za|language=en|archive-date=7 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207184442/https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/opinion/ebrahim-ebrahim-obituary-a-life-that-leaves-behind-a-substantial-legacy-of-kindness-and-compassion-f05263aa-903e-46af-8bdd-37fc5260a91c|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ebrahim Ismail Ebrahim {{!}} South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/ebrahim-ismail-ebrahim |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=www.sahistory.org.za}}</ref>

Ebrahim was a fan of [[Indian film|Indian film music]], listening to singers including [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Mohammed Rafi]], [[Kishore Kumar]], and [[Geeta Dutt]]. It is noted that when he was underground on radio duty scanning radio stations, including [[Radio Moscow]], [[Voice of America]], [[South African Broadcasting Corporation]], and the [[BBC]], he would find himself tuning to [[All India Radio]] listening to Indian film music.<ref name=":4" /> When incarcerated prisoners in Robben island were allowed to choose music for broadcast, he would select [[Bollywood music]] to confuse the prison warders.<ref name=":4" /> He was also a fan of [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] realist writer [[Nikolai Ostrovsky]]'s works.<ref name=":4" />

Ebrahim died on 6 December 2021 at home in [[Johannesburg]]. He was aged 84.<ref name=":0" /> He was provided a state funeral by the [[Gauteng]] province at the [[Westpark Cemetery]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=WATCH: Gauteng Premier David Makhura pays tribute to Struggle stalwart Ebrahim Ebrahim|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/watch-gauteng-premier-david-makhura-pays-tribute-to-struggle-stalwart-ebrahim-ebrahim-5178ba71-324b-46a5-ae28-618e2de14d85|access-date=8 December 2021|website=www.iol.co.za|language=en|archive-date=7 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207191459/http://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/watch-gauteng-premier-david-makhura-pays-tribute-to-struggle-stalwart-ebrahim-ebrahim-5178ba71-324b-46a5-ae28-618e2de14d85|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book|last=Ebrahim|first=Shannon|title=Ebrahim Ismail Ebrahim: a gentle revolutionary|oclc=1061275307}}

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* [https://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/archive-files/ebrahim_ismail_ebrahim_book_pdf.pdf Ebrahim Ismail Ebrahim: A Gentle Revolutionary] at SAHistory.org.za
* {{YouTube|id=79v_YSQBeIw|title=Ebrahim Ismail Ebrahim funeral}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ebrahim, Ebrahim Ismail}}
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:African National Congress politicians]]
[[Category:South African anti-apartheid activists]]
[[Category:Inmates of Robben Island]]
[[Category:Members of the National Assembly of South Africa 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Activists from Durban]]
[[Category:South African politicians of Indian descent]]
[[Category:South African people of Gujarati descent]]
[[Category:South African prisoners and detainees]]
[[Category:University of South Africa alumni]]
[[Category:Members of the National Assembly of South Africa 1994–1999]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Luthuli]]
[[Category:South African activists for Palestinian solidarity]]

Cyclone Akash

2026-04-17T05:04:02Z

UnknownEdits0303:

{{Short description|North Indian Ocean cyclonic storm in 2007}}
{{Good article}}
{{Infobox weather event
| name = Cyclonic Storm Akash
| image = Akash May 14 2007 0700Z.jpg
| caption = Akash on May 14
| formed = {{start-date|May 12, 2007}}
| dissipated = {{end-date|May 15, 2007}}
}}{{Infobox weather event/IMD
| winds = 45
| pressure = 988
}}{{Infobox weather event/JTWC
| winds = 65
| pressure = 976
}}{{Infobox weather event/Effects
| year = 2007
| fatalities = 14 direct
| damage = 982000000
| areas = [[Andaman Islands]], [[Nicobar Islands]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Burma]]
| refs =
}}{{Infobox weather event/Footer
| season = [[2007 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]]
}}

'''Cyclonic Storm Akash'''{{efn|The name ''Akash'' ([[Hindi language|Hindi]]: आकाश; [[Help:IPA/Hindi|[äː.käːʃ]]]) was contributed by [[India]] and means "sky" in [[Hindi language|Hindi]].}} (JTWC designation: '''''01B''''') was the first named [[tropical cyclone]] of the [[2007 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]]. Warned by both [[India Meteorological Department]] (IMD) and [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] (JTWC), it formed from an area of disturbed weather on the [[Bay of Bengal]] on May 12, and gradually organized as it drifted northward. An [[eye (cyclone)|eye]] began to develop as it approached land, and after reaching peak 3-min sustained winds of {{convert|85|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}} it struck about {{convert|115|km|mi|abbr=on}} south of [[Chittagong]] in [[Bangladesh]]. Akash rapidly weakened over land, and advisories were discontinued on May 15.

The storm initially brought heavy rainfall to the [[Andaman Islands|Andaman]] and [[Nicobar Islands]]. Upon striking [[Bangladesh]], Cyclonic Storm Akash produced a moderate [[storm tide]], along with strong winds and heavy rains. The storm left dozens of boats missing, with three fisherman confirmed killed and another 50 missing. Near the coast, thousands of houses were damaged from the flooding caused by the storm. In [[Burma]], the storm tide caused some [[coastal flooding]]. In all, 14 people were killed and damages amounted to US$982 million.

==Meteorological history==
{{storm path|Akash 2007 track.png}}
[[Image:Tropical Storm 01B (2007).jpg|thumb|right|Image of Tropical Cyclone 01B (Akash) right after formation.]]
During the second week of May, [[low-pressure area|low pressures]] persisted across the [[Bay of Bengal]]. An area of convection developed on May 11, and the next day the [[India Meteorological Department]] (IMD) classified it as a depression.<ref name="imd512">{{Cite FTP |author=India Meteorological Department|year=2007|title=May 12 Tropical Weather Outlook for North Indian Ocean|access-date=2007-05-13|server=FTP server|url-status=dead|url=ftp://ftp.met.fsu.edu/pub/weather/tropical/New-Delhi/2007051306.DEMS}}</ref> The system drifted northward,<ref name="imd513">{{Cite FTP |author=India Meteorological Department|year=2007|title=May 13 Tropical Weather Outlook for North Indian Ocean|access-date=2007-05-13|server=FTP server|url-status=dead|url=ftp://ftp.met.fsu.edu/pub/weather/tropical/New-Delhi/2007051318.DEMS}}</ref> and initially moderate [[wind shear]] kept the deep convection on the periphery of the consolidating low-level circulation center.<ref name="512stwa">{{Cite FTP |author=Charlie Forecast Team|year=2007|title=May 12 Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Indian Ocean|access-date=2007-05-13|server=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|url-status=dead|url=ftp://ftp.met.fsu.edu/pub/weather/tropical/GuamStuff/2007051210-ABIO.PGTW}}</ref> Gradually, [[tropical cyclone#Background|banding features]] developed along the eastern semicircle, and with decreasing amounts of wind shear the system organized further.<ref name="512stwa2">{{Cite FTP |author=Delta Forecast Team|year=2007|title=May 12 Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Indian Ocean (2)|access-date=2007-05-13|server=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|url-status=dead|url=ftp://ftp.met.fsu.edu/pub/weather/tropical/GuamStuff/2007051218-ABIO.PGTW}}</ref> By May 13, the pressure had dropped to 1000 [[mbar]] as wind shear levels dropped significantly. An [[anticyclone]] developed over the system, while a mid-latitude [[trough (meteorology)|trough]] over northeastern India provided favorable [[tropical cyclone#Background|outflow]]. Convection continued to consolidate around the low-level circulation,<ref name="513stwa">{{Cite FTP |author=Delta Forecast Team|year=2007|title=May 13 Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Indian Ocean|access-date=2007-05-13|server=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|url-status=dead|url=ftp://ftp.met.fsu.edu/pub/weather/tropical/GuamStuff/2007051318-ABIO.PGTW}}</ref> and with well-defined banding features and a [[eye (cyclone)|central dense overcast]] over the center of circulation, the [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] (JTWC) upgraded it to Tropical Cyclone 01B at 1121 UTC on May 13 while located about {{convert|545|km|mi|abbr=on}} west-northwest of [[Yangon]], [[Burma]].<ref name="disc1">{{Cite FTP |author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|year=2007|title=Tropical Cyclone 01B Warning NR 001|access-date=2007-05-13|server=FTP server|url-status=dead|url=ftp://ftp.met.fsu.edu/pub/weather/tropical/GuamStuff/2007051321-WTIO.PGTW}}</ref>

Upon first being upgraded, the storm tracked steadily northward due to a break in a mid-level [[ridge (meteorology)|ridge]].<ref name="disc1"/> Early on May 14, IMD upgraded the system to deep depression status,<ref name="imd514">{{Cite FTP |author=India Meteorological Department|year=2007|title=May 14 Tropical Weather Outlook for North Indian Ocean|access-date=2007-05-13|server=FTP server|url-status=dead|url=ftp://ftp.met.fsu.edu/pub/weather/tropical/New-Delhi/2007051400.DEMS}}</ref> and six hours later classified it as Cyclonic Storm Akash after attaining 3-min sustained winds of {{convert|40|mph|km/h|abbr=on|round=5}}.<ref name="imddisc1">{{Cite FTP |author=India Meteorological Department|year=2007|title=Tropical Cyclone Akash Warning NR 001|access-date=2007-05-14|server=FTP server|url-status=dead|url=ftp://ftp.met.fsu.edu/pub/weather/tropical/New-Delhi/2007051406.DEMS}}</ref> Akash continued to organize, with deep convection wrapping fully around the low-level circulation.<ref name="disc2">{{Cite FTP |author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|year=2007|title=Tropical Cyclone 01B Warning NR 002|access-date=2007-05-14|server=FTP server|url-status=dead|url=ftp://ftp.met.fsu.edu/pub/weather/tropical/GuamStuff/2007051409-WTIO.PGTW}}</ref> An [[eye (cyclone)|eye]] began to form as the storm approached land, and at 1800 UTC on May 14 JTWC estimated 1-min sustained winds of {{convert|120|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}.<ref name="disc3"/> Officially, Akash attained peak 3-min sustained winds of {{convert|85|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}} and a minimum central pressure of 988 [[hPa]].<ref name="imdadv">{{cite web |author=India Meteorological Department |year=2007 |title=TC Advisory on Cyclonic Storm Akash |access-date=2007-05-15 |url=http://twister.sbs.ohio-state.edu/text/station/VIDP/FKIN20.VIDP |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240522072357/https://www.webcitation.org/5OqWZXlRX?url=http://twister.sbs.ohio-state.edu/text/station/VIDP/FKIN20.VIDP |archive-date=May 22, 2024 }}</ref> Additionally, meteorologists in [[Burma]] estimated Akash peaked with winds of {{convert|160|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}.<ref name="reuters515"/> As it interacted with the mid-latitude westerlies, it began to become [[extratropical cyclone|extratropical]].<ref name="disc3">{{Cite FTP |author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|year=2007|title=Tropical Cyclone 01B (Akash) Warning NR 003|access-date=2007-05-14|server=FTP server|url-status=dead|url=ftp://ftp.met.fsu.edu/pub/weather/tropical/GuamStuff/2007051421-WTIO.PGTW}}</ref> Shortly after reaching peak winds, Akash made [[landfall]] about {{convert|115|km|mi|abbr=on}} south of [[Chittagong]]. The storm weakened rapidly as it continued inland,<ref name="disc4">{{Cite FTP |author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|year=2007|title=Tropical Cyclone 01B (Akash) Warning NR 004|access-date=2007-05-15|server=FTP server|url-status=dead|url=ftp://ftp.met.fsu.edu/pub/weather/tropical/GuamStuff/2007051503-WTIO.PGTW}}</ref> and early on May 15 IMD issued its final advisory on the system;<ref name="imd515">{{Cite FTP |author=India Meteorological Department|year=2007|title=Special Bulletin for Met. Area North of Equator|access-date=2007-05-15|server=FTP server|url-status=dead|url=ftp://ftp.met.fsu.edu/pub/weather/tropical/New-Delhi/2007051501.DEMS}}</ref> shortly thereafter, JTWC discontinued advisories.<ref name="disc4"/> The name was contributed by India, Akash means Sky in [[Hindi]] language.

==Preparations==
In its daily tropical weather outlook, the India Meteorological Department warned fishermen on the [[Andaman Islands|Andaman]] and [[Nicobar Islands]] to not go into the ocean due to the anticipated rough seas.<ref name="imd513"/> Upon the cyclone approaching the coast of [[Bangladesh]], officials canceled all flights to and from the [[Shah Amanat International Airport]] in Chattogram. Additionally, authorities at the port of [[Chittagong]] worked to protect cargo ships from the storm,<ref name="ms514"/> and it was ultimately closed for a period of 19 hours.<ref name="ds515">{{cite web|author=The Daily Star|year=2007|title=Cyclone Akash spawns tidal surge in coasts|access-date=2007-05-15|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/2007/05/15/d7051501033.htm|archive-date=2007-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070517041647/http://www.thedailystar.net/2007/05/15/d7051501033.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ds516"/> In preparation for Akash, officials advised coastal residents to evacuate further inland;<ref name="ms514"/> about 80,000 total residents left for emergency shelters.<ref name="ds515"/> About 40,000 [[International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement|Red Cross]] volunteers were prepared to aid those potentially affected.<ref name="ms514">{{cite web|author=Malaysia Sun |year=2007 |title=Bangladesh airport, seaport shut as cyclone 'Akash' intensifies |access-date=2007-05-14 |url=http://story.malaysiasun.com/index.php/ct/9/cid/b8de8e630faf3631/id/248708/cs/1/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070517183724/http://story.malaysiasun.com/index.php/ct/9/cid/b8de8e630faf3631/id/248708/cs/1/ |archive-date=2007-05-17 }}</ref>
{{Clear}}

==Impact==
{{Wettest tropical cyclones in Bangladesh|align=right}}
The [[India Meteorological Department]] estimated winds of {{convert|45|–|55|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} affected the [[Andaman Islands|Andaman]] and [[Nicobar Islands]], though no land reports were received.<ref name="imd513"/> In [[Sittwe]] in [[Burma]], the storm produced a [[storm tide]] of {{convert|3|m|ft|abbr=on}}, which flooded coastal areas.<ref name="reuters515"/>

In [[Chittagong]], about {{convert|115|km|mi|abbr=on}} north of where Akash moved ashore, surface stations reported peak winds of {{convert|37|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} and a pressure of 996.8 [[hPa]].<ref name="disc4"/> Near its landfall location, Akash produced high tides that flooded coastal areas with up to {{convert|1.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} of water,<ref name="ds515"/> destroying at least 30 businesses.<ref name="reuters515"/> The cyclone destroyed 205 houses and left an additional 845 damaged.<ref name="rw517"/> Akash caused moderate crop damage near the coast,<ref name="reuters515">{{cite web|author1=Nizam Ahmed|author2=Nurul Islam|author3=Aung Hla Tun|year=2007|title=Tidal surge floods Bangladesh coastal villages|access-date=2007-05-15|url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/JBRN-738GAF?OpenDocument&rc=3&cc=bgd|archive-date=2007-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927183244/http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/JBRN-738GAF?OpenDocument&rc=3&cc=bgd|url-status=live}}</ref> including {{convert|2|ha|acre|abbr=off}} of destroyed lands of shrimp farms.<ref name="ds516"/> Heavy precipitation was reported, with one station reporting a total of {{convert|53|mm|in|abbr=on}};<ref name="rw517" /> the rainfall caused flooding in inland areas.<ref name="ds515"/> The heavy rains, caused by outer bands of the cyclone before it made landfall, limited play in Chittagong in the [[Indian cricket team in Bangladesh in 2007#3rd ODI|third One Day International]] [[cricket]] match between [[India national cricket team|India]] and [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]], before the match was abandoned.<ref name="odi515">{{cite web|author=Asian News International|year=2007|title=India, Bangladesh third ODI called off|access-date=2007-05-15|url=http://www.newkerala.com/news5.php?action=fullnews&id=29648|archive-date=2007-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022071427/http://www.newkerala.com/news5.php?action=fullnews&id=29648|url-status=live}}</ref> Strong winds caused power outages throughout [[Cox's Bazar District]],<ref name="ds515"/> and downed about 200 trees on [[St. Martin's Island]]. The cyclone left a total of 10 boats unaccounted for, with about 50 fishermen missing. In total, three fisherman were confirmed killed, all on St. Martin's Island,<ref name="ds516">{{cite web|author=The Daily Star|year=2007|title=3 killed, 50 missing as cyclone Akash makes landfall|access-date=2007-05-15|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/2007/05/16/d7051601044.htm|archive-date=2007-05-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070518032559/http://www.thedailystar.net/2007/05/16/d7051601044.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> with two people left hospitalized.<ref name="non517">{{cite web|author=Narinjara News |year=2007 |title=No Relief for Akash's Victims in Arakan |access-date=2007-05-17 |url=http://www.narinjara.com/details.asp?id=1261 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928060615/http://www.narinjara.com/details.asp?id=1261 |archive-date=2007-09-28 }}</ref> The passage of Cyclone Akash left many people homeless. Initially there was no response from the government.<ref name="non517"/> In all, 14 people were killed by Akash and damages amounted to US$982 million.<ref>{{cite web|author=Myint Thein|publisher=Social Welfare Department|date=2008-03-05|access-date=2009-05-13|title=Relief and Resettlement Department|url=http://www.adrc.asia/acdr/2008bali/documents/02-01-20.pdf|archive-date=2013-06-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604174105/http://www.adrc.asia/acdr/2008bali/documents/02-01-20.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones}}
* [[List of tropical cyclone records]]
* [[Cyclone Mora]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.usno.navy.mil/JTWC Joint Typhoon Warning Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301105349/http://www.usno.navy.mil/JTWC |date=2010-03-01 }}

{{2007 North Indian Ocean cyclone season buttons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Akash}}
[[Category:2007 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Myanmar]]
[[Category:2007 in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Cyclonic storms]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in 2007]]

Kavathe Mahankal Assembly constituency

2026-04-17T00:47:12Z

UnknownEdits0303: added the info initial version

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kavathe Mahankal
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| district =
| division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Sangli Lok Sabha constituency|Sangli]]
| constituency_no =
| established = 1978
| reservation =
| abolished = 2008
| electors =
}}
'''Kavathe Mahankal''' Vidhan Sabha seat was one of the constituencies of [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]], in [[India]]. It was a segment of [[Sangli Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Kavathe Mahankal Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/kavathemahankal-maharashtra-assembly-constituency |access-date= |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref> Kavathe Mahankal seat existed until the 2004 elections after which it was succeeded by [[Tasgaon-Kavathe Mahankal Assembly constituency]] seat in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |accessdate=12 October 2017 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225084439/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archivedate=25 February 2009 }}</ref>

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''1967 - 1972 Atpadi Kawathe Mahankal''}}
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || B. S. Kore || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Annasaheb Udhav lengare
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''1978 onwards Kawathe Mahankal''}}
|-

| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || rowspan=3 | Vitthal Shripati Patil || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || Shivajirao Krishnaji Shendge
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || rowspan=3 | Ajitrao Shankarrao Ghorpade || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''2009 onwards : See [[Tasgaon-Kavathe Mahankal Assembly constituency|Tasgaon-Kavathe Mahankal]]''}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kavathe Mahankal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Ajitrao Shankarrao Ghorpade |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 72,597 |percentage = 50.57% |change={{increase}}36.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jaysingrao(Tatya) Dhondiram Shendage|party=Independent politician |votes = 58,501 |percentage = 40.75% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Appasaheb Bhupal Hulle|party=Shiv Sena |votes = 9,072 |percentage = 6.32% |change={{increase}}4.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhandare Prakash Tukaram |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,450 |percentage = 1.01% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Uttamrao Pandurangrao Shinde (Sarkar) |party=Independent politician |votes = 927 |percentage = 0.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,096 |percentage = 9.82% |change= {{increase}}0.87 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 143,556 |percentage = 73.21% |change= {{decrease}}2.80 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 195,845 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.29 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}10.83 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kavathe Mahankal<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Ajitrao Shankarrao Ghorpade |party=Independent politician |votes = 50,075 |percentage = 39.74% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shivajirao Krishnaji Shendge |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 38,797 |percentage = 30.79% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ramdas Vitthal Patil|party=Indian National Congress |votes = 17,401 |percentage = 13.81% |change={{decrease}}29.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Appasaheb Bhupal Hulle|party=Independent politician |votes = 9,479 |percentage = 7.52% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dinkar Balasaheb Patil|party=Shiv Sena |votes = 2,026 |percentage = 1.61% |change={{increase}}1.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shamrao Piraji Kadam|party=Independent politician |votes = 938 |percentage = 0.74% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,278 |percentage = 8.95% |change= {{increase}}0.41 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 126,001 |percentage = 71.70% |change= {{decrease}}10.55 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 165,568 |ref = |change= {{increase}}3.07 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}12.43 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kavathe Mahankal<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Ajitrao Shankarrao Ghorpade |party=Independent politician |votes = 72,619 |percentage = 52.17% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shivajirao Krishnaji Shendge|party=Indian National Congress |votes = 60,729 |percentage = 43.63% |change={{decrease}}1.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kisanrao Dadu Shinde|party=Janata Dal |votes = 2,159 |percentage = 1.55% |change={{decrease}}7.75 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,890 |percentage = 8.54% |change= {{increase}}5.32 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 139,202 |percentage = 85.35% |change= {{increase}}13.49 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 160,640 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.53 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}6.95 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kavathe Mahankal<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Shivajirao Krishnaji Shendge |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 48,962 |percentage = 45.21% |change={{decrease}}2.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ajitrao Shankarrao Ghorpade |party=Independent politician |votes = 45,474 |percentage = 41.99% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Balasaheb Vishwasrao Patil|party=Janata Dal |votes = 10,076 |percentage = 9.30% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Govindrao N. Salunke|party=Shiv Sena |votes = 1,179 |percentage = 1.09% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,488 |percentage = 3.22% |change= {{decrease}}5.54 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 108,290 |percentage = 72.05% |change= {{increase}}6.15 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 148,015 |ref = |change= {{increase}}22.94 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}2.50 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kavathe Mahankal<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Vitthal Shripati Patil |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 38,497 |percentage = 47.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ajitrao Shankarrao Ghorpade |party=Janata Party |votes = 31,427 |percentage = 38.95% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ravindra Gundaji Patil|party=Independent politician |votes = 8,411 |percentage = 10.42% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,070 |percentage = 8.76% |change= {{decrease}}46.78 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 80,684 |percentage = 65.63% |change= {{increase}}16.59 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 120,400 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.11 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{decrease}}22.91 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kavathe Mahankal<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Vitthal Shripati Patil |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 40,030 |percentage = 70.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pandit Narayan Jadhav|party=Independent politician |votes = 8,550 |percentage = 15.08% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vilas Jaysingrao Bhosale|party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 5,701 |percentage = 10.06% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shidu Kashinath Patil|party=Independent politician |votes = 965 |percentage = 1.70% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 31,480 |percentage = 55.54% |change= {{increase}}28.61 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 56,679 |percentage = 49.15% |change= {{decrease}}22.15 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 112,411 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.90 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}10.19 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kavathe Mahankal<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Vitthal Shripati Patil |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 45,278 |percentage = 60.44% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Appasaheb Gannapati Sagare|party=Janata Party |votes = 25,103 |percentage = 33.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Anandrao Bapusaheb Shinde|party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 2,586 |percentage = 3.45% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 20,175 |percentage = 26.93% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 74,915 |percentage = 70.69% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 103,227 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Atpadi Kawathe Mahankal<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Annasaheb Udhav Engare|party=Indian National Congress |votes = 51,891 |percentage = 87.75% |change={{increase}}25.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Haribhau Nana Khujat|party=Samyukta Socialist Party |votes = 5,704 |percentage = 9.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 46,187 |percentage = 78.11% |change= {{increase}}26.71 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 59,133 |percentage = 54.98% |change= {{decrease}}5.19 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 104,759 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.57 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}25.38 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Atpadi Kawathe Mahankal<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=B. S. Kore |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 33,404 |percentage = 62.37% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=R. R. Deshmukh |party=Independent politician |votes = 5,875 |percentage = 10.97% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=S. G. Patil |party=Sanghata Socialist Party |votes = 5,471 |percentage = 10.22% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=T. K. Shendge |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,831 |percentage = 7.15% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=V. D. Patil |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,873 |percentage = 3.50% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 27,529 |percentage = 51.40% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 53,558 |percentage = 58.07% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 86,889 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coords|19.020|72.843|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kavathe Mahankal Assembly constituency}}
[[Category:Sangli district]]
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1978]]

Pandhana Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:35:18Z

UnknownEdits0303: starting pg

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{expand list|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Pandhana
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 178
| map_image = 178-Pandhana.svg
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Khandwa district|Khandwa]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Khandwa Lok Sabha constituency|Khandwa]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[Chaya More]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = Ram Dangore
}}
'''Pandhana''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].<ref name="election2013">{{cite web|title=Madhya Pradesh 2013|url=http://www.myneta.info/mp2013/index.php?action=show_candidates&constituency_id=175|website=myneta.info|publisher=National Election Watch|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2018">{{cite web|title=List of Assembly Constituencies|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/se98/background/S12/ListACs-MP.html|website=eci.nic.in|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2018-1">{{cite web|title=Vidhansabha Seats|url=http://www.electionsinindia.com/madhyapradesh/statepc.aspx|website=electionsininda.com|publisher=Election In India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref>

It is part of [[Khandwa district]]. The constituency was originally reserved for Scheduled Castes, and was reserved by Scheduled Tribes in 2008.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Deokaran
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Phulchand
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| rowspan="3" |Sakharam Deokaran Patel
|-
|[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Hiralal Silawat
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="2" |Kishori Lal Verma
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
|[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|Hiralal Silawat
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|Kishori Lal Verma
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
|[[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|Anar Bhai Waskle
|-
|[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|Yogita Navalsing Borker
|-
|[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name="election2018" />
|Ram Dangore
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<ref name="Madya Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2023 - Pandhana">{{cite news |title=Madya Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2023 - Pandhana |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S12178.htm |access-date=4 March 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250304061621/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S12178.htm |archive-date=4 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Pandhana Constituency Election Results 2023">{{cite news |title=Pandhana Constituency Election Results 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/madhya-pradesh/constituency-show/pandhana |access-date=4 March 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250304061635/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/madhya-pradesh/constituency-show/pandhana |archive-date=4 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
| [[Chaya More]]
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pandhana<ref name="Madya Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2023 - Pandhana"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Chaya More]]
|votes = {{formatnum:123332}}
|percentage = 54.78
|change = {{increase}}8.61
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Rupali Nandu Bare
|votes = {{formatnum:94516}}
|percentage = 41.98
|change = {{increase}}7.75
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2590}}
|percentage = 1.15
|change = {{decrease}}1.6
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:28816}}
|percentage = 12.8
|change = {{increase}}0.86
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:225152}}
|percentage = 79.8
|change = {{decrease}}0.81
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pandhana<ref name=election2018 name="election2018-2">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="election2018"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Ram Dangore
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:91844}}
|percentage = 46.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Chaya More]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:68094}}
|percentage = 34.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rupali Nandu Bare
|votes = {{formatnum:25456}}
|percentage = 12.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Prem Dodwe
|votes = {{formatnum:2591}}
|percentage = 1.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Bahadur Singh Davar
|votes = {{formatnum:1988}}
|percentage = 1.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:5477}}
|percentage = 2.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:23750}}
|percentage = 11.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:198939}}
|percentage = 80.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2013===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pandhana<ref name=election2013 name="election2013-1">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3740-madhya-pradesh-2013/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=22 December 2021}}</ref><ref name="election2013"/>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Yogita Navalsing Borker (Bhabhi)
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 89,732
|percentage = 52.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Nandu Bare
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 72,471
|percentage = 42.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 5,349
|percentage = 3.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Shankar More
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 4,124
|percentage = 2.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 17,261
|percentage = 10.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,71,738
|percentage = 75.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Pandhana]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coords|21.70|76.22|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Khandwa district]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]

Bandodkar Trophy

2026-04-15T17:14:59Z

UnknownEdits0303: made the stub more to come.

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox football tournament
| logo =
| organiser = [[Goa Football Association]]
| founded = {{Start date and age|1970}}
| abolished =
| region = [[Goa]], [[India]]
| number of teams = Various
| current = [[2025 Bandodkar Trophy|2025]]
| current champions = [[FC Goa|Goa]] (2nd title)
| most successful team = [[Dempo SC|Dempo]] (8 titles)
| broadcasters = SportsCast India ([[YouTube]]) [[FIFA+]]
}}

The '''Bandodkar Trophy''', currently known as the '''Bhausaheb Bandodkar Memorial Trophy''', is an Indian [[Association football|football]] tournament held in [[Goa]] and organized by the [[Goa Football Association]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegoan.net/sports/%EF%BB%BFgoa-gears-up-for-inaugural-bhausaheb-bandodkar-memorial-trophy/113048.html|title=Goa gears up for inaugural Bhausaheb Bandodkar Memorial Trophy|publisher=The Goan|date=3 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/bandodkar-trophy-goan-clubs-test-might-against-isl-reserves/articleshow/109927298.cms|title=Bandodkar Trophy: Goan clubs test might against ISL reserves|publisher=The Times of India|date=8 May 2024}}</ref> It was also known as the '''Bandodkar Gold Trophy''' till the 2016 edition,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goaldentimes.org/tag/bandodkar-trophy/|title=Triviela – Beyond Trivia: Bandodkar Gold Trophy|website=goaldentimes.org|publisher=Golden Times|access-date=14 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021203213/http://www.goaldentimes.org/tag/bandodkar-trophy/|archive-date=21 October 2018}}</ref> when the tournament was revamped in a new format. The tournament was first played in 1970.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/bandodkartrophy.html|title=List of Winners/Runners-Up of the Bandodkar Gold Trophy|website=indianfootball.de|publisher=Indian Football Network|access-date=16 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023211801/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/bandodkartrophy.html|archive-date=23 October 2020|url-status=dead|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri}}</ref>

==History==
The Bandodkar Gold Trophy was the first major cup tournament hosted by the GFA, aided by the then Chief Minister [[Dayanand Bandodkar]] who donated the trophy. Apart from some top clubs from Goa, clubs from other Indian states and abroad, also have participated in this competition. [[Dempo SC]] has won the tournament for a record eight times,<ref name="Trophy Cabinet">{{cite web|url=https://www.demposportsclub.com/club/trophies/|title=Dempo Sports Club – Trophies (page 1)|website=demposportsclub.com|archive-date=3 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203132014/https://www.demposportsclub.com/club/trophies/}} — {{cite web|url=https://www.demposportsclub.com/club/trophies/page/2/|title=Dempo Sports Club – Trophies (page 2)|website=demposportsclub.com|archive-date=27 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427180546/https://www.demposportsclub.com/club/trophies/}}</ref> while [[Salgaocar FC]] won the last major edition held in 1992.<ref name="tgn" >{{Cite web |title=Prestigious Bandodkar Gold Trophy is back |url=https://www.thegoan.net//prestigious-bandodkar-gold-trophy-is-back/17342.html |website=The Goan |date=19 May 2016 |access-date=6 January 2022 |archive-date=7 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107040834/https://www.thegoan.net//prestigious-bandodkar-gold-trophy-is-back/17342.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="toi" >{{Cite web |title=How did the Bandodkar Gold Trophy lose its glitter?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/how-did-the-bandodkar-gold-trophy-lose-its-glitter/articleshow/65181389.cms|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|last1=Mergulhao|first1=Marcus|date=29 July 2018|access-date=6 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107053147/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/how-did-the-bandodkar-gold-trophy-lose-its-glitter/articleshow/65181389.cms|archive-date=7 January 2022|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2016, the historic tournament was revived as an invitational u-21 Men's football tournament<ref>{{Cite web |title=All you need to know about the football league structure in Goa |url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/goa-football-league-structure-india-gfa/cyy13m81g1r01cvg8auhhwbif |website=Goal.com |last1=Noronha |first1=Anselm |date=29 June 2018 |access-date=6 January 2022 |archive-date=6 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106203108/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/goa-football-league-structure-india-gfa/cyy13m81g1r01cvg8auhhwbif |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India's football past gasping for survival |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/india-s-football-past-gasping-for-survival/story-8cGyA03MIB3ay2LCflkcWJ.html |date=25 March 2018 |website=hindustantimes.com |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |last=Sarkar |first=Dhiman |location=Kolkata |access-date=16 April 2023 |archive-date=6 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106201153/https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/india-s-football-past-gasping-for-survival/story-8cGyA03MIB3ay2LCflkcWJ.html }}</ref> and was held at [[Duler Stadium]] in Goa.<ref name="tgn" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=India’s football past gasping for survival |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/india-s-football-past-gasping-for-survival/story-8cGyA03MIB3ay2LCflkcWJ.html |website=Hindustan Times |last1=Sarkar |first1=Dhiman |date=25 March 2018 |access-date=6 January 2022 |archive-date=6 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106201153/https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/india-s-football-past-gasping-for-survival/story-8cGyA03MIB3ay2LCflkcWJ.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The edition was won by [[FC Pune City Reserves and Academy|FC Pune City (R)]] defeating the local side [[Dempo SC]].<ref name="fpj" >{{Cite web |title=Pune Football Club wins Bandodkar Gold Trophy Football Tourney |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/sports/pune-football-club-wins-bandodkar-gold-trophy-football-tourney |website=www.freepressjournal.in |publisher=[[The Free Press Journal]]|location=Panaji, Goa |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |date=31 May 2019 |access-date=6 January 2022 |archive-date=6 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106201158/https://www.freepressjournal.in/sports/pune-football-club-wins-bandodkar-gold-trophy-football-tourney |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2024, the GFA announced that the tournament is scheduled to be revived in the 2024 season with backing from the [[Government of Goa]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Govt revives Bandodkar Trophy, sanctions 1.3cr grant to GFA|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/govt-revives-bandodkar-trophy-sanctions-1-3cr-grant-to-gfa/articleshow/108596727.cms|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|last1=Mergulhao|first1=Marcus|date=19 March 2024|access-date=27 April 2024}}</ref>

==Results==
{| class="wikitable"
|+List of Bandodkar Trophy finals
!Year
!Champions
!Score
!Runners-up
!Ref.
|-
|1970
|'''Leaders Club, Jalandhar'''
|1–1, 1–0
|[[Salgaocar FC|Salgaocar]]
|<ref name="toi" />
|-
|1971
|'''[[Vasco SC|Vasco]]'''
|1–0
|[[Dempo SC|Dempo]]
|<ref name="toi" />
|-
|1972
|''' South Central Railway (SCR), Secunderabad'''
|1–1, 5–4
|Coal India (CIL), Bangalore
|
|-
|1973
|'''Orkay Mills'''
|3–2
|[[Dempo SC|Dempo]]
|
|-
|1974
|'''Panvel SC'''
|2–0
|[[Sesa Sports Club|Sesa]]
|<ref>{{cite web|first=Somnath|last=Sengupta|title= Legends Of Indian Football : Brahmanand Sankhwalkar|url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2014/legends-of-indian-football-brahmanand-sankhwalkar/|website=thehardtackle.com|publisher=The Hard Tackle|date=27 April 2014|access-date=11 October 2014|archive-date=30 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140430003147/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2014/legends-of-indian-football-brahmanand-sankhwalkar/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Marcus|last=Mergulhao|agency=TNN|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/tough-tackling-former-salgaocar-defender-anthony-rebello-no-more/articleshow/98829687.cms|title=Tough-tackling former Salgaocar defender Anthony Rebello no more|date=21 March 2023|access-date=21 March 2023|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=20 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320191502/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/tough-tackling-former-salgaocar-defender-anthony-rebello-no-more/articleshow/98829687.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|1975
|'''[[Vasco SC|Vasco]]'''
|3–1
|[[Dempo SC|Dempo]]
|
|-
|1976
|'''[[Dempo SC|Dempo]]'''
|3–0
|Leaders Club, Jalandhar
|
|-
|1977
|'''Tata SC'''
|0–0, 4–2
|Central Bank of India
|
|-
|1978
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="3" |'''Orkay Mills''' and '''[[Dempo SC|Dempo]]''' (joint winners) – 1–1, 0–0
|
|-
|1979
|'''[[Sesa Sports Club|Sesa]]'''
|2–2, 1–0
|[[Salgaocar FC|Salgaocar]]
|
|-
|1980
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="3" |'''[[Mahindra United FC|Mahindra and Mahindra]]''' and '''[[Sesa Sports Club|Sesa]]''' (joint winners) – 2–2, 1–1
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2020/reliving-the-title-run-of-mumbais-only-national-champions-mahindra-united-2005-06-season/|title=Reliving the title run of Mumbai's only national champions – Mahindra United 2005–06 season|website=footballcounter.com|publisher=The Football Counter|first=Raunak|last=Majumder|date=3 April 2020|access-date=26 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518212123/https://www.footballcounter.com/2020/reliving-the-title-run-of-mumbais-only-national-champions-mahindra-united-2005-06-season/|archive-date=18 May 2020}}</ref>
|-
|1981
|'''[[Salgaocar FC|Salgaocar]]'''
|3–0
|[[Vasco SC|Vasco]]
|
|-
|1982
|'''[[Dempo SC|Dempo]]'''
|3–0
|[[Salgaocar FC|Salgaocar]]
|
|-
|1983
|'''[[Dempo SC|Dempo]]'''
|5–1
|[[ITI Sports Club|Indian Telephone Industries]]
|
|-
|1984
|'''[[Dempo SC|Dempo]]'''
|2–0
|[[Salgaocar FC|Salgaocar]]
|
|-
|1986
|'''[[Dempo SC|Dempo]]'''
|4–1
|[[Border Security Force Sporting Club|Border Security Force]]
|
|-
|1988
|'''[[Salgaocar FC|Salgaocar]]'''
|4–0
|[[Mahindra United FC|Mahindra and Mahindra]]
|
|-
|1990
|'''[[Dempo SC|Dempo]]'''
|1–0
|[[Salgaocar FC|Salgaocar]]
|
|-
|1991
|'''[[Dempo SC|Dempo]]'''
|4–0
|Salcete FC
|
|-
|1992
|'''[[Salgaocar FC|Salgaocar]]'''
|1–0
|Marmugao Port Trust
|
|-
|
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="3" |''Tournament not held between 1993–2015''
|
|-
|2016
|'''[[FC Pune City Reserves and Academy|Pune City (R)]]'''
|2–1
|[[Dempo SC|Dempo]]
|<ref name="fpj" />
|-
|
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="3" |''Tournament not held between 2017–2023''
|
|-
|{{nowrap|2023–24}}
|'''[[FC Goa Reserves and Academy|Goa (R)]]'''
|0–0 {{pso|4–3}}
|[[Kerala Blasters FC Reserves and Academy|Kerala Blasters (R)]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gfagoa.com/content-detail/bhausaheb-bandodkar-memorial-trophy-2023-24-launched/|title=Bhausaheb Bandodkar Memorial Trophy 2023-24 launched|website=www.gfagoa.com|publisher=[[Goa Football Association]]|date=3 April 2020|access-date=26 April 2024}}</ref>
|-
|[[2024 Bandodkar Trophy|2024]]
|'''[[FC Goa|Goa]]'''
|3–3 {{pso|3–1}}
|[[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
|
|}

==Broadcasting==
After the [[Santosh Trophy]] and [[Gujarat Super League]], the Bandodkar Trophy became the third Indian football tournament to be streamed globally on FIFA+.<ref name="b">{{Cite web|title=Bhausaheb Bandodkar Memorial Trophy streaming on FIFA+|url=https://www.thegoan.net/sports/%EF%BB%BFbhausaheb-bandodkar-memorial-trophy-streaming-on-fifa+/113346.html|publisher=The Goan|date=10 May 2024}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Territory
!Broadcaster(s)
!Ref.
|-
|{{Flag|India}}
|SportsCast India ([[YouTube]])
|<ref name="b"/>
|-
|{{Flagicon|United Nations}} Global
| rowspan="2" |[[FIFA#FIFA+|FIFA+]]
| rowspan="2" |<ref name="b"/>
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Football in Goa}}
{{Football in India}}

[[Category:Football in Goa]]
[[Category:Football cup competitions in India]]
[[Category:1970 establishments in India]]
[[Category:2016 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Recurring sporting events established in 1970]]

Shubhangi Latkar

2026-04-12T06:29:07Z

UnknownEdits0303: creating a stub - done

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shubhangi Latkar
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = Actress
| yearsactive = 1997–present
| spouse = {{marriage|Sanjeev Latkar|1995}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet the small screen Baghban couple |url=https://www.asianage.com/entertainment/tv/181216/meet-the-small-screen-baghban-couple.html |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=www.asianage.com|date=18 December 2016 }}</ref>
| children = 2<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.apnnews.com/shubhangi-latkar-mastering-multiple-mediums-with-grace-and-skill/|title=Shubhangi Latkar: Mastering Multiple Mediums with Grace and Skill|date=March 4, 2025|website=APN News}}</ref>
| website =
}}
'''Shubhangi Latkar''' is an Indian actress who acts in [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] and [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]] films and television along with few [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] and [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam films]]. She is known for her roles in ''[[Delhi Belly (film)|Delhi Belly]]'' (2011), ''[[Aashiqui 2]]'' (2013), ''[[Singham Returns]]'' (2014) and ''[[Jolly LLB 2]]'' (2017),<ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/the-free-press-journal/20170122/282054801741128 |access-date=2025-03-05 |via=PressReader}}</ref> [[Bodyguard (2011 Hindi film)|Bodyguard]] and ''[[The Fame Game (TV series)|The Fame Game]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/digital/celebrities-digital/shubhangi-latkar-talks-about-working-with-madhuri-dixit-nene-in-netflix-series-the-fame-game/2022/03/03|title=Shubhangi Latkar talks about working with Madhuri Dixit Nene in Netflix series The Fame Game|date=March 3, 2022|website=IWMBuzz}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Language
|-
|2009
|''[[Zor Lagaa Ke... Haiya!]]''
|Teacher
|[[Hindi]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2011
|[[Delhi Belly (film)|''Delhi Belly'']]
|Mrs. Kohli
|Hindi
|-
|[[Bodyguard (2011 Hindi film)|''Bodyguard'']]
|Reema
|Hindi
|-
| rowspan="2" |2013
|''[[Aashiqui 2]]''
|Subhandra Shirke
|Hindi
|-
|''[[Rajjo]]''
|Chandu's mother
|Hindi
|-
| rowspan="2" |2014
|''[[Singham Again]]''<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 May 2014 |title=Shubhangi to play Kareena's mom in Singham Returns - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/rohit-shettys-singham-returns-rohit-shettys-singham-kareena-in-singham-2-shubhangi-to-play-kareenas-mom-in-singham-returns/articleshow/35339945.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|Mrs. Kamat
|Hindi
|-
|''[[Nee Jathaga Nenundali]]''
|Gayatri's mother
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
|2015
|''Aawhan''
|MLA's wife
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|-
|2016
|''[[Force 2]]''
|Rudra's mother
|Hindi
|-
|2017
|''[[Jolly LLB 2]]''
|Dr. Hema Deshpande
|Hindi
|-
|2018
|''[[Hate Story 4]]''
|Natasha's mother
|Hindi
|-
|2019
|''Junction Varasani''
|Anjali's mother
|Hindi
|-
| rowspan="3" |2022
|''[[A Thursday]]''
|Kusum Jaiswal
|Hindi
|-
|''[[Dharmaveer]]''
|Meentai Thackeray
|Marathi
|-
|''[[Kartoot]]''
|Farida
|Hindi
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
|[[MyLek (film)|''MyLek'']]
|Ajji
|Marathi
|-
|''[[Gharat Ganpati]]''
|Sunanda Bhau Gharat
|Marathi
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
|''[[Gaav Bolavato]]''
|Sangram's mother
|Marathi
|-
|''[[L2: Empuraan]]''
|Bahija Begum
|[[Malayalam]]
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Serial
! Role
! Channel
|-
| 1997
| ''[[Ek Aur Mahabharat]]''
| Rajmata [[Satyavati]]
| [[Zee TV]]
|-
| 2000–2001
| ''[[Shaktimaan]]''
| Arundhati
| [[DD National]]
|-
| 2004–2008
| ''[[Adhuri Ek Kahani]]''
| Amruta's mother
| [[Zee Marathi]]
|-
| 2011–2012
| ''[[Pinjara (TV series)|Pinjara]]''
| Tatya's wife
| [[Zee Marathi]]
|-
| 2013–2014
| ''[[Do Dil Bandhe Ek Dori Se]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Comeback mode |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/itsy-bitsy/comeback-mode-115456/ |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>
| Lata Baburam Seharia
| [[Zee TV]]
|-
| 2014–2015
| ''[[Pukaar (Indian TV series)|Pukaar]]''
| Jyoti Amarjeet Shergill
| [[Life OK]]
|-
| 2015–2016
| ''[[Mohi (TV series)|Mohi]]''
| Susheela Manohar Gokhale
| [[StarPlus]]
|-
| 2015–2016
| ''[[Ishq Ka Rang Safed]]''
| Durga Dashrath Tripathi
| [[Colors TV]]
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Rishton Ka Saudagar – Baazigar]]''
| Mrs. Trivedi
| [[Life OK]]
|-
| 2016–2017
| ''[[Sanyukt]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 24, 2016 |title=In Pics: Kiran Kumar and Shubhangi Latkar team up for ZEE TV's show Sanyukt |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/photos/360730/pics-kiran-kumar-and-shubhangi-latkar-team-zee-tvs-show-sanyukt |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027065309/http://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/photos/360730/pics-kiran-kumar-and-shubhangi-latkar-team-zee-tvs-show-sanyukt |archive-date=October 27, 2016 |access-date=June 7, 2022 |website=PINKVILLA}}</ref>
| Ila Govardhan Mehta
| [[Zee TV]]
|-
| 2016–2018
| ''[[Love Lagna Locha]]''
| Raghavendra's mother
| [[Zee Yuva]]
|-
| 2018–2019
| ''[[Yeh Teri Galiyan]]''
| Komila Singh
| [[Zee TV]]
|-
| 2019–2020
| ''[[Shubharambh]]''
| Vrinda Chagan Dave
| [[Colors TV]]
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Zindagi Mere Ghar Aana]]''
| Shabana
| [[StarPlus]]
|-
| 2023–2024
| ''Man Dhaga Dhaga Jodte Nava''
| Sarthak's mother
| [[Star Pravah]]
|-
|2024
| ''[[Abeer Gulal]]''
| Sulakshana Nimbalkar
| [[Colors Marathi]]
|-
|2025–present
|''[[Ganga Mai Ki Betiyan]]''
|Ganga Mai
|[[Zee TV]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=4663098}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Latkar, Shubhangi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-screen-actor-stub}}

M. Mahender Reddy

2026-04-10T13:54:34Z

UnknownEdits0303: added the post initial version - done

{{short description|Indian public servant}}
{{BLP sources|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = M. Mahender Reddy
| image = DGP Mahender Reddy.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1962|12|03|df=y}}
| birth_place = Kistapuram at Munagala
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Telangana Public Service Commission|TGPSC Chairman]]
| 1blankname =
| 1namedata =
| term_start = 25 January 2024
| term_end = 3 December 2024
| predecessor = B Janardhan Reddy
| successor = [[Burra Venkatesham]]
| office1 = [[Telangana Police#List of Directors General of Police|2nd Director General of Police of Telangana]]
| 1blankname1 =
| 1namedata1 =
| salary =
| term_start1 = 17 November 2017
| term_end1 = 31 December 2022
| predecessor1 = Anurag Sharma
| successor1 = [[Anjani Kumar]]<ref name="Anjani Kumar takes charge as Telangana DGP">{{cite news |last1=The News Minute |title=Anjani Kumar takes charge as Telangana DGP |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/anjani-kumar-takes-charge-telangana-dgp-171459 |access-date=1 January 2023 |date=31 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101182523/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/anjani-kumar-takes-charge-telangana-dgp-171459 |archive-date=1 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
| party =
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
| rank =
| module = {{Infobox police officer
| rank = [[File:Director General of Police.png|25px]] Director
general of police
}}
}}
'''Mudireddy Mahendar Reddy''' (born 3 December 1962) was the Chairman of the [[Telangana Public Service Commission|Telangana Public Service Commission (TGPSC)]] and he was an Indian police Service officer (1986-batch) he was the 2nd and former [[Director general of police]] of [[Telangana]] since from 10 April 2018.<ref name="మాస్కులు ధ‌రించ‌ని వారిపై 4.18 ల‌క్ష‌ల కేసులు న‌మోదు : డీజీపీ">{{cite news |last1=Namasthe Telangana |title=మాస్కులు ధ‌రించ‌ని వారిపై 4.18 ల‌క్ష‌ల కేసులు న‌మోదు : డీజీపీ |url=https://www.ntnews.com/telangana/dgp-mahender-reddy-submitted-corona-report-to-ts-highcourt-112333/ |access-date=1 June 2021 |work=Namasthe Telangana |date=2021-06-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210601140120/https://www.ntnews.com/telangana/dgp-mahender-reddy-submitted-corona-report-to-ts-highcourt-112333/ |archive-date=1 June 2021}}</ref> He previously served as the first [[Commissioner of Police, Hyderabad City]] after the formation of [[Telangana]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/mahender-reddy-is-new-dgp/article20114066.ece|title=Mahendar Reddy is new DGP|date=2017-11-10|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-11-17|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

M Mahendar Reddy was appointed as the new chairman of the [[Telangana Public Service Commission|Telangana Public Service Commission (TGPSC)]] on 26 January 2024<ref name="Former DGP Mahender Reddy appointed as TSPSC chairman">{{cite news |last1=Telangana Today |first1= |title=Former DGP Mahender Reddy appointed as TSPSC chairman |url=https://telanganatoday.com/former-dgp-mahender-reddy-appointed-as-tspsc-chairman |access-date=6 December 2024 |date=25 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241206164604/https://telanganatoday.com/former-dgp-mahender-reddy-appointed-as-tspsc-chairman |archive-date=6 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Telangana Governor approves ex-DGP Mahender Reddy’s name to head TSPSC, five others named members">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |title=Telangana Governor approves ex-DGP Mahender Reddy's name to head TSPSC, five others named members |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/telangana-governor-approves-the-name-of-former-dgp-mahender-reddy-for-the-tspsc-chairperson-post/article67775719.ece |access-date=26 January 2024 |date=25 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126080252/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/telangana-governor-approves-the-name-of-former-dgp-mahender-reddy-for-the-tspsc-chairperson-post/article67775719.ece |archive-date=26 January 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Former DGP Mahender Reddy assumes charge as TSPSC Chairman">{{cite news |last1=Telangana Today |first1= |title=Former DGP Mahender Reddy assumes charge as TSPSC Chairman |url=https://telanganatoday.com/former-dgp-mahender-reddy-assumes-charge-as-tspsc-chairman |access-date=26 January 2024 |date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126081310/https://telanganatoday.com/former-dgp-mahender-reddy-assumes-charge-as-tspsc-chairman |archive-date=26 January 2024}}</ref> and retired on 2 December 2024 after attaining 62 years as per the State government orders.

== Early life ==
Reddy was born on December 3, 1962, and is a native of [[Khammam district]], Telangana, India.

== Education ==
M. Mahendar Reddy is a graduate in civil engineering from [[NIT Warangal]] (then known as Regional Engineering College), Mr. Reddy got selected for IPS while pursuing M.Tech in [[Indian Institute of Technology Delhi]]. He also obtained a master's degree in Public Personnel Management from the Osmania University, when he was in service.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/its-official-hyderabad-commissioner-mahender-reddy-new-telangana-dgp-71432|title=It's official: Hyderabad Commissioner Mahender Reddy is new Telangana DGP|date=2017-11-11|work=The News Minute|access-date=2017-11-17}}</ref> He obtained his Ph.d from Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad |url=https://jntuh.ac.in/distinguished-alumni |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=jntuh.ac.in}}</ref>

== Career ==
Reddy served as Assistant SP of [[Godavarikhani]] in Karimnagar and Guntur town, Additional SP of Bellampally in Adilabad and SP of Nizamabad and Kurnool districts. He was East zone DCP in Hyderabad commissionerate for three years from 1995.
Reddy has served as a faculty member at the Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy here and has gone on study tours to the USA and the UK to acquaint himself with police systems in those countries. He was the [[Commissioner of Police, Hyderabad City]]. He has inspired the Telangana police force with his remarkable "downward deference", for unfolding their innate talents.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://telang7anatoday.com/mahender-reddy-appointed-in-charge-dgp-of-telangana|title=Mahender Reddy appointed in-charge DGP of Telangana|date=2017-11-10|work=Telangana Today|access-date=2017-11-17|language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy, M Mahendar}}
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian police chiefs]]
[[Category:People from Khammam district]]
[[Category:Police commissioners of Hyderabad]]

Bharatpedia:WikiProject India/Assessment

2026-04-02T10:58:28Z

UnknownEdits0303: creating a details - done

{{Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Navigation}}

{{Shortcut|WP:IN1|WP:IN1.0}}
<div class="center">

'''Quality:''' [[:Category:FA-Class India articles|FA-Class]]
| [[:Category:A-Class India articles|A Class]]
| [[:Category:GA-Class India articles|GA-Class]]
| [[:Category:B-Class India articles|B-Class]]
| [[:Category:C-Class India articles|C-Class]]
| [[:Category:Start-Class India articles|Start-Class]]
| [[:Category:Stub-Class India articles|Stub Class]]
| [[:Category:Unassessed-Class India articles|Unassessed]]

 
'''Importance:''' [[:Category:Top-importance India articles|Top]] | [[:Category:High-importance India articles|High]] | [[:Category:Mid-importance India articles|Mid]] | [[:Category:Low-importance India articles|Low]] | [[:Category:Unknown-importance India articles|Unknown]]

</div>

Welcome to the '''assessment department''' of WikiProject India! This department focuses on assessing the quality of Wikipedia's India articles. While much of the work is done in conjunction with the [[WP:1.0]] program, the article ratings are also used within the project itself to aid in recognising excellent contributions and identifying topics in need of further work.

The ratings are done in a distributed fashion through parameters in the {{tl|WP India}} project banner; this causes the articles to be placed in the appropriate sub-categories of [[:Category:India articles by quality]] and [[:Category:India articles by importance]], which serve as the foundation for an [[Wikipedia:Version 1.0 Editorial Team/India articles by quality|automatically generated worklist]].

== Frequently asked questions ==

; How do I add an article to the WikiProject? : Just add {{tl|WP India}} to the talk page; there's no need to do anything else.
; How can I get my article rated? : Please list it in the [[#Requesting a reassessment|section for assessment requests]] below.
; Who can assess articles? : Any member of the India WikiProject is free to add a rating to an article if they wish. However, the Assessment Team (from this department) may overrule the rating of an article if they see fit.
; What if I don't agree with a rating given by some other member? : You can then list it in the [[#Requesting a reassessment|section for assessment requests]] below, and someone will take a look at it. It is most likely to be assessed by someone from this department.
; Aren't the ratings subjective? : Yes, they are (see, in particular, the disclaimers on the [[#Importance scale|importance scale]]), but it's the best system we've been able to devise; if you have a better idea, please don't hesitate to let us know!
; Did the reviewer leave any comments? : If the reviewer had a left a comment, a link, "('''see comments''')" will show up on the project banner, that will take you to the sub-page containing the comments.
; Why didn't the reviewer leave any comments? : Unfortunately, due to the volume of articles that need to be assessed, you may not receive detailed comments in all instances. If this is the case, you might ask the person who assessed the article if you have any particular questions; they will usually be happy to provide you with their reasoning.
; To what extent will the Assessment Dept. give feedback on an article after grading it? : If you wish, the Assessment Dept. (for WikiProject India) will keep giving feedback until the Assessment Dept. believes that the article in question is at least; slightly above a "B" grade. After reaching this stage, the Assessment Team are likely to recommend that your article be peer-reviewed.

; How can I keep track of changes in article ratings? : A full log of changes over the past thirty days is available [[Wikipedia:Version 1.0 Editorial Team/India articles by quality log|here]]. If you are just looking for an overview, however, the [[#Statistics|statistics]] may be more accessible.
; How does this all work? : See [[Wikipedia:Version 1.0 Editorial Team/Using the bot|Using the bot]] and [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Council/Guide#Assessment|WikiProject Council Guide]].

If you have any other questions not listed here, please feel free to ask them on the discussion page for this department.

== Instructions ==

An article's assessment is generated from the ''class'' and ''importance'' parameters in the {{tl|WP India}} project banner on its talk page (see the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Project banner|project banner instructions]] for more details on the exact syntax):

; <nowiki>{{WP India| ... | class=??? | importance=??? | ...}}</nowiki>

The following values may be used for the ''class'' parameter:

* [[Image:Featured article star.png|16px]]'''FA''' (adds articles to [[:Category:FA-Class India articles]])
* '''A''' (adds articles to [[:Category:A-Class India articles]])
* [[Image:Symbol support vote.svg|14px]] '''GA''' (adds articles to [[:Category:GA-Class India articles]])
* '''B''' (adds articles to [[:Category:B-Class India articles]])
* '''C''' (adds articles to [[:Category:C-Class India articles]])
* '''Start''' (adds articles to [[:Category:Start-Class India articles]])
* '''Stub''' (adds articles to [[:Category:Stub-Class India articles]])
* '''NA''' (for pages, such as templates or disambiguation pages, where assessment is unnecessary; adds pages to [[:Category:NA-Class India articles‎]])

Articles for which a valid class is not provided are listed in [[:Category:Unassessed-Class India articles]]. The class should be assigned according to the [[#Quality scale|quality scale]] below.

The following values may be used for the ''importance'' parameter:

* '''Top''' (adds articles to [[:Category:Top-importance India articles]])
* '''High''' (adds articles to [[:Category:High-importance India articles]])
* '''Mid''' (adds articles to [[:Category:Mid-importance India articles]])
* '''Low''' (adds articles to [[:Category:Low-importance India articles]])

The parameter is not used if an article's class is set to '''NA''', and may be omitted in those cases. The importance should be assigned according to the [[#Importance scale|importance scale]] below.
{{clear}}
=== Quality scale ===
Please note that the WikiProject India Assessment Department is in the process of updating the grading scheme, so changes may occur to the criteria and examples - the assessment department apologizes for any inconvenience caused, and endeavours to complete this task as soon as possible. Upon completion of updating, the main member of the assessment department will remove this notice.


{| class="wikitable" style="align: left; margin-right: 1em; "
|-
! Class
! Criteria
! Formal process
! Example
|-
| {{FA-Class|category=Category:FA-Class India articles}}
| Reserved for articles that meet the [[Wikipedia:Featured article criteria|featured article criteria]] and have received [[Wikipedia:Featured articles|featured article status]] after [[Wikipedia:Featured article candidates|community review]].
| [[Wikipedia:Featured article candidates|Featured article candidates]]
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hrithik_Roshan&oldid=770111421 Hrithik Roshan] (as of March 2017)
|-
| {{FL-Class|category=Category:FL-Class India articles}}
| Reserved exclusively for articles that have received "[[Wikipedia:Featured lists|Featured lists]]" status, and meet the [[Wikipedia:Featured list criteria|current criteria for featured lists]].
| [[Wikipedia:Featured article candidates|Featured list candidates]]
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Indian_Premier_League_seasons_and_results&oldid=762642669 List of Indian Premier League seasons and results] (as of January 2017)
|-
| {{A-Class|category=Category:A-Class India articles}}
| Reserved for articles that have received A-class status after review by the [[WP:IN1|assessment department]]. Such articles are required to be passed as a good article, and are expected to have largely met the [[Wikipedia:Featured article criteria|featured article criteria]], and must be comprehensive, accurate, well-sourced, and decently-written; however, they may require some further fine-tuning in certain aspects.
| [[WP:IN1#Requests for assessment|Requests for assessment by the department]]. NOTE: may need to be a former feature article candidate, prior to the department making a decision on whether to grant an article this grade.
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Arrah&oldid=785009514 Siege of Arrah] (as of July 2017)
|-
| {{GA-Class|category=Category:GA-Class India articles}}
| Reserved for articles that meet the [[WP:WIAGA|good article criteria]] and have received [[Wikipedia:Good article|good article status]].
| [[Wikipedia:Good articles/Nominations|Good article nominations]]
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kodandera_M._Cariappa&oldid=761787927 Kodandera M. Cariappa] (as of January 2017)
|-
| {{B-Class|category=Category:B-Class India articles}}
| Commonly the highest article grade that is assigned outside a more formal review process. Satisfies all C-class criteria, but also has a ''majority'' of the material needed for a comprehensive article. At minimum, it should also have some references to reliable sources. Nonetheless, it has some gaps or missing elements or references, needs editing for language usage or clarity, balance of content, or contains other policy problems such as copyright, [[WP:NPOV|Neutral Point Of View (NPOV)]] or [[WP:NOR|No Original Research (NOR)]].
| May be assigned by any reviewer
|{{#if:{{{B_example|}}}|{{{B_example}}} |[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manmohan_Singh&oldid=476372484 Manmohan Singh] (as of March 2012)}}
|-
| {{C-Class|category=Category:C-Class India articles}}
| The article is substantial, but is still missing important content or contains a lot of irrelevant material. The article ''must have a defined structure'' - this includes a lead section, one or more sections of content, as well as a section dedicated to providing references (to sources of information used). The article should be free from major grammatical errors, and should also contain supporting materials, such as an infobox, images, or diagrams.
| May be assigned by any reviewer
| [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gautama_Buddha&oldid=478046756 Gautama Buddha] (as of March 2012)
|-
| {{Start-Class|category=Category:Start-Class India articles}}
| The article has a meaningful amount of good content, but it is still weak in many areas, and may lack a key element. For example an article on Africa might cover the geography well, but be weak on history and culture. Has at least one serious element of gathered materials, including the following:
*multiple links that help explain or illustrate the topic
*a subheading that fully treats an element of the topic
*multiple subheadings that indicate material that could be added to complete the article
*a particularly useful picture or graphic (optional)
| May be assigned by any reviewer
| [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mumbai_Port_Trust&oldid=461366443 Mumbai Port Trust] (as of March 2012)
|-
| {{Stub-Class|category=Category:Stub-Class India articles}}
| The article is either a very short article or a rough collection of information that will need much work to bring it to A-Class level. It is usually very short, but can be of any length if the material is irrelevant or incomprehensible.
| May be assigned by any reviewer
| [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ramayan_(2008_TV_series)&direction=next&oldid=202157998 Ramayan (2008 TV series)] (as of March 2008)
|-
| {{List-Class|category=Category:List-Class India articles}}
| Should be lists of live links to Wikipedia articles, appropriately organized. May be assigned by any reviewer only for pages that begin with the name "List of" (like in the example). If an article is felt to be an exception to this rule, a [[WP:IN1#Requests for assessment|request for assessment by the department]] must be made in order for it to be allowed.
| See criteria.
| [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_aikidoka&oldid=139316446 List of aikidoka] (as of June 2007)
|}

=== Importance scale ===

The criteria used for rating article importance are '''not''' meant to be an absolute or canonical view of how significant the topic is. Rather, they attempt to gauge the probability of the ''average'' reader of Wikipedia needing to look up the topic (and thus the immediate need to have a suitably well-written article on it). Thus, subjects with greater ''popular'' notability may be rated higher than topics which are arguably more "important" but which are of interest primarily to students of India.

''Note that general notability need not be from the perspective of editor demographics; generally notable topics should be rated similarly regardless of the country or region in which they hold said notability. Thus, topics which may seem obscure to a Western audience—but which are of high notability in other places—should still be highly rated.''

{| align=center class="wikitable"
!Status
!Template
!Meaning of status
|-
|{{Top-Class}}
|align="center"|'''<nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:Top-Class|Top-Class]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki>'''
|This article is of the utmost importance to this project, as it forms the basis of all information.
|-
|{{High-Class}}
|align="center"|'''<nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:High-Class|High-Class]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki>'''
|This article is fairly important to this project, as it covers a general area of knowledge.
|-
|{{Mid-Class}}
|align="center"|'''<nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:Mid-Class|Mid-Class]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki>'''
|This article is relatively important to this project, as it fills in some more specific knowledge of certain areas.
|-
|{{Low-Class}}
|align="center"|'''<nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:Low-Class|Low-Class]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki>'''
|This article is of little importance to this project, but it covers a highly specific area of knowledge or an obscure piece of trivia.
|-
|None
|align="center"|'''None'''
|This article is of unknown importance to this project. It remains to be analyzed.
|}

===Importance standards===
*'''States''' - Generally classed as top importance.
*'''Capital cities''' - Generally classed as top to high importance.
*'''[[National parks of India|National Parks]]''' - Generally classed an high to mid importance.
*'''Cities''' - Generally classed as mid to low importance.
*'''Places''' - Generally classed as mid to low importance.
*'''[[:Category:Schools in India|Schools]]''' - Generally classed as mid to low importance.

===Assessment Guide===
Please refer [[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Assessment/Guide]] to learn more about Assessment.

==Articles needing assessment==
*'''[[:Category:Unassessed India articles]] ({{PAGESINCATEGORY:Unassessed India articles}})'''
*'''[[:Category:Unknown-importance India articles]] ({{PAGESINCATEGORY:Unknown-importance India articles}})'''

Reviewers looking for articles to assess may also want to check [[:Category:India articles needing attention]] ({{PAGESINCATEGORY:India articles needing attention}}). Be sure to remove the <code><nowiki>|attention=yes</nowiki></code> if there is no obvious or blatant problems left.

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If you have made significant changes to an article and would like an outside opinion on a new rating for it, please feel free to add it to [[:Category:India articles needing reassessment]]. This is done by putting <code><nowiki>|reassess=y</nowiki></code> to {{Tl|WikiProject India}} on the respective article's [[WP:Article talk page|talk page]].

*'''[[:Category:India articles needing reassessment]] ({{PAGESINCATEGORY:India articles needing reassessment}})'''

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==Example assessments==
<div style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; ">{{Wikipedia:Version 1.0 Editorial Team/India articles by quality statistics}}</div>
To assess an article, paste one of the following onto the article's talk page.

'''Quality'''

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== Log ==

The full log of assessment changes for the past thirty days is available '''[[Wikipedia:Version 1.0 Editorial Team/India articles by quality log|here]]'''. Unfortunately, due to its extreme size, it cannot be transcluded directly.

[[Category:WikiProject India|Assessment]]
[[Category:WikiProject assessments|India]]

==List of Tag & Assess drives==
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Assessment/Tag & Assess 2008|Tag & Assess 2008]]
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Assessment/Tag & Assess 2012|Tag & Assess 2012]]
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Assessment/Tag & Assess 2014|Tag & Assess 2014]]
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_India/Assessment/Tag_%26_Assess_2020|Tag & Assess 2020]]
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Assessment/Tag & Assess 2021|2021]]

Murali Chand Ginjupalli

2026-04-02T02:49:11Z

UnknownEdits0303:

{{Short description|Indian film producer and administrator}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Murali Chand Ginjupalli
| birth_place = [[Guntur]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| occupation = Academic Administrator, [[Film Producer]]
| office = President of [[St. Martinus University Faculty of Medicine]]
}}


'''Murali Chand Ginjupalli''' is an Indian academic administrator and film producer.
He serves as the President of [[St. Martinus University Faculty of Medicine]] in [[Curaçao]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2024-08-26 |title='Revu' garners praise from all around |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/revu-garners-praise-from-all-around-902437 |access-date=2025-10-11 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr Murali Chand Ginjupalli - Photos, Videos, Birthday, Latest News, Height In Feet - FilmiBeat |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/dr-murali-chand-ginjupalli.html |access-date=2025-10-11 |website=www.filmibeat.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=TNILIVE-USA-Team |title=SMU Chancellor Dr Ginjupalli Addresses Raichur NET Pharmacy College |url=https://tnilive.com/articles/2025-06-06-11-14-46-smu-chancellor-dr-ginjupalli-addresses-raichur-net-pharmacy-college.html |access-date=2025-10-11 |website=Telugu News International - TNILIVE |language=te}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Ginjupalli was born in [[Guntur]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]. He began his pharmacy education in [[Karnataka]] in 1990 and earned a Master's degree from [[Andhra University]] in [[Visakhapatnam]] in 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |last=TNILIVE-USA-Team |title=ImmunoCure is now Pozescaf. Launches New Era in Drug Discovery |url=https://tnilive.com/articles/2025-08-24-09-54-25-immunocure-is-now-pozescaf.-launches-new-era-in-drug-discovery.html |access-date=2025-10-11 |website=Telugu News International - TNILIVE |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=P |first=Ram |date=2025-09-21 |title=Happy Birthday to Producer Murali Chand Ginjupalli |url=https://www.cinejosh.com/news/1/122170/happy-birthday-to-producer-murali-chand-ginjupalli.html |access-date=2025-10-11 |website=cinejosh.com |language=english}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rambabu |date=2025-06-06 |title=Global Academic Leader Dr Murali Chand Ginjupalli Returns to Raichur Alma Mater |url=https://www.cinejosh.com/news/2/119360/global-academic-leader-dr-murali-chand-ginjupalli-returns-to-raichur-alma-mater.html |access-date=2025-10-11 |website=cinejosh.com |language=english}}</ref>

==Career==
===Academic career===
Dr.Ginjupalli became the Chancellor of [[St. Martinus University Faculty of Medicine]] in Curaçao.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Academic Leadership |url=https://martinus.edu/academic-leadership/ |access-date=2025-10-11 |website=St Martinus University |language=en-US}}</ref> During his tenure, the university has undertaken efforts to align its accreditation with the standards of the [[World Federation for Medical Education]] (WFME).<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |last=NRI2NRI.COM |date=2024-03-11 |title=Dr. Murali Ginjupalli from Detroit received Iconic Award 2024 in New Delhi, India - NRI2NRI.Com |url=https://nri2nri.com/dr-murali-ginjupalli-received-iconic-award-2024-in-new-delhi-ceremony/ |access-date=2025-10-11 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Murali Chand Ginjupalli - BollywoodMDB |url=https://www.bollywoodmdb.com/celebrities/dr-murali-chand-ginjupalli/50544 |access-date=2025-10-11 |website=www.bollywoodmdb.com}}</ref> He also supervised a master's thesis at the Turkish International University in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wayback Machine |url=https://eprints.tiu.edu.iq/1516/1/kamranafrican.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250110100253/https://eprints.tiu.edu.iq/1516/1/kamranafrican.pdf |archive-date=2025-01-10 |access-date=2025-10-11 |website=eprints.tiu.edu.iq}}</ref>

===Film production career===
Ginjupalli has produced films in the [[Telugu cinema]] industry. His production work includes [[Revu]] (2024),<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-details/revu/movieshow/112738965.cms |title=Revu Movie: Showtimes, Review, Songs, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes |access-date=2025-10-11 |via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> whose theatrical trailer was launched by producer [[Dil Raju]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Film Revu Will Live Up To The Expectations Set By Trailer & Songs |url=https://www.firstshowz.com/2024/08/the-film-revu-will-live-up-to-the-expectations-set-by-trailer-and-songs.html |access-date=2025-10-11 |website=Latest Movie Updates, Film News, Movie Reviews,Press Notes, Film Ratings,Celebrity Interviews}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-07-30 |title=New single 'Eduruga Unna' from Revu out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Jul/30/new-single-eduruga-unna-from-revu-out |access-date=2025-10-11 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr.Murali Chand Ginjupalli PhD. |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=1IVfNmAAAAAJ&hl=es |access-date=2025-10-11 |website=scholar.google.com}}</ref> and Wild Breath, which featured actor [[Shivaji Raja]]. The film's music and promotional events received coverage in Telugu entertainment press.<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2025-06-14 |title='Wild Breath' proves content is king, not heroes: Actor Sivaji Raja |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/wild-breath-proves-content-is-king-not-heroes-actor-sivaji-raja-979722 |access-date=2025-10-11 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-15 |title=“Revu" movie first look poster release by blockbuster director Bobby Kolli |url=https://industryhit.com/t/revu-movie-first-look-poster-release-by-blockbuster-director-bobby-kolli/ |access-date=2025-10-11 |website=IndustryHit.Com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Parvathaneni |first=RamBabu |date=2025-06-13 |title=Wild Breath proves that content is king, not heroes - popular actor Shivaji Raja |url=https://www.cinejosh.com/news/1/119547/wild-breath-proves-that-content-is-king-not-heroes-popular-actor-shivaji-raja.html |access-date=2025-10-11 |website=cinejosh.com |language=english}}</ref>

==Philanthropy==
Ginjupalli established the ''Ginjupalli Foundation'' in 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roberts |first=Andrea Suozzo, Alec Glassford, Ash Ngu, Brandon |date=2013-05-09 |title=Ginjupalli Foundation - Nonprofit Explorer |url=https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/271566974 |access-date=2025-10-11 |website=ProPublica |language=en}}</ref> The foundation is involved in medical, educational and social service activities in both India and the United States. During the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], his pharmacies administered numerous vaccinations.The foundation also donated backpacks to orphans on the birthday of Telugu actor [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=P |first=Ram |date=2024-06-12 |title=Ginjupalli Foundation Donates Backpacks To Orphans On Nandamuri Balakrishna Birthday |url=https://www.cinejosh.com/news/1/109070/ginjupalli-foundation-donates-backpacks-to-orphans-on-nandamuri-balakrishna-birthday.html |access-date=2025-10-11 |website=cinejosh.com |language=english}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=P |first=Ram |date=2024-03-11 |title=Dr. Murali Ginjupalli Receives Iconic Award 2024 in New Delhi Ceremony |url=https://www.cinejosh.com/news/2/106261/dr-murali-ginjupalli-receives-iconic-award-2024-in-new-delhi-ceremony.html |access-date=2025-10-11 |website=cinejosh.com |language=english}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
Ginjupalli received the "Iconic Award 2024" at a ceremony in New Delhi. His return to his Raichur alma mater was covered as a visit by a ''global academic leader''.<ref name="auto1"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=St. Martinus University Faculty of Medicine - NRI2NRI.Com |url=https://nri2nri.com/tag/st-martinus-university-faculty-of-medicine/ |access-date=2025-10-11 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="auto"/>

==See also==
*[[St. Martinus University Faculty of Medicine]]
*[[Telugu cinema]]
*[[Revu]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://martinus.edu/academic-leadership/ St. Martinus University – Academic Leadership]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ginjupalli, Murali Chand}}
[[Category:Indian academics]]
[[Category:Indian film producers]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:University and college founders]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Guntur]]
[[Category:Andhra University alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Chaudhari

2026-03-29T18:22:07Z

UnknownEdits0303: made data

{{wikt|chaudhari|Chaudhari}}
'''Chaudhari''' may refer to:

*[[Chaudhari (surname)]], a traditional title used by the landowners in the Indian subcontinent; now predominantly used as a surname
*[[Chaudhari, Nepal]]
*the [[Chodri language]] of Gujarat
*an Indian name of the [[Dangaura Tharu language]]
*a dialect of the [[Jumli language]] of Nepal
{{dab}}

Inglourious Basterds

2026-03-29T14:37:43Z

UnknownEdits0303: quick improved details per standard format and added references per sources

{{short description|2009 film by Quentin Tarantino}}
{{Hatnote group|{{redirect|Inglourious|the English rock band|Inglorious}}
{{distinguish|The Inglorious Bastards{{!}}''The Inglorious Bastards''}}}}
{{good article}}
{{Use American English|date=October 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Inglourious Basterds poster.jpg
| alt = The film's characters in various poses.
| caption = International theatrical release poster
| director = [[Quentin Tarantino]]
| writer = Quentin Tarantino
| producer = [[Lawrence Bender]]
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Brad Pitt]]
* [[Christoph Waltz]]
* [[Michael Fassbender]]
* [[Eli Roth]]
* [[Diane Kruger]]
* [[Daniel Brühl]]
* [[Til Schweiger]]
* [[Mélanie Laurent]]
* [[August Diehl]]
* [[Julie Dreyfus]]
* [[Sylvester Groth]]
* [[Jacky Ido]]
* [[Denis Ménochet]]
* [[Mike Myers]]
* [[Rod Taylor]]
* [[Martin Wuttke]]
}}
| cinematography = [[Robert Richardson (cinematographer)|Robert Richardson]]
| editing = [[Sally Menke]]
| studio = {{plainlist|
* [[The Weinstein Company]]<ref name="AFI">{{cite web |title=Inglorious Basterds (2009) |url=https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/MovieDetails/64912 |website=[[American Film Institute]] |access-date=May 29, 2023}}</ref>
* [[Universal Pictures]]<ref name="AFI"/>
* [[A Band Apart]]<ref name="AFI"/>
* [[Babelsberg Studio|Zehnte Babelsberg Film GmbH]]<ref name="AFI"/>
}}
| distributor = {{plainlist|
* The Weinstein Company (United States)
* Universal Pictures (International)
}}
| released = {{film date|2009|05|20|[[2009 Cannes Film Festival|Cannes]]|2009|08|20|Germany|2009|08|21|United States}}
| runtime = 153 minutes<ref>{{cite web|title=Inglourious Basterds (18)|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/AFF257159/|work=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|date=July 27, 2009|access-date=November 12, 2012|archive-date=April 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420225936/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/inglourious-basterds-film-qxnzzxq6vlgtotywnzu0|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| country = {{plainlist|
* United States<ref name=variety>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2009/film/markets-festivals/inglourious-basterds-2-1200474739/|title=Inglourious Basterds|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|first=Todd|last=McCarthy|date=May 20, 2009|access-date=September 13, 2019|archive-date=June 7, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607021311/https://variety.com/2009/film/markets-festivals/inglourious-basterds-2-1200474739/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=screen/><ref name=Kulish />
* Germany<ref name=variety/><ref name=screen>{{cite web|url=http://www.screendaily.com/reviews/cannes-reviews/inglourious-basterds/5001437.article|title=Inglourious Basterds|first=Mike|last=Goodridge|publisher=[[Screen International]]|date=May 25, 2009|access-date=January 9, 2013|archive-date=May 2, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502032304/http://www.screendaily.com/reviews/cannes-reviews/inglourious-basterds/5001437.article|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
| language = {{plainlist|
* English
* German
* French

}}
| budget = $70{{nbsp}}million<ref name=budget>{{cite web |title=Weinstein Co. Up Against the Wall |website=IndieWire |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2009/06/weinstein-co-up-against-the-wall-186614/ |date=June 8, 2009 |access-date=September 13, 2019 |first=Anne |last=Thompson |archive-date=February 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207085556/https://www.indiewire.com/2009/06/weinstein-co-up-against-the-wall-186614/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
| gross = $321.5{{nbsp}}million<ref name="BoxOfficeMojo">{{cite web|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=inglouriousbasterds.htm|title=Inglourious Basterds (2009)|work=[[Box Office Mojo]]|publisher=[[Amazon.com]]|access-date=December 5, 2012|archive-date=June 18, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160618074335/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=inglouriousbasterds.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

'''''Inglourious Basterds''''' is a 2009 [[black comedy]] [[War film|war film]] written and directed by [[Quentin Tarantino]]. It stars an [[ensemble cast]] including [[Brad Pitt]], [[Christoph Waltz]], [[Michael Fassbender]], [[Eli Roth]], [[Diane Kruger]], [[Daniel Brühl]], [[Til Schweiger]], and [[Mélanie Laurent]]. The film tells an [[alternate history]] story of two converging plots to assassinate [[Nazi Germany]]'s leadership [[Paris in World War II|at a Paris cinema]]—one through a British operation largely carried out by a team of [[Jewish American]] soldiers led by [[First Lieutenant#United States|First Lieutenant]] Aldo Raine (Pitt), and another by [[History of the Jews in France|French Jewish]] cinema proprietor Shosanna Dreyfus (Laurent) who seeks to avenge her murdered family. Both are pitted against [[Hans Landa]] (Waltz), an [[Standartenführer|SS]] colonel with a fearsome reputation.

The title (but not the story) was inspired by Italian director [[Enzo G. Castellari]]'s 1978 [[Euro War]] film ''[[The Inglorious Bastards]]'', but deliberately misspelled as "a [[Jean-Michel Basquiat|Basquiat]]-esque touch".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forward.com/articles/112638/ |title=Glorious Bastard: Tarantino Talks About His Not-A-Holocaust-Movie |date=August 21, 2009 |work=[[The Jewish Daily Forward]] |publisher=Forward Association |access-date=September 12, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826161009/http://www.forward.com/articles/112638/ |archive-date=August 26, 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tarantino wrote the script in 1998, but struggled with the ending and chose instead to direct the two-part film ''[[Kill Bill: Volume 1|Kill Bill]]''. After directing ''[[Death Proof]]'' in 2007, Tarantino returned to work on ''Inglourious Basterds''. A co-production between the United States and Germany, the film began [[principal photography]] in October 2008 and was filmed in Germany and France with a $70 million production budget.

''Inglourious Basterds'' premiered on May 20, 2009, at the [[2009 Cannes Film Festival|62nd Cannes Film Festival]], and received a wide release in theaters in Germany on August 20, and in the United States on August 21. [[The Weinstein Company]] distributed the film in the United States, while [[Universal Pictures]] handled international distribution. It was a commercial success, grossing $321.5 million worldwide, becoming Tarantino's highest-grossing film to that point, until it was surpassed by ''[[Django Unchained]]'' (2012). The film received critical acclaim, with Waltz's performance as Hans Landa being singled out for praise, but some criticized the historical liberties taken. It also won [[List of accolades received by Inglourious Basterds|multiple awards and nominations]], among them eight [[82nd Academy Awards|Academy Award]] nominations (including [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]], [[Academy Award for Best Director|Best Director]] and [[Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay|Best Original Screenplay]]). For his role as Landa, Waltz won the Cannes Film Festival's [[Best Actor Award (Cannes Film Festival)|Best Actor Award]], as well as the [[BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role|BAFTA]], [[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role|Screen Actors Guild]], [[Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Supporting Actor|Critics' Choice]], [[Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture|Golden Globe]], and [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor]].

==Plot==

{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| width = 150
| image1 = ChristophWaltz82AAMar10.jpg
| caption1 = [[Christoph Waltz]] plays ''Standartenführer'' [[Hans Landa]], an eloquent and cultured but deeply ruthless Austrian SS officer.
| image2 = Brad Pitt 2009 Academy Awards.jpg
| caption2 = [[Brad Pitt]] plays Lieutenant Aldo Raine, nicknamed "Aldo the Apache" due to his trademark of scalping Germans he defeats.
| image3 = Mélanie Laurent César 2016.jpg
| caption3 = [[Mélanie Laurent]] plays Shosanna Dreyfus, a French Jewish cinema owner whose family was executed by Landa and who is determined to exact revenge.
| image4 = Daniel Bruhl Cannes 2014.jpg
| caption4 = [[Daniel Brühl]] plays Fredrick Zoller, a German army sniper and national hero whose story is made into a propaganda film.
| image5 = Michael Fassbender Cannes 2009.jpg
| caption5 = [[Michael Fassbender]] plays Lieutenant Archie Hicox, a British commando and former film critic who poses as a German officer with disastrous results.
| image6 = Eli Roth @ 2010 Academy Awards (cropped).jpg
| caption6 = [[Eli Roth]] plays Sergeant Donny Donowitz, "The Bear Jew", second in command of the Basterds who executes Germans with his baseball bat.
| image7 = Diane Kruger @ 2010 Academy Awards (cropped) (cropped).jpg
| caption7 = [[Diane Kruger]] plays Bridget Von Hammersmark, a German film star turned spy for the United Kingdom.
| image8 = Denis Ménochet (cropped).jpg
| caption8 = [[Denis Ménochet]] plays Perrier LaPadite, who hides the Jewish Dreyfus family for a year, then is forced by Landa to give them up.
}}
In 1941, Austrian [[Schutzstaffel|SS]]-''[[Standartenführer]]'' [[Hans Landa]] interrogates French dairy farmer Perrier LaPadite about a fugitive Jewish family, the Dreyfuses. He boasts his nickname, "The Jew Hunter," then offers LaPadite amnesty if he will give up the Dreyfuses. LaPadite tearfully admits that they are hiding under his floor. Landa's men massacre the Dreyfuses, but one of them, young Shosanna,{{efn|Her name is pronounced [[Shoshana]].}} escapes unharmed.

Three years later, U.S. Army lieutenant Aldo Raine recruits [[Jewish-American]] soldiers to the "Basterds," a [[black ops]] [[commando]] unit tasked with instilling fear among Nazis in occupied France by killing and [[scalping]] them. The group includes Sergeant Donny "The Bear Jew" Donowitz, privates first class Smithson Utivich and Omar Ulmer, rogue German sergeant Hugo Stiglitz, and Austrian-born translator Corporal Wilhelm Wicki. Raine leaves a [[swastika]] mark on surviving German soldiers so they cannot hide their Nazi affiliations after the war.

Shosanna now operates a cinema in Paris under the name Emmanuelle Mimieux and meets Fredrick Zoller, a famed German sniper set to star in the German [[propaganda film]] ''Stolz der Nation'' (''Nation's Pride''). Infatuated with "Emmanuelle," Zoller convinces [[Joseph Goebbels]] to hold the film's premiere at her cinema. Landa, the premiere's head of security, interrogates Shosanna. She plots with her [[Afro-French]] lover and projectionist, Marcel, to kill the German leaders by burning down the cinema with her collection of highly flammable [[nitrate film]]s.

[[British Commando]] Lieutenant Archie Hicox, a former film critic and fluent German speaker, is recruited for Operation Kino, an attack on the premiere with the Basterds. Disguised as German officers, Hicox, Stiglitz, and Wicki meet with German film star Bridget von Hammersmark, an undercover Allied agent, in an occupied town at a tavern unexpectedly full of German soldiers. They sit down and play the German card game [[:de:Wer bin ich? (Spiel)|Wer bin ich?]] together.

Hicox's unusual accent catches the attention of Wehrmacht sergeant Wilhelm and SS ''Sturmbannführer'' Dieter Hellström, who joins Hicox's group when his suspicions are aroused. Hicox and Hammersmark convince him they are genuine, but Hicox blows their cover with a non-German [[Finger-counting|hand gesture]]. Everyone is killed in the ensuing gunfight except Wilhelm and a wounded von Hammersmark. Raine negotiates with Wilhelm for von Hammersmark's release until she shoots Wilhelm dead.

Believing she set his men up, Raine [[torture]]s von Hammersmark, but she convinces him of her loyalty and reveals [[Adolf Hitler]] himself is attending the premiere. Raine decides the mission needs to go ahead with himself, Donowitz, and Ulmer to attend posing as [[Cinema of Italy|Italian filmmakers]]. Von Hammersmark is doubtful but thinks the Germans will not find their [[Italian phonology|Italian accents]] suspicious. Landa investigates the tavern and finds von Hammersmark's shoe and a napkin with her signature.

The Basterds infiltrate the premiere with timed explosives. Landa, fluent in the [[Italian language]], sees through their cover and confronts von Hammersmark privately, strangling her to death. He has Raine arrested along with Utivich, whom he has also detected, but leaves Ulmer and Donowitz in the theater. Taking advantage of the situation, Landa offers to let the attack proceed if Raine's OSS commanders will guarantee his safety along with great riches for himself after the war. Raine contacts his commanders, and Landa negotiates a generous deal for himself and his radio operator.

During the screening, Zoller confronts Shosanna in the projection booth, and they shoot each other dead. As ''Nation's Pride'' reaches its climax, Shosanna's face appears on the screen telling the Nazi audience that they are about to be killed by a Jew. Having locked the auditorium, Marcel ignites a pile of nitrate film behind the screen, setting the theater ablaze. Ulmer and Donowitz break into the [[opera box]], fatally shoot Hitler and Goebbels, then begin randomly firing into the crowd of fleeing Nazis. The timed explosives, previously hidden by Landa on the balcony, detonate, killing Ulmer, Donowitz, and the rest of the attendees.

Landa and his radio operator drive Raine and Utivich to the [[Western Front (World War II)|Allied territory]], where they surrender to Raine. Raine, to Landa's shock, shoots the radio operator, then triumphantly carves a swastika into Landa's forehead, declaring it to be his masterpiece.

==Cast==
{{Cast list|
* [[Brad Pitt]] as Lieutenant {{vanchor|Aldo Raine}}, nicknamed "Aldo the Apache" due to his trademark of scalping Germans he defeats, is the battle-hardened commanding officer of the Basterds. Raine is a [[coal miner]] and [[Rum-running|bootlegger]] from the [[Great Smoky Mountains]] of [[Tennessee]],<ref name="Aldo"/><ref name="Screenplay"/>{{rp|499}} where he fought against the [[Ku Klux Klan]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Taylor|first=Ella|author-link=Ella Taylor|url=https://www.villagevoice.com/2009/08/18/quentin-tarantino-the-inglourious-basterds-interview/|title=Quentin Tarantino: The Inglourious Basterds Interview|work=[[The Village Voice]]|date=August 18, 2009|access-date=March 6, 2022|archive-date=January 20, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120233654/https://www.villagevoice.com/2009/08/18/quentin-tarantino-the-inglourious-basterds-interview/|url-status=dead}}</ref> He survived a [[lynching]] and is a descendant of [[Jim Bridger]] and the [[Bridger family of Virginia|Bridger family]].<ref name="Aldo">{{cite web|last=Busby|first=John|url=https://medium.com/@johnbusby_73044/aldo-raine-violent-past-made-bloodthirsty-nazi-killer-345801827590|title=Aldo Raine: Violent Past made Bloodthirsty Nazi Killer|date=April 5, 2016|access-date=March 5, 2022|work=[[Medium (website)|Medium]]|archive-date=January 13, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113210750/https://medium.com/@johnbusby_73044/aldo-raine-violent-past-made-bloodthirsty-nazi-killer-345801827590|url-status=live}}</ref> He was a member of the [[First Special Service Force|Devil's Brigade]] where he was trained in [[guerrilla warfare]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Clark|first=James|url=https://taskandpurpose.com/entertainment/10-things-didnt-know-inglourious-basterds/|title=10 Things You Didn't Know About 'Inglourious Basterds'|work=Task & Purpose|date=June 8, 2016|access-date=March 5, 2022|archive-date=June 19, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619033931/https://taskandpurpose.com/entertainment/10-things-didnt-know-inglourious-basterds/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Mélanie Laurent]] as {{vanchor|Shosanna Dreyfus}}, a 23-year-old<ref name="Screenplay"/>{{rp|90,186}} French Jewish cinema owner whose family was murdered by Landa's men when she was 20 years old. Shosanna manages to escape due to luck and Landa's decision to not pursue her.<ref name="Screenplay"/>{{rp|90–91}} Most of [[The Bride (Kill Bill)|The Bride]]'s attributes in Tarantino's ''[[Kill Bill: Volume 1|Kill Bill]]'' come from Tarantino's original development of Shosanna for ''Inglourious Basterds'', on which he started to work before ''Kill Bill''. Originally Shosanna, whom Tarantino described as a Jewish [[Joan of Arc]], was an assassin who had a list of Germans she would cross off as she killed them. Tarantino later switched the character attributes over to The Bride and later redeveloped Shosanna into the version who appears in the film.<ref name="Rose">{{cite interview|last=Rose|first=Charlie|author-link=Charlie Rose|url=https://charlierose.com/videos/26959|title=Quentin Tarantino|work=[[Charlie Rose (talk show)|Charlie Rose on PBS]]|date=August 21, 2009|access-date=March 8, 2022|via=charlierose.com|archive-date=December 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218222355/https://charlierose.com/videos/26959|url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|22:00–24:00}}
* [[Christoph Waltz]] as ''[[Standartenführer]]'' [[Hans Landa]], an eloquent, cultured, multilingual but deeply ruthless Austrian SS officer who becomes an enemy of both Shosanna and the Basterds.
* [[Eli Roth]] as Sergeant {{vanchor|Donny Donowitz}}, also known as "The Bear Jew",<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://screenrant.com/bear-jew-inglourious-basterds-backstory/|title=Bear Jew: Inglourious Basterds Backstory & Real Life Inspiration|first=Padraig|last=Cotter|date=March 15, 2019|website=ScreenRant|access-date=March 12, 2023|archive-date=March 12, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312032311/https://screenrant.com/bear-jew-inglourious-basterds-backstory/|url-status=live}}</ref> a brooding member and second in command of the Basterds who executes Germans with his baseball bat. In Tarantino's screenplay Donowitz is likened to [[Joshua]]<ref name="Screenplay">{{cite book|last=Tarantino|first=Quentin|title=Inglourious Basterds: A Screenplay|publisher=Little, Brown and Company|isbn=978-0316070355|date=August 17, 2009}}</ref>{{rp|167}} and his bat to the sword of [[Gideon]].<ref name="Screenplay"/>{{rp|170}} Roth channeled actor [[Tony Curtis]] for his portrayal per Tarantino's direction.<ref name="QT New Beverly"/> Donny is the father of Tarantino-created film producer Lee Donowitz ([[Saul Rubinek]]) who appeared in ''[[True Romance]]''.<ref>{{cite web|last=Pederson|first=Nicole|url=https://collider.com/the-tarantino-universe-is-a-small-one-eli-roths-inglourious-basterd-character-is-the-father-of-true-romance-producer-lee-donowitz/|title=The Tarantino Universe Is A Small One - Eli Roth's Inglourious Basterd Character Is The Father of True Romance Producer Lee Donowitz!|work=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]|date=August 17, 2009|access-date=March 7, 2022|archive-date=January 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108145832/https://collider.com/the-tarantino-universe-is-a-small-one-eli-roths-inglourious-basterd-character-is-the-father-of-true-romance-producer-lee-donowitz/|url-status=live}}</ref> Adam Sandler was originally given the part but had to turn down the role due to scheduling issue with Judd Apatow's ''[[Funny People]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.rte.ie/entertainment/2008/0814/414269-sandlera/ |title=Sandler won't star in Tarantino film |date=August 14, 2008 |website=RTÉ.ie |accessdate=May 8, 2025}}</ref>
* [[Michael Fassbender]] as Lieutenant Archie Hicox, a [[Commandos (United Kingdom)|British commando]] and former [[film critic]] who assists the Basterds on their mission in France. Hicox was patterned after actor [[George Sanders]].<ref name="QT New Beverly">{{cite interview|last=Morgan|first=Kim|url=https://thenewbev.com/blog/2017/08/inglourious-basterds-2/|title=Quentin Tarantino: Inglourious Basterds Interview|work=[[New Beverly Cinema]]|date=August 27, 2017|access-date=March 6, 2022|archive-date=January 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121113601/https://thenewbev.com/blog/2017/08/inglourious-basterds-2/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Diane Kruger]] as Bridget von Hammersmark, a German film star turned spy for the [[United Kingdom]]. Tarantino based Hammersmark on [[Hungarians|Hungarian]] actress [[Ilona Massey]]. For her portrayal of the character Kruger was inspired by German actress [[Hildegard Knef]].<ref>{{cite interview|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=qlofJ9mlC1Q|title=Inglourious Basterds Press Conference|work=[[2009 Cannes Film Festival]]|date=May 20, 2009|access-date=March 8, 2022|time=19:00-21:00|archive-date=March 8, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308201648/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=qlofJ9mlC1Q|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Daniel Brühl]] as Fredrick Zoller, a German army sniper whose story is made into a [[propaganda film]]. Tarantino created Zoller as a Nazi version of [[Audie Murphy]].<ref name="Rose"/>{{rp|11:00–13:00}}
* [[Til Schweiger]] as Sergeant Hugo Stiglitz, a former German army soldier who murdered numerous [[Gestapo]] officers and is recruited by the Basterds.
* [[B. J. Novak]] as Smithson "Little Man" Utivich, a short and slightly built member of the Basterds unit.
* [[Gedeon Burkhard]] as Corporal Wilhelm Wicki, the [[Austrians|Austrian]]-born, deadpan-humored translator of the Basterds unit.
* [[Jacky Ido]] as Marcel, Shosanna's lover and the [[projectionist]] at the cinema
* [[Omar Doom]] as Omar Ulmer, a member of the Basterds unit
* [[Samm Levine]] as Hirschberg, a member of the Basterds unit
* [[August Diehl]] as ''[[Sturmbannführer]]'' Dieter Hellstrom, an intelligent German officer who is suspicious of Hicox.
* [[Denis Ménochet]] as Perrier LaPadite, a French farmer sheltering the Dreyfus family.
* [[Sylvester Groth]] as [[Joseph Goebbels]]
* [[Martin Wuttke]] as [[Adolf Hitler]]
* [[Mike Myers]] as General Ed Fenech, Hicox's superior officer.
* [[Julie Dreyfus]] as Francesca Mondino, Goebbels' French translator.
* [[Richard Sammel]] as Sergeant Rachtman
* [[Alexander Fehling]] as Master Sergeant Wilhelm
* [[Rod Taylor]] as [[Winston Churchill]], who assists Fenech in briefing Hicox.
* [[Sönke Möhring]] as Private Butz
* [[Paul Rust]] as Andy Kagan, a member of the Basterds unit
* [[Michael Bacall]] as Michael Zimmerman, a member of the Basterds unit
* Carlos Fidel as Simon Sakowitz, a member of the Basterds unit
* [[Ken Duken]] as "[[Mata Hari]]" soldier
* [[Christian Berkel]] as Proprietor Eric
* Anne-Sophie Franck as Mathilda
* [[Léa Seydoux]] as Charlotte LaPadite
* Tina Rodriguez as Julie LaPadite
* Lena Friedrich as Suzanne LaPadite
* [[Jana Pallaske]] as Babette
* [[Rainer Bock]] as General Schonherr, a member of the [[Oberkommando des Heeres]]
* Michael Scheel as General Frank, a member of the Oberkommando des Heeres
* [[Buddy Joe Hooker]] as Gaspar
* [[Christian Brückner]] as Kliest
* Hilmar Eichhorn as [[Emil Jannings]]
* Patrick Elias as Jakob Dreyfus
* [[Eva Löbau]] as Miriam Dreyfus
* Salvadore Brandt as Bob Dreyfus
* Jasper Linnewedel as Amos Dreyfus
* Volker Zack Michalowski as "[[Edgar Wallace]]" soldier
}}
Director [[Enzo G. Castellari]] also makes a [[cameo appearance]] in the film at the movie premiere. He previously cameoed as a German in his own ''[[The Inglorious Bastards]]'' and reprised the same role in this film, but under a different rank and SS organization.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/assets/Image/Direct/029846.pdf|title=Inglourious Basterds|publisher=Cannes Festival|access-date=January 18, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807195242/http://www.festival-cannes.com/assets/Image/Direct/029846.pdf|archive-date=August 7, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://variety.com/2009/film/markets-festivals/enzo-and-tarantino-basterds-brothers-1118003930/ |title=Enzo and Tarantino: 'Basterds' brothers|first=Nick|last=Vivarelli|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=May 19, 2009|access-date=January 18, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090829123400/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118003930.html?categoryid=13&cs=1|archive-date=August 29, 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Bo Svenson]], who starred in Castellari's ''The Inglorious Bastards'', also has a small cameo in the film as a US colonel in the ''Nation's Pride'' movie.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.screendaily.com/5001437.article|first=Mike|last=Goodridge|title=Inglourious Basterds Review|work=Screen Daily|publisher=EMAP Media|date=May 25, 2010|access-date=January 19, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100201181544/http://www.screendaily.com/5001437.article|archive-date=February 1, 2010|url-status=live}}</ref>

Additionally, [[Samuel L. Jackson]] narrates the film,<ref name="jackson-keitel">{{cite magazine|url=http://popwatch.ew.com/2009/08/19/inglourious-basterds-playing-spot-the-tarantino-reference/ |title='Inglourious Basterds':Playing spot the Tarantino reference |last=Nashawaty |first=Chris |date=August 19, 2009 |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |access-date=February 22, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100105153745/http://popwatch.ew.com/2009/08/19/inglourious-basterds-playing-spot-the-tarantino-reference/ |archive-date=January 5, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Harvey Keitel]] voices the [[Office of Strategic Services]] Commander,<ref name=jackson-keitel /> [[Bela B]] appears as an usher<ref name="bela-b">{{cite news|url=http://www.umagazine.de/artikel.php?ID=510032|title=Bela B. // Fanboy Nr. 1|last=Kaufmann|first=Kathrin|work=uMag|access-date=March 29, 2015|archive-date=April 17, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417152158/http://www.umagazine.de/artikel.php?ID=510032|url-status=dead}}</ref> and Tarantino appears as an American soldier in ''Nation's Pride'' and a scalped German.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vincent |first1=Alice |last2=Saunders |first2=Tristam Fane |title=Quentin Tarantino: his 10 best cameo roles |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/film/hateful-eight/quentin-tarantino-best-cameo-roles/ |access-date=August 12, 2018 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=December 10, 2015 |archive-date=August 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180812215237/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/film/hateful-eight/quentin-tarantino-best-cameo-roles/ |url-status=deviated }}</ref> Two characters, Mrs. Himmelstein and Madame Ada Mimieux, played by [[Cloris Leachman]] and [[Maggie Cheung]], respectively, were both cut from the final film due to length.<ref name=leachmanscene>{{cite news|url=https://nymag.com/daily/entertainment/2009/06/cloris_leachman.html|title=Cloris Leachman on Dancing, Inglourious Basterds, and Her Sex Pact With Ed Asner|work=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]|publisher=New York Media LLC|first=Jada|last=Yuan|date=June 19, 2009|access-date=February 28, 2010|archive-date=June 23, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090623063300/http://nymag.com/daily/entertainment/2009/06/cloris_leachman.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Sherlock|first=Ben|url=https://screenrant.com/inglourious-basterds-movie-stars-almost-cast/|title=8 Actors Considered for Roles in Inglourious Basterds|work=[[Screen Rant]]|date=April 19, 2021|access-date=October 23, 2021|archive-date=April 30, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430011131/https://screenrant.com/inglourious-basterds-movie-stars-almost-cast/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Finn|first=Natalie|url=https://www.eonline.com/news/1066425/a-close-call-deleted-scenes-brad-pitt-s-first-stab-at-redoing-history-10-things-you-forgot-about-inglourious-basterds|title=A Close Call, Deleted Scenes & Brad Pitt's First Stab at Redoing History: 10 Things You Forgot About ''Inglourious Basterds''|work=[[E!]]|date=August 21, 2019|access-date=October 23, 2021|archive-date=November 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125234139/https://www.eonline.com/news/1066425/a-close-call-deleted-scenes-brad-pitt-s-first-stab-at-redoing-history-10-things-you-forgot-about-inglourious-basterds|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Production==
===Development===
[[Quentin Tarantino]] spent just over a decade creating the film's script because, as he told [[Charlie Rose]] in an interview, he became "too precious about the page", meaning the story kept growing and expanding.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.allheadlinenews.com/articles/7011717003 |title=Quentin Tarantino Spends Decade Writing WWII Drama |work=[[All Headline News]] |publisher=AHN Media |first=Jan |last=Westmark |date=July 24, 2008 |access-date=January 25, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118202703/http://www.allheadlinenews.com/articles/7011717003 |archive-date=January 18, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite video|url=http://www.charlierose.com/view/interview/10567 |people=Quentin Tarantino, Charlie Rose |title=An hour with Filmmaker Quentin Tarantino about his film 'Inglourious Basterds' |time=10min 38s |publisher=Charlie Rose |format=FLV |date=August 21, 2009 |access-date=February 24, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100304205043/http://www.charlierose.com/view/interview/10567 |archive-date=March 4, 2010 }}</ref> Tarantino viewed the script as his masterpiece in the making, so felt it had to become the best thing he had ever written.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.movieweb.com/movie/FI3s3c65CkCR5c/RELc0RMQ2vHwPM |title=Inglourious Basterds: Review By WiseGuy |work=MovieWeb |publisher=Fandango |date=September 2009 |access-date=February 1, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610221408/http://www.movieweb.com/movie/FI3s3c65CkCR5c/RELc0RMQ2vHwPM |archive-date=June 10, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He described an early premise of the film as his "bunch-of-guys-on-a-mission" film,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/10/movies/10hoha.html|title=Bunch of Guys on a Mission Movie|last=Hohenadel|first=Kristin|date=May 6, 2009|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=February 22, 2013|archive-date=October 5, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005110804/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/10/movies/10hoha.html|url-status=live}}</ref> "my ''[[The Dirty Dozen|Dirty Dozen]]'' or ''[[Where Eagles Dare]]'' or ''[[The Guns of Navarone (film)|Guns of Navarone]]'' kind of thing".<ref>{{cite news | url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/5055906/Battleof-the-blockbusters.html | title= Battle of the blockbusters | work= The Daily Telegraph | first= Marc | last= Lee | date= March 26, 2009 | access-date= February 28, 2010 | location= London | archive-date= March 30, 2009 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090330183604/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/5055906/Battleof-the-blockbusters.html | url-status= live }}</ref>

{{quote box|width=30%|align=right|quote=I'm going to find a place that actually resembles, in one way or another, the Spanish locales they had in spaghetti westerns – a no man's land. With US soldiers and French peasants and the French resistance and German occupation troops, it was kind of a no man's land. That will really be my spaghetti Western but with World War II iconography. But the thing is, I won't be period specific about the movie. I'm not just gonna play a lot of [[Édith Piaf]] and [[The Andrews Sisters|Andrews Sisters]]. I can have [[Rapping|rap]], and I can do whatever I want. It's about filling in the [[viscera]].<ref>{{cite journal|url= http://www.allbusiness.com/services/motion-pictures/4885660-1.html | first=Dylan | last=Callaghan | title=Dialogue with Quentin Tarantino | journal= [[The Hollywood Reporter]] | publisher=[[Nielsen Company|Nielsen]] | date=October 10, 2003|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090301144803/http://www.allbusiness.com/services/motion-pictures/4885660-1.html | archive-date =March 1, 2009}}</ref>|source=—Quentin Tarantino}}

By 2002, Tarantino found ''Inglourious Basterds'' to be a bigger film than planned and saw that other directors were working on [[World War II]] films.<ref name="beijing">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/09/05/movies/tarantino-behind-the-camera-in-beijing.html |title=Tarantino Behind the Camera in Beijing |work=[[The New York Times]] |first=Rick |last=Lyman |date=September 5, 2002 |access-date=January 26, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602054248/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/09/05/movies/tarantino-behind-the-camera-in-beijing.html |archive-date=June 2, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Tarantino had produced three nearly finished scripts, proclaiming that it was "some of the best writing I've ever done. But I couldn't come up with an ending."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/life/movies/news/2003-10-05-tarantino_x.htm |first=Scott |last=Bowles |title=Tarantino goes for the 'Kill' |work=[[USA Today]] |publisher=[[Gannett Company|Gannet]] |date=October 6, 2003 |access-date=January 26, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040725072955/http://www.usatoday.com/life/movies/news/2003-10-05-tarantino_x.htm |archive-date=July 25, 2004 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He moved on to direct the two-part film ''[[Kill Bill]]'' (2003–2004).<ref name = beijing /> After the completion of ''Kill Bill'', Tarantino went back to his first storyline draft and considered making it a mini-series, but [[Luc Besson]] convinced him to finish it as a film. Instead he trimmed the script, using his script for ''[[Pulp Fiction]]'' (1994) as a guide to length.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.news.com.au/couriermail/story/0,23739,25939754-7642,00.html|title=Tarantino's glorious 'masterpiece'|work=The Courier Mail|first=Rachel|last=Jones|date=August 17, 2009|access-date=February 28, 2010|archive-date=August 11, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811094305/http://www.couriermail.com.au/entertainment/tarantinos-glorious-masterpiece/story-e6freq7f-1225762844980|url-status=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://screenrant.com/inglourious-basterds-movie-miniseries-no-quentin-tarantino-response/ | title=Quentin Tarantino's Inglourious Basterds Was Almost a Miniseries | website=[[Screen Rant]] | date=November 8, 2021 }}</ref> The revised premise focused on a group of soldiers who escape from their executions and embark on a mission to help the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]]. He described the men as "not your normal hero types that are thrown into a big deal in the Second World War".<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A1111447| title= Quentin Tarantino – Film Maker| work= H2G2| date= July 16, 2003| publisher= BBC| access-date= February 28, 2010| archive-date= November 30, 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101130180740/http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A1111447| url-status= dead}}</ref>

Tarantino planned to begin production in 2005.<ref name="MTV">{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/movies/news/articles/1510005/20050920/story.jhtml|title=Tarantino Gushes About 'Grind,' Says Next 'Kill Bill' Is 10 Years Away|last=Carroll|first=Larry|date=September 20, 2005|publisher=[[MTV]]|access-date=February 28, 2010|archive-date=February 11, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100211232618/http://www.mtv.com/movies/news/articles/1510005/20050920/story.jhtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> In November 2004, he delayed production and instead took an acting role in [[Takashi Miike]]'s [[Western (genre)|Western]] film ''[[Sukiyaki Western Django]]'' (2007), and intended to make a [[Chinese martial arts|kung fu]] film entirely in [[Standard Chinese|Mandarin]];<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/nov/02/china.film |title=Tarantino plans old-style kung fu film – in Mandarin |work=The Guardian |first=Steve |last=Rose |date=November 12, 2004 |access-date=January 26, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091224184205/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2004/nov/02/china.film |archive-date=December 24, 2009 |location=London |url-status=live }}</ref> this project floundered. He directed ''[[Death Proof]]'' (2007), part of the [[double feature]] ''[[Grindhouse (film)|Grindhouse]]'', before returning to work on ''Inglourious Basterds''.<ref name="MTV"/>

{{anchor|title}}The film's title was inspired by the English-language title of director [[Enzo G. Castellari]]'s 1978 [[war film]], ''[[The Inglorious Bastards]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/inglourious-basterds-1.847840 |title=Inglourious Basterds Review |publisher=[[CBC News]] |access-date=January 18, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826184831/http://www.cbc.ca/arts/film/story/2009/08/20/f-inglourious-basterds-review.html |archive-date=August 26, 2009 |date=August 21, 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Inglourious Guide">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2009/aug/15/inglourious-basterds-guide |title=Inglourious Basterds Guide |work=The Guardian |access-date=January 19, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090817154535/http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2009/aug/15/inglourious-basterds-guide |archive-date=August 17, 2009 |location=London |first=Damon |last=Wise |date=August 15, 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.today.com/popculture/inglourious-basterds-has-one-tricky-title-wbna32588484 |title=Inglourious Basterds has one tricky title |work=Today.com |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=August 27, 2009 |access-date=January 18, 2010 |archive-date=July 5, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705211236/http://www.today.com/popculture/inglourious-basterds-has-one-tricky-title-wbna32588484 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Tarantino has said that the film's opening scene, in which Landa interrogates the French dairy farmer, is his "favorite thing" he's "ever written".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/quentin-tarantino-favorite-movie-scenes-2015-7|title=Quentin Tarantino revealed his favourite scene he's written is the start of 'Inglourious Basterds'|website=[[Business Insider]] |date=July 15, 2015|access-date=July 19, 2019|archive-date=July 19, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719153000/https://www.businessinsider.com.au/quentin-tarantino-favorite-movie-scenes-2015-7|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Casting===
[[File:RothLaurentBenderIBAug09.jpg|thumb|[[Eli Roth]], [[Mélanie Laurent]], and producer [[Lawrence Bender]] at a premiere for the film in August 2009]]
Tarantino originally sought [[Leonardo DiCaprio]] to be cast as Hans Landa,<ref>{{cite news|first=Michael|last=Fleming|url=https://variety.com/2008/film/features/quentin-tarantino-seeks-bastards-1117988993/|title=Quentin Tarantino seeks 'Bastards'|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=July 15, 2008|access-date=July 29, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100322204422/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117988993.html?categoryid=1975&cs=1|archive-date=March 22, 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> before deciding to have the character played by a native German-speaking actor.<ref name=deck>{{cite news|first1=Michael|last1=Fleming|first2=Tatiana | last2=Siegel |url=https://variety.com/2008/film/news/eli-roth-on-deck-for-bastards-1117990111/|title=Eli Roth on deck for 'Bastards'|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=August 5, 2008|access-date=August 6, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902193732/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117990111.html?categoryid=13&cs=1&nid=2564|archive-date=September 2, 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> The role ultimately went to Austrian [[Christoph Waltz]] who, according to Tarantino, "gave me my movie" as he feared the part was "unplayable".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://variety.com/2009/film/markets-festivals/tarantino-reflects-on-basterds-1118003822/|title=Tarantino Reflects On 'Basterds'|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=May 17, 2009|access-date=December 23, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303182806/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118003822?refCatId=3628|archive-date=March 3, 2012|url-status=live|first=Michael|last=Fleming}}</ref> Brad Pitt and Tarantino had wanted to work together for a number of years, but they were waiting for the right project.<ref name="CNNPitt">{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/SHOWBIZ/Movies/08/19/tarantino.pitt.basterds/index.html|title=Tarantino and Pitt: The long-awaited love affair|work=[[CNN]]|publisher=[[Time Warner]]|first=Jim|last=Stenman|date=August 21, 2009|access-date=January 31, 2010|archive-date=January 14, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100114050801/http://edition.cnn.com/2009/SHOWBIZ/Movies/08/19/tarantino.pitt.basterds/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> When Tarantino was halfway through the film's script, he sensed that Pitt was a strong possibility for the role of Aldo Raine. By the time he had finished writing, Tarantino thought Pitt "would be terrific" and called Pitt's agent to ask if he was available.<ref name="CNNPitt"/>

Tarantino asked [[Adam Sandler]] to play the role of Donny Donowitz, but Sandler declined due to schedule conflicts with the film ''[[Funny People]]'' (2009).<ref name="mtv">{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/movies/news/articles/1619322/story.jhtml|title=Inglourious Basterds Original Cast Plans Called For Leonardo DiCaprio, Adam Sandler|last=Ditzian|first=Eric|work=[[MTV.com]]|publisher=[[Viacom (2005–present)|Viacom]]|date=August 24, 2009|access-date=January 18, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111231203/http://www.mtv.com/movies/news/articles/1619322/story.jhtml|archive-date= January 11, 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Eli Roth]] was cast in the role instead. Roth also directed the film-within-the-film, ''Nation's Pride'',<ref>{{cite news|url=https://variety.com/2009/film/news/film-faux-draws-a-double-take-1118007314/|title=Film Faux Draws A Double Take|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|first=Justin|last=Kroll|date=August 14, 2009|access-date=January 31, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106032945/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118007314.html?categoryid=13&cs=1&ref=bd_film|archive-date=November 6, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> which used 300 extras.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://collider.com/eli-roth-talks-sci-fi-movie-dangerous-species-and-more/|title=Eli Roth Talks Sci-Fi Movie ENDANGERED SPECIES and More|first=Jonathan |last=Callan |work=Collider.com|date=January 15, 2009|access-date=January 31, 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100114122134/http://www.collider.com/2009/12/15/eli-roth-talks-sci-fi-movie-dangerous-species-and-more/ | archive-date=January 14, 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> The director also wanted to cast [[Simon Pegg]] in the film as Lt. Archie Hicox, but he was forced to drop out due to scheduling difficulties with ''[[The Adventures of Tintin (film)|The Adventures of Tintin]]'' (2011).<ref name=fassbender>{{cite news|first=Ali|last=Jaafar|url=https://variety.com/2008/film/news/fassbender-in-talks-for-bastards-1117990808/ |title=Fassbender in talks for 'Bastards'|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=August 19, 2008|access-date=August 20, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090830213816/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117990808.html?categoryid=13&cs=1&nid=2564|archive-date=August 30, 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> Irish-German actor [[Michael Fassbender]] began final negotiations to join the cast as Hicox in August 2008,<ref name=fassbender/> although he originally auditioned for the role of Landa.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://elpais.com/elpais/2016/11/30/icon/1480539488_466635.html|title=Michael Fassbender arriesga su dinero y su reputación con 'Assassin's Creed'|last=Guimón|first=Pablo|newspaper=[[El País]]|date=December 23, 2016|language=es|access-date=January 30, 2018|archive-date=January 30, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180130145542/https://elpais.com/elpais/2016/11/30/icon/1480539488_466635.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[B. J. Novak]] was also cast in August 2008 as Private First Class Smithson Utivich, "a New York-born soldier of 'slight build{{'"}}.<ref>{{cite web|last=Sciretta|first=Peter|title=B.J. Novak Cast in Tarantino's Inglorious Basterds|url=https://www.slashfilm.com/bj-novak-cast-in-tarantinos-inglorious-bastards/|work=SlashFilm|publisher=[[/Film]]|access-date=January 1, 2011|date=August 6, 2008|archive-date=September 27, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927070940/http://www.slashfilm.com/bj-novak-cast-in-tarantinos-inglorious-bastards/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Tarantino talked to actress [[Nastassja Kinski]] about playing the role of Bridget von Hammersmark and even flew to Germany to meet her, but a deal could not be reached<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/film/news/e3i70662f7dd9d6f3c428c389494a8bc280 |title=Tarantino gets his French girl |first=Borys |last=Kit |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |publisher=[[Nielsen Business Media]] |date=September 2, 2008 |access-date=January 30, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100331200032/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/film/news/e3i70662f7dd9d6f3c428c389494a8bc280 |archive-date=March 31, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and Tarantino cast [[Diane Kruger]] instead.<ref name="mtv"/><ref name=KrugerWaltzJoinTarantino>{{cite news |title=Kruger, Waltz join Tarantino film |url=https://variety.com/2008/film/news/kruger-waltz-join-tarantino-film-1117991354/ |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=August 29, 2008 |access-date=January 30, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923005256/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117991354.html?categoryid=13&cs=1 |archive-date=September 23, 2009 |url-status=live |first=Michael |last=Fleming }}</ref> [[Rod Taylor]] was effectively retired from acting and no longer had an agent, but came out of retirement when Tarantino offered him the role of [[Winston Churchill]] in the film.<ref name=miamih>{{cite news|first=Scott |last=Eyman |title=Tarantino Comes Calling With A Role For Rod Taylor |url=http://www.miamiherald.com/living/story/1196616.html |work=[[The Miami Herald]] |publisher=[[The McClatchy Company]] |date=August 23, 2009 |access-date=August 20, 2009 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240524123345/https://www.webcitation.org/5kJ4OVKYY?url=http://www.miamiherald.com/living/story/1196616.html |archive-date=May 24, 2024 |url-status=dead }}</ref> This would be Taylor's last appearance on film before his death on January 7, 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/entertainment/confidential/australian-actor-rod-taylor-dead-at-84-legendary-star-suffers-a-heart-attack-at-la-home/story-fnilxh2s-1227179390543?from=public_rss|title=Australian actor Rod Taylor dead at 84, legendary star suffers a heart attack at LA home|date=January 9, 2015|work=[[The Courier-Mail]]|access-date=January 14, 2015}}</ref>{{Dead link|date=March 2026}} In preparation for the role, Taylor watched dozens of DVDs with footage of Churchill in order to get the Prime Minister's posture, body language, and voice, including a lisp, correct.<ref name=miamih/> Taylor initially recommended British actor [[Albert Finney]] for the role during their conversation, but agreed to take the part because of Tarantino's "passion".<ref name=miamih/> [[Mike Myers]], a fan of Tarantino, had inquired about being in the film since Myers's parents had been in the [[British Armed Forces]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/mike-myers-a-perfect-fit-for-basterds-tarantino-1.425353 |title=Mike Myers a perfect fit for 'Basterds': Tarantino |work=[[The Canadian Press]] |publisher=[[CTV News Channel (Canada)|CTV News]] |date=August 13, 2009 |access-date=January 31, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929065044/http://www.ctvnews.ca/mike-myers-a-perfect-fit-for-basterds-tarantino-1.425353 |archive-date=September 29, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In terms of the character's dialect, Myers felt that it was a version of [[Received Pronunciation]] meeting the officer class, but mostly an attitude of "I'm fed up with this war and if this dude can end it, great because my country is in ruins."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.in/features/article.aspx?ArticleID=204|title=Mike Myers: I Feel So Honored To Be Able To Do What I Do|publisher=Gomolo.in|date=September 30, 2010|access-date=January 18, 2010 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091004201623/http://www.gomolo.in/features/article.aspx?ArticleID=204|archive-date=October 4, 2009}}</ref>

Tarantino met [[Mélanie Laurent]] in three rounds, reading all the characters on the first round. On the second meeting, he shared the lines with her; the third was a face-to-face dinner. During the dinner, he told Laurent, "Do you know something—there's just something I don't like. It's that you're famous in your country, and I'm really wanting to discover somebody." Laurent replied "No, no, no. ... I'm not so famous." After four days, he called to finalize her for the role of Shosanna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://au.askmen.com/celebs/interview_300/336_inglourious-basterds-interview-melanie-laurent.html|title=''Inglourious Basterds'' Interview: Melanie Laurent|last=Staff|first=AskMen|website=AskMen|access-date=March 27, 2016|archive-date=January 6, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106232328/http://au.askmen.com/celebs/interview_300/336_inglourious-basterds-interview-melanie-laurent.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Samm Levine]] was cast as PFC Hirschberg, because, according to Levine, Tarantino was a big fan of ''[[Freaks and Geeks]]'', which starred Levine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rosscarey.com/2010/07/27/episode-1-featuring-samm-levine/|title=Episode 1: Featuring Samm Levine|last=Carey|first=Ross|publisher=Conversations with Ross|access-date=January 30, 2018|archive-date=August 1, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120801145731/http://www.rosscarey.com/2010/07/27/episode-1-featuring-samm-levine/|url-status=live}}</ref> Filmmaker [[Tom Tykwer]], who translated parts of the film's dialogue into German, recommended [[Daniel Brühl]] to Tarantino, who recalled that upon seeing the actor's performance in ''[[Good Bye, Lenin!]]'' (2003), he declared, "That's my [Fredrick Zoller] right there. If Daniel's mother had never met Daniel's father, I don't know if we'd ever have the right Zoller".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmink.com.au/rewind-the-making-of-inglourious-basterds/ |title=Rewind: The Making Of ''Inglourious Basterds'' |first=Gaynor |last=Flynn |date=May 29, 2016 |access-date=June 14, 2021 |website=[[FilmInk]] |archive-date=November 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114115714/https://www.filmink.com.au/rewind-the-making-of-inglourious-basterds/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Isabelle Huppert]] was originally cast in the role of Madame Mimieux<ref name="Huppert">{{cite web|last=Carrière|first=Christophe|url=https://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/indiscret/huppert-rejoint-tarantino_574715.html|title=Huppert rejoint Tarantino|work=[[L'Express]]|date=September 25, 2008|access-date=March 7, 2022|language=French|url-access=subscription|archive-date=January 2, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102231650/https://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/indiscret/huppert-rejoint-tarantino_574715.html|url-status=deviated}}</ref> before being fired due to creative differences.<ref>{{cite web|last=Carrière|first=Christophe|url=https://www.lexpress.fr/culture/indiscrets/huppert-tarantino-c-est-fini_580189.html|title=Huppert-Tarantino: c'est fini!|work=[[L'Express]]|date=January 10, 2008|access-date=March 7, 2022|language=French|url-access=subscription|archive-date=April 27, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427053732/http://www.lexpress.fr/culture/indiscrets/huppert-tarantino-c-est-fini_580189.html|url-status=deviated}}</ref> It was also reported that [[Catherine Deneuve]] was considered for the role.<ref name="Huppert"/>
According to French musician and actor [[Johnny Hallyday]], Tarantino had originally written a role for him in the film.<ref>{{cite web|last=Lichfield|first=John|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/johnny-goes-to-hallywood-1828781.html|title=Johnny goes Hallywood|work=[[The Independent]]|date=November 27, 2009|access-date=March 7, 2022|url-access=subscription|archive-date=January 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126005543/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/johnny-goes-to-hallywood-1828781.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Huppert"/>

===Filming===
Tarantino teamed with [[the Weinstein Company]] to prepare what he planned to be his film for production.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/film/article1672383.ece |title=Has Tarantino Been Flushed Away? |work=[[The Times]] |publisher=[[News Corporation (1980–2013)|News Corp]] |first=Kevin |last=Maher |date=April 19, 2007 |access-date=January 26, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615061715/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/film/article1672383.ece |archive-date=June 15, 2011 |location=London |url-status=dead }}</ref> In July 2008, Tarantino and executive producers [[Harvey Weinstein|Harvey]] and [[Bob Weinstein]] set up an accelerated production schedule to be completed for release at the [[Cannes Film Festival]] in 2009, where the film would compete for the [[Palme d'Or]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mymovies.net/news/news_item.asp?t=Tarantino+Prepping+%22Bastards%22+for+an+October+Start&filmid=1590&nid=5129&s=3&n= |title=Tarantino Prepping "Bastards" for an October Start |publisher=My Movies |date=September 7, 2008 |access-date=January 25, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719121511/http://www.mymovies.net/news/news_item.asp?t=Tarantino+Prepping+%22Bastards%22+for+an+October+Start&filmid=1590&nid=5129&s=3&n= |archive-date=July 19, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/8014179.stm |title=Tarantino Up For Top Cannes Prize |work=[[BBC News|News]] |publisher=BBC |date=April 23, 2009 |access-date=January 25, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090820102104/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8014179.stm |archive-date=August 20, 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Weinstein Company co-financed the film and distributed it in the United States, and signed a deal with [[Universal Pictures]] to finance the rest of the film and distribute it internationally.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/08/business/media/08weinstein.html|title=Weinstein Company Takes Step to Ease Debt|work=[[The New York Times]]|first=Michael|last=Cieply|date=June 7, 2009|access-date=February 28, 2010|archive-date=May 13, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513061556/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/08/business/media/08weinstein.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=universal>{{cite journal|first=Borys |last=Kit |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/film/news/e3i0e5e7151b1d77beb5d561526c30d032b |title=Universal, Weinstein Co. negotiating 'Bastards' |journal=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |publisher=[[Nielsen Company|Nielsen]] |date=July 29, 2008 |access-date=July 30, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081123085111/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/film/news/e3i0e5e7151b1d77beb5d561526c30d032b |archive-date=November 23, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Germany and France were scheduled as filming locations and [[principal photography]] started in October 2008 on location in Germany.<ref>{{cite web |title=Photos & une vidéo du tournage d'" Inglorious basterds " à Paris dans le 18ème |url=http://www.kdbuzz.com/index.php?2008/12/18/251-photos-et-une-video-du-tournage-d-inglourious-basterds-a-paris-dans-le-18eme |trans-title=Photos and a video of the shooting of "Inglourious Basterds" at Paris in the 18ème ''arondissement'' |publisher=KD buzz |language=fr |date=December 18, 2008 |access-date=January 19, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090828074113/http://www.kdbuzz.com/index.php?2008/12/18/251-photos-et-une-video-du-tournage-d-inglourious-basterds-a-paris-dans-le-18eme |archive-date=August 28, 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=eyes>{{cite journal |first=Michael |last=Fleming |url=https://variety.com/2008/film/markets-festivals/universal-eyes-tarantino-s-bastards-1117989675/ |title=Universal eyes Tarantino's 'Bastards' |journal=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=July 29, 2008 |access-date=July 29, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902193727/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117989675.html?categoryid=13&cs=1&nid=2564 |archive-date=September 2, 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worstpreviews.com/headline.php?id=10430 |title=Quentin Tarantino's "Inglourious Basterds" Began Principal Photography |publisher=WorstPreviews.com |date=October 15, 2008 |access-date=January 20, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309183536/http://www.worstpreviews.com/headline.php?id=10430 |archive-date=March 9, 2012 |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

Filming was scheduled to begin on October 13, 2008, and shooting started that week.<ref name=pitt>{{cite journal |first1=Michael |last1=Fleming |first2=Tatiana |last2=Siegel |url=https://variety.com/2008/scene/features/brad-pitt-is-officially-a-bastard-1117990231/ |title=Brad Pitt is officially a 'Bastard' |journal=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=August 7, 2008 |access-date=August 7, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902193737/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117990231.html?categoryid=13&cs=1&nid=2564 |archive-date=September 2, 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=shooting>{{cite news|url=http://movies.ign.com/articles/919/919660p1.html |title=Inglourious Basterds Begins |date=October 14, 2008 |work=[[IGN Entertainment]] |publisher=News Corp |access-date=October 14, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091214175919/http://movies.ign.com/articles/919/919660p1.html |archive-date=December 14, 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Special effects were handled by KNB EFX Group with [[Greg Nicotero]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.knbefxgroup.com/knb_alt2.html |title=Contender Q and A With Greg Nicotero |publisher=KNB EFX |date=December 12, 2009 |access-date=February 1, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100125083924/http://www.knbefxgroup.com/knb_alt2.html |archive-date=January 25, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and much of the film was shot and edited in the [[Babelsberg Studio]] in [[Potsdam]], Germany,<ref name=Kulish>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/16/world/europe/16germany.html|first=Nicholas|last=Kulish|title=Winslet and Cruise Star in a German Studio's Latest Act|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=February 15, 2009|access-date=January 20, 2010|archive-date=December 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230115358/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/16/world/europe/16germany.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and in [[Bad Schandau]], a small [[spa town]] near Germany's border with the [[Czech Republic]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atnzone.com/nz/2009/08/27/movie-review-inglourious-basterds |title=Movie Review: Inglourious Basterds |publisher=ATN zone |date=August 27, 2009 |access-date=January 20, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090829111918/http://atnzone.com/nz/2009/08/27/movie-review-inglourious-basterds/ |archive-date=August 29, 2009 |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

Roth said that they "almost got incinerated", during the theater fire scene, as they projected the fire would burn at {{Convert|400|C}}, but it instead burned at {{Convert|1200|C}}. He said the swastika was not supposed to fall either, as it was fastened with steel cables, but the steel softened and snapped.<ref name="roth survives">{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-aug-16-ca-roth16-story.html |title=Eli Roth barely survives acting in Quentin Tarantino's 'Inglourious Basterds' |last=Lee |first=Chris |date=August 16, 2009 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |access-date=February 5, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100101142733/http://articles.latimes.com/2009/aug/16/entertainment/ca-roth16 |archive-date=January 1, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On January 11, 2013, on the BBC's ''[[The Graham Norton Show]]'', Tarantino said that for the scene where Kruger was strangled, he personally strangled the actress, with his own bare hands, in one take, to aid authenticity.<ref>{{Citation | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b006xnzc | volume = Series 12 | number = Episode 11 | contribution = Graham Norton Show | title = BBC1 | type = broadcast | date = January 11, 2013 | access-date = January 12, 2013 | archive-date = May 28, 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140528203812/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b006xnzc | url-status = live }}</ref>

Following the film's screening at Cannes, Tarantino stated that he would be re-editing the film in June before its ultimate theatrical release, allowing him time to finish assembling several scenes that were not completed in time for the hurried Cannes première.<ref>{{cite web | last=Thompson | first=Anne | author-link=Anne Thompson (film journalist) | title=Tarantino Update | website=IndieWire | date=May 25, 2009 | url=https://www.indiewire.com/2009/05/tarantino-update-186627/ | access-date=September 13, 2019 | archive-date=August 18, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818013911/https://www.indiewire.com/2009/05/tarantino-update-186627/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

===Music===
{{main|Inglourious Basterds (soundtrack){{!}}''Inglourious Basterds'' (soundtrack)}}

Tarantino originally wanted [[Ennio Morricone]] to compose the film's soundtrack.<ref name = "Inglourious Guide" /> Morricone was unable to, because the film's sped-up production schedule conflicted with his scoring of ''[[Baarìa (film)|Baarìa]]'' (2009).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.joblo.com/index.php?id=morricone-u-basterd |title=Morricone u Basterd! |work=[[JoBlo.com|JoBlo]] |access-date=September 26, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100408010714/http://www.joblo.com/index.php?id=morricone-u-basterd |archive-date=April 8, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> However, Tarantino did use eight tracks composed by Morricone in the film, with four of them included on the CD.<ref name="WalesOnlineTarantino" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.slantmagazine.com/music/review/inglourious-basterds-original-soundtrack/1822 |work=[[Slant Magazine]] |title=Inglourious Basterds Original Soundtrack Review |first=Jesse |last=Cataldo |date=August 31, 2009 |access-date=November 23, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100128221111/http://www.slantmagazine.com/music/review/inglourious-basterds-original-soundtrack/1822 |archive-date=January 28, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The opening theme is taken from the pseudo-folk ballad "[[The Green Leaves of Summer]]", which was composed by [[Dimitri Tiomkin]] and [[Paul Francis Webster]] for the opening of the 1960 film ''[[The Alamo (1960 film)|The Alamo]]''.<ref name="WalesOnlineTarantino">{{cite news|url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/showbiz-and-lifestyle/film-in-wales/2009/08/23/quentin-tarantino-on-his-ww11-epic-inglourious-basterds-91466-24510448/ |title=Quentin Tarantino on his WW2 epic Inglourious Basterds |work=Wales Online |date=August 23, 2009 |access-date=January 26, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120128115942/http://www.walesonline.co.uk/showbiz-and-lifestyle/film-in-wales/2009/08/23/quentin-tarantino-on-his-ww11-epic-inglourious-basterds-91466-24510448/ |archive-date=January 28, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://hamptonroads.com/2009/08/inglourious-basterds-great-fun-fans-war-movies |title='Inglourious Basterds' is great fun for fans of war movies |publisher=Hampton Roads |first=Mal |last=Vincent |date=August 22, 2009 |access-date=January 26, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826134936/http://hamptonroads.com/2009/08/inglourious-basterds-great-fun-fans-war-movies |archive-date=August 26, 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The soundtrack uses a variety of music genres, including [[Spaghetti Western]] and [[Rhythm and blues|R&B]]. Prominent in the latter part of the film is [[David Bowie]]'s [[Cat People (Putting Out Fire)|theme]] from the 1982 film ''[[Cat People (1982 film)|Cat People]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/music_blog/2009/08/inglourious-basterds-quentin-tarantino.html |title=Quentin Tarantino's method behind 'Inglourious Basterds' soundtrack mix-tape |work=The [[Los Angeles Times]] |publisher=Tribune Co |first=Mark |last=Milian |date=August 22, 2009 |access-date=February 1, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826135405/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/music_blog/2009/08/inglourious-basterds-quentin-tarantino.html |archive-date=August 26, 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The soundtrack, the first of Tarantino's not to include dialogue excerpts, was released on August 18, 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://music.barnesandnoble.com/Quentin-Tarantinos-Inglourious-Basterds/e/093624974444 |title=Quentin Tarantino's Inglourious Basterds CD |work=Barnes & Noble |publisher=All Media Guide |access-date=February 1, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323035201/http://music.barnesandnoble.com/Quentin-Tarantinos-Inglourious-Basterds/e/093624974444 |archive-date=March 23, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.inglouriousbasterdsmusic.com/ |title = Inglourious Basterds Motion Picture Soundtrack |publisher = Inglourious basterds music |access-date = January 24, 2010 |archive-date = July 22, 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090722134137/http://www.inglouriousbasterdsmusic.com/ |url-status = usurped }}</ref>

==Release==
[[File:Inglorious Basterds Cannes.jpg|thumb|300px|Cast and crew at the [[2009 Cannes Film Festival]]]]
When the script's final draft was finished, it was [[Internet leak|leaked]] on the Internet and several Tarantino fan sites began posting reviews and excerpts from the script.<ref name="firstshowing.net">{{cite web|url=http://www.firstshowing.net/2008/07/10/script-for-quentin-tarantinos-inglorious-bastards-surfaces |title=Script For Tarantino's Inglourious Basterds Surfaces |work=First Showing |date=July 10, 2008 |access-date=January 18, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100217043508/http://www.firstshowing.net/2008/07/10/script-for-quentin-tarantinos-inglorious-bastards-surfaces/ |archive-date=February 17, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2008/aug/15/quentintarantino.secondworldwar |title=Tarantino's Nazi 'Reservoir Dogs of War' Leaked Online |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=August 15, 2008 |access-date=January 19, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090812151146/http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2008/aug/15/quentintarantino.secondworldwar |archive-date=August 12, 2009 |location=London |first=Kate |last=Connolly |url-status=live }}</ref>

The film's first full [[teaser trailer]] premiered on ''[[Entertainment Tonight]]'' on February 10, 2009,<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://nymag.com/daily/entertainment/2009/02/inglorious_basterds.html |title=Your First Look at Inglourious Basterds |journal=[[New York (magazine)|New York]] |publisher=New York Media |date=February 10, 2009 |access-date=January 18, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214172713/http://nymag.com/daily/entertainment/2009/02/inglorious_basterds.html |archive-date=February 14, 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and was shown in US theaters the following week attached to [[Friday the 13th (2009 film)|''Friday the 13th'']].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemablend.com/new/Inglourious-Basterds-Trailer-Coming-This-Week-11933.html|title=Inglourious Basterds Trailer Coming This Week|first= Katey|last=Rich|work=Cinema Blend|date=February 9, 2009|access-date=January 21, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212212024/http://cinemablend.com/new/Inglourious-Basterds-Trailer-Coming-This-Week-11933.html |archive-date=February 12, 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> The trailer features excerpts of Lt. Aldo Raine talking to the Basterds, informing them of the plan to ambush and kill, torture, and scalp unwitting German servicemen, intercut with various other scenes from the film.<ref name="empiretrailer">{{cite journal|url=https://www.empireonline.com/news/story.asp?NID=24191|title=Inglourious Basterds Trailer Now Online|journal=[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]|publisher=[[Bauer Media Group]]|access-date=January 20, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119222319/http://www.empireonline.com/news/story.asp?NID=24191|archive-date=January 19, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> It also features the spaghetti-westernesque terms ''Once Upon A Time In Nazi Occupied France'',<ref name="empiretrailer"/> which was considered for the film's title,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kpbs.org/news/2009/aug/21/inglourious-basterds/|title=Cinema Junkie: Inglourious Basterds|work=[[KPBS (TV)|KPBS]]|publisher=[[San Diego State University]]|date=August 21, 2009|access-date=January 20, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091106064443/http://www.kpbs.org/news/2009/aug/21/inglourious-basterds/|archive-date=November 6, 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> and ''A Basterd's Work Is Never Done'', a line not spoken in the final film (the line occurs in the script during the Bear Jew's backstory).<ref name="Once Upon a Time">{{cite web|last=Coates|first=Kristen|url=http://thefilmstage.com/2010/03/02/once-upon-a-time-in-nazi-occupied-france-the-basterds-screenplay/|title=Once Upon a Time In Nazi-Occupied France: The 'Basterds' Screenplay|work=The Film Stage|date=March 2, 2010|access-date=March 22, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100310080934/http://thefilmstage.com/2010/03/02/once-upon-a-time-in-nazi-occupied-france-the-basterds-screenplay/|archive-date=March 10, 2010}}</ref>

The film was released on August 19, 2009, in the United Kingdom and France,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.film.com/features/story/inglourious-basterds-uk-review/29694785|title=Inglourious Basterds UK Review|work=Film.com|publisher=RealNetworks|first=Lisa|last=Keddie|date=August 14, 2009|access-date=February 23, 2010|archive-date=March 10, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100310053826/http://www.film.com/features/story/inglourious-basterds-uk-review/29694785|url-status=usurped}}</ref> two days earlier than the US release date of August 21, 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.empireonline.com/News/story.asp?NID=23938 |title=Inglourious Basterds Gets a Release Date |work=Empire |publisher=Bauer Media |access-date=January 20, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119170224/http://www.empireonline.com/News/story.asp?NID=23938 |archive-date=January 19, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was released in Germany on August 20, 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.monstersandcritics.com/movies/features/article_1492807.php/In_Pictures_Berlin_Premiere_of_Inglourious_Basterds |title=In Pictures: Berlin Première of Inglourious Basterds |work=Monsters & Critics |publisher=WOTR |access-date=February 1, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100129100535/http://www.monstersandcritics.com/movies/features/article_1492807.php/In_Pictures_Berlin_Premiere_of_Inglourious_Basterds |archive-date=January 29, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Some European cinemas, however, showed previews starting on August 15.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2009/aug/25/inglourious-basterds-box-office-previews |title=Inglourious Basterds Box Office Previews |work=The Guardian |publisher=Bauer Media |first=Charles |last=Gant |date=August 25, 2009 |access-date=January 22, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090828022704/http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/filmblog/2009/aug/25/inglourious-basterds-box-office-previews |archive-date=August 28, 2009 |location=London |url-status=live }}</ref> In Poland, the artwork on all advertisements and on DVD packaging is unchanged, but the title was translated non-literally to {{lang|pl|Bękarty Wojny}} (Bastards of War), so that Nazi iconography could stylize the letter "O".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bloblo.pl/image/68941/default/Bekarty+wojny.jpg |title=Polish Inglourious Basterds Poster |work=Chomik |access-date=February 9, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100228104419/http://www.bloblo.pl/image/68941/default/Bekarty+wojny.jpg |archive-date=February 28, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tarantino did not misspell the title to differentiate his film from the [[The Inglorious Bastards|1978 movie by the same name]]. He said it instead was a creative decision which he initially refused to explain, simply saying that "Basterds" was spelled as such because "that's just the way you say it".<ref>{{cite web|date=August 8, 2020|title=Inglourious Basterds: Why Quentin Tarantino Spelled The Movie Title Wrong|url=https://screenrant.com/inglourious-basterds-tarantino-movie-title-spelling-wrong-reason/|access-date=November 5, 2021|website=ScreenRant|language=en-US|archive-date=November 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105110414/https://screenrant.com/inglourious-basterds-tarantino-movie-title-spelling-wrong-reason/amp/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Promotion in Germany and Austria===
[[Universal Pictures]] adjusted the film's publicity materials and website in Germany and Austria to comply with both countries' penal laws, as the [[Strafgesetzbuch section 86a|display of Nazi iconography is restricted there]]: the swastika was removed from the typography of the title, and the steel helmet had a bullet hole in place of the Nazi symbol.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Universal Studios |title=Nazi Symbols removed from German Movie Site |url=http://movies.universal-pictures-international-germany.de/inglouriousbasterds/ |date=July 29, 2009 |access-date=July 29, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100306034918/http://movies.universal-pictures-international-germany.de/inglouriousbasterds/ |archive-date=March 6, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The site's download section was also revised to exclude wallpaper downloads that openly feature the swastika.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jwire.com.au/gossip/a-non-jewish-german-journalists-take-oninglourious-basterds/|title=A non-Jewish German journalist's take on 'Inglourious Basterds'|last=Bierach|first=Barbara|date=September 13, 2009|work=Jwire|access-date=September 26, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824184047/http://www.jwire.com.au/gossip/a-non-jewish-german-journalists-take-oninglourious-basterds |archive-date=August 24, 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> Though advertising posters and wallpapers may not show Nazi iconography, this restriction does not apply to "works of art", according to [[Censorship in the Federal Republic of Germany|German]] and Austrian law, so the film itself was not censored in either Germany or Austria.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/old/content/2007/12/german-politician-sues-unsues-wikipedia-over-nazi-symbols.ars|title= German politician sues, unsues Wikipedia over Nazi symbols|last=Anderson|first=Nate|date=December 7, 2007|work=[[Ars Technica]]|publisher=[[Condé Nast Publications]]|access-date=September 26, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090604115451/http://arstechnica.com/old/content/2007/12/german-politician-sues-unsues-wikipedia-over-nazi-symbols.ars | archive-date=June 4, 2009|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Home media===
The film was released on single-disc [[DVD]] and a two-disc special-edition DVD and [[Blu-ray Disc]] on December 15, 2009, by [[Universal Pictures Home Entertainment|Universal Studios Home Entertainment]] in the United States<ref>{{cite web|url=http://backseatcuddler.com/2009/10/20/inglourious-basterds-gets-a-blu-raydvd-release-date/ |title='Inglourious Basterds' Gets a Blu-Ray/DVD Release Date |work=Backseat Cuddler |access-date=January 27, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100125120948/http://backseatcuddler.com/2009/10/20/inglourious-basterds-gets-a-blu-raydvd-release-date/ |archive-date=January 25, 2010}}</ref> and Australia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ezydvd.com.au/item.zml/809530|title=Inglourious Basterds 2009 DVD|work=Ezy DVD|access-date=January 19, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100131064017/http://www.ezydvd.com.au/item.zml/809530|archive-date=January 31, 2010}}</ref> It was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc on December 7, 2009, in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.whsmithentertainment.co.uk/dvd/inglourious-basterds-inglorious-bastards/10064866.html |title=Inglourious Basterds DVD |publisher=[[W H Smith]] |access-date=January 19, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100121031456/http://www.whsmithentertainment.co.uk/dvd/inglourious-basterds-inglorious-bastards/10064866.html |archive-date=January 21, 2010}}</ref> On its first week of release, the film was number two, only behind ''[[The Hangover]]'', selling an estimated 1,581,220 DVDs, making $28,467,652 in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-numbers.com/dvd/charts/weekly/2009/20091220.php|title=US DVD Sales Chart for Week Ending Dec 20, 2009|publisher=Nash Information Services|work=The Numbers|date=December 20, 2009|access-date=February 26, 2010|archive-date=January 19, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100119161809/http://www.the-numbers.com/dvd/charts/weekly/2009/20091220.php|url-status=live}}</ref>

The German version is 50 seconds longer than the American version. The scene in the tavern has been extended. Although in other countries, the extended scene was released as a bonus feature, the German theatrical, DVD, and Blu-ray versions are the only ones to include the full scene.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.movie-censorship.com/report.php?ID=4237485 |title=Inglorious Basterds |last=Lowrey |first=Michael 'Mike' |date=January 17, 2010 |work=Movie Censorship |access-date=December 5, 2012 |archive-date=February 19, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130219095743/http://www.movie-censorship.com/report.php?ID=4237485 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Reception==

===Box office===
''Inglourious Basterds'' grossed $120.5 million in the United States and Canada, and $200.9 million in other territories, for a worldwide gross $321.4 million, against a production budget of $70 million.<ref name=BoxOfficeMojo/> It became Tarantino's highest-grossing film, both in the US and worldwide, until ''Django Unchained'' in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|first=Brandon|last=Gray|title=Weekend Report: Moviegoers Feast on 'Meatballs,' Slim Pickings for 'Jennifer'|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=2615&p=.htm|publisher=[[IMDb]]|work=[[Box Office Mojo]]|date=September 21, 2009|access-date=September 27, 2009|archive-date=November 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116213127/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/article/ed3497657348/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Opening in 3,165 screens, the film earned $14.3 million on the opening Friday of its North American release,<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Sperling |first=Nicole |title=Inglourious Basterds gives Quentin Tarantino a box office win on Friday|url=http://hollywoodinsider.ew.com/2009/08/22/inglourious-basterds-gives-quentin-tarantino-a-box-office-win-on-friday/|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|date=August 4, 2009|access-date=August 22, 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090825081949/http://hollywoodinsider.ew.com/2009/08/22/inglourious-basterds-gives-quentin-tarantino-a-box-office-win-on-friday/|archive-date=August 25, 2009}}</ref> on the way to an opening-weekend gross of $38 million, giving Tarantino a personal best weekend opening and the number one spot at the box office, ahead of ''[[District 9]]''.<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Nicole | last=Sperling |title=Inglourious Basterds rules the weekend box office|url=http://hollywoodinsider.ew.com/2009/08/23/basterds-wins-box-office/|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|publisher=[[Time Warner]]|date=August 23, 2009|access-date=September 4, 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827032237/http://hollywoodinsider.ew.com/2009/08/23/basterds-wins-box-office/|archive-date=August 27, 2009}}</ref> The film fell to number two in its second weekend, behind ''[[The Final Destination]]'', with earnings of $20 million, for a 10-day total of $73.8 million.<ref>{{cite web|title='Final Destination' slays 'Inglourious Basterds' at the box office|url=http://www.ticketnews.com/Final-Destination-slays-Inglourious-Basterds-at-the-box-office8093181|publisher=Ticket News|date=August 31, 2009|access-date=September 4, 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090904042458/http://www.ticketnews.com/Final-Destination-slays-Inglourious-Basterds-at-the-box-office8093181|archive-date=September 4, 2009}}</ref>

''Inglourious Basterds'' opened internationally at number one in 22 markets on 2,650 screens, making $27.49 million. First place openings included France, taking in $6.09 million on 500 screens. The United Kingdom was not far behind making $5.92 million (£3.8 m) on 444 screens. Germany took in $4.20 million on 439 screens and Australia with $2.56 million ([[Australian dollar|A$]]2.8 m) on 266 screens.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-numbers.com/interactive/newsStory.php?newsID=4453|title=International Top Five – Glourious Debut for Basterds|date=August 26, 2009|publisher=Nash Information Services|access-date=February 25, 2010|archive-date=August 31, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090831135910/http://www.the-numbers.com/interactive/newsStory.php?newsID=4453|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Critical reception===
[[File:ChristophWaltzCannesMay09.jpg|thumb|Waltz's [[Breakthrough role|breakthrough performance]] as the [[antagonist]] [[Hans Landa]] earned notable acclaim and numerous accolades, including the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor]].]]
Review aggregator [[Rotten Tomatoes]] reports that 89% of 332 critics have given the film a positive review, with a rating average of 7.8/10. The site's critical consensus reads: "A classic Tarantino genre-blending thrill ride, ''Inglourious Basterds'' is violent, unrestrained, and thoroughly entertaining."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/inglourious_basterds/|title=Inglourious Basterds (2009)|work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|publisher=[[Fandango Media]]|access-date=February 16, 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> [[Metacritic]], which assigns a rating on reviews, gives the film a weighted average score of 69 out of 100, based on 36 critics, indicating "generally favorable" reviews.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/inglourious-basterds |title=Inglourious Basterds Reviews |publisher=[[CNET Networks]] |work=[[Metacritic]] |access-date=October 30, 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Audiences surveyed by [[CinemaScore]] gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/box-office-once-a-time-hollywood-riding-40m-opening-1227288 |title=Box Office: 'Once Upon a Time in Hollywood' Riding Toward $40M Opening; 'Lion King' Stays No. 1 |date=July 26, 2019 |first=Pamela |last=McClintock |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |access-date=July 30, 2019 |archive-date=July 30, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730071816/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/box-office-once-a-time-hollywood-riding-40m-opening-1227288 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Critics' initial reactions at the [[Cannes Film Festival]] were mixed. The film received an eight- to eleven-minute standing ovation from critics after its first screening at Cannes,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://backseatcuddler.com/2009/05/20/inglourious-basterds-gets-8-minute-standing-ovation-at-cannes/|title=Inglourious Basterds Gets 8 Minute Standing Ovation|publisher=Backseatcuddler.com|date=May 20, 2009|access-date=January 18, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090522152814/http://backseatcuddler.com/2009/05/20/inglourious-basterds-gets-8-minute-standing-ovation-at-cannes/|archive-date=May 22, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theinsider.com/news/2194255__Inglourious_Basterds_Debuts_to_Standing_Ovation|title=Inglourious Basterds Debuts To Standing Ovation|work=[[The Insider (TV series)|The Insider]]|publisher=[[CBS Interactive]]|date=May 20, 2009|access-date=January 18, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117163234/http://www.theinsider.com/news/2194255__Inglourious_Basterds_Debuts_to_Standing_Ovation|archive-date=January 17, 2010}}</ref> although ''[[Le Monde]]'' dismissed it, saying "Tarantino gets lost in a fictional World War II".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/festival-de-cannes/article/2009/05/21/inglourious-basterds-tarantino-s-egare-dans-une-seconde-guerre-mondiale-fictive_1196062_766360.html|title="Inglourious Basterds" Tarantino wanders in a fictional World War II|work=[[Le Monde]]|publisher=La Vie-Le Monde|language=fr|date=May 21, 2009|access-date=July 1, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090522012957/http://www.lemonde.fr/festival-de-cannes/article/2009/05/21/inglourious-basterds-tarantino-s-egare-dans-une-seconde-guerre-mondiale-fictive_1196062_766360.html |archive-date=May 22, 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Despite this, [[Anne Thompson (film journalist)|Anne Thompson]] of ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' praised the film, but opined that it was not a masterpiece, claiming: "''Inglourious Basterds'' is great fun to watch, but the movie isn't entirely engaging ... You don't jump into the world of the film in a participatory way; you watch it from a distance, appreciating the references and the masterful [[Mise-en-scène|mise en scène]]. This is a film that will benefit from a second viewing".<ref>{{cite web |title=Tarantino's Inglourious Basterds Plays Cannes |last=Thompson |first=Anne |author-link=Anne Thompson (film journalist) |website=IndieWire |date=May 20, 2009 |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2009/05/tarantinos-inglourious-basterds-plays-cannes-186634/ |access-date=September 13, 2019 |archive-date=August 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818013907/https://www.indiewire.com/2009/05/tarantinos-inglourious-basterds-plays-cannes-186634/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Critic [[James Berardinelli]] gave the film his first four-star review of 2009, stating, "With ''Inglourious Basterds'', Quentin Tarantino has made his best movie since ''Pulp Fiction''", and that it was "one hell of an enjoyable ride".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reelviews.net/php_review_template.php?identifier=1774|title=Inglourious Basterds Movie Review|work=Reelviews.net|publisher=[[James Berardinelli]]|date=August 18, 2009|access-date=January 19, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110819030350/http://www.reelviews.net/php_review_template.php?identifier=1774|archive-date=August 19, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Roger Ebert]] of the ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]'' also gave the film a four-star review, writing that "Quentin Tarantino's ''Inglourious Basterds'' is a big, bold, audacious war movie that will annoy some, startle others and demonstrate once again that he's the real thing, a director of quixotic delights."<ref>{{cite news |first=Roger |last=Ebert |author-link=Roger Ebert |title=Review: Inglourious Basterds |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/inglourious-basterds-2009 |work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |publisher=RogerEbert.com |date=August 20, 2009 | access-date=August 20, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100128082217/http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20090819/REVIEWS/908199995 |archive-date=January 28, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Author and critic [[Daniel Mendelsohn]] was disturbed by the portrayal of Jewish American soldiers mimicking German atrocities done to European Jews, stating, "In ''Inglourious Basterds'', Tarantino indulges this taste for vengeful violence by—well, by turning Jews into Nazis".<ref>{{cite web | first=Daniel | last=Mendelsohn | title=Review: 'Inglourious Basterds': When Jews Attack | url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/212016/page/2 | work=[[Newsweek]] | date=August 14, 2009 | access-date=August 21, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100212095548/http://www.newsweek.com/id/212016/page/2 | archive-date=February 12, 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Peter Bradshaw]] of ''[[The Guardian]]'' stated he was "struck ... by how exasperatingly awful and transcendentally disappointing it is".<ref>{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Bradshaw |author-link=Peter Bradshaw |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2009/aug/19/inglourious-basterds-review-brad-pitt-quentin-tarantino |title=Film review: Inglourious Basterds |work=[[The Guardian]]|date=September 19, 2009 |access-date=August 20, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327232420/http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2009/aug/19/inglourious-basterds-review-brad-pitt-quentin-tarantino | archive-date=March 27, 2010 |url-status=live| location=London}}</ref>

While praising Christoph Waltz's performance ("a good actor new to American audiences"), [[David Denby]], of ''[[The New Yorker]]'', dismissed the film with the following words: "The film is skillfully made, but it's too silly to be enjoyed, even as a joke. ... Tarantino has become an embarrassment: his virtuosity as a maker of images has been overwhelmed by his inanity as an ''idiot de la cinémathèque''".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newyorker.com/arts/critics/cinema/2009/08/24/090824crci_cinema_denby|title=Americans in Paris|first=David|last=Denby|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|publisher=[[Condé Nast Publications]]|date=August 24, 2009|access-date=May 23, 2010|archive-date=March 19, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100319223742/http://www.newyorker.com/arts/critics/cinema/2009/08/24/090824crci_cinema_denby|url-status=live}}</ref> Journalist [[Christopher Hitchens]] likened the experience of watching the film to "sitting in the dark having a great pot of warm piss emptied very slowly over your head".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thepunch.com.au/articles/interview-christopher-hitchens/asc/|title=Interview: Christopher Hitchens|last=Clayfield|first=Matthew|date=October 3, 2009|work=[[The Punch (Australia)|The Punch]]|publisher=[[News Limited]]|access-date=March 9, 2012|archive-date=December 30, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121230185139/http://www.thepunch.com.au/articles/interview-christopher-hitchens/asc|url-status=deviated}}</ref>

The film also met some criticism from the Jewish press. In ''Tablet'', Liel Liebowitz criticizes the film as lacking moral depth. He argues that the power of film lies in its ability to impart knowledge and subtle understanding, but ''Inglourious Basterds'' serves more as an "alternative to reality, a magical and [[Manichaeism|Manichaean]] world where we needn't worry about the complexities of morality, where violence solves everything, and where the [[Nazi Germany|Third Reich]] is always just a film reel and a lit match away from cartoonish defeat".<ref name="Tablet">{{cite web|url=http://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-arts-and-culture/14057/inglorious-indeed|title=Inglorious Indeed|last=Leibovitz|first=Liel|date=August 21, 2009|work=[[Tablet Magazine]]|publisher=[[Nextbook]]|access-date=September 9, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100224010707/http://www.tabletmag.com/arts-and-culture/14057/inglorious-indeed/ |archive-date=February 24, 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> Anthony Frosh, writer for the online magazine ''Galus Australis'', has criticized the film for failing to develop its characters sufficiently, labeling the film "Enthralling, but lacking in Jewish content".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://galusaustralis.com/2009/09/1770/inglourious-basterds-enthralling-but-lacking-in-jewish-content/|title=Inglourious Basterds Enthralling But Lacking In Jewish Content|first=Anthony|last=Frosh|work=Galus Australis|date=September 29, 2009|access-date=January 19, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100804063740/http://galusaustralis.com/2009/09/1770/inglourious-basterds-enthralling-but-lacking-in-jewish-content/|archive-date=August 4, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Daniel Mendelsohn]] was critical of the film's depiction of Jews and the overall revisionist history aspect of the film, writing "Do you really want audiences cheering for a revenge that turns Jews into carboncopies of Nazis, that makes Jews into 'sickening' perpetrators? I'm not so sure."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mendelsohn |first1=Daniel |title=Tarantino Rewrites the Holocaust |url=https://www.newsweek.com/tarantino-rewrites-holocaust-79003 |website=Newsweek |date=August 13, 2009 |access-date=August 17, 2020 |archive-date=June 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619002825/https://www.newsweek.com/tarantino-rewrites-holocaust-79003 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Jonathan Rosenbaum]] equated the film to [[Holocaust denial]], stating "A film that didn't even entertain me past its opening sequence, and that profoundly bored me during the endlessly protracted build-up to a cellar shoot-out, it also gave me the sort of malaise that made me wonder periodically what it was (and is) about the film that seems morally akin to Holocaust denial, even though it proudly claims to be the opposite of that."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rosenbaum |first1=Jonathan |title=Recommended Reading: Daniel Mendelsohn on the New Tarantino |url=https://www.jonathanrosenbaum.net/2019/07/recommended-reading-daniel-mendelsohn-on-the-new-tarantino/ |website=jonathanrosenbaum.net |publisher=Jonathan Rosenbaum |access-date=August 17, 2020 |archive-date=October 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011192016/https://www.jonathanrosenbaum.net/2019/07/recommended-reading-daniel-mendelsohn-on-the-new-tarantino/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> When challenged on his opinion, Rosenbaum elaborated by stating, "For me, ''Inglourious Basterds'' makes the Holocaust harder, not easier to grasp as a historical reality. Insofar as it becomes a movie convention – by which I mean a reality derived only from other movies – it loses its historical reality."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rosenbaum |first1=Jonathan |title=Some Afterthoughts about Tarantino |url=https://www.jonathanrosenbaum.net/2019/05/16606/ |website=jonathanrosenbaum.net |publisher=Jonathan Rosenbaum |access-date=August 17, 2020 |archive-date=September 25, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925001630/http://www.jonathanrosenbaum.net/2019/05/16606/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

''Inglourious Basterds'' was later ranked #62 on a [[BBC]] critics' poll of the greatest films since 2000.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20160819-the-21st-centurys-100-greatest-films |title=The 21st century's 100 greatest films |publisher=BBC |date=August 23, 2016 |access-date=November 13, 2016 |archive-date=November 24, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124191856/http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20160819-the-21st-centurys-100-greatest-films |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2010, the ''[[Independent Film & Television Alliance]]'' selected the film as one of the 30 Most Significant Independent Films of the last 30 years.<ref>{{cite web| title = UPDATE: How 'Toxic' Is IFTA's Best Indies?| url = https://deadline.com/2010/09/iftas-toxic-best-indie-film-list-65871/| work = Deadline| date = September 10, 2010| access-date = January 23, 2017| archive-date = February 2, 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170202022156/http://deadline.com/2010/09/iftas-toxic-best-indie-film-list-65871/| url-status = live}}</ref>

In 2013, ''[[GamesRadar+]]'' named Colonel Hans Landa one of the "50 Creepiest Movie Psychopaths".<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Joshua Winning |date=March 14, 2013 |title=50 Creepiest Movie Psychopaths |url=https://www.gamesradar.com/50-creepiest-movie-psychopaths/4/ |access-date=March 8, 2025 |website=gamesradar |language=en}}</ref> In 2021, members of [[Writers Guild of America West]] (WGAW) and [[Writers Guild of America, East]] (WGAE) ranked its screenplay 8th in WGA’s 101 Greatest Screenplays of the 21st Century (so far).<ref>{{Cite web |title=101 Greatest Screenplays of the 21st Century (*so far) |url=https://www.wga.org/writers-room/101-best-lists/101-best-screenplays-of-the-21st-century-so-far/list |access-date=2025-12-26 |website=www.wga.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pedersen |first=Erik |date=2021-12-06 |title=101 Greatest Screenplays Of The 21st Century: Horror Pic Tops Writers Guild’s List |url=https://deadline.com/2021/12/greatest-screenplays-of-21st-century-list-writers-guild-get-out-1234885622/ |access-date=2025-12-26 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref>

In June 2025, the film ranked number 14 on ''[[The New York Times]]''{{'}} list of "The 100 Best Movies of the 21st Century" and number 11 on its "Readers' Choice" edition of the list.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2025/movies/best-movies-21st-century.html | title=The 100 Best Movies of the 21st Century | website=[[The New York Times]] | date=June 26, 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Readers Choose Their Top Movies of the 21st Century |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2025/movies/readers-movies-21st-century.html |website=The New York Times |date=July 2, 2025 |access-date=July 2, 2025}}</ref> In July 2025, it ranked number 59 on ''[[Rolling Stone]]''{{'}}s list of "The 100 Best Movies of the 21st Century."<ref>{{cite magazine | url=https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-lists/best-movies-of-the-21st-century-1235200512/ | title=100 Best Movies of the 21st Century | magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] | date=July 1, 2025 }}</ref>

===Top-ten lists===
''Inglourious Basterds'' was listed on many critics' top-ten lists.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/film/awards/2009/toptens.shtml |title=Metacritic: 2009 Film Critic Top Ten Lists |website=[[Metacritic]] |access-date=February 11, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100211163519/http://www.metacritic.com/film/awards/2009/toptens.shtml |archive-date=February 11, 2010 |url-status=deviated }}</ref>

{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* 1st – [[Mick LaSalle]], ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]''
* 1st – [[Kyle Smith (critic)|Kyle Smith]], ''[[New York Post]]''
* 1st – Noel Murray, ''[[The A.V. Club]]''
* 2nd – Elizabeth Weitzman, ''[[New York Daily News]]''
* 2nd – [[James Berardinelli]], ''Reelviews''
* 2nd – [[Owen Gleiberman]], ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]''
* 2nd – Scott Foundas, ''[[L.A. Weekly]]''
* 3rd – Rene Rodriguez, ''[[Miami Herald]]''
* 3rd – [[Nathan Rabin]], ''[[The A.V. Club]]''
* 4th – Mark Mohan, ''[[Portland Oregonian]]''
* 5th – Peter Hartlaub, ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]''
* 5th – [[Roger Ebert]], ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]''
* 5th – [[Richard Roeper]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://blog.richardroeper.com/?p=1454 |title=The best (and worst) of 2009. |date=December 27, 2009 |access-date=August 4, 2019 |archive-date=August 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801203042/http://blog.richardroeper.com/?p=1454 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* 5th – [[Frank Scheck]], ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]''
* 7th – Joe Neumaier, ''[[New York Daily News]]''
* 7th – [[Joe Williams (film critic)|Joe Williams]], ''[[St. Louis Post-Dispatch]]''
* 8th – Claudia Puig, ''[[USA Today]]''
* 8th – [[J. Hoberman]], ''[[The Village Voice]]''
* 8th – Kimberly Jones, ''[[Austin Chronicle]]''
* 9th – Marc Savlov, ''[[Austin Chronicle]]''
* 9th – Mike Scott, ''[[The Times-Picayune]]''
* 10th – Keith Uhlich, ''[[Time Out New York]]''
{{div col end}}

==Accolades==
{{main|List of accolades received by Inglourious Basterds{{!}}List of accolades received by ''Inglourious Basterds''}}

Christoph Waltz was singled out for Cannes honors, receiving the [[Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actor|Best Actor Award]] at the festival's end.<ref>{{cite web|title=Best Actor to Christoph Waltz for his role in "Inglourious Basterds" |url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/theDailyArticle/56830.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20100118134058/http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/theDailyArticle/56830.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 18, 2010 |publisher=Cannes Festival |date=May 24, 2009 |access-date=August 21, 2009 }}</ref> Film critic Devin Faraci of ''[[CHUD.com]]'' stated: "The cry has been raised long before this review, but let me continue it: Christoph Waltz needs not an [[Academy Awards|Oscar]] nomination but rather an actual Oscar in his hands. ... he must have gold".<ref>{{cite web|first=Devin | last=Faraci |title=Inglourious Basterds|url=http://www.chud.com/20501/REVIEW-INGLOURIOUS-BASTERDS/|work=[[CHUD.com]]|date=August 18, 2009|access-date=August 20, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100115044719/http://chud.com/articles/articles/20501/1/REVIEW-INGLOURIOUS-BASTERDS/Page1.html|archive-date=January 15, 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The film received four [[Golden Globe Award]] nominations<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/16/movies/awardsseason/16globes.html|title='Up in the Air' Nominated for 6 Golden Globes|work=[[The New York Times]]|first=Brooks|last=Barnes|date=December 15, 2009|access-date=January 26, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617165253/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/16/movies/awardsseason/16globes.html |archive-date=June 17, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> including [[Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Drama|Best Motion Picture – Drama]] and [[Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture|Best Supporting Actor]] for Waltz, who went on to win the award.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://screencrave.com/2010-01-17/golden-globes-2010-winner-for-best-supporting-actor/|title=Golden Globes 2010: Christoph Waltz Wins for Best Supporting Actor|work=Screen Crave|date=January 17, 2010|access-date=January 26, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726072539/http://screencrave.com/2010-01-17/golden-globes-2010-winner-for-best-supporting-actor/|archive-date=July 26, 2011}}</ref>

The film also received three [[Screen Actors Guild Award]] nominations and went on to win the awards for [[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture|Best Cast]] and [[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role|Best Supporting Actor]], which was awarded to Waltz.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/8476830.stm|title=Inglourious Basterds Wins Top Screen Actors Guild Award|work=[[BBC News]]|date=January 24, 2010|access-date=January 24, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100128005917/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8476830.stm|archive-date=January 28, 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The film was nominated for six [[63rd British Academy Film Awards|BAFTA Awards]], including Best Director for Tarantino,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.empireonline.com/news/story.asp?NID=26778|title=BAFTA Nominations 2010 Announced!|work=[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]|publisher=Bauer Consumer Media|date=January 12, 2010|access-date=February 10, 2010|archive-date=January 22, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120122164203/http://www.empireonline.com/news/story.asp?NID=26778|url-status=live}}</ref> winning only one award—[[BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role|Best Supporting Actor]] for Waltz.

In February 2010, the film was nominated for eight [[82nd Academy Awards|Academy Awards]], including [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]], [[Academy Award for Best Director|Best Director]], [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] for Waltz, and [[Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay|Best Original Screenplay]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/legacy/ceremony/82nd-winners.html |title=The 82nd Academy Awards (2010) Nominees and Winners |publisher=[[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] |access-date=November 22, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006110009/http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/legacy/ceremony/82nd-winners.html |archive-date=October 6, 2014 }}</ref> Waltz was awarded the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Binlot|first=Ann|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/abinlot/2016/09/30/academy-award-winner-christoph-waltz-talks-dom-perignon/?sh=42a010443cb7|title=Academy Award Winner Christoph Waltz Talks Dom Pérignon|work=[[Forbes]]|date=September 30, 2016|access-date=October 23, 2021|archive-date=October 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024044247/https://buy.tinypass.com/checkout/template/cacheableShow?aid=Yj2fRrCPpu&templateId=OTSKWFAWOVON&offerId=fakeOfferId&experienceId=EXZJ3PTI7927&iframeId=offer_a232fd70e90f9cf5fae5-0&displayMode=inline&pianoIdUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fauth.forbes.com%2Fid%2F&widget=template&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
* {{annotated link|Bastards (2006 film)|''Bastards''}}
* [[Jewish Brigade]] – A unit of Jewish Soldiers formed by the British to fight the Nazis in WW2
* [[List of films featuring fictional films]]
* [[List of films featuring psychopaths and sociopaths]]
* [[Nakam]] – Also referred to as "The Avengers" or the "Jewish Avengers," a Jewish [[Partisan (military)|partisan]] militia which targeted Nazis
* [[Quentin Tarantino filmography]]
* [[Special Interrogation Group]] – A unit of German-speaking Jewish volunteers formed by the British
* ''[[The Real Inglorious Bastards]]'' – A 2012 Canadian television documentary film about the historical true story

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{notelist}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website}}
* {{IMDb title|0361748}}

{{Quentin Tarantino}}
{{Navboxes
|title = [[List of accolades received by Inglourious Basterds|Awards for ''Inglourious Basterds'']]
|list1 =
{{Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Cast}}
{{David di Donatello Best Foreign Film}}
{{Saturn Award for Best Action or Adventure Film}}
{{San Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best Film}}
{{San Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best Performance by an Ensemble}}
{{ScreenActorsGuildAward CastMotionPicture 2001-2020}}
{{TFCA Award for Best Film}}}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Portal bar|2000s|Film|United States|Germany|History|1940s}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Inglourious Basterds}}
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[[Category:German war drama films]]
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[[Category:German-language war films]]
[[Category:Holocaust films]]
[[Category:Satellite Award–winning films]]
[[Category:Saturn Award–winning films]]
[[Category:Universal Pictures films]]
[[Category:The Weinstein Company films]]
[[Category:Films about psychopaths and sociopaths]]

European Commission

2026-03-29T00:35:20Z

UnknownEdits0303: update references per sources and cleaned formatting per sources

{{short description|Executive branch of the European Union}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{ Infobox executive government
| nativename = {{Name in official languages
| name = Name in official languages
| bg = Европейска комисия
| hr = Europska komisija
| cs = Evropská komise
| da = Europa-Kommissionen
| nl = Europese Commissie
| en = European Commission
| et = Euroopa Komisjon
| fi = Euroopan komissio
| fr = Commission européenne
| de = Europäische Kommission
| el = Ευρωπαϊκή Επιτροπή
| hu = Európai Bizottság
| ga = Coimisiún Eorpach
| it = Commissione europea
| lv = Eiropas Komisija
| lt = Europos Komisija
| mt = Kummissjoni Ewropea
| pl = Komisja Europejska
| pt = Comissão Europeia
| ro = Comisia Europeană
| sk = Európska komisia
| sl = Evropska komisija
| es = Comisión Europea
| sv = Europeiska kommissionen
}}
| border = 
| image = Logo of the European Commission (2025, English, horizontal).svg
| image_size = 250px
| alt =
| image2 = 
| image_size2 = 
| alt2 = 
| caption = 10000
| date_established = {{Start date and age|1958|01|16|df=y}}
| date_dissolved = 
| state = 50000
| country = {{Collapsible list
| framestyle = text-align: left; border: 0; padding: 0; line-height: 16px; white-space: nowrap;
| titlestyle = background: transparent; text-align: left; font-weight: normal;
| title = [[Member state of the European Union|27 member states]]
| {{Flaglist|Austria}}
| {{Flaglist|Belgium}}
| {{Flaglist|Bulgaria}}
| {{Flaglist|Croatia}}
| {{Flaglist|Cyprus}}
| {{Flaglist|Czech Republic}}
| {{Flaglist|Denmark}}
| {{Flaglist|Estonia}}
| {{Flaglist|Finland}}
| {{Flaglist|France}}
| {{Flaglist|Germany}}
| {{Flaglist|Greece}}
| {{Flaglist|Hungary}}
| {{Flaglist|Ireland}}
| {{Flaglist|Italy}}
| {{Flaglist|Latvia}}
| {{Flaglist|Lithuania}}
| {{Flaglist|Luxembourg}}
| {{Flaglist|Malta}}
| {{Flaglist|Netherlands}}
| {{Flaglist|Poland}}
| {{Flaglist|Portugal}}
| {{Flaglist|Romania}}
| {{Flaglist|Slovakia}}
| {{Flaglist|Slovenia}}
| {{Flaglist|Spain}}
| {{Flaglist|Sweden}}
}}
| polity = [[European Union]]
| leader_title = [[President of the European Commission|President of the Commission]] ([[Ursula von der Leyen]] since 1 December 2019)
| appointed = Nominated by the [[European Council]] and elected by the [[European Parliament]]
| main_organ = [[European Commissioner|College of Commissioners]]
| ministries = {{Collapsible list
| framestyle = text-align: left; border: 0; padding: 0; line-height: 16px; white-space: nowrap;
| titlestyle = background: transparent; text-align: left; font-weight: normal;
| title = 33
| bullets = true
| [[Directorate-General for Agriculture and Rural Development|Agriculture and Rural Development]]
| [[Directorate-General for Budget|Budget]]
| [[Directorate-General for Climate Action|Climate Action]]
| [[Directorate-General for Communication|Communication]]
| [[Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology|Communications Networks, Content and Technology]]
| [[Directorate-General for Competition|Competition]]
| [[Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs|Economic and Financial Affairs]]
| [[Directorate-General for Education, Youth, Sport and Culture|Education and Culture]]
| [[Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion|Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion]]
| [[Directorate-General for Energy|Energy]]
| [[Directorate-General for the Environment|Environment]]
| [[Directorate-General for European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations|European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations]]
| [[Eurostat]]
| [[Directorate-General for Financial Stability, Financial Services and Capital Markets Union|Financial Stability, Financial Services and Capital Markets Union]]
| [[Directorate-General for Health and Food Safety|Health and Food Safety]]
| [[Directorate-General for Human Resources and Security|Human Resources and Security]]
| [[Directorate-General for Informatics|Informatics]]
| [[Directorate-General for Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs|Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs]]
| [[Directorate-General for International Cooperation and Development|International Cooperation and Development]]
| [[Directorate-General for Interpretation|Interpretation]]
| [[Joint Research Centre]]
| [[Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers|Justice and Consumers]]
| [[Directorate-General for Maritime Affairs and Fisheries|Maritime Affairs and Fisheries]]
| [[Directorate-General for Migration and Home Affairs|Migration and Home Affairs]]
| [[Directorate-General for Mobility and Transport|Mobility and Transport]]
| [[Directorate-General for European Neighbourhood Policy and Enlargement Negotiations|Neighbourhood and Enlargement Negotiations]]
| [[Directorate-General for Regional and Urban Policy|Regional and Urban Policy]]
| [[Directorate-General for Research and Innovation|Research and Innovation]]
| [[Directorate-General for Taxation and Customs Union (European Commission)|Taxation and Customs Union]]
| [[Directorate-General for Trade|Trade]]
| [[Directorate-General for Translation|Translation]]
}}
| responsible = {{Unbulleted list
| European Parliament
}}
| address = {{Unbulleted list
| [[City of Brussels|Brussels]], Belgium
| [[Luxembourg City]], Luxembourg
}}
| url = {{URL|commission.europa.eu}}
}}
[[File:Belgique - Bruxelles - Schuman - Berlaymont - 01.jpg|thumb|The [[Berlaymont building]] in Brussels, seat of the European Commission]]

The '''European Commission''' ('''EC''') is the [[Executive (government)|executive]] [[Cabinet (government)|cabinet]] of the [[European Union]]. It is composed of 27 [[European Commissioner|members of the Commission]] (informally known as "commissioners") corresponding to the number of [[Member state of the European Union|member states]], unless the [[European Council]], by unanimous consent, decides to alter this number.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A12016M%2FTXT |title=Consolidated Version of the Treaty on European Union |author=European Union |date=2016 |website=EUR-Lex |access-date=2024-10-22}}</ref>

The current number of commissioners is 27, including the president.<ref>{{cite book |author=European Commission |url=http://ec.europa.eu/publications/booklets/eu_glance/53/2006-en.pdf |title=How the European Union works: Your guide to the EU institutions |year=2006 |isbn=92-79-02225-3 |page=20 |quote=Informally, the appointed members of the Commission are known as 'Commissioners'. |access-date=4 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112030418/http://ec.europa.eu/publications/booklets/eu_glance/53/2006-en.pdf |archive-date=12 January 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = How the Commission is organised |url = https://ec.europa.eu/info/about-european-commission/organisational-structure/how-commission-organised_en |access-date = 13 September 2019 |publisher = European Commission |quote = The Commission is steered by a group of 28 Commissioners, known as 'the college'. |archive-date = 11 November 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201111210610/https://ec.europa.eu/info/about-european-commission/organisational-structure/how-commission-organised_en |url-status = live }}</ref> It oversees an administrative body of about 32,000 [[European Civil Service]] employees. The commission is divided into departments known as [[Directorate-General|Directorates-General]] (DGs), comparable to national [[Ministry (government department)|ministries]], each headed by a director-general (comparable to a [[permanent secretary]]) who is responsible to a commissioner.

Currently, there is one Commissioner per [[European Union member state|member state]], but members are bound by their [[oath of office]] to represent the interest of the EU as a whole rather than their home state.<ref name="oath">{{cite press release|title=European Commission swears oath to respect the EU Treaties|url=http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-10-487_en.htm |date=3 May 2010 |publisher=European Commission|location=Brussels|access-date=1 June 2014|archive-date=21 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721190759/http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-10-487_en.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[President of the European Commission|Commission President]] (currently [[Ursula von der Leyen]]) is nominated by the European Council<ref>{{cite web |title=European Council Decision of 27 June 2014 proposing to the European Parliament a candidate for President of the European Commission |website=EUR-Lex |url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=OJ:JOL_2014_192_R_0010 |access-date=13 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225094856/https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=OJ:JOL_2014_192_R_0010 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |language=English |date=1 July 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> (the 27 heads of government) and must win the [[Motion of no confidence|confidence]] of the [[European Parliament]] before assuming office.<ref name="Schütze 2012" /> The [[Council of the European Union]] then nominates the other members of the Commission in agreement with the nominated president, and the entire cabinet is then subjected to a final vote of confidence in the European Parliament.<ref name="Article 17:7 TEU">[[s:Consolidated version of the Treaty on European Union/Title III: Provisions on the Institutions#Article 17|Treaty on European Union: Article 17:7]]</ref> A [[motion of no confidence]] passed by a two-thirds majority in the Parliament can force the resignation of the Commission.

The sitting cabinet is the [[von der Leyen Commission II|second von der Leyen Commission]], which took office in December 2024, following the [[2024 European Parliament election|2024 European Parliament elections]].

==History==
{{Further|History of the European Union}}
The European Commission derives from one of the five key institutions created in the [[Supranational union|supranational]] European Community system, following the proposal of [[Robert Schuman]], French Foreign Minister, on 9 May 1950. Originating in 1951 as the High Authority in the [[European Coal and Steel Community]], the commission has undergone numerous reorganizations and seen its powers increase over time to respond to the increasing need for a strong executive to manage [[European integration]].<ref name="ENA commission history">{{cite web|title=European Commission|publisher=CVCE|url=http://www.cvce.eu/obj/european_commission-en-281a3c0c-839a-48fd-b69c-bc2588c780ec.html|year=2016|access-date=18 April 2013|archive-date=28 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160928005340/http://www.cvce.eu/obj/european_commission-en-281a3c0c-839a-48fd-b69c-bc2588c780ec.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Establishment===
{{Structural evolution of the European Commission}}

The first Commission originated in 1951 as the nine-member "[[High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community|High Authority]]" under President [[Jean Monnet]] (see [[Monnet Authority]]). The High Authority was the supranational administrative executive of the new European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC). It took office first on 10 August 1952 in Luxembourg City. In 1958, the [[Treaty of Rome|Treaties of Rome]] had established two new communities alongside the ECSC: the [[European Economic Community]] (EEC) and the [[European Atomic Energy Community]] (Euratom). However, their executives were called "Commissions" rather than "High Authorities".<ref name="ENA commission history"/> The reason for the change in name was the new relationship between the executives and the [[Council of the European Union|Council]]. Some states, such as France, expressed reservations over the power of the High Authority and wished to limit it by giving more power to the Council rather than the new executives.<ref name="ENA Council history">{{cite web|publisher=CVCE|title=Council of the European Union|url=http://www.cvce.eu/obj/the_council_of_the_european_union-en-de23700c-e50a-4e0e-a7de-80665e4caf9f.html|year=2016|access-date=18 April 2013|archive-date=1 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801045415/https://www.cvce.eu/obj/the_council_of_the_european_union-en-de23700c-e50a-4e0e-a7de-80665e4caf9f.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F028459-0019, Robert-Schuman-Preis, Verleihung an Walter Hallstein.jpg|thumb|left|[[Walter Hallstein]], the first President of the Commission]]
[[Louis Armand]] led the [[Armand Commission|first Commission of Euratom]]. [[Walter Hallstein]] led the [[Hallstein Commission|first Commission of the EEC]], holding the first formal meeting on 16 January 1958 at the [[Château of Val-Duchesse]]. It achieved agreement on a contentious cereal price accord, as well as making a positive impression upon third countries when it made its international debut at the [[Kennedy Round]] of [[General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade]] (GATT) negotiations.<ref name="LSE Chair">{{cite web |last=Ludlow |first=N |year=2006 |publisher=[[London School of Economics]] |title=De-commissioning the Empty Chair Crisis: the Community institutions and the crisis of 1965–6 |url=http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/2422/01/Decommisioningempty.pdf |access-date=24 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025203706/http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/2422/01/Decommisioningempty.pdf |archive-date=25 October 2007}}</ref> Hallstein notably began the consolidation of [[Law of the European Union|European law]] and started to have a notable impact on national legislation. Little heed was taken of his administration at first but, with help from the [[European Court of Justice]], his Commission stamped its authority solidly enough to allow future Commissions to be taken more seriously.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Eppink |first1=Derk-Jan |author-link=Derk Jan Eppink |translator=Ian Connerty |title=Life of a European Mandarin: Inside the Commission |publisher=Lannoo |edition=1st |location=Tielt, Belgium |year=2007 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/lifeofeuropeanma00eppi/page/221 221–2] |isbn=978-90-209-7022-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/lifeofeuropeanma00eppi/page/221 }}</ref> In 1965, however, accumulating differences between the French government of [[Charles de Gaulle]] and the other member states on various subjects (British entry, direct elections to Parliament, the [[Fouchet Plan]] and the budget) triggered the [[Empty chair crisis|"empty chair" crisis]], ostensibly over proposals for the [[Common Agricultural Policy]]. Although the institutional crisis was solved the following year, it cost [[Étienne Hirsch]] his presidency of [[Euratom]] and later Walter Hallstein the EEC presidency, despite his otherwise being viewed as the most 'dynamic' leader until [[Jacques Delors]].<ref name="LSE Chair"/>

===Early development===
{{Politics of the European Union}}

The three bodies, collectively named the '''European Executives''', co-existed until 1 July 1967 when, under the [[Merger Treaty]], they were combined into a single administration under President [[Jean Rey (politician)|Jean Rey]].<ref name="ENA commission history"/> Owing to the merger, the [[Rey Commission]] saw a temporary increase to 14 members—although subsequent Commissions were reduced back to nine, following the formula of one member for small states and two for larger states.<ref name="ENA composition">{{cite web |title=Composition |publisher=CVCE |url=http://www.cvce.eu/obj/composition_of_the_european_commission-en-4b39ad5f-6376-44e4-8144-07e1f84647aa.html |date=31 August 2016 |access-date=18 April 2013 |archive-date=8 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708024003/https://www.cvce.eu/obj/composition_of_the_european_commission-en-4b39ad5f-6376-44e4-8144-07e1f84647aa.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The Rey Commission completed the Community's [[customs union]] in 1968 and campaigned for a more powerful, elected, [[European Parliament]].<ref name="Meet Rey">{{cite web |title=Discover the former Presidents: The Rey Commission |publisher=Europa (web portal) |url=http://ec.europa.eu/commission_barroso/president/history/rey/index_en.htm |access-date=23 August 2007 |archive-date=22 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022225023/http://ec.europa.eu/commission_barroso/president/history/rey/index_en.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Despite Rey being the first President of the combined communities, Hallstein is seen as the first President of the modern Commission.<ref name="ENA commission history"/>

The [[Malfatti Commission|Malfatti]] and [[Mansholt Commission]]s followed with work on monetary co-operation and the first [[Enlargement of the European Union|enlargement]] to the north in 1973.<ref name="Meet Mansholt">{{cite web |title=Discover the former Presidents: The Mansholt Commission |publisher=Europa (web portal) |url=http://ec.europa.eu/commission_barroso/president/history/mansholt/index_en.htm |access-date=23 August 2007 |archive-date=23 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023032752/http://ec.europa.eu/commission_barroso/president/history/mansholt/index_en.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Meet Malfatti">{{cite web|title=Discover the former Presidents: The Malfatti Commission|publisher=Europa (web portal)|url=http://ec.europa.eu/commission_barroso/president/history/malfatti/index_en.htm|access-date=23 August 2007|archive-date=23 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023080109/http://ec.europa.eu/commission_barroso/president/history/malfatti/index_en.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> With that enlargement, the College of Commissioners membership increased to thirteen under the [[Ortoli Commission]] (the [[United Kingdom]] as a large member was granted two Commissioners), which dealt with the enlarged community during economic and international instability at that time.<ref name="ENA composition"/><ref name="Meet Ortoli">{{cite web|title=Discover the former Presidents: The Ortoli Commission|publisher=Europa (web portal)|url=http://ec.europa.eu/commission_barroso/president/history/ortoli/index_en.htm|access-date=23 August 2007|archive-date=22 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022225018/http://ec.europa.eu/commission_barroso/president/history/ortoli/index_en.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The external representation of the Community took a step forward when President [[Roy Jenkins]], recruited to the presidency in January 1977 from his role as [[Home Secretary]] of the United Kingdom's [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] government,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/3/newsid_3287000/3287511.stm|work=BBC News|title=1977: Jenkins quits Commons for Brussels|date=3 January 1977|access-date=14 January 2012|archive-date=10 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080110092836/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/3/newsid_3287000/3287511.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> became the first President to attend a [[G8]] summit on behalf of the Community.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deljpn.ec.europa.eu/union/showpage_en_union.external.g8.php |title=EU and the G8 |access-date=25 September 2007 |publisher=European Commission |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070226165606/http://www.deljpn.ec.europa.eu/union/showpage_en_union.external.g8.php |archive-date=26 February 2007}}</ref> Following the [[Jenkins Commission (EU)|Jenkins Commission]], [[Gaston Thorn]]'s [[Thorn Commission|Commission]] oversaw the Community's enlargement to the south, in addition to beginning work on the [[Single European Act]].<ref name="Meet Thorn">{{cite web|title=Discover the former Presidents: The Thorn Commission|publisher=Europa (web portal)|url=http://ec.europa.eu/commission_barroso/president/history/thorn/index_en.htm|access-date=23 August 2007|archive-date=23 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023013150/http://ec.europa.eu/commission_barroso/president/history/thorn/index_en.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Jacques Delors===
{{main|Delors Commission}}

[[File:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F078267-0023, Bonn, Ministerpräsidenten mit EU-Kommissar Delors-CROPPED.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Jacques Delors]], the European Commission president from 1985–1994]]
The Commission headed by Jacques Delors was seen as giving the Community a sense of direction and dynamism.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Burson-Marsteller |title=The new Commission – some initial thoughts |year=2004 |url=http://www.bmbrussels.be/box_bmnewcomm.php |access-date=17 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060923001700/http://www.bmbrussels.be/box_bmnewcomm.php |archive-date=23 September 2006}}</ref> Delors and his College are also considered as the "[[founding father]]s of the [[euro]]".<ref name="Meet Delors">{{cite web |title=Discover the former Presidents: The Delors Commission |publisher=Europa (web portal) |url=http://ec.europa.eu/commission_barroso/president/history/delors/index_en.htm |access-date=23 August 2007 |archive-date=23 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023032747/http://ec.europa.eu/commission_barroso/president/history/delors/index_en.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The ''[[International Herald Tribune]]'' noted the work of Delors at the end of his second term in 1992: "Mr. Delors rescued the European Community from the doldrums. He arrived when Europessimism was at its worst. Although he was a little-known former French finance minister, he breathed life and hope into the EC and into the dispirited Brussels Commission. In his first term, from 1985 to 1988, he rallied Europe to the call of the single market, and when appointed to a second term he began urging Europeans toward the far more ambitious goals of economic, monetary, and political union".<ref name="IHT Delors quote">{{cite web|last=Merritt|first=Giles|title =A Bit More Delors Could Revamp the Commission|work=International Herald Tribune|date=21 January 1992|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/1992/01/21/edgi_0.php|access-date=17 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121053056/http://www.iht.com/articles/1992/01/21/edgi_0.php|archive-date=21 January 2008}}</ref>

===Jacques Santer===
{{main|Santer Commission}}

The successor to Delors was [[Jacques Santer]]. As a result of a fraud and corruption scandal, the entire Santer Commission was forced by the [[Parliament]] to resign in 1999. These frauds were revealed by internal auditor [[Paul van Buitenen]], with French commissioner [[Édith Cresson]] being the main target of the allegations.<ref>{{cite book|author=Paul van Buitenen|title=Blowing the Whistle: Fraud in the European Commission|publisher=Politicos Pub|year=2000|isbn=978-1-902301-46-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/experts/default_en.htm |title=Second report on Reform of the Commission. Analysis of current practice and proposals for tackling mismanagement, irregularities, and fraud. Committee of Independent Experts, 1999 |publisher=European Parliament |access-date=25 October 2011 |archive-date=9 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609175247/http://www.europarl.europa.eu/experts/default_en.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

That was the first time a College of Commissioners had been forced to resign ''en masse'', and represented a shift of power towards the Parliament.<ref>{{cite web|last=Topan|first=Angelina|title=The resignation of the Santer-Commission: the impact of 'trust' and 'reputation'|date=30 September 2002|publisher=European Integration Online Papers|url=http://eiop.or.at/eiop/pdf/2002-014.pdf|access-date=12 June 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040312015435/http://eiop.or.at/eiop/pdf/2002-014.pdf|archive-date=12 March 2004|url-status=live }}</ref> However, the Santer Commission did carry out work on the [[Treaty of Amsterdam]] and the euro.<ref name="Meet Santer">{{cite web|title=Discover the former Presidents: The Santer Commission|publisher=Europa (web portal)|url=http://ec.europa.eu/commission_barroso/president/history/santer/index_en.htm|access-date=23 August 2007|archive-date=23 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023032757/http://ec.europa.eu/commission_barroso/president/history/santer/index_en.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> In response to the scandal, the [[European Anti-Fraud Office]] (OLAF) was created.

===Romano Prodi===
{{main|Prodi Commission}}

Following Santer, [[Romano Prodi]] took office. The Amsterdam Treaty had increased the commission's powers and Prodi was dubbed by the press as something akin to a Prime Minister.<ref>{{cite web|last=James|first=Barry|title=Prodi to Have Wide, New Powers as Head of the European Commission|work=International Herald Tribune|date=16 April 1999|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/1999/04/16/eu.2.t_0.php|access-date=17 June 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017203411/http://iht.com/articles/1999/04/16/eu.2.t_0.php|archive-date=17 October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|last=Rossant |first=John |title=Commentary: Romano Prodi: Europe's First Prime Minister? (int'l edition) |magazine=[[Business Week]] |date=27 September 1999 |url=http://www.businessweek.com/1999/99_39/b3648256.htm |access-date=17 June 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023012122/http://businessweek.com/1999/99_39/b3648256.htm |archive-date=23 October 2007}}</ref> Powers were strengthened again; the [[Treaty of Nice]], signed in 2001, gave the Presidents more power over the composition of the College of Commissioners.<ref name="ENA commission history"/>

===José Manuel Barroso===
{{main|Barroso Commission}}

[[File:José Manuel Barroso MEDEF 2.jpg|thumb|[[José Manuel Barroso]], the European Commission president from 2004–2014]]
José Manuel Barroso became president in 2004: the Parliament once again asserted itself in objecting to the proposed membership of the Barroso Commission. Owing to this opposition, Barroso was forced to reshuffle his College before taking office.<ref>{{cite web|last=Tobais|first=Troll|title=We have to democratise procedures|date=2 November 2004|publisher=Café Babel|url=http://www.cafebabel.com/en/article.asp?T=T&Id=2620|access-date=12 June 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051129143940/http://www.cafebabel.com/en/article.asp?T=T&Id=2620|archive-date=29 November 2005}}</ref> The Barroso Commission was also the first full Commission since the enlargement in 2004 to 25 members; hence, the number of Commissioners at the end of the Prodi Commission had reached 30. As a result of the increase in the number of states, the Amsterdam Treaty triggered a reduction in the number of Commissioners to one per state, rather than two for the larger states.<ref name="ENA composition"/>

Allegations of fraud and corruption were again raised in 2004 by former chief auditor Jules Muis.<ref>{{cite news |title = Auditor blames politicians for EC waste and corruption |date=8 August 2004 |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-10004001.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924182952/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-10004001.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 September 2015 |newspaper= The Sunday Herald |first=Ian |last=Fraser}}</ref> A Commission officer, Guido Strack, reported alleged fraud and abuses in his department in the years 2002–2004 to OLAF, and was fired as a result.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.presseurop.eu/en/content/article/1028391-guido-strack-downfall-whistleblower |title = Guido Strack – the downfall of a whistleblower |date = 6 October 2011 |publisher = VoxEurop |first = Sebastien |last = Beck |access-date = 25 October 2011 |archive-date = 27 December 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131227115236/http://www.presseurop.eu/en/content/article/1028391-guido-strack-downfall-whistleblower |url-status = dead }}</ref> In 2008, Paul van Buitenen (the former auditor known from the Santer Commission scandal) accused the European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF) of a lack of independence and effectiveness.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eur-law.eu/EN/Written-question-E-0860-08-Paul-van-Buitenen,488061,d |title=Paul van Buitenen: Alleged irregularities in OLAF |publisher=Eur-law.eu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330084358/http://eur-law.eu/EN/Written-question-E-0860-08-Paul-van-Buitenen,488061,d |archive-date=30 March 2012}}</ref> During Barroso's presidency of the Commission, EU accession negotiations began with [[Croatia]] and [[Turkey]] in 2005.<ref>{{cite web |title=The European Union opens accession negotiations with Croatia |url=https://www.eumonitor.eu/9353000/1/j9vvik7m1c3gyxp/vh4fjlgm8vvq?ctx=vh25de4aj8xr|website=EU Monitor |date=October 4, 2005|access-date=December 9, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=European Union Formally Opens Talks on Turkey's Joining |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/04/world/european-union-formally-opens-talks-on-turkeys-joining.html |website=The New York Times |date=October 4, 2005|access-date=December 9, 2024}}</ref> While Croatia officially became a member in [[2013 enlargement of the European Union|2013]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/30/croatia-joins-eu-celebrations-uncertainty|title=Croatia joins EU amid celebrations and uncertainty about future|date=July 1, 2013|work=The Guardian|location=London|issn=0261-3077|access-date=July 1, 2013|archive-date=September 5, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905054606/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/30/croatia-joins-eu-celebrations-uncertainty|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Accession of Turkey to the European Union|Turkey's accession process]] remains effectively suspended.<ref>{{cite web |url =https://www.euronews.com/2019/03/13/european-parliament-calls-for-suspension-of-turkey-eu-accession-talks |title =European Parliament calls for suspension of Turkey EU accession talks |language =en |date =March 13, 2019 |work =Euronews |access-date =5 September 2023 |archive-date =20 August 2023 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20230820141533/https://www.euronews.com/2019/03/13/european-parliament-calls-for-suspension-of-turkey-eu-accession-talks |url-status =live }}</ref>

Barroso's first Commission term expired on 31 October 2009. Under the Treaty of Nice, the first Commission to be appointed after the number of member states reached 27 would have to be reduced to "less than the number of Member States". The exact number of Commissioners was to be decided by a unanimous vote of the [[European Council]], and membership would rotate equally between member states. Following the [[2007 enlargement of the European Union|accession of Romania and Bulgaria]] in January 2007, this clause took effect for the next Commission.<ref>See the attached Protocol, Article 4</ref> The Treaty of Lisbon, which came into force on 1 December 2009, mandated a reduction of the number of commissioners to two-thirds of member-states from 2014 unless the Council decided otherwise. Membership would rotate equally and no member state would have more than one Commissioner. However, the treaty was rejected by voters in Ireland in 2008 with one main concern being the loss of their Commissioner. Hence a guarantee given for a rerun of the vote was that the council would use its power to amend the number of Commissioners upwards. However, according to the treaties it still has to be fewer than the total number of members, thus it was proposed that the member state that does not get a Commissioner would get the post of High Representative – the so-called 26+1 formula.<ref>{{cite news|last=Smyth|first=Jamie|title=Rejection may undermine EU's effectiveness, warns Swedish premier|newspaper=The Irish Times|date=5 September 2009|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2009/0905/1224253907844.html|access-date=15 September 2009|archive-date=24 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121224173619/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2009/0905/1224253907844.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[http://euobserver.com/843/27360 Czechs prepare for possible second Irish No] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120518153334/http://euobserver.com/843/27360 |date=18 May 2012 }}, ''EUobserver'', 8 January 2009</ref> This guarantee (which may find its way into the next treaty amendment, probably in an accession treaty) contributed to the Irish approving the treaty in a second referendum in 2009.

Lisbon also combined the posts of [[European Commissioner for External Relations]] with the council's [[High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy|High Representative for the Common Foreign and Security Policy]]. This post, also a [[Vice-President of the European Commission|Vice-president of the Commission]], would chair the Council of the European Union's foreign affairs meetings as well as the commission's external relations duties.<ref name="Europa web portal">{{cite web |title=The Union's institutions: Commission |publisher=Europa (web portal) |url=http://europa.eu/scadplus/constitution/commission_en.htm |access-date=6 July 2007 |archive-date=19 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819052953/http://europa.eu/scadplus/constitution/commission_en.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Council of the European Union |title=Brussels European Council 21/22 June 2007: Presidency Conclusions |date=20 June 2007 |url=http://www.consilium.europa.eu/ueDocs/cms_Data/docs/pressData/en/ec/94932.pdf |access-date=22 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070627032310/http://www.consilium.europa.eu/ueDocs/cms_Data/docs/pressData/en/ec/94932.pdf |archive-date=27 June 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref> The treaty further provides that the most recent European elections should be "''taken into account''" when appointing the President of the European Commission, and although they are still proposed by the European Council; the European Parliament "''elects''" candidates to the office, rather than "''approves''" them as under the Treaty of Nice.<ref name="Article 17:7 TEU" /><ref name="Europa web portal"/>

The Barroso Commission is, in reaction to [[Euroscepticism]], said to have toned down enforcement to increase integration.<ref>[https://www.politico.eu/article/curious-case-eu-disappearing-infringements/ The curious case of the EU's disappearing infringements] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427132626/https://www.politico.eu/article/curious-case-eu-disappearing-infringements/ |date=27 April 2022 }} Politico. 2022.</ref><ref>[https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3994918 Where Have the Guardians Gone? Law Enforcement and the Politics of Supranational Forbearance in the European Union] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428115924/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3994918 |date=28 April 2022 }} SSRN. 2021.</ref>

===Jean-Claude Juncker===
{{main|Juncker Commission}}

In 2014, [[Jean-Claude Juncker]] became President of the European Commission.

Juncker appointed his previous campaign director and head of the transition team, [[Martin Selmayr]], as his chief of cabinet. During the Juncker presidency Selmayr has been described as "the most powerful EU chief of staff ever."<ref name="politico">{{cite news|last1=Herszenhorn |first1=David M.|title='Monster' at the Berlaymont|url=http://www.politico.eu/article/monster-at-the-berlaymont-martin-selmayr-european-commission-jean-claude-juncker/|access-date=3 May 2017|agency=Politico|date=17 November 2016|archive-date=27 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327174844/http://www.politico.eu/article/monster-at-the-berlaymont-martin-selmayr-european-commission-jean-claude-juncker/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Ursula von der Leyen===
{{main|Von der Leyen Commission I|Von der Leyen Commission II}}

[[File:(Ursula_von_der_Leyen)_2019.07.16._Ursula_von_der_Leyen_presents_her_vision_to_MEPs_2_(cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Incumbent [[Ursula von der Leyen|President von der Leyen]]]]In 2019, [[Ursula von der Leyen]] was appointed as President of the European Commission. She submitted the guidelines of her policy to the [[European Parliament]] on 16 July 2019, following her confirmation. She had not been considered a likely candidate (in general, the elected candidate is determined, according to the results of the [[Elections to the European Parliament|European election]], as winner of the internal election into the dominant European party known as "{{lang|de|[[spitzenkandidat]]}}"). While the [[European People's Party]] had won the European Parliament election, they had performed worse than expected and therefore nominated von der Leyen instead of [[Manfred Weber]], their original candidate. On 9 September, the [[Council of the European Union]] declared a list of candidate-commissioners, which are sent to Brussels by the governments of each member state and which had to be officially approved by the parliament.<ref>{{cite web|title=Formation of von der Leyen Commission advances |publisher=European Commission|date=9 September 2019|url=https://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-19-5537_en.htm|access-date=9 September 2019|archive-date=10 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910213153/https://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-19-5537_en.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

In September 2024, Von der Leyen revealed her new team of European Commissioners, marking a shift to a "leaner" and more interconnected structure. The lineup featured six executive vice-presidents (EVPs) from France, Finland, Estonia, Italy, Romania, and Spain. These EVPs, including [[Teresa Ribera]] and [[Stéphane Séjourné]], were tasked with overseeing various clusters of Commissioners and steering key policy areas such as prosperity, security, and democracy. [[Raffaele Fitto]] was appointed despite criticism from European socialists over his hard-right affiliations. Other notable appointments included [[Kaja Kallas]] as EVP for Foreign and Security Policy, and [[Henna Virkkunen]] as EVP for Tech Sovereignty and Digital Technologies. The Commission also introduced new roles like the Commissioner for Defence and Security and the Commissioner for the Mediterranean.<ref>{{cite news|last=Jones |first=Mared Gwyn |title=Ursula von der Leyen unveils proposed team of European Commissioners |website=Euronews |date=17 September 2024 |url=https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2024/09/17/ursula-von-der-leyen-set-to-unveil-proposal-for-next-team-of-european-commissioners |access-date=17 September 2024}}</ref>

==Powers and functions==
The commission was set up from the start to act as an independent supranational authority separate from governments; it has been described as "the only body paid to think European".<ref name="Day">{{cite web|title=Interview with European Commission Secretary-General Catherine Day|publisher=EurActiv|date=25 September 2006|url=http://www.euractiv.com/en/future-eu/interview-european-commission-secretary-general-catherine-day/article-158149|access-date=17 June 2007|archive-date=24 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224073529/http://www.euractiv.com/en/future-eu/interview-european-commission-secretary-general-catherine-day/article-158149|url-status=dead}}</ref> The members are proposed by their member state governments, one from each. However, they are bound to act independently – free from other influences such as those governments which appointed them. This is in contrast to the Council of the European Union, which represents governments, the European Parliament, which represents [[EU citizen|citizens]], the [[Economic and Social Committee]], which represents organised civil society, and the [[European Committee of the Regions|Committee of the Regions]], which represents local and regional authorities.<ref name="Europa Institutions">{{cite web|title=Institutions of the EU: The European Commission|url=http://europa.eu/institutions/inst/comm/index_en.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070623104055/http://europa.eu/institutions/inst/comm/index_en.htm|archive-date=23 June 2007|access-date=18 June 2007|publisher=[[Europa (web portal)|Europa]]}}</ref>

Through [[s:Consolidated version of the Treaty on European Union/Title III: Provisions on the Institutions#Article 17|Article 17 of the Treaty on European Union]] the commission has several responsibilities: to develop medium-term strategies; to draft legislation and arbitrate in the legislative process; to represent the EU in trade negotiations; to make rules and regulations, for example in competition policy; to draw up the [[budget of the European Union]]; and to scrutinise the implementation of the treaties and legislation.<ref>Hix, Simon (1999) "The political system of the European Union" MacMillan, Basingstoke. p32</ref> The rules of procedure of the European Commission set out the commission's operation and organisation.<ref name="rules">{{cite web|title=Rules of procedure of the European Commission |date=2020 |url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=LEGISSUM:o10004|website=EUR-Lex |access-date=25 March 2019|archive-date=30 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130155317/https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=LEGISSUM:o10004|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Executive power===
Before the [[Treaty of Lisbon]] came into force, the executive power of the EU was held by the council: it conferred on the Commission such powers for it to exercise. However, the council was allowed to withdraw these powers, exercise them directly, or impose conditions on their use.<ref>{{cite web|title=Executive body|publisher=CVCE|url=http://www.cvce.eu/obj/executive_body-en-1ea2c754-b3fe-42ea-b6ab-44f07291d9ee.html|date=15 September 2016|access-date=18 April 2013|archive-date=5 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805194749/https://www.cvce.eu/obj/executive_body-en-1ea2c754-b3fe-42ea-b6ab-44f07291d9ee.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Implementing powers of the Council of the European Union|publisher=CVCE|url=http://www.cvce.eu/obj/implementing_powers_of_the_council_of_the_european_union-en-5d4d07d9-bba1-467e-93c2-8241444be9a2.html|year=2016|access-date=18 April 2013|archive-date=5 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805190623/https://www.cvce.eu/obj/implementing_powers_of_the_council_of_the_european_union-en-5d4d07d9-bba1-467e-93c2-8241444be9a2.html|url-status=live}}</ref> This aspect has been changed by the Treaty of Lisbon, after which the Commission exercises its powers just by virtue of the treaties. Powers are more restricted than most national executives, in part due to the commission's lack of power over areas like [[Common Foreign and Security Policy|foreign policy]] – that power is held by the Council of the European Union and the European Council, which some analysts have described as another executive.<ref name="dragoman"/>

Considering that under the Treaty of Lisbon, the European Council has become a formal institution with the power of appointing the commission, it could be said that the two bodies hold the executive power of the EU (the European Council also holds individual national executive powers). However, it is the Commission that currently holds most of the executive power over the [[European Union]].<ref name="dragoman">{{cite web |last=Stark |first=Christine |publisher=Dragoman |title=Evolution of the European Council: The implications of a permanent seat |date=4 September 2002 |url=http://www.dragoman.org/ec/belfast-2002.pdf |access-date=10 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325005346/http://www.dragoman.org/ec/belfast-2002.pdf |archive-date=25 March 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Bermann|first=George|title=Executive Power in the New European Constitution|year=2004|url=http://www.jeanmonnetprogram.org/archive/papers/04/040501-13.rtf|format=RTF|publisher=New York University|access-date=18 June 2006|archive-date=31 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731021346/http://www.jeanmonnetprogram.org/archive/papers/04/040501-13.rtf|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Legislative initiative===
The Commission differs from the other institutions in that it alone has [[legislative initiative]] in the EU. Only the commission can make formal proposals for legislation: they cannot originate in the legislative branches. Under the Treaty of Lisbon, no legislative act is allowed in the field of the [[Common Foreign and Security Policy]]. In the other fields, the Council and Parliament can request legislation; in most cases the Commission initiates on the basis of these proposals. This monopoly is designed to ensure coordinated and coherent drafting of [[Law of the European Union|EU law]].<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Europa (web portal)|title=Glossary: Right of initiative|url=http://europa.eu/scadplus/glossary/initiative_right_en.htm|access-date=18 June 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070708112656/http://europa.eu/scadplus/glossary/initiative_right_en.htm|archive-date=8 July 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=Europa (web portal)|title=The Commission's right of initiative|url=http://register.consilium.europa.eu/pdf/en/02/cv00/00230en2.pdf|access-date=18 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025203706/http://register.consilium.europa.eu/pdf/en/02/cv00/00230en2.pdf|archive-date=25 October 2007}}</ref> This monopoly has been challenged by some who claim the Parliament should also have the right, with most national parliaments holding the right in some respects.<ref>{{cite web|last=Murray |first=Alasdair |title=Reform now or languish later |publisher=Centre for European Reform |date=30 September 2002 |url=http://www.cer.org.uk/articles/murray_parl_0902.html |access-date=18 June 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928151215/http://www.cer.org.uk/articles/murray_parl_0902.html |archive-date=28 September 2007 }}</ref> However, the Council and Parliament may request the commission to draft legislation, though the Commission does have the power to refuse to do so<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Peterson|editor-first1=John|editor-first2=Michael|editor-last2=Shackleton|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2006|title=The Institutions of the European Union|page=152}}{{ISBN missing|date=June 2025|reason=There are multiple editions of this book. The page number may change depending on the edition referenced.}}</ref> as it did in 2008 over transnational collective conventions.<ref>Anne-Cécile Robert (March 2009) "Et la crise sociale a rattrapé le Parlement européen", ''[[Le Monde diplomatique]]''. p. 6–7</ref> Under the Lisbon Treaty, EU citizens are also able to request the commission to legislate in an area via [[European Citizens' Initiative|a petition carrying one million signatures]], but this is not binding.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Wallis|first1=Diana|author-link=Diana Wallis|last2=Picard|first2=Severine|title=The Citizens' Right of Initiative in the European Constitution: A Second Chance for Democracy|url=http://www.eumap.org/journal/features/2005/demodef/wallis |website=eumap |access-date=18 June 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060306034741/http://www.eumap.org/journal/features/2005/demodef/wallis|archive-date=6 March 2006}}</ref>

The commission's powers in proposing law have usually centred on economic regulation. It has put forward a large number of regulations based on a "[[precautionary principle]]". This means that pre-emptive regulation takes place if there is a credible hazard to the environment or human health: for example on tackling [[climate change]] and restricting [[genetically modified organism]]s. The European Commission has committed EU member states to [[carbon neutrality]] by 2050.<ref>{{Cite web|title=EU/China/US climate survey shows public optimism about reversing climate change|url=https://www.eib.org/en/stories/citizen-global-warming-concerns |first1=Matt |last1=Rees |date=26 June 2020 |access-date=24 August 2020|website=European Investment Bank|language=en|archive-date=20 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020023146/https://www.eib.org/en/stories/citizen-global-warming-concerns|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 November 2016|title=2050 long-term strategy|url=https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/strategies/2050_en|access-date=24 August 2020|website=Climate Action – European Commission|language=en|archive-date=22 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422132502/https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/strategies/2050_en|url-status=dead }}</ref> This is opposed to weighting regulations for their effect on the economy. Thus, the Commission often proposes stricter legislation than other countries. Owing to the size of the European market, this has made EU legislation an important influence in the global market.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Economist|date=20 September 2007|title=Brussels rules OK|url=http://www.economist.com/world/europe/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9832900 |url-access=subscription |access-date=22 October 2007|archive-date=12 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012003802/http://economist.com/world/europe/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9832900|url-status=live}}</ref> On February 23, 2022, the European Commission published the [[Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive]] which establishes a framework of [[due diligence]] for companies to identify actual or potential risks and harm to [[human rights]] and the [[Natural environment|environment]] as well as establishing processes and standards to diminish these risks. The [[Directive (European Union)|Directive]] was officially adopted in 2024 and will be incorporated into domestic laws within two years by all of the [[European Union]] member states.

Recently the commission has moved into creating [[Law of the European Union#Criminal law|European criminal law]]. In 2006, a [[2006 Côte d'Ivoire toxic waste spill|toxic waste spill off the coast of Côte d'Ivoire]], from a European ship, prompted the commission to look into legislation against toxic waste. at that time did not even have a crime against shipping toxic waste; this led the Commissioners [[Franco Frattini]] and [[Stavros Dimas]] to put forward the idea of "ecological crimes". Their right to propose criminal law was challenged in the [[European Court of Justice]] but upheld. {{asof|2007|post=,}} the only other criminal law proposals which have been brought forward are on the [[Proposed directive on criminal measures aimed at ensuring the enforcement of intellectual property rights|intellectual property rights directive]],<ref name="E!Sharp0507 Legal">{{cite news|last=Charter|first=David|title=A new legal environment|work=E!Sharp|pages=23–5|publisher=People Power Process|year=2007}}</ref> and on an amendment to the 2002 counter-terrorism framework decision, outlawing terrorism‑related incitement, recruitment (especially via the internet) and training.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=European Commission|date=6 November 2007|title=Counter‑terrorism – EU steps up a gear|url=http://ec.europa.eu/news/justice/071106_1_en.htm|access-date=21 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213232626/http://ec.europa.eu/news/justice/071106_1_en.htm|archive-date =13 December 2007}}</ref>

===Enforcement===
Once legislation is passed by the Council and Parliament, it is the commission's responsibility to ensure it is implemented. It does this through the member states or through its [[Agencies of the European Union|agencies]]. In adopting the necessary technical measures, the commission is assisted by committees made up of representatives of member states and of the public and private [[Lobbying|lobbies]]<ref>[http://www.legaltoday.com/index.php/actualidad/noticias/la-lobbycracia-europea La Lobbycracia Europea] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722053744/http://www.legaltoday.com/index.php/actualidad/noticias/la-lobbycracia-europea |date=22 July 2011 }} – Aparicio Caicedo, analyst, Gertrude Ryan Law Observeratory, opinion piece in Legal Today magazine.</ref> (a process known in jargon as "[[comitology]]").<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Europa (web portal)|title=Glossary: Comitology|url=http://europa.eu/scadplus/glossary/comitology_en.htm|access-date=18 June 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629121630/http://europa.eu/scadplus/glossary/comitology_en.htm|archive-date=29 June 2007}}</ref> Furthermore, the commission is responsible for the implementation of the [[EU budget]], ensuring, along with the [[Court of Auditors]], that EU funds are correctly spent.

In particular the commission has a duty to ensure the treaties and law are upheld, potentially by taking member states or other institutions to the [[European Court of Justice|Court of Justice]] in a dispute. In this role it is known informally as the "Guardian of the Treaties".<ref name="Europa Institutions"/> Finally, the Commission provides some [[foreign relations of the European Union|external representation]] for the Union, alongside the member states and the [[Common Foreign and Security Policy]], representing the Union in bodies such as the [[World Trade Organization]]. It is also usual for the President to attend meetings of the [[G7]].<ref name="Europa Institutions"/>

==College of Commissioners ==
{{For|members of the current Commission|Von der Leyen Commission II}}
The commission is composed of a "College of [[European Commissioner|Commissioners]]" of {{EUnum}} members, including the President and vice-presidents. Even though each member is nominated on the basis of the suggestions made by the national governments, one per state, they do not represent their state in the commission.<ref name="bbc examine">{{cite news|last=Lungescu|first=Oana|work=BBC News|title =Examining the EU executive|date=23 July 2004|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/letter_from_america/3921303.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120201095441/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/letter_from_america/3921303.stm|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 February 2012|access-date=21 May 2020}}</ref> In practice, however, they do occasionally press for their national interest.<ref>{{cite book|last=Eppink|first=Derk-Jan|author-link=Derk Jan Eppink|translator=Ian Connerty|title=Life of a European Mandarin: Inside the Commission|publisher=Lannoo|edition=1st|location=Tielt, Belgium|year=2007|isbn=978-90-209-7022-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/lifeofeuropeanma00eppi/page/119 119]|url=https://archive.org/details/lifeofeuropeanma00eppi/page/119}}</ref> Once proposed, the President delegates [[List of European Commission portfolios|portfolios]] among each of the members. The power of a Commissioner largely depends upon their portfolio, and can vary over time. For example, the [[European Commissioner for Education, Training & Culture|Education Commissioner]] has been growing in importance, in line with the rise in the importance of education and culture in European policy-making.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.consilium.europa.eu/ueDocs/cms_Data/docs/pressData/en/ec/99410.pdf|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20080705113103/http://www.consilium.europa.eu/ueDocs/cms_Data/docs/pressData/en/ec/99410.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 July 2008|title=Brussels European Council, Presidency Conclusions|publisher=Council of the European Union|year=2008|access-date=20 August 2009|quote=See paragraphs 7, 8 & 13 of the Presidency conclusions of the European Council on 13/14 March 2008}}</ref> Another example is the [[European Commissioner for Competition|Competition Commissioner]], who holds a highly visible position with global reach.<ref name="bbc examine"/> Before the commission can assume office, the college as a whole must be approved by the Parliament.<ref name="Europa Institutions"/> Commissioners are supported by their [[Cabinet (European Commission)|personal cabinet]] who give them political guidance, while the [[European Civil Service|Civil Service]] (the DGs, see below) deal with technical preparation.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/europeancommissi0000nuge|url-access=registration|title=The European Commission|first=Neill|last=Nugent|date=2 July 2001|publisher=Palgrave|via=Internet Archive|isbn=9780333587430}}</ref>

===Appointment===
[[File:European Commission Room (Open Day) 1.jpg|thumb|upright|Floor 13 of the Berlaymont, Commission's meeting room]]
The [[President of the European Commission|President of the Commission]] is appointed in an [[indirect election]]. The candidate is first selected by the [[European Council]], according to the [[Voting in the Council of the European Union|Qualified Majority Vote]] (QMV), taking into account the latest [[Elections in the European Union|parliamentary elections]] (any person from the largest party can be picked<ref>{{Cite web |first=Jorg |last=Himmelreich |title=Ursula von der Leyen's EU nomination is a win for Emmanuel Macron DW 05.07.2019 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/ursula-von-der-leyens-eu-nomination-is-a-win-for-emmanuel-macron/a-49494510 |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=DW |language=en-GB |archive-date=25 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325224810/https://www.dw.com/en/ursula-von-der-leyens-eu-nomination-is-a-win-for-emmanuel-macron/a-49494510 |url-status=live }}</ref>). That candidate then faces [[Approval voting|approval]] by the [[European Parliament]]. If the European Parliament fails to elect the candidate, the European Council shall propose another within one month.<ref name="Article 17:7 TEU" /><ref name="Schütze 2012">{{cite book|last1=Schütze|first1=Robert|title=European Constitutional Law|url=https://archive.org/details/europeanconstitu0000schu/page/99/mode/2up|date=2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0521-73275-8|pages=99–100, 118}}</ref>

Following the selection of the President, and the appointment of the [[High Representative]] by the European Council, each [[European Commissioner|Commissioner]] is proposed by their member state (except for those states who provided the President and High Representative) in consultation with the Commission President and the [[Council of the European Union]], who formally adopts the list of candidates. The President's proposed College of Commissioners is then subject to hearings at the [[European Parliament]] which will question them and then vote on their suitability as a whole. If the European Parliament submits a negative opinion of a candidate, the President must either reshuffle them or request a new candidate from the member state to avoid the college's outright rejection by the European Parliament. Once the college is approved by parliament, it is formally appointed following a QMV vote by the [[European Council]].<ref name="Article 17:7 TEU" />

Following the college's appointment, the President appoints a number of [[Vice-President of the European Commission|Vice-presidents]] from among the commissioners. Vice-presidents manage policy areas involving multiple Commissioners.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Commissioners |url=https://commissioners.ec.europa.eu/index_en |access-date=2023-07-20 |website=European Commission |language=en}}</ref> One of these includes the [[High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy|High Representative]], who is automatically one of the Vice-presidents [[Ex officio member|''ex officio'']] rather than by appointment and confirmation. Commonly referred to as the 'HR/VP' position, the High Representative also coordinates commissioners' activities involving the external relations and defence cooperation of the European Union. The [[Von der Leyen Commission I|von der Leyen Commission]] also created the position of more senior [[Vice-President of the European Commission|Executive Vice-presidents]], appointed from the three largest political groups in the European Parliament. Unlike the other vice-presidents, their mission is to manage the incumbent Commission's top priority policy areas, for which they receive additional support from a dedicated [[Directorate-General]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-04 |title=The Working Methods of the von der Leyen Commission |url=https://commission.europa.eu/about-european-commission/what-european-commission-does/delivering-political-priorities/working-methods-von-der-leyen-commission_en |access-date=2023-07-20 |website=European Commission |language=en|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20230121160126/https://commission.europa.eu/about-european-commission/what-european-commission-does/delivering-political-priorities/working-methods-von-der-leyen-commission_en|archive-date=2023-01-21}}</ref>

===Dismissal===
The European Parliament can dissolve the College of Commissioners as a whole following a [[vote of no-confidence]], which requires a two-thirds vote.

Only the President can request the resignation of an individual Commissioner. However, individual Commissioners, by request of the council or Commission, can be compelled to retire on account of a breach of obligation(s) and if so ruled by the European Court of Justice (Art. 245 and 247, Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union).

===Political styles===
The [[Barroso Commission]] took office in late 2004 after being delayed by objections from the Parliament, which forced a reshuffle. In 2007 the Commission increased from 25 to 27 members with the accession of Romania and Bulgaria who each appointed their own Commissioners. With the increasing size of the commission, Barroso adopted a more presidential style of control over the college, which earned him some criticism.<ref>{{cite web|last=Beunderman|first=Mark|publisher=EU Observer|title=EU commission sees civil servants' power grow|date=22 February 2007|url=http://euobserver.com/843/23553|access-date=27 February 2007|archive-date=23 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023004954/http://euobserver.com/843/23553|url-status=live}}</ref>

However, under Barroso, the commission began to lose ground to the larger member states as countries such as France, the UK and Germany sought to sideline its role. This has increased with the creation of the [[President of the European Council]] under the [[Treaty of Lisbon]].<ref>{{cite web|author1=Iey Berry|author2=Peter Sain|publisher=EU Observer|title=[Comment] Power is slipping from the commission to the council|date=18 January 2008|url=http://euobserver.com/9/25484|access-date=18 January 2008|archive-date=5 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605071233/http://euobserver.com/9/25484|url-status=live}}</ref> There has also been a greater degree of [[European Commissioner#Politicisation|politicisation within the Commission]].

==Administration==
{{Further|European Civil Service}}
[[File:Androulla Vassiliou2.jpg|thumb|Cypriot politician [[Androulla Vassiliou]] was European Commissioner for Education, Culture, Multilingualism and Youth between 2010 and 2014.]]
The commission is divided into departments known as [[Directorate-General|Directorates-General]] (DGs) that can be likened to departments or [[Ministry (government department)|ministries]]. Each covers a specific policy area such as agriculture or justice and citizens' rights or internal services such as human resources and translation and is headed by a director-general who is responsible to a commissioner. A commissioner's portfolio can be supported by numerous DGs; they prepare proposals for them and if approved by a majority of commissioners proposals go forward to the Parliament and Council for consideration.<ref name="Europa Institutions"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Eurojargon|publisher=Europa (web portal)|url=http://europa.eu/abc/eurojargon/index_en.htm|access-date=18 June 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029224734/http://europa.eu/abc/eurojargon/index_en.htm|archive-date=29 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[European Civil Service|Commission's civil service]] is headed by a [[Secretary-General of the European Commission|Secretary General]]. The position is currently held by [[Ilze Juhansone]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.contexte.com/pouvoirs/briefing/2020/01/15/#briefitem-110023|title=La Commission européenne a une nouvelle secrétaire générale|date=15 January 2020|work=Contexte|access-date=5 April 2020|archive-date=31 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731021301/https://www.contexte.com/pouvoirs/briefing/2020/01/15/#briefitem-110023|url-status=live}}</ref> The rules of procedure of the European Commission set out the commission's operation and organisation.<ref name=rules/>

There has been criticism from a number of people that the highly fragmented DG structure wastes a considerable amount of time in [[wikt:turf war|turf war]]s as the different departments and Commissioners compete with each other. Furthermore, the DGs can exercise considerable control over a Commissioner with the Commissioner having little time to learn to assert control over their staff.<ref name="LEM">{{cite web|last=Amies|first=Nick|title=Former EU Mandarin Spills the Beans on Commission Intrigue|publisher=Deutsche Welle|date=21 September 2007|url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,2790009,00.html|access-date=17 October 2007|archive-date=23 December 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071223074044/http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,2790009,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Press Releases"/>

According to figures published by the commission, 23,803 persons were employed by the commission as officials and temporary agents in September 2012. In addition to these, 9230 "external staff" (e.g. Contractual agents, detached national experts, young experts, [[Traineeship scheme of the European Commission|trainees]] etc.) were employed. The single largest DG is the [[Directorate-General for Translation (European Commission)|Directorate-General for Translation]], with a 2309-strong staff, while the largest group by nationality is Belgian (18.7%), probably due to a majority (17,664) of staff being based in the country.<ref>{{cite web|title=Civil Service: Staff figures|publisher=Europa (web portal)|url=http://ec.europa.eu/civil_service/about/figures/index_en.htm|access-date=5 September 2012|archive-date=19 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019233512/http://ec.europa.eu/civil_service/about/figures/index_en.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Press===
[[File:Berlaymont Press Room.jpg|thumb|Press Room in the Berlaymont]]

Communication with the press is handled by the [[Directorate-General Communication (European Commission)|Directorate-General Communication]]. The Commission's chief spokesperson is [[Paula Pinho]] who holds the midday [[Mass media|press]] briefings, commonly known as the "Midday Presser". It takes place every weekday in the Commission's press room at the Berlaymont where journalists may ask questions to the Commission officials on any topic and legitimately expect to get an "on the record" answer for live TV. Such a situation is unique in the world.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lynam|first=Joe|title=The peculiar world of the European Union|work=BBC News|date=1 April 2007|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6496813.stm|access-date=17 June 2007|archive-date=9 May 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070509160441/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6496813.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>

As an integral part of the Directorate-General for Communication, the Spokesperson's Service, in coordination with the Executive Communication Adviser in the President's Cabinet, supports the President and Commissioners so that they can communicate effectively. On political communication matters, the chief spokesperson reports directly to the President of the European Commission.

It has been noted by one researcher that the press releases issued by the commission are uniquely political. A release often goes through several stages of drafting which emphasises the role of the commission and is used "for justifying the EU and the Commission" increasing their length and complexity. Where there are multiple departments involved a press release can also be a source of competition between areas of the Commission and Commissioners themselves. This also leads to an unusually high number of press releases, and is seen as a unique product of the EU's political set-up.<ref name="Press Releases">{{cite web|last=Mahony|first=Honor|title=EU carefully manages PR through 1000s of press releases|publisher=EU Observer|date=17 October 2007|url=http://euobserver.com/9/24971|access-date=17 October 2007|archive-date=21 May 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080521020129/http://euobserver.com/9/24971|url-status=live}}</ref>

There is a larger press corps in Brussels than Washington, D.C.; in 2020, media outlets in every Union member-state had a Brussels [[correspondent]]. Although there has been a worldwide cut in journalists, the considerable press releases and operations such as [[Europe by Satellite]] and [[EuroparlTV]] leads many news organisations to believe they can cover the EU from these source and [[News agency|news agencies]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Castle |first=Stephen |title=As the E.U. Does More, Fewer Tell About It |work=International Herald Tribune |date=21 March 2010 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/23/business/global/23press.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/23/business/global/23press.html |archive-date=1 January 2022 |url-access=limited |access-date=3 April 2010}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The Commission shut down [[Presseurop]] on 20 December 2013,<ref>{{Cite news |author= Editorial |date= 2 December 2013 |title= Without Presseurop? |url= http://www.presseurop.eu/en/content/editorial/4369791-without-presseurop |work= Presseurop |access-date= 9 December 2013 |archive-date= 4 December 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131204234653/http://www.presseurop.eu/en/content/editorial/4369791-without-presseurop |url-status= dead }}</ref> though the decision was criticised.<ref>{{cite news |author= Martin Schulz |author-link= Martin Schulz |date= 10 December 2013 |title= Presseurop's role is essential |url= http://www.presseurop.eu/en/content/blog/4390871-martin-schulz-presseurop-s-role-essential |access-date= 14 December 2013 |work= Presseurop |archive-date= 14 December 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131214062137/http://www.presseurop.eu/en/content/blog/4390871-martin-schulz-presseurop-s-role-essential |url-status= dead }}</ref>

==Legitimacy and criticism==
{{See also|Democratic legitimacy of the European Union#European Commission}}
As the commission is the executive branch, candidates are chosen individually by the {{EUnum}} national governments. Within the EU, the legitimacy of the commission is mainly drawn from the vote of approval that is required from the European Parliament, along with its power to dismiss the body. Eurosceptics have therefore raised the concern of the relatively low turnout (often less than 50%) in elections for the European Parliament [[1999 European Parliament election|since 1999]]. While that figure may be higher than that of some national elections, including the off-year elections of the [[United States Congress]], the fact that there are no [[direct election]]s for the position of Commission President calls the position's legitimacy into question in the eyes of some Eurosceptics.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mulvey|first=Stephen|title=The EU's democratic challenge|work=BBC News|date=21 November 2003|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3224666.stm|access-date=17 June 2007|archive-date=9 February 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060209192448/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3224666.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> The fact that the commission can directly decide (albeit with oversight from specially formed [[Comitology|'comitology committees']]) on the shape and character of implementing legislation further raises concerns about democratic legitimacy.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1111/1468-0491.00185 | volume=15 | issue=2 | title=The Democratic Legitimacy of the European Union Committee System | year=2002 | journal=Governance | pages=185–210 | last1 = Rhinard | first1 = Mark}}</ref>

Even though democratic structures and methods are changing there is not such a mirror in creating a European [[civil society]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Lamming|first=Richard|title=The democratic credentials of the new European Union: does the Constitution increase the EU's democratic legitimacy?|publisher=[[Federal Union]]|date=10 September 2004|url=http://www.federalunion.org.uk/europe/democraticcredentials.shtml|access-date=17 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070515052243/http://www.federalunion.org.uk/europe/democraticcredentials.shtml|archive-date=15 May 2007}}</ref> The [[Treaty of Lisbon]] may go some way to resolving the perceived deficit in creating greater democratic controls on the commission, including enshrining the procedure of linking elections to the selection of the Commission president. Historically, the commission had indeed been seen as a technocratic expert body which, akin with institutions such as independent [[central bank]]s, deals with technical areas of policy and therefore ought to be removed from party politics.<ref>{{cite web|last=Thiemeyer|first=Guido|title=Das Demokratiedefizit der Europäischen Union. Geschichtswissenschaftliche Perspektiven|work=Themenportal Europäische Geschichte|date=2008|url=https://www.europa.clio-online.de/essay/id/fdae-1456|access-date=24 September 2019|archive-date=24 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924073015/https://www.europa.clio-online.de/essay/id/fdae-1456|url-status=live}}</ref> From this viewpoint, electoral pressures would undermine the commission's role as an independent regulator.<ref name="Majone 2002 375">{{cite journal|last=Majone|first=Giandomenico|year=2002|title=Perils of Parliamentarization|journal=Governance|volume=15|issue=3|pages=375–392|doi=10.1111/0952-1895.00193}}</ref> Defenders of the Commission point out that legislation must be approved by the Council in all areas (the ministers of member states) and the [[European Parliament]] in most areas before it can be adopted, thus the amount of legislation which is adopted in any one country without the approval of its government is limited.<ref name="Majone 2002 375"/>

In 2009 the European ombudsman published [[statistics]] of citizens' complaints against EU institutions, with most of them filed against the commission (66%) and concerning lack of transparency (36%).<ref>{{cite web |last=Mahony |first=Honor |url=http://euobserver.com/18/28008 |title=EU citizens complain about lack of transparency |url-access=registration |work=EUobserver |date=April 27, 2009 |access-date=25 October 2011 |archive-date=18 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120518153638/http://euobserver.com/18/28008 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2010 the commission was sued for blocking access to documents on EU biofuel policy.<ref>{{cite web |last=Willis |first=Andrew |url=http://euobserver.com/19/30853 |title=EU sued over lack of transparency |url-access=registration |work=EUobserver |date=September 21, 2010 |access-date=25 October 2011 |archive-date=18 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120518153651/http://euobserver.com/19/30853 |url-status=live }}</ref> This happened after media accused the Commission of blocking scientific evidence against biofuel subsidies.<ref>{{cite news |last=Harrison |first=Pete |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-biofuels-europe-idUKTRE6641G020100705 |title=Special Report – Europe finds politics and biofuels don't mix |date=Jul 5, 2010 |work=Reuters |access-date=5 July 2021 |archive-date=24 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124024529/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-biofuels-europe-idUKTRE6641G020100705 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lack of transparency, unclear lobbyist relations, conflicts of interests and excessive spending of the commission was highlighted in a number of reports by internal and independent auditing organisations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thebureauinvestigates.com/2011/06/01/analysis-eu-commission-expense-scandal-highlights-lack-of-transparency-in-brussels/ |title=Analysis: EU Commission expenses highlight lack of transparency in Brussels |date=June 1, 2011 |first1=Caelainn |last1=Barr |publisher=TBIJ |access-date=25 October 2011 |archive-date=23 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123201657/https://www.thebureauinvestigates.com/2011/06/01/analysis-eu-commission-expense-scandal-highlights-lack-of-transparency-in-brussels/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thebureauinvestigates.com/2011/06/01/get-the-data-eu-commission-expenses/ |title=/EU Commission Expenses: Cocktail parties, private jets, luxury away-days and limousines |date=June 1, 2011 |first1=Caelainn |last1=Barr |publisher=The Bureau of Investigative Journalism |access-date=25 October 2011 |archive-date=23 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123201310/https://www.thebureauinvestigates.com/2011/06/01/get-the-data-eu-commission-expenses/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.euractiv.com/en/pa/ex-commissioners-face-conflict-interest-accusations-news-494139 |title=Ex-commissioners face conflict of interest accusations |publisher=EurActiv |date=14 May 2010 |access-date=25 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609152827/http://www.euractiv.com/en/pa/ex-commissioners-face-conflict-interest-accusations-news-494139 |archive-date= Jun 9, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Sarah McInerney |url= http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/world_news/article162250.ece |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121115171936/http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/world_news/article162250.ece |url-status= dead |archive-date= 15 November 2012 |title=Be careful what you write, Eurocrats told |work=The Sunday Times|date=18 April 2009}}</ref> It has also been criticised on IT-related issues, particularly with regard to [[Microsoft]].<ref>{{Cite news |last= Hourdaux |first= Jérôme |date= 17 December 2013 |title= The EU and Microsoft's 20-year marriage |url= http://www.presseurop.eu/en/content/article/4411131-eu-and-microsoft-s-20-year-marriage |work= Mediapart |publisher= [[VoxEurop]] |access-date= 17 December 2013 |archive-date= 19 December 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131219073004/http://www.presseurop.eu/en/content/article/4411131-eu-and-microsoft-s-20-year-marriage |url-status= dead }}</ref> In September 2020, the European Commission put forward an Anti-Racism Action Plan to tackle the structural racism in the European Union, including measures to address the lack of racial diversity among the European decision makers in Brussels, as denounced by the [[Brussels So White|#BrusselsSoWhite]] movement.<ref>{{cite news| last = Islam| first = Shada| title = In a messy world, EU's clout depends on respecting values| newspaper = EUobserver| date = 16 December 2020| url = https://euobserver.com/opinion/150394| access-date = 7 May 2021| archive-date = 7 May 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210507213732/https://euobserver.com/opinion/150394| url-status = live}}</ref>

==Initiatives==

===Anti-terrorism===
The European Commission has an Action Plan to enhance preparedness against [[CBRN defense|chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear]] (CBRN) security risks as part of its anti-terrorism package released in October 2017. In recent times Europe has seen an increased threat level{{Quantify|date=April 2022}}{{From whom?|date=April 2022}} of CBRN attacks.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}{{According to whom|date=April 2022}} As such, the European Commission's preparedness plan is important, said Steven Neville Chatfield, a director for the Centre for Emergency Preparedness and Response in the United Kingdom's [[Health Protection Agency]]. For the first time, the European Commission proposed that medical preparedness for CBRN attack threats is a high priority. "The European Commission's (EC) Action Plan to enhance preparedness against CBRN security risks is part of its anti-terrorism package released in October 2017, a strategy aimed at better protecting the more than 511 million citizens across the 27 member states of the European Union (EU)."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://homelandprepnews.com/countermeasures/26013-european-anti-terrorism-package-prioritizes-cbrn-preparedness-experts-say/|title=European anti-terrorism package prioritizes CBRN preparedness, expert says|last=Riley|first=Kim|date=2 January 2018|work=Homeland Preparedness News|access-date=8 January 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=13 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413173101/https://homelandprepnews.com/countermeasures/26013-european-anti-terrorism-package-prioritizes-cbrn-preparedness-experts-say/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===COVID-19 response===
The European Commission organized a video conference of world leaders on 4 May 2020 to raise funds for [[COVID-19 vaccine]] development. US$8 billion was raised.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Stevis-Gridneff|first1=Matina|last2=Jakes|first2=Lara|date=4 May 2020|title=World Leaders Join to Pledge $8 Billion for Vaccine as U.S. Goes It Alone|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/04/world/europe/eu-coronavirus-vaccine.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504224053/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/04/world/europe/eu-coronavirus-vaccine.html |archive-date=2020-05-04 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=10 May 2020|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

The European Commission issued a new multi-year data plan in February 2020 pushing the digitalization of all aspects of [[European Union|EU]] society for the benefit of civic and economic growth.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=Does This Change Everything? Coronavirus and your private data|url=https://www.eib.org/en/stories/coronavirus-impact-data-privacy|access-date=7 June 2021|website=European Investment Bank|language=en|archive-date=7 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607142044/https://www.eib.org/en/stories/coronavirus-impact-data-privacy|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web|title=Strategy for Data {{!}} Shaping Europe's digital future|url=https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/strategy-data|access-date=7 June 2021|website=digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu|language=en|archive-date=7 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607142031/https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/strategy-data|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web|date=7 November 2018|title=What is GDPR, the EU's new data protection law?|url=https://gdpr.eu/what-is-gdpr/|access-date=7 June 2021|website=GDPR.eu|language=en-US|archive-date=27 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427044901/https://gdpr.eu/what-is-gdpr/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web|title=Data protection in the EU|url=https://ec.europa.eu/info/law/law-topic/data-protection/data-protection-eu_en|access-date=7 June 2021|website=European Commission – European Commission|language=en|archive-date=28 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428112513/https://ec.europa.eu/info/law/law-topic/data-protection/data-protection-eu_en|url-status=live}}</ref>

The goal of this data strategy is to create a single market for data in which data flows across the EU and across sectors while maintaining full respect for privacy and data protection, where access rules are fair, and where the European economy benefits enormously as a global player as a result of the new data economy.<ref name=":7"/><ref name=":8"/><ref name=":9"/><ref name=":10"/>

==Location==
[[File:Belgique - Bruxelles - Schuman - Berlaymont - 01.jpg|thumb|Headquarters of the European Commission in Brussels (Berlaymont building)]]

The commission's political seat is in Brussels with the President's office and the commission's meeting room on the 13th floor of the [[Berlaymont building]]. The commission also operates out of [[Brussels and the European Union|numerous other buildings in Brussels]] and [[Luxembourg City]].<ref name="European Commission locations">{{cite web|title=European Commission|publisher=[[Europa (web portal)|Europa]]|url=http://europa.eu/about-eu/institutions-bodies/european-commission/index_en.htm|work=European Union|date=16 June 2016|access-date=17 September 2013|archive-date=10 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160710040146/http://europa.eu/about-eu/institutions-bodies/european-commission/index_en.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Castle |first=Stephen |work=[[The Independent]] |title=After 13 years of hold-ups and incompetence, the EU's 'Berlaymonster' rises like a phoenix |date=5 August 2004 |url=http://news.independent.co.uk/europe/article50224.ece |access-date=18 June 2007 |location=London |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071001085743/http://news.independent.co.uk/europe/article50224.ece |archive-date=1 October 2007}}</ref> When the Parliament is meeting in [[Strasbourg]], the Commissioners also meet there in the [[Seat of the European Parliament in Strasbourg#Secondary buildings|Winston Churchill building]] to attend the Parliament's debates.<ref>{{cite book|last=Eppink|first=Derk-Jan|translator=Ian Connerty|title=Life of a European Mandarin: Inside the Commission|publisher=Lannoo|edition=1st|location=Tielt, Belgium|year=2007|page=[https://archive.org/details/lifeofeuropeanma00eppi/page/213 213]|isbn=978-90-209-7022-7|url=https://archive.org/details/lifeofeuropeanma00eppi/page/213}}</ref> The Members of the Commission and their "cabinets" (immediate teams) are also based in the Berlaymont building in Brussels. Additionally, the European Commission has in-house scientific facilities that support it in: [[Ispra]], Italy; [[Petten]], Netherlands; [[Karlsruhe]], Germany; [[Geel]], Belgium and [[Seville]], Spain. In [[Grange, County Meath]], Ireland, a Commission site is hosting part of DG Santè.

==See also==
{{Portal|European Union}}
* [[European Free Trade Association Surveillance Authority]]
* [[List of European Commissioners by nationality]]
* [[EU Open Data Portal]]
* [[European Data Portal]]
{{Clear right}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}


==External links==
{{Sister project links|European Commission}}
* [https://commission.europa.eu European Commission] European Commission welcome page
* [https://eur-lex.europa.eu/browse/institutions/eu-commission.html Access to documents of the European Commission] on [[EUR-Lex]]
* [http://archives.eui.eu/en/fonds/ Documents] of the European Commission are consultable at the [http://www.eui.eu/Research/HistoricalArchivesOfEU/Index.aspx Historical Archives of the EU] in Florence.
* [http://www.cvce.eu/obj/european_commission-en-281a3c0c-839a-48fd-b69c-bc2588c780ec.html European Commissions] on CVCE website – Multimedia website with historical information on the European integration Studies. No such material is found on the page. This page contains a legal Notice and warning about copyrighted material. Retrieved 18 April 2013.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120304094407/http://www.bernardromain.com/statueofeurope.html Statue of Europe]. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
* [https://ec.europa.eu/info/contact/press-services/press-contacts/press-contacts-spokespersons-service_en Spokesperson's Service]. Retrieved 16 September 2023.

{{Clear}}
{{Presidents of European Commissions}}
{{Eu-directorates-general}}
{{European Union topics}}
{{Charlemagne Prize recipients}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:European Commission| ]]
[[Category:Anti-dumping authorities]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1967]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Brussels]]

Jai Ganesh (film)

2026-03-27T11:46:23Z

UnknownEdits0303: added first post from scratch...

{{Short description|2024 Indian Malayalam thriller film by Ranjith Sankar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Jai Ganesh
| image = Jai Ganesh First Look Poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Ranjith Sankar]]
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Ranjith Sankar
* [[Unni Mukundan]]
}}
| writer = Ranjith Sankar
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* Unni Mukundan
* [[Mahima Nambiar]]
* [[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]]
}}
| narrator =
| music = Sankar Sharma
| cinematography = [[Chandru Selvaraj]]
| editing = [[Sangeeth Prathap]]
| studio = {{Plainlist|
* Dreams N Beyond
* Unni Mukundan Films
}}
| distributor = UMF (India)
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2024|04|11}}
| runtime = 125 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Jai Ganesh''''' ({{Translation|Hail Ganesh}}) is a 2024 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[action thriller film]] written and directed by [[Ranjith Sankar]]. The film was jointly produced by [[Unni Mukundan]] and Ranjith under the banners of Unni Mukundan Films and Dreams N Beyond. The film stars Unni Mukundan, [[Mahima Nambiar]], [[Ravindra Vijay]], [[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]] and [[Jomol]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Unni Mukundan's Jai Ganesha first look is out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/nov/16/unni-mukundans-jai-ganesha-firstlook-is-out-49605.html |access-date=16 November 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117094625/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/nov/16/unni-mukundans-jai-ganesha-firstlook-is-out-49605.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

The film was officially announced in August 2023. [[Principal photography]] commenced in November 2023 in [[Ernakulam]]. The film has music composed by Sankar Sharma, cinematography by [[Chandru Selvaraj]] and editing by [[Sangeeth Prathap]].

''Jai Ganesh'' was released in theatres on 11 April 2024 and received mixed to positive reviews from critics and audiences alike and was an average success at the box office.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/jai-ganesh/movie-review/109246554.cms?from=mdr |title=Jai Ganesh Movie Review : A faltering script fails to lift up this film |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/jai-ganesh-movie-review-a-loud-unni-mukundan-in-weakly-penned-film-9265901/ |title=Jai Ganesh movie review: A loud Unni Mukundan is only one of the several problems in this weakly penned film |date=12 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/unni-mukundan-jai-ganesh-first-responses-review-out-superhero-film-clicked-hrk-sbrtck |script-title=ml:പ്രേക്ഷകരെ ഞെട്ടിച്ച് ജയ് ഗണേഷ്, ചിത്രത്തില്‍ തകര്‍ത്താടി ഉണ്ണി മുകുന്ദൻ, വീണ്ടും ഇതാ ഒരു സൂപ്പര്‍ഹീറോ |language=ml |trans-title=Jai Ganesh shocked the audience, Unni Mukundan broke the film, here is a superhero again. (machine translation) |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/jai-ganesh-movie-review-unni-mukundan-4477206 |title=Jai Ganesh Movie Review: നന്മ നിറഞ്ഞ ഒരു ത്രില്ലർ; റിവ്യൂ |first=Entertainment |last=Desk |website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Ganesh is a [[Paraplegia|paraplegic]] ethical hacker working for Neerali Pavithran in his online [[Yellow journalism|yellow journal]] Neerali, having been disabled waist down in a motorcycle accident during his college days. He is also an aspiring [[Cartoonist|comic artist]] and has created a superhero comic strip called Jai Ganesh. Nidhi is a failed entrepreneur who is hoping to succeed in her latest venture, a comic reader mobile app. In the beginning, Ganesh is shown to help Adv. Parvathy Marar in a drug case, where he helps Narayanan's wrongly convicted driver son to be acquitted with proofs got from his hacking skills that he was only the driver of the package and was not aware of the goods being transported. Ganesh lives with his friends in a city flat and visits his father at his village house often. He is frustrated by his shortcomings and his father tries always to inspire him to move on with his limitations and achieve something bigger.

Ganesh is forced to publish an article in Neerali against [[Member of the Legislative Assembly|MLA]] Prasad Puthren, holding him responsible for the waste plant issue in the district. Prasad, who lives in the same flat as Ganesh, does not like him as a result but his son Rayaan likes Ganesh very much and is an avid fan of his comics. Nidhi and Ganesh get off on the wrong foot during a meeting to pitch his comics idea for her app but starts getting along each other well. She manages to get an appointment with a businesswoman to invest in her app and schedules a meeting with her, informing Ganesh of the same. Rayaan's birthday the previous day and Ganesh shows up for the same although initially hesitant. That night Rayaan is abducted from the flat by an unknown kidnapper while he was playing with Ganesh. The police search frantically for leads with the available [[Closed-circuit television|CCTV]] footages and Ganesh finally discovers the kidnapper to be a mentally unstable father Mohan Selvaraj, whose daughter has died from the continuous toxic air pollution caused by the waste plant. His daughter has been documenting all the developments through her online YouTube channel and Mohan starts recording in it once he loses his daughter. Mentally deranged and out to take revenge against Prasad, he kidnaps Rayaan, hides him in a soundproof room releasing fatal chlorine gas slowly and leaves him to die there as a punishment to Prasad to make his son meet the same fates as Mohan's Daughter. He declares all this on the live YouTube channel and commits suicide online with a lethal poison injection, so as the whereabouts of Rayaan's location is not divulged.

The police and Ganesh start working to locate Rayaan's imprisoned location. Mohan has set up an online video call from the place to his own laptop, forcing the police and Prasad to watch Rayaan slowly getting killed by the poisoned gas. He uses a [[Virtual private network|VPN]] to mask the IP address so that the location is not divulged. Ganesh manages to trace a coffee shop and a movie theatre from some static IP details and lets the police check both the locations, but both turn out to be false leads. With time closing in, someone from within the police force leaks the videocall visuals to Neerali and it gets out to the public. The same police falsely accuse Ganesh of leaking the same since he himself is a Neerali employee. Unsuccessful at his attempt and because of the new developments, he is forced to leave the police cybercell.

He checks the CCTV footages from the coffee shop again and finds out that Mohan visited the place to meet someone and identifies the second person as a sound technician who does the sound proof installations around the city. He checks with his colleagues and the coffee shop owner to finally trace the location with the help of Narayanan's son to be the [[InfoPark Kochi|info park]] where this room is built in a new company set to open the following days. Ganesh manages to reach there and hack in the soundproof rooms face recognition DB to add his face to the access control. Despite his inability, he manages to stand up briefly with the help of his [[wheelchair]] and open the door, thus saving Rayyan in the nick of time. Parallelly, Nidhi has a successful meeting with the probable investor, managing to get funds to develop her app featuring Jai Ganesh.

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Unni Mukundan]] as Ganesh alias Jai Ganesh, a [[graphic designer]] and Computer Expert
* [[Mahima Nambiar]] as Nidhi, Ganesh's Love Interest
* [[Ravindra Vijay]] as Mohan Selvaraj, The Kidnapper of Ayan
* [[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]] as Chandran, Ganesh's father and Mechanical Technician
* [[Jomol]] as Adv. Parvathy Marar, Kerala High Court Public Prosecutor
* [[Hareesh Peradi]] as Narayanan
* [[Nandu (Malayalam actor)|Nandu]] as Neerali Pavithran, A Channel Reporter
* Srikanth K Vijayan as Thrikakara MLA Prasad Puthren
* Rayaan Kaimal as Ayan Prasad, Prasad Puthren's Son
* Benzi Mathews as Ernakulam SIT & City Police Commissioner [[Deputy Inspector General of Police|DIG]] Haresh Balakrishnan [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* Ann Saleem as Wafa Ahmed, Ernakulam Cyber Cell Wing
* [[Leela Samson]] as Devika Nair, Prasad Puthren's Wife
{{div col end}}

==Production==
===Development===
The film marks the 15th directorial venture of [[Ranjith Sankar]]. On 22 August 2023, Ranjith Sankar announced that he will be collaborating with [[Unni Mukundan]] for his next project.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unni Mukundan to join hands with Ranjith Sankar for Jai Ganesh |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/aug/22/unni-mukundan-to-join-hands-with-ranjith-sankar-for-jai-ganesh-46871.html |access-date=17 November 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=22 August 2023 |language=en |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117165408/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/aug/22/unni-mukundan-to-join-hands-with-ranjith-sankar-for-jai-ganesh-46871.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Unni Mukundan and Ranjith Sankar jointly produced the film under the banners of Unni Mukundan Films and Dreams N Beyond.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 August 2023 |title=Actor Unni Mukundan To Collaborate With Ranjith Sankar For This Malayalam Film |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/actor-unni-mukundan-to-collaborate-with-ranjith-sankar-for-this-malayalam-film-8547098.html |access-date=17 November 2023 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117165407/https://www.news18.com/movies/actor-unni-mukundan-to-collaborate-with-ranjith-sankar-for-this-malayalam-film-8547098.html |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Chandru Selvaraj]] was recruited to handle the cinematography and Sangeeth Prathap was assigned as the editor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unni Mukundan and director Ranjit Sankar's film Jai Ganesha launched |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/nov/09/unni-mukundan-and-director-ranjit-sankars-filmjai-ganeshalaunched-49402.html |access-date=17 November 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=9 November 2023 |language=en |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117165416/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/nov/09/unni-mukundan-and-director-ranjit-sankars-filmjai-ganeshalaunched-49402.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

===Casting===
After the success of ''[[Malikappuram]]'' (2022), [[Unni Mukundan]] signed to play the lead role in the film. Later, he decided to produce the film with Ranjith Sankar.<ref>{{Cite news |title=ഉണ്ണി മുകുന്ദന്‍റെ പുതിയ ചിത്രം 'ജയ് ഗണേഷ്' ടൈറ്റില്‍ വീഡിയോ |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/unni-mukundan-announced-next-title-jai-ganesh-directed-ranjith-sankar-vvk-rzsphi |access-date=22 August 2023 |website=[[Asianet News]] |language=en |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117094621/https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/unni-mukundan-announced-next-title-jai-ganesh-directed-ranjith-sankar-vvk-rzsphi |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Mahima Nambiar]] signed to play the female lead.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daily |first=Keralakaumudi |title=Mahima Nambiar and Unni Mukundan to pair up; more information about 'Jai Ganesh' out |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1180309&u=mahima-nambiar-and-unni-mukundan-to-pair-up-more-information-about-jai-ganesh-out |access-date=17 November 2023 |website=Keralakaumudi Daily |language=en |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117094628/https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1180309&u=mahima-nambiar-and-unni-mukundan-to-pair-up-more-information-about-jai-ganesh-out |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=RDX actress Mahima Nambiar joins Unni Mukundan's Jai Ganesh, shoot to begin on this date |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/rdx-actress-mahima-nambiar-joins-unni-mukundans-jai-ganesh-shoot-to-begin-on-this-date/a702096afb973 |access-date=17 November 2023 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117100124/https://www.ottplay.com/news/rdx-actress-mahima-nambiar-joins-unni-mukundans-jai-ganesh-shoot-to-begin-on-this-date/a702096afb973 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Jomol]] reportedly made a special appearance as a criminal lawyer after a hiatus.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jomol joins Unni Mukundan-Ranjith Sankar's Jai Ganesha |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/nov/05/jomol-joins-unni-mukundan-ranjith-sankars-jai-ganesha-49269.html |access-date=17 November 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=5 November 2023 |language=en |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117164549/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/nov/05/jomol-joins-unni-mukundan-ranjith-sankars-jai-ganesha-49269.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The cast also includes [[Hareesh Peradi]], [[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]], [[Ravindra Vijay]] and [[Nandu (Malayalam actor)|Nandu]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title='First look of Unni Mukundan from 'Jai Ganesh' out |language=en |website=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/first-look-of-unni-mukundan-from-jai-ganesh-out/article67540402.ece |access-date=16 November 2023 |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117094622/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/first-look-of-unni-mukundan-from-jai-ganesh-out/article67540402.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Filming===
The filming began on 9 November 2023 with a [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] ceremony held at the [[Thrikkakara Temple]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2023 |title=Unni Mukundan-starrer Jai Ganesh Goes On Floors With Grand Puja Ceremony |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/unni-mukundan-starrer-jai-ganesh-goes-on-floors-with-grand-puja-ceremony-8657186.html |access-date=17 November 2023 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117094623/https://www.news18.com/movies/unni-mukundan-starrer-jai-ganesh-goes-on-floors-with-grand-puja-ceremony-8657186.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The first clap was given by Unni Mukundan's father, M. Mukundan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 November 2023 |title=Unni Mukundan {{!}} ഉണ്ണി മുകുന്ദന്റെ 'ജയ് ഗണേഷ്' പൂജ കഴിഞ്ഞു; ഷൂട്ടിംഗ് നവംബർ 11-ന് ആരംഭിക്കും |url=https://malayalam.news18.com/photogallery/film/unni-mukundan-movie-jai-ganesh-pooja-is-over-and-shooting-begins-on-november-11-vps-636874.html |access-date=17 November 2023 |website=News18 Malayalam |language=ml |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117171623/https://malayalam.news18.com/photogallery/film/unni-mukundan-movie-jai-ganesh-pooja-is-over-and-shooting-begins-on-november-11-vps-636874.html |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Principal photography]] of the film reportedly began on 11 November 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 November 2023 |title=Unni Mukundan's First Look in Jai Ganesh Reveals Actor In A Wheelchair |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/unni-mukundans-first-look-in-jai-ganesh-reveals-actor-in-a-wheelchair-8665929.html |access-date=17 November 2023 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117171643/https://www.news18.com/movies/unni-mukundans-first-look-in-jai-ganesh-reveals-actor-in-a-wheelchair-8665929.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The first schedule was completed and shoot will be completed in December as per the reports. Filming is underway in the surrounding areas of [[Ernakulam]].<ref>{{Cite news |title='Unni Mukundan to star in Ranjith Sankar's 'Jai Ganesh' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/unni-mukundan-to-star-in-ranjith-sankar-jai-ganesh/articleshow/102953915.cms?from=mdr |access-date=22 August 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117094625/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/unni-mukundan-to-star-in-ranjith-sankar-jai-ganesh/articleshow/102953915.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Music==
The original background score and songs were composed by Sankar Sharma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unni Mukundan-Ranjith Sankar film Jai Ganesha to begin in November |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/sep/22/unni-mukundan-ranjith-sankar-film-jai-ganesha-to-begin-in-november-47885.html |access-date=17 November 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=22 September 2023 |language=en |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117094624/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/sep/22/unni-mukundan-ranjith-sankar-film-jai-ganesha-to-begin-in-november-47885.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" width="60%"
! Track !! Song title !! Singer(s) !! [[Lyricist]]
|-
| 1 || "Prakashangale" || [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]] || B.K. Harinarayanan
|-
| 2 || "Aarambhamaay" || [[Kapil Kapilan]] || [[Manu Manjith]]
|-
| 3 || "Neram" || Rzee, Bhadra Rajin || Rzee
|-
| 4 || "Paranna Vazhikal" || Zia Ul Haq || [[Ranjith Sankar]]
|-
| 5 || "En Tholile" || [[Karthikeya Murthy]] || Vani Mohan
|-
| 6 || "Nee Tharum" || Ayraan || Santhosh Varma
|-
| 7 || "Unstoppable" || AI || Sandra Madhav
|-
| 8 || "Oru Paadu Paaduvan" || [[Madhu Balakrishnan]] || Santhosh Varma
|-
| 9 || "En Tholile (Reprise)" || Varun Viswanath || Vani Mohan
|}

==Release==
=== Theatrical ===
The film was released in theatres across India on 11 April 2024 and received mixed to positive reviews from critics and audiences alike. The film was released in overseas on 19 April 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Unni Mukundan unveils the first look of 'Jai Ganesh'; the fim is set to have a summer 2024 release |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/unni-mukundan-unveils-the-first-look-of-jai-ganesh-the-film-is-set-to-have-a-summer-2024-release/articleshow/105252366.cms?from=mdr |access-date=16 November 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117094623/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/unni-mukundan-unveils-the-first-look-of-jai-ganesh-the-film-is-set-to-have-a-summer-2024-release/articleshow/105252366.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt28755837}}

[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 thriller films]]
[[Category:2024 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ranjith Sankar]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]

Aditya Tiwari

2026-03-26T02:14:36Z

UnknownEdits0303: made the data basic info.

{{Short description|Indian poet and activist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Aditya Tiwari
| image = Aditya Tiwari. jpg.jpg
| caption = Aditya in London 2023
| occupation = Poet, Writer, Activist
| notable_works = {{Unbulleted list
|''April is Lush''
|''Over the Rainbow: India's Queer Heroes''
}}
| nationality = Indian
| alma_mater = [[University of East Anglia]]
| birth_place = [[Jabalpur]], [[India]]
}}

'''Aditya Tiwari''' is an Indian [[poet]], broadcaster,<ref>{{cite news |title=Jabalpur-born poet and broadcaster Aditya Tiwari honoured at UK Parliament with India-UK Achievers award |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/business/jabalpur-born-poet-and-broadcaster-aditya-tiwari-honoured-at-uk-parliament-with-india-uk-achievers-award/ |access-date=23 March 2026 |work=The Tribune}}</ref> and [[LGBTQ rights in India|LGBTQ rights]] activist.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-30 |title=An Award-Winning Poet And A Queer Activist, Aditya Tiwari Holds The Key To The World Of Words |url=https://elle.in/in-conversation-with-award-winning-poet-aditya-tiwari-2023/ |access-date=2023-07-12 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mitra |first=Chittajit |date=2023-10-21 |title=Aditya Tiwari's Queer India Chronicles |work=Outlook Weekender |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/culture-society/unsilenced-aditya-tiwari-queer-india-chronicles-weekender_story-325919 |access-date=2023-11-03}}</ref>

== Life and career ==
He was born in [[Jabalpur]], [[India]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Nagvenkar |first=Mayabhushan |date=2022-08-19 |title=We The People: Growing Up Queer In Jabalpur And In Search For A More Diverse India |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/we-the-people-growing-up-queer-in-jabalpur-and-in-search-for-a-more-diverse-india-news-217376 |access-date=2022-11-11 |website=Outlook |language=english}}</ref> and completed his primary education at [[St. Aloysius Senior Secondary School]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= 6 January 2024|title='Literature saved my life. Writing gave me purpose': Poet, writer, and queer activist Aditya Tiwari |url=https://scroll.in/article/1061623/literature-saved-my-life-writing-gave-me-purpose-poet-writer-and-queer-activist-aditya-tiwari |access-date=2024-01-15 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> He then attended the [[University of East Anglia]] and received a Master of Arts in [[Journalism]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=9 September 2022 |title=Aditya Tiwari Talks About Navigating Through Queerness |url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/books/aditya-tiwari-navigating-through-queerness/ |access-date=2022-11-11 |website= |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Gilder |first=Ava |date=2022-09-05 |title=Intersecting Race & Sexuality: Aditya Tiwari Is The First Queer Indian To Host A BBC Podcast |url=https://homegrown.co.in/homegrown-creators/intersecting-race-sexuality-aditya-tiwari-is-the-first-queer-indian-to-host-a-bbc-podcast |access-date=2023-06-16 |website= |language=en}}</ref>

In ''[[Queeristan|Queeristan: LGBTQ Inclusion in the Indian Workplace]]'' (2020), [[Parmesh Shahani]] wrote about meeting Aditya in 2019, describing him as a “young openly gay poet” from Jabalpur whose family’s acceptance empowered him to create “his own queer-friendly universe.” Shahani also noted his debut poetry collection, ''April'' ''is Lush'', which was published in 2019.<ref name="Queeristan">{{cite book |last=Shahani |first=Parmesh |title=''Queeristan: LGBTQ Inclusion in the Indian Workplace'' |publisher=Westland Publications |year=2020 |isbn=9789357769525 |pages=261–262}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mathews |first=Rohan |date=2019-12-21 |title=Lush, Plush And A Daze - Review Of Aditya's April Is Lush |url=https://www.gaylaxymag.com/articles/art-culture/lush-plush-and-a-daze-review-of-adityas-april-is-lush/ |access-date=2022-11-12 |website=Gaylaxy Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> The collection has since been archived in the Queer Cultural Resource Directory maintained by the [[Ashoka University|Centre for Studies in Gender and Sexuality at Ashoka University]] and has received recognition in [[Lambda Literary|''Lambda Literary Review'']] in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Studies |first=Center for Sexuality and Gender |title=Mapping Sexuality in India |url=https://csgs.ashoka.edu.in/ |access-date=2026-02-08 |website=Mapping Sexuality in India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Marrion |date=2019-12-05 |title=Imagining a World with Queer Royals and Representation |url=https://lambdaliterary.org/2019/12/imagining-a-world-with-queer-royals-and-representation/ |access-date=2026-02-08 |website=Lambda Literary Review |language=en-US}}</ref> Aditya's poetry and activism gained wider attention in 2021 when [[GQ]] included him among "5 Indian Instagram poets" weighing in on creativity amid the COVID-19 pandemic, highlighting his focus on queer experiences outside metropolitan cities.<ref>{{Cite web|title=5 Indian Instagram poets weigh in on the pandemic|url=https://www.gqindia.com/get-smart/content/instagram-poets-weigh-in-on-the-pandemic|website=GQ India|date=2021-07-27|access-date=2026-02-01|language=en-IN|first=Arman|last=Khan}}</ref> In 2023, he was featured in [[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan's]] "The Ones to Watch" issue, where he discussed growing up queer in a small town in India and the importance of representation for non-urban LGBTQ+ voices.<ref>{{Cite web|title=LGBTQ+ activist Aditya Tiwari talks about growing up queer in a small town in India - Cosmopolitan India|url=https://www.cosmopolitan.in/life/features/story/lgbtq-activist-aditya-tiwari-talks-about-growing-queer-small-town-india-668349-2023-03-28|website=www.cosmopolitan.in|access-date=2026-02-01|language=en}}</ref>

In 2023, Aditya's anthology ''Over the Rainbow: India’s Queer Heroes'' was published by [[Juggernaut Books]] during India’s marriage equality hearings.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-25 |title=Pride in diverse colours: Remembering India's LGBTQ icons |url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com//how-to-lounge/books/aditya-tiwari-new-book-honour-queer-icons-lgbtq-community-111698203206188.html |access-date=2023-10-26 |website=Mintlounge |language=en}}</ref> Notable figures featured in the anthology include novelist [[Vikram Seth]] and restaurateur [[Ritu Dalmia]] (who challenged [[Section 377]] in courts), India's first openly gay activist [[Ashok Row Kavi]], Dalit-transgender activist [[Grace Banu]], filmmaker [[Rituparno Ghosh]], transgender rights activist [[Laxmi Narayan Tripathi]], athlete [[Dutee Chand]], and lawyers [[Menaka Guruswamy]] and [[Arundhati Katju]], who challenged Section 377 before the [[Supreme Court of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Duggal |first=Deepansh |date=2024-01-26 |title=Aditya Tiwari interview: ‘Queer heroes have transformed lives of others like them’ |url=https://thefederal.com/category/features/aditya-tiwari-interview-queer-heroes-have-transformed-lives-of-others-like-them-107642 |access-date=2026-01-09 |website=thefederal.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The History of LGBTQIA+ Leaders |url=https://thewire.in/lgbtqia/the-history-of-lgbtqia-leaders |access-date=2026-03-23 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref> The book was featured by ''[[The Indian Express]]'' as a top Pride Month read.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-18 |title=5 Indian LGBTQ+ books to add to your Pride Month reading |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/5-indian-lgbtq-books-pride-month-reading-10044017/ |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> ''[[The Hindu]]'' described it as “lucidly written,”<ref name=":5" /> and ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' noted that it “presents the stories of 19 queer people who have done their bit to bring about positive change in society.”<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2023-10-23 |title=Review: Over the Rainbow; India's Queer Heroes by Aditya Tiwari |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/review-over-the-rainbow-india-s-queer-heroes-by-aditya-tiwari-101698083685253.html |access-date=2023-10-26 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

He has spoken at various literary festivals, including the [[Hyderabad Literary Festival]] and [[New Delhi|New Delhi's]] Rainbow Lit Fest, one of [[India|India's]] largest [[LGBT]] literary festivals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Speakers – Page 28 – Hyderabad Literary Festival |url=https://hydlitfest.org/blog/speaker/page/28/ |access-date=2025-08-13 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-02 |title=Shashi Tharoor, Vivek Debroy Set to Join LGBTQ Artists, Authors for Second Edition of Rainbow Lit Fest |url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/digital-and-one-rainbow-lit-fest-is-back-with-second-edition-of-indias-biggest-queer-literary-event-3137933.html |access-date=2022-11-11 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> Aditya actively engages in advocacy for the rights of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender ([[LGBT]]) community.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Keeping fingers crossed, Bhopal's queer community awaits SC verdict on same-sex marriage |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/bhopal/keeping-fingers-crossed-bhopals-queer-community-awaits-sc-verdict-on-same-sex-marriage |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-16 |title=Not much has changed for queer people in smaller cities and villages after the Navtej judgment: Aditya Tiwari |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/not-much-has-changed-for-queer-people-in-smaller-cities-and-villages-after-the-navtej-judgment-aditya-tiwari/article66963977.ece |access-date=2023-06-16 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> His work has appeared in several national and international publications, including ''[[The Times of India]], [[Hindustan Times]], [[PinkNews]], [[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]], [[Vice Media|VICE]], [[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]], [[The New Indian Express]],'' and ''[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ground Report: How the transgender community in Madhya Pradesh's Jabalpur struggles to earn a living |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/toi-original/ground-report-how-the-transgender-community-in-madhya-pradeshs-jabalpur-struggles-to-earn-a-living/videoshow/96936080.cms |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aditya Tiwari- Read all stories from Aditya Tiwari |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/author/aditya-tiwari-101656602775399 |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tiwari |first=Aditya |date=2023-02-09 |title=India could legalise same-sex marriage. It would change these couples' lives |url=https://www.thepinknews.com/2023/02/09/india-same-sex-marriage-supreme-court-ruling/ |access-date=2026-02-09 |website=PinkNews |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Slay the mental demons |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/slay-the-mental-demons/cid/1836729 |access-date=2024-07-21 |newspaper=The Telegraph|location=India|first=Aditya|last=Tiwari|date=1 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tiwari |first=Aditya |date=2021-06-25 |title=India’s Public Parks Have Played Home to Generations of Queer People. Including Me. |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/india-public-parks-queer-gay-liberation-movement-lgbtq/ |access-date=2026-02-09 |website=VICE |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tiwari |first=Aditya |date=2025-02-14 |title=The Intimacy Of Anonymity {{!}} A Clubhouse Love Story |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/culture-society/the-intimacy-of-anonymity-a-clubhouse-love-story |access-date=2026-02-09 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tiwari |first=Aditya |date=2025-12-08 |title=The empire becomes a colony |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2025/Dec/08/the-empire-becomes-a-colony |access-date=2026-02-09 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Faith, Exile and the Queer Body: Reading On the Brink of Belief |url=https://thewire.in/books/faith-exile-and-the-queer-body-reading-on-the-brink-of-belief |access-date=2026-02-09 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref>

In 2022, he produced and hosted a six-part radio series on the [[BBC]], focusing on men’s mental health and featuring conversations with contributors from diverse backgrounds.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Dutta |first1=Ujjaini |date=2022-07-29 |title=Queer Poet Becomes First Under-25 Indian to Host a Podcast on BBC Voices |url=https://livewire.thewire.in/gender-and-sexuality/bbc-voices-podcast-aditya-tiwari/ |access-date=2022-11-11 |website= |language=en-US}}</ref> Several media outlets reported that, with this programme, he became the first openly queer Indian to host a podcast for the [[BBC]], engaging themes of race, sexuality, identity, and mental wellbeing.<ref name=":3" />

He later served as a producer at [[BBC Radio Cambridgeshire]] in 2024,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-09 |title=BBC Radio Cambridgeshire - BBC Radio Cambridgeshire, Fenland's pride |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p0j9bbl3 |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-06 |title=First Fenland Pride held in Wisbech creates 'space for community' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c1dmrd5v98do |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> and in 2025 was one of twelve journalists from India and Germany selected to participate in an Indo-German journalists' exchange programme organised by the [[Goethe-Institut]] in partnership with [[Deutsche Welle|Deutsche Welle (DW)]] and other collaborators, aimed at rebuilding trust in the media.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Journalism Connect - Rewiring Trust in Media - Goethe-Institut Max Mueller Bhavan {{!}} India |url=https://www.goethe.de/ins/in/en/kul/fmd/jco.html |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=www.goethe.de}}</ref> The programme resulted in the publication of a handbook addressing key challenges facing journalism in Germany and India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indo-German journalists exchange yields handbook on rewiring trust in media |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/world/indo-german-journalists-exchange-yields-handbook-on-rewiring-trust-in-media/ |access-date=2025-12-24 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

== Honours and awards ==
In 2026, Aditya received the India-UK Achievers Honours as an “Outstanding Achiever” in the Media and Journalism category at the [[House of Lords]] in London.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-23 |title=This Man from MP's Jabalpur Gets Honoured at UK Parliament as 'Outstanding Achiever' - Why? |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/city/this-man-from-mp-jabalpur-gets-honoured-at-uk-parliament-as-outstanding-achiever-why-article-153901572 |access-date=2026-03-24 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> In the same year, he was shortlisted for the Toto Award for Creative Writing in English.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shortlist 2026 – Creative Writing (English) |url=https://totofundsthearts.org/2026/01/shortlist-2026-creative-writing-english.html |access-date=14 March 2026 |website=Toto Funds the Arts}}</ref>

== Selected works ==

* {{Cite book |last=Tiwari |first=Aditya |title=April is Lush |date=2019 |publisher=BlueRose Publishers Pvt. Limited |isbn=978-93-5347-349-5 |language=en}}<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Ramesh |first=Mythreyee |date=2023-06-01 |title=Challenging 'Radio Silence': How Queer & Trans Authors Are Fighting for Space |url=https://www.thequint.com/gender/how-queer-and-trans-authors-are-fighting-for-space-indian-publishing |access-date=2023-06-01 |website= |language=en}}</ref>
* {{Cite book |last=Tiwari |first=Aditya |title=Over the Rainbow: India's Queer Heroes |date=2023 |publisher=Juggernaut Publication |isbn=978-93-5345-175-2 |language=en}}<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last=Jha |first=Aditya Mani |date=2023-11-17 |title=Review of Aditya Tiwari's Over the Rainbow — India's Queer Heroes: Seeing the light |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/queer-people-india-society-issues/article67528169.ece |access-date=2023-11-17 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[List of LGBT writers]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://aditya-tiwari.com/ Official Website]
* [https://www.thechakkar.com/home/golchakkar11 Aditya's Interview on Indian Literature] with [[Ruth Vanita]]
* [https://mappingsexuality.ashoka.edu.in/search/?publications%5Bpage%5D=29 April is Lush at Centre for Studies in] [[Gender and sexuality|Gender and Sexuality]], [[Ashoka University]]

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tiwari, Aditya}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Jabalpur]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ rights activists]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of East Anglia]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian LGBTQ people]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ poets]]
[[Category:Indian poets]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Activists from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian podcasters]]

Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology, Gazipur

2026-03-24T05:48:20Z

UnknownEdits0303: general cleanup formatting for consistency and added references

{{Short description|Public university in Gazipur, Bangladesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology
| native_name = ঢাকা প্রকৌশল ও প্রযুক্তি বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়
| native_name_lang = bn
| image = [[File:CrestofDUET.png|200px]]
| image_alt = Crest of DUET
| caption = [[Crest (heraldry)|Crest]] of DUET
| former_name = {{ubl|College of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering (1980-1981)|Dhaka Engineering College (1981-1986)|Bangladesh Institute of Technology (BIT), Dhaka (1986-2003)}}
| motto = ''"প্রযুক্তিই প্রগতি"''
| motto_lang = bn
| mottoeng = ''"Technology is the advancement"''
| established = {{Start date and age|1980}} as Engineering College {{Start date and age|1986}} as BIT, Dhaka {{Start date and age|2003}} as DUET
| accreditation = {{ubl|[[Institution of Engineers, Bangladesh]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=IEB – The Institution of Engineers, Bangladesh|url=http://www.iebbd.org/member/accreditation.jsp|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-10|website=www.iebbd.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215105745/http://www.iebbd.org:80/member/accreditation.jsp|archive-date=15 December 2019}}</ref>|[[Institute of Architects Bangladesh]]|[[Institution of Textile Engineers and Technologists]]|Bangladesh Institute of Planners [https://www.bip.org.bd/ ]}}
| affiliation = [[University Grants Commission of Bangladesh|University Grants Commission]] (UGC)
| endowment = [[Bangladeshi taka|৳]] 886.2 million (2023–24) ($7.544 million)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thedailycampus.com/public-university/116569/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87 |script-title=bn:ইউজিসির বাজেট: কোন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় কত টাকা পাচ্ছে |language=bn |website=The Daily Campus |access-date=14 June 2024}}</ref>
| type = [[Public University|Public]], [[Research university|Research]]
| chancellor = {{Current president of Bangladesh}}
| vice_chancellor = [[Mohammad Zoynal Abedin]]
| dean = {{ubl|Md. Kamal Hossain (FoCE)|Md. Sharafat Hossain (FoEEE)|Md. Arefin Kowser (FoME)|Md. Mahmud Alam (FoS)}}
| city = [[Gazipur, Dhaka Division|Gazipur]]
| postalcode = 1707
| country = Bangladesh
| coordinates = {{coord|24.019290|N|90.417899|E|region:BD_type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| total_staff = 761 (2023)
| students = Around 3650
| academic_staff = 279 (2023)
| administrative_staff = 162 (2023)
| undergrad = Around 3000
| postgrad = Around 600
| doctoral = Around 50
| other_name = DUET
| campus = [[Urban Area|Urban]]
| campus_size = Main campus {{Convert|23.42|acre}} Second campus {{Convert|13|acre}}
| language = [[English language|English]]
| colors = {{Color box|#019F50|border=dark}} Green {{Color box|#FF0000|border=dark}} Red
| website = {{URL|duet.ac.bd}}
}}
{{Infobox university rankings|QS_Asia=486|QS_Asia_ref=<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/universities/dhaka-university-engineering-technology-gazipur |title=Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology, Gazipur |website=topuniversities.com}}</ref>|QS_Asia_year=2026}}
'''Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology, Gazipur''' ({{langx|bn|ঢাকা প্রকৌশল ও প্রযুক্তি বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়, গাজীপুর }}), commonly known as '''DUET''', formerly BIT Dhaka, is a [[public university|public]] [[engineering]] and [[technology|technological]] [[research university]] in [[Gazipur]], Bangladesh,<ref>{{Cite web |last=University Grants Commission of Bangladesh |first=UGC |title=Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology |url=http://www.ugc-universities.gov.bd/university-detail/62 |url-status=live |access-date=20 June 2021 |website=University Grants Commission of Bangladesh |publisher=UGC Bangladesh |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210151600/http://www.ugc-universities.gov.bd:80/university-detail/62 |archive-date=10 December 2019 }}</ref> which focuses on the study of [[engineering]] and [[architecture]].<ref>{{Cite Banglapedia|article=Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology}}</ref> DUET is one of the top engineering [[PhD]] granting [[research]] universities in Bangladesh. The university requires [[Diploma in Engineering|diploma engineers]] candidates, graduated from [[Institute of technology|polytechnic institutes]] or [[Vocational school|technical schools]] affiliated with the [[Bangladesh Technical Education Board]] for undergraduate enrollment.

Most of the existing 16 [[Academic department|departments]] under 4 [[Faculty (division)|faculties]] offer both [[Undergraduate degree|undergraduate]] and [[Postgraduate diploma|postgraduate]] degrees, including Ph.D. ([[Doctor of Philosophy]]) programs. Apart from the faculties, there are also three [[institutes]] that offer postgraduate degrees and emphasize research.

About a total of 3,500+ students are currently pursuing undergraduate and postgraduate studies. The current per year intake of undergraduate students is around 800, and graduate students in master's and PhD programs are about 240. The university also has a cell (Institutional Quality Assurance Cell – IQAC) to enhance and ensure quality education and research.

In addition to its own research, the university undertakes collaborative research programs with different national and international universities, industries, and organizations. Every year, around 800 students enroll in undergraduate programs to study engineering and architecture.

In the undergraduate admission test, only about the top 5% of students, out of approximately 14,000 selected candidates, can get admitted. There are around 300 or more teachers. Only those who have a diploma in engineering can enroll for a bachelor's degree in engineering and architecture.
{{multiple image
| align = center
| image1 = DUET Main Gate Updated.jpg
| width1 =
| caption1 = The Entrance Gate of DUET
}}

== History ==
The university originated in 1980 as the College of Engineering at its temporary campus at ''[[Tejgaon Thana|Tejgaon]]'', Dhaka, under the [[University of Dhaka]], offering four-year bachelor's degrees in civil, electrical and electronic, and mechanical engineering. After a short time, the College of Engineering was renamed Dhaka Engineering College (DEC). Then DEC shifted to its present permanent campus in [[Gazipur City]] in 1983.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology|url=http://offroadbangladesh.com/places/dhaka-university-of-engineering-and-technology/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=About DUET|url=https://www.duet.ac.bd/about/history#:~:text=Dhaka%20University%20of%20Engineering%20%26%20Technology%20(DUET)%2C%20Gazipur%20was,%2C%20Dhaka%2C%20Bangladesh%20in%201980.}}</ref>[[File:BIT, Dhaka.jpg|thumb|BIT, Dhaka (1986)|center]]DEC was converted into the Bangladesh Institute of Technology (BIT), Dhaka, as a degree awarding institute by the government ordinance in 1986.
In September 2003, BIT, Dhaka became Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology, Gazipur by the "Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology, Gazipur Act, 2003" along with three other engineering universities ([[Chittagong University of Engineering & Technology]] (CUET), [[KUET|Khulna University of Engineering & Technology]] (KUET), and [[RUET|Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology]] (RUET)). Under this act, the university became an autonomous statutory organization of the Government of the People's Republic of [[Bangladesh]].

DUET has seen new educational expansions at its second nearby campus. Since 2020, the university has also been establishing a complete [[Information technology|IT system]] that includes the BdREN [[Local area network|network]], DUET [[E-learning (theory)|e-learning platform]], institutional [[email]], DUET gateway, and payroll systems to enable easy [[online communication]], thus enhancing efficiency in operations. DUET offers undergraduate and graduate programs designed on an [[Outcome-based education|Outcome-Based Education (OBE)]] model, addressing the region's current and future needs. Additionally, the DUET journal, now an indexed publication, regularly publishes [[research]] articles.<ref>{{Cite web
|url=https://elp.duetbd.org/
|title=E-Learning Platform DUET, Gazipur
|website=DUET E-Learning Platform
|publisher=Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology (DUET)
|access-date=16 August 2025
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
|url=https://gateway.duetbd.org/
|title=DUET Gateway – Mobile Application System
|website=DUET Gateway
|publisher=Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology (DUET)
|access-date=16 August 2025
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
|url=https://www.duetpayroll.org/
|title=DUET Payroll
|website=DUET Payroll and Transport Service
|publisher=Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology (DUET) – ICT Cell
|access-date=16 August 2025
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
|url=https://eduroam.duet.ac.bd/
|title=DUET Eduroam
|website=DUET Eduroam
|publisher=Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology (DUET)
|access-date=16 August 2025
}}</ref>

==Location==

The Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology (DUET) is situated in [[Gazipur District]], approximately 40 km (25 mi) north of [[Dhaka]], the capital city of [[Bangladesh]]. It is about 20 km (12 mi) away from [[Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport]] and 3 km north of [[Gazipur]] city in the [[Bhawal]] area. Gazipur is well-connected by roads and railways with Dhaka and other major cities of Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology, Gazipur |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Dhaka_University_of_Engineering_and_Technology |website=Banglapedia |language=en |access-date=4 November 2025}}</ref>
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}
</mapframe>
DUET's second campus is located on Majhir Khola Road in [[Gazipur]], close to the main DUET campus. It is well-equipped with modern facilities to support students. On the map, the main campus is shown in green, while the second campus is highlighted in red.

== Gallery ==
Several photos showcasing various aspects of the DUET campus, from the entrance to the KNI Hall.

{{multiple image
| align = center
| image2 = Dhaka University of Engineering Technology.jpg
| width2 =
| caption2 = Entrance of DUET
| image3 = Shaheed Minar, DUET.jpg
| width3 =
| caption3 = Central Shaheed Minar
| image4 = Old Academic Building, DUET.jpg
| width4 =
| caption4 = Old Academic Building
| image5 = Auditorium of DUET.jpg
| width5 =
| caption5 = Central Auditorium
| image6 = Central Field at DUET.jpg
| width6 =
| caption6 = Central Field
| image7 = Mosque of DUET.jpg
| width7 =
| caption7 = DUET Central Mosque
| image1 =
| perrow = 4
| image8 = Textile Workshop Building DUET.jpg
| caption8 = Textile Workshop Building
| image9 = ICTDUET.jpg
| caption9 = IT Business Incubator (2nd campus)
| width9 =
| image10 = Statue of FF.jpg
| caption10 = Statue of Freedom Fighter
| image11 = Aerial View of Main Campus2.jpg
| caption11 = Aerial View of DUET
| image12 = New Academic and Administration Building DUET.jpg
| caption12 = [[Syed Nazrul Islam|SNI]] Academic and [[Abu Sayed (student activist)|SAS]] Administrative Building
| image13 = KNI Hall DUET.jpg
| caption13 = Kazi Nazrul Islam Hall (Old and Extension)
}}

== Academics ==
DUET offers research and education through 16 departments and 3 institutes under 4 [[Faculty (division)|faculties]], with over 266 faculty members, 151 officers, and more than 3,515 [[undergraduate]] and [[postgraduate]] students.

===Faculties and departments===
* Faculty of Civil Engineering
** Department of [[Civil engineering|Civil Engineering (CE)]]
** Department of [[Architectural engineering|Architecture (Arch)]]
* Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
** Department of [[Electrical engineering|Electrical & Electronic Engineering (EEE)]]
** Department of [[Computer science and engineering|Computer Science & Engineering (CSE)]]
** Department of [[Biomedical engineering|Bio-Medical Engineering (BME)]]
** Department of [[Electronic engineering|Electronic & Communication Engineering (ECE)]]
* Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
** Department of [[Mechanical engineering|Mechanical Engineering (ME)]]
** Department of [[Textile engineering|Textile Engineering (TE)]]
** Department of [[Food engineering|Food Engineering (FE)]]
** Department of [[Chemical engineering|Chemical Engineering (ChE)]]
** Department of [[Industrial and production engineering|Industrial & Production Engineering (IPE)]]
** Department of [[Materials and Metallurgical Engineering|Materials & Metallurgical Engineering (MME)]]
* Faculty of Science
** Department of [[Chemistry]]
** Department of [[Mathematics]]
** Department of [[Physics]]
** Department of [[Humanities & Social Sciences]]

=== Directorates ===
* Directorate of Center for Climate Change & Sustainability Research
* Directorate of Institute of Water and Environment
* Directorate of Institute of Energy Engineering
* Directorate of Institute of Information & Communication Technology
* Directorate of Computer Center
* Directorate of Research & Extension
* Directorate of Students' Welfare (DSW)
* Directorate of Planning and Development (P&D)
* Directorate of Transport
* Directorate of Consultancy Research Testing Service
* Directorate of Physical Education Center
* Directorate of Institutional Quality Assurance Cell

=== Journals and research bulletins ===
* DUET Journal<ref>{{Cite journal |date=4 June 2021 |title=DUET JOURNAL |url=https://journal-index.org/index.php/asi/article/view/7840 |journal=Advanced Sciences Index}}</ref>
* DUET Bulletin<ref>{{cite web | title=DUET Bulletin | url=https://www.duet.ac.bd/publication/duet-bulletin/ | website=DUET | publisher=Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology | access-date=4 October 2025}}</ref>
* DUET Publication<ref>{{cite web |title=List of Publications, Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology |url=https://www.duet.ac.bd/publication/list-of-publication/all |website=DUET |publisher=Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology |access-date=4 October 2025}}</ref>
{{Infobox university ranking
| QS_W = –
| QS_W_year = 2025
| QS_W_ref = <ref name="QS_W">{{cite web |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/universities/dhaka-university-engineering-technology |title=Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology, Gazipur |website=TopUniversities |language=en |access-date=4 November 2025}}</ref>

| THE_W = –
| THE_W_year = 2025
| THE_W_ref = <ref name="THE">{{cite web |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/dhaka-university-engineering-and-technology |title=Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology, Gazipur – World University Rankings |website=Times Higher Education (THE) |date=14 June 2025 |language=en |access-date=4 November 2025}}</ref>

| THE_Asia = –
| THE_Asia_year = 2025
| THE_Asia_ref = <ref name="THE_Asia">{{cite web |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2025/regional-ranking |title=Asia University Rankings 2025 |website=Times Higher Education (THE) |date=16 April 2025 |language=en |access-date=4 November 2025}}</ref>

| QS_Asia = 486
| QS_Asia_year = 2025
| QS_Asia_ref = <ref name="QS_Asia">{{cite web |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/asia-university-rankings/2025 |title=QS Asia University Rankings 2025 |website=TopUniversities |date=14 June 2025 |language=en |access-date=4 November 2025}}</ref><ref name="QS_Jago">{{cite news |title=Bangladesh shut out of Asia's top 100 in QS rankings, widening education gap |url=https://www.jagonews24.com/en/education/news/86888 |work=Jago News 24 |language=en |date=4 November 2025 |access-date=4 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=46 Bangladeshi universities in QS Asia ranking, see the list here |url=https://thedailycampus.com/higher-education/225699 |website=The Daily Campus |language=en |date=4 November 2025 |access-date=4 November 2025}}</ref>

| THE_W_CS = –
| THE_W_CS_year = 2025
| THE_W_CS_ref = <ref name="THE_CS">{{cite web |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/dhaka-university-engineering-and-technology |title=Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology, Gazipur |date=26 March 2025 |website=Times Higher Education (THE) |language=en |access-date=4 November 2025}}</ref>
}}

===Rankings===

Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology (DUET) is ranked between #461 and #470 in the QS Asia University Rankings 2025.<ref name="QS_W" /> Additionally, it holds the #127 position among universities in Southern Asia in the same ranking year.<ref name="QS_SA_W">{{cite web |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/universities/dhaka-university-engineering-technology-gazipur |title=QS World University Rankings 2025 - Southern Asia |access-date=25 November 2024 |publisher=Quacquarelli Symonds}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=QS Asia University Rankings 2024 |url=https://www.qschina.cn/en/university-rankings/asia-university-rankings/2024 |website=QS China |publisher=QS Quacquarelli Symonds |access-date=26 November 2024}}</ref>

== Enrollment ==
=== Undergraduate programs ===
In addition to its own research, the university undertakes collaborative research programs with different national and international universities, industries, and organizations. Every year, around 800 students enroll in undergraduate programs to study engineering and architecture. In the undergraduate admission test, only about the top 5% of students, out of approximately 14,000 selected candidates, can get admitted. There are around 300 or more teachers. Only those who have a diploma in engineering can enroll here for a bachelor's degree in engineering and architecture.<ref>{{cite news
| script-title =bn:ডুয়েটে আন্ডারগ্র্যাজুয়েট প্রোগ্রামে ভর্তি, আবেদন অনলাইনে
| url = https://www.prothomalo.com/education/admission/zeauusuuti
| work = Prothom Alo
| date = 9 July 2023
| accessdate = 21 November 2025
}}</ref>

{{multiple image
| align = center
}}

DUET offers 12 undergraduate degrees across its four faculties. Each academic year comprises two semesters. Students are generally admitted into the first year second semester class. The first semester of the first year class is exempted because candidates have already completed a minimum four-year diploma in engineering after 10 years of schooling.<ref>{{cite web
| title = DUET application for admission begins on May 28
| url = https://www.bangladeshpost.net/posts/duet-application-for-admission-begins-on-may-28-151585
| website = Bangladesh Post
| publisher = Bangladesh Post
| date = 25 May 2025
| accessdate = 21 November 2025
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| title = Undergraduate Admission System
| url = https://admission.duetbd.org/
| website = DUET Undergraduate Admission
| publisher = Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology (DUET)
| accessdate = 21 November 2025
}}</ref>

Degrees offered in the following disciplines:
* Chemical Engineering
* Food Engineering
* Electrical & Electronic Engineering
* Mechanical Engineering
* Computer Science & Engineering
* Textile Engineering
* Architecture Engineering
* Industrial & Production Engineering
* Civil Engineering
* Materials and Metallurgical Engineering
* Biomedical Engineering
* Electronic & Communication Engineering

==== Number of seats ====

The number of seats for 4-year bachelor's degree programs in engineering and 5-year bachelor's degree programs in architecture are given below:

{| class="wikitable"
|+
! Serial !! Department !! Seats
|-
| 1 || Chemical Engineering (ChE) || 30
|-
| 2 || Food Engineering (FE) || 30
|-
| 3 || Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EEE) || 120
|-
| 4 || Civil Engineering (CE) || 120
|-
| 5 || Computer Science and Engineering (CSE) || 120
|-
| 6 || Textile Engineering (TE) || 120
|-
| 7 || Mechanical Engineering (ME) || 120
|-
| 8 || Industrial and Production Engineering (IPE) || 30
|-
| 9 || Materials and Metallurgical Engineering (MME) || 30
|-
|10 || Architecture (ARCH) || 30
|-
|11 || Biomedical Engineering (BME) || 30
|-
|12 || Electronic and Communication Engineering (ECE) || 30
|-
! Total || || 810
|}

=== Postgraduate programs ===
DUET offers postgraduate degrees across its four faculties, including master's and doctoral programs. The university provides master's ([[Master's degree]]) and doctoral ([[Doctor of Philosophy]]) programs. The university provides M.Sc. Engg. ([[Master of Science in Engineering]]), M.Engg. ([[Master of Engineering]]), M.Phil. ([[Master of Philosophy]]), MBA ([[Master of Business Administration]]), MA ([[Master of Arts]]), and Ph.D. degrees in engineering, science, and interdisciplinary fields.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://pga.duetbd.org/ |title=Postgraduate Admission System |website=DUET Postgraduate Admission |publisher=Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology (DUET) |access-date=16 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:ঢাকা প্রকৌশল ও প্রযুক্তি বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়, পোস্টগ্র্যাজুয়েট প্রোগ্রাম ১৩টি বিভাগে |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/education/admission/x0fu0ytjts |work=Prothom Alo |language=bn |date=30 September 2025 |access-date=1 November 2025}}</ref>

==== Degrees ====
DUET awards the following postgraduate degrees:
* Master of Science in Engineering (M.Sc. Engg.)
* Master of Engineering (M.Engg.)
* Master of Science (M.Sc.)
* Master of Philosophy (M.Phil.)
* Master of Business Administration (MBA)
* Master of Arts (MA)
* Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.)
* Postgraduate Diploma programs offered by specialized institutes

These degrees are available in major engineering disciplines (civil, electrical and electronic, mechanical, computer science and engineering, textile, industrial and production, and food engineering), as well as in sciences (chemistry, mathematics, and physics), humanities, and interdisciplinary fields.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.duet.ac.bd/study-program |title=Study Program |publisher=Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology |accessdate=2025-11-25}}</ref>

==== Institutes ====
Several postgraduate programs are also offered through DUET's institutes, including:
* Institute of Water and Environment (IWE)
* Institute of Information and Communication Technology (IICT)
* Institute of Energy Engineering (IEE)

Each institute provides master's and postgraduate diploma programs relevant to their specialized fields.

====Degrees Offered by Different Departments====
Master of Science in Engineering (M.Sc. Engg.) and Master of Engineering (M.Engg.) Degree Program:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://pga.duetbd.org/Prospectus_2024_2025.pdf |title=Prospectus for Postgraduate Course |publisher=Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology |accessdate=25 November 2025}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! Department !! Degrees Offered
|-
| Department of Civil Engineering ||
* M.Sc. Engg. (Civil & Environmental)
* M.Sc. Engg. (Civil & Geotechnical)
* M.Sc. Engg. (Civil & Structural)
* M.Sc. Engg. (Civil & Transportation)
* M.Sc. Engg. (Civil & Water Resources)
* M.Sc. Engg. (Environmental)
* M.Sc. Engg. in Climate Change (Water and Environment)
* M.Engg. (Civil & Environmental)
* M.Engg. (Civil & Geotechnical)
* M.Engg. (Civil & Structural)
* M.Engg. (Civil & Transportation)
* M.Engg. (Civil & Water Resources)
* M.Engg. (Environmental)
* M.Engg. in Climate Change (Water and Environment)
|-
| Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering ||
* M.Sc. Engg. (EEE)
* M.Engg. (EEE)
|-
| Department of Mechanical Engineering ||
* M.Sc. Engg. (ME)
* M.Engg. (ME)
|-
| Department of Computer Science and Engineering ||
* M.Sc. Engg. (CSE)
* M.Engg. (CSE)
|-
| Department of Textile Engineering ||
* M.Sc. Engg. (TE)
* M.Engg. (TE)
|-
| Department of Food Engineering ||
* M.Sc. Engg. (FE)
* M.Engg. (FE)
|-
| Department of Industrial and Production Engineering ||
* M.Sc. Engg. (IPE)
* M.Engg. (IPE)
|}
Master of Science (M.Sc.) and Master of Philosophy (M.Phil.) Degree Program:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://collegebbro.com/dhaka-university-engineering-technology/ |title=Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology |publisher=Collegebbro |accessdate=2025-11-25}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! Department !! Degrees Offered
|-
| Department of Chemistry ||
* M.Phil. (Chem.)
* M.Sc. (Chem.)
|-
| Department of Mathematics ||
* M.Phil. (Math.)
* M.Sc. (Math.)
|-
| Department of Physics ||
* M.Phil. (Phy.)
* M.Sc. (Phy.)
|-
| Department of Humanities and Social Sciences||
* MA (Applied Linguistics and ELT)
* M Sc. (Economics)
* MBA
|}
Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D) Degree Program:
{| class="wikitable"
! Department !! Degrees Offered
|-
| Department of Civil Engineering || Ph.D. (CE)
|-
| Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering || Ph.D. (EEE)
|-
| Department of Mechanical Engineering || Ph.D. (ME)
|-
| Department of Computer Science and Engineering || Ph.D. (CSE)
|-
| Department of Textile Engineering || Ph.D. (TE)
|-
| Department of Chemistry || Ph.D. (Chem.)
|-
| Department of Mathematics || Ph.D. (Math.)
|-
| Department of Physics || Ph.D. (Phy.)
|}
Degrees Offered by Different Institutes:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://collegebbro.com/dhaka-university-engineering-technology/ |title=Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology |publisher=Collegebbro |accessdate=2025-11-25}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! Institute !! Degrees Offered
|-
| Institute of Water and Environment (IWE) ||
* Master of Science in Engineering (Water and Environment)
* Master of Engineering (Water and Environment)
* Postgraduate Diploma in Engineering (Water and Environment)
* Master of Science in Water and Environmental Management
* Masters in Water and Environmental Management
* Postgraduate Diploma in Water and Environmental Management
|-
| Institute of Information & Communication Technology (IICT) ||
* Master of Science in Information & Communication Technology (M.Sc. Engg. in ICT)
* Master of Engineering in Information & Communication Technology (M.Engg. in ICT)
* Postgraduate Diploma in Information & Communication Technology (PG. Dip. in ICT)
* Postgraduate Diploma in Business Information Technology (PG. Dip. in Business IT)
|-
| Institute of Energy Engineering (IEE) ||
* Master of Science in Energy Engineering (M.Sc. Engg. in EE)
* Master of Engineering in Energy Engineering (M.Engg. in EE)
* Postgraduate Diploma in Energy Engineering (PGD in EE)
|}

== Institutes ==
There are three institutes, which are:<ref>Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology, [https://duet.ac.bd/institutes Institute List], accessed on 25 August 2024</ref>
* Institute of Water and Environment Sciences (IWE)
* Institute of Information & Communication Technology (IICT)
* Institute of Energy Engineering (IEE)

=== Conferences and workshops ===
DUET regularly organizes conferences and workshops. Here are some examples of conferences and workshops that DUET might organize:
* International Conference on Sustainable Engineering Development (ICSED - 2023)<ref>{{cite web |title=ICSED - International Conference on Software Engineering and Development |url=https://icsed.duet.ac.bd/ |website=DUET |date= |access-date=21 January 2025}}</ref>
* International Conference on Next-Generation Computing, IoT and Machine Learning (NCIM - 2023)<ref>{{cite web |title=NCIM 2023 - National Conference on Information Management |url=https://ncim2023.cse.duet.ac.bd/ |website=DUET CSE |date= |access-date=21 January 2025}}</ref>
* Workshop on Robotics and Automation
* International Conference on Mechanical, Manufacturing and Process Engineering (ICMMPE - 2022)
* International Conference on Advancement in Electrical and Electronic Engineering (ICAEEE 2024)
* 2nd International Conference on Mechanical, Manufacturing and Process Engineering (ICMMPE - 2024)<ref>{{cite web |title=ICMMPEDUET Official Website |url=https://icmmpeduet.com/ |publisher=International Conference on Mechanical, Materials, and Process Engineering |access-date=23 January 2025}}</ref>
* 3rd International Conference on Advancement in Electrical and Electronic Engineering (ICAEEE 2024)<ref>{{cite web |title=ICAEEE 2024 - International Conference on Advances in Electrical and Electronics Engineering |url=https://icaeee2024.com/ |website=ICAEEE 2024 |date= |access-date=21 January 2025}}</ref>
* 1st International Conference on Recent Innovation in Civil Engineering and Architecture for Sustainable Development (IICASD-2024)<ref>{{cite web |title=IICASD - International Conference on Innovation and Contemporary Advances in Science & Development |url=https://iicasd.com/ |website=IICASD |date= |access-date=21 January 2025}}</ref>
* 1st International Conference on Science and Humanities for Sustainable Development (ICSHSD-2025) <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://icshsd.com |title=International Conference on Science and Humanities for Sustainable Development (ICSHSD) |website=ICSHSD |access-date=19 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |script-title=bn:ডুয়েটে দুইদিন ব্যাপী প্রথম আন্তর্জাতিক কনফারেন্স শুরু |url=https://www.tritiyamatra.com/news/36531/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81 |website=Tritiyo Matra |language=bn |date=23 October 2025 |access-date=1 November 2025}}</ref>
* 2nd INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON NEXT-GENERATION COMPUTING, IoT AND MACHINE LEARNING (NCIM-2025) <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.confncim.org/ |title=NCIM 2025 |work=Department of Computer Science and Engineering, DUET |access-date=19 August 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=DUET hosts two-day international conference |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/economy/corporates/duet-hosts-two-day-international-conference-1175741 |work=The Business Standard |date=28 June 2025 |access-date=1 November 2025}}</ref>
* 3rd International Conference on Mechanical, Manufacturing and Process Engineering (ICMMPE - 2026) <ref>{{Cite web
|url=https://icmmpeduet.com/
|title=3rd International Conference on Mechanical, Manufacturing and Process Engineering (ICMMPE 2026)
|work=Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology (DUET), Gazipur, Bangladesh
|date=30–31 January 2026
|access-date=19 August 2025
}}</ref>

== Library ==
[[File:Library duet.png|thumb|left|DUET Central Library]]
The general library has more than 37,000 books and 3,500 eBooks. Readers can also access over 3.7 million eJournals. The library keeps over 330 periodicals, more than 250 magazines, and thousands of thesis books. In addition, more than five popular daily newspapers are available for readers. DUET library uses a KOHA based system that provides MARC21/UNIMARC/Z39.50 standard for library information exchange. KOHA provides an international standard for the DUET central library.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Central Library |url=https://www.duet.ac.bd/office/central-library |website=Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology |access-date=28 October 2025}}</ref>

The DUET Institutional Repository (DUET IR) is a platform for educational institutions to store and share digital content like theses and reports, offering search and download capabilities. DUET Institutional Repository and Integration with KOHA based DUET [[Digital library|Digital Library]].<ref>{{cite news |title=DUET observes National Library Day |url=https://www.bd-pratidin.com/printnews/964933 |work=Bangladesh Pratidin |language=bn |date=5 February 2024 |access-date=4 November 2025}}</ref>

Library services include lending, reference, photo-copying and document delivery service. The library has a computerized information system to provide information about library materials for its members. All library services are available to faculty and students. Besides the general library system, each academic discipline maintains a rental library from which students can borrow textbooks at a nominal rate for the whole semester. Photocopy service is available during office hours at a cost of 50 paisa per page.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vision and Mission |url=https://www.duet.ac.bd/office/central-library/vision-and-mission |website=Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology |access-date=28 October 2025}}</ref>

== Medical Centre ==
[[File:Medical Center (Ground Floor), DUET.jpg|thumb|DUET Medical Centre]]
DUET [[Clinic|medical center]] is located on the ground floor of the library building. This facility offers healthcare services to all members of the DUET community, including students, faculty, staff, and visitors. The medical team is composed of highly skilled professionals, including [[Doctor (title)|doctors]], [[nurse]]s, [[Pharmacist|pharmaceutical officers]], and [[Technician|technical staff]].

The DUET Medical Center operates [[24/7]] and provides a comprehensive range of [[healthcare services]] to all members of the DUET community, including emergency residential care when necessary. The center also offers [[pathology]] services, providing over 40 essential diagnostic tests.
<ref>{{cite web |title=Medical Center, Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology |url=https://www.duet.ac.bd/office/medical-center |website=DUET |publisher=Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology |access-date=4 October 2025}}</ref> The on-campus medical center supports the health and well-being of students, faculty, and staff by providing modern diagnostics, preventive and community healthcare, promoting healthy lifestyles, and training medical staff in the latest practices.<ref>{{cite web |title=DUET Medical|url=https://thedailycampus.com/engineering-university/208365 |website=The Daily Campus |language=bn |access-date=4 November 2025}}</ref>

== Transportation ==
[[Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology|DUET]] runs a dedicated [[bus]] service for [[students]], [[Faculty (academic staff)|faculty]], and staff, connecting the [[campus]] in [[Gazipur]] with different parts of [[Dhaka]] city. The university aims to provide smart and efficient transport services by maintaining a friendly and well-organized environment. The Office of Transportation ensures that buses operate on time, uses modern technology to keep [[vehicles]] in good condition, offers technical support for [[transport]], and carefully manages all related [[documents]] and [[inventory]] in an ethical way.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Transport Office |url=https://www.duet.ac.bd/office/transport-office |website=DUET |access-date=28 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=DUET provides bus service at fixed times for commuting convenience across Dhaka city |url=https://abhinoboschool.com/ঢাকা-ইউনিভার্সিটি-অফ-ইঞ্জিনিয়ারিং-অ্যান্ড-টেকনোলজি |website=Abhinobo School |language=bn |access-date=4 November 2025}}</ref>
[[File:DUET Buses.jpg|thumb|none]]

== Student Life ==
=== Halls of residence ===
{{image frame|content={{Photo montage
| photo1a = QK Hall, DUET.jpg{{!}}QK Hall
| photo2a = FR Khan Hall, DUET.jpg{{!}}FR Khan Hall
| photo2b = KNI Hall, DUET.jpg{{!}}KNI Hall
| photo3a = MCHALL4.jpg{{!}}MC Hall
| photo3b = Bi-24 Hall.jpg{{!}}Bijoy 24 Hall
| photo4a = STA Hall, DUET.jpg{{!}}STA Hall
| spacing = 2
| border = 3
| color_border = #009E60
| color = white
| text = From top to bottom: [[QK Hall, DUET]] at the top, [[FR Khan Hall, DUET]] at the top middle-left, [[KNI Hall (old), DUET]] at the top middle-right, [[MC Hall, DUET]] at the bottom middle-left, [[Bijoy 24 Hall, DUET]] at the bottom middle-right, and finally [[STA Hall, DUET]] at the bottom.
}}}}There are seven male and two female dormitories at Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology (DUET). The halls are as follows:

* ''[[Fazlur Rahman Khan]] Hall'' Male hall named after the famous architect and engineer Fazlur Rahman Khan. Provides accommodation and study facilities for students.
* ''[[Muhammad Qudrat-i-Khuda|Muhammad Qudrat-E-Khuda]] Hall'' Male hall named after scientist Dr. Muhammad Qudrat-E-Khuda, offering residence and common student amenities.
* [[Mukti Bahini|Shaheed Muktijoddha]] ''Hall'' Male hall honoring Bangladesh’s freedom fighters, with shared living and recreational spaces.
* ''[[Kazi Nazrul Islam]] Hall'' Male hall named after the national poet, providing modern residence facilities for students.
* ''[[Kazi Nazrul Islam]] Extension Hall'' Additional accommodation for Kazi Nazrul Islam Hall residents due to high demand.
* ''[[Marie Curie]] Hall'' Female hall named after scientist Marie Curie, with living spaces and common facilities.
* ''[[Marie Curie]] Extension Hall'' Extra accommodation for Marie Curie Hall residents.
* ''[[Tajuddin Ahmad|Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmad]] Hall'' Male hall named after Bangladesh’s first prime minister, offering residential and study facilities.
* [[Non-cooperation movement (2024)|Bijoy 24 Hall]] Hall Located on the DUET second campus, providing residence for students.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thedailycampus.com/engineering-university/166623/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%81-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%AA |script-title=bn:ডুয়েটের বঙ্গবন্ধু হলের নাম পরিবর্তন করে রাখা হলো বিজয় ২৪ |publisher=The Daily Campus |date=13 January 2025 |access-date=13 January 2025 |language=bn}}</ref><ref name="thedailycampus.com">{{cite web |script-title=bn:ডুয়েটের বিজয় ২৪ হলে উপাচার্য ও উপ-উপাচার্যের শিক্ষার্থীদের সঙ্গে খাবার খাওয়ার খবর |url=https://thedailycampus.com/engineering-university/167387/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%AA-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF-%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA-%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF |website=The Daily Campus |date= |access-date=21 January 2025}}</ref>
{|
|- style="background-color:#EBECF0;font-weight:bold;border:1"
| Hall Name
| Present Provost
| Capacity
|- style="background-color:#F8F9FB"
| Dr.Fazlur Rahman Khan Hall (FR Khan Hall)
| Md. Anowar Hossain
| 130
|- style="background-color:#F8F9FB"
| Dr.Muhammad Qudrat-E-Khuda HALL (QK HALL)
| Md. Arifur Rahman
| 140
|- style="background-color:#F8F9FB"
| Shaheed Muktijoddha Hall (SM Hall)
| S. M. Mahfuz Alam
| 120
|- style="background-color:#F8F9FB"
| Kazi Nazrul Islam Hall (KNI Hall)
| Md. Sahab Uddin
| 400 with Extension
|- style="background-color:#F8F9FB"
| Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmad Hall (STA Hall)
| Utpal Kumar Das
| 650
|- style="background-color:#F8F9FB"
| Madam Curie Hall (MC Hall)
| Ummey Rayhan
| 300 with Extension
|- style="background-color:#F8F9FB"
| Bijoy 24 Hall (B24 Hall)
| Muhammad Abdur Rashid
| 350
|}
{{image frame
| align = left
| content =
{{Photo montage
| photo1a = Valley_ball_tournament_at_DUET.jpg{{!}}Volleyball Tournament at DUET
| photo1b = Basketball DUET 1.jpg{{!}}Basketball Court
| photo2a = STA Field2.jpg{{!}}Playground of STA Hall
| height1 = 80
| spacing = 2
| border = 3
| color_border = #009E60
| color = white
| text = Volleyball Tournament at DUET on the top left, Basketball Court on the top right, and Playground of STA Hall below.
}}
}}
=== Sports facilities ===
DUET provides students with access to three main playgrounds, one of which is located at the second campus along with one smaller playground, a basketball court, and a volleyball court, ensuring space for various sporting activities.<ref>{{cite web |title=DUET opens campus craft project event |url=https://thedailycampus.com/engineering-university/134717/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%83%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4 |website=The Daily Campus |language=bn |access-date=4 November 2025}}</ref> The sports facilities at DUET include amenities for [[association football|football]], [[cricket]],<ref>{{cite news |title=KU wins by 34 runs against DUET in inter‑university cricket match |url=https://www.risingbd.com/campus/news/541814 |work=RisingBD |language=bn |date=8 February 2024 |access-date=4 November 2025}}</ref> [[volleyball]], [[basketball]], [[table tennis]], [[carrom]], and [[badminton]]. Additionally, DUET organizes yearly inter-department and inter-hall tournaments.<ref>{{cite news |title=DUET holds inter‑departmental football tournament final |url=https://www.protidinersangbad.com/sports/145696/protidinersangbad.com/national/238954 |work=Protidiner Sangbad |language=bn |date=23 October 2018 |access-date=4 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=DUET wins via tiebreaker in inter‑university football match |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/sports/football/dglza5c4vr |work=Prothom Alo |language=bn |date=30 November 2024 |access-date=4 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Inauguration of DUET inter‑department football competition 2024 |url=https://www.tritiyamatra.com/news/19554/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%83%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97-%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A6%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%AA-%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8B%E0+A6%A7%E0%A6%A8 |website=Tritiyo Matra |language=bn |date=9 December 2024 |access-date=4 November 2025}}</ref>

===Students Complex===
[[File:Student Complex Building.jpg|right|thumb|Students Complex Building]]
The DUET Student Complex is a building where students come together for various activities. It houses spaces for different [[Club (organization)|clubs]] such as the English Language Club, Robotics Club, DUET Journal Association, and Srijonee. The complex also has the Shaheed Mostofa [[Cafeteria]]. There are meeting areas for students. It includes a [[gym]]nasium.<ref>{{cite web |title=Journey of DUET Journalists' Association |url=https://thedailycampus.com/engineering-university/35397/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE |website=The Daily Campus |language=bn |date=24 December 2019 |access-date=4 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://nawroj.com.bd/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A0/ |script-title=bn:ডুয়েটের সাংস্কৃতিক সংগঠন 'সৃজনী'র নতুন কমিটি ঘোষণা, নেতৃত্বে ওয়াসিম - রাজন - নওরোজ |website=নওরোজ |date=26 October 2024 |language=bn |access-date=4 November 2025}}</ref>
 
===Computer Center===
The Computer Center is responsible for developing and managing the university's [[computing]] and [[Network hardware|networking]] infrastructure, providing essential support for undergraduate and postgraduate [[teaching]], [[learning]], and [[research]] across all departments. It oversees central internet facilities, including high-speed connections and campus-wide Wi-Fi, and manages central email and web servers to facilitate electronic communication both within and outside the university. All departments, offices, halls, and residential areas are interconnected through a [[fiber-optic]] LAN backbone. The center also handles the creation of identity cards for students, faculty, and staff. Its primary objectives include designing and maintaining [[IT infrastructure]], fostering a conducive computing environment for learning and research, developing human resources through training programs, and actively pursuing advanced IT research to create knowledge-based products and services.<ref>{{cite web |title=Computer Center |url=https://www.duet.ac.bd/office/computer-center |website=Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology |access-date=2025-09-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Chandpur Science & Technology University's first VC Prof. Nasim, Director of DUET Computer Center |url=https://www.jugantor.com/campus/389103 |work=Jugantor |language=bn |date=30 January 2021 |access-date=4 November 2025}}</ref>

=== Convocations ===
* Second convocation: 2018<ref>{{Cite web |title=2nd Convocation |url=https://www.duet.ac.bd/2nd-convocation/ |url-status=live |access-date=21 June 2021 |website=Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology (DUET), Gazipur |language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114082629/http://www.duet.ac.bd:80/2nd-convocation/ |archive-date=14 January 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=2nd Convocation of DUET - City News |url=https://www.observerbd.com/details.php?id=129859 |access-date=21 June 2021 |work=The Daily Observer (Bangladesh)}}</ref>
* First convocation: 2010
* First Convocation as BIT, Dhaka: 1994

=== Scholarship ===

The DUETian Scholarship helps students of DUET who do well in their studies. It gives financial support and encourages students to focus on learning and other activities.<ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:ডুয়েটিয়ান ডটকম স্কলারশিপ প্রকল্পের যাত্রা শুরু |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/education/d55vbzb92o |work=Prothom Alo |language=bn |date=11 June 2025 |access-date=1 November 2025}}</ref>

==Student clubs and organizations==
DUET hosts a variety of student clubs and organizations that cater to academic, cultural, research, and voluntary interests.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Clubs and Communities
|url=https://www.duet.ac.bd/clubs-communities
|website=Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology
|access-date=31 January 2026
}}</ref>

===Political and unregistered organizations===
Since September 2024, political organizations, regional organizations, and all types of unregistered student organizations have been banned at DUET.<ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:ডুয়েটে নিষিদ্ধ হলো ছাত্র রাজনীতি |url=https://jamuna.tv/news/560698 |work=Jamuna TV |date=4 September 2024 |access-date=5 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:ডুয়েটে রাজনীতি করলেই শাস্তি |url=https://www.somoynews.tv/news/2024-09-04/9ZxuNv2y |work=Somoy News |language=bn |date=4 September 2024 |access-date=1 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:আগামী ২১ নভেম্বর ডুয়েট ছাত্রদলের সাবেকদের মিলনমেলা |url=https://dailynayadiganta.com/bangladesh/education-campus/pcxvJLkCjqSI |work=Daily Naya Diganta |language=bn |date=27 October 2025 |access-date=1 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:ডুয়েট ছাত্রদলের সাবেকদের মিলনমেলার নিবন্ধন চলছে |url=https://www.somoynews.tv/news/2025-10-28/BCGtTx2K |work=Somoy News |language=bn |date=28 October 2025 |access-date=1 November 2025}}</ref>

===Educational clubs===
[[File:ELC 2000.jpg|thumb|none|ELC event in 2000]]
* DUET Robotics Club (DRC): The Robotics Club allows students to explore robotics and technology through workshops, competitions, and team activities. Members gain experience in building and programming robots.<ref>{{cite web |title=DUET Robotics Club |url=https://drc.duetbd.org/ |website=DUET Robotics Club |publisher=Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology |access-date=9 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Techfest, IIT Bombay, Bangladesh Zonal 2024 |url=https://drc.duetbd.org/techfest2024/ |website=DUET Robotics Club |date=2024-10-25 |access-date=2025-11-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=DUET Techfest-2018 |url=https://www.observerbd.com/news/163133 |work=The Daily Observer |date=2018-10-14 |access-date=2025-11-05}}</ref>
* English Language Club (ELC), DUET: ELC helps students practice English, build confidence, and develop communication skills. The club organizes events to support leadership and interpersonal growth.<ref>{{cite web |title=ELC, DUET |url=https://elc.duetbd.org/ |access-date=24 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|script-title=bn:ডুয়েট ইংলিশ ল্যাংগুয়েজ ফেস্টিভ্যাল ২০২৫ অনুষ্ঠিত
|url=https://digibanglatech.news/159437
|website=DigiBanglaTech
|access-date=16 November 2025
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|title=Duet celebrates English Language Festival 2025
|url=https://www.tbsnews.net/events/duet-celebrates-english-language-festival-2025-1286521
|work=The Business Standard
|access-date=16 November 2025
}}</ref>
* DUET Debating Society (DDS): DDS promotes critical thinking and public speaking through debates and discussion forums, helping members articulate ideas effectively.<ref>{{cite web |script-title=bn:ডিবেট বাংলাদেশের কেন্দ্রীয় সভাপতি নির্বাচন |url=https://dhakamail.com/national/255797 |website=Dhaka Mail |language=bn |date=22 September 2025 |access-date=1 November 2025}}</ref>
* ASCE Student Chapter, DUET: ASCE organizes activities for civil engineering students to collaborate on projects and learn from experienced professionals.<ref>{{cite web |title=ASCE Student Chapter, DUET |url=https://ascechapter.duet.ac.bd |access-date=24 October 2025}}</ref>
* IEEE Student Chapter, DUET: This club offers students opportunities in electronics and engineering through seminars, workshops, and networking events.<ref>{{cite web |title=IEEE DUET Student Branch |url=https://ieeedsb.wordpress.com |access-date=24 October 2025}}</ref>
* DUET Computer Society (DCS): DCS provides practical computer skills, industry exposure, and workshops to bridge classroom learning with real-world technology.<ref>{{cite web |title=DUET Computer Society |url=https://duetcs.github.io/ |website=DUET Computer Society |publisher=Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology |access-date=9 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:ডুয়েটে 'বেটোপিয়া প্রেজেন্টস ডুয়েট আইইউপিসি ২০২৫' |url=https://www.somoynews.tv/news/2025-05-12/uJSRSXK1 |work=Somoy News |language=bn |date=12 May 2025 |access-date=1 November 2025}}</ref>
* DUET Automobile Society: Provides hands-on automobile engineering experience and fosters innovation, teamwork, and professionalism for DUET students from ME, EEE, MME, IPE, and ChE.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DUET Automobile Society (DAUSO) |url=https://www.duet.ac.bd/clubs-communities/17/duet-automobile-society-dauso |website=Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology |access-date=31 January 2026}}</ref>
* DUET Energy Club: Focused on energy topics, including renewable energy, conservation, and sustainable practices. Members engage in research and discussions.
* DUET Nuclear Energy Club: Provides opportunities to learn about nuclear science and energy through lectures and interactive sessions.
* DUET Mathematics Club (DMC): Promotes interest in mathematics through problem-solving contests and collaborative activities.
* DUET Stapotta Shongha: A student organization of DUET’s Architecture Department, promoting creativity, community, and cultural activities among architecture students.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stapotta Shongha |url=https://www.duet.ac.bd/clubs-communities/19/stapotta-shongha |website=Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology |access-date=31 January 2026}}</ref>
* ASHRAE DUET Student Branch: Supports DUET students in HVAC, refrigeration, and sustainable building systems through workshops, seminars, research, and professional networking.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ASHRAE DUET Student Branch |url=https://www.duet.ac.bd/clubs-communities/16/ashrae-duet-student-branch |website=Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology |access-date=31 January 2026}}</ref>

===Sports club===
* DUET Sports Club (DSC): DSC organizes sports tournaments, fitness programs, and recreational activities for students.<ref>{{cite web |title=DUET Clubs & Communities |url=https://www.duet.ac.bd/clubs-communities |access-date=24 October 2025}}</ref>

===Research clubs===
* DUET Career & Research Club: Supports students in exploring research opportunities and career development through workshops and guidance.<ref>{{cite web |script-title=bn:হাইড্রোজেন প্রযুক্তিতে ডুয়েটের প্রাক্তন শিক্ষার্থীর বিস্ময়কর আবিষ্কার 'এইচআরএল ইনডেক্স' |url=https://bdtoday.net/national/65320 |website=BD Today |language=bn |access-date=2025-11-01}}</ref>
* DUET Innovation Society (DIS): Encourages creativity, innovation projects, and participation in competitions.<ref>{{cite web |script-title=bn:হাইড্রোজেন প্রযুক্তিতে ডুয়েটের প্রাক্তন শিক্ষার্থীর বিস্ময়কর আবিষ্কার 'এইচআরএল ইনডেক্স' |url=https://thedailycampus.com/engineering-university/223650 |website=The Daily Campus |language=bn |date=21 October 2025 |access-date=1 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Space Solutions for Soil: DUET Team Earns Global Nomination in NASA Space Apps Challenge 2025 |url=https://digibanglatech.news/159198 |website=Digi Bangla |date=9 November 2025 |accessdate=10 November 2025}}</ref>
* DUET Textile Career & Research Club (DTCRC): Provides learning opportunities and career guidance for textile engineering students.
* IAAD Student Chapter, DUET: Supports Institute of Architecture and Design students through career-focused programs, competitions, alumni interactions, welfare activities, and merit awards. Membership is limited to IPE students.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IAAD Student Chapter |url=https://www.duet.ac.bd/clubs-communities/25/iaad-student-chapter |website=Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology |access-date=31 January 2026}}</ref>
* DUET MME Alliance: Supports MME students at DUET through research, career development, and co-curricular activities, fostering skills, leadership, and teamwork.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DUET MME Alliance |url=https://www.duet.ac.bd/clubs-communities/20/duet-mme-alliance |website=Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology |access-date=31 January 2026}}</ref>
* EEE Students Association: Student group for EEE students at DUET promoting academics and professional development.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EEE Students Association |url=https://www.duet.ac.bd/clubs-communities/14/eee-students-association |website=Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology |access-date=31 January 2026}}</ref>
* DUET Society of Mechanical Engineers (DSME): A student organization for Mechanical Engineering students at DUET, supporting academics, skills development, and professional growth.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DUET Society of Mechanical Engineers (DSME) |url=https://www.duet.ac.bd/clubs-communities/15/duet-society-of-mechanical-engineers-dsme |website=Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology |access-date=31 January 2026}}</ref>

===Cultural and media clubs===
* Srijonee : Cultural & Social Organization: Organizes cultural events, music, art, and festivals, encouraging creative expression.<ref>{{cite web |script-title=bn:ডুয়েটের সাংস্কৃতিক সংগঠন 'সৃজনী'|url=https://nawroj.com.bd/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A0/ |website=Nawroj |date=2025-10-26 |access-date=2025-11-05}}</ref>
* DUET Drama Society: Engages students in theater and performance arts, welcoming all drama enthusiasts.
* DUET Photographic Society: Focuses on photography skills through workshops and exhibitions.
* DUET Literature Society: The DUET Literature Society, a sub-committee of Srijoni, promotes literary activities on campus through classic literature posts, weekly reading sessions, and open bookshelves. Its goal is to enrich DUET's reading culture.<ref>{{cite web |title=DUET Society |url=https://duetsociety.org/ |accessdate=25 November 2025}}</ref>
* DUET Adventure Club: A student organization that promotes physical fitness, mental resilience, and exploration through structured tours, mountaineering expeditions, and outdoor skill-building activities for students interested in nature and travel.

===Journalism Club===
* DUET Journalist Association (DJA): Teaches journalism, writing, and reporting. Members cover campus news and develop media skills.<ref>{{cite web |script-title=bn:ডুয়েট সাংবাদিক সমিতির যাত্রা |url=https://thedailycampus.com/engineering-university/35397/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%B8%E0%AE%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE |website=The Daily Campus |date=2019-12-24 |access-date=2025-11-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |script-title=bn:ডুয়েট সাংবাদিক সমিতির সভাপতি |url=https://www.news24bd.tv/details/141730 |website=News24BD |access-date=2025-11-05}}</ref>

===Voluntary clubs===
* Swajan, DUET : DUET Voluntary Blood Donor Organization: Organizes blood donation events and promotes voluntary donation.
* DUET Blood Donation Society (DBDS): Conducts regular blood donation programs in support of hospitals and patients.
* DUET CR Forum: A student organization at DUET that represents class representatives, promoting student engagement, leadership, and coordination between students and faculty.

===Religious organizations===
* DUET Dawah Circle (DDC): Works to promote Islamic education and values among students by encouraging ethical living, social responsibility, and personal development based on Islamic principles, while maintaining respect for followers of all religions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DUET Dawah Circle (DDC) |url=https://www.duet.ac.bd/clubs-communities/24/duet-dawah-circle-ddc |website=Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology |access-date=31 January 2026}}</ref>
* Bani Archana Sangshad (DUET): Supports spiritual and moral learning for personal growth.<ref>{{cite web |title=Clubs & Communities at DUET |url=https://www.duet.ac.bd/clubs-communities |access-date=24 October 2025}}</ref>
* Buddha Chatro Kalyan Parishad (BSWA): Established in 2004, it is the sole organization for Buddhist students at DUET, focusing on student welfare, religious and cultural activities, and social service.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Buddha Chatro Kalyan Parishad |url=https://www.duet.ac.bd/clubs-communities/23/buddha-chatro-kalyan-parishad |website=Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology |access-date=31 January 2026}}</ref>

== Administration ==
===Top administrators===
#* [[Chancellor (education)|Chancellor]]: Holds a ceremonial role, presides over major events such as convocations.<ref>{{cite web |title=Top Administrator – Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology, Gazipur |url=https://www.duet.ac.bd/admin-bodies/top-administrator |website=Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology |language=en |access-date=4 November 2025}}</ref>
#* [[Vice-Chancellor]]: Acts as the university's chief executive, responsible for overall administration and academic affairs.
#* [[Pro-vice-chancellor]]: Assist the vice-chancellor in specific areas such as academic planning, research, or student affairs.
# Administrative Bodies:
#* Syndicate: Formulates policies, approves budgets, and ensures the smooth functioning of the university's operations.
#* Finance Committee: Manages financial resources, monitors expenditures, and ensures financial transparency and accountability.
#* CASR (Committee for Academic and Student Regulations): Develops academic policies, oversees regulations, and maintains academic standards.
#* Planning and Development Committee: Formulates strategic plans for the university's growth and development, including infrastructure projects and resource allocation.
#* Academic Council: Responsible for academic planning, curriculum design, program evaluation, and quality assurance.
#* [[Dean (education)|Dean]] of Faculties: Oversee the academic affairs of their respective faculties, including curriculum implementation and faculty development.
#* [[Head of college|Heads]] of Departments: Manage day-to-day operations within their departments, including academic programs, research initiatives, and faculty management.
#* [[Director (education)|Directors]]: Provide leadership for various academic and non-academic units, ensuring their effective functioning and alignment with the university's goals and objectives
[[File:Administrative Building at DUET.jpg|alt=Administrative Building at|thumb|Administrative Building]]

===List of vice-chancellors===
* 1st Vice Chancellor (2003 – 2004): Naseem Ahmed
* 2nd Vice Chancellor (2004 – 2008): M. Anwarul Azim<ref>{{cite news |title=Stand by cyclone‑affected people |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-12474 |work=The Daily Star |date=2007-11-21 |access-date=2025-11-05}}</ref>
* 3rd Vice Chancellor (2008 – 2012): Mohammad Sabder Ali
* 4th Vice Chancellor (2012 – 2016): Mohammed Alauddin
* 5th Vice Chancellor (2016 – 2020): Mohammed Alauddin<ref>{{Cite news |title=Prof Alauddin made new VC of DUET |url=https://www.jagonews24.com/en/national/news/8877 |access-date=21 June 2021 |work=[[jagonews24.com]] |language=en-US}}</ref>
* 6th Vice Chancellor (2020 – 11 August 2024): [[Md. Habibur Rahman (academic)|Md. Habibur Rahman]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 November 2020 |title=Buet Professor Dr Habib made new VC of Duet |url=http://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/education/buet-professor-dr-habib-made-new-vc-duet-159337 |access-date=21 June 2021 |work=[[The Business Standard]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Prof Habibur Rahman new VC of DUET |url=https://www.daily-sun.com/post/518345/Prof-Habibur-Rahman-new-VC-of-DUET |access-date=21 June 2021 |work=Daily Sun |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |script-title=bn:ডুয়েটের ষষ্ঠ ভিসি ড. হাবিবুর রহমান |url=https://www.jugantor.com/tp-second-edition/366163 |work=Jugantor |language=bn |access-date=2025-11-05}}</ref>
* 7th Vice Chancellor (Appointed on 21 October 2024): [[Mohammad Zoynal Abedin]]<ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:ডুয়েটের নতুন উপাচার্য অধ্যাপক ড. মোহাম্মদ জয়নাল আবেদীন |url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/online/campus-online/2024/10/21/1437627 |work=[[Kaler Kantho]] |date=October 2024 |access-date=22 October 2024 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:পাঁচ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ে নতুন উপাচার্য |url=https://www.banglanews24.com/education/news/bd/1411480.details |work=[[Banglanews24.com]] |date=21 October 2024 |access-date=26 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:'শিক্ষার্থীদের শুধু বইয়ের জ্ঞান নয়, বাস্তব সমস্যার সমাধানে দক্ষ হতে হবে' — ডুয়েটে উপাচার্য |url=https://www.dainikshiksha.com/bn/news/students-should-not-only-have-book-knowledge-but-also-be-skilled-in-solving-real-problems-duet-vice-chancellor-342620 |work=Dainik Shiksha |language=bn |date=12 September 2025 |access-date=1 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Vice Chancellor of DUET, Prof Dr. Mohammad Zoynal Abedin, speaking at a seminar |url=https://today.thefinancialexpress.com.bd/metro-news/vice-chancellor-of-duet-prof-dr-mohammad-zoynal-abedin-speaking-at-a-seminar-1746644357 |work=The Financial Express |date=2025-05-08 |access-date=2025-11-05}}</ref>

=== List of pro-vice-chancellors ===
* 1st Pro Vice Chancellor (2021 – 14 August 2024): Abdur Rashid<ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:কাজে যোগ দিলেন ডুয়েটের প্রো-ভিসি ড. আবদুর রশীদ |url=https://www.jagonews24.com/m/campus/news/688271 |work=[[Jago News 24]] |date=1 August 2021 |access-date=26 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=DUET VC, pro-VC, 3 others resign |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/duet-vc-pro-vc-3-others-resign-3675626 |work=The Daily Star |date=12 August 2024 |access-date=26 October 2024}}</ref>
* 2nd Pro Vice Chancellor (Appointed on 21 October 2024): Md. Arefin Kowser <ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:ডুয়েটের নতুন উপ-ভিসি অধ্যাপক আরেফিন কাওসার |url=https://www.dailynayadiganta.com/dhaka/19660387/ডুয়েটের-নতুন-উপ-ভিসি-অধ্যাপক-আরেফিন-কাওসার |work=[[Daily Naya Diganta]] |date=22 October 2024 |access-date=26 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:ডুয়েটের নবনিযুক্ত ভিসি ও প্রো-ভিসির দায়িত্ব গ্রহণ |url=https://www.dailynayadiganta.com/education/19660573/ডুয়েটের-নবনিযুক্ত-ভিসি-ও-প্রো-ভিসির-দায়িত্ব-গ্রহণ |work=[[Daily Naya Diganta]] |date=25 October 2024 |access-date=26 October 2024}}</ref>

=== Directors of Student's Welfare ===
* Utpal Kumar Das, Director
* Md. Rezaul Karim, Associate Director
* Md. Mahmudur Rahman, Associate Director
* Prolay Biswas, Deputy Director

== Second campus ==
Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology (DUET) 2nd campus is an ongoing development project aimed at accommodating the growing number of students at DUET. Situated on Majhir Khola Rd, Gazipur, near to the DUET main campus, this expansion initiative includes the construction of various facilities such as the ICT Incubator Building, an academic building, and a student hall.<ref name="thedailycampus.com"/>
<gallery heights="120" class="center">
File:Ariel views the second campus.jpg|Aerial view of the second campus
File:Bijoy 24 Hall.jpg|Bijoy 24 Hall, DUET
File:Entrance Second Campus.jpg|Entrance of the second campus
File:ITDUET.jpg|IT Business Incubator, DUET
File:Second Campus Academic Buildng.jpg|Academic Building, DUET
</gallery>
The need for this expansion arises from the increasing student population, necessitating additional infrastructure to support academic activities effectively. The development plan extends beyond the current construction phase, with a master plan in place to further enlarge the campus by 2041. Once completed, the DUET 2nd campus will provide enhanced facilities and resources to meet the educational needs of students, contributing to the overall academic excellence of DUET. DUET administration has started academic activities at the second campus in January 2025.<ref>{{cite web |script-title=bn:শিক্ষাক্ষেত্রে নতুন উদ্যোগ |url=https://www.dailyporibar.com/education/news/9598 |website=Dainik Paribar |date= |access-date=21 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:ডুয়েটে বিজয় ২৪ হল উদ্বোধন |url=https://www.dailynayadiganta.com/dhaka/19686373/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%AA-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%A8 |newspaper=[[Daily Naya Diganta]] |date=20 January 2025 |access-date=23 January 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>

== Dhaka Engineering University School ==
[[File:Dhaka University School.png|thumb|left|Campus view of Dhaka Engineering University School]]
Dhaka Engineering University School is a primary and secondary level educational institution adjacent to the campus of the Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology (DUET) in the Bhurulia area of Gazipur district, Bangladesh. It was established in 1994 when DUET was the Bangladesh Institute of Technology (BIT), Dhaka. The school operates in close association with the DUET academic environment and follows government-approved education board curricula. It places importance on discipline, moral education, and overall academic development.
<ref>{{cite web
|title=Dhaka Engineering University School Official Facebook Page
|url=https://www.facebook.com/duetschoolofficial/
|website=Facebook
|access-date=28 January 2026
}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web
|title=Dhaka Engineering University School Institute Information
|url=https://locator.eduportalbd.com/institutes/?ins=130692
|website=EduPortal Bangladesh
|access-date=28 January 2026
}}</ref>

The school mainly serves the children of DUET students and staff, offering a convenient learning environment within the university area. As an institution connected to DUET, it regularly takes part in co-curricular activities such as sports events and cultural programs, which support the physical, social, and mental growth of students.
<ref>{{cite web
|title=Dhaka Engineering University School EIIN Information
|url=https://honoursadmission.com/details-high-school-information/Gazipur/130692/Dhaka-Enginering-University-School
|website=Honours Admission
|access-date=28 January 2026
}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web
|title=Annual Sports Program of Dhaka Engineering University School
|url=https://www.duet.ac.bd/news/16/
|website=Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology
|access-date=28 January 2026
}}</ref>

==Criticism==
On 24 July 2025, the DUET authorities expelled 5 students from the hall on charges of homosexuality.<ref>{{cite news |title=সমকামিতার অভিযোগ ওঠার পর ডুয়েটের পাঁচ ছাত্রকে হল থেকে বহিষ্কার |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/district/mvjbldb61k |access-date=2 September 2025 |work=[[Prothom Alo]] |date=24 July 2025 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bangladesh university students tortured, expelled over alleged homosexuality |url=https://76crimes.com/2025/08/21/bangladesh-students-expelled-sexuality/ |website=76 Crimes |date=2025-08-21 |access-date=2025-11-05}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of universities in Bangladesh]]
* [[Islamic University of Technology]]
* [[Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology]]
* [[Khulna University of Engineering & Technology]]
* [[Chittagong University of Engineering & Technology]]
* [[Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology]]
* [[University of Dhaka]]
* [[Gazipur Agricultural University]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links}}
* {{official website}}
* {{commons category-inline}}
* {{Internet Archive}}
* [https://www.duetian.com DUETian.com – Alumni website]

{{Public Universities of Bangladesh}}
{{Public Engineering Universities of Bangladesh}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhaka University Of Engineering and Technology}}
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1980]]
[[Category:Architecture schools in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Technological institutes of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Public engineering universities of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Engineering universities and colleges in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:1980 establishments in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Gazipur District]]

Mahendar Prasad Singh

2026-03-22T18:57:37Z

UnknownEdits0303: added a bio basic info - done

{{Short description|Indian communist (1949–2005)}}

{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mahendar Prasad Singh
| image =
| caption =
| birth_place = [[Khambhra]], [[Bihar]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1949|8|23|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Bagodar]], [[Jharkhand]]
| death_date = {{death date and age |2005|1|16 |1949|8|23 |df=yes}}

| office1 = Member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Bagodar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bagodar]]
| term_start1 = 1990
| term_end1 = 2000

| office2 = Member of [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency2 = [[Bagodar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bagodar]]
| term_start2 = 2000
| term_end2 = 2005

| office3 = [[Politburo]] member of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation|CPIML Liberation]]
| term_end3 = 2005
| term_start3 = 1982

| office4 = Jharkhand state Secretary of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation|CPIML Liberation]]
| term_start4 = 2000
| term_end4 = 2005

| profession = [[Politician]]
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation|CPIML Liberation]]
| spouse = Shanti Singh
| children = [[Vinod Kumar Singh (Bagodar politician)|Vinod Kumar Singh]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Mahendar Prasad Singh''' ({{langx|hi|महेंद्र प्रसाद सिंह}}); (23 August 1949 – 16 January 2005) popularly known as '''Mahendar Singh''' was an Indian [[communist]] politician and guerrilla leader. Mahendar Singh was a three-time elected legislative assembly member from [[Bagodar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bagodar]], in the state of Bihar, later the state of Jharkhand, as a member of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation|CPIML Liberation]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/mla-killed-in-rebel-hotbed-mahendra-singh-shot-dead-in-giridih/cid/969308|title=MLA killed in rebel hotbed – Mahendra Singh shot dead in Giridih|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://liberation.org.in/liberation-2022-february/mahendra-singh-martyrdom-day | title=Mahendra Singh Martyrdom Day }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/cpi-ml-s-new-office/cid/420880|title=CPI-ML's new office|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

Though Mahendar Prasad Singh began his career as an anti-electoralist guerrilla leader of [[Lal Sena]], he later retracted those views and was elected to the Bihar Assembly. Seemingly due to his electoralist turn, he was shot and killed in Bagodar by [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)|Maoist fighters]] on 16 January 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hindi.newsclick.in/Jharkhand-murder-of%20CPI-ML-MLA-Mahendra-Singh-and-justice|title=झारखंड: एक विधायक की मां जीते जी नहीं दिला पायीं अपने पति के हत्यारों को सज़ा; शहादत वाले दिन ही चल बसीं महेंद्र सिंह की पत्नी|date=17 January 2022|website=न्यूज़क्लिक}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/dhanbad-shanti-devi-mother-of-bagodar-mla-vinod-singh-passed-away-22385813.html |title=भाकपा माले विधायक विनोद सिंह के पिता की शहादत के दिन मां का निधन, बगोदर में शोक की लहर |lang=hi |trans-title=MLA Vinod Singh Mother Death News: Shanti Devi Mother of Bagodar CPI ML MLA Vinod Singh Passed Away, Mahendra Singh Death Anniversary 2022 |date=16 January 2022 |author=Mritunjay |access-date= 8 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/cpi-ml-mla-shot-dead-in-jharkhand/articleshow/991990.cms|title=CPI-ML MLA shot dead in Jharkhand | India News – Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=16 January 2005 }}</ref> At the time of legislative election he was campaigning for the fourth term when he was killed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cpiml.net/liberation/2017/02/12th-martyrdom-day-comrade-mahendra-singh|title=12th Martyrdom Day of Comrade Mahendra Singh | Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation|website=www.cpiml.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.cpiml.org/liberation/year_2005/FEBRUARY/mahendra_singh.htm|title=Comrade Mahendra Singh, You Will Always Live In the Struggles and Aspirations of the People of Jharkhand and India!|website=archive.cpiml.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/ranchi/mahendra-singh-martyrdom-day-cpi-ml-leader-comrade-mahendra-singh-was-the-ideal-politician-of-democracy-and-public-concern-grj |title=Mahendra Singh Martyrdom Day : लोकतंत्र व जन सरोकार के आदर्श राजनेता थे भाकपा माले नेता कॉमरेड महेंद्र सिंह |lang=hi |trans-title=Mahendra Singh Martyrdom Day: CPI-ML leader Com. Mahendra Singh was the ideal politician of democracy and public concern |date=16 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://enewsroom.in/mla-mahendra-singh-documentary-film-leader/ |title=Mahendra Singh: International award winning filmmaker documents life of slain MLA |date=5 July 2020 |author=Shahnawaz Akhtar |access-date= 8 February 2022}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahendar, Singh}}
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:2005 deaths]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation politicians]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1990–1995]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1995–2000]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2000–2005]]

Dopiaza

2026-03-16T18:48:05Z

UnknownEdits0303: added references per sources and added references

{{Short description|Persian curry dish}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox food
| name = Dopiaza
| image = [[File:Mutton Dopiaza.jpg|frameless]]
| caption = Persian [[Shiraz]]-style curry with onions
| region = [[Afghanistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Iran]], [[India]] and [[Pakistan]]
| course = Main course
| main_ingredient = [[Meat]], [[onion]]s
}}
'''Dopiaza''' ({{langx|fa|دوپیازه}}, {{langx|ur|ڈوپیاسس}}, {{langx|hi|दो प्याज़ा}}, meaning "two onions") is a [[curry]] that contains onions as a major ingredient. It is recorded in [[Mughlai cuisine]] in the 16th century, and occurs in both [[Iranian cuisine|Iranian]] and [[South Asian cuisine]]. It has become widespread in South Asia and in [[Curry in the United Kingdom|British Indian cuisine]].

== History ==

Dopiaza ("two onions" in Persian), is named for its use of onions in two ways in the dish: boiled in the gravy, and raw or fried as a garnish.<ref name="OED">{{cite web |title=dopiaza noun: Etymology |url=https://www.oed.com/dictionary/dopiaza_n?tl=true |publisher=[[Oxford English Dictionary]] |access-date=17 November 2025 |date=2016}}</ref><ref name="Basu 2015">{{cite web |last=Basu |first=Mallika |title=Lamb Dopiaza: an alternative recipe for Christmas Day |website=[[Evening Standard]] |date=16 December 2015 |url=http://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/foodanddrink/lamb-dopiaza-an-alternative-christmas-day-recipe-by-indian-cook-mallika-basu-a3138456.html |access-date=22 August 2019}}</ref> The English word is borrowed partly from Urdu ''dopiyāza'' and partly from Persian ''dupiyāza'', where ''du'' means "two" and ''piyāz'' means "onion".<ref name="OED"/>

A legend tells that the fictional [[Mulla Do-Piyaza]] in the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal emperor]] [[Akbar]]'s court in Delhi created the dish by accident by adding the onions to the dish twice.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jay |first=Martha |title=Onions and Garlic: A Global History |publisher=Reaktion Books |year=2016 |pages=48–49 |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/_/kKozDQAAQBAJ |isbn=978-1780236209}}</ref>

An actual recipe for dopiaza was however given by one of Akbar's real courtiers, [[Abul Fazl]] in a 16th century text, the ''[[Ain-i-Akbari]]''. It uses a ratio of two parts onions to ten of meat. The historian of food [[Lizzie Collingham]] comments that the recipe uses substantial quantities of spices (pepper, cardamom, cloves, coriander, cumin), implying Hindustani influence on the [[Mughlai cuisine|Mughlai dish]].<ref name="Collingham 2006">{{cite book |last=Collingham |first=Lizzie |author-link=Lizzie Collingham |title=Curry: A Tale of Cooks and Conquerors |date=2006 |publisher=[[Vintage Books]] |location=London |isbn=978-0-099-43786-4 |pages=29–30, 224}}</ref> The dish was taken up in [[Anglo-Indian cuisine]] during the [[British Raj]], and then brought back to Britain, appearing on the menu of [[Veeraswamy]] restaurant (founded in 1926),<ref name="Collingham 2006"/> and later as a standard dish in [[Curry in the United Kingdom|British Indian restaurants]].<ref name="BBC Ultimate Guide"/>

== Dish ==

[[Iranian cuisine|In Iran]], dopiazeh can be made with cubed or ground lamb or chicken, potatoes, and plenty of sliced onions. A vegetarian version, ''Dopiazeh aloo'' is a potato and onion curry; it can be served with a salad, or used as a side dish.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kayhan International: Persian Potato Curry of Dopiazeh Aloo |url=https://en.irna.ir/news/85236114/Headlines-in-Iranian-English-language-dailies-on-Sept-23 |publisher=[[Islamic Republic News Agency]] |access-date=17 November 2025 |date=23 September 2023}}</ref>

[[Indian cuisine|In India]], dopiaza is associated with the city of [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Afreen |first=Saima |title=Relish and celebrate this Ramzan with Hyderabadi dishes |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2018/May/19/relish-and-celebrate-this-ramzan-with-hyderabadi-dishes-1816475.html |access-date=17 November 2025 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=19 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="BBC Ultimate Guide">{{cite web |last=Dillon |first=Sheila |author-link=Sheila Dillon |title=From balti to bhuna: the ultimate guide to curry |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/3jPY8xvk41DrT93Lw4XPk1w/from-balti-to-bhuna-the-ultimate-guide-to-curry |publisher=[[BBC Radio 4]] |access-date=2 November 2025}}</ref> The Indian cook [[Madhur Jaffrey]]'s ''do piaza'' flavours a shoulder of lamb with boiled onions, garlic, ginger, cinnamon, cardamom, cloves, coriander, and cumin, and some yoghurt. It is made spicy hot with cayenne pepper; some garam masala and fried onions are added at the end, cooked for a few minutes.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jaffrey |first=Madhur |author-link=Madhur Jaffrey |chapter=Lamb with onions: ''Do piaza'' |title=Madhur Jaffrey's Indian Cookery |publisher=[[BBC]] |location=London |year=1982 |isbn=978-0-563-16491-3 |pages=46–47}}</ref>

[[Curry in the United Kingdom|In Britain]], the [[BBC]] gives a recipe for a [[prawn]] dopiaza, using onions and spices much as Jaffrey does, but with the addition of honey and peas to the sauce. Butter is used for frying the onions and prawns.<ref>{{cite web |last=Rimmer |first=Simon |author-link=Simon Rimmer |title=Prawn dopiaza |url=https://beebrecipes.co.uk/recipe/prawndopiaza_90954 |publisher=[[BBC Food]] |access-date=17 November 2025}}</ref>

<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=180 heights=180 caption="Dopiaza around the world">
File:ChickenDopiaza1.jpg|Chicken dopiaza, Netherlands, 2011
File:Paneer Do-Pyaza.jpg|[[Paneer]] do-pyaza, [[Chennai]], India, 2014
File:Bhindi Do Pyaza.JPG|[[Bhindi]] do pyaza, Awadh, India, 2014
File:Dopiaza.JPG|[[Chicken as food|Chicken]] dopiaza, India, 2012
</gallery>

== See also ==

* [[List of onion dishes]]

== References ==

{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==

{{Commons category|Dopiaza}}

{{Curry in the United Kingdom}}
{{Indian Dishes}}

[[Category:Indian curries]]
[[Category:Hyderabadi cuisine]]
[[Category:Telangana cuisine]]
[[Category:Pakistani curries]]
[[Category:Muhajir cuisine]]
[[Category:Iranian cuisine]]
[[Category:Onion-based foods]]

K. C. Venugopal

2026-03-15T07:49:11Z

UnknownEdits0303:

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1963)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Indian name|Venugopal|Kozhummal Chattadi}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = K. C. Venugopal
| image = K.C. Venugopal.JPG
| imagesize =
| caption = Official portrait, 2019
| birth_name = Kozhummal Chattadi Venugopal
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1963|02|04|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Payyanur]], [[Kerala]], India
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| residence = {{ubl|51, Lodhi Estate, [[New Delhi]]}}
| office = [[Chair (officer)|Chairman]] of [[Public Accounts Committee (India)|Public Accounts Committee]]
| term_start = 16 August 2024
| term_end =
| appointer = [[Om Birla]] ({{small|[[Speaker of the Lok Sabha]]}})
| predecessor = [[Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury]]
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start1 = {{Start date|2020|06|19|df=yes}}
| term_end1 = {{End date|2024|06|04|df=yes}}
| predecessor1 = [[Vijay Goel (politician)|Vijay Goel]]
| successor1 = [[Ravneet Singh Bittu]]
| constituency1 = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Rajasthan|Rajasthan]]
| office2 = [[All India Congress Committee|AICC]] [[General Secretary]] (organisation)
| term_start2 = {{Start date|2019||}}
| term_end2 =
| 1blankname2 = AICC President
| 1namedata2 = * [[Sonia Gandhi]] (till 2022)
* [[Mallikarjun Kharge]] (from 2022)
| predecessor2 = [[Ashok Gehlot]]
| successor2 =
| office3 = [[All India Congress Committee|AICC]] [[General Secretary]] In-Charge for [[Karnataka]]
| term_start3 = {{Start date|2018|06|22|df=yes}}
| term_end3 = {{End date|2020|09|11|df=yes}}
| 1blankname3 = AICC President
| 1namedata3 = * [[Rahul Gandhi]] (till 2019)
* Sonia Gandhi (from 2019)
| predecessor3 = ''Office established''
| successor3 = [[Randeep Surjewala]]
| office4 = 13th [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Union Minister of State for Civil Aviation]]
| term_start4 = {{Start date|2012|10|28|df=yes}}
| term_end4 = {{End date|2014|05|26|df=yes}}
| primeminister4 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| minister4 = [[Ajit Singh (politician, born 1939)|Ajit Singh]]
| successor4 = [[G. M. Siddeswara]]
| predecessor4 = [[Jayanthi Natarajan]]
| office5 = 22nd [[Ministry of Power (India)|Union Minister of State for Power]]
| term_start5 = {{Start date|2011|01|20|df=yes}}
| term_end5 = {{End date|2012|10|28|df=yes}}
| primeminister5 = Manmohan Singh
| minister5 = * [[Sushilkumar Shinde]]
* [[Veerappa Moily]]
| predecessor5 = [[Bharatsinh Madhavsinh Solanki]]
| successor5 = [[Jyotiraditya Madhavrao Scindia]]
| office6 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start6 = {{Start date|2024|06|04|df=yes}}
| constituency6 = [[Alappuzha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alappuzha, Kerala]]
| predecessor6 = [[A. M. Ariff]]
| term_start7 = {{Start date|2009|05|31|df=yes}}
| term_end7 = {{End date|2019|05|23|df=yes}}
| predecessor7 = [[K. S. Manoj]]
| successor7 = A. M. Ariff
| constituency7 = [[Alappuzha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alappuzha, Kerala]]
| office8 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start8 = {{Start date|1996||}}
| term_end8 = {{End date|2009||}}
| predecessor8 = [[K. P. Ramachandran Nair]]
| successor8 = A. A. Shukoor
| constituency8 = [[Alappuzha (State Assembly constituency)|Alappuzha]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse = {{Marriage|Dr. Asha K.|1995}}
| children = 2
| parents = {{Unbulleted_list|Kunjukrishnan Nambiar|Janaki Amma}}
| alma_mater = [[University of Calicut]]
| website =
| footnotes = Source [http://164.100.47.193/Loksabha/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4567&lastls=16]
}}

'''Kozhummal Chattadi Venugopal''' (born 4 February 1963) is an Indian politician who is a [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]] elected from [[Alappuzha Lok Sabha constituency]] and former member of parliament in Upper House and is a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-06-21 |title='Not taking CPI's criticism seriously, Congress does not want CPI-free Kerala' |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1329296&u=not-taking-cpis-criticism-seriously-congress-does-not-want-cpi-free-kerala-1329296 |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=Kerala Kaumudi |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=19 June 2020 |title=Rajya Sabha elections: Congress wins two seats, BJP wins one in Rajasthan |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/rajya-sabha-elections-congress-wins-two-seats-bjp-wins-one-in-rajasthan-101399 |access-date=19 June 2020 |work=[[The Tribune]]}}</ref> He has been appointed a General Secretary of [[All India Congress Committee|AICC]] and in charge of [[Karnataka]] on 29 April 2017. Later, he was given additional charge of the general secretary of the organization. He was the Minister of State for [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Civil Aviation]] & [[Ministry of Power (India)|Ministry of Power]] in the [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]] Government.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Press Information Bureau |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=88682}}</ref> He was a Rajyasabha MP from Rajasthan during 2020-2024 & MLA from Alappuzha (1996,2001&2006) and served as Cabinet Minister in Kerala Government for Tourism and Devaswoms in 2004.

== Personal life ==

K. C. Venugopal was born on 4 February 1963 to Kunjukrishnan Nambiar and Janaki Amma in [[Payyanur]], [[Kannur District]] of [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://niyamasabha.org/codes/members/venugopalkc.pdf | title=Venugopal, K.C. | access-date=2024-07-01 | website=niyamasabha.org}}</ref>

== Political life ==
[[File:Shri K.C. Venugopal assumes the charge of the Minister of State for Power, in New Delhi on January 20, 2011.jpg|thumb|K. C. Venugopal taking charge as the Minister of Power in [[Manmohan Singh]] ministry.]]
He came to active politics through the Student Movement of the [[Indian National Congress]]. He became the State President of the [[Kerala Students Union]] and State President of the [[Indian Youth Congress]], He was elected to the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] from [[Alappuzha]] Constituency in 1996, 2001 and 2006.<ref>[http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/mem_1_10.htm Members of 10th KLA 1996-01]</ref><ref>[http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/mem_1_11.htm Members of 11th KLA 2001-06]</ref><ref>[http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/mem_1_12.htm Members of 12th KLA 2006-11]</ref> He served as the [[Minister (government)|Minister]] for Dewaswom and [[Tourism]] in the [[Oommen Chandy]] Ministry from 2004-06. He contested the [[General Elections]] to [[Loksabha]] from [[Alappuzha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alappuzha]] Constituency in 2009 and was elected.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-01-19 |title=For Venugopal, Kannur is the launch pad |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/For-Venugopal-Kannur-is-the-launch-pad/article15524661.ece |access-date=2024-06-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

On 29 April 2017, he was chosen as general secretary of [[All India Congress Committee]]. He also was made in charge of Congress War Rooms in many elections. He was nominated from Rajasthan as a Member of parliament [[Rajya Sabha]] on 19 June 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|title=CBI Takes Over Solar Scam Probe, Case Against Top Kerala Congress Leaders |url=https://www.ndtv.com/kerala-news/solar-panel-case-cbi-case-against-top-congress-leaders-in-kerala-over-solar-panel-scam-2512225|last=|date=17 Aug 2021|work=NDTV}}</ref> He served until 2024, when he resigned to contest the general election.

== Positions held ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Positions Held
|-
! Position !! Duration
|-
| Chairperson, Committee on Public Accounts || 14 August 2024 {{dash}} Present
|-
| Elected to 18th Lok Sabha || June 2024
|-
| Member, Committee on Defence || September 2021 {{dash}} Present
|-
| Member, Consultative Committee for the Ministry of Education || July 2020 {{dash}} Present
|-
| Member, Committee on Transport, Tourism, and Culture || July 2020 {{dash}} September 2021
|-
| Elected to Rajya Sabha || June 2020 {{dash}} June 2024
|-
| Member, Joint Committee on the Enforcement of Security Interest and Recovery of Debts Laws and Miscellaneous Provision (Amendment) Bill, 2016 || 11 May 2016 {{dash}} Present
|-
| Member, Consultative Committee, Ministry of Human Resource Development ||
|-
| Member, Railway Convention Committee (R.C.C.) || 27 April 2015 {{dash}} Present
|-
| Deputy Whip, Congress Parliamentary Party (Lok Sabha) ||
|-
| Member, Standing Committee on Transport, Tourism, and Culture ||
|-
| Member, Committee on Government Assurances || 1 September 2014 {{dash}} Present
|-
| Re-elected to 16th Lok Sabha (2nd term) || May 2014
|-
| Minister of State for Civil Aviation || 1 May 2012 {{dash}} 2014
|-
| Union Minister of State, Ministry of Civil Aviation || 28 October 2012 {{dash}} 2014
|-
| Minister of State for Power || 1 May 2011 {{dash}}
|-
| Union Minister of State, Ministry of Power || 19 January 2011 {{dash}} 28 October 2012
|-
| Member, India-Bangladesh Parliamentary Friendship Group || 22 July 2010
|-
| Member, Consultative Committee, Ministry of Agriculture ||
|-
| Member, Railway Convention Committee ||
|-
| Member, Standing Committee on Transport, Tourism, and Culture || 31 August 2009
|-
| Member, Committee on Estimates || 6 August 2009
|-
| Elected to 15th Lok Sabha || 2009
|-
| Minister, Government of Kerala || 1 September 2004 {{dash}} 2006
|-
| Cabinet Minister, Government of Kerala || 2004 {{dash}} 2006
|-
| Member of Legislative Assembly (MLA), Kerala || 1 May 1996 {{dash}} 2009
|-
| Member, Kerala Legislative Assembly (Three Terms) || 1996 {{dash}} 2009
|}

== Member of Coordination Committee of INDIA (Alliance) ==
He has been appointed as a member of the Coordination Committee of the [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]] at its Mumbai convention on 1 September 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-19 |title=Opposition alliance named 'INDIA', 11-member coordination committee to decide on all important issues |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/opposition-alliance-named-india-to-hold-third-meeting-in-mumbai/articleshow/101860451.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-01 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Mritunjay |title=Sharad Pawar, Tejashwi, Raghav Chadha Named In I.N.D.I.A's 13-Member Coordination Panel |url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/india-coordination-committee-announcement-members-arvind-kejriwal-mamata-banerjee-nitish-kumar-1626766 |access-date=2023-09-01 |website=ABP Live |date=September 2023 |language=en}}</ref> The coordination committee will decide the national agenda, common campaign issues and common program of the country's main opposition alliance ([[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|I.N.D.I.A.]]).

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=4567 LS Biodata]
* [https://archive.today/20130202174913/http://sify.com/news/congress-k-c-venugopal-wins-the-alappuzha-lok-sabha-seat-news-election-jfqmTkgfagd.html 2009 Ele.]

{{Cabinet of Manmohan Singh}}
{{16th LS members from Kerala}}
{{United Democratic Front (Kerala) |state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Venugopal, K. C.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Kerala]]
[[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Politicians from Alappuzha district]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1996–2001]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 2001–2006]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 2006–2011]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance candidates in 2024 Indian general election]]

Gaekwad dynasty

2026-03-12T09:30:45Z

UnknownEdits0303:

{{Short description|Hindu Maratha dynasty (1721–1947)}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{redirect|Gaikwad|other uses|Gaekwad}}
{{infobox royal house
| surname =
| coat of arms = Baroda State CoA.png
| image = Baroda flag.svg
| image_size = 150
| image_caption = Flag (1936–1949)
| country = [[Baroda State]]
| founding year = 1721
| founder = [[Pilaji Rao Gaekwad]]
| current head = [[Samarjitsinh Gaekwad]]
| final ruler = [[Pratap Singh Rao Gaekwad]] (Baroda) [[Fatehsinghrao Gaekwad]] (Rajpramukh)
| origin = [[Maharashtra]], India
| estate =
| website = https://gaekwadsofbaroda.in/
| titles = *[[Raja]] of [[Baroda State|Baroda]]
*[[Rajpramukh]] of Baroda
| deposition = 1949|
}}'''Gaekwads''' (also spelled as '''Gaikwads''', '''Gaekwars''') ([[IAST]]: ''Gāyakavāḍa''), a Hindu [[Maratha (caste)|Maratha]] dynasty of the former [[Maratha Empire|Maratha Empire]] who later, he emerged as a prominent maratha general and military commander under [[Bajirao I| Peshwa Bajirao I]]. Its subsequent (erstwhile) [[princely state]] of [[Baroda State|Baroda]] in [[West India|western India]] from the early 18th century until 1947.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Indian Princes and their States |series=The New Cambridge History of India |first=Barbara N. |last=Ramusack |author-link=Barbara Ramusack |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2004 |isbn=9781139449083 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kz1-mtazYqEC&pg=PA35 |page=35&36}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Industrial Transition in Rural India: Artisans, Traders, and Tribals in South Gujarat |first=Hein |last=Streefkerk |publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=1985 |isbn=9780861320677 |url=https://archive.org/details/industrialtransi0000stre |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/industrialtransi0000stre/page/n130 111]}}</ref> The ruling prince was known as the [[Maharaja]] Gaekwad of Baroda. With the city of [[Baroda]] ([[Vadodara]]) as its capital, during the [[British Raj]] its relations with the British were managed by the [[Baroda Residency]]. It was one of the largest and wealthiest princely states of [[British India]], with its wealth coming from the lucrative cotton business as well as rice, wheat and sugar production.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/courant/access/808132672.html?dids=808132672:808132672&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Aug+16%2C+1927&author=&pub=Hartford+Courant&desc=India+Has+Rich+State+In+Baroda&pqatl=google|title=India Has Rich State in Baroda|date=16 August 1927|work=[[Hartford Courant]]|access-date=6 July 2017|archive-date=4 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104084919/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/courant/access/808132672.html?dids=808132672:808132672&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Aug+16,+1927&author=&pub=Hartford+Courant&desc=India+Has+Rich+State+In+Baroda&pqatl=google|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:Lakshmi Vilas Palace, Vadodara.jpg|thumb|400x400px|[[Laxmi Vilas Palace]] of the Gaekwad dynasty.]]

==Early history==
[[File:A print of the Gaekwar of Baroda.jpg|thumb|left|upright|A print of Maharaja Sayajirao Gaikwad]]
The Gaekwad rule of [[Vadodara|Baroda]] began when the [[Marathas|Maratha]] general [[Pilaji Rao Gaekwad]] conquered the city from the [[Mughal Empire]] in 1721. The Gaekwads were granted the city as a [[Jagir]] by [[Chhatrapati]] [[Shahu I]], the emperor of the [[Maratha Empire]] and [[Bajirao I|Peshwa Bajirao I]] played an important role in helping [[Pilaji Rao Gaekwad]] strengthen his position in [[Baroda]] and establish his rule there. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sayajirao Gaekwad III: Baroda’s Adopted Ruler and a Connoisseur of Arts |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/snippets/sayajirao-gaekwad-iii-barodas-adopted-ruler-and-connoisseur-arts |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250403231207/https://indianculture.gov.in/snippets/sayajirao-gaekwad-iii-barodas-adopted-ruler-and-connoisseur-arts |archive-date=2025-04-03 |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |language=en}}</ref>

In their early years, the Gaekwads served as subordinates of the [[Dabhade]] family, who were the Maratha chiefs of Gujarat and holders of the ''senapati'' (commander-in-chief) title. When [[Umabai Dabhade]] joined [[Tarabai]]'s side against [[Balaji Baji Rao]], Pilaji's son [[Damaji Rao Gaekwad]] commanded the Dabhade force. He was defeated, and remained in Peshwa's custody from May 1751 to March 1752. In 1752, he was released after agreeing to abandon the Dabhades and accept the Peshwa's suzerainty. In return, Damaji was made the Maratha chief of Gujarat, and the Peshwa helped him expel the Mughals from Gujarat.<ref name="CAKDBP_1918">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/stream/historyofmaratha03kincuoft#page/2/mode/2up/search/umabai |title=A History of the Maratha People Volume 3 |author1=[[Charles Augustus Kincaid]] |author2=[[Dattatray Balwant Parasnis]] |year=1918 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=2–10 }}</ref>

Damaji subsequently fought alongside [[Sadashivrao Bhau|Sadashiv Rao]], [[Vishwasrao|Vishwas Rao]], [[Malhar Rao Holkar]], [[Jankoji Rao Scindia|Jankoji Scindia]], Sidhoji [[Gharge-Desai (Deshmukh)]] and [[Mahadji Shinde]] in the [[Third Battle of Panipat]] (1761). After the Maratha defeat at Panipat, the central rule of the Peshwas was weakened. As a result, the Gaekwads, along with several other powerful Maratha clans, established themselves as virtually independent rulers, while recognizing the nominal authority of the Peshwas and suzerainty of the [[Bhonsle]] Maharaja of [[Satara State|Satara]].

==British suzerainty==
[[File:SayajiRao Gaekwad.jpg|thumb|right|Sayajirao with Richard Temple, the Governor of Bombay and other members of the court. Circa 1880]]
The Gaekwads, together with several [[Maratha]] chieftains, fought the [[United Kingdom|British]] in the [[First Anglo-Maratha War]].

On 15 March 1802, the British intervened to defend the Gaekwad Maharaja, [[Anand Rao Gaekwad]], who had recently inherited the throne against rival claimants, and the Gaekwads concluded the Treaty of Cambey with the British that recognized their independence from the [[Maratha Confederacy]] and guaranteed the [[Maharaja]]s of Baroda local autonomy in return for recognizing British suzerainty, though it was a result of an inability to overpower them.

[[Maharaja Sayyaji Rao III|Maharaja Sayaji Rao III]], who took the throne in 1875, did much to modernize Baroda, establishing compulsory primary education, a library system and the [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]]. He also encouraged the setting up of [[textile]] factories, which helped create Baroda's textile industry. He is known for offering [[B. R. Ambedkar]] a scholarship to study at [[Columbia University]].

Upon [[India]] attaining its independence in 1947, the last ruling Maharaja of [[Vadodara|Baroda]], Pratapsinhrao, acceded to India. Baroda was eventually merged with [[Bombay State]], which was later divided, based on linguistic principle, into the [[states and territories of India|states]] of [[Gujarat]] and [[Maharashtra]] in 1960.

Gaekwad or Gayakwad also survives as a fairly common Maratha [[surname]], found mainly in the Indian state of [[Maharashtra]].

==Gaikwad Maharajas of Baroda==
[[File:Pilajirao Gaikwad.jpg|thumb|Pilaji Rao, the founder of the dynasty]]
{{unreferenced section|date=July 2020}}
[[File:Maharani Gaikwad of Baroda from The Modern Review Vol 01 (Jan.-June 1907) (page 368 crop).jpg|thumb|Maharani Gaikwad of Baroda (1907)]]
{{Tree list}}
* Nandaji Rao Gaikwad, died May 1721
**{{Tree list/final branch}} Kerojirao
***{{Tree list/final branch}} Jhingojirao
****{{Tree list/final branch}} '''[[Pilaji Rao Gaikwad]]''', reigned from 1721, died 14 May 1732
*****[[Image:Simple silver crown.svg|15px]] '''I. [[Damaji Rao Gaekwad|Damaji Rao]]''', reigned from 1732, died 18 August 1768
******[[Image:Simple silver crown.svg|15px]] '''II. [[Sayaji Rao I Gaekwad|Sayaji Rao I]]''', reigned 1768–1778, died 1792
******[[Image:Simple silver crown.svg|15px]] '''III. [[Fateh Singh Rao Gaekwad|Fateh Singh Rao I]]''', born before April 1751, reigned from 1778, died 26 December 1789
******[[Image:Simple silver crown.svg|15px]] '''IV. [[Manaji Rao Gaekwad|Manaji Rao]]''', born before April 1751, reigned from 1789, died 27 July 1793
******{{Tree list/final branch}} [[Image:Simple silver crown.svg|15px]] '''V. [[Govind Rao Gaekwad|Govind Rao]]''', born 175?, reigned from 1793, died 19 September 1800
*******[[Image:Simple silver crown.svg|15px]] '''VI. [[Anand Rao Gaekwad|Anand Rao]]''', born 179?, reigned from 1800, died 2 October 1819
*******{{Tree list/final branch}} [[Image:Simple silver crown.svg|15px]] '''VI. [[Sayaji Rao Gaekwad II|Sayajirao II]]''', born 3 May 1800, reigned from 1819, died 28 December 1847
********[[Image:Simple silver crown.svg|15px]] '''VII. [[Ganpat Rao Gaekwad|Ganpat Rao]]''', born 1816, reigned from 1847, died 1856
********[[Image:Simple silver crown.svg|15px]] '''VIII. [[Khanderao II Gaekwad|Khanderao II]]''' [[Order of the Star of India|GCSI]], born 1828, reigned from 1856, died 14 June 1870
********{{Tree list/final branch}} [[Image:Simple silver crown.svg|15px]] '''IX. [[Malhar Rao Gaekwad|Malhar Rao]]''', born 1831, reigned 1870 – 19 April 1875, died in obscurity in 1882
*****{{Tree list/final branch}} Prataprao (d. 1737 Kavlana branch)
******{{Tree list/final branch}} Kalojirao
*******{{Tree list/final branch}} Gabajirao
********{{Tree list/final branch}} Bhikajirao
*********{{Tree list/final branch}} Kashirao (1832-1877)
**********{{Tree list/final branch}} [[Image:Simple silver crown.svg|15px]] '''X. [[Sayajirao Gaekwad III|Sayajirao III]]''' [[Order of the Star of India|GCSI]], [[Order of the Indian Empire|GCIE]], born 10 March 1863, reigned from 1875, died 6 February 1939
***********{{Tree list/final branch}} ''Yuvraja'' Fatehsinhrao (1883-1908)
************{{Tree list/final branch}} [[Image:Simple silver crown.svg|15px]] '''XI. [[Pratap Singh Rao Gaekwad|Pratap Singh Rao]]''' [[Order of the Indian Empire|GCIE]], born 29 June 1908, reigned from 1939, titular Maharaja from 1949, deposed 1951, died 19 July 1968
*************[[Image:Simple silver crown.svg|15px]] '''XII. [[Fatehsinghrao Gaekwad|Fatehsinhrao II]]''', born 2 April 1930, titular Maharaja 1951–1971, family head: 1971–1988, died 1 September 1988
*************{{Tree list/final branch}} '''XIII. [[Ranjitsinh Pratapsinh Gaekwad|Ranjitsinh]]''', born 8 May 1938, family head from 1988, died 9 May 2012
**************{{Tree list/final branch}} '''XIV. [[Samarjitsinh Gaekwad|Samarjitsinh]]''', born 25 April 1967, family head since 2012
{{Tree list/end}}

== Family tree ==

{{Chart top|width=100%|collapsed=no|Gaekwad dynasty and the Family tree of the Maharajas of Baroda}}

{{Tree chart/start|align=center|style=font-size:90%}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Pilaji Rao Gaekwad|Pilaji Rao]]''' (1) r. 1721-1732|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FF0000}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |)|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | |A02 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Damaji Rao Gaekwad|Damaji Rao]]''' (2) r. 1732-1768|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FF0000|
A02=Pratap Rao}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | |A02 | |A03 | |A04 | |A05 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Sayaji Rao I Gaekwad|Sayaji Rao I]]''' (3) r. 1768-1778|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FF0000|
A02='''[[Fateh Singh Rao Gaekwad|Fateh Singh Rao]]''' (4) r. 1778-1789|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FF0000|
A03='''[[Govind Rao Gaekwad|Govind Rao]]''' (6) r. 1793-1800|boxstyle_A03=border-color:#FF0000|
A04='''[[Manaji Rao Gaekwad|Manaji Rao]]''' (5) r. 1789-1793|boxstyle_A04=border-color:#FF0000|
A05=Kaloji Rao}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|(| | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | |A02 | | | | | |A03 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Anand Rao Gaekwad|Anand Rao]]''' (7) r. 1800-1819|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FF0000|
A02='''[[Sayaji Rao Gaekwad II|Sayaji Rao II]]''' (8) r. 1819-1847|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FF0000|
A03=Gabaji Rao}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | |A02 | |A03 | |A04 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Ganpat Rao Gaekwad|Ganpat Rao]]''' (9) r. 1847-1856|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FF0000|
A02='''[[Khanderao II Gaekwad|Khande Rao]]''' (10) r. 1856-1870|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FF0000|
A03='''[[Malhar Rao Gaekwad|Malhar Rao]]''' (11) r. 1870-1875|boxstyle_A03=border-color:#FF0000|
A04=Bhikaji Rao}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01=Kashi Rao}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Sayajirao Gaekwad III|Sayaji Rao III]]''' (12) r. 1875-1939|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FF0000}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01=Fateh Singh Rao}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Pratap Singh Rao Gaekwad|Pratap Singh Rao]]''' (13) r. 1939-1949 – Titular – r. 1949-1951|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FF0000}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|(| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | |A02 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Fatehsinghrao Gaekwad|Fateh Singh Rao II]]''' (14) – Titular – r. 1951-1971 Head of the Family 1971-1988|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FF0000|
A02='''[[Ranjitsinh Pratapsinh Gaekwad|Ranjit Singh Rao]]''' (15) Head of the Family 1988-2012|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FF0000}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Samarjitsinh Gaekwad|Samarjit Singh]]''' (16) Head of the Family 2012-present|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FF0000}}

{{Tree chart/end}}

{{Chart bottom}}

==See also==
* [[List of Maratha dynasties and states]]
* [[Bhonsle]]
* [[Scindia]]
* [[House of Holkar|Holkar]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Gaekwad}}
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170523061901/http://www.gaekwadsofbaroda.com/ Official Website of the Gaekwads of Baroda]}}

{{MarathaEmpire}}

[[Category:Gaekwad dynasty| ]]
[[Category:History of Vadodara]]
[[Category:Hindu dynasties]]
[[Category:Maratha clans]]
[[Category:Maratha Empire]]
[[Category:1721 establishments in India]]

Hindu cosmology

2026-03-11T18:46:06Z

UnknownEdits0303: general added lead per sources and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Description of the universe in Hindu texts}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Hinduism}}

'''Hindu cosmology''' is the description of the universe and its states of matter, cycles within time, physical structure, and effects on living entities according to [[Hindu texts]]. Hindu cosmology is also intertwined with the idea of a creator who allows the world to exist and take shape.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Larson |first=Gerald |title=HINDU COSMOGONY/ COSMOLOGY |publisher=Routledge, 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN |page=113}}</ref>

==Substance ==
{{Main|Guṇa|l1=Guna|Pradhana|Prakṛti|l3=Prakriti|Antahkarana|Pancha Bhuta}}

All matter is based on three inert ''[[Guṇa|gunas]]'' (qualities or tendencies):<ref name="Lochtefeld">James G. Lochtefeld, Guna, in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M, Vol. 1, Rosen Publishing, {{ISBN|978-0-8239-3179-8}}, pages 224, 265, 520</ref><ref>Alban Widgery (1930), The principles of Hindu Ethics, International Journal of Ethics, Vol. 40, No. 2, pages 234–237</ref><ref name="Bernard 1999">Theos Bernard (1999), ''Hindu Philosophy'', Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-81-208-1373-1}}, pages 74–76</ref>
* ''[[sattva]]'' (goodness)
* ''[[rajas]]'' (passion)
* ''[[Tamas (philosophy)|tamas]]'' (darkness)

There are three states of the ''gunas'' that make up all matter in the universe:<ref name="Lochtefeld"/><ref name="Bernard 1999"/><ref>Axel Michaels (2003), Notions of Nature in Traditional Hinduism, Environment across Cultures, Springer, {{ISBN|978-3-642-07324-3}}, pages 111–121</ref><ref>Maharishi Mahesh Yogi on the Bhagavad-Gita, a New Translation and Commentary, Chapter 1–6. Penguin Books, 1969, p 128 (v 45) and p 269 v.13</ref><ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/prakriti Prakriti: Indian philosophy], Encyclopædia Britannica</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/mahattattva |website=Wisdom Library |title=Mahattattva, Mahat-tattva: 5 definitions |date=27 January 2019 |access-date=2021-02-10 |quote=Mahattattva (महत्तत्त्व) or simply Mahat refers to a primordial principle of the nature of both pradhāna and puruṣa, according to the 10th century Saurapurāṇa: one of the various Upapurāṇas depicting Śaivism.—[...] From the disturbed prakṛti and the puruṣa sprang up the seed of mahat, which is of the nature of both pradhāna and puruṣa. The mahattattva is then covered by the pradhāna and being so covered it differentiates itself as the sāttvika, rājasa and tāmasa-mahat. The pradhāna covers the mahat just as a seed is covered by the skin. Being so covered there spring from the three fold mahat the threefold ahaṃkāra called vaikārika, taijasa and bhūtādi or tāmasa.}}</ref>
* ''[[pradhana]]'' (root matter): ''gunas'' in an unmixed and unmanifested state (equilibrium).
* ''[[Prakṛti|prakriti]]'' (primal matter): ''gunas'' in a mixed and unmanifested state (agitated).
* ''[[mahat-tattva]]'' (matter or [[Hiranyagarbha|universal womb]]): ''gunas'' in a mixed and manifested state.

''Pradhana'', which has no consciousness or will to act on its own, is initially agitated by a primal desire to create from [[Purusha]]. The different schools of thought differ in understanding about the ultimate source of that desire and what the ''gunas'' are mixed with (eternal elements, time, ''[[Jiva|jiva-atmas]]'').<ref>{{cite book|title=Sri Vedanta-sutra, Adhyaya 2|author=David Bruce Hughes|publisher=David Bruce Hughes|page=76|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=gfHRFz6lU2kC&q=Pradhana&pg=PA84 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Brahma Sutras|author=Swami Sivananda - commentator|publisher=Islamic Books|pages=190–196|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HBrrFl2273YC&q=Pradhana |year=1999}}</ref>

The manifest material elements (matter) range from the most subtle to the most physical (gross). These material elements cover the individual, spiritual ''[[Jiva|jiva-atmas]]'' (embodied souls), allowing them to interact with the material sense objects, such as their temporary material bodies, other conscious bodies, and unconscious objects.

Manifested subtle elements ({{aka}} ''[[antahkarana]]'', the inner functions):<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Elankumaran |first1=S |year=2004 |title=Personality, organizational climate and job involvement: An empirical study |journal=Journal of Human Values |volume=10 |issue=2| pages=117–130 |doi=10.1177/097168580401000205 |s2cid = 145066724}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|pmc=3017961|year=2009|last1=Deshpande|first1=S|title=A randomized control trial of the effect of yoga on Gunas (personality) and Self esteem in normal healthy volunteers|journal=International Journal of Yoga|volume=2|issue=1|pages=13–21|last2=Nagendra|first2=H. R.|last3=Nagarathna|first3=R|doi=10.4103/0973-6131.43287|pmid=21234210 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|pmc=3215408|year=2011|last1=Shilpa|first1=S|title=Understanding personality from Ayurvedic perspective for psychological assessment: A case|journal=AYU|volume=32|issue=1|pages=12–19|last2=Venkatesha Murthy|first2=C. G.|doi=10.4103/0974-8520.85716|pmid=22131752 |doi-access=free }}</ref>{{efn|name=BG elements|In Bhagavad Gita 7.4, Krishna says "Air, water, earth, fire, sky, mind, intelligence and ahankaar (ego) together constitute the nature created by me."}}
* ''[[ahamkara]]'' (ego)
* ''[[buddhi]]'' (intelligence)
* ''[[Manas (early Buddhism)|manas]]'' (mind)

Manifested physical (gross) elements ({{aka}} ''[[pancha bhuta]]'', the five elements) and their associated senses and sense organs that manifest:<ref>{{cite book|title=India through the ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada|last=Gopal|first=Madan|year= 1990| page= [https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/79 79]|editor=K.S. Gautam|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Prasad Sinha|first1=Harendra|title=Bharatiya Darshan Ki Rooprekha|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publisher|page=86|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wCAqc1G8sKcC&q=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4&pg=PT103|access-date=18 March 2015|isbn=978-81-208-2144-6|year=2006}}</ref>{{efn|name=BG elements}}
* [[akasha]] (aether) > sound > ear
* [[vayu]] (air) > touch > skin
* [[agni]] (fire) > sight/form > eye
* [[Ap (water)|apas]] (water) > taste > tongue
* [[prithvi]] (earth) > smell > nose

==Time==
{{Main|Kaal|l1=Kala|Kalpa (time)|l2=Kalpa|Manvantara|Yuga Cycle|Hindu units of time}}

Time is infinite with a cyclic universe, where the current universe was preceded and will be followed by an infinite number of universes.<ref>{{cite book |first=Sushil |last=Mittal |first2=Gene |last2=Thursby |page=284 |title=Hindu World |publisher=Routledge |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-134-60875-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Andrew Zimmerman Jones |page=262 |title=String Theory For Dummies |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-470-59584-8}}</ref> The different states of matter are guided by eternal ''[[Kaal|kala]]'' (time), which repeats general events [[Hindu units of time|ranging]] from a moment to the lifespan of the universe, which is cyclically created and destroyed.{{sfn|Teresi|2002|p=174}}

The earliest mentions of cosmic cycles in Sanskrit literature are found in the ''[[Yuga Purana]]'' ({{circa}} 1st century BCE), the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' ({{circa}} 3rd century BCE – 4th century CE), and the ''[[Manusmriti]]'' ({{circa}} 2nd – 3rd centuries CE). In the ''Mahabharata'', there are inconsistent names applied to the cycle of creation and destruction, a name theorized as still being formulated, where ''[[yuga]]'' (generally, an age of time)<ref name="Dictionary.com yuga">{{Dictionary.com|yuga|access-date=2021-02-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author-last=Sundarraj|author-first=M.|year=1997|orig-date=1st ed. 1994|editor-last=Mahalingam|editor-first=N.|editor-link=N. Mahalingam|chapter=Ch. 4 Asvins⁠—Time-Keepers|title=RG Vedic Studies|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/rigvedicstudiessundarrajm.ed.mahalingamn._202003/page/n252/mode/1up|location=[[Coimbatore]]|publisher=[[Sakthi Group|Rukmani Offset Press]]|page=219|quote=It is quite clear that the smallest unit was the "nimisah" ['winking of eyes'], and that time in the general sense of past, present and future was indicated by the word "yuga".}}</ref> and ''[[Kalpa (time)|kalpa]]'' (a day of [[Brahma]]) are used, or a day of [[Brahma]], the creator god, or simply referred to as the process of creation and destruction, with ''kalpa'' and day of Brahma becoming more prominent in later writings.{{sfn|González-Reimann|2018|p=415 (World Destruction and Re-creation)}}

''[[Prakṛti|Prakriti]]'' (primal matter) remains mixed for a ''[[Kalpa (time)|maha-kalpa]]'' (life of [[Brahma]]) of 311.04 trillion years, and is followed by a ''[[pralaya|maha-pralaya]]'' (great dissolution) of equal length. The universe (matter) remains manifested for a ''[[Kalpa (time)|kalpa]]'' (day of [[Brahma]]) of 4.32 billion years, where the universe is created at the start and destroyed at the end, only to be recreated at the start of the next ''kalpa''. A ''kalpa'' is followed by a ''[[pralaya]]'' (partial dissolution, {{aka}} night of Brahma) of equal length, when Brahma and the universe are in an unmanifested state. Each ''kalpa'' has 15 ''manvantara-sandhyas'' (junctures of great flooding) and 14 ''[[manvantara]]s'' (age of [[Manu (Hinduism)|Manu]], progenitor of mankind), with each ''manvantara'' lasting for 306.72 million years. Each ''kalpa'' has 1,000 and each ''manvantara'' has 71 ''[[Yuga Cycle|chatur-yugas]]'' (epoch, {{aka}} ''maha-yuga''), with each ''chatur-yuga'' lasting for 4.32 million years and divided into four ''yugas'' (''[[Dharma#Hinduism|dharmic]]'' ages): ''[[Satya Yuga]]'' (1,728,000 years), ''[[Treta Yuga]]'' (1,296,000 years), ''[[Dvapara Yuga]]'' (864,000 years), and ''[[Kali Yuga]]'' (432,000 years), of which we are currently in ''Kali Yuga''.<ref name="Doniger 1999">{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Doniger |editor-first1=Wendy |editor-link1=Wendy Doniger |editor-last2=Hawley |editor-first2=John Stratton |year=1999 |title=Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440 |url-access=registration |encyclopedia=[[Merriam-Webster]] |publisher=[[Merriam-Webster|Merriam-Webster, Incorporated]] |page=691 (Manu) |isbn=0-87779-044-2 |quote=a day in the life of Brahma is divided into 14 periods called manvantaras ("Manu intervals"), each of which lasts for 306,720,000 years. In every second cycle [(new kalpa after pralaya)] the world is recreated, and a new Manu appears to become the father of the next human race. The present age is considered to be the seventh Manu cycle.}}</ref><ref name="Krishnamurthy 2019">{{cite book |author-last=Krishnamurthy |author-first=V. |year=2019 |chapter=Ch. 20: The Cosmic Flow of Time as per Scriptures |title=Meet the Ancient Scriptures of Hinduism |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HF2NDwAAQBAJ&q=%227th+manvantara%22+%2228th%22&pg=PT407 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-68466-938-7 |quote=Each manvantara is preceded and followed by a period of 1,728,000 (= 4K) years when the entire earthly universe (bhu-loka) will submerge under water. The period of this deluge is known as manvantara-sandhya (sandhya meaning, twilight). ... According to the traditional time-keeping ... Thus in Brahma's calendar the present time may be coded as his 51st year - first month - first day - 7th manvantara - 28th maha-yuga - 4th yuga or kaliyuga.}}</ref><ref name="Gupta 2010">{{cite book |author-last=Gupta |author-first=S. V. |year=2010 |chapter=Ch. 1.2.4 Time Measurements |editor-last1=Hull |editor-first1=Robert |editor-last2=Osgood |editor-first2=Richard M. Jr. |editor-link2=Richard M. Osgood Jr. |editor-last3=Parisi |editor-first3=Jurgen |editor-last4=Warlimont |editor-first4=Hans |title=Units of Measurement: Past, Present and Future. International System of Units |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pHiKycrLmEQC&pg=PA7 |series=Springer Series in Materials Science: 122 |publisher=[[Springer Publishing|Springer]] |pages=7–8 |isbn=978-3-642-00737-8}}</ref><ref name="Penprase 2017">{{cite book |author-last=Penprase |author-first=Bryan E. |year=2017 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pQHNDgAAQBAJ |title=The Power of Stars |edition=2nd |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |page=182 |isbn=978-3-319-52597-6}}</ref><ref name="Johnson 2009">{{cite book|last=Johnson|first=W.J.|title=A Dictionary of Hinduism|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-19-861025-0|page=165}}</ref><ref name="Chapman2002p8">{{cite book|first1=Graham|last1=Chapman|first2=Thackwray|last2=Driver|title=Timescales and Environmental Change|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=__2EAgAAQBAJ|year=2002|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-78754-8|pages=7–8}}</ref><ref name="Rocher1986p124">{{cite book|first=Ludo|last=Rocher|title=The Purāṇas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n0-4RJh5FgoC|year=1986|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-02522-5|pages=123–125, 130–132}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=John E.|last=Mitchiner|title=Traditions of the Seven Rsis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=phGzVwTTp_gC |year=2000|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1324-3|pages=141–144}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Klostermaier |first1=Klaus K |author-link1=Klaus K. Klostermaier |year=2007 |title=A Survey of Hinduism |url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofhinduism0003klos/page/495/mode/1up |publisher=[[SUNY Press|State University of New York Press]] |pages=495–496}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Larson |first1=Gerald James |author-link1=Gerald James Larson |year=2012 |chapter=11 HINDU COSMOGONY/ COSMOLOGY |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CRepAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA114#v=onepage&q&f=false |editor-last1=Haag |editor-first1=James |editor-last2=Peterson |editor-first2=Gregory R |editor-last3=Spezio |editor-first3=Michael L |title=The Routledge Companion to Religion and Science |publisher=[[Routledge]] |pages=114–115}}</ref>

==Life==
{{Main|Jiva|Maya (religion)|l2=maya|karma in Hinduism|saṃsāra|moksha}}

The individual, spiritual ''[[Jiva|jiva-atma]]'' (embodied soul) is the life force or consciousness within a living entity. ''Jivas'' are eternal; they are not created or destroyed, and are distinct from the created unconscious matter. The ''[[Guṇa|gunas]]'' in their manifest state of matter, cover the ''jivas'' in various ways based on each ''jiva's'' ''[[Karma in Hinduism|karma]]'' and impressions. This material covering of matter allows the ''jivas'' to interact with the material sense objects that make up the material universe, such as their temporary material bodies, other conscious bodies, and unconscious objects.<ref>{{Cite book |title=A dictionary of Hinduism|last1=Johnson |first1=W. J. |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-861025-0 |edition=First |oclc=244416793 |date=12 February 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Brodd |first=Jeffrey |title=World Religions |publisher=Saint Mary's Press |year=2003 |location=Winona, MN |isbn=978-0-88489-725-5}}</ref><ref>Krishna, the Beautiful Legend of God, pages 11–12, and commentary pages 423–424, by Edwin Bryant</ref>

Material creation is called ''[[Maya (religion)|maya]]'' and is characterized as impermanent (non-eternal), sometimes manifest and sometimes not. It has been compared to a dream or [[virtual reality]], where the viewer (''jiva'') has real experiences with objects that will eventually become unreal.<ref>Teun Goudriaan (2008), Maya: Divine And Human, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120823891}}, pages 4, 167</ref><ref>Richard L. Thompson (2003), Maya: The World as Virtual Reality, {{ISBN|9780963530905}}</ref>

Through the interactions with the material sense objects, a ''jiva'' starts to identify the temporary material body as the true self, and in this way becomes influenced and bound by ''maya'' perpetually in a conscious state of [[Ignorance|nescience]] (ignorance, unawareness, forgetfulness). This conscious state of nescience leads to ''[[Saṃsāra|samsara]]'' (cycle of reincarnation), only to end for a ''jiva'' when ''[[moksha]]'' (liberation) is achieved through [[self-realization]] (''[[Ātman (Hinduism)|atman]]-[[jnana]]'') or remembrance of one's true spiritual self/nature.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Mark |last1=Juergensmeyer |author2=Wade Clark Roof |title=Encyclopedia of Global Religion |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=WwJzAwAAQBAJ |year=2011|publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-1-4522-6656-5 |page=272}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Jeaneane D. |last=Fowler |title=Hinduism: Beliefs and Practices |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RmGKHu20hA0C |year=1997 |publisher=Sussex Academic Press |isbn=978-1-898723-60-8 |pages=10–11 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>Christopher Chapple (1986), Karma and creativity, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|0-88706-251-2}}, pages 60–64</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/hinduism/concepts/concepts_1.shtml |last=Flood|first=Gavin|date=2009-08-24|access-date=2015-07-31|archive-date=2014-04-11 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140411171600/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/hinduism/concepts/concepts_1.shtml |url-status=live | title=Hindu concepts| work=[[BBC Online]]| publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first1=George D.|last1=Chryssides|first2=Benjamin E.|last2=Zeller|author-link2=Benjamin E. Zeller |title=The Bloomsbury Companion to New Religious Movements |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HLZMAgAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|isbn=978-1-4411-9829-7|page=333}}</ref> Taking action to develop this state of awareness of ones true identity, and to understand the illusionary nature of ''maya'' is known as striving for moksha. Hindus believe that ''[[dharma]]'' is a means to ''moksha'', thus perfecting ''dharma'' is one such action.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Potter |first=Karl |title=Dharma and Mokṣa from a Conversational Point of View |publisher=[[University of Hawaiʻi Press]] |pages=49–63}}</ref> The spiritual practice known as ''[[Sādhanā|sadhna]]'' is another action.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Mishra |first=R.C |title=Moksha and the Hindu Worldview |publisher=New Delhi, India: SAGE Publications |year=2013 |pages=21–42}}</ref> The ''jiva'' is considered the place where all positive qualities within us are housed, yet remain hidden due to the "layers of ''maya''".<ref name=":1" />

The different schools of thought differ in understanding about the initial event that led to the ''jivas'' entering the material creation and the ultimate state of ''moksha''.

==Creation and structure==
[[Hinduism]] is a group of distinct intellectual or philosophical points of view, rather than a rigid common set of beliefs.<ref>{{cite book | title=Alone in Unity: Torments of an Iraqi God-Seeker in North America | first=Faris | last=Georgis | publisher=Dorrance Publishing | year=2010 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vFZrxLjtiI8C&pg=PA62 | page=62 | isbn=978-1-4349-0951-0}}</ref> It includes a range of viewpoints about the [[origin of life]]. [[Hindu texts]] do not provide a single canonical account of the creation; they mention a range of theories of the creation of the world, some of which are apparently contradictory.<ref name="Robert1999">{{cite book | first=Robert M. | last=Torrance | title=Encompassing Nature: A Sourcebook | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uc246yZO0qEC&pg=PA121 | access-date=15 December 2012 | date=1 April 1999 | publisher=Counterpoint Press | isbn=978-1-58243-009-6 | pages=121–122}}</ref>

=== Rigveda ===
According to Henry White Wallis, the ''[[Rigveda]]'' and other Vedic texts are full of alternative cosmological theories and philosophical questions. To its numerous open-ended questions, the Vedic texts present a diversity of thought, in verses imbued with symbols and allegory that sometimes clothe the forces and agencies of the cosmos anthropomorphically with distinct personalities.<ref>{{cite book| author= Henry White Wallis|title= The Cosmology of the Ṛigveda: An Essay|url= https://archive.org/details/cosmologyigveda00wallgoog|year= 1887|publisher= Williams and Norgate|pages=[https://archive.org/details/cosmologyigveda00wallgoog/page/n67 61]–73}}</ref>

==== Hiranyagarbha sukta (golden egg) ====
Rigveda 10.121 mentions the [[Hiranyagarbha]] ("hiranya = golden or radiant" and "garbha = filled / womb") that existed as the source of the creation of the universe, similar to the [[world egg]] motif found in [[creation myth]]s of many other civilizations.

This metaphor has been interpreted differently by later texts. The [[Samkhya]] texts state that Purusha and [[Prakṛti|Prakriti]] made the embryo, from which the world emerged. In another tradition, the creator god [[Brahma]] emerged from the egg and created the world, while in yet another tradition Brahma himself is the Hiranyagarbha.<ref name="Edward2009">{{cite book | first=Edward | last=Quinn | title=Critical Companion to George Orwell | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hZET2sSUVsgC&pg=PA188 | access-date=15 December 2012 | date=1 January 2009 | publisher=Infobase Publishing | isbn=978-1-4381-0873-5 | page=188 }}</ref> The nature of the Purusha, the creation of the gods and other details of the embryo creation myth have been described variously by the later Hindu texts.

==== Purusha Sukta ====
The [[Purusha Sukta]] (RV 10.90) describes a myth of [[proto-Indo-European religion|proto-Indo-European]] origin, in which creation arises out of the various body parts of the [[Purusha]], a primeval cosmic being who is part of a [[yagna]] by the gods.<ref name="Jan2007">{{cite book|first=Jan N.|last=Bremmer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0tPjVJF8roYC&pg=PA170|title=The Strange World of Human Sacrifice|publisher=Peeters Publishers|year=2007|isbn=978-90-429-1843-6|pages=170–|access-date=15 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="SNSadasivan2000">{{cite book | author=S. N. Sadasivan | title=A Social History Of India | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Be3PCvzf-BYC&pg=PA227 | access-date=15 December 2012 | date=1 January 2000 | publisher=APH Publishing | isbn=978-81-7648-170-0 | pages=226–227 }}</ref> Purusha is described as all that has ever existed and will ever exist.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv10090.htm|title=Rig Veda: Rig-Veda, Book 10: HYMN XC. Puruṣa.|access-date=26 March 2015}}</ref> This being's body was the origin of four different kinds of people: the [[Brahmin]], the [[Kshatriya|Rajanya]], the [[Vaishya]], and the [[Shudra]].<ref name=Tignor2014>"Worlds Together Worlds Apart", Fourth Edition, Beginnings Through the 15th century, Tignor, 2014, pg. 5</ref> Viraj, variously interpreted as the [[world egg|mundane egg]]<ref name="SNSadasivan2000"/> (see [[Hiranyagarbha]]) or the twofold male-female energy, was born from Purusha, and the Purusha was born again from Viraj. The gods then performed a [[yajna]] with the Purusha, leading to the creation of the other things in the manifested world from his various body parts and his mind. These things included the animals, the Vedas, the [[Varna (Hinduism)|Varna]]s, the celestial bodies, the air, the sky, the heavens, the earth, the directions, and the Gods [[Indra]] and [[Agni]].

The later texts such as the [[Puranas]] identify the Purusha with [[God in Hinduism|God]]. In many Puranic notes, [[Brahma]] is the creator god.<ref name="Roshen2011">{{cite book | first=Roshen | last=Dalal | title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC&pg=PA318 | access-date=15 December 2012 | date=5 October 2011 | publisher=Penguin Books India | isbn=978-0-14-341421-6 | pages=318–319}}</ref>{{rp|103, 318}} However, some Puranas also identify Vishnu, Shiva or Devi as the creator.<ref name="Roshen2011"/>{{rp|103}}

==== Nasadiya Sukta ====
The [[Nasadiya Sukta]] (RV 10.129) takes a near-[[agnostic]] stand on the creation of the primordial beings (such as the gods who performed the sacrifice of the Purusha), stating that the gods came into being after the world's creation, and nobody knows when the world first came into being.<ref>Griffith, Ralph T.H. (Transl.): [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv10129.htm Rigveda Hymn CXXIX. Creation] in Hymns of the Rgveda, Vol. II, 1889-92. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 1999.</ref> It asks who created the universe, does anyone really know, and whether it can ever be known.<ref>Charles Lanman, [https://archive.org/stream/sacredbooksearly09hornuoft#page/48/mode/2up The Creation Hymn], Book X, Hymn 129, Rigveda, The Sacred Books of the East Volume IX: India and Brahmanism, Editor: [[Max Muller]], Oxford, page 48</ref> The Nasadiya Sukta states:<ref name="McNamaraWildman2012">{{cite book|first1=Patrick|last1=McNamara|first2=Wesley J.|last2=Wildman|title=Science and the World's Religions [3 Volumes]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3MK5u1_7CLYC&pg=PA180|access-date=15 December 2012|date=19 July 2012|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-38732-6|pages=180–}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last1=Jamison|first1=Stephanie|title=The Rigveda: The Earliest Religious Poetry of India|last2=Brereton|first2=Joel|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-0-19-937018-4|pages=1499–1500, 1607–1609}}</ref>
{{blockquote
|text=
<poem>Darkness there was at first, by darkness hidden;
Without distinctive marks, this all was water;
That which, becoming, by the void was covered;
That One by force of heat came into being;</poem>

<poem>Who really knows? Who will here proclaim it?
Whence was it produced? Whence is this creation?
Gods came afterwards, with the creation of this universe.
Who then knows whence it has arisen?</poem>

<poem>Whether God's will created it, or whether He was mute;
Perhaps it formed itself, or perhaps it did not;
Only He who is its overseer in highest heaven knows,
Only He knows, or perhaps He does not know.</poem>
|source=''[[Rigveda]]'' 10:129–6<ref name="Kramer1986">{{cite book|first=Kenneth|last=Kramer|title=World Scriptures: An Introduction to Comparative Religions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RzUAu-43W5oC&pg=PA34|date=January 1986|publisher=Paulist Press|isbn=978-0-8091-2781-8|page=34}}</ref><ref name="Christian2011">{{cite book|first=David|last=Christian|title=Maps of Time: An Introduction to Big History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7RdVmDjwTtQC&pg=PA18|date=1 September 2011|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-95067-2|page=18}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Robert N. |last=Bellah |title=Religion in Human Evolution |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qTDKxrLRzp8C |year=2011|publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-06309-9 |pages=510–511}}</ref>
}}

==== Other hymns ====
The early hymns of Rigveda also mention [[Tvastar]] as the first born creator of the human world.<ref>{{Cite journal|jstor = 594460|doi = 10.2307/594460|last1 = Brown|first1 = W. Norman|title = The Creation Myth of the Rig Veda|journal = Journal of the American Oriental Society|year = 1942|volume = 62|issue = 2|pages = 85–98}}</ref>

The Devi sukta (RV 10.125) identifies a goddess, identified as the cosmic form of Speech, with the creator, empowering, nourishing and giving joy to gods and humans.<ref>{{cite book |last=Doniger |first=Wendy |author-link=Wendy Doniger |title=The Rig Veda: An Anthology |publisher=Penguin Books |location=London |year=1981 |page=55 |isbn=978-0-14-044989-1}}</ref>

Rig Veda (RV) 10.72 states:<ref name=":0" />
{{blockquote|<poem>
1. Now amid acclaim we will proclaim the births of the gods,
so that one in a later generation will see (them) as the hymns are recited.
2 The Lord of the Sacred Formulation [=Bhṛaspati] smelted these (births) like a smith
In the ancient generation of the gods, what exists was born from what does not exist.
3 In the first generation of the gods, what exists was born from what does not exist.
The regions of space were born following that (which exists)—that(which exists) was born from the one whose feet were opened up.</poem>
|author=Bṛhaspati Āṅgirasa, Bṛhaspati Laukya, or Aditi Dākṣāyaṇī|title=The Gods|source=Rig Veda 10.72.1-3{{efn|देवानां नु वयं जाना पर वोचाम विपन्यया |
उक्थेषुशस्यमानेषु यः पश्यादुत्तरे युगे ||
बरह्मणस पतिरेता सं कर्मार इवाधमत |
देवानाम्पूर्व्ये युगे.असतः सदजायत ||
देवानां युगे परथमे.असतः सदजायत |
तदाशा अन्वजायन्त तदुत्तानपदस परि |}}}}

RV 1.24 asks, "these stars, which are set on high, and appear at night, whither do they go in the daytime?" RV 10.88 wonders, "how many fires are there, how many suns, how many dawns, how many waters? I am not posing an awkward question for you fathers; I ask you, poets, only to find out?"<ref>{{cite book|author=Henry White Wallis|title=The Cosmology of the Ṛigveda: An Essay|url= https://archive.org/details/cosmologyigveda00wallgoog|year= 1887|publisher= Williams and Norgate|page=[https://archive.org/details/cosmologyigveda00wallgoog/page/n133 117]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Laurie L.|last=Patton|title=Bringing the Gods to Mind: Mantra and Ritual in Early Indian Sacrifice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gSZmbbsg9bEC |year=2005|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-93088-9|pages=113, 216}}</ref>

=== Brahmanas ===
The [[Shatapatha Brahmana]] mentions a story of creation, in which the [[Prajapati]] performs [[tapas (Sanskrit)|tapas]] to reproduce himself. He releases the waters and enters them in the form of an egg that evolves into [[Brahmanda|the cosmos]].<ref name="WhitePollak2010">{{cite book | first1=Merry I. | last1=White | first2=Susan | last2=Pollak | title=The Cultural Transition: Human Experience and Social Transformation in the Third World and Japan. Edited by Merry I White, Susan Pollak | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H5Up5YECUX8C&pg=PA183 | access-date=15 December 2012 | date=2 November 2010 | publisher=Taylor & Francis | isbn=978-0-415-58826-3 | page=183 }}</ref> The Prajapati emerged from the golden egg, and created the earth, the middle regions and the sky. With further tapas, he created the devas. He also created the [[asura]]s, and the darkness came into the being.<ref name="Roshen2011"/>{{rp|102–103}} It also contains a story similar to the other [[List of flood myths|great flood stories]]. After the great flood, [[Manu (Hinduism)|Manu]] the only surviving human, offers a sacrifice from which Ida is born. From her, the existing human race comes into the being.<ref name="Roshen2011"/>{{rp|102–103}}

The [[Shatapatha Brahmana]] states that the current human generation descends from [[Manu (Hinduism)|Manu]], the only man who survived a [[flood myth|great deluge]] after being warned by the God. This legend is comparable to the other [[List of flood myths|flood legends]], such as the story of the [[Noah's Ark]] mentioned in the [[Bible]] and the [[Quran]].<ref name="Sunil1999">{{cite book | first=Sunil | last=Sehgal | title=Encyclopaedia of Hinduism: C-G | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zWG64bgtf3sC&pg=PA401 | access-date=15 December 2012 | year=1999 | publisher=Sarup & Sons | isbn=978-81-7625-064-1 | page=401 }}</ref>

=== Upanishads ===
The [[Aitareya Upanishad]] (3.4.1) mentions that only the "[[Atma (Hinduism)|Atma(soul)]]" (the Self) existed in the beginning. The Self created the heaven (''Ambhas''), the sky (''Marikis''), the earth (''Mara'') and the underworld (''Ap''). He then formed the Purusha from the water. He also created the speech, the fire, the prana (breath of life), the air and the various senses, the directions, the trees, the mind, the moon and other things.<ref name="MaxMuller2004">{{cite book | author=F. Max Muller | title=The Upanishads, Vol I | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vz6VFU0jK7UC&pg=PA228 | access-date=15 December 2012 | date=30 June 2004 | publisher=Kessinger Publishing | isbn=978-1-4191-8641-7 | page=228 }}</ref>

The [[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad]] (1.4) mentions that in the beginning, only the Atman existed as the Purusha. Feeling lonely, the Purusha divided itself into two parts: male ("pati") and female ("patni"). The men were born when the male embraced the female. The female thought "how can he embrace me, after having produced me from himself? I shall hide myself." She then became a cow to hide herself, but the male became a bull and embraced her. Thus the cows were born. Similarly, everything that exists in pairs, was created. Next, the Purusha created the fire, the [[soma (drink)|soma]] and the immortal gods (the [[deva (Hinduism)|devas]]) from his better part. He also created the various powers of the gods, the different [[varna in Hinduism|classes]], the [[dharma]] (law or duty) and so on.<ref>[http://sacred-texts.com/hin/sbe15/sbe15055.htm Fourth Brâhmana] in Brihadaranyaka Upanishad, Fourth Brahmana. Translated by Max Müller as The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15) [1879].</ref> The [[Taittiriya Upanishad]] states that the being (''sat'') was created from the non-being. The Being later became the ''Atman'' (2.7.1), and then created the worlds (1.1.1).<ref name="Roshen2011"/>{{rp|103}} The [[Chandogya Upanishad|Chhandogya]] states that the Brahma creates, sustains and destroys the world.<ref name="ANPrasad2007">{{cite book | author=S.K. Paul, A.N. Prasad | title=Reassessing British Literature: Pt. 1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hpzrfJr-IlEC&pg=PA91 | access-date=15 December 2012 | date=1 November 2007 | publisher=Sarup & Sons | isbn=978-81-7625-764-0 | page=91 }}</ref> A similar perspective is also portrayed in the Mundak Upanishad verse 2.1.10, which states "''puruṣa evedaṃ viśvaṃ karma tapo brahma parāmṛtam''", meaning "out of this Purush, everything is born, and by knowing him, everything becomes known"<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2016-02-21 |title=Mundaka Upanishad: Verse 2.1.10 |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/mundaka-upanishad-shankara-bhashya/d/doc145108.html |access-date=2022-06-30 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

=== Puranas ===
[[File:An attempt to depict the creative activities of Prajapati.jpg|thumb|350px|left|An attempt to depict the creative activities of Prajapati; a steel engraving from the 1850s]]

The Puranas genre of Indian literature, found in Hinduism and Jainism, contain a section on cosmology and cosmogony as a requirement. There are dozens of different Mahapuranas and Upapuranas, each with its own theory integrated into a proposed human history consisting of solar and lunar dynasties. Some are similar to Indo-European creation myths, while others are novel. One cosmology, shared by Hindu, Buddhist and Jain texts involves Mount Meru, with stars and sun moving around it using ''Dhruva'' (North Star) as the focal reference.<ref name="EliadeAdams1987p106">{{cite book|first1=Mircea|last1=Eliade|first2=Charles J.|last2=Adams|title=The Encyclopedia of religion|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre04elia|url-access=registration|year= 1987|publisher= Macmillan|isbn= 978-0-02-909730-4|pages= [https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre04elia/page/100 100]–113, 116–117}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Ariel|last=Glucklich|title=The Strides of Vishnu: Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KtLScrjrWiAC |year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-971825-2|pages=151–155 (Matsya Purana and other examples)}}</ref> According to Annette Wilke and Oliver Moebus, the diversity of cosmology theories in Hinduism may reflect its tendency to not reject new ideas and empirical observations as they became available, but to adapt and integrate them creatively.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Annette|last1=Wilke|first2=Oliver|last2=Moebus|title=Sound and Communication: An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit Hinduism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9wmYz_OtZ_gC&pg=PA259 |year=2011|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-024003-0|pages=259–262}}</ref>

In the later [[Puranas|Puranic]] texts, the creator god [[Brahma]] is described as performing the act of "creation", or more specifically of "propagating life within the universe". Some texts consider him equivalent to the Hiranyagarbha or the Purusha, while others state that he arose out of these. Brahma is a part of the [[trimurti]] of gods that also includes [[Vishnu]] and [[Shiva]], who are responsible for "preservation" and "destruction" (of the universe) respectively.

In [[Garuda Purana]], there was nothing in the universe except [[Brahman]]. The universe became an expanse of water, and in that golden egg, Vishnu created Brahma with four faces. Brahma then created the devas, asuras, pitris and manushas. He also created the rakshasas, yakshas, and gandharvas. Other creatures came from the various parts of his body (e.g. snakes from his hair, sheep from his chest, goats from his mouth, cows from his stomach, others from his feet). His body hair became herbs. The four varnas came from his body parts and the four Vedas from his mouths. He created several sons from his mind: Daksha, Daksha's wife, Manu Svaymbhuva, his wife Shatarupta and the rishi [[Kashyapa]]. Kashyapa married thirteen of Daksha's daughters and all the devas and the creatures were born through them.<ref name="Roshen2011"/>{{rp|103}} Other Puranas and the Manu Smriti mention several variations of this theory.

In [[Vishnu Purana]], the Purusha is same as the creator deity [[Brahma]], and is a part of [[Vishnu]].<ref name="Roshen2011"/>{{rp|319}} The [[Shaivism|Shaivite]] texts mention the Hiranyagarbha as a creation of [[Shiva]].<ref name="Edward2009"/>

==== Brahmanda (cosmic egg) ====
{{Main|Cosmic egg}}
According to [[Richard L. Thompson]], the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'' presents a [[geocentric model]] of our [[World egg|Brahmanda]] (cosmic egg or universe), where our Bhu-mandala disk, equal in diameter to our Brahmanda, has a diameter of 500 million ''[[yojana]]s'' (trad. 8 miles each), which equals around 4 billion miles or more, a size far too small for the universe of stars and galaxies, but in the right range for the [[Solar System]]. In addition, the ''Bhagavata Purana'' and other [[Puranas]] speak of a multiplicity of universes, or Brahmandas, each covered by seven-fold layers with an aggregate thickness of over ten million times its diameter (5x1015 ''[[yojana]]s'' ≈ 6,804+ [[light-years]] in diameter). The [[Hindu astrology|Jyotisha Shastras]], ''[[Surya Siddhanta]]'', and ''[[Siddhānta Shiromani]]'' give the Brahmanda an enlarged radius of about 5,000 light years. Finally, the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' refers to stars as large, self-luminous objects that seem small because of their great distance, and that the Sun and Moon cannot be seen if one travels to those distant stars. Thompson notes that Bhu-mandala can be interpreted as a map of the geocentric orbits of the Sun and the five planets, Mercury through Saturn, and this map becomes highly accurate if we adjust the length of the ''yojana'' to about 8.5 miles.<ref>{{cite book |author-first=Richard L. |author-last=Thompson |author-link=Richard L. Thompson |year=2007 |title=The Cosmology of the Bhāgavata Purāna: Mysteries of the Sacred Universe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3TZmDSr-1msC&pg=PA239 |location=Delhi |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |page=239 |isbn=978-81-208-1919-1}}</ref>

[[Brahma]], the first born and secondary creator, during the start of his ''[[Kalpa (time)|kalpa]]'', divides the [[World egg|Brahmanda]] (cosmic egg or universe), first into three, later into fourteen ''[[Loka#Hinduism|lokas]]'' (planes or realms)—sometimes grouped into heavenly, earthly and hellish planes—and creates the first living entities to multiply and fill the universe. Some [[Puranas]] describe innumerable universes existing simultaneously with different sizes and Brahmas, each manifesting and unmanifesting at the same time. {{Citation needed|date=July 2025}}

=== Indian philosophy ===
The [[Samkhya]] texts state that there are two distinct fundamental eternal entities: the Purusha and the [[Prakriti]]. The Prakriti has three [[guṇa|qualities]]: ''[[sattva]]'' (purity or preservation), ''[[rajas]]'' (creation) and ''[[tamas (philosophy)|tamas]]'' (darkness or destruction). When the equilibrium between these qualities is broken, the act of creation starts. ''Rajas'' quality leads to creation.<ref name="Joshi2005">{{cite book | first=Dinkar | last=Joshi | title=Glimpses Of Indian Culture | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-fw-0iBvmMAC&pg=PA32 | access-date=15 December 2012 | date=1 January 2005 | publisher=Star Publications | isbn=978-81-7650-190-3 | page=32 }}</ref>

Advaita Vedanta states that the creation arises from Brahman, but it is illusory and has no reality.<ref name="Roshen2011"/>{{rp|103}} The Mundak Upanishad verse 2.2.11 also states "''brahmaivedamamṛtaṃ purastādbrahma paścādbrahma dakṣiṇataścottareṇa'' ''adhaścordhvaṃ ca prasṛtaṃ brahmaivedaṃ viśvamidaṃ variṣṭham",'' meaning "''All this before is immortal Brahman; certainly all behind is Brahman; all to the south and to the north; all below and all above stretched out, all this is certainly Brahman''", and suggests that Brahma is present throughout that creation.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Raman |first=Varadaraja |title=HINDUISM AND SCIENCE: SOME REFLECTIONS |publisher=Malden, USA: Blackwell Publishing Inc |year=2012 |pages=549–574}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2016-02-21 |title=Mundaka Upanishad: Verse 2.2.11 |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/mundaka-upanishad-shankara-bhashya/d/doc145120.html |access-date=2022-06-29 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

===Lokas===
Deborah Soifer describes the development of the concept of lokas as follows:

{{blockquote
|text=<poem>The concept of a loka or lokas develops in the Vedic literature. Influenced by the special connotations that a word for space might have for a nomadic people, ''loka'' in the Veda did not simply mean place or world, but had a positive valuation: it was a place or position of religious or psychological interest with a special value of function of its own. Hence, inherent in the "loka" concept in the earliest literature was a double aspect; that is, coexistent with spatiality was a religious or soteriological meaning, which could exist independent of a spatial notion, an "immaterial" significance. The most common cosmological conception of lokas in the Veda was that of the [[trailokya]] or triple world: '''three worlds consisting of earth, atmosphere or sky, and heaven''', making up the universe.</poem>
|source=Deborah A. Soifer<ref>{{cite book |author-last=Soifer |author-first=Deborah A. |publisher=State University of New York Press |date=Nov 1991 |isbn=978-0-7914-0799-8 |page=51 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OoFDK_sDGHwC&pg=PA51 |title=The Myths of Narasimha and Vamana: Two Avatars in Cosmological Perspective}}</ref>
}}

[[Patrick Olivelle]] explains that during the early vedic period the universe was viewed as consisting of three spheres (''loka''): the earth (''bhūḥ''), an intermediate region (''bhuvaḥ''), and the sky or firmament (''svaḥ''), which this tripartite cosmology was shared with other Indo-European peoples. In recent studies of vedic cosmology, [[Michael Witzel|Witzel]] (1984) has shown that the expression ''svarga loka'' ("bright world" or "heavenly world") refers specifically to the Milky Way. By the late vedic period, four higher spheres were added called Mahas, Janas, Tapas, and Satyaloka ("world of truth") or Brahmaloka ("world of Brahma"). Text from a much later period post-Upanishads posit seven parallel lower spheres or hells.<ref>{{cite book |author-last=Olivelle |author-first=Patrick |author-link=Patrick Olivelle |date=1996 |title=Upaniṣads |url=https://archive.org/details/upanisads00oliv/page/n46/mode/1up |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=xlv-xlvii |isbn=978-0-19-954025-9}}</ref>

[[File:Upper seven Lokas.png|thumb|284x284px|Upper seven Lokas in Hindu Cosmology]]
[[File:Lower seven Lokas purana.png|thumb|284x284px|Lower seven Lokas in Puranas]]

In the ''[[Brahmanda Purana]]'', as well as ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'' (2.5),<ref>{{cite book|first=Barbara A.|last=Holdrege|title=Bhakti and Embodiment: Fashioning Divine Bodies and Devotional Bodies in Krsna Bhakti|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R9FgCgAAQBAJ |year=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-66910-4|page=334, note 62}}</ref> fourteen ''[[loka]]s'' (planes) are described, consist of seven higher (''Vyahrtis'') and seven lower (''[[Patala]]s'') ''lokas''.<ref>{{cite book|first=John A.|last=Grimes|title=A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qcoUFYOX0bEC&pg=PA95 |year=1996|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-7914-3067-5|page=95}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Ganga Ram Garg|title=Encyclopaedia of the Hindu World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WjDcd0cTFxQC&pg=PA446|year=1992|publisher=Concept |isbn=978-81-7022-375-7|page=446}}</ref>
{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|
# ''[[Brahmaloka|Satya-loka]]'' (''Brahma-loka'')
# ''Tapa-loka''
# ''Jana-loka''
# ''Mahar-loka''
# ''[[Svarga|Svar-loka]]'' (''Svarga-loka'' or ''Indra-loka'')
# ''Bhuvar-loka'' (Sun/Moon plane)
# ''Bhu-loka'' ('''Earth plane''')
# ''Atala-loka''
# ''Vitala-loka''
# ''Sutala-loka''
# ''Talatala-loka''
# ''Mahatala-loka''
# ''Rasatala-loka''
# ''[[Patala|Patala-loka]]''
}}

===Multiple universes===
The [[Hindu texts]] describe innumerable universes existing all at the same time moving around like atoms, each with its own [[Brahma]], [[Vishnu]], and [[Shiva]].

{{blockquote
|text=Every universe is covered by seven layers—earth, water, fire, air, sky, the total energy and false ego—each ten times greater than the previous one. There are '''innumerable universes''' besides this one, and although they are unlimitedly large, they move about like atoms in You. Therefore You are called unlimited.
|source=''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'' 6.16.37<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pQHNDgAAQBAJ&q=Every+universe+is+covered+by+seven+layers+%E2%80%94+earth%2C+water%2C+fire%2C+air%2C+sky%2C+the+total+energy+and+false+ego+%E2%80%94+each+ten+times+greater+than+the+previous+one.&pg=PA137|title=The Power of Stars|publisher=Springer|page=137|first=Bryan E.|last=Penprase|date=5 May 2017|isbn=978-3-319-52597-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ipgVDQAAQBAJ&q=There+are+innumerable+universes+besides+this+one%2C+and+although+they+are+unlimitedly+large%2C+they+move+about+like+atoms+in+you.+Therefore+you+are+called+unlimited.&pg=PT23|title=A Traveler's Guide to the Afterlife: Traditions and Beliefs on Death, Dying, and What Lies Beyond|first=Mark|last=Mirabello|date=15 September 2016|page=23|publisher=Inner Traditions / Bear & Co|isbn=978-1-62055-598-9}}</ref>
}}

{{blockquote
|text=Because You are unlimited, neither the lords of heaven nor even You Yourself can ever reach the end of Your glories. The '''countless universes''', each enveloped in its shell, are compelled by the wheel of time to wander within You, like particles of dust blowing about in the sky. The śrutis, following their method of eliminating everything separate from the Supreme, become successful by revealing You as their final conclusion.
|source=''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'' 10.87.41<ref>{{cite book|title=Fritz Jahr and the Foundations of Global Bioethics: The Future of Integrative Bioethics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ndw2GXCy-IsC&q=Because+You+are+unlimited%2C+neither+the+lords+of+heaven+nor+even+You+Yourself+can+ever+reach+the+end+of+Your+glories&pg=PA348|page=348|author=Amir Muzur, Hans-Martin Sass|year = 2012|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|isbn = 978-3-643-90112-5}}</ref>
}}

{{blockquote
|text=The layers or elements covering the '''universes''' are each ten times thicker than the one before, and all the universes clustered together appear like atoms in a huge combination.
|source=''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'' 3.11.41<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jrwxDQAAQBAJ&q=The+layers+of+elements+covering+the+universes+are+each+ten+times&pg=PA60|title=The Bhagavata Purana: Sacred Text and Living Tradition|page=60|author=Ravi M. Gupta, Kenneth R. Valpey|date=29 November 2016|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-54234-0}}</ref>{{sfn|Thompson|2007|p=200}}
}}

{{blockquote
|text=And who will search through the wide infinities of space to count the '''universes''' side by side, each containing its Brahma, its Vishnu, its Shiva? Who can count the Indras in them all--those Indras side by side, who reign at once in all the '''innumerable worlds'''; those others who passed away before them; or even the Indras who succeed each other in any given line, ascending to godly kingship, one by one, and, one by one, passing away.
|source=''[[Brahma Vaivarta Purana]]''<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hXD0gIN2a5IC&q=And+who+will+search+through+the+wide+infinities+of+space+to+count+the+universes+side+by+side%2C+each+containing+its+Brahma%2C+its+Vishnu%2C+its+Shiva%3F+Who+can+count+the+Indras+in+them+all--those+Indras+side+by+side%2C+who+reign+at+once+in+all+the+innumerable+worlds%3B+those+others+who+passed+away+before+them%3B+or+even+the+Indras+who+succeed+each+other+in+any+given+line%2C+ascending+to+godly+kingship%2C+one+by+one%2C+and%2C+one+by+one%2C+passing+away|title=The Wisdom of the Serpent: The Myths of Death, Rebirth, and Resurrection|page=86|author=Joseph Lewis Henderson, Maud Oakes|date=4 September 1990|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0-691-02064-7}}</ref>
}}

{{blockquote
|text=Every thing that is any where, is produced from and subsists in space. It is always all in all things, which are contained as particles in it. Such is the pure vacuous space of the Divine understanding, that like an ocean of light, contains these '''innumerable worlds''', which like the countless waves of the sea, are revolving for ever in it.
|source=''[[Yoga Vasistha]]'' 3.30.16–17<ref>[https://archive.org/details/YogaVasisthaEnglish/page/n431/mode/1up ''Yoga Vasistha'']</ref>
}}

{{blockquote
|text=There are many other large worlds, rolling through the immense space of vacuum, as the giddy goblins of Yakshas revel about in the dark and dismal deserts and forests, unseen by others.
|source=''[[Yoga Vasistha]]'' 3.30.34<ref>[https://archive.org/details/YogaVasisthaEnglish/page/n432/mode/1up ''Yoga Vasistha'']</ref>
}}

{{blockquote
|text=You know one universe. Living entities are born in '''many universes,''' like mosquitoes in many udumbara (cluster fig) fruits.
|source=''[[Garga (sage)|Garga Samhita]]'' 1.2.28<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://en.krishnakosh.org/krishna/Garga_Samhita_59 |title=''Garga Samhita'' (59) |access-date=4 June 2020 |archive-date=4 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604125550/http://en.krishnakosh.org/krishna/Garga_Samhita_59 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
}}

==See also==
{{columns-list|
* [[Brahmapura]]
* [[Hindu calendar]]
* [[Hindu creationism]]
* [[Hindu eschatology]]
* [[Hindu idealism]]
* [[Hindu units of time]]
* [[Indian astronomy]]
* [[Loka]]
* [[Patala]]
* [[Puranic chronology]]
* [[Urthva lokas]]
* [[Vaikuntha]]
}}

==Notes==
{{notelist|30em}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
{{columns-list|
* {{cite encyclopedia |author-last=González-Reimann |author-first=Luis |year=2018 |title=Cosmic Cycles, Cosmology, and Cosmography |editor1-last=Basu |editor1-first=Helene |editor2-last=Jacobsen |editor2-first=Knut A. |editor3-last=Malinar |editor3-first=Angelika |editor4-last=Narayanan |editor4-first=Vasudha |encyclopedia=Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |volume=2 |doi=10.1163/2212-5019_BEH_COM_1020020 |isbn=978-90-04-17641-6 |issn=2212-5019}}
* [[Martin Haug|Haug, Martin]] (1863). ''The Aitareya Brahmanam of the Rigveda, Containing the Earliest Speculations of the Brahmans on the Meaning of the Sacrificial Prayers''. {{ISBN|0-404-57848-9}}.
* Joseph, George G. (2000). ''The Crest of the Peacock: Non-European Roots of Mathematics'', 2nd edition. Penguin Books, London. {{ISBN|0-691-00659-8}}.
* [[Subhash Kak|Kak, Subhash C.]] (2000). "Birth and Early Development of Indian Astronomy". In [[Helaine Selin|Selin, Helaine]] (2000). ''Astronomy Across Cultures: The History of Non-Western Astronomy'' (303–340). Boston: Kluwer. {{ISBN|0-7923-6363-9}}.
* {{cite book |author-last=Teresi |author-first=Dick |year=2002 |title=Lost Discoveries: The Ancient Roots of Modern Science — from the Babylonians to the Maya |location=New York |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster|Simon & Schuster Inc.]] |isbn=0-684-83718-8}}
}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180207233642/http://www.bharatvani.org/books/ait/ch22.htm Ancient Hindu Astronomy]
* [http://www.jqjacobs.net/astro/aryabhata.html The Àryabhatiya of Àryabhata: The oldest exact astronomical constant?]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080527205744/http://bhagavadgitaasitis.com/8/17/en1 Bhagavad Gita, Chapter 8 verse 17]

{{Brahmanda}}
{{Legendary progenitors}}

[[Category:Hindu cosmology| ]]
[[Category:Hindu creation myths]]

[[el:Κοσμολογία#Ινδουιστική Κοσμολογία]]
[[th:พรหมภูมิ]]

Tridevi

2026-03-07T19:31:54Z

UnknownEdits0303: Refined content and updated sections

{{short description|Trinity of chief goddesses in Hinduism}}
[[File:Sarasvati Laksmi Parvati.jpg|thumb|[[Sarasvati]] (left), [[Lakshmi]] (middle) and [[Parvati]] (right)]]

The '''Tridevi'''{{efn|{{Langx|sa|त्रिदेवी|lit=three goddesses}}, {{IAST3| Tridevī}}}} form a [[Triple deity|trinity]] of [[Para Brahman|supreme divinity]] in [[Hinduism]], combining a [[Triad (religious)|triad]] of eminent goddesses either as a feminine version of the [[Trimurti]], or as consorts of a masculine Trimurti, depending on the denomination. This triad is typically [[Anthropomorphism|personified]] by the [[Hindu]] goddesses [[Saraswati]], [[Lakshmi]], and [[Parvati]].<ref>{{Cite book |last =Prasad |first =R. U. S. |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=UTYlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT65 |title =River and Goddess Worship in India: Changing Perceptions and Manifestations of Sarasvati |date =2017-08-09 |publisher =Routledge |isbn =978-1-351-80654-1 |pages =65 |language =en}}</ref> In [[Shaktism]], these triune goddesses are the manifestations of Mula-Prakriti or ''[[Mahadevi]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last =Monaghan |first =Patricia |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=uabOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA199 |title =Encyclopedia of Goddesses and Heroines [2 volumes] |date =2009-12-18 |publisher =Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn =978-0-313-34990-4 |pages =199 |language =en}}</ref>

== Feminine Trimurti ==
{{Hinduism}}
{{Saktism}}
In the traditional androcentric (masculine-centered) denominations of Hinduism, the feminine Tridevi goddesses are relegated as consorts and auxiliary deities to the masculine Trimurti gods. In Shaktism, the feminine Tridevi goddesses are given the eminent roles of [[Rajas|creator]] [[Mahasaraswati|(Mahasaraswati)]], [[Sattva|preserver]] [[Mahalaxmi|(Mahalakshmi)]], and [[Tamas (philosophy)|destroyer]] [[Mahakali|(Mahakali)]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=de-Gaia |first=Susan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HxjOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA336 |title=Encyclopedia of Women in World Religions [2 volumes]: Faith and Culture across History [2 volumes] |date=2018-11-16 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=978-1-4408-4850-6 |pages=336 |language=en}}</ref> with the masculine Trimurti gods being relegated as the auxiliary deities as agents of the feminine Tridevi.

== Consorts of the Trimurti ==
{{Main|Saraswati|Lakshmi|Parvati}}
[[Saraswati]] is the goddess of learning, arts, and music, as well as the consort of [[Brahma]], the creator.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BfV5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT9 |title=The Book of Avatars and Divinities |date=2018-11-21 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5305-362-8 |pages=9 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Lakshmi]] is the goddess of fortune, wealth, fertility, auspiciousness, light, and material and spiritual fulfillment, as well as the consort of [[Vishnu]], the maintainer or preserver.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kishore |first=B. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t3WzDipk9xwC&pg=PA87 |title=Hinduism |date=2001 |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. |isbn=978-81-7182-073-3 |pages=87 |language=en}}</ref> However, Lakshmi does not signify mere material wealth, but also abstract prosperity, such as glory, magnificence, joy, exaltation, and greatness, and spiritual fulfillment, which translates to [[moksha]].

[[Parvati]] is the goddess of power, war, beauty, and love. She is the consort of [[Shiva]], the destroyer of evil, or transformer.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Garg |first=Gaṅgā Rām |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w9pmo51lRnYC&pg=PA5 |title=Encyclopaedia of the Hindu World |date=1992 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-7022-374-0 |pages=5 |language=en}}</ref>

==Importance==
Mahasarasvati is described to be the slayer of [[Sumbha and Nisumbha|Shumba]] in the [[Devi-Bhagavata Purana|Devi Bhagavata Purana]], suggesting that she has little to do with Saraswati.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QaVHAQAAMAAJ |title=The Sri Mad Devi Bhagavatam |date=1921 |publisher=Sudhindra Nath Vasu at the Panini Office |pages=1006 |language=en}}</ref>

Mahalakshmi is the prosperity aspect of Devi. She has two forms, Vishnu-priya Lakshmi and Rajyalakshmi. The former is the embodiment of chastity and virtuousness. The latter goes about courting kings. Rajyalakshmi is stated to be fickle and impulsive. She enters all those places where virtue and charity may be found, and as soon as these two vanish from any place, Rajyalakshmi will also vanish from that place.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=George M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N7LOZfwCDpEC&pg=PA198 |title=Handbook of Hindu Mythology |date=2008-03-27 |publisher=OUP USA |isbn=978-0-19-533261-2 |pages=198 |language=en}}</ref>

Mahakali represents darkness, pure ''[[Tamas (philosophy)|tamas]]'' personified. Mahakali is one of the three primary forms of Devi. She is stated to be a powerful cosmic aspect (''vyaṣṭi'') of Devi, and represents the guna (universal energy) named tamas, and is the personification of the universal power of transformation, the transcendent power of time.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Harper |first1=Katherine Anne |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NtKrbKIOL5wC&pg=PA80 |title=The Roots of Tantra |last2=Brown |first2=Robert L. |date=2012-02-01 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-7914-8890-4 |pages=80 |language=en}}</ref>

===Outside India===
Via [[Buddhism in Japan|Buddhism]] and [[Shinbutsu-shūgō|syncretism]] with Japanese [[Kami|Shinto deities]], the Tridevi entered Japanese mythology as the goddesses [[Benzaiten|Benzaitennyo 弁財天女 (Sarasvati)]], [[Kisshōten|Kisshoutennyo 吉祥天女 (Laxmi)]], and [[Daikokuten#Goddess Daikokutennyo|Daikokutennyo 大黒天女 (Mahakali or Parvati)]].

==See also==
{{col div|colwidth=20em}}
*[[Devi]]
*[[Durga]]
*[[Lakshmi]]
*[[Saraswati]]
*[[Kali]]
*[[Parvati]]
*[[Harishankari]]
*[[Radha]]
*[[Sita]]
*[[Adi Shakti]]
* [[Vaishno Devi]]
*[[Ammavaru]]
*[[Mookambika]]
*[[Japanese Buddhist pantheon#Level 4: Heavenly deities .28Ten-bu.29|Buddhist Tenbu (天部) deities]]
*[[Trimurti]]
*[[Trinity]]
*[[Triple deities]]
{{colend}}

== Footnotes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|position=left}}

{{HinduMythology}}
{{Hindudharma}}
{{Hinduism footer small}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Tridevi| ]]
[[Category:Names of God in Hinduism]]
[[Category:Hindu philosophical concepts]]
[[Category:Triple goddesses]]
[[Category:Hindu goddesses]]
[[Category:Feminist theology]]

F.U.: Friendship Unlimited

2026-03-04T09:42:41Z

UnknownEdits0303: made a entry!

{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = FU: Friendship Unlimited
| image = FU, Friendship Unlimited poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Mahesh Manjrekar]]
| producer = Cut2Cut Movies [[Bhushan Kumar]] [[Krishan Kumar (actor)|Krishan Kumar]]
| writer = Abhijeet deshpande
| screenplay = Abhijeet deshpande & Mahesh Manjrekar
| based_on =
| starring = [[Akash Thosar]] [[Vaidehi Parashurami]] [[Sanskruti Balgude]] Satya Manjrekar
| music = [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]] Sameer Saptiskar
| cinematography = [[Karan B. Rawat]]
| editing = Satish Patil
| studio = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series Films]] Cut2Cut Movies [[Mahesh Manjrekar|Mahesh Manjrekar Movies]]
| distributor = [[AA Films]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2017|6|2}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| budget =
| gross = 9 crore <ref>{{Cite web |title=Do you know how F.U. Friendship Unlimited did at the Box Office? |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/f-u-friendship-unlimited-24986/box-office |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304143453/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/f-u-friendship-unlimited-24986/box-office |url-status=live |archive-date=4 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=Cinestaan |language=en-us}}</ref>
}}
'''''F.U: Friendship Unlimited''''' is a 2017 [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language [[Romantic comedy|romantic comedy-drama]] film starring [[Akash Thosar]], [[Vaidehi Parashurami]], [[Sanskruti Balgude]], Satya Manjrekar, and Mayuresh Pem. It was produced and directed by [[Mahesh Manjrekar]] under the banners of [[T-Series (company)|T-Series Films]], Cut2Cut Movies, and Mahesh Manjrekar Movies. Despite received mixed reviews from critics, the film grossed 9 crore on box office and was commercially successful.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/this-day-that-year-mayesh-manjrekars-f-u-friendship-unlimited-completes-three-years/articleshow/76156073.cms|title=This Day That Year: Mayesh Manjrekar's 'F.U: Friendship Unlimited' completes three years - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Plot==
The story follows five close friends whose carefree and rebellious actions lead them into unexpected challenges, ultimately teaching them valuable lessons about life and friendship.

==Cast==
*[[Akash Thosar]]
*[[Vaidehi Parashurami]]
*Satya Manjrekar
*Shubham Kirodian
*Mayuresh Pem
*Nitesh Kalbande
*[[Sanskruti Balgude]]
*[[Isha Koppikar]]
*[[Boman Irani]]
*[[Mahesh Manjrekar]]
*[[Medha Manjrekar]]
*[[Chetan Hansraj]]
*[[Kashmera Shah]]
*Anand Ingle
*[[Bharti Achrekar]]
*[[Maadhav Deochake|Madhav Deochake]]
*[[Sharad Ponkshe]]
*[[Sachin Khedekar]]
*[[Ashwini Ekbote]]
*Radhika Vidyasagar
*[[Pawandeep Rajan]]

==Soundtrack==
All the songs from the Marathi album were released under the labels [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] and [[Saregama]]. The music was composed by [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]] and Sameer Saptiskar.{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Pehli Dafa
| extra1 = [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]]
| title2 = Ka Watt Te Saare Nave
| extra2 = Vishal Mishra
| title3 = Uff Tuza Ha Jalwa
| extra3 = [[Avadhoot Gupte]], [[Prajakta Shukre]]
| title4 = Teri Baaton Ke
| extra4 = Vishal Mishra
| title5 = Teri Baaton Ke
| extra5 = Iulia Vantur
| title6 = Don't Control Us
| extra6 = [[Siddharth Basrur]]
| title7 = Darmiyaan
| extra7 = Vishal Mishra, [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| title8 = F.U
| extra8 = Vishal Mishra, Wrisha Dutta
| title9 = Girlfriend
| extra9 = Visha Mishra
| title10 = Tu Auron Ki (Party Version)
| extra10 = [[Benny Dayal]]
| title11 = Tujhya Vina O Yara
| extra11 = [[Sonu Nigam]]
| title12 = Tere Bin O Yaara
| extra12 = Sonu Nigam
| title13 = Tu Auron Ki (Hindi)
| extra13 = Mahesh Manjrekar
| title14 = Darmiyaan
| extra14 = Akash Okja, [[Prakriti Kakar]]
| title15 = Tu Auron Ke (Marathi)
| extra15 = Mahesh Manjrekar
| title16 = Uff Tuza Ha Jalwa
| extra16 = [[Sukhwinder Singh]], [[Neeti Mohan]]
| extra17 = Vishal Mishra
| title17 = Diljale
| title18 = Uff Tuza Ha Jalwa
| extra18 = [[Aishwarya Nigam]], Neeti Mohan
| title19 = Diljale (Marathi)
| extra19 = Vishal Mishra
| all_writing =
| length1 =
| length2 =
| length3 =
| length4 =
| length5 =
| length6 =
| length7 =
| length8 =
| length9 =
| length10 =
| total_length =
}}

==Reception==
{{Film ratings
| rev1 = [[The Times of India]]
| rev1score = {{rating|3.0|5}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=FU: Friendship Unlimited review|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/fu-friendship-unlimited/movie-review/58961202.cms|access-date=8 March 2023|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
| rev2 = [[Maharashtra Times]]
| rev2score = {{rating|3.0|5}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=FU: Friendship Unlimited review|url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/friendship-unlimited-film-review/moviereview/58951365.cms|access-date=8 March 2023|website=[[Maharashtra Times]]}}</ref>
| rev3 = [[Mumbai Mirror]]
| rev3score = {{rating|1.5|5}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=FU: Friendship Unlimited review|url=http://punemirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi-reviews/film-review-fu-friendship-unlimited/articleshow/58949711.cms|access-date=8 March 2023|website=Mumbai Mirror}}</ref>
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|6912558}}

{{Mahesh Manjrekar}}

[[Category:T-Series (company) films]]
[[Category:Marathi-language romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2017 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:2017 comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Mahesh Manjrekar]]
[[Category:2010s Marathi-language comedy drama films]]
[[Category:Films distributed by AA Films]]

{{2010s-Marathi-film-stub}}

Panj Takht

2026-03-04T02:05:13Z

UnknownEdits0303: expanded section further and cleaned formatting after review

{{Short description|Five major Sikh temples in India}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2015}}
{{location map+|India|float=right|width=300|caption=Locations of the five Takhts of Sikhism in India
|places=
{{Location map~|India|label='''Akal Takht Sahib'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=top|lat=31.64|long=74.86}}
{{location map~|India|label='''Damdama Sahib'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=bottom|lat=30.13|long=74.57}}
{{location map~|India|label='''Keshgarh Sahib'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=right|lat=31.23|long=76.50}}
{{location map~|India|label='''Hazur Sahib Nanded'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=right|lat=19.15|long=77.30}}
{{location map~|India|label='''Patna Sahib'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=right|lat=25.36|long=85.10}}
}}{{Sikhism sidebar}}

A '''takht''', or '''takhat''' ({{langx|pa|ਤਖ਼ਤ}}), literally means a throne or seat of authority<ref>{{cite web |title=New Persian-English Dictionary |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/hayyim_query.py?qs=%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%AA&matchtype=default |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |publisher=Chicago University |access-date=1 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901075018/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/hayyim_query.py?qs=%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%AA&matchtype=default |archive-date=1 September 2023}}</ref> and is a spiritual and temporal centre of [[Sikhism]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Dogra |first1=R. C. |title=Encyclopaedia of Sikh Religion and Culture |last2=Mansukhani |first2=Gobind Singh |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |year=1995 |isbn=9780706983685 |pages=356}}</ref> There are five takhts ({{Langx|pa|ਪੰਜ ਤਖਤ|lit=five thrones|translit=Pañj takhat|label=}}), which are five [[gurudwara]]s that have a very special significance for the Sikh community. Three are located in Punjab whilst the remaining two are located outside of it.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last1=Chandra |first1=Aditi |title=The Nation and Its Margins: Rethinking Community |last2=Chandra |first2=Vinita |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |year=2019 |isbn=9781527544574 |pages=80}}</ref>

The first and the most important takht was established by [[Guru Hargobind]] in 1609: [[Akal Takht]] (the Throne of the Timeless God), located just opposite the gate of [[Harmandir Sahib|Harmandir Sahib (The Golden Temple)]], in Amritsar. While the Harmandir Sahib, or Golden Temple, represents Sikh spiritual guidance, the Akal Takht symbolizes the dispensing of justice and temporal activity. It is the highest seat of temporal authority of the Khalsa and the seat of the Sikh religion's earthly authority. There, the Guru held his court and decided matters of military strategy and political policy. Later on, the Sikh Nation (Sarbat Khalsa) took decisions here on matters of peace and war and settled disputes between the various Sikh groups.<ref name=":2">{{Citation |last=Singh |first=Khushwant |title=Constitutional Reforms and the Sikhs |date=2004-11-18 |work=A History of the Sikhs |pages=216–234 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195673098.003.0014 |access-date=2024-03-31 |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref>

In December 2010, the ''[[Deccan Odyssey]]'' train, taken on charter from the [[Government of Maharashtra]], started with the aim to have a journey across four Sikh takhts, with a flight by devout and sightseers to the fifth takht ([[Takht Sri Patna Sahib]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/a-luxury-train-trip-across-sikh-takhts/|title=A luxury train trip across Sikh takhts|date=December 13, 2010}}</ref> A special train for the pilgrimage to the five takhts, named ''Panj Takht Special Train'', began service on 16 February 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/singla-flags-off-panj-takht-special-train-for-pilgrims-at-dhuri/story-WCv9O0JIl2pVEwFuinkmYI.html|title=Singla flags off Panj Takht Special Train for pilgrims at Dhuri|date=February 16, 2014|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/now-shatabdi-to-halt-at-dhuri/story-26R8IR405NweU2QRp881kN.html|title=Now, Shatabdi to halt at Dhuri|date=February 9, 2014|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Special-train-to-connect-all-five-Takhats-first-run-on-February-16/articleshow/29908402.cms|title=Union railway ministry: Special train to connect all five Takhats, first run on February 16 | Chandigarh News - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/irctc-launches-special-train-to-cover-all-pank-sikh-takhts/story-ik9bpsIU3cLqVDbtBqdC0J.html|title=IRCTC launches special train to cover all Pank Sikh Takhts|date=March 11, 2014|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/train-to-cover-panj-takhts-from-chandigarh-next-week/story-gJishYeETxTFI3s7GlkYBJ.html|title=Train to cover Panj Takhts from Chandigarh next week|date=April 11, 2014|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

==Akal Takht==
{{Main article|Akal Takht}}
[[File:Akal Takhat Sahib.jpg|thumb|[[Akal Takht]].]]
Akal Takhat Sahib means Eternal Throne. It is also part of the [[Golden Temple]] complex in [[Amritsar]]. Its foundation was laid by Guru Hargobind, the sixth Sikh guru.<ref name=":0" /> The Akal Takhat is situated opposite to Harmandir Sahib and is connected by a passage. The building of the Akal Takht opposite the Golden Temple has a special meaning. While the Golden Temple stands for spiritual guidance the Akal Takhat symbolizes the dispensing of justice and temporal activity. In earlier days all Sikh warriors sought blessings here before going to battle fields. During the 18th century while Sikhs were fighting a guerrilla war in the forests they used to gather at the Akal Takht on special occasions such as [[Vaisakhi]]. Here the community used to have general meetings and approve resolutions. The Akal Takht is the oldest of the Five Takhats.<ref name=":2" />
== Takht Keshgarh Sahib ==
{{Main article|Takht Kesgarh Sahib}}
[[File:Sri Takht Sahib.jpg|thumb|[[Takht Kesgarh Sahib]], [[Anandpur Sahib]]]]

'''Takht Sri Keshgarh Sahib''' is one of the five [[Takht (Sikhism)|Takhts]] in [[Sikhism]] and is located in the city of [[Anandpur Sahib]], [[Punjab]], [[India]]. It is historically significant as the birthplace of the [[Khalsa]], the collective body of initiated Sikhs. On [[Vaisakhi]], 13 April 1699, the tenth Sikh Guru, [[Guru Gobind Singh]], founded the [[Khalsa Panth]] by initiating the first five Sikhs, known as the [[Panj Pyare]] ("Five Beloved Ones"), through the sacred nectar known as ''[[Amrit Sanchar|Amrit]]''. This event marked a defining moment in Sikh history, symbolizing spiritual sovereignty, martial courage, and egalitarian values.<ref name="SGPC">[https://sgpc.net/five-takht-sahibs/takhat-sri-keshgarh-sahib-sri-anandpur-sahib/ Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee (SGPC) – Takht Sri Keshgarh Sahib]</ref><ref name="Discover">[https://www.discoversikhism.com/sikh_gurdwaras/takht_sri_keshgarh_sahib.html Discover Sikhism – Takht Sri Keshgarh Sahib]</ref><ref name="Kaur2010">Shankar, Vijay; Kaur, Harminder (2010). ''Anandpur Sahib – A Miracle of the Human Spirit''. Corporate Vision & Lahore Book Shop, Delhi. p. 156. ISBN 81-89692-02-X.</ref>

The Takht served as both a spiritual and military center during [[Guru Gobind Singh]]’s time. The complex includes the main sanctum housing the Takht and several other structures commemorating significant [[Sikh]] traditions. Relics of the Guru, including his [[Weapons of Guru Gobind Singh|weapons]] and personal items, are preserved here, emphasizing the martial legacy of Sikhism.<ref name="KhanAcademy">[https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-asia/beginners-guide-asian-culture/x97ec695a:sikhism/a/sikh-sacred-places Khan Academy – Sikh Sacred Places]</ref>

Every year, during the [[Vaisakhi]] festival, thousands of [[Sikhs]] from around the world gather at Takht Sri Keshgarh Sahib to commemorate the birth of the [[Khalsa]] and to pay homage to the Guru’s vision of an egalitarian and sovereign Sikh identity.<ref name="HindustanTimes2023">[https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/khalsa-foundation-day-celebrated-at-anandpur-sahib-101681382029708.html Hindustan Times – Khalsa Foundation Day at Anandpur Sahib (2023)]</ref>

== Takht Sri Damdama Sahib ==
{{Main article|Takht Sri Damdama Sahib}}

[[Takht Sri Damdama Sahib]] is the fifth and final Takht, located in [[Talwandi Sabo]], near the city of [[Bathinda]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=ਤਖ਼ਤ ਸ੍ਰੀ ਦਮਦਮਾ ਸਾਹਿਬ, ਤਲਵੰਡੀ ਸਾਬੋ (ਬਠਿੰਡਾ) – Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee |url=https://sgpc.net/takhat_sri_damdama_sahib/ |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=sgpc.net}}</ref> The name ''Damdama'' means "resting place" as it is the site where [[Guru Gobind Singh]] stayed after a number of defensive battles, including the [[Battle of Chamkaur]] and the [[Battle of Muktsar]].<ref name=":3" /> Historically, Takht Sri Damdama Sahib is the location where Guru Gobind Singh compiled the complete version of the Guru Granth Sahib. As a result, this site has become a popular location for Sikh writers and scholars.<ref name=":3" />

==Takht Patna Sahib==
[[File:Takht Sri Patna Sahib 02.jpg|thumb|[[Takht Sri Patna Sahib]].]]
{{Main article|Takht Sri Patna Sahib}}

[[Takht Sri Patna Sahib]] is situated in [[Patna]] city which is also the capital of [[Bihar]] state.<ref name=":1" /> [[Guru Gobind Singh]] was born here in 1666 and He spent His early childhood here before moving to Sri Anandpur Sahib.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/The-tenth-Guru-was-born-here/articleshow/11336445.cms|title=The tenth Guru was born here |author=Mona Mehta|website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Five-jathedars-visit-Patna-kick-off-17-preparations/articleshow/48137108.cms|title=Five jathedars visit Patna, kick off '17 preparations | Patna News - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref> Besides being the birthplace of Guru Gobind Singh,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Takhat-Saheb-set-for-prakashotsav/articleshow/28354831.cms|title=Takhat Saheb set for prakashotsav | Patna News - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref> Patna was also visited by Guru Nanak and [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]] at different points of time. Here also stayed Guru Gobind Singh's mother, Mata Gujri and it was house of Salis Rai Johri.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-12-19 |title=PATNA - The Sikh Encyclopedia |url=https://www.thesikhencyclopedia.com/other-historical-places/india/patna/ |access-date=2024-03-31 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Takht Hazur Sahib ==
{{Main article|Hazur Sahib Nanded}}

[[File:Huzur sahib nanded.jpg|thumb|[[Hazur Sahib]], [[Nanded]]]]

'''Takht Sri Hazur Sahib''', one of the five [[Takht (Sikhism)|Takhts]] in [[Sikhism]], is of profound historical and spiritual importance. It is located in [[Nanded]], [[Maharashtra]], on the banks of the [[Godavari River]]. This Takht holds special significance as it was established near the site where the tenth Sikh Guru, [[Guru Gobind Singh]], delivered his final sermon and died in 1708.<ref name="Cambridge">GURU NANAK'S HYMNS. In: ''The Sikh Religion''. Cambridge University Press, 2013, pp. 261–379. doi:[https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139506540.024 10.1017/cbo9781139506540.024]</ref>

The current shrine, known as [[Hazur Sahib]], was constructed in the early 19th century by [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh]].<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2015 |title=24.–27. September 2015 in Münster |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/1866-377x-2015-2-90 |journal=djbZ |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=90–99 |doi=10.5771/1866-377x-2015-2-90 |issn=1866-377X |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Architecturally, it combines [[Sikh architecture]] and [[Rajput architecture]] styles, featuring white marble domes and intricate artwork.

The shrine is managed by the [[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee]] (SGPC) and remains a prominent pilgrimage destination. Numerous Sikh festivals and events are celebrated here annually, including [[Hola Mohalla]] and major [[Gurpurab]]s.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.18111/9789284412730 |title=International Conference on Metropolitan Tourism (Shanghai, China, 17–18 November 2006) |date=2008 |publisher=World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) |isbn=978-92-844-1273-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Singh |first=Gurharpal |date=2021-02-19 |title=Reconsidering Sikh architecture: The ''Samādhi'' of Maharaja Ranjit Singh in Lahore |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17448727.2021.1886403 |journal=Sikh Formations |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=519–529 |doi=10.1080/17448727.2021.1886403 |issn=1744-8727 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

The inner sanctum, known as '''Sachkhand''', houses several relics of [[Guru Gobind Singh]], including his weapons, clothing, and manuscripts. The [[Guru Granth Sahib]] is also enshrined there, making it a sacred space for worship and remembrance. Thousands of devotees from around the world visit Hazur Sahib to connect with the legacy and teachings of the tenth Guru.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Takhat Sachkhand Sri Hazur Abchalnagar Sahib |url=https://hazursahib.com |access-date=2024-07-04 |publisher=Takhat Sachkhand Sri Hazur Sahib Official Website}}</ref>

==Others==

=== Contested ===
==== Takht Budha Dal ====
According to the Budha Dal organization of [[Nihang]]s, the Budha Dal is the fifth takht.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Homepage of Budha Dal official website |url=https://gb.budhadal.org/ |access-date=30 June 2023 |website=Budha Dal |quote=The Budha Dal were blessed with the duties of maintaining rule within the Khalsa Panth and preserve and protect the Gurdwaras and Ithihasik Asthaans throughout Punjab. The Budha Dal used to be the institute where the Vidhvaans who held a lineage which dated back to the Gurus rested. Also, war veterans and promising soldiers resided at the Budha Dal. The Budha Dal was traditionally respected and recognised as the Panjva Takhat, or 5th Takhat. This was due to the immense power the Budha Dal held. It was recognised to such an extent that the renowned and legendary Jathedar Akali Baba Phoola Singh Ji, the 6th Jathedar of the Budha Dal and the General of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s Army, ordered punishment for Maharaja Ranjit Singh for breaking a conduct of the Sikh Dharam.}}</ref>

=== Potential ===

==== Gurudwara Janam Asthan ====
{{main|Gurdwara Janam Asthan}}

[[File:Gurdwara Janam Asthan (151718).jpg|thumb|Gurudwara Janam Asthan]]
A proposal for a sixth Sikh takht at Guru Nanak Dev’s birth place in Nankana Sahib in Pakistan has sparked a debate in the Sikh community, and among historians and scholars.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-12-06|title=Explained: The role of the 5 Sikh takhts, and the debate over a proposal for a 6th|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/sikh-takhts-debate-proposal-nankana-sahib-guru-nanak-shiromani-akali-dal-5480414/|access-date=2021-01-10|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

Shiromani Akali Dal (Delhi) president and former president of Delhi Sikh Gurdwara Management Committee (DSMGC) Paramjit Singh Sarna has stirred a controversy by demanding that Gurdwara Janamasthan [[Nankana Sahib]] in Pakistan be declared the sixth takht (seat of authority) of Sikhs. Acting jathedar of Akal Takht, Giani Harpreet Singh was the first to censure the demand, saying: “This is a baseless demand which belittles the concept of Panch Pardhani (significance of five) in Sikhism like five articles of faith, five beloved ones (Panj Payaras) and five Bania.” The proposal was ignored afterwards.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
Official Website - [https://web.archive.org/web/20100612061821/http://sgpc.net/holy%20takhat/holy_takhat_english.asp HOLY TAKHATS]
{{Sikhism}}

[[Category:Gurdwaras]]
[[Category:Sikh takhts| ]]
[[Category:Sikh places]]

Massey Sahib

2026-03-03T23:55:14Z

UnknownEdits0303: added the entry needs work - done

{{short description|1985 film by Pradip Krishen}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Massey Sahib
| image = Massey Sahib DVD cover.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Pradip Krishen]]
| producer = [[National Film Development Corporation of India|NFDC]]
| writer = Pradip Krishen
| based_on = {{based on |''[[Mister Johnson (novel)|Mister Johnson]]''|[[Joyce Cary]]}}
| starring = [[Raghubir Yadav]] [[Barry John (theatre director)|Barry John]] [[Arundhati Roy]] [[Virendra Saxena]]
| music = [[Vanraj Bhatia]]
| cinematography = R. K. Bose
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1985}}
| runtime = 124 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Hindi]]
}}

'''''Massey Sahib''''' is a 1985 [[Hindi]] drama film directed by [[Pradip Krishen]], starring [[Raghubir Yadav]] in the title role. It was Krishen's first film, and was an adaptation of [[Joyce Cary]]'s 1939 novel ''[[Mister Johnson (novel)|Mister Johnson]]''. It won Yadav two international acting awards.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ciemas of India, Videos, Festival Participation & Awards, ...|url=http://www.nfdcindia.com/cinemasofindia/home-video-04.htm|accessdate=19 February 2013}}</ref> The film also stars [[Arundhati Roy]], who was yet to write her first novel and win the [[Man Booker Prize]], along with [[Barry John (theatre director)|Barry John]] and [[Virendra Saxena]].

==Synopsis==
The film is set in 1929, in a small town in [[Central India]]. Francis Massey ([[Raghubir Yadav]]) is a clerk in the [[District Collector]]'s office in the colonial administration of [[British India]]. He aspires to be like the colonial rulers and thinks of himself as different from his Indian compatriots. He falls in love with a tribal girl Saila ([[Arundhati Roy]]), and browbeats her family into agreeing to their marriage. They have a church wedding, with Saila's brother Pasa ([[Virendra Saxena]]) as the bemused witness. In his wish to help the rulers – in particular, his immediate superior, District Collector Charles Adam ([[Barry John (theatre director)|Barry John]]) – Massey adopts methods that are irregular. Adam's dream project of building a road through the forest is stuck for lack of funds. Massey manages to get it completed using a mixture of manipulation, persuasion and threats. To his surprise, he is accused of corruption by the very boss whom he had meant to help, and who had condoned his earlier transgressions. His wife, too, is forcefully taken back by her family. He turns for help to his friend Banaji (Madan Lal) to get his wife back. Banaji refuses to help him. In an act of frustrated rage, Massey kills Banaji. He is arrested for murder, and Adam advises him to plead guilty to accidental manslaughter. However, Massey refuses, secure in the belief that his Adam Sahib will help him out, leading to the tragic denouement.

==Cast==
* [[Raghubir Yadav]] – Francis Massey
* [[Barry John (theatre director)|Barry John]] – Charles Adam
* [[Arundhati Roy]] - Saila
* Madan Lal – Banaji
* Jacqueline Garewal – Ruby Adam
* [[Virendra Saxena]] – Pasa

==Crew==
* Directed by [[Pradip Krishen]]
* Written by Pradip Krishen
* Music by [[Vanraj Bhatia]]
* Cinematography by R. K. Bose

==Production==
=== Finance ===
In 1980, [[Pradip Krishen]] won the first prize in a script-writing competition organised by the [[National Film Development Corporation of India|National Film Development Corporation]] (NFDC). This encouraged him to make the film, which would be produced by NFDC. The budget for the film, which was approved by NFDC was Rs 9.2 lakh, which was meagre for a period film.<ref name="caravan">{{cite news|last1=Gupta|first1=Trisha|title=Two Roads Diverged: Pradip Krishen's journey from film to forest|url=http://www.caravanmagazine.in/reportage/two-roads-diverged/4|accessdate=16 December 2017|work=[[The Caravan]]|date=1 February 2014}}</ref> Nevertheless, Krishen went ahead with the project.

=== Casting ===
Originally, [[Siddhartha Basu]] was supposed to play the lead, and a sample scene was shot with him. Then Basu went abroad and Krishen chose [[Raghubir Yadav]], at that time an unknown young theatre actor. NFDC urged Krishen to get "known names" for the cast, but Krishen stuck to his choices, using theatre actors from [[Delhi]], as well as debutante [[Arundhati Roy]].<ref name="caravan" /> The choice of Yadav for the lead turned out to be doubly beneficial. Not only would Yadav's performance win him accolades, but his knowledge of Hindi and its dialects came in handy in evolving the dialogue for the film.

=== Shooting ===
The film was shot on location in and around [[Pachmarhi]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]], during the winter of 1982–83. In an interview, Raghubir Yadav said that he was very nervous about facing the camera for the first time, but was reassured by Barry John, with whom he had worked on the stage. He added, "Till we reached Pachmarhi for the shoot, I was not clear how I would play this complex character. One week before the shooting I saw an old man on the road in an outfit similar to what Massey was expected to wear. He seemed to belong to that era. I followed his mannerisms."<ref name=hindu>{{cite news|title=My first break – Raghuvir Yadav|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/10/16/stories/2009101650030100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130318065828/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/10/16/stories/2009101650030100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 March 2013|accessdate=22 March 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=16 October 2009}}</ref>

==Reception==
Although the film met with no commercial success, it did receive widespread critical acclaim. Apart from the two international awards won by Yadav, Krishen was honoured by the Indian Directors' Association with the Best Director Award. Subsequently, the film has achieved a kind of cult status.<ref name="dibakarHT">{{cite news|last1=Banerjee|first1=Dibakar|title=What makes a cult film, anyway?|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/what-makes-a-cult-film-anyway/story-KMNoSSX9e2QtTxNcs7MXJO.html|accessdate=8 February 2018|work=Hindustan Times|date=7 June 2015}}</ref> Looking back on it, one critic wrote:"Raghuvir Yadav set the screen afire with his persuasively intense performance as a clerk who is ambitious but not clever enough to manoeuvre exotic rules and regulations that land him into trouble."<ref name="tribune2002">{{cite news|last1=Dhawan|first1=M. L.|title=ON THE SANDS OF TIME – 1986: The year of thought-provoking films|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020623/spectrum/main3.htm|accessdate=1 January 2018|work=The Tribune|date=23 June 2002}}</ref>

Among younger filmmakers, [[Dibakar Banerjee]] says he has been strongly influenced by the film.<ref name="dibakarHT" /><ref name="indianexpress2013">{{cite news|last1=Singh|first1=Harneet|title=Dibakar Banerjee: I wish our cinema had more anger in it|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/dibakar-banerjee-i-wish-our-cinema-had-more-anger-in-it/1110945/|accessdate=8 February 2018|work=The Indian Express|issue=3 May 2013}}</ref>

==Awards==
* Silver Peacock for Best Actor – Raghubir Yadav, [[11th International Film Festival of India]], 1987
* Indian Directors' Association Award for Best Director, 1987
* [[FIPRESCI]] Critic's Prize for Best Actor – Raghubir Yadav, [[Venice Film Festival]], 1986

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links==
* {{IMDb title|0234211}}
* {{cite web | title = ''Massey Sahib'' (online) | publisher = Cinemas of India, NFDC | url = http://www.cinemasofindia.com/movie/view/1049_Massey-Sahib | access-date = 19 May 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140109045518/http://www.cinemasofindia.com/movie/view/1049_Massey-Sahib | archive-date = 9 January 2014 | url-status = dead }}


[[Category:1985 films]]
[[Category:1985 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:1985 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in the British Raj]]
[[Category:Films based on Irish novels]]
[[Category:Films shot in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films set in 1929]]
[[Category:1985 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Pradip Krishen]]

Mane Aliya

2026-03-03T22:29:05Z

UnknownEdits0303: brief expand intro for clarity

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mane Aliya
| image = Mane Aliya.jpg
| caption = VCD cover
| director = S. K. A. Chari
| based_on = ''[[Illarikam]]'' (Telugu)
| producer = A. V. Subba Rao
| writer = [[Sadasivabrahmam]]
| screenplay =
| starring = [[Kalyan Kumar]] [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalitha]] [[K. S. Ashwath]] [[Balakrishna (Kannada actor)|Balakrishna]]
| music = [[T. Chalapathi Rao]]
| cinematography = Annayya
| editing = J. Krishnaswamy
| studio = Prasad Art Pictures
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1964|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}

'''''Mane Aliya''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಮನೆ ಅಳಿಯ.ogg|pronunciation}}) is a 1964 Indian [[Kannada]]-language film, directed by S. K. A. Chari and produced by A. V. Subba Rao. The film stars [[Kalyan Kumar]], [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalitha]], [[K. S. Ashwath]] and [[Balakrishna (Kannada actor)|Balakrishna]] in the lead roles. The film has musical score by [[T. Chalapathi Rao]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2022}} The film was a remake of the Telugu film ''[[Illarikam]]'' (1959).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/starring-a-nageswara-rao-jamuna-girja-hemalatha-relangi-gummadi-ramana-reddy-csr-allu-ramalingaiah-r-nageswara-rao/article7685387.ece|title = Blast from the past: Illarikam (1959)|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 24 September 2015|last1 = Narasimham|first1 = M. l.}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Kalyan Kumar]] as Somashekhar
* [[J. Jayalalithaa]] as Meenakshi
* [[K. S. Ashwath]] as Shivappa
* [[T. N. Balakrishna]] as 'Daskath' Danappa
* [[Narasimharaju (Kannada actor)|Narasimharaju]] as Parashivu
* [[Dikki Madhava Rao]] as Rudrappa
* [[M. P. Shankar]] as Nagesh
* Comedian Guggu as Pillari
* Rangabhoomi Narayan
* B. Hanumanthachar
* Shivaji
* H. R. Sharma
* Thangappan
* Vasudeva Girimaji
* Anantharao Machheri
* Sandhya
* [[R. T. Rama]]
* Vanishree
* Suryakala
* Lakshmidevi Thalikote
* Geetha
* Thara
}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[T. Chalapathi Rao]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://play.raaga.com/kannada/album/Mane-Aliya-K0001034|title=Mane Aliya Songs|accessdate=2015-01-06|website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Bhale Chanside" || Madhavapeddi Satyam || Vijaya Narasimha || 03:09
|-
| 2 || "Preethiya Hoogala Mudidavale" || [[P. B. Sreenivas]] || K. S. Narasimhaswamy || 03:19
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1408950}}

{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Kannada}}

[[Category:1964 films]]
[[Category:1964 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Films scored by T. Chalapathi Rao]]

{{1960s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Sipayi Ramu

2026-03-03T22:24:21Z

UnknownEdits0303: general corrected page based on references and corrected details based on references

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sipayi Ramu
| image = Sipayi Ramu poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| director = [[Y. R. Swamy]]
| producer =
| writer = [[Nuggehalli Pankaja]]
| screenplay = Basumani
| story =
| based_on = {{based on|''Barale Innu Yamune?''|[[Nuggehalli Pankaja]]}}
| narrator =
| starring = [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] [[Leelavathi (actress)|Leelavathi]] [[Aarathi]] [[K. S. Ashwath]] Shivaram [[Vajramuni]] [[Thoogudeepa Srinivas]]
| music = [[Upendra Kumar]]
| cinematography = R. Chittibabu
| editing = P. Bhakthavathsalam
| studio = Sri Bhagavathi Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1972|||}}
| runtime = 161 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Sipayi Ramu''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಸಿಪಾಯಿ ರಾಮು.ogg|pronunciation}}) is 1972 Indian [[Kannada language]] film directed by [[Y. R. Swamy]], based on the novel ''Barale Innu Yamune?'' by [[Nuggehalli Pankaja]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.udayavani.com/cinema/balcony-sandalwood-news/raj-festival-a-mirror-of-the-grooms-novel-films|title = ರಾಜ್‌ ಹಬ್ಬ: ವರನಟನ ಕಾದಂಬರಿ ಚಿತ್ರಗಳ ಕನ್ನಡಿ}}</ref> It stars [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]], [[Leelavathi (actress)|Leelavathi]] and [[Aarathi]]. The supporting cast includes [[K. S. Ashwath]], [[Shivaram]], [[Vajramuni]] and [[Thoogudeepa Srinivas]]. At the 1971-72 Karnataka State Film Awards, the film was awarded the [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Film|Third Best Film]] and Best Actress (Leelavathi).

The 2012 Hindi movie ''[[Paan Singh Tomar (film)|Paan Singh Tomar]]'', based on the life of Indian soldier turned dacoit [[Paan Singh Tomar]] had a similar story line. Portions of the movie were shot in the Chambal Valley.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=r_gv8tYoDL8&feature=youtu.be|title = ಅಣ್ಣಾವ್ರು ಹಾಗು ಆರತಿಯನ್ನು ಕಿಡ್ನಾಪ್ ಮಾಡಲು ಸಂಚು ನಡೆದಿತ್ತು..| Cinema Swarasyagalu Part 19| website=[[YouTube]] | date=10 April 2021 }}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] as Ramu alias Ram Singh
* [[Leelavathi (actress)|Leelavathi]] as Yamuna
* [[Aarathi]] as Champa
* [[K. S. Ashwath]] as Hari Singh
* [[Shivaram]] as Lakhan Singh
* [[Vajramuni]] as Sudhakar
* [[Thoogudeepa Srinivas]] as Mangal Singh
* [[Shakti Prasad]] as Shetty
* Y. R. Ashwath Narayana
* [[B. Jaya (actress)|B. Jaya]]
* [[M. Jayashree]] as Janaki
* [[Debashree Roy|Baby Sunitha]] (Cameo)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chemistry Mashi Web Series: Debashree Roy's OTT Debut |url=https://www.newmoviereviews.in/2023/10/chemistry-mashi-web-series-debashree.html?m=1 |access-date=2025-02-01 |website=Nostalgic Screens}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The music of the film was composed by [[Upendra Kumar]], with lyrics written by [[R. N. Jayagopal]]. The tune of the song "Baaji Katti Nodu" was reused in the song "Baare Mandya Henne" from the 2004 Kannada movie ''Kanasina Loka''.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Track # !! Song !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1 || "Thangaali Sangeetha Haadide" || rowspan=2|[[P. Susheela]]
|-
| 2 || "Kanna Notadalle Nee Kaadabeda"
|-
| 3 || "Kokorekoko Kokorekoko Ko" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[L. R. Eswari]]
|-
| 4 || "Nidireyu Sadaa Eko Doora" || [[P. B. Sreenivas]], P. Susheela
|-
| 5 || "Ellige Payana Yaavudo Daari" || P. B. Sreenivas

|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|1364295}}

{{Y. R. Swamy}}

[[Category:1972 films]]
[[Category:1972 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1972 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Y. R. Swamy]]
[[Category:Films scored by Upendra Kumar]]

{{1970s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Ninne Ishtapaddanu

2026-03-03T18:09:43Z

UnknownEdits0303: starting a details

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ninne Ishtapaddanu
| image = Ninne_Istapaddanu.jpg
| alt = 
| caption =
| director = Konda
| producer = K. L. Narayana [[S. Gopal Reddy]] ('''Presenter''')
| writer = [[Kona Venkat]] {{small|(dialogues)}}
| screenplay = Kona Venkat
| story = Konda
| starring = [[Tarun Kumar|Tarun]] [[Sridevi Vijaykumar|Sridevi]]
| music = [[R. P. Patnaik]]
| cinematography = S. Gopal Reddy
| editing =
| studio = Sri Durga Arts
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2003|6|13}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}
'''''Ninne Ishtapaddanu''''' ({{translation|''I liked you''}}) is a 2003 Telugu-language film directed by Konda and produced by KL Narayana under Sri Durga Arts. The film stars [[Tarun Kumar|Tarun]] and [[Sridevi Vijaykumar|Sridevi]] in the lead roles. The film was dubbed and released in Tamil as ''Uyiraai Ninaithen.''

== Plot ==
Charan ([[Tarun Kumar|Tarun]]) is a fun loving college-going guy in Vizag. He meets Sanjana ([[Anita Hassanandani Reddy|Anitha]]) in an interesting style. They start off their relationship with quarreling and slowly fall in love. Sanjana leaves for Hyderabad after the graduation is over. Charan also leaves for Hyderabad in search of Sanjana, as he has not received any phone call or mail from Sanjana since she left. On his way to Hyderabad, he meets an NRI called Boney ([[Rajiv Kanakala]]), who has come to India in search of a bride. After reaching Hyderabad, Charan accidentally meets another girl called Geeta ([[Sridevi Vijaykumar|Sridevi]]), who works at All India Radio and somehow settles in her house as guest. One day, he spots Sanjana who ridicules his love and says that she pretended to love him only to take revenge on him for the pranks he played on her during college time. Then she hands him over her wedding card. And the bridegroom turns out to be Boney. The rest of the film revolves around these four characters – Charan, Boney, Sanjana and Geetanjali. The climax is all about who gets whom.

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Tarun Kumar|Tarun]] as Charan / Cherry
* [[Sridevi Vijaykumar|Sridevi]] as Geetanjali "Geeta"
* [[Anita Hassanandani]] as Sanjana "Sanju"
* [[Rajiv Kanakala]] as Boney
* [[Sarath Babu]] as Sanjana's father
* [[Raavi Kondala Rao]] as Sanjana's grandfather
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Train Passenger
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Charan's friend
* [[Giri Babu]] as Charan's father
* [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as Bangaru Babu (Gold Babu), Sanjana's relative
* [[Sudha (Telugu actress)|Sudha]] as Sanjana's mother
* [[Sudeepa Pinky]] as Charan's sister
* [[MS Narayana]] as Muddu Krishna, a police officer
* [[Mallikarjuna Rao (actor)|Mallikarjuna Rao]] as peon in Charan's college
* [[Tanikella Bharani]] as Venkateswarlu, All India Radio Managing Director and Geeta’s boss
* [[Madhunandan]] as Charan's friend
* [[Sivaji Raja]] as Sanjana's brother-in-law
* [[Chinna (actor)|Chinna]] as Boney's relative
* [[Hema (actress)|Hema]] as Bangaru Babu's wife
* Junior Relangi as Purohith
* Babloo as Charan's friend
* Athli Lakshmi as Sanjana's grandmother
* Delhi Rajeswari as Charan's mother
* [[Anchor Jhansi|Jhansi]] as Visalakshi "Visu Aunty", Chinna's wife
* Anitha Chowdary as Sanjana’s sister
* [[S. K. Misro|Misro]]
* Ganesh
* Devi Sri
* Sakhi
* [[Neha Dhupia]] in a special appearance
* [[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]] in a cameo
* [[Raghava Lawrence]] in the song "Krishna Zilla"
* [[Harish Shankar]] in a cameo

{{div col end}}

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Ninne Istapaddanu
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[R. P. Patnaik]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2003
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre =
| length = 29:08
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
The music of the film was composed by [[R. P. Patnaik]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.raaga.com/channels/telugu/moviedetail.asp?mid=A0000285|title= Ninne Ishtapaddanu (2003)| publisher= raaga.com | accessdate= 25 April 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/audio/ajuke/box-ninneistapaddanu.html|title=Juke Box - Ninne Istapaddanu|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030601110251/https://www.idlebrain.com/audio/ajuke/box-ninneistapaddanu.html|archive-date=1 June 2003}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-3platinum-ni.html|title=Triple Platinum Disc Function of Ninne Istapaddanu|date=8 June 2003|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=7 February 2025|archive-date=7 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107162719/https://idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-3platinum-ni.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ''The Hindu'' praised the lyrics and music.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/06/09/stories/2003060901830300.htm|date=9 June 2003|access-date=6 February 2025|title=Chords & Notes|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050521165234/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/06/09/stories/2003060901830300.htm|archive-date=21 May 2005}}</ref> ''Telugu Cinema'' wrote "The album has two songs aimed at the masses among the audience, and mostly melodies on the other hand. It is notable that R.P. Patnaik’s job is more of a music director than of a singer. This would probably answer the critical comments he has been facing about singing all songs in his movies. The album is just above average, however, unless it can gain some repeat value, because the tunes are not very catchy. The melodies can prove attractive to certain sections of the audience".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telugufilmserver.com/ninnEishTapaDDaanu_audio.shtml|title=Ninne Ishtappadannu audio review|website=Telugu Cinema|access-date=23 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030602205128/http://www.telugufilmserver.com/ninnEishTapaDDaanu_audio.shtml|archive-date=2 June 2003}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#cccccf; text-align:center;"
! No. !! Song !! Lyricist !! Singer(s) !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1|| "Clean Bowled" || [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]] || [[KK (singer)|KK]], Ali || 05:19
|-
| 2|| "Ku Ku Ku" || [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]] || [[K. S. Chithra]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||04:20
|-
| 3|| "Jumbai Bai Bai" || Sri Sai Harsha || Malgudi Subha, [[R. P. Patnaik]] ||04:36
|-
| 4|| "Krishna Zilla" || [[Kulasekhar]]|| Ravi Varma, R. P. Patnaik ||04:06
|-
| 5|| "I Love You" || rowspan="3"|Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry ||Kausalya, S. P. B. Charan ||04:39
|-
| 6|| "Emantave O Manasa" || [[K. S. Chithra]], [[S.P. Balasubramaniam]]||04:32
|-
| 7|| "O Prema O Prema" || R. P. Patnaik ||01:36
|}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' wrote that "It's a neat film that is narrated in a slow pace. The film picks up its mood after 'I love you' (3rd one) song. But in the second half, the intentions of hero are not shown to the audiences till the climax of the film".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-ninneistapaddanu.html |title=Telugu cinema review - Ninne Istapaddanu - Tarun, Sridevi, Anitha - Konda - RP Patnaik - KL Narayana |publisher=Idlebrain.com |last=Jeevi |date=2003-06-12 |accessdate=2012-08-05 |archive-date=14 December 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214205834/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-ninneistapaddanu.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "though the story runs on predictable lines, it has a strong grip. Another notable factor is its background score, quite subdued and effective".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mrg-ninneistapaddanu.html|title=Sensible handling|work=[[The Hindu]]|via=[[Idlebrain.com]]|date=|last=Srihari|first=Gudipoodi|access-date=7 February 2025|archive-date=7 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707161846/https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mrg-ninneistapaddanu.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''Full Hyderabad'' wrote that "''Ninne Ishtapaddanu'' is your regular Telugu movie that you won't regret watching".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/ninne-isthapaddanu/telugu/ninne-isthapaddanu-movie-reviews-959-2.html|title=Ninne Isthapaddanu Review|first=Manju Latha|last=Kalanidhi|work=Full Hyderabad|access-date=7 February 2025|archive-date=7 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707162106/https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/ninne-isthapaddanu/telugu/ninne-isthapaddanu-movie-reviews-959-2.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0374087}}

[[Category:2003 films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by R. P. Patnaik]]
[[Category:2003 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2003 Indian films]]
[[Category:2003 romantic comedy films]]

Maamiyar Veedu

2026-03-03T04:56:19Z

UnknownEdits0303: added some stub basic info

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Maamiyar Veedu.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = S. Ganesaraj
| writer = S. Ganesaraj
| producer = T. N. Janakeramen
| starring = {{ubl|[[Saravanan (actor)|Saravanan]]|[[Selva (actor)|Selva]]|[[Sithara (actress)|Sithara]]|Nandhini}}
| cinematography = Visvam Nataraj
| editing = Srinivas Krishna
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = Karpaga Jothi Films
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1993|01|14}}
| runtime = 120 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Maamiyar Veedu''''' ({{translation|Mother-in-law's house}}){{efn|The term colloquially refers to prison.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 September 2017 |title=Tamil Nadu: CM Edappadi K Palaniswami tears into TTV, dares him to let off 18 MLAs from resort |pages=2 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2017/sep/16/tamil-nadu-cm-edappadi-k-palaniswami-tears-into-ttv-dares-him-to-let-off-18-mlas-from-resort-1657944--2.html |url-status=dead |access-date=13 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113064535/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2017/sep/16/tamil-nadu-cm-edappadi-k-palaniswami-tears-into-ttv-dares-him-to-let-off-18-mlas-from-resort-1657944--2.html |archive-date=13 January 2023}}</ref>}} is a 1993 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film written and directed by S. Ganesaraj. The film stars [[Saravanan (actor)|Saravanan]], [[Selva (actor)|Selva]], [[Sithara (actress)|Sithara]] and Nandhini. It was released on 14 January 1993.<ref>{{Cite web |title=maamiyar veedu ( 1993 ) |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/films/cast/newfilmdb/maamiyar%20veedu.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050210050530/http://www.cinesouth.com/films/cast/newfilmdb/maamiyar%20veedu.html |archive-date=10 February 2005 |access-date=19 May 2016 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Aravind and Parthasarathy alias Pacha are small-time crooks who don't have any relatives. They meet each other in jail, and the two soon become good friends. After their release from jail, Aravind doesn't know where to go, so Parthasarathy accommodates him at his home.

Both continue to steal. One day, they steal money from an old village man Korai Kaluthu Kuppusamy. The next day, the old man dies from a heart attack. Feeling guilty, Aravind tries to help the late Kuppusamy's family. Aravind decides to become a good man, but Parthasarathy does not want to change and strongly believe that the society will not accept it. Aravind gets married with Anandavalli, who was brought up in a prostitute house environment, but not a prostitute. Meanwhile, Parthasarathy falls in love with Kuppusamy's granddaughter Daisy. Parthasarathy then clashes with the dreaded don Kondaiah.

After he witnesses Daisy's father immolating himself for not paying back debts to Kondaiah. Pacha avenges his death by brutally slashing Kondaiah's leg. Inspector Vijay, corrupt, cat-eyed inspector who earlier arrested Aravind and Pacha decides to investigate the murder. He arrests Aravind and shoots him on the pretext of getting him released.

The cat-eyed inspector Vijay also arrests Anandavalli at a nearby departmental shop when she goes to purchase baby food. The inspector was in no mood to listen to her appeal that, the baby is alone at home and takes her to police station for further enquiry.

On next day morning, she is released from police station based on the recommendation of prostitution house head-lady, who is well known to Inspector Vijay.

When she heads to home, she is shocked to see that the baby is dead due to a day long hunger.

As Anandavalli is deeply saddened by Aravind's death while also losing her baby in the process. She murders Vijay and gets arrested with Pacha lamenting that police never lets criminals to lead a peaceful life.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Saravanan (actor)|Saravanan]] as Aravind
*[[Selva (actor)|Selva]] as Parthasarathy
*[[Sithara (actress)|Sithara]] as Anandavalli
*Nandhini as Daisy
*[[Thalaivasal Vijay]] as Inspector Vijay
*Chitti as Kondaiah
*[[Kula Deivam V. R. Rajagopal]] as Korai Kaluthu Kuppusamy
*Veeraraghavan as Inspector General of Police
*[[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]]
*[[Charle]]
*[[Ponnambalam (actor)|Ponnambalam]]
*[[Kumarimuthu]] as Tiger Babu
*[[S. N. Parvathy]]
*[[C. R. Saraswathi]]
*[[Pasi Sathya]]
*Bhanu Prakash
*Ramanathan
*Vaithy
*Manager Cheena
*Krishnamoothy
*Prathan
*Kokila
*Nisha
*Vasuki
*Vasantha
*Manjuvaani
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]], with lyrics by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maamiyar Veedu |url=https://gaana.com/album/maamiyar-veedu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113061005/https://gaana.com/album/maamiyar-veedu |archive-date=13 January 2023 |access-date=13 January 2023 |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Maamiyar Veedu Tamil Film Audio Cassette by Ilayaraaja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/maamiyar-veedu-tamil-film-audio-cassette-by-ilayaraaja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113062736/https://mossymart.com/product/maamiyar-veedu-tamil-film-audio-cassette-by-ilayaraaja/ |archive-date=13 January 2023 |access-date=13 January 2023 |website=Mossymart}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Duration
|-
| "Ennai Thodarndhadhu" || [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[S. Janaki]] || 5:00
|-
| "Mamiyar Veedirukku" || [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], [[Arunmozhi]] || 3:58
|-
| "Nalla Samsaram" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], S. Janaki || 5:08
|-
| "Oru Jann Vaithukku" || [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], [[Arunmozhi]] || 4:40
|-
| "Theriyamal Matti" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[S. N. Surendar]], [[Deepan Chakravarthy]], [[Sunanda (singer)|Sunanda]] || 5:06
|}

== Reception ==
C. R. K. of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' wrote that a clear foundation, a series of events and dialogues that perfectly sits in its place.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=சி. ஆர். கே. |date=7 February 1993 |title=மாமியார் வீடு |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1993-02-07/page/16/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240222080433/https://archive.org/details/kalki1993-02-07/page/16/mode/2up |archive-date=22 February 2024 |access-date=23 December 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=17 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:1993 Indian films]]
[[Category:1993 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1993 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

{{Improve categories|date=May 2024}}

List of members of the 5th Jatiya Sangsad

2026-02-24T17:29:16Z

UnknownEdits0303: enhanced references for clarity

{{short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox legislative term
| name = 5th Jatiya Sangsad
| before = [[List of members of the 4th Jatiya Sangsad|4th]]
| after = [[List of members of the 6th Jatiya Sangsad|6th]]
| image = Flag of the Jatiya Sangsad.png
| image_size =
| caption = [[Flag]] of the [[Jatiya Sangsad]]
| body = [[Bangladesh Parliament]]
| election = [[1991 Bangladeshi general election|1991]]
| government = [[First Khaleda ministry|Bangladesh Nationalist Party]]
| opposition = [[Awami League]]
| term_start = 5 April 1991
| term_end = 24 November 1995
| chamber1 = Sovereign
| chamber1_image =
| chamber1_image_size =
| chamber1_alt =
| membership1 =
| control1 =
| chamber1_leader1_type = [[President of Bangladesh|President]]
| chamber1_leader1 = [[Shahabuddin Ahmed]] [[Abdur Rahman Biswas]]
| chamber1_leader2_type =
| chamber1_leader2 =
| chamber2 = [[Jatiya Sangsad|House of the Nation]]
| chamber2_image_size =
| chamber2_alt =
| control2 =
| chamber2_leader1_type = [[Speaker of the Jatiya Sangsad|Speaker]]
| chamber2_leader1 = [[Abdur Rahman Biswas]] [[Sheikh Razzak Ali]]
| chamber2_leader2_type = [[Speaker of the Jatiya Sangsad|Deputy Speaker]]
| chamber2_leader2 = [[Sheikh Razzak Ali]] [[Humayun Khan Panni]]
| chamber2_leader3_type = [[Leader of the House (Bangladesh)|Leader of the House]]
| chamber2_leader3 = [[Khaleda Zia]]
| chamber2_leader6_type = [[Leader of the Opposition (Bangladesh)|Leader of the Opposition]]
| chamber2_leader6 = [[Sheikh Hasina]]
}}

The following is a list of Members of Parliament (MPs) elected to the Jatiya Sangsad (National Parliament of Bangladesh) from 300 Bangladeshi constituencies for the 5th Parliament of Bangladesh.

The list includes both MPs elected at the '''[[1991 Bangladeshi general election|1991 general election]]''', held on '''27 February 1991'''. Nominated women's members for reserved seat and Those subsequently elected in by-elections.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=List of 5th Parliament Members|url=http://www.parliament.gov.bd/images/pdf/formermp/5th.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917232851/http://www.parliament.gov.bd/images/pdf/formermp/5th.pdf|archive-date=17 September 2018|access-date=2 April 2020|website=[[Jatiya Sangsad]]}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{cite book|author1=Dieter Nohlen|title=Elections in Asia: A data handbook|author2=Florian Grotz|author3=Christof Hartmann|year=2001|isbn=0-19-924958-X|volume=I|page=537|author1-link=Dieter Nohlen}}</ref><ref name="NYT22">{{cite news|date=12 December 1983|title=Bangladesh Leader in Military Regime Assumes Presidency|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/12/12/world/bangladesh-leader-in-military-regime-assumes-presidency.html}}</ref>

== Members ==

=== Member of Parliament ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" |Constituency
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1
|[[Panchagarh-1]]
|[[Mirza Ghulam Hafiz]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Nationalist Party}}" |
|[[Bangladesh Nationalist Party|BNP]]
|-
|2
|[[Panchagarh-2]]
|[[Mozahar Hossain]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Bangladesh}}" |
|[[Communist Party of Bangladesh|CPB]]
|-
|3
|[[Thakurgaon-1]]
|[[Khademul Islam]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Awami League}}" |
|[[Awami League|AL]]
|-
|4
|[[Thakurgaon-2]]
|[[Dabirul Islam]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Bangladesh}}" |
|[[Communist Party of Bangladesh|CPB]]
|-
|5
|[[Thakurgaon-3]]
|[[Md. Mokhlesur Rahman]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color:{{party color|Awami League}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Awami League|AL]]
|-
|6
|[[Dinajpur-1]]
|[[Md. Aminul Islam (politician)|Md. Aminul Islam]]
|-
|7
|[[Dinajpur-2]]
|[[Satish Chandra Roy]]
|-
|8
|[[Dinajpur-3]]
|[[M. Abdur Rahim]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League}}" |
|[[Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League|BaKSAL]]
|-
|9
|[[Dinajpur-4]]
|[[Mizanur Rahman Manu]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Awami League}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Awami League|AL]]
|-
|10
|[[Dinajpur-5]]
|[[Mostafizur Rahman (politician, born 1953)|Mostafizur Rahman Fizar]]
|-
|11
|[[Dinajpur-6]]
|[[Azizur Rahman Chowdhury]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami}}" |
|[[Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami|Jamaat-e-Islami]]
|-
|12
|[[Nilphamari-1]]
|[[Abdur Rouf (Nilpharmari politician)|Abdur Rouf]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Awami League}}" |
|[[Awami League|AL]]
|-
|13
|[[Nilphamari-2]]
|[[Md. Shamsuddoha]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Bangladesh}}" |
|[[Communist Party of Bangladesh|CPB]]
|-
|14
|[[Nilphamari-3]]
|[[Azharul Islam]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Awami League}}" |
|[[Awami League|AL]]
|-
|15
|[[Nilphamari-4]]
|[[Md. Abdul Hafiz]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|National Awami Party (Bhashani)}}" |
|[[National Awami Party (Muzaffar)|NAP (Muzaffar)]]
|-
|16
|[[Lalmonirhat-1]]
|[[Joynal Abedin Sarker]]
| rowspan="11" style="background-color:{{party color|Jatiya Party (Ershad)}}" |
| rowspan="11" |[[Jatiya Party (Ershad)|JP]]
|-
|17
|[[Lalmonirhat-2]]
|[[Mujibur Rahman (politician, born 1941)|Mujibur Rahman]]
|-
|18
|[[Lalmonirhat-3]]
|[[Md. Reazuddin Ahmed]]
|-
|19
|[[Rangpur-1]]
|[[Karim Uddin Bharsha]] {{Small|By-election: September 1991}}
|-
|20
|[[Rangpur-2]]
|[[Paritosh Chakrabarti]] {{Small|By-election: September 1991}}
|-
|21
|[[Rangpur-3]]
|[[Hussain Muhammad Ershad]]
|-
|22
|[[Rangpur-4]]
|[[Shah Alam (Bangladeshi politician)|Shah Alam]]
|-
|23
|[[Rangpur-5]]
|[[Mizanur Rahman Chowdhury (Rangpur politician)|Mizanur Rahman Chowdhury]] {{Small|By-election: September 1991}}
|-
|24
|[[Rangpur-6]]
|[[Shah Moazzem Hossain]] {{Small|By-election: September 1991}}
|-
|25
|[[Kurigram-1]]
|[[A.K.M. Shahidul Islam]]
|-
|26
|[[Kurigram-2]]
|[[Tajul Islam Choudhury]]
|-
|27
|[[Kurigram-3]]
|[[Md. Amjad Hossain Talukdar]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Awami League}}" |
|[[Awami League|AL]]
|-
|28
|[[Kurigram-4]]
|[[Golam Hossain (Bangladeshi politician)|Golam Hossain]]
| rowspan="6" style="background-color:{{party color|Jatiya Party (Ershad)}}" |
| rowspan="6" |[[Jatiya Party (Ershad)|JP]]
|-
|29
|[[Gaibandha-1]]
|[[Hafizur Rahman Pramanik]]
|-
|30
|[[Gaibandha-2]]
|[[Abdur Rashid Sarkar]]
|-
|31
|[[Gaibandha-3]]
|[[TIM Fazle Rabbi Chowdhury|Fazle Rabbi Chowdhury]]
|-
|32
|[[Gaibandha-4]]
|[[Lutfar Rahman Chowdhury]]
|-
|33
|[[Gaibandha-5]]
|[[Fazle Rabbi Miah]]
|-
|34
|[[Joypurhat-1]]
|[[Golam Rabbani (Joypurhat politician)|Golam Rabbani]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Nationalist Party}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Bangladesh Nationalist Party|BNP]]
|-
|35
|[[Joypurhat-2]]
|[[Abu Yusuf Mohammad Khalilur Rahman]]
|-
|36
|[[Bogra-1]]
|[[Habibur Rahman (Bogra politician)|Habibur Rahman]]
|-
|37
|[[Bogra-2]]
|[[Shahaduzzaman|Md. Shahaduzzaman]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami}}" |
|[[Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami|Jamaat-e-Islami]]
|-
|38
|[[Bogra-3]]
|[[Abdul Majid Talukdar]]
| rowspan="8" style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Nationalist Party}}" |
| rowspan="8" |[[Bangladesh Nationalist Party|BNP]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |39
| rowspan="2" |[[Bogra-4]]
|[[Azizul Haq Mollah]] {{Small|Died: 10 April 1994}}
|-
|[[Ziaul Haque Mollah|Ziaul Haq Mollah]] {{Small|By-election: 1994}}
|-
|40
|[[Bogra-5]]
|[[Golam Mohammad Siraj]]
|-
|41
|[[Bogra-6]]
|[[Mojibar Rahman]]
|-
|42
|[[Bogra-7]]
|[[Helaluzzaman Talukder Lalu]] {{Small|By-election: September 1991}}
|-
|43
|[[Chapai Nawabganj-1|Nawabgonj-1]]
|[[Shahjahan Miah]]
|-
|44
|[[Chapai Nawabganj-2|Nawabgonj-2]]
|[[Syed Monjur Hossain]]
|-
|45
|[[Chapai Nawabganj-3|Nawabgonj-3]]
|[[Latifur Rahman (politician)|Latifur Rahman]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami}}" |
|[[Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami|Jamaat-e-Islami]]
|-
|46
|[[Naogaon-1]]
|[[Azizur Rahman Miah]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Awami League}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Awami League|AL]]
|-
|47
|[[Naogaon-2]]
|[[Shahiduzzaman Sarker]]
|-
|48
|[[Naogaon-3]]
|[[Akhtar Hameed Siddiqui]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Nationalist Party}}" |
|[[Bangladesh Nationalist Party|BNP]]
|-
|49
|[[Naogaon-4]]
|[[Nasir Uddin (Naogaon politician)|Nasir Uddin]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami}}" |
|[[Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami|Jamaat-e-Islami]]
|-
|50
|[[Naogaon-5]]
|[[Shamsuddin Ahmed (Naogaon-5 MP)|Shamsuddin Ahmed]]
| rowspan="4" style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Nationalist Party}}" |
| rowspan="4" |[[Bangladesh Nationalist Party|BNP]]
|-
|51
|[[Naogaon-6]]
|[[Alamgir Kabir (politician)|Alamgir Kabir]]
|-
|52
|[[Rajshahi-1]]
|[[Aminul Haque (politician)|Aminul Haque]]
|-
|53
|[[Rajshahi-2]]
|[[Kabir Hossain]]
|-
|54
|[[Rajshahi-3]]
|[[Sardar Amjad Hossain]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Jatiya Party (Ershad)}}" |
|[[Jatiya Party (Ershad)|JP]]
|-
|55
|[[Rajshahi-4]]
|[[Tajul Islam Md. Faruk]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Awami League}}" |
|[[Awami League|AL]]
|-
|56
|[[Rajshahi-5]]
|[[Azizur Rahman (Rajshahi politician)|Azizur Rahman]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Nationalist Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bangladesh Nationalist Party|BNP]]
|-
|57
|[[Natore-1]]
|[[Fazlur Rahman Potol]]
|-
|58
|[[Natore-2]]
|[[Shankar Gobind Chowdhury]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Awami League}}" |
|[[Awami League|AL]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |59
| rowspan="2" |[[Natore-3]]
|[[Md. Abu Bakar]] {{Small|Died: 1995}}
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami}}" |
|[[Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami|Jamaat-e-Islami]]
|-
|[[Kazi Golam Morshed]] {{Small|By-election: 1995}}
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Nationalist Party}}" |
|[[Bangladesh Nationalist Party|BNP]]
|-
|60
|[[Natore-4]]
|[[Md. Abdul Quddus]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Awami League}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Awami League|AL]]
|-
|61
|[[Sirajganj-1]]
|[[Mohammed Nasim]]
|-
|62
|[[Sirajganj-2]]
|[[Mirza Muraduzzaman]]
| rowspan="6" style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Nationalist Party}}" |
| rowspan="6" |[[Bangladesh Nationalist Party|BNP]]
|-
|63
|[[Sirajganj-3]]
|[[Abdul Mannan Talukder]]
|-
|64
|[[Sirajganj-4]]
|[[M Akbar Ali]]
|-
|65
|[[Sirajganj-5]]
|[[Shahidullah Khan]]
|-
|66
|[[Sirajganj-6]]
|[[Ansar Ali Siddiqui]]
|-
|67
|[[Sirajganj-7]]
|[[Kamruddin Ahia Khan Majlish]]
|-
|68
|[[Pabna-1]]
|[[Motiur Rahman Nizami]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami}}" |
|[[Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami|Jamaat-e-Islami]]
|-
|69
|[[Pabna-2]]
|[[Osman Ghani Khan]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Nationalist Party}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Bangladesh Nationalist Party|BNP]]
|-
|70
|[[Pabna-3]]
|[[Saiful Azam]]
|-
|71
|[[Pabna-4]]
|[[Sirajul Islam Sarder]]
|-
|72
|[[Pabna-5]]
|[[Abdus Sobhan]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami}}" |
|[[Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami|Jamaat-e-Islami]]
|-
|73
|[[Meherpur-1]]
|[[Abdul Mannan (politician, born 1944)|Abdul Mannan]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Awami League}}" |
|[[Awami League|AL]]
|-
|74
|[[Meherpur-2]]
|[[Abdul Gani (Meherpur politician)|Abdul Gani]]
| rowspan="4" style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Nationalist Party}}" |
| rowspan="4" |[[Bangladesh Nationalist Party|BNP]]
|-
|75
|[[Kushtia-1]]
|[[Ahsanul Haq Mollah]]
|-
|76
|[[Kushtia-2]]
|[[Abdur Rouf Chowdhury]]
|-
|77
|[[Kushtia-3]]
|[[K M Abdul Khaleq Chontu]]
|-
|78
|[[Kushtia-4]]
|[[Abdul Awal Mia]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Awami League}}" |
|[[Awami League|AL]]
|-
|79
|[[Chuadanga-1]]
|[[Miah Mohammed Monsur Ali]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Nationalist Party}}" |
|[[Bangladesh Nationalist Party|BNP]]
|-
|80
|[[Chuadanga-2]]
|[[Habibur Rahman (Jamaat-e-Islami politician)|Habibur Rahman]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami}}" |
|[[Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami|Jamaat-e-Islami]]
|-
|81
|[[Jhenaidah-1|Jhenidah-1]]
|[[Abdul Wahab (Jhenaidah politician)|Abdul Wahab]]
| rowspan="4" style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Nationalist Party}}" |
| rowspan="4" |[[Bangladesh Nationalist Party|BNP]]
|-
|82
|[[Jhenaidah-2|Jhenidah-2]]
|[[Mashiur Rahman (Jhenaidah politician)|Mashiur Rahman]]
|-
|83
|[[Jhenaidah-3|Jhenidah-3]]
|[[Shahidul Islam Master]]
|-
|84
|[[Jhenaidah-4|Jhenidah-4]]
|[[Shahiduzzaman Beltu]]
|-
|85
|[[Jessore-1]]
|[[Tabibar Rahman Sarder]]
| rowspan="5" style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Awami League}}" |
| rowspan="5" |[[Awami League|AL]]
|-
|86
|[[Jessore-2]]
|[[Rafiqul Islam (Jessore politician)|Rafiqul Islam]]
|-
|87
|[[Jessore-3]]
|[[Raushan Ali]]
|-
|88
|[[Jessore-4]]
|[[Shah Hadiizzzaman|Shah Hadiuzzaman]]
|-
|89
|[[Jessore-5]]
|[[Khan Tipu Sultan]]
|-
|90
|[[Jessore-6]]
|[[Md. Shakhawat Hossain]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami}}" |
|[[Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami|Jamaat-e-Islami]]
|-
|91
|[[Magura-1]]
|[[Majid-ul-Haq]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Nationalist Party}}" |
|[[Bangladesh Nationalist Party|BNP]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |92
| rowspan="2" |[[Magura-2]]
|[[Mohammad Asaduzzaman (politician)|Mohammad Asaduzzaman]] {{Small|Died: 25 December 1993}}
| style="background-color:{{party color|Awami League}}" |
|[[Awami League|AL]]
|-
|[[Quazi Kamal]] {{Small|By-election: March 1994}}
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Nationalist Party}}" |
|[[Bangladesh Nationalist Party|BNP]]
|-
|93
|[[Narail-1]]
|[[Dhirendra Nath Saha]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color:{{party color|Awami League}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Awami League|AL]]
|-
|94
|[[Narail-2]]
|[[Sharif Khasruzzaman]]
|-
|95
|[[Bagerhat-1]]
|[[Mozammel Hossain]]
|-
|96
|[[Bagerhat-2]]
|[[Abu Saleh Mohammad Mustafizur Rahman]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Nationalist Party}}" |
|[[Bangladesh Nationalist Party|BNP]]
|-
|97
|[[Bagerhat-3]]
|[[Talukder Abdul Khaleque]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Awami League}}" |
|[[Awami League|AL]]
|-
|98
|[[Bagerhat-4]]
|[[Abdus Sattar Akon]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami}}" |
|[[Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami|Jamaat-e-Islami]]
|-
|99
|[[Khulna-1]]
|[[Sheikh Harunur Rashid]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Awami League}}" |
|[[Awami League|AL]]
|-
|100
|[[Khulna-2]]
|[[Sheikh Razzak Ali]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Nationalist Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bangladesh Nationalist Party|BNP]]
|-
|101
|[[Khulna-3]]
|[[Ashraf Hossain]]
|-
|102
|[[Khulna-4]]
|[[Mostafa Rashidi Suja]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Awami League}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Awami League|AL]]
|-
|103
|[[Khulna-5]]
|[[Salahuddin Yusuf]]
|-
|104
|[[Khulna-6]]
|[[Shah Md. Ruhul Quddus]]
| rowspan="4" style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami}}" |
| rowspan="4" |[[Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami|Jamaat-e-Islami]]
|-
|105
|[[Satkhira-1|Shatkhira-1]]
|[[Ansar Ali]]
|-
|106
|[[Satkhira-2]]
|[[Kazi Shamsur Rahman]]
|-
|107
|[[Satkhira-3]]
|[[AM Riasat Ali Biswas]]
|-
|108
|[[Satkhira-4]]
|[[Mansur Ahmed|Mansur Ahmed Gazi]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Awami League}}" |
|[[Awami League|AL]]
|-
|109
|[[Satkhira-5]]
|[[Gazi Nazrul Islam]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami}}" |
|[[Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami|Jamaat-e-Islami]]
|-
|110
|[[Barguna-1]]
|[[Dhirendra Debnath Shambhu]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Awami League}}" |
|[[Awami League|AL]]
|-
|111
|[[Barguna-2]]
|[[Nurul Islam Moni]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Independent politician}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|112
|[[Barguna-3]]
|[[Mujibur Rahman Talukder]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Awami League}}" |
|[[Awami League|AL]]
|-
|113
|[[Patuakhali-1]]
|[[Mohammad Keramat Ali]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Nationalist Party}}" |
|[[Bangladesh Nationalist Party|BNP]]
|-
|114
|[[Patuakhali-2]]
|[[A. S. M. Feroz]]
| rowspan="4" style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Awami League}}" |
| rowspan="4" |[[Awami League|AL]]
|-
|115
|[[Patuakhali-3]]
|[[AKM Jahangir Hossain]]
|-
|116
|[[Patuakhali-4]]
|[[Anwarul Islam (Patuakhali politician)|Anwarul Islam]]
|-
|117
|[[Bhola-1]]
|[[Tofail Ahmed (politician)|Tofail Ahmed]]
|-
|118
|[[Bhola-2]]
|[[Mosharraf Hossain Shahjahan]] {{Small|By-election: September 1991}}
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Nationalist Party}}" |
|[[Bangladesh Nationalist Party|BNP]]
|-
|119
|[[Bhola-3]]
|[[Hafizuddin Ahmed]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Independent politician}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |120
| rowspan="2" |[[Bhola-4]]
|[[M. M. Nazrul Islam]] {{Small|Died: 17 September 1992}}
| rowspan="3" style="background-color:{{party color|Awami League}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Awami League|AL]]
|-
|[[Jafar Ullah Chowdhury]] {{Small|By-election: 1992}}
|-
|121
|[[Barisal-1]]
|[[Abul Hasnat Abdullah]]
|-
|122
|[[Barisal-2]]
|[[Rashed Khan Menon]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Workers Party of Bangladesh}}" |
|[[Workers Party of Bangladesh|WPB]]
|-
|123
|[[Barisal-3]]
|[[Mosharraf Hossain Mongu]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Nationalist Party}}" |
|[[Bangladesh Nationalist Party|BNP]]
|-
|124
|[[Barisal-4]]
|[[Mohiuddin Ahmed (Barisal politician)|Mohiuddin Ahmed]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Awami League}}" |
|[[Awami League|AL]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |125
| rowspan="2" |[[Barisal-5]]
|[[Abdur Rahman Biswas]] {{Small|Become President: [[1991 Bangladeshi presidential election|8 October 1991]]}}
| rowspan="6" style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Nationalist Party}}" |
| rowspan="6" |[[Bangladesh Nationalist Party|BNP]]
|-
|[[Majibur Rahman Sarwar]] {{Small|By-election: December 1991}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |126
| rowspan="2" |[[Barisal-6]]
|[[Md. Yunus Khan]] {{Small|Died: 22 November 1994}}
|-
|[[Md. Abdur Rashid Khan]] {{Small|By-election: January 1995}}
|-
|127
|[[Jhalokati-1|Jhalakathi-1]]
|[[Shahjahan Omar]]
|-
|128
|[[Jhalokati-2|Jhalakathi-2]]
|[[Gazi Aziz Ferdous]]
|-
|129
|[[Pirojpur-1]]
|[[Sudhangshu Shekhar Haldar]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Awami League}}" |
|[[Awami League|AL]]
|-
|130
|[[Pirojpur-2]]
|[[Anwar Hossain Manju]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Jatiya Party (Ershad)}}" |
|[[Jatiya Party (Ershad)|JP]]
|-
|131
|[[Pirojpur-3]]
|[[Mohiuddin Ahmed (politician, born 1925)|Mohiuddin Ahmed]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League}}" |
|[[Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League|BaKSAL]]
|-
|132
|Pirojpur with Barisal
|[[Syed Shahidul Huque Jamal]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Nationalist Party}}" |
|[[Bangladesh Nationalist Party|BNP]]
|-
|133
|[[Tangail-1]]
|[[Abul Hasan Chowdhury]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Awami League}}" |
|[[Awami League|AL]]
|-
|134
|[[Tangail-2]]
|[[Abdus Salam Pintu]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Nationalist Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bangladesh Nationalist Party|BNP]]
|-
|135
|[[Tangail-3]]
|[[Lutfor Rahman Khan Azad]]
|-
|136
|[[Tangail-4]]
|[[Shajahan Siraj]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal (Siraj)}}" |
|[[Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal (Siraj)|JaSaD (Siraj)]]
|-
|137
|[[Tangail-5]]
|[[Mahmudul Hasan (general)|Mahmudul Hasan]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Jatiya Party (Ershad)}}" |
|[[Jatiya Party (Ershad)|JP]]
|-
|138
|[[Tangail-6]]
|[[Khandaker Abu Taher]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Nationalist Party}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Bangladesh Nationalist Party|BNP]]
|-
|139
|[[Tangail-7]]
|[[Kh. Badar Uddin|Khandaker Badar Uddin]]
|-
|140
|[[Tangail-8]]
|[[Humayun Khan Panni]]
|-
|141
|[[Jamalpur-1]]
|[[Abul Kalam Azad (politician, born 1939)|Abul Kalam Azad]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color:{{party color|Awami League}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Awami League|AL]]
|-
|142
|[[Jamalpur-2]]
|[[Rashed Mosharraf]]
|-
|143
|[[Jamalpur-3]]
|[[Mirza Azam]]
|-
|144
|[[Jamalpur-4]]
|[[Abdus Salam Talukder]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Nationalist Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bangladesh Nationalist Party|BNP]]
|-
|145
|[[Jamalpur-5]]
|[[Sirajul Haq (Bangladeshi politician)|Sirajul Haq]]
|-
|146
|[[Sherpur-1]]
|[[Shah Rafiqul Bari Chowdhury]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Jatiya Party (Ershad)}}" |
|[[Jatiya Party (Ershad)|JP]]
|-
|147
|[[Sherpur-2]]
|[[Matia Chowdhury]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Awami League}}" |
|[[Awami League|AL]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |148
| rowspan="2" |[[Sherpur-3]]
|[[Serajul Haque]] {{Small|Died: 28 October 1994}}
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Nationalist Party}}" |
|[[Bangladesh Nationalist Party|BNP]]
|-
|[[Mahmudul Haque Rubel]] {{Small|By-election: 1994}}
| style="background-color:{{party color|Independent politician}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|149
|[[Mymensingh-1]]
|[[Promode Mankin]]
| rowspan="4" style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Awami League}}" |
| rowspan="4" |[[Awami League|AL]]
|-
|150
|[[Mymensingh-2]]
|[[Md. Shamsul Haque]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |151
| rowspan="2" |[[Mymensingh-3]]
|[[Nazrul Islam (Mymensingh-3 politician)|Nazrul Islam]] {{Small|Died: 8 August 1992}}
|-
|[[R. Begum|Rowshan Ara Nazrul]] {{Small|By-election: October 1992}}
|-
|152
|[[Mymensingh-4]]
|[[AKM Fazlul Haque (Bangladesh Nationalist Party politician)|AKM Fazlul Haque]]
| rowspan="4" style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Nationalist Party}}" |
| rowspan="4" |[[Bangladesh Nationalist Party|BNP]]
|-
|153
|[[Mymensingh-5]]
|[[Keramat Ali Talukdar]]
|-
|154
|[[Mymensingh-6]]
|[[Khandaker Amirul Islam]]
|-
|155
|[[Mymensingh-7]]
|[[Md. A. Khaleq|Md. Abdul Khaleq]]
|-
|156
|[[Mymensingh-8]]
|[[Khurram Khan Chowdhury]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Jatiya Party (Ershad)}}" |
|[[Jatiya Party (Ershad)|JP]]
|-
|157
|[[Mymensingh-9]]
|[[Anwarul Hossain Khan Chowdhury]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Nationalist Party}}" |
|[[Bangladesh Nationalist Party|BNP]]
|-
|158
|[[Mymensingh-10]]
|[[Altaf Hossain Golandaz]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Awami League}}" |
|[[Awami League|AL]]
|-
|159
|[[Mymensingh-11]]
|[[Aman Ullah Chowdhury]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Nationalist Party}}" |
|[[Bangladesh Nationalist Party|BNP]]
|-
|160
|Mymensingh with Netrokona
|[[Mosharraf Hossain (Netrokona politician)|Mosharraf Hossain]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Awami League}}" |
|[[Awami League|AL]]
|-
|161
|[[Netrokona-1]]
|[[Abdul Karim Abbasi]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Nationalist Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bangladesh Nationalist Party|BNP]]
|-
|162
|[[Netrokona-2]]
|[[Abu Abbas (politician)|Abu Abbas]]
|-
|163
|[[Netrokona-3]]
|[[Zubed Ali]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Awami League}}" |
|[[Awami League|AL]]
|-
|164
|[[Netrokona-4]]
|[[Lutfozzaman Babar]]
| rowspan="4" style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Nationalist Party}}" |
| rowspan="4" |[[Bangladesh Nationalist Party|BNP]]
|-
|165
|[[Kishoreganj-1]]
|[[ABM Zahidul Haq]]
|-
|166
|[[Kishoreganj-2]]
|[[Akhtaruzzaman Ranjan]]
|-
|167
|[[Kishoreganj-3]]
|[[Ataur Rahman Khan (BNP politician)|Ataur Rahman Khan]]
|-
|168
|[[Kishoreganj-4]]
|[[Mizanul Haque]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Awami League}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Awami League|AL]]
|-
|169
|[[Kishoreganj-5]]
|[[Mohammad Abdul Hamid]]
|-
|170
|[[Kishoreganj-6]]
|[[Aamir Uddin Ahmod]]
| rowspan="24" style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Nationalist Party}}" |
| rowspan="24" |[[Bangladesh Nationalist Party|BNP]]
|-
|171
|[[Kishoreganj-7]]
|[[Abdul Latif Bhuiyan]]
|-
|172
|[[Manikganj-1]]
|[[Khandaker Delwar Hossain]]
|-
|173
|[[Manikganj-2]]
|[[Harunur Rashid Khan Monno]]
|-
|174
|[[Manikganj-3]]
|[[Nizam Uddin Khan]]
|-
|175
|[[Manikganj-4]]
|[[Shamsul Islam Khan]]
|-
|176
|[[Munshiganj-1]]
|[[A. Q. M. Badruddoza Chowdhury]]
|-
|177
|[[Munshiganj-2]]
|[[Muhammad Hamidullah Khan]]
|-
|178
|[[Munshiganj-3]]
|[[Shamsul Islam (Munshiganj politician)|Shamsul Islam]]
|-
|179
|[[Munshiganj-4]]
|[[Md. Abdul Hai]]
|-
|180
|[[Dhaka-1]]
|[[Nazmul Huda]]
|-
|181
|[[Dhaka-2]]
|[[Abdul Mannan (aviation executive)|Abdul Mannan]]
|-
|182
|[[Dhaka-3]]
|[[Amanullah Aman]]
|-
|183
|[[Dhaka-4]]
|[[Salah Uddin Ahmed]]
|-
|184
|[[Dhaka-5]]
|[[Mohammad Quamrul Islam]] {{Small|By-election: September 1991}}
|-
|185
|[[Dhaka-6]]
|[[Mirza Abbas]]
|-
|186
|[[Dhaka-7]]
|[[Sadeque Hossain Khoka]]
|-
|187
|[[Dhaka-8]]
|[[Mir Shawkat Ali]]
|-
|188
|[[Dhaka-9]]
|[[Muhammad Jamiruddin Sircar|Muhammad Jamiruddin Sarkar]] {{Small|By-election: September 1991}}
|-
|189
|[[Dhaka-10]]
|[[Abdul Mannan (politician, born 1942)|Abdul Mannan]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |190
| rowspan="2" |[[Dhaka-11]]
|[[Harun Rashid Mollah]] {{Small|Died: November 1992}}
|-
|[[Syed Muhammad Moshin]] {{Small|By-election: February 1993}}
|-
|191
|[[Dhaka-12]]
|[[Md. Niamatullah]]
|-
|192
|[[Dhaka-13]]
|[[Ziaur Rahman Khan]]
|-
|193
|[[Gazipur-1]]
|[[Md. Rahamat Ali]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Awami League}}" |
|[[Awami League|AL]]
|-
|194
|[[Gazipur-2]]
|[[M. A. Mannan]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Nationalist Party}}" |
|[[Bangladesh Nationalist Party|BNP]]
|-
|195
|[[Gazipur-3]]
|[[Asfar Hossain Mollah]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Awami League}}" |
|[[Awami League|AL]]
|-
|196
|[[Gazipur-4]]
|[[Hannan Shah]]
| rowspan="11" style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Nationalist Party}}" |
| rowspan="11" |[[Bangladesh Nationalist Party|BNP]]
|-
|197
|[[Narsingdi-1]]
|[[Shamsuddin Ahmed Ishaq]]
|-
|198
|[[Narsingdi-2]]
|[[Abdul Moyeen Khan]]
|-
|199
|[[Narsingdi-3]]
|[[Abdul Mannan Bhuiyan]]
|-
|200
|[[Narsingdi-4]]
|[[Sardar Shakhawat Hossain Bokul]]
|-
|201
|[[Narsingdi-5]]
|[[Abdul Ali Mridha]]
|-
|202
|[[Narayanganj-1]]
|[[Abdul Matin Chowdhury (politician)|Abdul Matin Chowdhury]]
|-
|203
|[[Narayanganj-2]]
|[[Ataur Rahman Khan Angur]]
|-
|204
|[[Narayanganj-3]]
|[[Rezaul Karim Mannan]]
|-
|205
|[[Narayanganj-4]]
|[[Sirajul Islam (Narayanganj politician)|Sirajul Islam]]
|-
|206
|[[Narayanganj-5]]
|[[Abul Kalam (politician)|Abul Kalam]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |207
| rowspan="2" |[[Rajbari-1]]
|[[Abdul Wajed Chowdhury]] {{Small|Died: 31 July 1992}}
| rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Awami League}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Awami League|AL]]
|-
|[[Kazi Keramat Ali]] {{Small|By-election: October 1992}}
|-
|208
|[[Rajbari-2]]
|[[AKM Aszad]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami}}" |
|[[Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami|Jamaat-e-Islami]]
|-
|209
|[[Faridpur-1]]
|[[Md. Abdur Rouf Miah]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Awami League}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Awami League|AL]]
|-
|210
|[[Faridpur-2]]
|[[Syeda Sajeda Chowdhury]]
|-
|211
|[[Faridpur-3]]
|[[Chowdhury Kamal Ibne Yusuf]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Nationalist Party}}" |
|[[Bangladesh Nationalist Party|BNP]]
|-
|212
|[[Faridpur-4]]
|[[Mosharraf Hossain (lawyer)|Mosharraf Hossain]]
| rowspan="11" style="background-color:{{party color|Awami League}}" |
| rowspan="11" |[[Awami League|AL]]
|-
|213
|[[Faridpur-5]]
|[[Qazi Abu Yusuf]]
|-
|214
|[[Gopalganj-1]]
|[[Kazi Abdur Rashid]]
|-
|215
|[[Gopalganj-2]]
|[[Sheikh Selim|Sheikh Fazlul Karim Selim]]
|-
|216
|[[Gopalganj-3]]
|[[Sheikh Hasina]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |217
| rowspan="2" |[[Madaripur-1]]
|[[Ilias Ahmed Chowdhury]] {{Small|Died: 18 May 1991}}
|-
|[[Noor-E-Alam Chowdhury Liton]] {{Small|By-election: September 1991}}
|-
|218
|[[Madaripur-2]]
|[[Shajahan Khan]] {{Small|By-election: September 1991}}
|-
|219
|[[Madaripur-3]]
|[[Syed Abul Hossain]]
|-
|220
|[[Shariatpur-1]]
|[[K. M. Hemayet Ullah Auranga]]
|-
|221
|[[Shariatpur-2]]
|[[Shawkat Ali (politician)|Shawkat Ali]]
|-
|222
|[[Shariatpur-3]]
|[[Abdur Razzaq (politician, born 1942)|Abdur Razzaq]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League}}" |
|[[Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League|BaKSAL]]
|-
|223
|[[Sunamganj-1]]
|[[Nozir Hossain]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Bangladesh}}" |
|[[Communist Party of Bangladesh|CPB]]
|-
|224
|[[Sunamganj-2]]
|[[Suranjit Sengupta]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Ganatantri Party}}" |
|[[Ganatantri Party]]
|-
|225
|[[Sunamganj-3]]
|[[Abdus Samad Azad]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Awami League}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Awami League|AL]]
|-
|226
|[[Sunamganj-4]]
|[[A. Zahur Miah|Abduz Zahur Miah]]
|-
|227
|[[Sunamganj-5]]
|[[Abdul Mazid (politician)|Abdul Mazid]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Jatiya Party (Ershad)}}" |
|[[Jatiya Party (Ershad)|JP]]
|-
|228
|[[Sylhet-1]]
|[[Khandaker Abdul Malik]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Nationalist Party}}" |
|[[Bangladesh Nationalist Party|BNP]]
|-
|229
|[[Sylhet-2]]
|[[Maqsood Ebne Aziz Lama]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Jatiya Party (Ershad)}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Jatiya Party (Ershad)|JP]]
|-
|230
|[[Sylhet-3]]
|[[Abdul Mukit Khan]]
|-
|231
|[[Sylhet-4]]
|[[Imran Ahmad]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Awami League}}" |
|[[Awami League|AL]]
|-
|232
|[[Sylhet-5]]
|[[Obaidul Haque]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Islami Oikya Jote}}" |
|[[Islami Oikya Jote|IOJ]]
|-
|233
|[[Sylhet-6]]
|[[Sharaf Uddin Khashru]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color:{{party color|Jatiya Party (Ershad)}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Jatiya Party (Ershad)|JP]]
|-
|234
|[[Maulvibazar-1|Moulvibazar-1]]
|[[Ebadur Rahman Chowdhury]]
|-
|235
|[[Maulvibazar-2|Moulvibazar-2]]
|[[Nawab Ali Abbas Khan]]
|-
|236
|[[Maulvibazar-3|Moulvibazar-3]]
|[[Azizur Rahman (Moulvibazar politician)|Azizur Rahman]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Awami League}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Awami League|AL]]
|-
|237
|[[Maulvibazar-4|Moulvibazar-4]]
|[[Md. Abdus Shahid]]
|-
|238
|[[Habiganj-1]]
|[[Khalilur Rahman Chowdhury (Bangladeshi politician)|Khalilur Rahman Chowdhury]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Jatiya Party (Ershad)}}" |
|[[Jatiya Party (Ershad)|JP]]
|-
|239
|[[Habiganj-2]]
|[[Sharif Uddin Ahmed]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Awami League}}" |
|[[Awami League|AL]]
|-
|240
|[[Habiganj-3]]
|[[Abu Lais Md. Mubin Chowdhury]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Jatiya Party (Ershad)}}" |
|[[Jatiya Party (Ershad)|JP]]
|-
|241
|[[Habiganj-4]]
|[[Enamul Haque Mostafa Shahid]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Awami League}}" |
|[[Awami League|AL]]
|-
|242
|[[Brahmanbaria-1]]
|[[Murshed Kamal]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Jatiya Party (Ershad)}}" |
|[[Jatiya Party (Ershad)|JP]]
|-
|243
|[[Brahmanbaria-2]]
|[[Abdus Sattar Bhuiyan]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Nationalist Party}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Bangladesh Nationalist Party|BNP]]
|-
|244
|[[Brahmanbaria-3]]
|[[Haroon Al Rashid]]
|-
|245
|[[Brahmanbaria-4]]
|[[Mia Abdullah Wazed]]
|-
|246
|[[Brahmanbaria-5]]
|[[Kazi Md. Anwar Hossain]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Jatiya Party (Ershad)}}" |
|[[Jatiya Party (Ershad)|JP]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |247
| rowspan="2" |[[Brahmanbaria-6]]
|[[A. T. M. Wali Ashraf]] {{Small|Died: 19 November 1994}}
| rowspan="6" style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Nationalist Party}}" |
| rowspan="6" |[[Bangladesh Nationalist Party|BNP]]
|-
|[[Shahjahan Hawlader Sujan]] {{Small|By-election: 1994}}
|-
|248
|[[Comilla-1]]
|[[M. K. Anwar]]
|-
|249
|[[Comilla-2]]
|[[Khandaker Mosharraf Hossain (born 1946)|Khandaker Mosharraf Hossain]]
|-
|250
|[[Comilla-3]]
|[[Rafiqul Islam Miah]]
|-
|251
|[[Comilla-4]]
|[[Manjurul Ahsan Munshi]]
|-
|252
|[[Comilla-5]]
|[[Abdul Matin Khasru]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Awami League}}" |
|[[Awami League|AL]]
|-
|253
|[[Comilla-6]]
|[[Redwan Ahmed (politician)|Redwan Ahmed]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Independent politician}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|254
|[[Comilla-7]]
|[[Abu Taher (banker)|Abu Taher]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Nationalist Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bangladesh Nationalist Party|BNP]]
|-
|255
|[[Comilla-8]]
|[[Akbar Hossain (politician)|Akbar Hossain]]
|-
|256
|[[Comilla-9]]
|[[Monirul Haq Chowdhury]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Jatiya Party (Ershad)}}" |
|[[Jatiya Party (Ershad)|JP]]
|-
|257
|[[Comilla-10]]
|[[ATM Alamgir]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Nationalist Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bangladesh Nationalist Party|BNP]]
|-
|258
|[[Comilla-11]]
|[[AKM Kamruzzaman]]
|-
|259
|[[Comilla-12]]
|[[Kazi Zafar Ahmed]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Jatiya Party (Ershad)}}" |
|[[Jatiya Party (Ershad)|JP]]
|-
|260
|[[Chandpur-1]]
|[[Mesbah Uddin]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Awami League}}" |
|[[Awami League|AL]]
|-
|261
|[[Chandpur-2]]
|[[Md. Nurul Huda]]
| rowspan="6" style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Nationalist Party}}" |
| rowspan="6" |[[Bangladesh Nationalist Party|BNP]]
|-
|262
|[[Chandpur-3]]
|[[Alam Khan (politician)|Alam Khan]]
|-
|263
|[[Chandpur-4]]
|[[Mohammad Abdullah (academic)|Mohammad Abdullah]]
|-
|264
|[[Chandpur-5]]
|[[M. A. Matin (Chandpur politician)|M. A. Matin]]
|-
|265
|[[Chandpur-6]]
|[[Alamgir Hyder Khan]]
|-
|266
|[[Feni-1]]
|[[Khaleda Zia|Begum Khaleda Zia]]
|-
|267
|[[Feni-2]]
|[[Joynal Hazari]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Awami League}}" |
|[[Awami League|AL]]
|-
|268
|[[Feni-3]]
|[[Mahbubul Alam Tara]]
| rowspan="5" style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Nationalist Party}}" |
| rowspan="5" |[[Bangladesh Nationalist Party|BNP]]
|-
|269
|[[Noakhali-1]]
|[[Zainul Abdin Farroque]]
|-
|270
|[[Noakhali-2]]
|[[Barkat Ullah Bulu]]
|-
|271
|[[Noakhali-3]]
|[[Salah Uddin Kamran]]
|-
|272
|[[Noakhali-4]]
|[[Md. Shahjahan]]
|-
|273
|[[Noakhali-5]]
|[[Moudud Ahmed]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Jatiya Party (Ershad)}}" |
|[[Jatiya Party (Ershad)|JP]]
|-
|274
|[[Noakhali-6]]
|[[Md. Wali Ullah]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Awami League}}" |
|[[Awami League|AL]]
|-
|275
|[[Laxmipur-1]]
|[[Ziaul Haque Zia]]
| rowspan="6" style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Nationalist Party}}" |
| rowspan="6" |[[Bangladesh Nationalist Party|BNP]]
|-
|276
|[[Laxmipur-2]]
|[[Mohammad Mohammadullah]]
|-
|277
|[[Laxmipur-3]]
|[[Khairul Enam]]
|-
|278
|[[Laxmipur-4]]
|[[Abdur Rab Chowdhury]]
|-
|279
|[[Chittagong-1]]
|[[Mohamad Ali Jinnah (Chittagong politician)|Mohamad Ali Jinnah]]
|-
|280
|[[Chittagong-2]]
|[[L. K. Siddiqi]]
|-
|281
|[[Chittagong-3]]
|[[Alhaz Mustafizur Rahman]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Awami League}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Awami League|AL]]
|-
|282
|[[Chittagong-4]]
|[[Syed Najibul Bashar Maizbhandari]]
|-
|283
|[[Chittagong-5]]
|[[Syed Wahidul Alam]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Nationalist Party}}" |
|[[Bangladesh Nationalist Party|BNP]]
|-
|284
|[[Chittagong-6]]
|[[Salahuddin Quader Chowdhury]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|National Democratic Party (Bangladesh)}}" |
|[[National Democratic Party (Bangladesh)|NDP]]
|-
|285
|[[Chittagong-7]]
|[[Md. Yusuf]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Bangladesh}}" |
|[[Communist Party of Bangladesh|CPB]]
|-
|286
|[[Chittagong-8]]
|[[Amir Khasru Mahmud Chowdhury]] {{Small|By-election: September 1991}}
| rowspan="4" style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Nationalist Party}}" |
| rowspan="4" |[[Bangladesh Nationalist Party|BNP]]
|-
|287
|[[Chittagong-9]]
|[[Abdullah Al Noman]]
|-
|288
|[[Chittagong-10]]
|[[Sirajul Islam (Chittagong politician)|Sirajul Islam]]
|-
|289
|[[Chittagong-11]]
|[[Shah Newaz Chowdhury|Md. Shah Newaz Chowdhury]]
|-
|290
|[[Chittagong-12]]
|[[Akhtaruzzaman Chowdhury Babu]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Awami League}}" |
|[[Awami League|AL]]
|-
|291
|[[Chittagong-13]]
|[[Oli Ahmad]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Nationalist Party}}" |
|[[Bangladesh Nationalist Party|BNP]]
|-
|292
|[[Chittagong-14]]
|[[Shajahan Chowdhury (Chittagong politician)|Shajahan Chowdhury]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami}}" |
|[[Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami|Jamaat-e-Islami]]
|-
|293
|[[Chittagong-15]]
|[[Sultanul Kabir Chowdhury]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Awami League}}" |
|[[Awami League|AL]]
|-
|294
|[[Cox's Bazar-1]]
|[[Enamul Haq Manju]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami}}" |
|[[Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami|Jamaat-e-Islami]]
|-
|295
|[[Cox's Bazar-2]]
|[[Md. Ishak]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League}}" |
|[[Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League|BaKSAL]]
|-
|296
|[[Cox's Bazar-3]]
|[[Mostaq Ahmad Chowdhury]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Awami League}}" |
|[[Awami League|AL]]
|-
|297
|[[Cox's Bazar-4]]
|[[Shahjahan Chowdhury]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Nationalist Party}}" |
|[[Bangladesh Nationalist Party|BNP]]
|-
|298
|[[Khagrachhari (Jatiya Sangsad constituency)|Khagrachari]]
|[[Kalparanjan Chakma]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color:{{party color|Awami League}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Awami League|AL]]
|-
|299
|[[Rangamati (Jatiya Sangsad constituency)|Rangamati]]
|[[Dipankar Talukdar]]
|-
|300
|[[Bandarban (Jatiya Sangsad constituency)|Bandarban]]
|[[Ushwe Sing|Bir Bahadur Ushwe Sing]]
|}

=== Members of the Reserved Women's Seat ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" |Women's Seat
!Name
! colspan="2" |'''Political Party'''
|-
|301
|Women's Seat-1
|[[Khurshid Jahan]]
| rowspan="6" style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Nationalist Party}}" |
| rowspan="6" |[[Bangladesh Nationalist Party|BNP]]
|-
|302
|Women's Seat-2
|[[Shaheda Sarkar]]
|-
|303
|Women's Seat-3
|[[Rebecca Mahmoud]]
|-
|304
|Women's Seat-4
|[[Sahin Ara Haque]]
|-
|305
|Women's Seat-5
|[[Raushan Elahi]]
|-
|306
|Women's Seat-6
|[[Lutfun Nesa Hossain]]
|-
|307
|Women's Seat-7
|[[Rashida Khatun]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami}}" |
|[[Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami|Jamaat-e-Islami]]
|-
|308
|Women's Seat-8
|[[Selina Shahid]]
| rowspan="15" style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Nationalist Party}}" |
| rowspan="15" |[[Bangladesh Nationalist Party|BNP]]
|-
|309
|Women's Seat-9
|[[Shamsun Nahar Ahmed]]
|-
|310
|Women's Seat-10
|[[Farida Rahman (politician)|Farida Rahman]]
|-
|311
|Women's Seat-11
|[[Syeda Nargis Ali]]
|-
|312
|Women's Seat-12
|[[Raushan Ara Hena]]
|-
|313
|Women's Seat-13
|[[Selima Rahman]]
|-
|314
|Women's Seat-14
|[[Anwara Habib]]
|-
|315
|Women's Seat-15
|[[Rahima Khandaker]]
|-
|316
|Women's Seat-16
|[[Khondaker Nurjahan Yesmin Bulbul]]
|-
|317
|Women's Seat-17
|[[Bani Ashraf]]
|-
|318
|Women's Seat-18
|[[Farida Hasan]]
|-
|319
|Women's Seat-19
|[[Sarwari Rahman]]
|-
|320
|Women's Seat-20
|[[K. J. Hamida Khanam]]
|-
|321
|Women's Seat-21
|[[Shamsunnahar Khwaja Ahsanullah]]
|-
|322
|Women's Seat-22
|[[Jahanara Begum (Politician)|Jahanara Begum]]
|-
|323
|Women's Seat-23
|[[Asma Khatun]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami}}" |
|[[Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami|Jamaat-e-Islami]]
|-
|324
|Women's Seat-24
|[[Fatema Chowdhury Paru]]
|rowspan="7" style="background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Nationalist Party}}" |
| rowspan="7" |[[Bangladesh Nationalist Party|BNP]]
|-
|325
|Women's Seat-25
|[[Khaleda Rabbani]]
|-
|326
|Women's Seat-26
|[[Asiya Rahman]]
|-
|327
|Women's Seat-27
|[[Rabeya Chowdhury]]
|-
|328
|Women's Seat-28
|[[Halima Khatun (politician)|Halima Khatun]]
|-
|329
|Women's Seat-29
|[[Begum Rosy Kabir]]
|-
|330
|Women's Seat-30
|[[Mamatching Marma]]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Members of the Jatiya Sangsad}}

[[Category:Lists of members of the Jatiya Sangsad by term]]
[[Category:5th Jatiya Sangsad members]]

Palakkad Town railway station

2026-02-10T17:07:44Z

UnknownEdits0303: rework references for accuracy for consistency

{{Short description|Railway station in Kerala, India}}
{{About|the railway station|the city|Palakkad}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}

{{Infobox station
| name = Palakkad Town
| type = [[Regional rail]], [[Light rail]] & [[Commuter rail]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = File:Palakkad Town Railway Station.jpg
| image_caption = Palakkad Town railway station
| address = [[Palakkad]], [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]], [[Kerala]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|10.7760|76.6524|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}
| map_type = India#India Kerala
| elevation =
| line = [[Palakkad-Pollachi line]]
| other =
| structure = At–grade
| platform = 4(1A, 1, 2 & 3)
| tracks = 5
| parking = Available
| opened = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1904}}
| closed =-
| rebuilt =2025
| electrified = Yes
| accessible = 
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = PGTN
| zone = [[Southern Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Palakkad}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Southern Railway zone]]
| status = Functioning
| former =
| zone = [[Indian Railways]]
| passengers =5000
| pass_year =1000
| pass_percent =25
| annual passenger earnings =
| pass_system =
| map_locator =
| route_map =
| map_state = collapsed
}}

'''Palakkad Town railway station''' (station code: PGTN) is an NSG–5 category [[List of railway stations in India|Indian railway station]] in [[Palakkad railway division]] of [[Southern Railway zone]].<ref name="sr_stn">{{cite web |title=SOUTHERN RAILWAY LIST OF STATIONS AS ON 01.04.2023 (CATEGORY- WISE) |url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686913242750-SR%20-LIST%20OF%20STATIONS-2023.pdf |website=Portal of Indian Railways |publisher=Centre For Railway Information Systems |access-date=2 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323095403/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686913242750-SR%20-LIST%20OF%20STATIONS-2023.pdf |archive-date=23 March 2024 |page=6 |date=1 April 2023}}</ref> It is a railway station that serves city of [[Palakkad]], [[Kerala]] and falls under the [[Palakkad railway division]] of the [[Southern Railway zone]], [[Indian Railways]]. City is served by two railway stations, [[Palakkad Junction railway station]] and Palakkad Town railway station.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=S. Senthil |date=2023-10-23 |title=Podanur to be renamed as Coimbatore South station |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2023/Oct/23/podanur-to-be-renamed-as-coimbatore-south-station-2626335.html |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Routes ==
(Single electrified BG) {{stnlnk|Palakkad Junction}}–Palakkad Town<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title = Indian Railways Living Atlas – India Rail Info|url = http://d.indiarailinfo.com/atlas|website = India Rail Info|access-date = 2015-10-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = 16343/Amrita Express – Thiruvananthapuram (Trivandrum)/TVC to Palakkad Town (Palghat)/PGTN – India Rail Info|url = http://indiarailinfo.com/train/53|website = India Rail Info|access-date = 2015-10-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = [IRFCA] Indian Railways Loco Links and Train Composition Show Train Amritha Express 16344 Palakkad Town(PGTN) To Trivandrum Central(TVC)|url = http://irfca.org/apps/locolinks/show/1550|website = IRFCA.org|access-date = 2015-10-27}}</ref>

(Single Electric Line
BG) Palakkad Town–[[Pollachi Junction railway station|Pollachi Jn]]<ref name=":0" />

==Railway hub development==
Pitline work to service [[Vande Bharat (trainset)|Vande Bharat]] and [[Amrit Bharat Express|Amrit Bharat]] trainsets started in early 2024 and the pit line is expected to start functioning by March 2026. This could make it not only a major railway hub in the city but also in the state.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Naha |first=Abdul Latheef |date=2024-02-22 |title=Palakkad to be transformed into a railway hub, says V.K. Sreekandan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/palakkad-to-be-transformed-into-a-railway-hub-says-vk-sreekandan/article67875003.ece |access-date=2024-03-10 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> A 1.8km line extension has also been approved, directly connecting the station to Parli and bypassing Palakkad Junction station.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala gets two Railway projects worth ₹487 cr |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2026/02/09/kerala-railway-projects-approved.html |access-date=2026-02-10 |website=@onmanorama |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Railway stations in Kerala}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1904]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Palakkad district]]
[[Category:Transport in Palakkad]]

{{Kerala-railstation-stub}}

Kerala State Electricity Board

2026-02-10T13:27:16Z

UnknownEdits0303: Content refined for better accuracy

{{Short description|Electricity Supplier Of Kerala}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Kerala State Electricity Board Limited
| logo = KSEB Logo 2022.svg
| logo_size = 200px
| image = KSEB_HQ_JK.jpg
| image_caption = KSEB Headquarters in [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| type = Public Sector Company
| area_served = [[Kerala]], India
| key_people = Biju Prabhakar, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] {{small|(Chairman & MD)}}
| industry = [[Electricity generation]], [[Electric power transmission|transmission]], [[Electricity distribution|distribution]]
| products = Electricity
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| owner = [[Government of Kerala]]
| num_employees = 35,000
| parent = [[Department of Power (Kerala)|Power Department, Government of Kerala]]
| homepage = {{URL|https://kseb.in/ksebhome/|kseb.in}}
| foundation = {{start date and age|df=yes|1957|03|07}}
| location = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], India
}}

'''Kerala State Electricity Board''' ('''KSEB''') is an Indian [[Public sector undertakings in Kerala|public sector undertaking]] under the [[Government of Kerala]] that generates, transmits and distributes electricity in the state. Established in 1957, the agency comes under the authority of the Power Department. It has been registered under Indian [[Companies Act 1956]] in January 2011.

==History==

The history of electricity in the state is around one century old. The first effort in this direction was a private endeavour. Electricity was first brought to the state by a British company – the Kannan Devan Hill Produce Company, Munnar. The first generating station of the state was set up on the right bank of a tributary of River [[Periyar]] in 1906.<ref name=":0" /> It was a hydroelectric project and the tributary called [[Muthirapuzha River|Mudirappuzha]] continues to be the site for a large numbers of hydroelectric projects in the state.

Attempts at power generation for meeting local needs through thermal plants were making progress in several parts of the state between 1929 and 1941. The Trivandrum Electric Supply which supplied power for street and domestic lighting and for lights and fans in government offices was the earliest of such efforts.<ref name=":0" /> In 1927, a Thermal Power Station was established under government ownership at Thiruvananthapuram for the production of electrical energy on commercial lines. Three oil engine generators, of a capacity of 65 kW each, were installed and commercial production started in 1929. This station was located at Thampanoor at Thiruvananthapuram. An Electrical Wing under the State Public Works Department was entrusted with the administration of the scheme.

The next significant development was the formation of a separate department for electricity in 1932 by His Highness Sri Chithirathirunal Maharaja and his Diwan [[C. P. Ramaswami Iyer|Sir C P Ramaswami Iyer]]. The formation of the Electricity Department paved the way for notable developments in the field. Thermal generating stations were set up at Kollam, Kottayam and Nagercoil (now in Tamil Nadu) in 1934. By that time, the possibilities of hydroelectric generation attracted the attention of the technologists and authorities.

The first attempt at generation on a commercial scale was made in 1935-36 when the Government of Cochin issued a licence to the Cochin State Power and Light Corporation for electrification of the towns of Ernakulam and Thrissur and the suburbs.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Mathew |first=E. T. |date=1977 |title=Power Development in Kerala |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3516684 |journal=Social Scientist |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=52–63 |doi=10.2307/3516684 |issn=0970-0293|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Kerala being a land of mountains and rivers presented a fertile field for hydroelectric generation. The vast potential for hydroelectric generation in the state prompted the state authorities to take steps to establish stations for hydroelectric generation. The first of these ventures was the Pallivasal Hydroelectric Project, the construction of which was started in 1933. The first stage of the project was commissioned in 1940. Its capacity was 13.5 MW. By that time, a comparable electric transmission network had also been completed with 66 kV substations at Alappuzha, Mavelikkara, Kothamangalam, Kundara, Kalamasserry, Viyyur, Aluva, and Thiruvananthapuram, which were also commissioned in 1940 during April and May. With the commissioning of Pallivasal project in 1940, the Kannan Devan Hills Produce Company closed down its plant. Supply from the Pallivasal hydro-electric project in Travancore began in 1942, and by 1945-46, the entire requirements of Ernakulam and Mattanchery were met from this source.<ref name=":0" />

The Kerala state Electricity board started functioning under the direction of a newly formed Kerala government on 31 March 1957.<ref>[http://www.studymode.com/essays/History-Of-Electricity-In-Kerala-342203.html History of Electricity in Kerala, Dr. D. Shina]</ref> The first governing body consisted of 5 members, and was headed by chairman K P Sreedhara Kaymal. The staff of the erstwhile Department of Electricity of the [[Thiru-Kochi]] state were transferred to the KSEB.

At the time of its inception, in 1958, the KSEB had an installed capacity of 109.5 MW, with a total annual internal generation of 441.35 MU. Over the years, as demand increased, the board has imported power from neighbouring states and private entities. As per the Central Electricity Act 2003, KSEB was converted to Kerala State Electricity Board Limited in 2014. The original KSEB was dissolved and its assets and liabilities transferred to the government initially and then transferred to the newly formed company KSEB Limited.

In 2015, KSEB commissioned its first solar power plant, marking the beginning of its formal entry into grid‑connected solar generation.<ref>https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/kerala-state-electricity-board-launches-its-1st-solar-plant-115082000752_1.html</ref>
In 2016, the introduction of open access for large consumers led to a significant reduction in revenue for the utility, as several industrial users shifted to alternate suppliers.<ref>https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2016/Oct/07/open-access-turns-out-to-be-a-shocker-to-kseb-1525823.html</ref> The same year, the state recorded a rare surplus‑power situation, prompting KSEB to explore options for selling excess electricity to other states.<ref>{{cite news |title=Surplus power shocks Kerala State Electricity Board |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/310116/surplus-power-shocks-kerala-state-electricity-board.html |work=Deccan Chronicle |publisher=Deccan Chronicle Holdings Ltd. |date=31 January 2016 |access-date=5 February 2026}}</ref> KSEB also expanded its solar initiatives in 2016 by promoting rooftop and small‑scale solar installations as part of its broader transition to renewable energy.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kerala State Electricity Board switches to ‘sun power’ |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2016/Feb/29/kerala-state-electricity-board-switches-to-%E2%80%98sun-power%E2%80%99-898006.html |work=The New Indian Express |publisher=Express Publications (Madurai) Ltd. |date=29 February 2016 |access-date=5 February 2026}}</ref>
In 2017, KSEB workers staged a strike alleging excessive workload and continuous duty hours, highlighting internal labour‑management tensions within the organisation.<ref>https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/forced-work-day-and-night-kerala-electricity-board-workers-go-strike-70837</ref>
The same year, KSEB introduced a performance appraisal system aimed at improving accountability and service delivery across its operational units.<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/kseb-introduces-performance-appraisal/articleshow/59224571.cms</ref>

In 2018, the utility reported concerns over business attrition and revenue loss due to changing consumption patterns and increased competition in the power sector.<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/kerala-state-electricity-board-limited-staring-at-business-attrition-and-revenue-loss/articleshow/63725548.cms</ref>
Later that year, following the widespread damage caused by Cyclone Gaja in Tamil Nadu, KSEB deployed a 400‑member team of engineers and line workers to assist in restoring electricity infrastructure in the affected districts.<ref>https://www.theindianwire.com/news/kerala-turns-help-tn-kseb-employees-help-restore-power-gaja-hit-regions-83011/</ref><ref>https://www.thenewsminute.com/news/400-strong-kerala-electricity-board-team-helps-restore-power-gaja-hit-regions-tn-92079</ref>

In 2022, Kerala commissioned what was described as India's largest floating solar power plant, adding significant renewable capacity to the state's grid and demonstrating the state's adoption of innovative solar technologies.<ref>https://www.wirecable.in/indias-largest-floating-solar-power-plant-opens-in-kerala/</ref> In 2023, KSEB began exploring power‑swap arrangements with utilities in Punjab and Uttar Pradesh to meet peak summer demand more efficiently and reduce dependence on short‑term market purchases.<ref>{{cite news |title=KSEB explores swap deals with Punjab, Uttar Pradesh power corporations to meet summer demand |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kseb-explores-swap-deals-with-punjab-uttar-pradesh-power-corporations-to-meet-summer-demand/article69265778.ece |work=The Hindu |publisher=The Hindu Group |date=23 May 2024 |access-date=5 February 2026}}</ref> Kerala also received national attention for its progress in integrating renewable energy into the grid, with KSEB implementing advanced forecasting, scheduling, and grid‑balancing mechanisms to accommodate rising solar and wind generation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kerala shows the way in integrating RE in grid |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/kerala-shows-the-way-in-integrating-re-in-grid/article70564697.ece |work=The Hindu Business Line |publisher=Kasturi & Sons Ltd. |date=2 February 2026 |access-date=5 February 2026}}</ref>

In 2024, KSEB commissioned two new hydel projects, adding 100 MW to Kerala's power system and expanding the state's hydroelectric generation portfolio.<ref name="generation kseb" /> In 2025, KSEB employees held statewide protests over wage revision, dearness allowance, and pension‑related issues, reflecting ongoing labour concerns within the organisation.<ref>{{cite news |title=KSEB employees protest wage, DA, pension issues |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/deshabhimani-english-/labour-12111/kseb-employees-protest-wage-da-pension-issues-2025-70299 |work=Deshabhimani |publisher=CPIM Kerala State Committee |date=29 January 2025 |access-date=5 February 2026}}</ref>
The same year, farmers in parts of Thrissur district raised concerns over water shortages affecting paddy cultivation, alleging that KSEB's reservoir‑management practices contributed to the crisis.<ref>{{cite news |title=Water crisis threatens paddy fields in various panchayats in Thrissur; farmers warn of mass protests against KSEB |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/water-crisis-threatens-paddy-fields-in-various-panchayats-in-thrissur-farmers-warn-of-mass-protests-against-kseb/article70592426.ece |work=The Hindu |publisher=The Hindu Group |date=3 February 2026 |access-date=5 February 2026}}</ref>

==Organizational structure==
The Kerala State Electricity Board, constituted by the Government of Kerala, by order dated 7 March 1957, under the Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948 is in the business of Generation, Transmission and Distribution of electricity and strives to provide quality electricity<ref>{{cite report |title=Report of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India on Public Sector Undertakings for the year ended March 2021 (Chapter I) |url=https://cag.gov.in/uploads/download_audit_report/2022/04-Chapter-I-063982c692142f5.70706305.pdf |publisher=Comptroller and Auditor General of India |date=2022 |access-date=5 February 2026}}</ref> at an affordable cost to all classes of consumers in the state of Kerala. Kerala State Electricity Board commenced functioning on 31 March 1957 afternoon as per order no. EL1-6475/56/PW dated 7 March 1957 of the Kerala State Government. It had 5 members with K. P. Sreedharan Nair as chairman. All the staff belonging to the erstwhile Electricity Department was transferred to the Board. The 'Board' consisting of the chairman and the Members is the Supreme Governing Body.

The State Government by their notification EL3-9345 dated 21 February 1958 constituted the State Electricity Consultative Council under section 16 of the Electricity Supply Act. The Council functions as a consultative body and the Board is required to place before the council the annual financial statement and supplementary statements, if any, before submitting such statements to the State Government.
The 'Board' consisting of the chairman and seven members is the Supreme Governing Body. The [[Government of Kerala]] and KSE Board issued orders for the restructuring of KSE Board into profit centers in April 2002. Members head the profit centers. There is a Corporate Office to coordinate and control the activities of the Board.
===Board of Directors===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Board of Directors – Kerala State Electricity Board Limited (KSEBL)
! Name !! Designation
|-
| Sri. Minhaj Alam || Chairman & Managing Director
|-
| Sri. Sajeev G || Director (Generation - Electrical, Civil, REES, SOURA)
|-
| Sri. Sivadas S || Director (Transmission & System Operation) (Full Additional Charge)
|-
| Sri. P Surendra || Director (Distribution & Supply Chain Management)
|-
| Sri. Biju R || Director (Finance)
|-
| Sri. P Surendra || Director (HRM, Sports, Welfare, Safety & Quality Assurance)
|-
| Sri. Puneet Kumar || Additional Chief Secretary, Power Department (Ex-officio Director)
|-
| Sri. K.R. Jyothilal || Additional Chief Secretary, Finance Department (Ex-officio Director)
|-
| Adv. V Murugadas || Independent Director
|-
| Prof. Arun Kumar || Independent Director
|}
Since the enactment of the Electricity Act, 2003, KSEB has been functioning as the State Transmission Utility (STU) and a distribution licensee w.e.f 10 December 2004 under section 172(a) of the Electricity Act, 2003. The Central Government had approved the continuation of KSEB as a State Transmission Utility & Licensee only up to 24 September 2008. In exercise of the powers conferred under sub-sections (1), (2), (5), (6) and (7) of section 131 and section 133 of the Electricity Act 2003 (Central Act 36 of 2003) the Government of Kerala had issued notification vide G.O. (MS) No.37/2008/PD, Dated, Thiruvananthapuram, 25 September 2008 for the purpose of vesting of functions, properties, interests, rights, obligations and liabilities of the Kerala State Electricity Board in the State Government on such terms as agreed to by the Kerala State Electricity Board and the State Government and revesting thereof by the State Government in a Corporate entity and also for the transfer of Personnel of the Board to the Corporate entity and for determining the terms and conditions on which such transfers and vesting shall be made. Accordingly, with effect from 25 September 2008, all the functions, properties and all interests, rights in properties, all rights, and liabilities of the Board are vested in the State Government. The Kerala State Electricity Board Limited has been incorporated under the [[Companies Act 1956]] on 14 January 2011 and started operations as an independent company with effect from 1 November 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kseb.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=50&Itemid=493&lang=en|title=Kerala State Electricity Board Limited – KSEBL Overview|website=www.kseb.in|access-date=2019-06-05}}</ref> The original KSEB was dissolved and its assets and liabilities were transferred from government to the newly formed company KSEB Limited.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nod for KSEB to become company |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/nod-for-kseb-to-become-company/article5297356.ece |work=The Hindu |publisher=The Hindu Group |date=30 October 2013 |access-date=5 February 2026}}</ref>

==Generation==
[[File:Idukki dam.JPG|250px|thumb|The [[Idukki Dam]]]]
KSEB Ltd has 31 hydro-electric projects, seven solar projects, two diesel power plants and one wind farm. Power generation is also undertaken by Captive Mode Projects, Independent Power Mode Projects & Co-generation mode projects other than KSEBL. About 25% of the energy requirement is being met from hydel plants owned and operated by KSEBL. As of December 2019, the total installed capacity was 2823.01 MW and KSEB commissioned two new hydel projects, adding 100 MW to the state grid in 2024.<ref name="generation kseb">{{cite news |title=KSEB gets two hydel projects after 14 years, adds 100 MW to grid |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2024/Sep/10/kseb-gets-two-hydel-projects-after-14-years-adds-100-mw-to-grid-5 |work=The New Indian Express |publisher=Express Publications (Madurai) Ltd. |date=10 September 2024 |access-date=5 February 2026}}</ref>

The below list contains power generation projects in [[Kerala]] owned by KSEB, Captive Mode Projects, Independent Power Mode Projects and co-generation mode projects.

===Hydroelectric projects===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! Location
! Capacity ([[Megawatt|MW]])
! Year opened
|-
| [[Idukki Dam]]
| [[Idukki]]
| 780
| 1976
|-
| [[Idamalayar Dam]]
| [[Ernakulam district]]
| 75
| 1985
|-
| [[Sholayar Dam|Sholayar]]
|
| 54
| 1966
|-
| [[Kuttiyadi saddle dam|Kuttiadi]]
|
| 225
| 1972
|-
| [[Peringalkuthu Dam]]
|
| 36
| 1957
|-
| [[Peringalkuthu Dam|Peringalkuthu Left Bank Extension]]
|
| 16
| 1999
|-
| [[Pallivasal]]
| [[Idukki]]
| 37.5
| 1940
|-
| [[Sengulam Dam|Sengulam]]
|
| 48
| 1954
|-
| [[Sabarigiri Hydro Electric Project|Sabarigiri]]
| [[Pathanamthitta]]
| 340
| 1966
|-
| Panniar
|
| 32
| 1963
|-
| Neriamangalam
|
| 77.5
| 1961
|-
| Lower Periyar
|
| 180
| 1997
|-
|Kakkad
|
| 50
|1999
|-
| Kallada
|
| 15
| 1994
|-
| Peppara
|
| 3
| 2015
|-
| Madupetty
|
| 2
|
|-
| [[Malampuzha Dam]]
|
| 2.5
| 2011
|-
| Chembukadavu
|
| 6.45
| 2003
|-
| Urumi
|
| 6.15
| 2004
|-
| Malankara
|
| 10.5
| 1994
|-
| Lower Meenmutty
|
| 3.5
| 2006
|-
| Kuttiady tail race
|
| 3.75
| 2008
|-
| Poozhithode
|
| 4.8
| 2011
|-
| Ranni-Perunadu
|
| 4
| 2012
|-
| Peechi
|
| 1.25
| 2013
|-
| Vilangad
|
| 7.5
| 2014
|-
| Chimini
|
| 2.5
| 2015
|-
| Adyanpara
|
| 3.5
| 2015
|-
| Barapole
|
| 15
| 2016
|-
| Vellathuval
|
| 3.6
| 2016
|-
| Peruthenaruvi
|
| 6
| 2017
|-
|-
| Maniyar
|
| 12
|
|-
|Kuthungal
|
| 21
| 2000
|-
|Ullunkal
|
| 7
| 2018
|-
|Iruttukanam
|
| 4.5
| 2010
|-
|Karikkayam
|
| 10.5
| 2009
|-
|Meenvallom
|
| 3
| 2014
|-
|Pathankayam
|
| 8
| 2017
|-
|}

===Fossil fuel projects===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! Location
! Capacity ([[Megawatt|MW]])
! Year opened
|-
| [[Brahmapuram Diesel Power Plant]]
| [[Kochi]]
| 106.6
| 1997
|-
| Kozhikode Diesel Power Project
| Nallalam
| 128
| 2000
|-
| Philips Carbon Black Limited
|
| 10
|
|-
| [[Rajiv Gandhi Combined Cycle Power Plant]]
| [[Kayamkulam]]
| 359.58
| 1998
|-
| MPS Steel Castings Pvt. Ltd.
|
| 10.00
|
|-
|}

===Wind farms===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! Location
! Capacity ([[Megawatt|MW]])
! Year opened
|-
| Kanjikode Wind Farm
|
| 2.025
| 1995
|-
| Malayala Manorama
| [[Palakkad]]
| 10
|2019
|-
| Ramakkelmedu
|
| 14.25
| 2008
|-
| Agali
|
| 18.60
|
|-
| Ahalia
|
| 8.40
| 2016
|-
| Inox
| [[Kanjikode]]
| 16
| 2017
|-
| Kosamattom
|
| 1
|
|-
|}

===Solar projects===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! Location
! Capacity ([[Megawatt|MW]])
! Year opened
|-
| Kanjikode
|
| 1.00
| 2015
|-
| Edayar
|
| 1.25
| 2016
|-
| Kollengode
|
| 1.00
|
|-
| Barapole
|
| 4.00
| 2016
|-
| Muvattupuzha
|
| 1.25
| 2016
|-
| Pothencode
|[[Andoorkonam]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| 2.00
| 2016
|-
| [[Cochin International Airport Limited]]
| [[Nedumbassery]]
| 29.03
| 2015
|-
| Hindalco
|
| 1.00
| 2016
|-
| [[Kochi Metro Rail Limited]]
| Muttom
| 2.67
| 2017
|-
| ANERT
| Kuzhalmandam
| 2.00
| 2017
|-
| Renewable Power Corporation of Kerala Limited
| Ambalathara
| 50.00
|
|-
|}

==Transmission==
The Kerala power system grid is connected to the Southern Region Transmission system through 400 kV double circuit lines. They are
* Udumalpet – Madakkathara line
* Tirunelveli – [[Trivandrum]] line
* Mysore – Kozhikode ([[Areekode]]) line
* Tirunelveli - [[Kochi]] line
A 2000 MW HVDC Station has commissioned by Power Grid Corporation of India Ltd. at Madakkathara as part of Raigarh-Pugalur-Thrissur HVDC Project. This is the first HVDC Project in Kerala and the fourth project in South India after Kolar, Vizag and Pugalur. The project was inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in February 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/pm-inaugurates-pugalur-thrissur-hvdc-project/article33882226.ece|title = PM inaugurates Pugalur-Thrissur HVDC project|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 19 February 2021}}</ref>

There are 6 major inter-state transmission lines at 220 kV level and 110 kV level.

The 220 kV lines are:
* Kaniyampetta – Kadakola (single circuit)
* Idukki – Udumalpet (single circuit)
* Sabarigiri – Theni (single circuit)
* [[Edamon]] – [[Tirunelveli]] (double circuit)
The 110 kV lines are:
*Parassala – Kuzhithura and
* Manjeswaram – Konake.
The major substations include five 400 kV substations, and 17 220 kV substations. The main grid comprises the 220 kV systems.
The transmission sector of KSEB comprises two zones namely North and South. The State Load Dispatch Centre (SLDC) located at Kalamassery.
{| class="wikitable"
! Capacity
! No. substations
! Line length in circuit km
! Reliability index
|-
|400 kV
|5*
|378**
|99.96
|-
|220 kV
|17
|2701.38
|97.75
|-
|110 kV
|129
|4004
|98.25
|-
|66 kV
|83
|2387
|97.86
|-turdue4yey363
|33 kV
|114
|1430
|92.99
|-
|}
400 kV substations at [[Pallippuram, Thiruvananthapuram|Pallippuram]] – [[Thiruvananthapuram]], Pallikkara – Kochi, Palakkad, and Kozhikode are owned by [[Power Grid Corporation of India|PGCIL]], while 400 kV substation at Madakkathara, Thrissur, is owned by KSEB. 400 kV substation, Madakkathara is the first 400 kV substation in Kerala.

==Distribution==

KSEB Ltd distributes electricity in the State of Kerala except in the administrative region of Thrissur Municipal Corporation and Munnar (Kannan Devan Hills). For operational conveniences the distribution wing is divided into four zones: South, Central, North and North Malabar.

==Electricity tariff==

Kerala State Electricity Board tariff consists of different components. The charges levied on consumers include fixed charges, meter rent, energy charges, fuel surcharges, electricity duty and applicable local taxes.
=== Low Tension Tariff ===
KSEB follows a slab system in which a consumer using up to 250 units per month will have a telescopic tariff. This means that the first 50 units will be charged at a lower rate, with the rates increasing progressively for subsequent 50 units. After 250 units, the billing will be "non-telescopic", which means the slab rate will be applicable for the entire electricity consumed.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2019/07/08/kseb-power-tariff-hike.html|title=KSEB hikes power tariff for domestic consumers by 11.4 per cent|date=8 July 2019|via=Malayala Manorama}}</ref>
The following table shows the electricity tariff for domestic consumers

====Tariff for monthly consumption (up to 250 units)====
{| class="wikitable"
! Consumption slab
! Fixed charges (Rs)
! Electricity tariff (Rs/unit)
|-
|0-40
|0
|1.5
|-
|0-50
|50
|3.35
|-
|51-100
|85
|4.25
|-
|101-150
|105
|5.35
|-
|151-200
|140
|7.20
|-
|201-250
|160
|8.50
|-
|}
For [[Three-phase electric power|three-phase]] customers having a monthly consumption up to 100 units, the fixed charges are set as Rs 130 and Rs 235 for up to 250 units.

====Tariff for monthly consumption (above 250 units)====
{| class="wikitable"
!Consumption slab
!Fixed charges (Rs)
!Electricity tariff (Rs/unit)
|-
|0-300
|220
|6.75
|-
|0-350
|240
|7.60
|-
|0-400
|260
|7.95
|-
|0-500
|285
|8.25
|-
|500-
|310
|9.20
|-
|}

For three-phase customers the fixed charges are set as Rs 250 for consumers having a monthly consumption up to 350 units, Rs 260 for up to 400 units, Rs 260 for up to 400 units and Rs 310 for consumption above 500 units.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2019/jul/09/kseb-gives-shock-treatment-to-domestic-users-but-ignores-dues-2001275.html|title=KSEB gives shock treatment to domestic users, but ignores dues|date=9 July 2019|work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

=== High Tension and Extra High Tension Tariff ===

KSEB has different tariff rates for its HT and EHT Consumers.

==See also==
* [[List of electricity organisations in India]]
* [[Electricity sector in India]]
* [[List of power stations in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official|https://kseb.in}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080313235649/http://www.hindu.com/2008/03/09/stories/2008030953940500.htm ORUMA: the result of KSEB’s concerted efforts: 'The Hindu']
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20141113132928/http://www.ideaindia.com/product_detail.php?pid=1875 Electricity Industry in Public Sector in India]

{{Power Plants of Kerala}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Government-owned companies of Kerala]]
[[Category:Energy in Kerala]]
[[Category:State electricity agencies of India]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1957]]

Srisailam Dam

2026-02-08T01:31:23Z

UnknownEdits0303: update layout and fixed typos

{{Short description|Dam in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox dam
| name = Srisailam Dam
| name_official =
| image_caption =
| location_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|16|05|23|N|78|53|54|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[Nandyal district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] & [[Nagarkurnool district]], [[Telangana]]
| construction_began = 1960
| opening = {{start date and age|1981}}
| cost = ₹10 billion{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}
| owner = [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
| purpose = [[Hydroelectric]], [[Irrigation]] & [[Water supply]]
| dam_type = [[Gravity dam|Gravity]] & [[Masonry dam]]
| dam_crosses = [[Tungabhadra River]], [[Krishna River]]
| dam_length = {{Convert|512|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| dam_width_base =
| spillway_type =
| spillway_capacity = 38369 [[Cubic metre per second|m3/s]]
| res_name = Srisailam Reservoir (Neelam Sanjeevareddy Sagar)
| res_capacity_total = {{convert|216|tmcft|lk=on}}
| res_catchment = {{Convert|206040|km2|abbr=on}}
| res_surface = {{Convert|616|km2|abbr=on}}
| res_max_depth =
| plant_operator = [[TSGENCO]](left bank) and [[APGENCO]](right bank)
| plant_commission =
| plant_decommission =
| plant_turbines = 6 × {{convert|150|MW|abbr=on|lk=out}} reversible [[Francis-type]] (left bank) 
7 × {{convert|110|MW|abbr=on}} Francis type (right bank)
| plant_capacity = {{convert|1670|MW|abbr=on}}
| plant_annual_gen =
| website =
| extra =
| image = NSRS Srisailam Dam.jpg
| dam_height = {{Convert|145.10|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|title=India: National Register of Large Dams 2009|url=http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf|publisher=Central Water Commission|access-date=10 July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721165130/http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf|archive-date=21 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Jauhari|first=V.P.|title=Sustaining river linking|year=2005|publisher=Mittal Publications|location=New Delhi, India|isbn=817099991X|pages=84|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G50T11X_hSgC&q=srisailam+dam&pg=PA84}}</ref>
| location_map = India Andhra Pradesh
}}

The '''Srisailam Dam''' is a [[gravity dam]] built on the confluence of [[Tungabhadra River]] and [[Krishna River]]. Its [[Hydroelectricity|hydroelectric]] power station is [[List of power stations in India#Hydroelectric|India's 2nd largest]] by capacity. It is located in the [[Nallamala Hills]] near the temple town [[Srisailam]].<ref name="krmb" />

The dam spans a deep gorge between the districts [[Nandyal district|Nandyal]] ([[Andhra Pradesh]]) and [[Nagarkurnool district|Nagarkurnool]] ([[Telangana]]). It has a maximum height of {{convert|470|ft|m|0|order=flip}} and a length of {{convert|1680|ft|m|0|order=flip}}. The reservoir has a surface area of {{convert|616|km2}} and a gross storage capacity of {{convert|216|tmcft|lk=on}}. The [[Reservoir#Operation#Terminology|active storage capacity]] is {{convert|178.74|tmcft}} corresponding to the full reservoir level at {{convert|885|ft|m|0|order=flip}} MSL. The minimum draw-down level of the reservoir is at {{convert|705|ft|m|0|order=flip}} [[Sea level|MSL]] and the corresponding [[Reservoir#Operation#Terminology|dead storage]] is {{convert|3.42|tmcft}}. There are two turbine halls: an underground building on the left bank with six {{convert|150|MW|abbr=on|lk=out}} reversible [[Francis-pump turbine]]s for [[pumped-storage]] operation (each turbine can pump 200 [[Cubic metre per second|m3/s]]) and a semi-underground building on the right bank with seven {{convert|110|MW|abbr=on}} Francis-turbine generators.<ref name="krmb">{{cite web|url=http://krmb.cgg.gov.in/krmb/projects|title=Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy Srisailam Project|access-date=22 September 2017|archive-date=25 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925081916/http://krmb.cgg.gov.in/krmb/projects|url-status=dead}}</ref>

A tail pond dam/weir located 14 km downstream of Srisailam dam is under advanced stage of construction to hold the water released by the hydro turbines and later pump back into the Srisailam reservoir by operating the turbines in pump mode.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.contec.co.in/project/single_whole_project/52|title=Srisailam Tail pond Dam|access-date=22 December 2015|archive-date=11 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711185639/http://www.contec.co.in/project/single_whole_project/52|url-status=dead}}</ref> The weir portion got breached in November 2015 unable to withstand the normal water release from the [[hydropower]] stations.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vF7AdfW9XjI |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311030730/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vF7AdfW9XjI |archive-date=2016-03-11 |url-status=dead|title=Srisailam Tail pond Dam leaked| website=[[YouTube]] |access-date=22 December 2015}}</ref> Tail pond weir was completed during the year 2017 and pumping mode operation is being done even when the downstream [[Nagarjuna Sagar dam|Nagarjuna Sagar reservoir]] water level is below {{convert|531.5|ft|m|0}} MSL. The tail pond has nearly {{convert|1|tmcft}} live storage capacity.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://aperc.gov.in/aperc1/assets/uploads/files/OP72006.pdf|title= Srisailam dam tail pond level and storage capacity |access-date=22 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.metroindia.net/news/articlenews/ndsa-directs-andhra-government-to-repair-srisailam-dam-22846
|title=NDSA directs Andhra government to repair Srisailam dam
|website=Metro India
|date=8 March 2025
|access-date=20 January 2026
}}</ref>

== History ==
The Srisailam project began in 1960, Initially only as a power project. After several delays, the main dam was finally completed twenty years later in 1980 July 26. {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}} In the meantime the project was converted into a multipurpose facility with a generating capacity of {{convert|770|MW|abbr=on}} by its second stage which was completed in 1987. {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}} The dam is to provide water for an estimated {{Convert|2000|km2|abbr=on}}. Under the right bank branch canal {{Convert|790|km2|abbr=on}} in Kurnool and Kadapa districts will have assured irrigation. From the initial modest estimate of {{nowrap|{{Indian Rupee|link=Indian rupee}}38.47 [[crore]]}} for a power project the total cost of the multipurpose project was estimated to cross {{nowrap|{{Indian Rupee}}1000 crore}} in its enlarged form. The dam has alone cost {{nowrap|{{Indian Rupee}}404 crore}} together with the installation of four generating sets of {{nowrap|110 MW}} each. The right bank branch canal is estimated to cost {{nowrap|{{Indian Rupee}}449 crore}} and the initial investment of {{nowrap|{{Indian Rupee}}140 crore}} has been provided by the World Bank. The projected cost-benefit ratio of the project has been worked out at 1:1.91 at 10% interest on capital outlay.{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}. In 1998 a coffer dam was over topped by flooding. The power house required repairs and did not generate power for a year. On 2 October 2009, Srisailam dam experienced a record inflow which threatened the dam.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indiawaterportal.org/node/12731 |title=Managing historic flood in the Krishna river basin in the year 2009 |access-date=21 January 2012 |archive-date=26 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026213927/http://www.indiawaterportal.org/articles/managing-historic-flood-krishna-river-basin-experience-averting-catastrophe-apwrdc |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was built under the engineering leadership of [[Kanuri Lakshmana Rao]].

==Irrigation==
Srisailam right main canal (SRMC) is constructed with 44,000 [[cubic feet per second|ft3/s]] capacity at Srisailam reservoir level of {{convert|269.22|m|ft|0}} [[Mean sea level|MSL]] to feed [[Pothireddypadu Reservoir|Veligodu reservoir]] ({{convert|16.95|tmcft|disp=semicolon}}), [[Brahmamgari Matham|Brahmamsagar Reservoir]] ({{convert|17.74|tmcft|disp=semicolon}}), Alaganoor reservoir ({{convert|2.97|tmcft|disp=semicolon}}), Gorakallu reservoir ({{convert|12.44|tmcft|disp=semicolon}}), Owk reservoir ({{convert|4.15|tmcft|disp=semicolon}}), [[Gandikota Reservoir]] ({{convert|26.86|tmcft|disp=semicolon}}), [[Mylavaram Dam|Mylavaram reservoir]] ({{convert|9.98|tmcft|disp=semicolon}}), [[Somasila Dam|Somasila reservoir]] ({{convert|78|tmcft|disp=semicolon}}) and [[Kandaleru Dam|Kandeleru reservoir]] ({{convert|68|tmcft|disp=semicolon}}) with nearly {{convert|235|tmcft}} total storage capacity.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://iwm.vassarlabs.com/reservoir|title= AP Reservoirs real time data|access-date=22 July 2018}}</ref> This canal also supplies water to [[Telugu Ganga project]] which supplies Krishna river water to [[Chennai]] city for its drinking purpose.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://irrigationap.cgg.gov.in/wrd/projects|title=Telugu Ganga project|access-date=22 September 2015}}</ref> This main canal by feeding water to [[K. C. Canal]], Srisailam right bank canal, Telugu Ganga canal and [[Galeru Nagari Sujala Sravanthi Project|Galeru Nagari canal]] irrigates vast area in [[Kurnool district|Kurnool]], [[Kadapa district|Kadapa]], [[Chittoor district|Chittoor]] and [[Nellore district]]s.

[[Handri-Neeva]] lift canal by drawing water from the Srisailam reservoir, which supplies drinking water in all the districts of [[Rayalaseema]]. [[Veligonda Project|Veligonda reservoir]] receives water by gravity through tunnels to irrigate lands in Nellore, Kadapa and [[Prakasam district]]s. [[Kalwakurthy lift irrigation scheme]] by drawing water from the Srisailam reservoir, supplies irrigation water in [[Mahbubnagar district|Mahbubnagar]] and [[Nalgonda district]]s

[[Alimineti Madhava Reddy Project|Srisailam left bank canal]] will receive water by gravity through tunnels to irrigate lands in [[Nalgonda district]]. Tunnel work is not complete and the required water has been provided to most of the project area by lifting water from the downstream Nagarjuna Sagar reservoir.

== Dam Maintenance and Safety ==
Systematic Neglect and absence of diversion of funds is evident in maintenance of the dam and lack of any modernization attempts of the Powerhouse. The officers report a shortage of maintenance staff.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Rao|first=G. Venkataramana|date=2019-11-20|title=Srisailam dam in need of urgent maintenance|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/srisailam-dam-in-need-of-urgent-maintenance/article30020482.ece|access-date=2020-07-23|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Safety concerns to the 2nd largest Hydroelectric project in the country have been raised over the years<ref>{{Cite news|last=Rao|first=G. Venkataramana|date=2019-11-16|title=Experts worried about safety of Srisailam dam|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/experts-worried-about-safety-of-srisailam-dam/article29987390.ece|access-date=2020-07-22|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Pulipaka|first=AuthorBalu|title=Srisailam dam safety under lens|url=https://telanganatoday.com/srisailam-dam-safety-under-lens|access-date=2020-07-22|website=Telangana Today|language=en-US}}</ref> and have been assessed false subsequently.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff Reporter|date=2019-11-22|title=No threat to Srisailam dam, asserts Minister|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/no-threat-to-srisailam-dam-asserts-minister/article30042436.ece|access-date=2020-07-22|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In 2009, the dam, designed for a maximum flood of 1,900,000 ft3/s, endured a flood of 2,550,000 ft3/s. According to a survey conducted in the summer of 2018, the scouring resulted in the formation of a huge pit in the apron downstream the dam. And a structure protecting the ‘toe’ and foundation of the main dam has weakened. Efforts are not yet made to repair and maintain the dam.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Rao|first=G. Venkataramana|date=2019-11-16|title=Experts worried about safety of Srisailam dam|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/experts-worried-about-safety-of-srisailam-dam/article29987390.ece|access-date=2020-07-22|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In May 2025, the National Dam Safety Authority (NDSA) inspected the dam and raised concerns about the condition of the Srisailam dam. Over the years, damage has built up around the [[plunge pool]] and some key protection works, mostly due to aging and a lack of proper maintenance. Though several expert panels have suggested fixes in the past, the state hasn’t followed through on most of them. NDSA says that ignoring these observations could threaten major structures and cities like [[Vijayawada]] and [[Amaravati]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Apparasu |first=Srinivasarao |date=2025-05-18 |title=NDSA flags concerns over stability of Srisailam dam |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ndsa-flags-concerns-over-stability-of-srisailam-dam-101747507175336.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250519000147/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ndsa-flags-concerns-over-stability-of-srisailam-dam-101747507175336.html |archive-date=2025-05-19 |access-date=2025-06-15 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us}}</ref>

==Power generation optimization==
[[File:Power generator rooms.jpg|Srisailam right bank power house|thumb]]
At present, the initial inflows into [[Srisailam]] reservoir are stored excessively without being used for power generation. The flood water fills the remaining empty Srisailam reservoir quickly and most of the flood water overflows into the downstream [[Nagarjuna Sagar Dam|Nagarjunasagar]] reservoir without being used for power generation.<ref>[https://www.scribd.com/doc/58789365/Srisailam-HPS Optimisation of power generation from Srisailam Hydroelectric Power Station]</ref> The endeavor shall be to fill the Nagarjuna Sagar reservoir fully with the uniform water released through the power generating units.

The existing right bank power station (770 MW) can be converted into [[Power sector of Andhra Pradesh#Pumped storage hydroelectricity projects|pumped storage hydroelectric power (PSHP)]] to operate in pumping mode when the downstream [[Nagarjuna Sagar Dam|Nagarjuna Sagar reservoir]] level is above {{convert|560|ft|m|0}} MSL. The PSHP can be used for energy storage purposes on daily basis and to transfer Godavari water to the Srisailam reservoir during drought years. Alternately, the tunnel of the existing power station can be used for a new PSHP station to pump water from the Nagarjuna Sagar reservoir to the Srisailam reservoir.

== Pumped storage hydropower potential==
Srisailam reservoir, serving as lower level reservoir, has potential to install nearly 77,000 MW [[Power sector of Andhra Pradesh#Pumped storage hydroelectricity projects|high head pumped storage hydroelectric plants]] on its right side.

==See also==
{{stack|{{Portal|India|Water|Renewable energy}}}}
* [[Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal]]
* [[List of power stations in India]]
* [[List of dams and reservoirs in India]]
* [[List of hydroelectric power station failures]]
* [[Nagarjuna Sagar tail pond]]
{{Commons category|Srisailam Dam}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Krishna basin |state=expanded}}
{{Krishna River dams}}
{{Hydrography of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Hydrography of Telangana}}

[[Category:Dams completed in 1981]]
[[Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 1981]]
[[Category:Dams in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Hydroelectric power stations in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Pumped-storage hydroelectric power stations in India]]
[[Category:Dams on the Krishna River]]
[[Category:Reservoirs in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Kurnool district]]
[[Category:Geography of Kurnool district]]
[[Category:1981 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Geetanjali Tikekar

2026-02-07T19:20:50Z

UnknownEdits0303: made a bio!

{{short description|Indian television actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Geetanjali Tikekar
| birth_date =
| occupation = [[Actress]]

| spouse = {{marriage|[[Sikandar Kharbanda]]|2007}}
| known for = {{ubl|''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]''|''[[Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon? Ek Baar Phir]]''|''[[Shubh Laabh – Aapkey Ghar Mein]]''}}
| years_active = 2002–2022
}}
'''Geetanjali Tikekar''' is an Indian television actress known for portraying the role of Aparna in ''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]'' and Anjali Niranjan Agnihotri in ''[[Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon? Ek Baar Phir]]''.

==Career==
Geetanjali started her television career with ''[[Kya Hadsaa Kya Haqeeqat]]'' in 2002. She played the role of a psychotherapist in ''Jersey No. 10'' on [[Sony SAB]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140426214704/http://www.in.com/geetanjali-tikekar/biography-1948049.html Geetanjali Tikikar | BIO]</ref>
In ''[[Tere Liye (TV series)|Tere Liye]]'' she played Neelanjana Shekhar Ganguly on [[Star Plus]]. She gained popularity for her role of Aparna Anurag Basu in [[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]], for which she also won accolades. She also portrayed Anjali Niranjan Agnihotri in ''[[Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon? Ek Baar Phir]]''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130627063257/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-24/tv/39501432_1_family-drama-avinash-sachdev-star-plus Gitanjali Tikekar in Sphere Origin's next? - Times Of India]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.metromasti.com/page/biography/31550 |title=Geetanjali plays in Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon 2 |access-date=8 October 2013 |archive-date=1 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901222031/http://www.metromasti.com/page/biography/31550 |url-status=dead }}</ref> on [[Star Plus]].

==Personal life==
She married her co-star [[Sikandar Kharbanda]] from ''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]''. They dated each other 2 and a half years before marriage.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131029214013/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-01-09/tv/27769643_1_wedding-bells-marriage-plans-low-profile Gitanjali speaks about her boyfriend - Times Of India]</ref><ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/1148627/report-geetanjali-tikekar-to-wed Geetanjali Tikekar to wed - DNA]</ref> The couple have a son named Shaurya Kharbanda born on 1 December 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Tellychakkar |title=Candid chat with Geetanjali Tikekar |url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/candid-chat-geetanjali-tikekar |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=Tellychakkar.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Television==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:100%"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Year
! Show
! Role
! Notes
!class="unsortable"| Ref(s)
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2002–2003
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Kya Hadsaa Kya Haqeeqat]]''
| Neonika "Nikki" Chatterjee / Neonika Raj Karmarkar
| (Episode 6 to Episode 29)
|
|-
| Natasha
| (Episode 160 to Episode 176)
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k3/oct/oct52.htm |title=Sony premiers 9th series of KHKH, 'Khaall' |website=indiantelevision.com |date=1 August 2003 |access-date=19 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kahi To Milenge]]''
| Sanjana
|
|
|-
| 2003–2004; 2005–2007
| ''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]''
| Aparna Ghosh / Aparna Anurag Basu / Suchitra
|
|<ref>[http://m.mouthshut.com/review/Kasauti-Zindagi-Ki-review-pqnnutror KASAUTI ZINDAGI KI - Review - MouthShut.com]</ref>
|-
| 2004–2005
| ''Hum 2 Hain Na!''
| Anjali
|
|
|-
| 2005
| ''[[Raat Hone Ko Hai]]''
| Sanjana
| (Episode 229 to Episode 232)
|
|-
| 2006–2008
| ''[[Karam Apnaa Apnaa]]''
| Maya Kapoor
|
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://entertainment.oneindia.in/television/news/2006/karam-apna-apna-131006.html |title=Karam Apna Apna: Ekta's newest marvelous sequential - Oneindia Entertainment |access-date=28 September 2013 |archive-date=2 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002100551/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/television/news/2006/karam-apna-apna-131006.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[https://m.imdb.com/title/tt2603432/ Karam Apnaa Apnaa (TV series 2006-2009) - IMDb]</ref>
|-
| 2007–2008
| ''Jersey No. 10''
| Psychotherapist
|
| {{Citation needed|date=March 2022}}
|-
| 2010–2011
| ''[[Tere Liye (TV series)|Tere Liye]]''
| Neelanjana Shekhar Ganguly
|
| <ref>{{cite news|url=http://starplus.startv.in/show/tere-liye/home_35.aspx|title=Tere Liye Star plus tv show|publisher=startv.in|year=2010|access-date=3 August 2013|archive-date=8 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208204547/http://starplus.startv.in/show/tere-liye/home_35.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Adaalat (TV series)|Adaalat]]'' – Zindagi Milegi Dobara : Part 1 & Part 2
| Advocate Suchitra Silwadker
| (Episode 69 & Episode 70)
| <ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1943898/fullcredits Adaalat (TV Series 2010– ) - Full Cast & Crew - IMDb]</ref>
|-
| 2013–2015
| ''[[Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon? Ek Baar Phir]]''
| Anjali Niranjan Agnihotri
|
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2013/iss-pyaar-ko-kya-naam-doon-back-ek-baar-phir-117166.html |title='Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon' Back 'Ek Baar Phir' On Popular Demand - Oneindia Entertainment |access-date=8 October 2013 |archive-date=22 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422131715/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/television/news/2013/iss-pyaar-ko-kya-naam-doon-back-ek-baar-phir-117166.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.starplus.in/show/iss-pyaar-ko-kya-naam-doonek-baar-phir/home_413.aspx |title=Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon?...Ek Baar Phir - Info |access-date=27 October 2013 |archive-date=31 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031081838/http://www.starplus.in/show/iss-pyaar-ko-kya-naam-doonek-baar-phir/home_413.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2013-09-06 |title=Review: Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon,Ek Baar Phir,just another love story |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/review-iss-pyaar-ko-kya-naam-doon-ek-baar-phir-just-another-love-story/ |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Ek Duje Ke Vaaste]]''
| Nirmala Ramnath Malhotra
|
|
|-
| 2019–2020
| ''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin 4: Bhagya Ka Zehreela Khel]]''
| Vrushali Akash Parikh
|
|
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Kyun Utthe Dil Chhod Aaye]]''
| Nalini Gajendra Pratapsingh / Nalini Vijendra Pratapsingh
|
|
|-
| 2021–2022
| ''[[Shubh Laabh – Aapkey Ghar Mein]]''
| Savita Niranjan Toshniwal
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Shubh Laabh, Coming Soon|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ARpcSgrchho|website=YouTube}}</ref>
|
|-
|}

== Awards ==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=June 2020}}
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" scope="col" | Year
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" scope="col" | Award
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" scope="col" | Category
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" scope="col" | Character
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" scope="col" class="unsortable" | Show
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" scope="col" class="unsortable" | Result
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2004
| [[Indian Television Academy Awards#Best Actress in a Negative Role|Indian Television Academy Awards]]
| Best Actress in a Negative Role
| rowspan="2"| Aparna Basu
| rowspan="2"| ''Kasautii Zindagii Kay''
| rowspan="1" {{won}}
|-
| [[Indian Telly Awards]] || [[Indian Telly Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role|Best Actress in a Supporting Role]]
|{{won}}
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}} https://www.imdb.com/name/nm4760652/?ref_=ext_shr_lnk

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|4760652}}

{{Indian Television Academy Awards}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tikekar, Geetanjali}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Masarat Alam Bhat

2026-02-05T04:36:33Z

UnknownEdits0303: slightly fix intro for clarity and improved wording

{{Short description|Separatist leader & Chairperson of Hurriyat Conference}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Masarat Alam Bhat
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Masarat Alam Bhat
| birth_date = July 1971
| birth_place = [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]<ref name=Praveen/>
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality =
| office = Chairman of [[All Parties Hurriyat Conference]] (Geelani faction)
| status = [[Acting (law)|Interim]]
| predecessor = [[Syed Ali Shah Geelani]]
| successor =
| term_start = 7 September 2021<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-07|title=Masarat Alam is new chairman of Hurriyat Conference {{!}} Free Press Kashmir|url=https://freepresskashmir.news/2021/09/07/masarat-alam-is-new-chairman-of-hurriyat-conference/|access-date=2021-10-17|website=freepresskashmir.news|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name="Masarat">{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/masarat-alam-succeeds-geelani-as-hurriyat-chairman-7495424/|title=Masarat Alam succeeds Geelani as Hurriyat chairman|author=Bashaarat Masood|work=The Indian Express|archive-url=https://archive.today/20230204070907/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/masarat-alam-succeeds-geelani-as-hurriyat-chairman-7495424/|archive-date=4 February 2023|date=8 September 2021|access-date=4 February 2023}}</ref>
| term_end =
| predecessor1 = ''position established''
| successor1 = Syed Ali Shah Geelani
| term_start1 = 7 September 2003<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-hurriyat-at-a-crossroads-7477227/|title=Explained: Hurriyat at a crossroads|author=Bashaarat Mashood|work=The Indian Express|date=5 September 2021|access-date=7 February 2023}}</ref>
| term_end1 = 15 September 2003<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030916/main4.htm|title=Geelani heads breakaway Hurriyat group|work=The Tribune|date=15 September 2003|access-date=4 February 2023}}</ref>
| alma_mater = [[University of Kashmir]]
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Politician]]|[[Activism|Activist]]}}
| party = [[All Parties Hurriyat Conference|Hurriyat (Geelani faction)]] Jammu Kashmir Muslim League
| otherparty = [[Tehreek-e-Hurriyat]] [[Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir]]
| website = {{URL|www.thjk.org}}
}}

'''Masarat Alam Bhat''' (born 1971) is a [[Kashmiris|Kashmiri]] [[Islamist]] activist and a political [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|separatist leader]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. He is the chairman of the Jammu Kashmir Muslim League, and interim chairman of the Geelani faction of the [[All Parties Hurriyat Conference]].

Bhat was appointed as the interim chairman of the Geelani faction of Hurriyat after the death of [[Syed Ali Shah Geelani]]. He played a significant role in the 2010 [[Stone pelting in Kashmir|Kashmir stone pelting]] rallies which broke out against the [[2010 Machil encounter|Machil fake encounter]] carried out by the Indian Army in Kashmir. Government has booked Masrat Alam in 27 criminal cases but in most of these he has either been exonerated or bailed out by the courts and was released after [[Mufti Mohammad Sayeed]] took over as the [[Chief minister (India)|Chief Minister]] of Jammu and Kashmir on 1 March 2015.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Masarat-Alam-Bhat-A-stone-thrower-since-childhood/articleshow/46510843.cms | title=Masarat Alam Bhat: 'A stone thrower since childhood | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=10 March 2015 | access-date=10 March 2015}}</ref>

Bhat was detained under the controversial [[Jammu and Kashmir Public Safety Act, 1978|Public Safety Act]] and was in March 2015 released which caused a major political controversy and dominated Indian Parliament Proceedings.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/jandk-mufti-pdp-bjp-omar-abdullah-national-conference-243317-2015-03-07 | title=Mufti Mohammad Sayeed releases Muslim League leader Masarat Alam from jail, draws flak | publisher=[[India Today]] | work=Naseer Ganai | date=8 March 2015 | access-date=10 March 2015}}</ref> Amid speculations over his release Masrat Aalam said that no deal was made between him and the Chief Minister Mufti Mohammad Sayeed, saying "I spent more than four years in prison and during all these years I challenged the grounds of my 'illegal' detention".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://onlykashmir.in/no-deal-between-me-and-mufti-bukharis-revelations-expose-omars-mindset-says-masarat-alam/|title=No deal between me and Mufti, Bukhari's revelations expose Omar's mindset, says Masarat Alam - Only Kashmir - Behind the News|publisher=|access-date=25 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220043539/http://onlykashmir.in/no-deal-between-me-and-mufti-bukharis-revelations-expose-omars-mindset-says-masarat-alam/|archive-date=20 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.business-standard.com/video-gallery/general/bjp-leaders-meet-kashmir-chief-over-masarat-alam-release-row-18078/bjp-leaders-meet-kashmir-chief-over-masarat-alam-release-row-18501.htm | title=BJP leaders meet Kashmir chief over Masarat Alam release row | newspaper=Business Standard India | publisher=[[Business Standard]] | date=10 March 2015 | access-date=10 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/live-hurriyat-hardliner-masarat-alams-release-rocks-parliament-opposition-seeks-pms-statement/ | title=Hurriyat hardliner Masarat Alam's release rocks House: PM Modi makes his anger known | publisher=Indian Express | date=10 March 2015 | access-date=10 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://qz.com/359280/how-masarat-alam-bhat-transformed-from-a-posh-schoolboy-to-kashmirs-most-wanted-separatist/ | title=How Masarat Alam Bhat transformed from a posh schoolboy to Kashmir's "most wanted" separatist | date=10 March 2015 | publisher=Quartez | access-date=10 March 2015 | archive-date=17 November 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117181753/https://qz.com/359280/how-masarat-alam-bhat-transformed-from-a-posh-schoolboy-to-kashmirs-most-wanted-separatist/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> He has been jailed for 17 years and has around 27 cases against him.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-masarat-alam-bhat-spent-17-years-in-jail-has-27-firs-against-him-2067432 | title=Masarat Alam Bhat spent 17 years in jail, has 27 FIRs against him | publisher=Dna | date=10 March 2015 | access-date=13 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="sundayguardian">{{cite news|title=Masarat set to be ISI's poster boy in valley|url=http://www.sunday-guardian.com/news/masarat-set-to-be-isis-poster-boy-in-valley|access-date=17 April 2015|publisher=The Sunday Guardian|date=14 March 2015|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303180956/http://www.sunday-guardian.com/news/masarat-set-to-be-isis-poster-boy-in-valley|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Early life==
Bhat was born in old-city [[Srinagar]]'s Zaindar Mohalla in July 1971.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/being-masarat-alam/|title=Sunday Story: Being Masarat Alam|date=2015-03-15|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-06-21|language=en-US}}</ref> Like many youths of his generation, he was drawn to the armed rebellion against Indian state that began in 1989.<ref name=Praveen/>
He was first arrested by the [[Border Security Force]] in October 1990 on charges of serving as a lieutenant to the then-prominent militant, Mushtaq Ahmad Bhat. He won a protracted legal battle in 1997 and began working at a cloth store owned by his grandfather, graduating the next year.
From 1999, Bhat became increasingly active in the [[All Parties Hurriyat Conference]](APHC) that cost him multiple stints in prison. He represented the Muslim League in APHC. Bhat found space under hardline Islamist leader [[Syed Ali Shah Geelani]]'s wing after the Hurriyat Conference split in 2003.<ref name=Praveen>{{cite news|author=Praveen Swami |title=Inside Kashmir's New Islamist movement|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Inside-Kashmirs-New-Islamist-movement/article16136544.ece|access-date=17 April 2015|work=The Hindu|date=19 August 2010}}</ref>

==Detention==
In 2010, he was on the run after the Indian government announced a reward for his arrest for issuing protest calendars.
Subsequently he was arrested later that year and remained in custody until early 2015.
*He was arrested on 17 April 2015 by Kashmir police in [[Srinagar]] for raising Pakistan flag and shouting anti-India slogans.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/india-kashmir-clashes-idINKBN0N81H120150417|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306233253/http://in.reuters.com/article/india-kashmir-clashes-idINKBN0N81H120150417|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 March 2016|title=Violent clashes erupt in Kashmir over arrest of separatist leaders|first=Fayaz|last=Bukhari|newspaper=Reuters|date=17 April 2015|publisher=|access-date=25 August 2016}}</ref> [[Syed Ali Shah Geelani]] has called for shutdown call for his arrest in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] on 18 April<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kashmirdispatch.com/headlines/170429920-geelani-calls-for-valley-wide-shutdown-on-saturday.htm|title=Geelani calls for Valley-wide shutdown on Saturday - KashmirDispatch|publisher=|access-date=25 August 2016}}</ref> and some hurriyat supporters were doing protest against the arrest of Masarat Alam. In Budgam one protesting teenager boy who was claimed to be pelting stones was killed by [[Central Reserve Police Force|CRPF]] firing which created tension in the Jammu and Kashmir.<ref>{{cite news|title=One Dead as Security Personnel Fire at Protesters in Narbal in Jammu and Kashmir|url=http://www.ndtv.com/cheat-sheet/one-dead-as-police-fire-at-protesters-in-narbal-in-jammu-and-kashmir-756022|access-date=18 April 2015|publisher=NDTV|date=18 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/bandh-in-kashmir-against-masarat-alams-arrest-one-dead-in-police-firing-near-srinagar/540533-3-245.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150423033441/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/bandh-in-kashmir-against-masarat-alams-arrest-one-dead-in-police-firing-near-srinagar/540533-3-245.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 April 2015|title=Bandh in Kashmir against Masarat Alam's arrest, one dead in police firing near Srinagar|publisher=|access-date=25 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://post.jagran.com/youth-killed-in-crpf-firing-on-protesters-in-budgam-1429339474|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418102159/http://post.jagran.com/youth-killed-in-crpf-firing-on-protesters-in-budgam-1429339474|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 April 2015|title=Youth killed in firing in Budgam district of J&K; Mirwaiz placed under house arrest|publisher=|access-date=25 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/boy-killed-in-crpf-firing-in-srinagar/article7116434.ece|title=Boy killed in CRPF firing in Srinagar|first=Zahid|last=Rafiq|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=18 April 2015|publisher=|access-date=25 August 2016}}</ref> Again Public Safety Act has been invoked against him by [[India]]n [[Government]] on 23 April.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/public-safety-act-invoked-against-jk-separatist-masarat-alam-can-be-jailed-for-2-years_1583480.html|title=Public Safety Act invoked against J&K separatist Masarat Alam, can be jailed for 2 years|date=23 April 2015|publisher=|access-date=25 August 2016}}</ref> The valley saw sporadic clashes between Alam's supporters and the police. Protests were also held in some areas against his arrest, which has become the rallying point for separatists in Kashmir.<ref name="ndtv.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/kashmiri-separatists-call-for-shutdown-to-protest-masarat-alams-detention-under-public-safety-act-757992|title=Kashmiri Separatists Call for Shutdown on Saturday to Protest Masarat Alam's Detention Under Public Safety Act|publisher=|access-date=25 August 2016}}</ref> The Jammu and Kashmir government has shifted Alam out of the valley to a jail in Jammu. Kashmiri separatists have called for [[Strike action|shutdown]] on Saturday 25, 2015 in the valley against the detention of hardliner leader Masarat Alam under the Public Safety Act, a law that will allow the state to keep him in jail for two years without trial.<ref name="ndtv.com"/>
* On 1 September 2015, he was detained again in jail premises after authorities released him following the Jammu and Kashmir [[High Court]]'s order for releasing him. After Jammu jail authorities freed [[Masarat Alam]] following the court orders, a police party however, rearrested him and took him away to some unknown destination.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/kashmiri-separatist-masarat-alam-re-arrested-in-jammu-1213148|title=Kashmiri Separatist Masarat Alam Re-arrested in Jammu|publisher=|access-date=25 August 2016}}</ref> The Jammu and Kashmir High Court quashed the detention of hardline separatist leader Masrat Alam under the Public Safety Act (PSA). [[Hasnain Masoodi|Justice Hasnain Masoodi]] announced in open court that he has quashed the detention order issued by state government under the [[Jammu and Kashmir Public Safety Act, 1978|PSA]] against Masrat Alam and the detailed order would follow.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.abplive.in/crime/2015/08/21/article691182.ece/Kashmir-HC-quashes-Masrat-Alams-detention-under-PSA |title=Archived copy |access-date=2 September 2015 |archive-date=25 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825070206/http://www.abplive.in/crime/2015/08/21/article691182.ece/Kashmir-HC-quashes-Masrat-Alams-detention-under-PSA |url-status=dead }}</ref> Many people believe that he could be a new leader in Jammu and Kashmir.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/masarat-alam-man-who-could-be-the-new-leader/|title=Masarat Alam: Man who could be the new leader|date=31 August 2015|publisher=|access-date=25 August 2016}}</ref>

==Quotes==
Following are the quotes by Masarat Alam on various occasions.
*"It is not only Indian administration (officials) who have a right to live in Jammu and Kashmir. We are sons of the soil and we have a right to live here. This is our land".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/did-not-wave-pakistan-flag-says-masarat-alam/|title=Did not wave Pak flag: Masarat Alam|date=16 April 2015|publisher=|access-date=25 August 2016}}</ref>
*"The state has been using force against us for decades but it will not deter us from fighting for our goal. For us there is no difference in who is in the government. They are all same."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/masarat-alams-arrest-will-hit-sayeeds-plan-to-make-separatists-irrelevant-2200908.html|title=As Srinagar rages over Masarat Alam's arrest, Sayeed's plan for separatists seems doomed - Firstpost|date=18 April 2015|publisher=|access-date=25 August 2016}}</ref>
*"I'm a stone thrower since childhood."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Masarat-Alam-Bhat-A-stone-thrower-since-childhood/articleshow/46510843.cms|title=Masarat Alam Bhat: 'A stone thrower since childhood' - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 March 2015 |publisher=|access-date=25 August 2016}}</ref>

==Criticism and controversies==
* Masarat Alam supported [[2008 Mumbai Attacks]] mastermind [[Hafiz Muhammad Saeed|Hafiz Saeed]]. Alam, who responded by raising a series of [[anti-India]] and [[pro-Pakistan]] [[slogans]], including those favouring militants like [[Hizbul Mujahideen]] chief [[Syed Salahuddin]] (who is from Jammu and Kashmir and now in Pakistan administered), [[Azad Kashmir]] and [[Lashkar-e-Taiba|LeT]] chief [[Hafiz Saeed|Hafiz Sayeed]]. "Hafiz Sayeed ka kya paigaam (What is Hafiz Sayeed’s message)," Alam shouted. "Kashmir banega Pakistan (Kashmir will become Pakistan).".<ref name="aqt">{{cite news |last1=Qadri |first1=Azhar |title=Geelani, Masarat hold anti- India rally |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/geelani-masarat-hold-anti-india-rally-68037|archive-url=https://archive.today/20220325215454/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/geelani-masarat-hold-anti-india-rally-68037|archive-date=25 March 2022|access-date=25 March 2022 |work=Tribuneindia News Service |publisher=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)]] |date=15 April 2015 |language=en}}</ref>
*After Kashmir flood disaster, Masarat created a huge controversy by saying that Kashmir valley does not need Indian forces to rescue people in case of natural disasters.<ref name="indiatvnews.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/masarat-alam-says-kashmir-does-need-army-in-flood-49237.html|title=Masarat Alam on Army's need in Kashmir floods-IndiaTV News|date=April 2015|publisher=|access-date=25 August 2016}}</ref>
He said, "Our associates went to [[Budgam|Badgam]] and [[Srinagar]], we do not feel any kind of need. If disasters come, we do not need army and [[National Disaster Response Force]] (NDRF). We think these are occupational forces so how would they bring relief? Last time, they did specific relief operation and rescued their own people. People here know that.<ref name="indiatvnews.com"/>" 
This statement has been criticised by media for being anti-Kashmiri and it may bring Kashmiri people in danger.<ref name="indiatvnews.com"/>
*On 15 April 2015 he unfurled Pakistan flag in a rally in Srinagar and chanted pro-Pakistan slogans to greet [[Syed Ali Shah Geelani]] on his arrival in Srinagar from [[New Delhi]] which erupted huge controversy in Indian media.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kashmiri separatist leader Masarat Alam waves Pakistani flag to greet Syed Ali Geelani in Srinagar|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kashmiri-separatist-leader-masarat-alam-waves-pakistani-flag-to-greet-syed-ali-geelani-in-srinagar/540045-3-245.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417125237/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kashmiri-separatist-leader-masarat-alam-waves-pakistani-flag-to-greet-syed-ali-geelani-in-srinagar/540045-3-245.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 April 2015|access-date=17 April 2015|publisher=IBNLive|date=15 April 2015}}</ref> Later Jammu & Kashmir Police filed a case under [[Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act]] against Geelani and Masarat Alam for raising anti-national slogans. On 17 April Masarat Alam was arrested by Srinagar police.
[[Jitendra Singh (BJP politician)|Jitendra Singh]], Minister of State in [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister's Office]], said: "There's no compromise on any account, we are very clear on how such people have to be treated."<ref>{{cite news|title=Separatist leader Masarat Alam arrested|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Separatist-leader-Masarat-Alam-arrested/articleshow/46953744.cms|access-date=17 April 2015|work=The Times of India|date=17 April 2015}}</ref> 
[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of State for Home Affairs]] [[Kiren Rijiju]] said, "Alam's arrest sends a strong message to the fringe groups. We will not tolerate any kind of anti-India activities."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Waving-of-Pakistani-flags-Separatist-leader-Masarat-Alam-Bhat-arrested/articleshow/46954492.cms|title=Waving of Pakistani flags: Separatist leader Masarat Alam Bhat arrested - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=17 April 2015 |publisher=|access-date=25 August 2016}}</ref> 
However, [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] founder and mastermind of [[2008 Mumbai Attacks]] [[Hafiz Muhammad Saeed|Hafiz Saeed]] congratulated Masarat for his "anti-India act" and held a rally in support of Masarat in [[Lahore]] on 17 April 2015.<ref>{{cite news|title=Lashkar-e-Toiba founder Hafeez Saeed holds rally in support of Masarat Alam|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/lashkaretoiba-founder-hafeez-saeed-holds-rally-in-support-of-masarat-alam/540454-3-245.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419194053/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/lashkaretoiba-founder-hafeez-saeed-holds-rally-in-support-of-masarat-alam/540454-3-245.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 April 2015|access-date=17 April 2015|publisher=IBNLive|date=17 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Hafiz Saeed backs Masarat Alam openly, still no arrest|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/news/Hafiz-Saeed-backs-Masarat-Alam-openly-still-no-arrest/videoshow/46948096.cms|access-date=17 April 2015|work=The Times of India|date=17 April 2015}}</ref>

*Masarat has been criticized by media as "New poster boy of [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]] in [[Kashmir Valley|Kashmir valley]]".<ref name="sundayguardian"/> Indian authorities claim that Pakistan's game plan for Kashmir is to erupt 2010-style confrontations between the youth and the security forces by using leaders like Masarat Alam, so as to seek interest of the [[United States]] and [[European Union]] for mediation in [[Kashmir conflict|Kashmir issue]].<ref name="sundayguardian"/>

==See also==
* [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kashmir separatist movement}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhat, Masarat Alam}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Kashmiri Muslims]]
[[Category:Kashmiri militants]]
[[Category:Kashmir separatist movement]]
[[Category:University of Kashmir alumni]]
[[Category:People from Srinagar district]]

Bungarus

2026-01-15T00:30:23Z

UnknownEdits0303: corrected references for consistency also and fixed typos for clarity

{{Short description|Genus of venomous snakes}}
{{Redirect|Krait|the ship|MV Krait|the CPU|Krait (CPU)}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Banded Krait (Bangarus fasciatus) by David V Raju.jpg
| image_caption =''[[Bungarus fasciatus]]'' (banded krait), the largest species of krait
| taxon = Bungarus
| authority = [[François Marie Daudin|Daudin]], 1803
| type_species = ''[[Bungarus fasciatus|Bungarus annularis]]''
| type_species_authority = Daudin, 1803<ref name=repfocus>{{cite web |title=Bungarus |work=RepFocus - A Survey of the Reptiles of the World |publisher=Rune Midtgaard |url=http://www.repfocus.dk/Bungarus.html |access-date=21 July 2021}}</ref>
| synonyms = *''Pseudoboa'' [[Nicolaus Michael Oppel|Oppel]], 1811
*''Aspidoclonion'' [[Johann Georg Wagler|Wagler]], 1828
*''Megærophis'' [[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1849
*''Xenurelaps'' [[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1864
| synonyms_ref = <ref name = repfocus/>
}}

'''''Bungarus''''' (commonly known as '''kraits''' {{IPAc-en|k|r|aɪ|t}})<ref>"krait, n." ''Oxford English Dictionary Online''. Oxford University Press (accessed June 30, 2014).</ref><ref>[http://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=krait "krait"]. ''American Heritage Dictionary''. Accessed June 30, 2014.</ref> is a [[genus]] of [[venomous snakes]] in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Elapidae]]. The genus is native to [[Asia]]. Often found on the floor of [[tropical forest]]s in [[South Asia]], [[Southeast Asia]] and [[Southern China]], they are medium-sized, highly venomous snakes with a total length (including tail) typically not exceeding {{convert|2|m}}. These are [[nocturnal]] [[ophiophagy|ophiophagious predators]] which prey primarily on other snakes at night, occasionally taking [[lizards]], [[amphibians]] and [[rodents]]. Most species are with banded patterns acting as a [[aposematism|warning sign]] to their predators. Despite being considered as generally docile and timid, kraits are capable of delivering highly potent [[neurotoxins|neurotoxic venom]] which is medically significant with potential lethality to humans. The genus currently holds 18 [[species]] and 5 [[subspecies]].

==Distribution==
Kraits are found in [[tropical]] and [[subtropical]] [[South Asia|South]] and [[Southeast Asia]] and [[Indochina]], ranging in the west from [[Iran]], east through the [[Indian subcontinent]] (including [[Bangladesh]], [[Nepal]], [[Pakistan]], and [[Sri Lanka]]) and into Southeast Asia (including the island of [[Borneo]], [[Brunei]], [[Cambodia]], [[Indonesia]], [[Laos]], [[Malaysia]], [[Myanmar]], [[Thailand]] and [[Vietnam]]).<ref> {{Cite web |title=Genus Bungarus - taxonomy & distribution / RepFocus |url=https://repfocus.dk/Bungarus.html |access-date=2025-09-04 |website=repfocus.dk}} </ref>

==Description==
[[File:Bungarus (10.3897-zookeys.1025.62305) Figure 7.jpg|thumb|'''A-B:''' ''[[Many-banded krait|B. multicinctus]]'' '''C-D:''' ''[[Bungarus candidus|B. candidus]]'' '''E-F:''' ''[[Bungarus wanghaotingi|B. wanghaotingi]]'' '''G-H:''' ''[[Bungarus suzhenae|B. suzhenae]]'']]
Kraits usually range between {{convert|1.0|and|1.5|m|abbr=on}} in total length (including tail), although specimens as large as {{convert|2.0|m|abbr=on}} have been observed. The [[Bungarus fasciatus|banded krait]] (''B. fasciatus'') may grow as large as {{convert|2.125|m|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Smith_pg_411_to_413">[[Malcolm Arthur Smith|Smith, Malcolm A.]] (1943). ''The Fauna of British India, Ceylon and Burma, Including the Whole of the Indo-Chinese Sub-region. Reptilia and Amphibia. Vol. III.—Serpentes''. London: Secretary of State for India. (Taylor and Francis, printers). xii + 583 pp. (''Bungarus'', genus and species, pp. 407-418).</ref> Most species of kraits are covered in smooth, glossy [[scale (zoology)|scale]]s arranged in bold, striped patterns of alternating [[black]] and light-colored areas. This may serve as [[aposematism|aposematic]] colouration in its [[Habitat (ecology)|habitat]] of [[grassland]] and scrub jungle. The scales along the [[Dorsum (biology)|dorsal]] ridge of the back are [[hexagon]]al. The head is slender, and the [[eye]]s have round [[pupil]]s. Kraits have pronounced dorsolateral flattening, which causes them to be triangular in cross section.

==Ecology==
Kraits are [[nocturnal]] and [[ophiophagy|ophiophagous]], preying chiefly upon other snakes including [[Cannibalism (zoology)|those of their kinds]], although occasional hunt for small [[rodents]] and [[lizards]] has been observed.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090213222149/http://kingsnake.com/elapids/kraits.htm Richard Mastenbroek's Elapid Pages: Kraits (''Bungarus'' ssp.)]</ref> They are seldom encountered during daytime while becoming highly alert at night. If disturbed, they usually flee; failing this they tend to coil up with the head underneath the body for protection. Though most kraits are docile and timid, some species thrash fiercely when caught for relocation. Repeated provocation may result in bites which are the last resort of the snakes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Living in Indonesia:Banded Krait |url=http://www.expat.or.id/medical/poisonoussnakes.html# |access-date=2006-06-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060508193102/http://www.expat.or.id/medical/poisonoussnakes.html# |archive-date=2006-05-08}}</ref> Kraits are [[Oviparity|oviparous]], releasing a [[Clutch (eggs)|clutch]] of 12 to 14 [[egg (biology)|eggs]] in piles of [[leaf litter]]. The female usually stays with them until they hatch.

==Venom==
''Bungarus'' contains some species that are among the most venomous land snakes in the world, to mice, based on their {{LD50}}.<ref name=W&C04>{{cite book |last1=Whitaker |first1=Romulus |author-link1=Romulus Whitaker |last2=Captain |first2=Ashok |author-link2=Ashok Captain |year=2004 |title=Snakes of India, The Field Guide |publisher=Draco Books. |location=Chennai |isbn=81-901873-0-9 |page=495}}</ref>{{Verify source|date=November 2021|reason=Please confirm page number. Was unclear if the '495' given was actual reference page like it should be or if it was the total pages of the book.}} They have a highly potent, [[neurotoxin|neurotoxic]] [[venom (poison)|venom]], which can induce [[muscle paralysis]]. Clinically, their venom contains mostly [[Synapse|presynaptic]] neurotoxins, which affect the ability of [[neuron]] endings to properly release a chemical communication mechanism to the next neuron. Following [[envenomation]] with [[bungarotoxin]]s, transmitter release is initially blocked (leading to a brief [[paralysis]]), followed by a period of massive overexcitation ([[cramps]], tremors, spasms), which finally tapers off to paralysis.

These phases of envenomation may or may not be experienced in all parts of the body; they may or may not be experienced simultaneously. The severity of the bite itself and the actual dosage of venom delivered plays a role in the intensity of symptoms. As kraits are mainly nocturnal, encounters with humans are rare during the daytime. Bites mainly occur after sunset, and are often (initially) painless; thus, a bite may go unnoticed if the victim is sleeping or otherwise does not see or notice the krait, further prolonging envenomation damage within the body. Still—whenever possible—medical treatment should be sought posthaste, as a bite from a krait is considered potentially life-threatening. All venomous snake bites must be taken seriously as an immediate [[medical emergency]].

Typically, victims will start to notice severe abdominal cramps accompanied by progressive muscular paralysis, and frequently starting with [[Ptosis (eyelid)|ptosis]]. As no local symptoms are usually seen, a patient should be carefully observed for tell-tale signs of paralysis (e.g. the onset of [[bilateral ptosis]], [[diplopia]], and [[dysphagia]]), and subsequently treated (as quickly as possible) with [[antivenom]]. Frequently, little or no pain occurs at the site of a krait bite, which can provide false reassurance to the victim. The major medical difficulty of envenomated patients is the lack of medical resources (especially [[intubation]] supplies and mechanical [[ventilator]]s in rural hospitals) and potential for ineffectiveness by the antivenom.

Upon arriving at a healthcare facility, support must be provided until the venom has [[metabolise]]d and the victim can breathe unaided, especially if no species–specific antivenom is available. Given that the toxins alter [[acetylcholine]] transmission—which causes the paralysis—some patients have been successfully treated with [[cholinesterase]] inhibitors, such as [[physostigmine]] or [[neostigmine]], but success is variable and may be species-dependent, as well. If death occurs, it typically takes place about 6–12 hours after the krait bite, but can be significantly delayed. The usual cause of death in that situation is [[respiratory failure]]—[[suffocation]] by complete paralysis of the [[Thoracic diaphragm|diaphragm]]. Even if patients make it to a hospital, subsequently entering a permanent [[coma]] (and even brain death from [[Hypoxia (medical)|hypoxia]]) may occur, given the potential for long transport times to get medical care, in some regions.

Mortality rates caused by bites from the members of this genus vary by species; according to [[University of Adelaide]] Department of Toxicology, bites from the [[banded krait]] have a mortality rate of 1–10% in untreated humans,<ref name="ct">{{cite web |title=''Bungarus fasciatus '' |publisher=WCH Clinical Toxinology Resources |url=http://toxinology.com/fusebox.cfm?fuseaction=main.snakes.display&id=SN0018}}</ref> while that of the [[common krait]] is 70–80%.<ref name="ct2">{{cite web |title=''Bungarus caeruleus '' |publisher=WCH Clinical Toxinology Resources |url=http://toxinology.com/fusebox.cfm?fuseaction=main.snakes.display&id=SN0015 |access-date=2011-11-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161016212515/http://www.toxinology.com/fusebox.cfm?fuseaction=main.snakes.display&id=SN0015 |archive-date=2016-10-16}}</ref> In common with those of all other venomous snakes, the death time and fatality rate resulting from bites of kraits depend on numerous factors, such as the venom yield and the health status of the victim.

Polyvalent elapid antivenom is effective in neutralizing of the venoms of ''B. candidus'' and ''B. flaviceps'', and rather effective for'' B. fasciatus'', and the monovalent ''B. fasciatus'' antivenom is also moderately effective.<ref name=antivenom>{{cite web |author=Nget Hong Tan |title=Antivenoms against Malaysian poisonous snakes |publisher=University of Malaya |url=http://www.tanngethong.com/Antivenom.htm |access-date=2009-09-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228190338/http://tanngethong.com/Antivenom.htm |archive-date=2009-02-28}}</ref>

==Species==
{|class="wikitable"
! Image
! Species
! Authority
! Subsp.*
! Common name
! Geographic range
|-
|[[File:Andaman Krait.jpg|120px]]
|''[[Bungarus andamanensis]]''
|[[species:Sayantan Biswas|Biswas]] & [[species:D.P. Sanyal|Sanyal]], 1978
|align="center"|0
|[[South Andaman krait]]
|style="width:40%"|[[India]] ([[Andaman Islands|Andaman Island]])
|-
|[[File:Bungarus bungaroides.jpg|120px]]
|''[[Bungarus bungaroides]]''
|([[Theodore Edward Cantor|Cantor]], 1839)
|align="center"|0
|[[Northeastern hill krait]]
|[[Myanmar]], [[India]] ([[Assam]], [[Cachar]], [[Sikkim]]), [[Nepal]], [[Vietnam]]
|-
|[[File:Coomon Krait.jpg|120px]]
|''[[Bungarus caeruleus]]''T
|([[Johann Gottlob Schneider|Schneider]], 1801)
|align="center"|0
|[[Common krait]], Indian krait
|[[Afghanistan]], [[Pakistan]], [[India]] ([[Bengal]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Karnataka]]), [[Sri Lanka]], [[Bangladesh]], Nepal
|-
|[[File:Bungar candi 120608-0343 krw.jpg|120px]]
|''[[Bungarus candidus]]''
|([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])
|align="center"|0
|Blue krait, Malayan krait
|Cambodia, [[Indonesia]] ([[Java (island)|Java]], [[Sumatra]], [[Bali]], [[Sulawesi]]), [[Malaysia]] ([[Malay Peninsula|Malaya]]), [[Singapore]], [[Thailand]], [[Vietnam]]
|-
|[[File:The Ceylon krait or Sri Lankan krait (Bungarus ceylonicus) is a species of venomous snake endemic to the island Sri Lanka.jpg|120px]]
|''[[Bungarus ceylonicus]]''
|[[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1864
|align="center"|1
|Ceylon krait, [[Sri Lankan krait]]
|[[Sri Lanka]]
|-
|[[File:Banded Krait, Bungarus fasciatus (24025894235).jpg|120px]]
|''[[Bungarus fasciatus]]''
|(Schneider, 1801)
|align="center"|0
|[[Banded krait]]
|[[Bangladesh]], [[Brunei]], [[Myanmar]], [[Cambodia]], south [[China]] (incl. [[Hong Kong]], [[Hainan]]), north-east [[India]], [[Bhutan]], [[Nepal]], [[Indonesia]] ([[Sumatra]], Java, [[Borneo]]), [[Laos]], [[Macau]]; Malaysia (Malaya and [[East Malaysia]]), [[Singapore]], [[Thailand]] and [[Vietnam]].
|-
|[[File:Red-headed Krait.jpg|120px]]
|''[[Bungarus flaviceps]]''
|([[Johannes Theodor Reinhardt|Reinhardt]], 1843)
|align="center"|1
|[[Red-headed krait]]
|South Thailand, South Myanmar, Cambodia, Vietnam, [[Malaysian Peninsula]], [[Pulau Tioman]], Indonesia ([[Bangka Regency|Bangka]], Sumatra, Java, [[Billiton]], [[Borneo]])
|-
|[[File:Bungarus lividus, Lesser Black Krait at Jalpaiguri, India.jpg|120px]]
|''[[Bungarus lividus]]''
|Cantor, 1839
|align="center"|0
|[[Lesser black krait]]
|[[India]], Bangladesh, Nepal
|-
|[[File:Bungarus multicinctus 125204318.jpg|120px]]
|''[[Bungarus magnimaculatus]]''
|[[Frank Wall (herpetologist)|Wall]] & [[species:George Henry Evans|Evans]], 1901
|align="center"|0
|[[Burmese krait]]
|[[Myanmar]]
|-
|
|''[[Bungarus multicinctus]]''
|[[Edward Blyth|Blyth]], 1861
|align="center"|1
|[[Many-banded krait]]
|Taiwan, south [[China]] (Hong Kong, [[Hainan]]), Myanmar, [[Laos]], northern Vietnam, and Thailand
|-
|[[File:Bungarus niger 83013559.jpg|120px]]
|''[[Bungarus niger]]''
|Wall, 1908
|align="center"|0
|Black krait, [[Greater black krait]]
|[[India]] (Assam, Sikkim), Nepal, Bangladesh, [[Bhutan]]
|-
|
|''[[Bungarus persicus]]''
|[[species:Elham Abtin|Abtin]], [[species:Göran Nilson|Nilson]], [[species:Asghar Mobaraki|Mobaraki]], [[species:Ashraf Ali Hosseini|Hosseini]] & [[species:Mousa Dehgan Nejhad|Dehgannejhad]], 2014
|align="center"|0
|Persian krait, Iranian krait
|[[Iran]]
|-
|
|''[[Bungarus sagittatus]]''
|[[species:Akrachai Aksornneam|Aksornneam]], [[species:Attapol Rujirawan|Rujirawan]], [[species:Siriporn Yodthong|Yodthong]], [[species:Yik-Hei Sung|Sung]] & [[species:Anchalee Aowphol|Aowphol]], 2024
|align="center"|0
|
|Thailand
|-
|[[File:Sind Krait.jpg|120px]]
|''[[Bungarus sindanus]]''
|[[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger]], 1897
|align="center"|2
|[[Sind krait]]
|Southeast Pakistan, India
|-
|
|''[[Bungarus slowinskii]]'' <ref>[[species:Ulrich Kuch|Kuch, Ulrich]]; [[species:David A. Kizirian|Kizirian, David]]; [[species:Truong Quang Nguyen|Nguyen, Quang Truong]]; [[species:Robin Lawson|Lawson, Robin]]; [[Maureen A. Donnelly|Donnelly, Maureen A.]]; [[species:Dietrich Mebs|Mebs, Dietrich]] (2005). "A new species of krait (Squamata: Elapidae) from the Red River System of Northern Vietnam". ''Copeia'' '''2005''' (4): 818-833. (''Bungarus slowinskii'', new species).</ref>
|[[species:Ulrich Kuch|Kuch]], [[species:David A. Kizirian|Kizirian]], [[species:Truong Quang Nguyen|T.Q. Nguyen]], [[species:Robin Lawson|Lawson]], [[Maureen A. Donnelly|Donnelly]] & [[species:Dietrich Mebs|Mebs]], 2005
|align="center"|0
|[[Red River krait]]
|Northern Vietnam, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia.
|-
|[[File:Paratype of Bungarus suzhenae in life - Oo 521379.jpg|120px]]
|''[[Bungarus suzhenae]]''
|[[species:Ze-Ning Chen|Chen]], [[species:Sheng-Chao Shi|S.Shi]], [[species:Gernot Vogel|Vogel]], [[species:Li Ding|Ding]] & [[species:Jing-Song Shi|J. Shi]], 2021
|align="center"|0
|[[Suzhen's krait]]
|China (Yunnan), Myanmar (Kachin State)
|-
|[[File:Bungarus Walli Wall by Ganesh Sah.jpg|120px]]
|''[[Bungarus walli]]''
|Wall, 1907
|align="center"|0
|Wall's krait
|India (Uttar Pradesh), Nepal, Bangladesh
|-
|
|''[[Bungarus wanghaotingi]]''
|[[Clifford H. Pope|Pope]], 1928
|align="center"|0
|
|China, Myanmar
|-
|}
''*) Not including the [[Nominotypical subspecies|nominate subspecies (typical form)]].'' 
T) [[Type species]]

''[[Nota bene]]'': A [[Binomial nomenclature|binomial authority]] in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than ''Bungarus''.

==See also==
* [[Locked-in syndrome]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*[[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger GA]] (1896). ''Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume III., Containing the Colubridæ (Opisthoglyphæ and Proteroglyphæ) ...'' London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xiv + 727 pp. + Plates I-XXV. (Genus ''Bungarus'', pp. 365-366, Figure 26, three views of skull).
*[[François Marie Daudin|Daudin FM]] (1803). ''Histoire Naturelle, Génerale et Particulière des Reptiles; Ouvrage faisant suite aux Œuvres de [[Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon|Leclerc de Buffon]], et partie de Cours complete d'Histoire naturelle rédigé par [[Charles-Nicolas-Sigisbert Sonnini de Manoncourt|C.S. Sonnini]], membre de plusieurs Sociétés savantes. Tome cinquième'' [Volume 5]. Paris: F. Dufart. 365 pp. (''Bungarus'', new genus, p. 263). (in French).

==External links==
*{{EMBL genus|genus=Bungarus}}
*{{ITIS |id=700207 |taxon=Bungarus |access-date=6 May 2006}}
*[http://outsideonline.com/outside/adventure/200204/200204_bit_1.html?rf_region_dd=4&rf_state_dd=&price=4 Detailed account of Joe Slowinski's death via krait bite] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527201952/https://www.outsideonline.com/1917911/bit?rf_region_dd=4&rf_state_dd=&price=4 |date=2020-05-27 }}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q752389}}

[[Category:Bungarus| ]]
[[Category:Snakes of India]]
[[Category:Reptiles of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Reptiles of Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Taxa named by François Marie Daudin]]

Mohun Bagan Ground

2025-12-26T05:02:59Z

UnknownEdits0303: Page updated with relevant improvements

{{Short description|Football stadium in Kolkata, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{infobox venue
| name = Mohun Bagan Ground মোহনবাগান গ্রাউন্ড
| image = Mohun Bagan Ground and gallery 09.jpg
| caption = Mohun Bagan Ground on a matchday
| image_size = 275px
| location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|22.562035|88.342223|format=dms|type:landmark_scale:3000|display=it}}
| public_transit = {{rint|kolkata|bus}} Esplanade Bus Terminus {{rint|kolkata|s}} [[Eden Gardens railway station|Eden Gardens]] {{rint|kolkata|m}} {{rint|kolkata|ewm}} [[Esplanade metro station|Esplanade]]
| opened = 1872<ref name=e>{{cite web|url=http://einfodemolink.com/CCFC/history|title=History|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819105949/http://einfodemolink.com/CCFC/history|archive-date=19 August 2020}}</ref>
| owner = [[Eastern Command (India)]]
| operator = [[Indian Football Association]]
| surface = Grass
| dimensions = 100 x 60 metres<ref name=e/>
| architect =
| services_engineer =
| main_contractors =
| construction_cost =
| former_names = Calcutta FC Ground
| capacity = 22,000
| suites =
| scoreboard = Yes (manual)
| tenants = [[Calcutta Cricket and Football Club|Calcutta FC]] (1872–present) [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] (1963–present)
}}

'''Mohun Bagan Ground''', also known as '''Mohun Bagan–Calcutta FC Ground''',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://footballnewsindia.in/2015/08/04/calcutta-football-league-officers-choice-blue-title-sponsor/|title=CALCUTTA FOOTBALL LEAGUE – OFFICER'S CHOICE BLUE TO BE THE TITLE SPONSOR|location=Kolkata|website=Football News India|date=4 August 2015|access-date=7 October 2022|archive-date=10 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010165728/http://footballnewsindia.in/2015/08/04/calcutta-football-league-officers-choice-blue-title-sponsor/}}</ref> is a [[association football|football]] stadium located in [[Maidan (Kolkata)|Maidan]], [[Kolkata]], just opposite [[Eden Gardens]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mohunbaganac.com/about|title=Mohun Bagan Athletic Club|website=mohunbaganac.com|access-date=28 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151108012139/http://www.mohunbaganac.com/about|archive-date=8 November 2015|url-status=usurped}}</ref> Due to certain restrictions by the [[Indian Armed Forces]], who own all the land surrounding [[Fort William, India|Fort William]], the ground is legally leased to [[Mohun Bagan AC]] for their operations. The ground is mostly used as training facilities for the senior football team of Mohun Bagan, but also acts as the home ground in regional tournaments like [[Calcutta Football League]] where reserve team participates. The stadium has a capacity of 22,000 spectators with separate VIP box and press box. The ground is also a shared home venue of [[Calcutta Cricket and Football Club|Calcutta CFC]], who were the earliest tenants of the ground.

==History==
[[File:Mohun Bagan Ground and gallery 03.jpg|thumb|Mohun Bagan Club gallery]]

The first ground of the club was inside the famous marble palace, owned by Kirti Mitra of the Mitra family and known as Mohun Bagan Villa. It was situated in Fariapukur lane of north [[Kolkata]]. As a football ground however, this ground was not sufficiently large.
It is believed that Mohun Bagan played the first match on this very ground against the students of Eden Hindu hostel. In 1891, with the help of the Maharaja of Shyampukur, Durga Charan Laha, the club ground was relocated to his ground in Shyampukur. That place is now known as Shyampukur Laha Colony. Later, with the help of Mr. Harry Lee, the chairman of [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]], the ground was again shifted to Shyam Square. The ground was shared with the [[Aryan F.C.|Aryans]] and Bagbazar Club.

In 1900, Mohun Bagan became the partner of Presidency College and shared the same ground in [[Maidan (Kolkata)|Kolkata maidan]]. Mohun Bagan continued to play here for 15 years. Then in 1915, Mohun Bagan got the ground of National AC. On this ground, Mohun Bagan played till 1963. In 1915, the ground was expanded east–west, before becoming north–south stretched like the other grounds in Kolkata.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mohunbaganclub.com/history/history-1889-1909/ |title=History of Mohun Bagan – Presented by MohunBaganClub.com {{*}} The Beginning: 1889–1909 |website=mohunbaganclub.com |access-date=12 May 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505103851/http://www.mohunbaganclub.com/history/history-1889-1909/ |archive-date=5 May 2015 |location=Kolkata }}</ref>

==About==

The stadium has galleries on three sides and a rampart on the fourth side. The north side gallery is the member's gallery and is the most modern gallery of the stadium, having bucket seats installed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.feverpitch.in/news.php?newsid=3026&news=Mohun-Bagan-To-Refurbise-Club-Ground|title=Mohun Bagan refurbise club ground|website=feverpitch.in|access-date=12 May 2016|archive-date=13 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513090233/http://www.feverpitch.in/news.php?newsid=3026&news=Mohun-Bagan-To-Refurbise-Club-Ground|url-status=usurped}}</ref> The east side and south side galleries are mainly made of steel & concrete structure and are designated for non-member supporters. The playing pitch is about 100m x 60m in dimension. Just adjacent the stadium, the club tent and main office are located. The club tent consists of a beautiful lawn, with benches known as the Mohun Bagan lawn.

In 1977, Mohun Bagan became the first club in maidan to have floodlights installed in their stadium. The floodlights operated till the mid-1990s, after which they became fully dysfunctional. The lights were later repaired and renovated and were inaugurated on 25 February 2016 with an [[IFA Shield]] match between Mohun Bagan U19s and DSK Liverpool academy.<ref name=floodlights>{{cite web|url=http://www.mohunbaganac.com/news-detail/newly-installed-floodlights-inaugurated-at-the-mohun-bagan-ground-5019|url-status=dead|title=Newly installed floodlights inaugurated at the Mohun Bagan ground|website=mohunbaganac.com|access-date=12 May 2016|archive-date=10 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310142242/http://www.mohunbaganac.com/news-detail/newly-installed-floodlights-inaugurated-at-the-mohun-bagan-ground-5019}}</ref>

For the [[2015 Indian Super League|2015 ISL season]], Kolkata-based club [[Atlético de Kolkata]] used the ground as a training ground.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/indian-super-league-2015-atletico-de-kolkata-train-mohun-bagan-ground-648184|title=Atletico de Kolkata to train at Mohun Bagan ground|website=ibtimes.co.in|access-date=12 May 2016|archive-date=3 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603193253/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/indian-super-league-2015-atletico-de-kolkata-train-mohun-bagan-ground-648184|url-status=live}}</ref>
From the [[2016–17 Mohun Bagan A.C. season|2016–17 season]], Mohun Bagan has decided to pitch for hosting [[I-League]] matches at their home club ground, especially with modern facilities like bucket seats and properly functional floodlight towers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2010/02/15/1792131/i-league-aiff-officials-inspect-mohun-bagan-ground-as-a-possible-|title=AIFF Officials Inspect Mohun Bagan Ground As A Possible Venue For I-League|website=goal.com|access-date=12 May 2016|archive-date=10 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010231624/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2010/02/15/1792131/i-league-aiff-officials-inspect-mohun-bagan-ground-as-a-possible-|url-status=live}}</ref>

In July 2019, the interiors of the stadium were renovated for making the stadium well equipped to host I-League matches. The dressing room in particular was given a major upgrade.

In 2022, after the latest rebranding of football division after [[RP-Sanjiv Goenka Group|RPSG Group]], the club renovated the stadium in the lines of [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]] with [[artificial turf]] and upgraded amenities so that it can be used for their future home matches in Indian Super League and other big tournaments when required. Since then, the first match that the team played was a friendly fixture against [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]] in August 2022. The ground is used in [[Durand Cup]] and is currently being used as the home ground of [[Mohun Bagan SG Youth and Academy|reserve team]] and training ground of [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|senior team]].

==Matches==

The Mohun Bagan Ground hosted a lot of historic matches. It was witness to the 2–2 draw of Mohun Bagan against [[FC Ararat Yerevan]] in the 1978 [[IFA Shield]] final. The first ever match under [[floodlights]] in maidan was held in this ground when Mohun Bagan faced [[Pakhtakor Tashkent FK]] in an exhibition game on 10 February 1977.<ref name=floodlights /> In the 1960s and 1970s majority of the matches in Kolkata football were held in the Mohun Bagan Ground.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eastbengalvsmohunbagan.blogspot.in/2013/06/east-bengal-5-0-mohun-bagan-ifa-shield.html|title=East Bengal 5-0 Mohun Bagan : IFA Shield Finals 1975|website=blogspot.in|access-date=12 May 2016|archive-date=3 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603095800/http://eastbengalvsmohunbagan.blogspot.in/2013/06/east-bengal-5-0-mohun-bagan-ifa-shield.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mohun Bagan Super Giant}}
{{Football stadiums in India}}

[[Category:Mohun Bagan Super Giant]]
[[Category:Sports venues in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Football venues in West Bengal]]
[[Category:1872 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Sports venues completed in 1872]]

Gabriel Fernandes

2025-12-20T01:00:51Z

UnknownEdits0303: further fixed structure to improve readability and fixed typos to improve readability

{{Short description|Indian footballer (born 1988)}}
{{distinguish|Gabriel Fernández (disambiguation){{!}}Gabriel Fernández}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Gabriel Fernandes
| image =
| fullname = Gabriel Fernandes
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1988|4|22|df=y}}<ref>{{soccerway|gabriel-fernandes/271504}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Batim]], [[Goa]], India<ref>{{cite web|title=Pune Football Club Adds Nicolau Borges, Gabriel Fernandes, and Nawab Zeeshan For Remainder Of 2013-2014 Season|url=http://www.indianoon.com/news/sports-football/pune-football-club-adds-nicolau-borges-gabriel-fernandes-and-nawab-zeeshan-for-remainder-of-2013-2014-season-16793.html|work=India Noon|access-date=20 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225172212/http://www.indianoon.com/news/sports-football/pune-football-club-adds-nicolau-borges-gabriel-fernandes-and-nawab-zeeshan-for-remainder-of-2013-2014-season-16793.html|archive-date=25 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| height =
| currentclub = [[FC Pune City]]
| clubnumber = 14
| position = [[Winger (association football)|Right winger]]
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 = [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]
| youthyears2 =
| youthclubs2 = [[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]]
| years1 = 2009–2012
| clubs1 = [[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]]
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| years2 = 2012–2013
| clubs2 = [[Mumbai F.C.|Mumbai]]
| caps2 = 24
| goals2 = 4
| years3 = 2013–2015
| clubs3 = [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]
| caps3 = 13
| goals3 = 0
| years4 = 2013–2014
| clubs4 = → [[Pune F.C.|Pune]] (loan)
| caps4 = 9
| goals4 = 2
| years5 = 2014
| clubs5 = → [[FC Goa]] (loan)
| caps5 = 8
| goals5 = 0
| years6 = 2015
| clubs6 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| caps6 = 5
| goals6 = 0
| years7 = 2016
| clubs7 = [[Salgaocar S.C.|Salgaocar]]
| caps7 = 1
| goals7 = 0
| years8 = 2017
| clubs8 = [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]
| caps8 = 7
| goals8 = 0
| years9 = 2017–2018
| clubs9 = [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
| caps9 = 2
| goals9 = 1
| years10 = 2018–2019
| clubs10 =[[FC Pune City]]
| caps10 = 0
| goals10 = 0
| years11 = 2019–
| clubs11 =[[Shrivenham F.C.|Shrivenham]]
| caps11 =
| goals11 =
| nationalyears1 =
| nationalteam1 =
| nationalcaps1 =
| nationalgoals1 =
| club-update = 14:17,2 September 2018 (UTC)
| ntupdate =
}}

'''Gabriel Fernandes''' (born 22 April 1988) is an Indian professional [[association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Winger (association football)|winger]] for English club [[Shrivenham F.C.|Shrivenham]] in the [[Hellenic Football League|Hellenic League]].

==Career==

===Early career===
Born in [[Porvorim]], [[Goa]], Fernandes began his career at [[Sporting Clube de Goa]] before joining [[Mumbai F.C.|Mumbai]] in the [[I-League]].<ref name="Fernandes Dempo">{{cite web|title=Gabriel Fernandes signs for Dempo|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2013/05/24/4000179/gabriel-fernandes-signs-for-dempo|work=Goal.com|accessdate=20 February 2014|archive-date=18 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140118112234/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2013/05/24/4000179/gabriel-fernandes-signs-for-dempo|url-status=live}}</ref> Fernandes made his debut for Mumbai on 6 October 2012 against [[Pailan Arrows]] at the [[Salt Lake Stadium]]. He came on as a 66th-minute substitute for [[Subhash Chakraborty]] as Mumbai lost 3–2.<ref>{{cite web|title=Arrows vs. Mumbai 3 - 2|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2012/10/06/india/i-league/aiff-xi/mumbai-fc/1394144/|work=Soccerway|accessdate=20 February 2014|archive-date=7 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107031116/http://int.soccerway.com/matches/2012/10/06/india/i-league/aiff-xi/mumbai-fc/1394144/|url-status=live}}</ref> He then scored his first professional goal for Mumbai on 9 November 2014 against Sporting Goa on 9 November 2014 in which his 26th-minute strike was the first of three in a comeback from Mumbai as they won 3–2 after going down 2–0 earlier in the match.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mumbai vs. Sporting Goa 3 - 2|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2012/11/09/india/i-league/mumbai-fc/sporting-club-de-goa/1394172/|work=Soccerway|accessdate=20 February 2014|archive-date=27 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827184532/https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2012/11/09/india/i-league/mumbai-fc/sporting-club-de-goa/1394172/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Dempo===
On 24 May 2013 it was announced that Fernandes had signed with [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]] of the [[I-League]].<ref name="Fernandes Dempo"/> Fernandes said that his reason for returning to the club where he spent part of his youth career was so he could remain close to family.<ref name="Fernandes Dempo"/> He made his debut for Dempo on 22 September 2013 against [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]] at the [[Duler Stadium]]. He came on as an 82nd-minute substitute for [[Clifford Miranda]] as Dempo lost 3–0.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dempo vs. Shillong Lajong 0 - 3|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/09/22/india/i-league/dempo-sports-club/lajong-sc/1585276/|work=Soccerway|accessdate=20 February 2014|archive-date=20 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720071344/https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/09/22/india/i-league/dempo-sports-club/lajong-sc/1585276/|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Pune (loan)====
On 13 January 2014 it was confirmed that Fernandes had signed for [[Pune F.C.]] of the [[I-League]] on loan from [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]] for the rest of the season.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pune FC add Nicolau, Gabriel and Zeeshan to line up|url=http://zeenews.india.com/sports/football/pune-fc-add-nicolau-gabriel-and-zeeshan-to-line-up_778156.html|work=Zee News|accessdate=20 February 2014|archive-date=24 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224003621/http://zeenews.india.com/sports/football/pune-fc-add-nicolau-gabriel-and-zeeshan-to-line-up_778156.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He then made his debut for Pune the next day in the club's opening [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]] fixture against [[Eagles F.C.|Eagles]]. He came on as a half-time substitute for [[Arata Izumi]] as Pune drew 1–1.<ref>{{cite web|last=Noronha|first=Anselm|title=Pune FC 1-1 Eagles FC: Rozario's side steal a point|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/126385/pune-fc-vs-eagles-fc/report?ICID=OP|work=Goal.com|accessdate=20 February 2014|archive-date=2 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502071632/http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/126385/pune-fc-vs-eagles-fc/report?ICID=OP|url-status=live}}</ref> Fernandes then scored his first goals for the club two games later against [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]] on 20 January 2014. He scored two in this match but they were not enough as Pune lost 3–2 and were thus knocked-out of the Federation Cup.<ref>{{cite web|last=Noronha|first=Anselm|title=Churchill Brothers SC 3-2 Pune FC: A brace on either side in five-goal thriller|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/122940/churchill-brothers-sc-vs-pune-fc/report?ICID=OP|work=Goal.com|accessdate=20 February 2014|archive-date=30 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140430045546/http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/122940/churchill-brothers-sc-vs-pune-fc/report?ICID=OP|url-status=live}}</ref>

Fernandes then scored his first league goal for Pune on 19 February 2014 against [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]] as Pune won 2–0.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pune FC blank Mohammedan 2-0|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/Pune-FC-blank-Mohammedan-2-0/articleshow/30689060.cms|work=Times of India|accessdate=20 February 2014|archive-date=17 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417160528/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/Pune-FC-blank-Mohammedan-2-0/articleshow/30689060.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

===East Bengal===
In June 2017, Fernandes signed for [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web|title=East Bengal sign Salam Ranjan Singh and Gabriel Fernandes, retain Luis Barreto|url=http://www.goal.com/en-in/news/i-league-east-bengal-sign-salam-ranjan-singh-and-gabriel/1iq962jfkbt2e1vxq6onf03o07|publisher=Goal|accessdate=29 September 2017|archive-date=29 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929183710/http://www.goal.com/en-in/news/i-league-east-bengal-sign-salam-ranjan-singh-and-gabriel/1iq962jfkbt2e1vxq6onf03o07|url-status=live}}</ref> He made his debut for [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] in the [[I-League]] in a 7–1 home win against [[Chennai City F.C.|Chennai City]] on 24 February 2018. He came in as an 80th-minute substitute for [[Brandon Vanlalremdika]] and scored his first goal for the club in the 84th minute.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.goal.com/en-in/match/east-bengal-v-chennai-city/report/bzlhvii12eg53izv54o8upe96|title=I-League 2017-18: Dudu Omagbemi bags four goals as East Bengal run riot against shambolic Southerners|publisher=goal.com|access-date=24 February 2018|archive-date=25 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180225064722/http://www.goal.com/en-in/match/east-bengal-v-chennai-city/report/bzlhvii12eg53izv54o8upe96|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Shrivenham FC===
In 2019, Farnandes moved to England and signed with [[Hellenic Football League]] outfit [[Shrivenham F.C.|Shrivenham]].<ref>{{cite web|title=One of the 'could-have-beens' - Gabriel Fernandes' injury-ridden career|first=Sooraj|last=Kamath|date=14 July 2020|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/indian-football-fc-goa-east-bengal-gabriel-fernandes-injury/me3p2azbd1a11cywq4a6wkz4z|access-date=27 April 2021|website=www.goal.com|publisher=[[Goal (website)|Goal]]|archive-date=27 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427180308/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/indian-football-fc-goa-east-bengal-gabriel-fernandes-injury/me3p2azbd1a11cywq4a6wkz4z|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Career statistics==
{{updated|29 April 2017}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Gabriel Fernandes|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/gabriel-fernandes/271504/|publisher=Soccerway|accessdate=29 September 2017|archive-date=3 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703050827/http://int.soccerway.com/players/gabriel-fernandes/271504/|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|Federation Cup
!colspan="2"|Others
!colspan="2"|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|[[Mumbai F.C.|Mumbai]]
|[[2012–13 I-League|2012–13]]
|[[I-League]]
|24||4||0||0||0||0||—||—||24||4
|-
|[[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]
|[[2013–14 I-League|2013–14]]
|I-League
|9||0||0||0||0||0||—||—||9||0
|-
|[[Pune F.C.|Pune]] (loan)
|[[2013–14 I-League|2013–14]]
|I-League
|9||2||3||2||0||0||5||1||17||5
|-
|[[FC Goa]] (loan)
|[[2014 Indian Super League|2014]]
|[[Indian Super League]]
|8||0||—||—||—||—||—||—||8||0
|-
|Dempo
|[[2014–15 I-League|2014–15]]
|I-League
|9||0||||||0||0||—||—||9||0
|-
|[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|[[2015 Indian Super League|2015]]
|Indian Super League
|5||0||—||—||—||—||—||—||5||0
|-
|[[Salgaocar S.C.|Salgaocar]]
|[[2015–16 I-League|2015–16]]
|I-League
|1||0||||||—||—||—||—||1||0
|-
|[[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]
|{{nowrap|[[2016–17 I-League|2016–17]]}}
|I-League
|7||0||||||—||—||—||—||7||0
|-
|[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|[[2017–18 I-League|2017–18]]
|I-League
|2||1||1||0||7||1||—||—||10||2
|-
!colspan="3"|Career total
!74!!7!!4!!2!!7!!1!!5!!1!!90!!11
|}

==Honours==
'''Sporting Clube dé Goa'''
*[[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]] runner-up: [[2011 I-League 2nd Division final round|2010–11]]
'''Dempo'''
*[[Indian Federation Cup]]: [[2014–15 Indian Federation Cup|2014–15]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1773/federation-cup/2015/01/11/7856532/dempo-sc-1-2-bengaluru-fc-the-blues-win-their-first|title=Dempo SC 1–2 Bengaluru FC: The Blues win their first Federation Cup |date=2015-01-11|website=Goal.com|access-date=2017-08-28|language=en-IN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830072622/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1773/federation-cup/2015/01/11/7856532/dempo-sc-1-2-bengaluru-fc-the-blues-win-their-first|archive-date=30 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Indian football players in foreign leagues]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://i-league.org/?tb_player=gabriel-fernandes I-League Profile].
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20220417160336/https://www.mykhel.com/football/players/gabriel-fernandes-p217808/ Gabriel Fernandes] at MyKhel
*{{Soccerway|271504}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fernandes, Gabriel}}
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from North Goa district]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate men's footballers]]
[[Category:Mumbai FC players]]
[[Category:Dempo SC players]]
[[Category:Pune FC players]]
[[Category:Men's association football midfielders]]
[[Category:Footballers from Goa]]
[[Category:I-League players]]
[[Category:FC Goa players]]
[[Category:Mumbai City FC players]]
[[Category:Churchill Brothers FC players]]
[[Category:East Bengal Club players]]
[[Category:Indian Super League players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate sportspeople in England]]
[[Category:Expatriate men's footballers in England]]

Bavji Chatur Singhji

2025-12-01T09:20:22Z

UnknownEdits0303: Article enhanced with better details

{{Short description|Indian yogi and poet (1880–1929)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2013}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Bavji Chatur Singhji
| image = Bavji Chatur Singhji (Sepia Image).jpg
| alt = Lok-Priya Sant-Kavi Maharaj Chatur Singhji
| caption = Maharaj Chatur Singhji
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1880|02|09}}
| birth_place = Karjali Haveli, [[Udaipur]], [[Rajasthan]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1929|07|01|1880|02|09}}
| title = Sant-Kavi
| spouse = Laad Kunwar
| father = Maharaj Surat Singh
| mother = Rani Krishna Kunwar
}}
'''Lok-Priya Sant-Kavi Maharaj Chatur Singhji''', also known as '''Bavji Chatur Singhji''', (February 9, 1880 – July 1, 1929) was a renowned [[Poet|saint-poet]] of [[Rajputana]] (now [[Rajasthan, India]]) recognized as an adept [[yogi]] and commemorated as the [[Patanjali]] and [[Valmiki]] of [[Rajasthan]].

== Beginning as a Saint ==
Bavji lived during the reign of [[Maharana Fateh Singh]] (Reign 1884–1930, the 73rd Maharana) who was his uncle. The untimely demise of his wife in the year 1907 and then the adult issueless daughter one year after her marriage drove him further towards spiritual pursuits. He shifted from the Karjali Haveli in Udaipur to Telion-ki-Sarai, where the present-day BN College is located, and then to a modest cottage (KOTRI) on HAWA MAGRI (airy hill) at Sukher (N24° 38' 29" : E073° 43' 08", elevation 613m), a village of Karjali jagir, 10-km north of Udaipur, now on National Highway # 8. Thereafter he moved to a similar modest setup at the other Karjali thikana village Nauwa (N24° 41' 29" : E073° 48' 11", elevation 584 m), 22&nbsp;km east of Udaipur, because it is widely believed that Singhi HRISHI and other Puranic saints had their Ashram (hermitage at N24° 42' 08" : E073° 45' 55", elevation 701m ) in this serene valley within the [http://www.geologydata.info geologically] significant Aravalli hills.
Bavji also wrote several letters to his friends, relatives, and associates, which are also highly enlightening, some of these have been published by the recipients. He also published his thoughts in magazines and newspapers.
{|
|[[File:Bavji Chatur Singhji (Sepia Image).jpg|thumb|upright|alt=1|1. A hand-drawn portrait of Bavji, by the renowned Chittara (artist) Panna Lal, dressed in typical coarse hand-spun cloth (REJA) and his typical headdress (PHENTA), seated in YOGASAN MUDRA (c. 1925)]]
|[[File:photo1cr.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=2|A photograph of Bavji wearing an overcoat (c.1915).]]
|[[File:Chtr1.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=3|A photograph of Bavji in his daily simple dress (c.1927).]]
|}

{|
|[[File:srtjifm.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=4|The earliest photographer of Udaipur, Madan Lal took this family portrait in the year AD 1888 of Maharaj Surat Singhji of Karjali (Center) with his four sons L-R, Kr. Tej Singh, followed by the eldest son Kr. Himmet Singh and second son Kr. Laxman Singh followed by young Bavji.]]
|[[File:gumanchtr.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=5|A photograph of Bavji Chatur Singhji, left, with his Guru Thakur Gumaan Singhji (c. 1913)]]
|[[File:chtrman1.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=6|A photograph of Bavji Chatur Singhji holding his grand nephew Bhanwar Man Singh, the second son of Kr. Jagat Singh of Karjali (c.1927)]]
|}

[[File:script1.jpg|400px|border|center|alt=Handwriting and signature of Bavji Chatur Singhji|Handwriting and signature of Bavji Chatur Singhji.]]
[[File:sgnichtr.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Signature of Bavji Chatur Singhji]]

{|
|[[File:nauwa1.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Late Kr. Harish Chandra Singh Karjali]|7]]
|[[File:nauwa3.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Kuki Taruna Kumari]|8]]
|}

{|
|[[File:Pushkar Gupteshwar Bhajan Mandali.JPG|thumb|upright|alt=Pushkar Gupteshwar Bhajan Mandali singing Bavji's bhajans]|9]]
|[[File:Devotee dancing bavji.JPG|thumb|upright|alt=Another devotee dancing to Bavji's bhajan]|10]]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*''Aadhyatm Diksha''. 1999. Ed. SS Vyas & RS Mehta. Unique Publ., Udaipur, 41 p. A collection of letters of Bavji Chatur Singhji to his niece, Smt. Ratan Kunwar Ranawat
*''Shiv Mahimnah Stotra''. 1994. Ed. Radhey Shayam, Ganga Lal Mehta. Chaudhary Printers, Udaipur, 45 p
*''Sant Ram Singhji Kelwa'' – Vyaktitv Avm Kratitv. 2010. Onkar Singh Rathore. Chirag Publications, Udaipur. 95 p.
*''Yog Bhanu Prakashika'', 1902, reprinted 1992. A treatise on the Geeta by Yogivarya Thakur Gumaan Singhji. Maharana Mewar Historical Publication Trust, Udaipur. 200 p.g

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:20th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:Rajasthani literature]]
[[Category:Rajasthani-language writers]]
[[Category:1880 births]]
[[Category:1929 deaths]]

Bavji Chatur Singhji

2025-12-01T09:20:22Z

UnknownEdits0303: Article enhanced with better details

List of Mohun Bagan Super Giant managers

2025-11-27T09:00:01Z

UnknownEdits0303: added first article w/ sources - done

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
'''[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant]]''' (commonly referred to as '''Mohun Bagan''') is an Indian [[association football]] club based in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]. Founded in 1889, it is one of the oldest football clubs in [[Asia]]. The club competes in the [[Indian Super League]], the top tier of [[Indian football league system]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/clubs/1874-mohun-bagan-super-giant-profile|title=Mohun Bagan Super Giant|access-date=2020-08-28|website=www.indiansuperleague.com|language=en}}</ref>

For the major part of the club's footballing history, the team was mostly managed by one of the administrators, like the secretary or the vice-president, or by player-turned-coaches, until professional coaches became common and later became mandated by leagues. The first professional [[manager (association football)|manager]] appointed for Mohun Bagan was [[Amal Dutta]] in 1969 for the first time, who cumulatively managed the team for 24 years between 1969–2006 and is famously remembered for introducing the concept of [[Defender (association football)#Full-back|fullbacks]] and the innovative [[Formation (association football)#3–4–3|3–4–3]] 'Diamond' formation to the Indian football during his stints at the club. Under [[Karim Bencherifa]], Mohun Bagan created a record of most consecutive I-League match victories (10) in [[2008–09 I-League|2008-09 season]]. Among the long list of managers, only two could manage Mohun Bagan to win the prestigious [[I-League]], [[Sanjoy Sen]] (in [[2014–15 I-League|2015]]) and [[Kibu Vicuña]] (in [[2019–20 I-League|2020]]). Under the management of [[Sanjoy Sen]] Mohun Bagan became the first Indian club to win a match in [[2016 AFC Champions League|ACL]] and also reached the Round 16 of [[2016 AFC Cup|AFC Cup]] for the first time in the club's history in 2016. In [[2019–20 I-League|2019-20]], [[Kibu Vicuña]] led Mohun Bagan to their second I-League title win with four matches to spare and matching [[Dempo SC|Dempo]]'s record to fastest I-League title win.

== List ==

''Note:'' The following list includes all the [[head coach (association football)|coaches]]/managers of Mohun Bagan since the reformation of [[I-League]] in 2007, when appointment of licensed coaches was mandated for the designation of head coach. Prior to then, the team was often led by administrative personnels who may not be licensed.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
|-
!Name!!Nationality!!From!!class="sortable"|To!!class="sortable"|Duration!!class="unsortable"|Honours!!No. of honours
|-
|align=left|[[Chima Okorie]]
|{{NGA}}
|align=left|20 February 2007
|align=left|7 April 2007
|{{aid|sortable=on|show unit=full|20 February 2007|7 April 2007}}
|
|0
|-
|align=left|[[Carlos Roberto Pereira]]
|{{BRA}}
|align=left|1 August 2007
|align=left|31 May 2008
|{{aid|sortable=on|show unit=full|1 August 2007|31 May 2008}}
|2007–08 [[Calcutta Football League]]
|1
|-
|align=left|[[Karim Bencherifa]]
|{{MAR}}
|align=left|1 July 2008
|align=left|3 February 2010
|{{aid|sortable=on|show unit=full|1 July 2008|3 February 2010}}
|[[2008 Indian Federation Cup]], 2008–09 [[Calcutta Football League]], 2009 [[Indian Super Cup|Super Cup]]
|3
|-
|align=left|[[Satyajit Chatterjee]]
|{{IND}}
|align=left|4 February 2010
|align=left|30 March 2010
|{{aid|sortable=on|show unit=full|4 February 2010|30 March 2010}}
|
|0
|-
|align=left|[[Biswajit Bhattacharya]]
|{{IND}}
|align=left|31 March 2010
|align=left|4 June 2010
|{{aid|sortable=on|show unit=full|31 March 2010|4 June 2010}}
|2009–10 [[Calcutta Football League]]
|1
|-
|align=left|[[Stanley Rozario]]
|{{IND}}
|align=left|4 June 2010
|align=left|13 December 2010
|{{aid|sortable=on|show unit=full|4 June 2010|13 December 2010}}
|
|0
|-
|align=left|Sujit Chakraborty
|{{IND}}
|align=left|24 December 2010
|align=left|1 June 2011
|{{aid|sortable=on|show unit=full|24 December 2010|1 June 2011}}
|
|0
|-
|align=left|[[Steve Darby]]
|{{ENG}}
|align=left|19 July 2011
|align=left|15 October 2011
|{{aid|sortable=on|show unit=full|19 July 2011|15 October 2011}}
|
|0
|-
|align=left|[[Prasanta Banerjee]]
|{{IND}}
|align=left|19 October 2011
|align=left|26 May 2012
|{{aid|sortable=on|show unit=full|19 October 2011|26 May 2012}}
|
|0
|-
|align=left|[[Santosh Kashyap]]
|{{IND}}
|align=left|26 May 2012
|align=left|13 October 2012
|{{aid|sortable=on|show unit=full|26 May 2012|13 October 2012}}
|2012 [[All Airlines Gold Cup]]
|1
|-
|align=left|[[Mridul Banerjee]]
|{{IND}}
|align=left|19 October 2012
|align=left|20 November 2012
|{{aid|sortable=on|show unit=full|19 October 2012|20 November 2012}}
|
|0
|-
|align=left|[[Karim Bencherifa]]
|{{MAR}}
|align=left|21 November 2012
|align=left|27 April 2014
|{{aid|sortable=on|show unit=full|21 November 2012|27 April 2014}}
|
|0
|-
|align=left|[[Subhash Bhowmick]]
|{{IND}}
|align=left|29 April 2014
|align=left|7 December 2014
|{{aid|sortable=on|show unit=full|29 April 2014|7 December 2014}}
|
|0
|-
|align=left|[[Sanjoy Sen]]
|{{IND}}
|align="left"|9 December 2014
|align="left"|2 January 2018
|{{aid|sortable=on|show unit=full|9 December 2014|2 January 2018}}
|[[2014–15 I-League]], [[2015–16 Indian Federation Cup]]
|2
|-
|align=left|[[Sankarlal Chakraborty]]
|{{IND}}
|align=left|3 January 2018
|align=left|7 January 2019
|{{aid|sortable=on|show unit=full|3 January 2018|7 January 2019}}
|[[2018 CFL Premier Division|2018–19 Calcutta Premier Division]]
|1
|-
|align=left|[[Khalid Jamil|Khalid Ahmed Jamil]]
|{{IND}}
|align=left|7 January 2019
|align=left|10 May 2019
|{{aid|sortable=on|show unit=full|7 January 2019|10 May 2019}}
|
|0
|-
|align=left|[[Kibu Vicuña]]
|{{ESP}}
|align=left|10 May 2019
|align=left|31 May 2020
|{{aid|sortable=on|show unit=full|10 May 2019|31 May 2020}}
|[[2019–20 I-League]]
|1
|-
|align=left|[[Antonio López (footballer, born 1957)|Antonio López Habas]]
|{{ESP}}
|align=left|1 July 2020
|align=left|18 December 2021
|{{aid|sortable=on|show unit=full|1 July 2020|18 December 2021}}
|
|0
|-
|align=left|[[Juan Ferrando]]
|{{ESP}}
|align=left|20 December 2021
|align=left|3 January 2024
|{{aid|sortable=on|show unit=full|20 December 2021|3 January 2024}}
|[[2023 Indian Super League playoffs|2022–23 ISL Cup]], [[2023 Durand Cup]]
|2
|-
|align=left|[[Antonio López (footballer, born 1957)|Antonio López Habas]]
|{{ESP}}
|align=left|3 January 2024
|align=left|31 May 2024
|{{aid|sortable=on|show unit=full|3 January 2024|31 May 2024}}
|[[2023–24 Indian Super League]]
|1
|-
|align=left|[[José Francisco Molina]]
|{{ESP}}
|align=left|11 June 2024
|align=left|26 November 2025
|{{aid|sortable=on|show unit=full|11 June 2024|26 November 2025}}
|[[2024–25 Indian Super League]], [[2025 Indian Super League playoffs|2024–25 ISL Cup]], [[2025 IFA Shield]]
|3
|-
|align=left|[[Sergio Lobera]]
|{{ESP}}
|align=left|26 November 2025
|align=left|''Present''
|{{aid|sortable=on|show unit=full|26 November 2025|}}
|
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mohun Bagan Super Giant}}
{{Mohun Bagan Super Giant managers}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Mohun Bagan Super Giant Managers}}
[[Category:Mohun Bagan Super Giant managers|*]]
[[Category:Mohun Bagan Super Giant-related lists|Mohun Bagan Super Giant]]
[[Category:Lists of football managers in India by club|Mohun Bagan Super Giant]]

Teenaa Kaur Pasricha

2025-11-20T15:03:08Z

UnknownEdits0303: creating details - done

{{short description|Indian Filmmaker}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Teenaa Kaur Pasricha
| image = TeenaaKaurPasricha.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality =
| education = St. Mary's Convent, Ajmer
| alma_mater = {{Plainlist|
* M.B.M Engg. Regional College, Jodhpur
* Bhartiya Vidya Bhawan, New Delhi
}}
| occupation = Filmmaker, Writer
| years_active = 2003 - present
| spouse = Single
}}

'''Teenaa Kaur Pasricha''' is an independent filmmaker and screenwriter. Her most acclaimed [[documentary film]] "1984, When the Sun Didn't Rise" <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=28 September 2017 |title=1984, When The Sun Didn't Rise: Women Who Survived The Anti-Sikh Massacre |url=https://feminisminindia.com/2017/09/29/women-survived-anti-sikh-massacre/ |access-date=2020-08-16 |website=Feminism In India |language=en-US}}</ref> is based on the lives of the women who survived the massacre of 1984

She has won [[National Film Award for Best Investigative Film|National Film Award]]<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=25 April 2018 |title=Teenaa Kaur Pasricha on the making of her National Award-winning film 1984 - When the Sun Didn't Rise |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/teenaa-kaur-pasricha-on-the-making-of-her-national-award-winning-film-1984-when-the-sun-didnt-rise-4445099.html |access-date=2018-11-24 |website=firstpost.com}}</ref>- for Best investigative film- Best Producer, and Best Director. She also received the Best Emerging Filmmaker award from the DC Asia Pacific film festival.

She was selected as an International Leader in Films for social change, a fellowship granted by the US Dept. of Cultural Affairs in Jan, 2020

She has been awarded fellowship in screenplay writing from [[Asia Society]], NY<ref name=":7" /> She has been writing, directing and producing documentary films on social justice and conservation of environment. Her films have been broadcast on National Geographic, Fox History, endorsed by PSBT, 'AND' fund- BUSAN Intl. film festival, Doc-wok, IAWRT film festival,<ref name=":8" /> and Bitchitra Collective fellowship.

==Career==
Teenaa Kaur got prestigious "AND" fund<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=2015 Asian Network of Documentary (AND) Fund|url=http://acf.biff.kr/eng/html/projects/documentary_view.asp?section=AND&column=&searchString=&dc_year=2015&gotoPage=1&idx=290|access-date=2020-08-16|website=Asian Cinema Fund}}</ref> from [[Busan International Film Festival|Busan International Film Festival's]] prestigious funding 2015 for the film ''1984, When the Sun didn't Rise''. She is a Production and Industrial Engineering Graduate from [[M.B.M. Engineering College]], [[Jodhpur]].{{fact|date=September 2022}}

Her other films are on environment and wildlife conservation. ''The deer, tree and me'' is a creative documentary, was nominated for Best Documentary in [[Mumbai International Film Festival]], (MIFF) 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://miff.in/media/2014/01/Russian.pdf|title=INTERNATIONAL COMPETITION|website=miff.in|access-date=2018-11-28|archive-date=17 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217202307/http://miff.in/media/2014/01/Russian.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was premiered in [[SiGNS Film Festival]], Kochi 2015 and also screened in Kolkata [[International Association of Women in Radio and Television]] (IAWRT) film festival, 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://iicdelhi.nic.in/writereaddata/Publications/DiaryFiles/635998555742954221_IIC%20Diary%20(March-April%202016).pdf|title=diary India International centre|website=iicdelhi.nic.in|access-date=2018-11-28}}</ref>

''In Symphony with Earth'' was broadcast on National Geographic and Fox History.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://oneindiaonepeople.com/face-to-face-with-teenaa-kaur-pasricha/|title=FACE TO FACE with Teenaa Kaur Pasricha|website=oneindiaonepeople.com|date=October 2018 |access-date=2018-11-28}}</ref> ''The Woods are Calling'' has been made for [[Public Service Broadcasting Trust]] (PSBT).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://psbt.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/PSBT-Films-Festival-Selections-and-Awards-March-2018.pdf|title=PUBLIC SERVICE BROADCASTING TRUST |website=psbt.org|access-date=2018-11-28}}</ref> It has been broadcast on [[Doordarshan]], [[Dhaka International Film Festival]] 2018,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=16th Dhaka International Film Festival, 2018|url=http://www.dhakafilmfestival.org/screening-schedule-2018/|access-date=2020-08-16|website=dhakafilmfestival.org|archive-date=23 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223050749/http://www.dhakafilmfestival.org/screening-schedule-2018/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Quotes from the Earth film festival 2018.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Quotes from The Earth Flim Festival 2018|url=http://toxicslink.org/toxicslink/filmfestival/QFTE/img/brochure.pdf|access-date=2020-08-16|website=toxicslink.org}}{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The film has been screened at Sunchild International Environmental Festival, Yerevan,<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=The Woods are Calling|url=http://sunchild.fpwc.org/the-woods-are-calling/|access-date=2020-08-16|website=SunChild International Environmental Festival|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Kolkata]] People’s Film Festival (KPFF).<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Kolkata People's Film Festival |date=9 January 2018 |url=https://kolkatapeoplesfilmfestival.wordpress.com/1984-when-the-sun-didnt-rise/ |access-date=2020-08-16 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet Teenaa Kaur Pasricha The Women Behind '1984, When The Sun Didn't Rise'|url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/news/teenaa-kaur-pasricha-women-behind-1984-sun-didnt-rise|access-date=2018-11-28|website=shethepeople.tv}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2018/feb/18/11024/teenaa-kaur-pasricha-idea-is-to-reach-the-universe-and-tell-a-story-of-survival|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217203822/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2018/feb/18/11024/teenaa-kaur-pasricha-idea-is-to-reach-the-universe-and-tell-a-story-of-survival|url-status=live|archive-date=17 December 2018|title=Teenaa Kaur Pasricha: Idea is to reach the universe and tell a story of survival|website=cinestaan.com|access-date=2018-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iicdelhi.nic.in/User_Panel/Programs.aspx?TypeID=1113|title=India International Centre|website=iicdelhi.nic.in|access-date=2018-11-28}}</ref>

Her feature film "MAUJJ" has been selected and mentored at NFDC Script Lab.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://filmbazaarindia.com/pdf/press2022/PressRelease-NFDC2022_ScreenwritersLab.pdf|title=NFDC Screenwriters' Lab 2022|website=filmbazaarindia.com|publisher=NFDC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404094938/https://filmbazaarindia.com/pdf/press2022/PressRelease-NFDC2022_ScreenwritersLab.pdf|archive-date=4 April 2023|url-status=dead}}</ref> She received the Jai Chandiram Fellowship award for her upcoming documentary film "What if I tell you", awarded by IAWRT film festival. <ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=IAWRT India – International Association of Women in Radio & Television India |url=http://iawrtindia.org/ |access-date=2023-01-18 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Her films have been screened in various universities across the globe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Film Screening of 1984, When the Sun Didn't Rise|url=https://web.gs.emory.edu/mdp/about/newsandevents/2019/nov18.html|website=Emory University|access-date=16 August 2020|archive-date=12 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312145506/https://web.gs.emory.edu/mdp/about/newsandevents/2019/nov18.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Critically acclaimed documentary '1984: When the Sun Didn't Rise' to be shown across the UK|url=https://www.asianimage.co.uk/news/15924999.critically-acclaimed-documentary-1984-when-the-sun-didnt-rise-to-be-shown-across-the-uk/|access-date=2020-08-16|website=Asian Image|date=7 February 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=A searing look into the 1984 anti-Sikh riots |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/a-searing-look-into-the-1984-anti-sikh-riots/article19102076.ece |access-date= |website=The Hindu|date=19 June 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Documentary Screening & Panel Discussion w/ Director Teenaa Kaur Pasricha|url=https://allevents.in/frederiksberg/documentary-screening-and-panel-discussion-w-director-teenaa-kaur-pasricha/1000065648232631|access-date=2020-08-16|website=allevents.in|archive-date=15 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415132327/https://allevents.in/frederiksberg/documentary-screening-and-panel-discussion-w-director-teenaa-kaur-pasricha/1000065648232631|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hola The Mighty Colors screened at Sikh Arts Film Festival |url=http://www.sikharts.com/film-festival_2012.html |access-date=2020-08-16 |website= |language=EN}}</ref>

==Filmography==
* [[1984, When The Sun Didn't Rise]] (2018)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/1984-when-the-sun-didn-t-rise-36278|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217203830/https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/1984-when-the-sun-didn-t-rise-36278|url-status=live|archive-date=17 December 2018|title=1984, When The Sun Didn't Rise review: Stirring documentary gives voice to the widows of anti-Sikh riots|website=cinestaan.com|access-date=2018-11-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Featuring the sorrow of the bereaved|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2017/jun/18/featuring-the-sorrow-of-the-bereaved-1618227.html|access-date=2020-08-16|website=The New Indian Express|date=19 June 2017 }}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web|date=2018-05-06|title=Director of film on anti-Sikh massacre wins national award and calls it a victory for justice seekers|url=https://www.straight.com/news/1070936/gurpreet-singh-director-film-anti-sikh-massacre-wins-national-award-and-calls-it|access-date=2020-08-16|website=The Georgia Straight|language=en}}</ref>
* The Woods are Calling (2017)<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Woods are Calling – PSBT|url=https://psbt.org/films/the-woods-are-calling/|access-date=2020-08-16|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Whose Land Is It Anyway?|url=https://indiaculturelab.org/events/special-events/whoselandisitanyway/|access-date=2020-08-20|website=Godrej India Culture Lab|language=en-US|archive-date=6 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506160805/https://indiaculturelab.org/events/special-events/whoselandisitanyway/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* The deer, tree and me (2015)<ref>{{Citation|title=The deer, tree and me - IMDb|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt5126984/|access-date=2020-08-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Treading softly in the wild|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/treading-softly-in-the-wild/article8266503.ece|access-date=2020-08-16|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* In Symphony with Earth (2012)
* Hola! The Mighty Colors (2011)

==Awards and nominations==
*2018 - Won for the [[National Film Award for Best Investigative Film|Best Investigative Film]] at the [[65th National Film Awards]] for ''1984, When the Sun Didn't Rise''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://164.100.117.97/WriteReadData/userfiles/65th%20%20NATIONAL%20FILM%20AWARDS%20FOR%202017-%20final%20(1)%20(5)%20-%20Copy%201.pdf|title=65th NATIONAL FILM AWARDS FOR 2017|website=164.100.117.97|access-date=2018-08-29|archive-date=17 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217202241/http://164.100.117.97/WriteReadData/userfiles/65th%20%20NATIONAL%20FILM%20AWARDS%20FOR%202017-%20final%20(1)%20(5)%20-%20Copy%201.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*2018 - Nominated for the National Competition at the [[Mumbai International Film Festival]] for ''1984, When the Sun Didn't Rise''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://miff.in/films/national-competition/|title=LIST OF FILMS SELECTED FOR NATIONAL COMPETITION SECTION IN MIFF-2018|website=miff.in|access-date=2018-11-25|archive-date=24 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124093459/http://miff.in/films/national-competition/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*2016 - Nominated for the Best Documentary at the [[Mumbai International Film Festival]] for ''The deer, tree and me''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Question that drove film on 1984 anti-Sikh riots: 'If we don't talk about our history, who will?' |url=https://scroll.in/reel/840781/question-that-drove-film-on-1984-anti-sikh-riots-if-we-dont-talk-about-our-history-who-will |access-date= |website=scroll.in|date=16 June 2017 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaur Pasricha, Teenaa}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women film directors]]
[[Category:Indian documentary filmmakers]]
[[Category:Women documentary filmmakers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Puducherry–New Delhi Express

2025-11-11T10:00:56Z

UnknownEdits0303: starting a details!

{{Short description|Indian Railways express train}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = புதுச்சேரி – புது டெல்லி அதி விரைவு Puducherry–New Delhi Superfast Express
| image = New Delhi to Pondy train.jpg
| caption =
| type = [[Super fast express trains in India|Superfast Express]]
| status = Weekly
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2011|07|03}}
| last =
| operator = [[Northern Railway zone]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Puducherry}}
| stops = 13
| end = {{stnlnk|New Delhi}}
| distance = {{convert|2380|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 38 hours 20 mins
| frequency = Weekly
| class = AC 1st, AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Yes
| observation =
| entertainment =
| baggage =
| other facilities =
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 22403 / 22404
| speed = {{convert|56.5|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, including halts
| map =
| map_state =
}}

'''The 22403 / 22404 Puducherry - New Delhi S. F Express''' is a [[Express trains in India|Superfast Express]] train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] – [[Northern Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Puducherry}} and {{stnlnk|New Delhi}} in India via [[Chennai Egmore]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Railways-cancels-nine-trains/articleshow/47817213.cms | title=Railways cancels nine trains | newspaper=The Times of India | date=25 June 2015 | first=V | last=Ayyappan | accessdate=3 January 2019 }}</ref>

It operates as train number 22403 from Puducherry to New Delhi and as train number 22404 in the reverse direction, serving the states of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Telangana]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Haryana]] & [[Delhi]].

==Service==

The 22403 Puducherry–New Delhi Express covers the distance of {{convert|2380|km|0|abbr=on}} in 38 hours 20 minutes (57 km/h), and in the reverse direction, the 22404 New Delhi–Puducherry Express takes 38 hours 0 minutes (56 km/h) to cover the same distance.

==Routing==

The 22403 / 04 Puducherry–New Delhi Express runs from Puducherry via {{stnlnk|Viluppuram Junction}},{{stnlnk|Chennai Egmore}}, {{stnlnk|Gudur Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Vijayawada Junction}}, [[Warangal]], [[Balharshah]], {{stnlnk|Nagpur Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Itarsi Junction}}, [[Bhopal Junction]], {{stnlnk|Jhansi Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Gwalior Junction}}, [[Agra Cantonment]], {{stnlnk|Mathura Junction}} to New Delhi.

==Timing==

*22403 – Starts from Puducherry every Wednesday at 9:50 AM and reaches New Delhi on Friday 00:10 AM IST.
*22404 – Starts for New Delhi on every Sunday at 23:15 hrs IST and reaches Puducherry on Tuesday at 13:15 hrs IST.

==Traction==

As this route is electrified and the train belongs to Northern Railway zone, a [[Electric Loco Shed, Ghaziabad|Ghaziabad]]-based [[Indian locomotive class WAP-4|WAP-7]] powers the train up end to end from New Delhi to Puducherry and vice versa.

==Coach composition==
The coach composition of the 22403 / 22404 train is:

* 1 AC First Class
* 2 AC Two Tier
* 6 AC Three Tier
* 6 Sleeper coaches
* 2 General Unreserved
* 2 End-on Generator car (EOG)
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightgreen;"| Loco
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:red;"| 1
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightpink;"| 2
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lime;"| 3
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:orange;"| 4
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:orange;"| 5
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:yellow;"| 6
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:yellow;"| 7
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:yellow;"| 8
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:yellow;"| 9
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:yellow;"| 10
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:yellow;"| 11
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 12
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 13
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 14
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 15
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 16
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 17
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightpink;"| 18
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:red;"| 19

|-
|[[File:BSicon LDER.svg|25px]] ||EOG||GEN||H1||A1||A2||B1||B2||B3||B4||B5||B6||S1||S2||S3||S4||S5||S6||GEN||EOG
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/puducherry-new-delhi-sf-express-22403/15050/1232/664 22403 Puducherry New Delhi Superfast Express] at India Rail Info
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/new-delhi-puducherry-sf-express-22404/15025/664/1232 22404 New Delhi Puducherry Superfast Express] at India Rail Info

{{DEFAULTSORT:Puducherry-New Delhi Superfast Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Transport in Puducherry]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Puducherry]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Telangana]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2011]]

Al-Nadwa

2025-11-09T16:57:48Z

UnknownEdits0303: made basic pg w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian Urdu magazine}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox magazine
| title = Al-Nadwa
| image_file = Cover Design of Al-Nadwa, Volume 1, Issue 7.jpg
| image_caption = Volume 1, Issue 7 cover
| editor = {{unbulleted list|[[Shibli Nomani]]|[[Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi]]}}
| editor_title = Sub-editor
| editor2 = {{unbulleted list|[[Maulana Azad|Abul Kalam Azad]]|[[Sulaiman Nadvi]]}}
| category = [[Theology]], Culture, [[Dawah]], Literature, [[Nadwatul Ulama]], Education
| frequency = Monthly
| publisher = [[Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]]
| founded = {{start date|1904}}
| firstdate = August 1904
| finaldate = July 1942
| country = India
| based = [[Lucknow]]
| language = Urdu
}}
'''''Al-Nadwa''''' ({{langx|ur|الندوہ}}) was the first Urdu magazine launched by [[Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]] in the early 20th century. It was published in three phases: 1904–1912, 1912–1916, and 1940–1942, totaling approximately 14 years. The first phase, under the editorship of [[Shibli Nomani]], is often considered the magazine's Golden Era.{{Sfn|Rahman|2017|p=427}} Figures such as [[Maulana Azad|Abul Kalam Azad]], [[Sulaiman Nadvi]], and [[Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi]] also participated in its editorial activities.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Anjum |first=Suhail |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/deeni-rasail-ki-sahafati-khidmat-suhail-anjum-ebooks |title=Deeni Rasail Ki Sahafati Khidmat |publisher=Institute Of Objective Studies |year=2017 |location=New Delhi |pages=145 |language=ur |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126131633/https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/deeni-rasail-ki-sahafati-khidmat-suhail-anjum-ebooks |archive-date=26 November 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> The magazine closely aligned with the goals of [[Nadwatul Ulama]], focusing on educational reform, intellectual engagement, and the integration of traditional and modern Islamic thought. Its content addressed issues like curriculum reform, the renewal of Islamic sciences, and responses to [[Orientalism|Orientalist]] critiques. Known for its innovative style and presentation, it made a lasting impact on Urdu and Islamic journalism and is considered the precursor to ''[[Tameer-e-Hayat]]''.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Rahman |first=Obaidur |title=Musahamatu Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama Fi Nashril Lughatil Arabiati Wal Adabil Islami Wa Dauruha Fi Majalis Sahafati Wal Elam |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/314806 |publisher=[[University of Calcutta]] |year=2017 |location=India |pages=438 |language=ar |degree=PhD |hdl=10603/314806 |access-date=24 November 2024 |archive-date=16 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616040516/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/314806 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Beginning phase ==
In the late 19th century, [[Nadwatul Ulama]] emerged as a key educational and reformist initiative aimed at addressing the challenges facing the Muslim community.{{Sfn|Rahman|2017|p=426}} The movement responded to the growing influence of [[Western philosophy|Western ideologies]] and a perceived detachment from Islamic principles in contemporary life.{{Sfn|Rahman|2017|p=426}} Its scholars sought to reconcile traditional Islamic values with modern realities, advocating for a balanced approach that preserved religious heritage while engaging with the demands of the time. To implement its vision, Nadwatul Ulama established [[Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]], an institution known for integrating religious and contemporary education, which became a center for producing scholars and advancing intellectual development.{{Sfn|Rahman|2017|p=426}} Recognizing the need for a platform to disseminate its ideas, the organization proposed the creation of a monthly magazine during an administrative session on July 22, 1902.<ref name=":Nayab">{{cite book |last=Qasmi |first=Nayab Hasan |title=Darul Uloom Deoband Ka Sahafati Manzarnama|trans-title=Journalistic scenario of Darul Uloom Deoband|url=https://archive.org/details/DarulUloomDeobandKaSahafatiManzarNamah|pages=97|edition=first|date=2013 |language=ur}}</ref> The initiative was led by Habibur Rahman Khan Sherwani, with the support of [[Abdul Hai Hasani]], then assistant administrator of Nadwa. Several guidelines were set for the publication: Sherwani would oversee content selection, Nadwatul Ulama would handle printing and publication, the magazine would initially have 40 pages, and 500 copies would be printed.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nadwi |first=Ishaq Jalees |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/tareekh-e-nadwa-tul-ulama-part-001-ishaq-jalees-nadvi-ebooks |title=Tareekh-e-Nadwatul Ulama |date= |publisher=Majlis-e-Sahafat-o-Nashriyat |year=2003 |edition=2nd |volume=1 |location=Lucknow |pages=310 |language=ur |trans-title=History of the Nadwatul Ulama |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126132633/https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/tareekh-e-nadwa-tul-ulama-part-001-ishaq-jalees-nadvi-ebooks |archive-date=26 November 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> The magazine, named ''Al-Nadwa'', was intended to launch in Shawwal 1320 [[Islamic calendar|AH]]; however, delays resulted in its first issue being released in Jumada al-Awwal 1322 AH (August 1904), with Shibli Nomani joining Sherwani as a co-editor.{{Sfn|Qasmi|2013|p=98}} Sulaiman Nadvi documented the details of the magazine's foundation in his biographical work on Shibli, ''[[Hayat-e-Shibli]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nadvi |first=Sulaiman |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/hayat-e-shibli-syed-sulaiman-nadvi-ebooks-1 |title=Hayat-e-Shibli |date=1943 |publisher=Matba Maarif, Azamgarh |location=India |pages=437–447 |language=ur |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126141810/https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/hayat-e-shibli-syed-sulaiman-nadvi-ebooks-1 |archive-date=26 November 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Three phases ==
The magazine underwent three distinct phases of development. The first phase, from August 1904 to May 1912, was led by editors Habibur Rahman Khan Sherwani and Shibli Nomani. During this period, the magazine established its reputation for its intellectual rigor and its engagement with contemporary issues.{{Sfn|Nadwi|2003|p=310–311}} The second phase, from 1912 to 1916, began under the editorship of Abdul Karim, a teacher at Nadwatul Ulama, who published only a few issues. After Abdul Karim, Ikramullah Khan Nadwi took over the editorial role, marking the end of this phase.{{Sfn|Nadwi|2003|p=310–311}}

After a gap of 22 years, the magazine was revived in January 1940 under the leadership of Sulaiman Nadvi, with Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi and [[Abdul Salam Nadwi]] as co-editors.{{Sfn|Qasmi|2013|p=100}} Despite its short lifespan in this third phase, lasting until July 1942, the magazine continued to advance the intellectual and cultural landscape, focusing on scholarly matters, educational reforms, and cultural debates.{{Sfn|Qasmi|2013|p=100}} However, it struggled to regain the recognition and influence it once held due to the inexperience of the new editorial team and the changing political and social context. Financial constraints ultimately led to its closure.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nadwi |first=Abul Hasan Ali Hasani |url=https://kitabbhubon.com/book/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%93%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AE/ |title=Karwan-e-Zindagi |publisher=Muhammad Brothers |year=2015 |isbn=978-984-91840-0-3 |volume=1 |location=Dhaka |pages=194 |language=bn |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240723053504/https://abulhasanalinadwi.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/karwane-zindagi-1-AHAN-Bengali.pdf |archive-date=23 July 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Though brief, the third phase was acknowledged for its exceptional role in scholarship, culture, and education. Mohd. Sohaib Siddiqi from [[Aligarh Muslim University]] recognized its role in advancing intellectual discourse despite its limited duration.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Siddiqi |first=Mohd. Sohaib |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/56142 |title=Nadwa Movement Its Contribution To The Development Of Arabic Language And Literature In India |publisher=Department of Arabic, [[Aligarh Muslim University]] |year=1993 |location=India |page=242 |language=ur |degree=PhD |access-date=16 April 2024 |archive-date=26 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126032814/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/56142 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Thematic diversity ==
It was a key platform in the Islamic intellectual and educational spheres, introducing a combination of traditional scholarship and modern intellectual engagement.{{Sfn|Qasmi|2013|p=98}} The magazine adhered to rigorous scholarly standards, including high-quality printing and careful organization of material to make complex ideas accessible to a broad audience. It advocated for the renewal of Islamic sciences, promoting a balanced approach between reason and tradition, while celebrating the influence of early Islamic scholars. It also addressed the educational challenges faced by [[madrasa]]s, proposing curriculum development and reform.<ref name=":STK">{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Shams Tabrez |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/tareekh-e-nadwa-tul-ulama-part-002-shams-tabrez-khan-ebooks |title=Tareekh-e-Nadwatul Ulama |date= |publisher=Majlis-e-Sahafat-o-Nashriyat |year=2003 |edition=2nd |volume=2 |location=Lucknow |pages=426 |language=ur |trans-title=History of the Nadwatul Ulama |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204225523/https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/tareekh-e-nadwa-tul-ulama-part-002-shams-tabrez-khan-ebooks |archive-date=4 December 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Its ''My Books'' section provided readers with insights into the intellectual journeys of scholars, bridging generations of thinkers.{{Sfn|Khan|2003|p=428}} The magazine focused on developing unity among Muslims during a period of sectarianism, advocating for collective efforts around common goals amid ideological conflict. It also participated in defending Islamic thought against [[Orientalism|Orientalist]] critiques, publishing rebuttals to counter distortions of Islamic history and philosophy. It facilitated cross-cultural engagement by translating articles from Arab publications, making Arab intellectual discourse more accessible to Indian readers, inspiring educational reforms and a dialogue between modernity and tradition.{{Sfn|Rahman|2017|p=429}}

== Scholarly evaluation ==
It has been recognized by scholars for its efforts in Islamic scholarship and intellectual discourse. Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi, chairman of the [[Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies]], described it as an influential publication in India's intellectual landscape, highlighting its research-based focus.{{Sfn|Nadwi|2015|p=193}} Mohammad Yasin from the [[University of Dhaka]] highlighted its rich engagement with scientific and philosophical knowledge, describing it as an example of ideal Islamic journalism.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Yasin |first=Mohammad |title=Nadwatul Ulama’s Contribution to Urdu Literature and Journalism |date=2021 |degree=PhD |publisher=[[University of Dhaka]] |url=http://reposit.library.du.ac.bd:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/2897 |language=bn |pages=292 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411094622/http://reposit.library.du.ac.bd:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/2897 |archive-date=11 April 2025 |location=Bangladesh |access-date=3 April 2025 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> Mohd. Sohaib Siddiqi from Aligarh Muslim University and Kaleemur Rehman Kha from the [[University of Lucknow]] acknowledged its stature as a respected monthly magazine.<ref name=":KRK">{{Cite thesis |last=Kha |first=Kaleemur Rehman |title=Molana Masood Aalam Nadvi Hayat Va Khidmat |date=1998 |degree=PhD |publisher=Department of Arabic, [[University of Lucknow]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/598603 |language=ur |pages=128 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126130703/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/598603 |archive-date=26 November 2024 |location=India}}</ref>{{Sfn|Siddiqi|1993|p=242}} Nayab Hasan Qasmi, author of ''Darul Uloom Deoband Ka Sahafati Manzarnama'', and Ishaq Jalees Nadwi, historiographer of Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama, discussed its role in shaping Urdu scholarly discussions, addressing contemporary issues, and integrating traditional Islamic knowledge with modern concerns, including its advocacy for curriculum reform and the promotion of Arabic education.{{Sfn|Qasmi|2013|p=100}}{{Sfn|Nadwi|2003|p=311}} Obaidur Rahman from the [[University of Calcutta]] noted the magazine's impact on raising the standards of Islamic journalism, both in terms of content and presentation.{{Sfn|Rahman|2017|p=427}} [[Sulaiman Nadvi]] mentioned its influence in introducing new research methods and developing scholarly engagement with contemporary issues.{{Sfn|Rahman|2017|p=430}} [[S. M. Ikram]] recognized its role in nurturing intellectual talent and supporting the mission of Nadwatul Ulama.{{Sfn|Rahman|2017|p=430}} [[Abdul Halim Sharar]] and [[Masood Alam Nadwi]] reflected on its legacy under Shibli Nomani's leadership, noting the efforts of editors such as Abul Kalam Azad and Sulaiman Nadvi.{{Sfn|Rahman|2017|p=430}} [[Imdad Sabri]] and [[Abdul Majid Daryabadi]] highlighted its scholarly approach and quality, emphasizing that it stood out among other publications.{{Sfn|Rahman|2017|p=430}} Mohammad Moosa from [[Panjab University]] pointed out its broad intellectual scope and influence on young scholars, particularly those from madrasas.{{Sfn|Moosa|2022|p=151}} Shams Tabrez Khan, another historiographer of Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama, mentioned its distinctive role in scholarly and reformative discourse.<ref name=":STK"/>

== Lasting influence ==
Under the guidance of Shibli Nomani, ''Al-Nadwa'' marked a shift in religious journalism by moving away from the sectarian debates and argumentative writings that characterized many earlier religious magazines.<ref name=":MMosa">{{Cite thesis |last=Moosa |first=Mohmmad |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/471669 |title=Urdu Sahafat Mein Ulama Ke Khidmaat 1800 AD To 1960 AD |publisher=Department of Urdu, [[Panjab University]] |year=2022 |location=India |page=150 |language=ur |degree=PhD |hdl=10603/471669 |access-date=19 December 2023 |archive-date=18 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218103508/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/471669 |url-status=live}}</ref> It adopted a scholarly approach to religious discourse, integrating academic analysis and intellectual discussions, which influenced the style of religious journalism in India.<ref name=":MMosa"/> The magazine became a platform for students of Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama, providing them with an opportunity to engage in scholarly debates that helped shape their academic and intellectual paths.{{Sfn|Qasmi|2013|p=98}} Figures such as Sulaiman Nadvi, whose article on the [[hadith sciences]] was published while he was still a student, began their academic careers through ''Al-Nadwa'', gaining recognition from scholars like [[Altaf Hussain Hali]], who acknowledged the educational model at Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama.{{Sfn|Qasmi|2013|p=98}} In 1905, Abul Kalam Azad served as the sub-editor of ''Al-Nadwa''. His brief involvement with the magazine helped establish his national recognition. [[Abu Salman Shahjahanpuri]] later compiled Azad's writings for ''Al-Nadwa'' in a book.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shahjahanpuri |first=Abu Salman |author-link=Abu Salman Shahjahanpuri |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/mazameen-al-nadwa-lucknow-abul-kalam-azad-ebooks |title=Mazameen Al- Nadwa Lucknow |publisher=Poorab Academy |year=2007 |location=Islamabad |pages=45 |language=ur |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126142639/https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/mazameen-al-nadwa-lucknow-abul-kalam-azad-ebooks |archive-date=26 November 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Abdul Salam Nadwi]], another figure associated with the magazine, wrote an article on [[Reincarnation|transmigration]] that Shibli Nomani praised. It also created a resource of writings in the Urdu language, addressing various issues related to Islamic teachings, modern challenges, and Islamic history.{{Sfn|Qasmi|2013|p=99}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Deobandi Urdu magazines]]
[[Category:Publications of Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]]
[[Category:Monthly magazines]]
[[Category:Urdu-language magazines]]
[[Category:Magazines established in 1904]]
[[Category:Magazines disestablished in 1942]]
[[Category:Literary magazines published in India]]
[[Category:Defunct magazines published in India]]
[[Category:Conservative magazines]]

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