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Krishnanagar Lok Sabha constituency

2026-05-06T15:11:58Z

Udesign: starting new article

{{short description|Lok Sabha constituency in West Bengal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Krishnanagar {{Small|WB-12}}
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/West Bengal/Krishnanagar.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Krishnanagar Lok Sabha Constituency
| established = 1967
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mp = [[Mahua Moitra]]
| party = {{Party index link|Trinamool Congress}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| assembly_cons = [[Tehatta Assembly constituency|Tehatta]] [[Palashipara Assembly constituency|Palashipara]] [[Kaliganj Assembly constituency|Kaliganj]] [[Nakashipara Assembly constituency|Nakashipara]] [[Chapra, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Chapra]] [[Krishnanagar Uttar Assembly constituency|Krishnanagar Uttar]] [[Krishnanagar Dakshin Assembly constituency|Krishnanagar Dakshin]]
| electors = 17,55,631 (2024)<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf | title=EC releases absolute number of voters for all completed phases | date=2024-05-25 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526095942/https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf | archive-date=26 May 2024 }}</ref>
}}

'''Krishnanagar Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 42 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[West Bengal]] state in eastern [[India]]. All the seven assembly segments of No. 12 Krishnanagar Lok Sabha constituency are in [[Nadia district]].

==Assembly segments==
[[File:Westbengalen Wahlkreise Lok Sabha.svg|thumb|350 px|right|'''Parliamentary constituencies in West Bengal''' - 1. Cooch Behar, 2. Alipurduars, 3. Jalpaiguri, 4. Darjeeling, 5. Raiganj, 6. Balurghat, 7. Maldaha Uttar, 8. Maldaha Dakshin, 9. Jangipur, 10. Baharampur, 11. Murshidabad, 12. '''Krishnanagar''', 13. Ranaghat, 14. Bangaon, 15. Barrackpore, 16. Dum Dum, 17. Barasat, 18. Basirhat, 19. Jaynagar, 20. Mathurapur, 21. Diamond Harbour, 22. Jadavpur, 23. Kolkata Dakshin, 24. Kolkata Uttar, 25. Howrah, 26. Uluberia, 27. Serampore, 28. Hooghly, 29. Arambagh, 30. Tamluk, 31, Kanthi, 32. Ghatal, 33. Jhargram, 34. Medinipur, 35. Purulia, 36. Bankura, 37. Bishnupur, 38. Bardhaman Purba, 39. Bardhaman Durgapur, 40. Asansol, 41. Bolpur, 42. Birbhum<ref name =delimitation/>]]

As per order of the [[Delimitation Commission]] in respect of the [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation of parliamentary constituencies]] in West Bengal, parliamentary constituency no. 12 Krishnanagar comprises the following segments from 2009:<ref name =delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 | access-date = 2009-05-27 | work = Table B – Extent of Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher =Government of West Bengal}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! #
! Name
! District
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|78
|[[Tehatta Assembly constituency|Tehatta]]
| rowspan="7" |[[Nadia district|Nadia]]
|Subrata Kabiraj
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|79
|[[Palashipara Assembly constituency|Palashipara]]
|[[Rukbanur Rahman]]
|{{party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=2}}
|{{party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|80
|[[Kaliganj Assembly constituency|Kaliganj]]
|[[Alifa Ahmed]]
|-
|81
|[[Nakashipara Assembly constituency|Nakashipara]]
|Santanu Dey
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|82
|[[Chapra, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Chapra]]
|Jeber Sekh
|{{party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|83
|[[Krishnanagar Uttar Assembly constituency|Krishnanagar Uttar]]
|Tarak Nath Chatterjee
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|85
|[[Krishnanagar Dakshin Assembly constituency|Krishnanagar Dakshin]]
|Sadhan Ghosh
|-
|}

In 2004, Krishnanagar Lok Sabha constituency was composed of the following assembly segments:<ref>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/LS_2004/Vol_III_LS_2004.pdf | title = Statistical Report on General Elections, 2004 to the 14th Lok Sabha | access-date = 2010-10-01 | work = Volume III Details For Assembly Segments Of Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher = Election Commission of India }}</ref>[[Palashipara Assembly constituency|Palashipara]] (assembly constituency no. 70), [[Nakashipara Assembly constituency|Nakshipara]] (assembly constituency no. 71), [[Kaliganj Assembly constituency|Kaliganj]] (assembly constituency no. 72), [[Chapra, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Chapra]] (assembly constituency no. 73), [[Krishnaganj Assembly constituency|Krishnaganj (SC)]] (assembly constituency no. 74), [[Krishnanagar Uttar Assembly constituency|Krishnanagar East]] (assembly constituency no. 75), [[Krishnanagar Dakshin Assembly constituency|Krishnanagar West]] (assembly constituency no. 76)<ref name=delimitation1976>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3939-dpaco-1976/ |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1976 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=1 December 1976 |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref><ref name="Krishnanagar Lok Sabha Constituency: Electoral battle between Mahua Moitra, Amrita Roy and SM Saadi">{{cite news |title=Krishnanagar Lok Sabha Constituency: Electoral battle between Mahua Moitra, Amrita Roy and SM Saadi |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/krishnanagar-lok-sabha-constituency-electoral-battle-between-mahua-moitra-amrita-roy-and-sm-saadi-9295045/ |access-date=10 July 2025 |publisher=The Indian Express |date=29 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250710034701/https://indianexpress.com/elections/krishnanagar-lok-sabha-constituency-electoral-battle-between-mahua-moitra-amrita-roy-and-sm-saadi-9295045/ |archive-date=10 July 2025}}</ref>

==Members of Lok Sabha==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year!!Member<ref name="Krishnanagar Lok Sabha Election Result">{{cite news|title=Krishnanagar Lok Sabha Election Result|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/krishnanagar-lok-sabha|accessdate=10 July 2025|publisher=Result University|date=2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250710035813/https://resultuniversity.com/election/krishnanagar-lok-sabha|archivedate=10 July 2025}}</ref>
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|[[Haripada Chattopadhyay]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Renu Pada Das]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes|rowspan=7}}
|-
| [[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|-
| [[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|-
| [[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Ajoy Mukhopadhyay]]
|-
| [[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|-
| [[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|-
| [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|[[Satyabrata Mookherjee]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[Jyotirmoyee Sikdar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Tapas Paul]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Mahua Moitra]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|}

==Election results==
===General election 2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: Krishnanagar<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Krishnanagar">{{cite news |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Krishnanagar |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2512.htm |access-date=9 July 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250709073833/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2512.htm |archive-date=9 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Krishnanagar Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024">{{cite news |title=Krishnanagar Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/west-bengal/krishnanagar |access-date=9 July 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250709073835/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/west-bengal/krishnanagar |archive-date=9 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Mahua Moitra]]|votes={{formatnum:628789}}|percentage=44.10|change={{decrease}}0.90}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Amrita Roy|votes={{formatnum:572084}}|percentage=40.13|change={{decrease}}0.24}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[S. M. Saadi]]|votes={{formatnum:180201}}|percentage=12.64|change={{increase}}3.84}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes={{formatnum:6811}}|percentage=0.48|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:56705}}|percentage=3.97|change={{decrease}}0.66}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:1425712}}|percentage=80.65|change={{decrease}}3.10}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: Krishnanagar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Mahua Moitra]] |votes=614,872|percentage=45.00|change={{increase}}10.14}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Kalyan Chaubey]]|votes=551,654|percentage=40.37|change={{increase}}13.99}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Dr. Santanu Jha|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=120,222|percentage=8.80|change={{decrease}}20.63}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Intaz Ali Shah|votes=38,305|percentage=2.80|change={{decrease}}3.19}}
{{Election box majority||votes=63,218|percentage=4.63|change={{decrease}}1.08}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=13,66,601|percentage=83.75|change={{decrease}}0.75}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|runners = BJP
|swing = {{increase}}10.14
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: Krishnanagar<ref name=loksabha2014>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/33%20-%20Constituency%20wise%20detailed%20result.pdf |title = General Elections 2014 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 21 June 2016 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Tapas Paul]]|party=Trinamool Congress|votes=4,38,789|percentage=35.14|change=-7.29}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Santanu Jha|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=3,67,534|percentage=29.43|change=-5.60}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Satyabrata Mookherjee]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=3,29,873|percentage=26.38|change=+9.62}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Razia Ahmed|party=Indian National Congress|votes=74,789|percentage=5.99|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the Above|party=None of the above|votes=7,642|percentage=0.61|change=---}}

{{Election box majority||votes=71,255|percentage=5.71|change=-1.69}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=12,47,914<ref name=turnout>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm |title=Parliamentary Constituency Wise Turnout for General Elections 2014 |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=17 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606003137/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm |archive-date=6 June 2014 }}</ref>|percentage=84.50|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections|General Election, 2009]]: [[Krishnanagar, Nadia|Krishnanagar]]<ref name=loksabha2009>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |title=General Elections, 2009 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811090059/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |archive-date=11 August 2014 }}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Tapas Paul]]
|votes = 4,43,679
|percentage = 42.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Jyotirmoyee Sikdar]]
|votes = 366,293
|percentage = 35.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Satyabrata Mookherjee]]
|votes = 175,283
|percentage = 16.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Assam United Democratic Front
|candidate = Md. Niamatullah Mollick
|votes = 19,313
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Subimal Sengupta
|votes = 14,480
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Debabrata Majumder
|votes = 10,733
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian Union Muslim League
|candidate = Shahjahan Mallik
|votes = 6,592
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Jayasri Chakrabarty
|votes = 5,002
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = Sk. Daulat Hossain
|votes = 4,336
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 77,386
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 10,45,711
|percentage = 85.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 1967-2004===
Most of the contests were multi-cornered. However, only winners and runners-up are mentioned below:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Voters
!Voter turnout
!Winner
|
|
!Runners up
|
|
|-
|
|
!%age
!Candidate
!%age
!Party
!Candidate
!%age
!Party
|-
|1967
|343,935
|74.00
|Haridas Chattopadhyay
|47.52
|Independent
|C.P.Mukherjee
|37.48
|[[Indian National Congress|Congress]]<ref name=loksabha1967>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf |title=General Elections, India, 1967 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404203524/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf |archive-date= 4 April 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|1971
|312,342
|62.05
|Renupada Das
|36.96
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|Ila Pal Chaudhuri
|25.55
|Congress<ref name=loksabha1971>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf |title=General Elections, India, 1971 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404195218/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf |archive-date= 4 April 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|1977
|331,370
|61.96
|Renupada Das
|61.86
|CPI(M)
|Shibsankar Bandopadhyay
|33.43
|Congress<ref name=loksabha1977>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf |title=General Elections, 1977 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718185438/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|1980
|515,990
|79.71
|Renupada Das
|50.81
|CPI(M)
|[[Sankar Das Banerji]]
|36.74
|Congress<ref name=loksabha1980>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf |title=General Elections, 1980 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718175926/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|1984
|611,950
|83.74
|Renupada Das
|49.25
|CPI(M)
|Sankar Das Banerji
|48.45
|Congress<ref name=loksabha1984>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf |title=General Elections, 1984 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718184911/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|1989
|761,990
|82.69
|Ajoy Mukherjee
|46.31
|CPI(M)
|Jyotirmoy Bhattacharya
|44.14
|Congress<ref name="loksabha1989">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf |title=General Elections, 1989 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|1991
|764,560
|82.34
|Ajoy Mukherjee
|43.33
|CPI(M)
|Jyotirmoy Bhattacharya
|35.37
|Congress<ref name="loksabha1991">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1991/VOL_I_91.pdf |title=General Elections, 1991 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183558/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1991/VOL_I_91.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|1996
|911,620
|85.2
|Ajoy Mukherjee
|45.94
|CPI(M)
|Jyotirmoy Bhattacharya
|41.56
|Congress<ref name="loksabha1996">{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1996/Vol_I_LS_96.pdf |title = General Elections, 1996 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 25 May 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|1998
|897,930
|84.07
|Ajoy Mukherjee
|42.03
|CPI(M)
|[[Satyabrata Mookherjee]]
|37.44
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<ref name=loksabha1998>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |title=General Elections, 1998 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718181833/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|1999
|845,490
|77.96
|[[Satyabrata Mookherjee]]
|43.82
|BJP
|Dilip Chakraborty
|41.16
|CPI(M)<ref name=loksabha1999>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |title=General Elections, 1999 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|2004
|930,290
|83.25
|[[Jyotirmoyee Sikdar]]
|42.73
|CPI(M)
|[[Satyabrata Mookherjee]]
|40.54
|BJP<ref name=loksabha2004>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf |title = General Elections, 2004 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 25 May 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Krishnanagar, Nadia|Krishnagar]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}
{{Nadia topics}}
{{Coord|23.4|N|88.5|E|display=title|format=dms|}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krishnanagar Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Nadia district]]
[[Category:Krishnanagar]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in India]]

Gayathiri Iyer

2026-05-04T01:30:47Z

Udesign: Started initial info w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian actress and model}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gayathiri Iyer
| birth_name = Gayathiri Iyer
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Thirunelveli]], [[Tamilnadu]], [[India]]<ref name="name">{{cite news |last1=Mohammed |first1=Waseem |title=If you are fluent in Kannada, you are loved in Sandalwood |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/If-you-are-fluent-in-Kannada-you-are-loved-in-Sandalwood/articleshow/49672087.cms |access-date=24 September 2016 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=5 November 2015 |archive-date=10 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151110010512/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/If-you-are-fluent-in-Kannada-you-are-loved-in-Sandalwood/articleshow/49672087.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
| other_names = Urmila Gayathri<ref name="name"/>
| occupation = Actress, model
| yearsactive = 2012–present
}}

'''Gayathiri Venkatagiri''' (also known as '''Gayathri Iyer''')<ref name="name"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Gayatri-Iyer-the-new-girl-on-the-block/articleshow/16724042.cms |title=Gayatri Iyer, the new girl on the block |access-date=15 August 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]] |first=Karthik |last=Pasupulate |date=8 October 2012 |archive-date=1 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401044152/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Gayatri-Iyer-the-new-girl-on-the-block/articleshow/16724042.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> is an Indian actress and model who has acted in [[Kannada]], [[Hindi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], and [[Bengali language|Bengali]] films and Hindi television.

==Personal life and career==
She is from [[Tamilnadu]], and was bought up in [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]].

Her first notable film in Kannada was ''[[Namo Bhootatma]]'', a remake of the Tamil film ''[[Yaamirukka Bayamey]]'', produced by Eldred Kumar of RS Infotainment and starred [[Komal (actor)|Komal]] and [[Harish Raj]] as the male leads. ''Namo Bhootatma'' ran for 100 days in [[Karnataka]] and was well received by the audience.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.moviemint.com/Namo-Bhootatma-is-a-big-Surpirse-for-me-Gayatri-Iyer |title=Namo Bhootatma is a big Surpirse for me Gayatri Iyer |access-date=17 February 2015 |publisher=moviemint.com |archive-date=22 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522071044/http://www.moviemint.com/Namo-Bhootatma-is-a-big-Surpirse-for-me-Gayatri-Iyer |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Iyer's next release was ''[[Ouija (2015 film)|Ouija]]'' in Kannada by Vega Entertainment which was filmed in [[Malaysia]] and parts of [[Bangalore]] and [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Gayathri-has-a-special-connection-with-horror-films/articleshow/45548911.cms |title=Gayathri has a special connection with horror films |access-date=17 December 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=23 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150323062527/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Gayathri-has-a-special-connection-with-horror-films/articleshow/45548911.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/Risk-lurks-beyond-glitz/articleshow/46218506.cms |title=Risk lurks beyond glitz |access-date=12 February 2015 |work=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201085551/http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/Risk-lurks-beyond-glitz/articleshow/46218506.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> It starred [[Shraddha Das]], [[Madhuri Itagi]], [[Sayaji Shinde]] and [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ww.itimes.com/video/ouija-movie-shooting-experience-by-gayathri-venkitagiri |title=Ouija Movie Shooting Experience by Urmila Gayathri |access-date=18 December 2014 |publisher=itimes.com |archive-date=23 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150323224239/http://ww.itimes.com/video/ouija-movie-shooting-experience-by-gayathri-venkitagiri |url-status=live }}</ref>
She made her television debut in [[Ekta Kapoor| Ekta Kapoor's]] serial ''[[Haiwaan : The Monster]]'' and was praised for portraying her natural evil look on camera.

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 100%;"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! Ref.
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Shravana (film)|Shravana]]'' || Kala || [[Kannada]] || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-south-1-looking-at-kannada-film-shravana/20100212.htm|title=Vijay Raghavendra returns with Shravana|website=Rediff}}</ref>
|-
|2012 || ''[[Six (film)|Six]]''
| Tripura || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||
|-

| 2013 || ''Shrishti''
| || [[Bengali language|Bengali]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2014
|''[[Ninaivil Nindraval (2014 film)|Ninaivil Nindraval]]''
|
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
|-
| ''[[Namo Bhootatma]]''
| || rowspan="4" |Kannada || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vijaykarnatakaepaper.com/Details.aspx?id=18395&boxid=22956319 |title=Namo Boothatma |access-date=15 August 2014 |publisher=vijaykarnatakaepaper.com |date=14 January 2015 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402120702/http://www.vijaykarnatakaepaper.com/Details.aspx?id=18395&boxid=22956319 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2015 || ''[[Ouija (2015 film)|Ouija]]''
| Kshetra || <ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/When-girls-sabotaged-Bharaths-scenes/articleshow/49615530.cms |title=When girls sabotaged Bharath's scenes |access-date=1 November 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]]|date=November 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Gayathri-Wants-to-be-Studious-in-Filmdom/2014/12/03/article2552117.ece |title=Gayathri Wants to be Studious in Filmdom |access-date=3 December 2014 |work=The New Indian Express |archive-date=11 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160511084747/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Gayathri-Wants-to-be-Studious-in-Filmdom/2014/12/03/article2552117.ece |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2016
| ''[[Tyson (2016 film)|Tyson]]''
| Divya || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2015/Apr/08/gayathri-leaves-horror-with-new-film-tyson-739735.html|title=Gayathri Leaves Horror with New Film Tyson|date=8 November 2015|first=A|last=Sharadhaa|access-date=3 May 2026|work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Jaggu Dada]]''
| Champa|| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Injury-Cant-Stop-Gayathri/2015/08/18/article2979430.ece |title=Injury Can't Stop Gayathri |access-date=18 August 2015 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |archive-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151115222842/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Injury-Cant-Stop-Gayathri/2015/08/18/article2979430.ece |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Meow (2016 film)|Meow]]'' || Sughana || Tamil || <ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/meow/movie-review/56268861.cms |title=Meow Movie Review {2/5}: Critic Review of Meow by Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2017 || ''Ryde''
| || [[English language|English]] || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://epaper.deccanchronicle.com/epaper_main.aspx#page217 |title=Gayathri Looks To Shine At Home |access-date=18 September 2017 |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=14 January 2015 |archive-date=28 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150728075030/http://epaper.deccanchronicle.com/epaper_main.aspx?#page217 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Raid (2018 film)|Raid]]''
| Mukta Yadav || rowspan="2" | [[Hindi]] || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/140118/ajay-devgn-is-a-prankster.html |title=Ajay Devgn is a prankster: Raid actress Gayathiri Iyer recalls working with the star |access-date=14 January 2018 |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=14 January 2018 |archive-date=14 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114003121/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/140118/ajay-devgn-is-a-prankster.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2018/jan/09/model-turned-actress-gayathri-iyer-gets-big-break-in-bollywood-1749201.html |title=Model-turned-actress Gayathri Iyer gets big break in Bollywood |access-date=9 January 2018 |work=The New Indian Express |date=9 January 2018 |archive-date=13 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113093018/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2018/jan/09/model-turned-actress-gayathri-iyer-gets-big-break-in-bollywood-1749201.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Ghost (2019 film)|Ghost]]'' || Barkha Khanna ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Parundhaaguthu Oor Kuruvi]]'' || Yamini|| Tamil ||
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Bazooka (film)|Bazooka]]'' || || [[Malayalam]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-09 |title=Bazooka trailer: Mammootty, Gautham Vasudev join forces to nab ‘daredevil antagonist’. Watch |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/bazooka-trailer-mammootty-gautham-vasudev-join-forces-to-nab-daredevil-antagonist-watch-9907412/ |access-date=2025-04-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Television==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Serial
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Haiwaan : The Monster]]''
| Jiyana "Jiya" Garewal
|
|-
| 2022
| [[Naagin (2015 TV series) | ''Naagin 6'']]
|Reem Kataria
|
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Iyer, Gayathri}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kochi]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Mohammad Ashraf Mir

2026-05-02T15:01:42Z

Udesign: new first details nd citations - done

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1972)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
'''Mohammad Ashraf Mir''' (born 1972) is an Indian politician from [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. He was an MLA from now defunct [[Sonawar Assembly constituency]] in [[Srinagar district]]. He won the [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party]]. He also lost from [[Lal Chowk Assembly constituency]] in 2024 election as Apni Party candidate to [[Sheikh Ahsan Ahmed]] by a margin of over 11,000 votes.

== Early life and education ==
Mir is from [[Lal Chowk|Lalchowk]], Srinagar district, Jammu and Kashmir. He is the son of late Abdul Salam Mir. He completed his M.B.A. in 1985 at BMS College of Engineering.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohammad Ashraf Mir(Jammu and Kashmir Apni Party):Constituency- SRINAGAR(JAMMU AND KASHMIR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/LokSabha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=6337 |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Mir won from Sonawar Assembly constituency representing the [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party]] in the 2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election. He polled 14,283 votes and defeated his nearest rival and former Chief Minister [[Omar Abdullah]] of [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|JKNC]], by a margin of 4,783 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-23 |title=Jammu and Kashmir election results: Omar Abdullah wins from Beerwah after Sonawar loss, Mufti Mohammad Saeed bags Anantnag |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/assembly-elections-2015/story/election-results-live-pdp-races-ahead-of-bjp-omar-abdullah-loses-sonawar-232484-2014-12-23 |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-12-23 |title='Managed the game' in an exciting fight: PDP's Ashraf Mir on win over Omar Abdullah |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/managed-the-game-in-an-exciting-fight-pdps-ashraf-mir-on-win-over-omar-abdullah/articleshow/45620925.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-09-12 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> In May 2024, he lost from [[Srinagar Lok Sabha constituency]] in the 2024 [[2024 Indian general election in Jammu and Kashmir|Indian general election in Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohammad Ashraf Mir, Jammu And Kashmir Apni Party Representative for Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir - Candidate Overview {{!}} 2024 Lok Sabha Elections |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections/jammu-kashmir/srinagar/candidateshow/mohammad-ashraf-mir-7974 |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> He also lost from Lal Chowk in 2024 election as Apni Party candidate to Sheikh Ahsan Ahmed by a margin of over 11,000 votes.

In 2014, there was a controversy where an AK47 was allegedly fired by Mir in celebration after his victory was announced. But he denied the allegations.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-12-27 |title=PDP MLA filmed firing AK-47 to celebrate win |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/specials/2014-assembly-elections/jammu-kashmir-news/pdp-mla-filmed-firing-ak-47-to-celebrate-win/articleshow/45655446.cms |access-date=2024-09-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mir, Mohammad Ashraf}}

[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party politicians]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2014–2018]]
[[Category:People from Srinagar district]]
[[Category:Kashmiri politicians]]
[[Category:Apni Party politicians]]

Chiranjeevi Sarja

2026-05-01T13:13:36Z

Udesign: Started first article first draft

{{Short description|Indian actor (17 October 1980 - 7 June 2020)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Chiranjeevi Sarja
| image = ChiranjeeviSarjaImage.jpg
| caption =
| birthname =
| birth_date = 17 October 1984
| death_date = 7 June 2020 (aged 35){{refn|name=age|group=N|Most sources state Chiranjeevi's age at his death as 35.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-06-06|title=What happened to Chiranjeevi Sarja on his last day? Meghana Raj recalls|language=en-IN|work=India Today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/what-happened-to-chiranjeevi-sarja-on-his-last-day-meghana-raj-recalls-1811419-2021-06-06|access-date=2022-01-09}}</ref>}}
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India
| death_place = Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| othername = Chiru<ref name="bona">{{cite news |title=The bona fide actor |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-bona-fide-actor/article22456992.ece |access-date=7 June 2020 |work=The Hindu |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011130206/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-bona-fide-actor/article22456992.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
| yearsactive = 2009–2020
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Meghana Raj]]|2018}}
| children = 1
| relatives = [[List of South Indian film families#Sarja family|Sarja family]]
| occupation = Actor
}}

'''Chiranjeevi Sarja''' (17 October 1984 - 7 June 2020) was an Indian film actor who appeared in [[Kannada cinema|Kannada films]]. Hailing from a family of actors, Sarja acted in more than 20 films in a career spanning 11 years.

== Early life and family==
Sarja was born as the first child of Ammaji and Vijay Kumar.<ref name="ch">{{cite news |title=Kannada actor Chiranjeevi Sarja passes away |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/top-karnataka-stories/kannada-actor-chiranjeevi-sarja-passes-away-846735.html|access-date=7 June 2020|work=Deccan Herald |archive-date=8 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608084539/https://www.deccanherald.com/state/top-karnataka-stories/kannada-actor-chiranjeevi-sarja-passes-away-846735.html|url-status=live }}</ref> He comes from a family of actors in the South Indian film industry; his maternal grandfather [[Shakti Prasad]], maternal uncle [[Arjun Sarja]] and younger brother [[Dhruva Sarja]] are all actors, while another maternal uncle [[Kishore Sarja]] was a director.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chiranjeevi Sarja's death: Sandalwood's illustrious Sarja family loses a star|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2020/06/08/chiranjeevi-sarja-death-sandalwood-illustrious-sarja-family-loses-star.html|access-date=8 June 2020 |work=The Week |archive-date=8 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608133719/https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2020/06/08/chiranjeevi-sarja-death-sandalwood-illustrious-sarja-family-loses-star.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He completed his schooling from [[Baldwin Boys' High School]] before graduating from [[Vijaya College, Bangalore]]. He worked as an assistant director to his uncle Arjun for about four years.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kannada actor Chiranjeevi Sarja dies in Bengaluru, he was 39 |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kannada-actor-chiranjeevi-sarja-dies-bengaluru-he-was-39-126073 |access-date=8 June 2020 |work=The News Minute |archive-date=8 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608142457/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kannada-actor-chiranjeevi-sarja-dies-bengaluru-he-was-39-126073 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Career==
Sarja appeared in 22 films, beginning with the 2009 film ''[[Vayuputra]]'' which was directed by his uncle Kishore Sarja<ref>{{cite news |title=Kannada Actor Chiranjeevi Sarja Passes Away at 39 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/kannada-actor-chiranjeevi-sarja-passes-away-at-39-2657907.html |access-date=7 June 2020 |work=News 18 |archive-date=7 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607122202/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/kannada-actor-chiranjeevi-sarja-passes-away-at-39-2657907.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and earned him the Innovative Film Award for Best Debut (Male).<ref name="bona"/> A number of his films were remakes of those from other Indian languages,<ref>{{cite news |title=Chiranjeevi on a Remake Roll |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2014/feb/08/Chiranjeevi-Sarja-on-Remake-Roll-573437.html |access-date=7 June 2020 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011130208/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2014/feb/08/Chiranjeevi-Sarja-on-Remake-Roll-573437.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> including the action film ''[[Varadhanayaka]]'' (2013), the supernatural thriller ''[[Whistle (2013 film)|Whistle]]'' (2013), the horror comedy ''[[Chandralekha (2014 film)|Chandralekha]]'' (2014), the action film ''[[Rudra Tandava]]'' (2015) and the action thriller ''[[Amma I Love You]]'' (2018).<ref>{{cite news |title=Remembering Chiranjeevi Sarja: 5 popular movies that prove he was a solid performer |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/remembering-chiranjeevi-sarja-5-popular-movies-that-prove-he-was-a-solid-performer-846748.html |access-date=7 June 2020 |work=Deccan Herald |archive-date=7 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607125407/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/remembering-chiranjeevi-sarja-5-popular-movies-that-prove-he-was-a-solid-performer-846748.html |url-status=live }}</ref> His other notable films include the mystery thriller ''[[Aatagara]]'' (2015), which was based on [[Agatha Christie]]'s novel ''[[And Then There Were None]]'', and the horror film ''[[Aake (film)|Aake]]'' (2017), both of which were directed by [[K. M. Chaitanya]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Chiranjeevi Sarja and Chaitanya to collaborate for the third time |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2016/sep/28/chiranjeevi-sarja-and-chaitanya-to-collaborate-for-the-third-time-1523764.html |access-date=9 June 2020 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011130221/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2016/sep/28/Chiranjeevi-Sarja-and-Chaitanya-to-collaborate-for-the-third-time-1523764.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Three of Sarja's films were released in 2020; ''[[Shivarjuna]]'' turned out to be his last appearance before his death. He had five more films lined up which were in various stages of production at the time of his sudden passing.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kannada actor Chiranjeevi Sarja passes away |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2020/jun/07/kannada-actor-chiranjeevi-sarja-passes-away-2153478.html |access-date=8 June 2020 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |archive-date=8 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608140959/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2020/jun/07/kannada-actor-chiranjeevi-sarja-passes-away-2153478.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Personal life ==

In October 2017, he was engaged to actress [[Meghana Raj]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Chiranjeevi and Meghana Raj got engaged|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/231017/cupid-strikes-again.html|access-date=7 June 2020|work=Deccan Chronicle|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011130307/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/231017/cupid-strikes-again.html|url-status=live}}</ref> They got married in a Christian ceremony on 30 April 2018,<ref>{{cite news |title=Actress Meghna Raj weds Chiranjeevi Sarja |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2018/04/30/actress-meghna-raj-weds-chiranjeevi-sarja.html |access-date=7 June 2020 |work=The Week |archive-date=7 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607135037/https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2018/04/30/actress-meghna-raj-weds-chiranjeevi-sarja.html |url-status=live }}</ref> followed by a traditional Hindu wedding ceremony on 2 May 2018 at [[Bangalore Palace|Palace Grounds]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Kannada Actors Meghana Raj And Chiranjeevi Sarja Get Married|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/kannada-actors-meghana-raj-and-chiranjeevi-sarja-get-married-see-trending-pics-1846350|access-date=7 June 2020|date=3 May 2018|work=NDTV|archive-date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607122059/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/kannada-actors-meghana-raj-and-chiranjeevi-sarja-get-married-see-trending-pics-1846350|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Chiranjeevi Sarja and Meghana Raj were eagerly awaiting an addition to their family when tragedy struck |url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2020/06/07/chiranjeevi-sarja-and-meghana-raj-were-eagerly-awaiting-an-addit.html |website=OnManorama |language=en |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608112202/https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2020/06/07/chiranjeevi-sarja-and-meghana-raj-were-eagerly-awaiting-an-addit.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> At the time of his death, they were expecting their first child. Their son was born on 22 October 2020, four months after his death.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/chiranjeevi-sarja-is-back-meghana-raj-gives-birth-to-a-baby-boy/articleshow/78803529.cms|title=Chiranjeevi Sarja is back: Meghana Raj gives birth to a baby boy - Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 October 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/meghana-raj-delivers-a-baby-boy-6834660/|title=Chirranjeevi Sarja's wife Meghana Raj blessed with baby boy|date=23 October 2020|work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== Death ==

On 6 June 2020, Sarja suffered [[convulsions]] and complained of breathlessness. The following day, he developed chest pain and collapsed around 1:10 p.m. ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]]). He was taken to a private hospital in [[Jayanagar, Bangalore|Jayanagar]] in "an unresponsive state"; the doctors declared him dead at 3:48 p.m. (IST), citing [[cardiac arrest]] as the cause of death.<ref name="ch"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Kannada actor Chiranjeevi Sarja passes away at 39 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/kannada-actor-chiranjeevi-sarja-passes-away-at-39/article31772154.ece |access-date=7 June 2020 |work=The Hindu |archive-date=8 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608084540/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/kannada-actor-chiranjeevi-sarja-passes-away-at-39/article31772154.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Sarja's body was [[lay in repose|laid in repose]] at his residence in [[Basavanagudi]] where actors, politicians and fans visited to pay their respects. His funeral was held on 8 June at [[Dhruva Sarja]]'s farmhouse on [[Kanakapura Road]].

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
! scope="row" | 2009
| ''[[Vayuputra]]''
| Balu
| Innovative Film Award for Best Debut (Male)
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 May 2010 |title=Innovative Film Awards, star studded, star oriented |url=http://chitratara.com/show-content.php?id=1884&ptype=News&title=INNOVATIVE%20FILM%20AWARDS%20?STAR%20STUDDED%20STAR%20ORIENTED! |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220193929/http://chitratara.com/show-content.php?id=1884&ptype=News&title=INNOVATIVE%20FILM%20AWARDS%20%3FSTAR%20STUDDED%20STAR%20ORIENTED%21 |archive-date=20 December 2013 |access-date=28 January 2017 |publisher=chitratara.com }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | 2010
| ''[[Gandedhe]]''
| Krishna
|
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Gandedhe is for the 'brave hearts' only! |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-kannada-review-gandedhe/20100730.htm |access-date=9 June 2020 |work=Rediff |language=en |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011130250/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-kannada-review-gandedhe/20100730.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Chirru]]''
| Chiru
|
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Chiru is for die-hard romantics |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-chiru/20101119.htm |access-date=9 June 2020 |work=Rediff |language=en |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011130305/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-chiru/20101119.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | 2011
| ''[[Dandam Dashagunam]]''
| Surya
|
| <ref>{{cite news |title='Dandam dashagunam' is not quite there |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-dandam-dashagunam-is-not-quite-there-1532521 |access-date=9 June 2020 |work=DNA |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011130252/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-dandam-dashagunam-is-not-quite-there-1532521 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kempegowda (film)|Kempegowda]]''
| Ram
| Cameo appearance
| <ref>{{cite news |title=On my pinboard: Chiranjeevi Sarja |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-lifestyle/on-my-pinboard-chiranjeevi-sarja-813098.html |access-date=9 June 2020 |work=Deccan Herald |archive-date=9 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609102619/https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-lifestyle/on-my-pinboard-chiranjeevi-sarja-813098.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | 2013
| ''[[Varadhanayaka]]''
| Hari
|
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Sudeep's 'Varadanayaka' to be released on Nov 23 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/sudeeps-varadanayaka-to-be-released-on-nov-23-520976.html |access-date=9 June 2020 |work=News 18 |archive-date=9 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609094845/https://www.news18.com/news/india/sudeeps-varadanayaka-to-be-released-on-nov-23-520976.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Whistle (2013 film)|Whistle]]''
| Ram
|
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Whistle delivered Hot!|url=http://www.bangaloremirror.com/article/76/2013071220130712220458731ea5f74fe/iWhistle-iDelivered-hot.html|publisher=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|access-date=12 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130716203053/http://www.bangaloremirror.com/article/76/2013071220130712220458731ea5f74fe/iWhistle-iDelivered-hot.html|archive-date=16 July 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | 2014
| ''[[Chandralekha (2014 film)|Chandralekha]]''
| Chandhu
|
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Chiru feels all his hard work will soon be appreciated |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140305/entertainment-sandalwood/article/chiru-feels-all-his-hard-work-will-soon-be-appreciated |access-date=9 June 2020 |work=Deccan Chronicle |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011130305/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140305/entertainment-sandalwood/article/chiru-feels-all-his-hard-work-will-soon-be-appreciated |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ajith (film)|Ajith]]''
| Ajith
|
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/kannada/news-interviews/Chiranjeevi-begins-shoot-for-Ajith/articleshow/18462762.cms|title=Chiranjeevi begins shoot for Ajith|date=12 February 2013|access-date=17 August 2013|archive-date=24 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224015551/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-12/news-interviews/37057964_1_tamil-film-ajith-varadanayaka|work=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3" | 2015
|''[[Rudra Tandava]]''
| Shivaraj
|
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Rudratandava: The rise of the common man |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/the-rise-of-the-common-man/article6949831.ece |access-date=8 June 2020 |work=The Hindu |archive-date=8 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608142825/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/the-rise-of-the-common-man/article6949831.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Aatagara]]''
| Mrutyunjay
|
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Movie review 'Aatagara': A mysterious entertainer |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150829/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-aatagara-mysterious-entertainer |access-date=8 June 2020 |work=Deccan Chronicle |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011130306/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150829/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-aatagara-mysterious-entertainer |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ram-Leela (2015 Kannada film)|Ramleela]]''
| Ram
|
| <ref>{{cite news |title=A festive entertainer |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/511703/a-festive-entertainer.html |access-date=9 June 2020 |work=Deccan Herald |language=en |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011130302/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/511703/a-festive-entertainer.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" |2017
|''[[Aake (film)|Aake]]''
| Arjun / Shiva
|
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Aake: An experiment in horror that fails midway |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/aake-an-experiment-in-horror-that-fails-midway/article19195933.ece |access-date=8 June 2020 |work=The Hindu |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011130301/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/aake-an-experiment-in-horror-that-fails-midway/article19195933.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Bharjari]]''
| Soldier
| Cameo appearance
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Kannada Actor Chiranjeevi Sarja Passes Away at 39 |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/celebrities/kannada-actor-chiranjeevi-sarja-passes-away-at-39 |access-date=9 June 2020 |work=The Quint |language=en |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011130305/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/celebrities/kannada-actor-chiranjeevi-sarja-passes-away-at-39 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="4" | 2018
| ''[[Prema Baraha]]''
| [[Hanuman]] devotee
| Cameo appearance in "Jai Hanumantha" song
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Arjun Sarja says Jai Anjaneya |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/dec/06/arjun-sarja-says-jai-anjaneya-1719475.html |access-date=9 June 2020 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |archive-date=11 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611211829/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/dec/06/arjun-sarja-says-jai-anjaneya-1719475.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Samhaara]]''
| Shrishaila
|
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 November 2017 |title=Chiranjeevi Sarja plays a blind action hero in Samhaara |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/chiranjeevi-sarja-plays-a-blind-action-hero-in-samhaara-4946226/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006023440/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/chiranjeevi-sarja-plays-a-blind-action-hero-in-samhaara-4946226/ |archive-date=6 October 2019 |access-date=6 October 2019 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hariprriya, Chiranjeevi Sarja talk about 'Yenachariyu' song from their film 'Samhaara' {{!}} Kannada Movie News |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/kannada/hariprriya-chiranjeevi-sarja-talk-about-yenachariyu-song-from-their-film-samhaara/videoshow/62805676.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909151046/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/kannada/hariprriya-chiranjeevi-sarja-talk-about-yenachariyu-song-from-their-film-samhaara/videoshow/62805676.cms |archive-date=9 September 2019 |access-date=6 October 2019 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Seizer]]''
| Seizer
|
| <ref>{{cite news |title='Seizer' review: Mediocre action plot, made worse by the execution |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/seizer-review-mediocre-action-plot-made-worse-execution-79518 |access-date=9 June 2020 |work=The News Minute |archive-date=9 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609094547/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/seizer-review-mediocre-action-plot-made-worse-execution-79518 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Amma I Love You]]''
| Sidharth
|
| <ref>{{cite news |title='Amma I Love You' review: Too much mother sentiment, too little originality |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/amma-i-love-you-review-too-much-mother-sentiment-too-little-originality-83150 |access-date=8 June 2020 |work=The News Minute |archive-date=8 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608143611/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/amma-i-love-you-review-too-much-mother-sentiment-too-little-originality-83150 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | 2019
| ''[[Yajamana (2019 film)|Yajamana]]''
| Himself
| Special appearance
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://kannada.news18.com/news/entertainment/yajamana-movie-team-released-darshan-introduction-shiva-nandi-song-134975.html |script-title=kn:ಸಂಕ್ರಾಂತಿಗೆ ಡಿ-ಬಾಸ್ ಉಡುಗೊರೆ:ಹೇಗಿದೆ ಗೊತ್ತಾ ಯಜಮಾನನ ಶಿವನಂದಿ |work=[[News 18]] |language=kn |first=Anitha |last=E. |date=15 January 2019 |access-date=10 July 2020 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011130310/https://kannada.news18.com/news/entertainment/yajamana-movie-team-released-darshan-introduction-shiva-nandi-song-134975.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Sinnga (film)|Sinnga]]''
| Singa
|
| <ref>{{Cite news|title=Sinnga movie review: Prem's would be proud of this Kutty|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/sinnga-movie-review-prems-would-be-proud-of-this-kutty/articleshow/70299266.cms|author=Shyam Prasad S|date=19 July 2019|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721141854/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/sinnga-movie-review-prems-would-be-proud-of-this-kutty/articleshow/70299266.cms|archive-date=21 July 2019|access-date=21 July 2019}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="3" scope="row" | 2020
| ''[[Khaki (2020 film)|Khaki]]''
| Chiru
|
| <ref>{{Cite news |title=Chiranjeevi Sarja to play the lead role in 'Khaki'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/chiranjeevi-sarja-to-play-the-lead-role-in-khaki/articleshow/67958367.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105225623/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/chiranjeevi-sarja-to-play-the-lead-role-in-khaki/articleshow/67958367.cms |archive-date=5 November 2019 |access-date=6 October 2019 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Aadyaa]]''
| Aditya Shankar
|
| <ref>{{Cite news |title=Sruthi Hariharan, Chiranjeevi Sarja to resume work on the Kannada remake of Kshanam |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/sruthi-hariharan-chiranjeevi-sarja-to-resume-work-on-the-kannada-remake-of-kshanam/articleshow/67572014.cms |access-date=6 October 2019 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011130330/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/sruthi-hariharan-chiranjeevi-sarja-to-resume-work-on-the-kannada-remake-of-kshanam/articleshow/67572014.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Shivarjuna]]''
| Shiva
|
| <ref>{{Cite news |title=Shivaarjun Movie Review: The story line and comic scenes fail to impress |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/shivaarjun/movie-review/74592060.cms |access-date=13 March 2020 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011130313/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/shivaarjun/movie-review/74592060.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 2021
|''[[Ranam (2021 film)|Ranam]]''
|Devdas
|Posthumous release
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/ranam/movie-review/81705479.cms|title=Ranam Movie Review : A nice intention overshadowed by shoddy making|work=The Times of India|access-date=26 March 2021}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |2023
|''[[Raja Marthanda]]''
|Raja Marthanda (Final film role)
|Posthumous release
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/chiranjeevi-sarja-s-son-launches-trailer-late-actor-s-film-rajamarthanda-143776 |title=Chiranjeevi Sarja's son launches trailer of late actor's film 'Rajamarthanda' |date=February 19, 2021 |website=thenewsminute.com}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Music video ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" id="filmography"
|+ {{sronly|List of Vijay Sethupathi music video credits}}
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Year
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Title
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Performer(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
| 2017
! scope="row" | "Party Anthem"
| Himself
|{{sort|Dixit|[[Raghu Dixit]]}}
| Promotional song for the film ''[[Happy New Year (2017 film)|Happy New Year]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/party-anthem-continues-to-rock-in-the-new-year-too/articleshow/56299829.cms|title='Party Anthem' continues to rock in the new year too|work=Bangalore Mirror|date=3 January 2017}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=N}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|id=5699216}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarja, Chiranjeevi}}
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]

Govind Gopal Mahar

2026-04-29T19:24:21Z

Udesign: Started basic entry needs work

{{Short description|Indian symbol of Dalit resistance}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{notability|date=August 2025}}
{{AI-generated|date=September 2025}}
{{Orphan|date=December 2025}}
}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Govind Gopal Mahar
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Vadhu Budruk]], [[Pune]], Maharashtra, [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names = Govind Gopal [[Gaekwad|Gayakwad]], Ganpat Mahar
| occupation = Soldier
| known_for = Alleged performance of last rites for Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj
}}

'''Govind Gopal Mahar''' or '''Ganpat Mahar''' was a 17th-century soldier from the [[Mahar]] caste in [[Maharashtra]], India, primarily known for his disputed role in performing the last rites of [[Sambhaji|Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj]], the second ruler of the [[Maratha Empire]], in 1689. Based in [[Vadhu Budruk]] near [[Pune]], his alleged actions have made him a symbol of Dalit resistance, though Maratha groups challenge this narrative, claiming their ancestors conducted the rites. His [[samadhi]] (memorial) in Vadhu Budruk remains a site of cultural significance and caste-based tensions, notably linked to the [[Bhima Koregaon violence]] in 2018.

== Biography ==
Limited historical records exist about Govind Gopal Mahar's personal life, including his birth and death dates. As a member of the Mahar caste, a [[Dalit]] community in Maharashtra, he lived during a period of intense conflict between the Maratha Empire and the [[Mughal Empire]].<ref name="Upadhyay">{{cite book |last1=Ahmad |first1=Imtiaz |last2=Upadhyay |first2=Shashi Bhushan |title=Dalit Assertion in Society, Literature and History |publisher=Orient Blackswan |year=2010 |isbn=978-81-250-4054-5 |pages=45–46}}</ref> He is described as a soldier from Vadhu Budruk, [[Pune district]], also known by names like Govind Gopal Gayakwad or Ganpat Mahar in some accounts.<ref name="AajTak">{{cite news |title=Ganpat Mahar who dose last rites of Maratha king Sambhaji Raje |url=https://www.aajtak.in/trending/photo/ganpat-mahar-who-dose-last-rites-of-maratha-king-sambhaji-raje-tst-579397-2018-01-03 |work=Aaj Tak |date=3 January 2018 |access-date=11 May 2025}}</ref> His life is sparsely documented, with most sources focusing on his alleged role in 1689.<ref name="Ashraf">{{cite book |last=Ashraf |first=Ajaz |title=Bhima Koregaon: Challenging Caste |publisher=AuthorsUpFront |year=2024 |isbn=978-81-95134-28-1 |page=75}}</ref>

== Role in Sambhaji’s Last Rites ==
Govind Gopal Mahar is associated with the claim that he collected the dismembered remains of Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj, executed by Mughal emperor [[Aurangzeb]] on 11 March 1689, and performed his last rites in Vadhu Budruk. According to news reports and scholarly works, Mahar, defying Mughal orders, gathered Sambhaji's body parts, sewed them together, and cremated him, later erecting a samadhi near his own.<ref name="AajTak" /><ref name="TheHindu2018">{{cite news |title=The violence, to me, seemed scripted against Dalits, says Ajaz Ashraf |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/the-violence-to-me-seemed-scripted-against-dalits-says-ajaz-ashraf-author-of-bhima-koregaon-challenging-caste/article66493806.ece |work=The Hindu |date=23 August 2024 |access-date=11 May 2025}}</ref> This narrative, supported by Dalit communities, portrays Mahar as a trusted lieutenant of Sambhaji who acted courageously, symbolizing resistance to oppression.<ref name="Polis">{{cite news |title=The Caste Hindutva At The Root Of Bhima Koregaon Violence |url=https://www.thepolisproject.com/read/the-caste-hindutva-at-the-root-of-bhima-koregaon-violence/ |work=The Polis Project |date=27 February 2025 |access-date=11 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="Rao">{{cite book |last=Rao |first=Anupama |title=The Caste Question: Dalits and the Politics of Modern India |publisher=University of California Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-520-25761-0 |page=52}}</ref>

Conversely, some Maratha groups and historians argue that the Shivale Deshmukh family, Marathas from Vadhu Budruk, performed Sambhaji's rites at the Bhima River, citing traditional accounts and a purported British-era document.<ref name="TheHindu2018" /><ref name="IE2018">{{cite news |title=Removal of Dalits and Marathas Mahar samadhi board near Pune sparked clashes |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/removal-of-dalits-and-marathas-mahar-samadhi-board-near-pune-sparked-clashes-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharaj-bhima-koregaon-5010738/ |work=The Indian Express |date=3 January 2018 |access-date=11 May 2025}}</ref> This dispute, rooted in caste dynamics, challenges the Dalit narrative, with Marathas asserting their ancestors’ bravery and rejecting Mahar's role as a slight to their honor.<ref name="Outlook">{{cite news |title=Bhima Koregaon Case: From Caste Violence To Naxal Conspiracy |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/bhima-koregaon-case-from-caste-violence-to-naxal-conspiracy |work=Outlook India |date=13 January 2025 |access-date=11 May 2025}}</ref> The lack of definitive contemporary records from 1689 complicates verification, leaving the issue contentious.<ref name="HTBoard">{{cite news |title=Curious story of a board that sparked violence in Bhima Koregaon |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/curious-story-of-a-board-that-sparked-violence-in-bhima-koregaon/story-xqlZgnx5Wkvkb8H0Xm6cVJ.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=4 January 2018 |access-date=11 May 2025}}</ref>

== Bhima Koregaon Violence ==
The samadhi of Govind Gopal Mahar in Vadhu Budruk became a flashpoint during the [[Bhima Koregaon violence]] on 1 January 2018, triggered by the vandalism of a board on 29 December 2017. The board, erected by Dalit villagers, credited Mahar with Sambhaji's last rites, prompting Maratha residents to remove it, escalating caste tensions.<ref name="TheHindu2018" /><ref name="IE2018" /><ref name="Outlook" /> The violence, occurring during the 200th anniversary of the Battle of Bhima Koregaon, resulted in one death and multiple injuries, with seven Marathas arrested for the desecration.<ref name="TheHindu2018" /><ref name="AajTak" /> The incident led to a statewide Dalit bandh and ongoing investigations by the Bhima Koregaon Commission of Inquiry, which has recorded conflicting testimonies about the event's causes.<ref name="IE2024">{{cite news |title=Koregaon Bhima violence a matter of 'larger conspiracy': State tells Inquiry Commission |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/koregaon-bhima-violence-larger-conspiracy-state-inquiry-commission-9001418/ |work=The Indian Express |date=24 October 2024 |access-date=11 May 2025}}</ref>

== Contemporary Significance ==
Govind Gopal Mahar's samadhi remains a pilgrimage site for Dalit communities, with approximately three lakh visitors reported on 1 January 2020, reflecting his enduring symbolic importance.<ref name="HTSamadhi">{{cite news |title=3 lakh people visit Govind Gopal Mahar's samadhi |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/3-lakh-people-visit-govind-gopal-mahar-s-samadhi/story-7Vc3bG2hsg6dFMAsuZzO3J.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=2 January 2020 |access-date=11 May 2025}}</ref> The Gaikwad family, claiming descent from Mahar, maintains the samadhi, reinforcing the Dalit narrative.<ref name="IE2025">{{cite news |title=Over 6 lakh people visit 'Jaystambh' in Pune to mark 207th anniversary |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/over-6-lakh-people-visit-jaystambh-in-pune-to-mark-207th-anniversary-of-the-battle-of-koregaon-bhima-9094688/ |work=The Indian Express |date=1 January 2025 |access-date=11 May 2025}}</ref> However, the site continues to spark controversy, with Maratha groups advocating for the Shivale family's role, as noted in commission proceedings.<ref name="TheHindu2018" />

== Legacy ==
Govind Gopal Mahar's legacy is a focal point in Dalit historiography, representing resistance to caste oppression and historical agency.<ref name="Ashraf" /><ref name="Rao" /> Scholarly works, such as ''Bhima Koregaon: Challenging Caste'' by Ajaz Ashraf, highlight his role as a challenge to caste hierarchies, while ''The Caste Question'' by Anupama Rao contextualizes his significance within Dalit political movements.<ref name="Ashraf" /><ref name="Rao" /> Conversely, Maratha narratives, supported by some right-wing groups, view the emphasis on Mahar as undermining their historical contributions, fueling debates over shared history.<ref name="Polis" /><ref name="Outlook" /> The ongoing dispute, amplified by events like the 2018 violence, underscores the complexity of caste-based historical narratives in India.<ref name="Shah">{{cite book |last=Shah |first=Alpa |title=The Incarcerations: Bhima Koregaon and the Search for Democracy in India |publisher=HarperCollins |year=2024 |isbn=978-93-5629-098-3 |page=89}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/3-lakh-people-visit-govind-gopal-mahar-s-samadhi/story-7Vc3bG2hsg6dFMAsuZzO3J.html Hindustan Times: 3 lakh people visit Govind Gopal Mahar’s samadhi]
* [https://indianexpress.com/article/india/removal-of-dalits-and-marathas-mahar-samadhi-board-near-pune-sparked-clashes-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharaj-bhima-koregaon-5010738/ The Indian Express: Removal of Dalits and Marathas Mahar samadhi board]
* [https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/the-violence-to-me-seemed-scripted-against-dalits-says-ajaz-ashraf-author-of-bhima-koregaon-challenging-caste/article66493806.ece The Hindu: Ajaz Ashraf on Bhima Koregaon violence]

[[Category:17th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Maratha Empire]]
[[Category:Dalit history]]
[[Category:Pune district]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]

St. Peter's School, Panchgani

2026-04-22T09:26:46Z

Udesign: creating the info basic info

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = St. Peter's School
| image =
| type = [[Independent school|Private school]] 
[[Boarding school]]
| religious_affiliation =
| principal = Wilfred Noronha
| motto_translation = That I May Serve
| town = Panchgani, Satara District
| state = Maharashtra
| postal_code = 412805
| country = India
| established = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1902}}
| coordinates = {{coord|17|55|16|N|73|47|35|E|type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| faculty =
| houses = Boarding Houses: 4
| founder =
| sister_school = [http://kimminsschool.edu.in/ Kimmins High School]
| staff =
| enrolment = 400
| gender = Boys
| lower_age =
| upper_age =
| athletics =
| clubs =
| colours = Maroon and gold {{Color box|Maroon}}{{Color box|Gold}}
| mascot = Phoenix
| website = [http://peterspanchgani.org St. Peter's School, Panchgani]
| motto = [[Latin]]: ''Ut Prosim''
}}

'''St. Peter's School''' (formerly the '''European Boys' School''') is a private all-boys [[boarding school]] located in the town of [[Panchgani]] in [[Satara district|Satara]], [[Maharashtra]], India. Founded in 1902, it ranks among the top ten boarding schools in India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Top Boys Boarding Schools of India|url=http://www.educationtoday.co/school-rankings-2018/top-boys-boarding-schools-in-india-2018.php|website=educationtoday.co|access-date=9 May 2019}}</ref> The school campus covers an area of approximately {{convert|58|acres}} in the hilly countryside of Western India. It is essentially a boarding school, but a few day scholars are also admitted.

==School crest==

The crest of the school has the [[Phoenix (mythology)|phoenix]], the mythical bird, rising from flames and holding an olive branch. Its outstretched wings, in the crest of St. Peter's, is to signify the goals and spirit of the phoenix rising. It is a symbol of hope and rebirth and because of this the gods vowed—for as long as the phoenix lives, there is hope for mankind. The olive branch being carried in the phoenix's beak conveys that St. Peter's cherishes peace and harmony.

==Motto==

The motto of the school is ''Ut Prosim'', which means "That I may serve" or "That I may be useful".

==Houses==

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!House
!Named for
!Colour
!Motto
|-
|Ashlin {{Color box|Green|border=darkgray}}
|Mary Ashlin, former teacher
|Green
|''Labore et virtue'' (Work is worship)
|-
|Cornwill {{Color box|Red|border=darkgray}}
|Rev. Cornelius Williams, former Principal
|Red
|''Nil desperandum'' (Never despair)
|-
|Drury {{Color box|Blue|border=darkgray}}
|Rev. J. Drury, former Principal
|Blue
|''Facta, non verba'' (Action, not words)
|-
|Rowan {{Color box|White|border=darkgray}} {{Color box|Black|border=darkgray}}
|Rev. T. Rowan, former Principal
|White and Black
|''Uno animo'' (United we stand)
|}

==History==

===Origins===

St. Peter's School, Panchgani (formerly known as the European Boys' School) was founded in 1902. The school was located at [[Kimmins High School|Kimmins School]] in its early stages.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Khutale|first1=S.L.|last2=Chikmath|first2=P.C.|title=Educational Contribution of Miss Emilie Kimmins as A Human Value|journal=International Journal of Researches in Social Sciences and Information Studies|date=May 2014|volume=V|issue=2|page=2|url=https://ijrssis.in/upload_papers/0206201705482613.pdf|issn=2347-8268}}</ref> After receiving a generous donation from Miss Mary Ashlin (Lady Ashlin), the school was finally established in 1904 and moved to its own building (the current main school building) in 1904.

One landmark in the history of the school was the appointment of Mr. Oswald D Bason as Principal in 1947. He filled this position until his retirement in 1974. Another important change came about in 1967 when the management of the school passed into the hands of the Society of St. Peter's School, Panchgani.

===Chronology===

* '''1861''' The earliest European settlers in Panchgani, under Mr. J. Chesson, opened negotiations with the Government for the purchase of land for a church and school.
* '''1876''' Mr. Samuel Brierly, late Headmaster of Bishop's School, Poona, opened a Boarding and Day School at "Elstow", Panchgani.
* '''1891''' The Diocesan Board of Education, Bombay, became interested and appointed the Rev. Burgess, Chaplain/Headmaster. School opened at "Preston", but closed soon after due to a lawsuit over the property.
* '''1895''' The Rev. R. Evans, DD, was appointed by the Diocese to receive the School in "The Ark".
* '''1898''' Kimmins Girls' School founded by Miss A. Emilie Kimmins. Boys and girls studied together.
* '''1902''' Miss Mary Ashlin donated a legacy to the Colonial and Continental Church Society, London. The Society interested itself in the School at Panchgani and decided to govern the School with a Committee of Management at Bombay. Classes held in the nave of St. Peter's Church under the Rev. J. Redman. Boys housed at "Enfield" and "Albert House".
* '''1904''' Boys' School separates from Kimmins School. Present school buildings opened by [[Richard Stanley Heywood]], [[Bishop of Mombasa]].
* '''1911''' Assembly hall erected. Opened by Sir George Clark, Governor of Bombay.
* '''1914''' Middle Dormitory built.
* '''1921''' Rhodesia House and grounds purchased by the school. Death of Miss A. E. Kimmins, Founder of Kimmins Girls' School.
* '''1934''' Reference library constructed.
* '''1937''' Swimming bath constructed.
* '''1940''' Junior class-rooms constructed.
* '''1947''' Principal – Mr. O. D. Bason.
* '''1950''' "Maycroft" equipped for use as a school hospital.
* '''1953''' New kitchen built with financial assistance from the Sassoon David Trust.
* '''1954''' The school celebrated its Golden Jubilee (1904–1954). The dining hall was opened by the Rt. Rev. W. Q. Lash, Bishop of Bombay and Chairman of the Board of Governors.
* '''1958''' The "Albert House" estate was purchased at a cost of ₹75,000.
* '''1959''' "Maycroft" was purchased at a cost of ₹25,000.
* '''1960''' The school ceased to accept Government grants. "Flora House" was converted into a hostel. Gas was installed in the School kitchen.
* '''1961''' Modern sanitation was installed in School House. The school passed from the management of the Commonwealth & Continental Church Society to that of the Bombay Diocesan Society. A tablet commemorating the change was erected in the Assembly Hall. Maycroft Cottage was demolished and rebuilt at a cost of ₹10,000.
* '''1961''' Student Bruce Murray forms the band '[[The Hectics]]' with Victory Rana, Farang Irani, Derrick Branche and Farrokh Bulsara (known as [[Freddie Mercury]]).
* '''1962''' Mr. J. L. Davis completed 25 years service at the school and was presented with a gold medal in appreciation of his services.
* '''1963''' An appeal for funds towards the cost of a new building to celebrate the School's Diamond Jubilee was launched. Fire in Principal's house.
* '''1964''' Work commenced on the new building. Estimated cost: ₹325,000. The School celebrated its Diamond Jubilee (1904–1964). The Rt. Rev. Christopher Robinson, Bishop of Bombay, unveiled a tablet to commemorate the occasion.
* '''1966''' Jubilee Hall completed.
* '''1967''' The Bombay Diocesan Trust Association hands over the management of St. Peter's School to the Society of St. Peter's School, Panchgani.
* '''1967''' Earthquake rocks Panchgani. Maycroft, Hill View and part of the kitchen are razed to the ground.
* '''1969''' Maycroft and Hill View cottages reconstructed while the kitchen is repaired.
* '''1974''' Mr. O. D. Bason retires as principal after an innings of 27 years.
* '''1974''' Bason Hall dormitory and staff quarters constructed.
* '''1975''' Mr. Jack Timmins assumes the office of Principal.
* '''1975''' The St. Peter's School, Panchgani, Old Boys' Association is formed.
* '''1980''' Rhodesia renamed to Junior House on the Independence of Rhodesia.
* '''1980–1981''' Lower Field Stadium embankment is constructed – work incomplete.
* '''1981''' Mr. Timmins migrates to Australia and Mr. Morris W. Innis takes over as principal.
* '''1981''' Last meeting of the Old Boys' Association.
* '''1985''' Mr. Ainsley L. Edgar appointed Vice Principal in May.
* '''1986''' Mr. O. D. Bason dies in Panchgani.
* '''1987''' Mr. Ainsley Edgar resigned in November.
*'''1987''' Computer studies introduced in the school.
* '''1989''' Lawrence Villa purchased for ₹15 lakhs.
* '''1993''' Ground floor of Junior School block constructed.
* '''1994''' Latur earthquake rocks St. Peter's. Flora House and Albert House are badly damaged.
* '''2000''' Mr. Innis retires as principal. Mr. K. A. Garman takes his place.
* '''2001''' Mr. K. A. Garman resigns and Mr. R. Robinson takes his place.
* '''2002''' Mr. R. Robinson resigns and Miss Gilbert is appointed honorary Principal. Assembly Hall burns to the ground.
* '''2003''' Mr. Eugene Roscoe, vice Principal (April–September). Miss Gilbert (acting Principal) is succeeded by Mr. Gene Oscar Lee (junior school headmaster). The school could not appoint a Principal from 2001 to 2004 as Mr. K. A. Garman had taken the school to court over his unfair dismissal. In August 2003 Mr. Eugene Roscoe filed a case against the board of directors over his unfair dismissal and was awarded a massive sum of money in an out-of-court settlement.
* '''2004''' Centenary celebrations.
* '''2005''' New Assembly Hall dedicated.
* '''2006''' January Vice-Principal Joe L. Davis (1968) dies at the age of 88.
* '''2007''' Mr. G.O. Lee resigns as a Principal after 4 years
* '''2007''' Mr. Desmond D'Monte assumes the office of Headmaster in March, 2007. Mr. Desmond D'Monte resigns in January, 2009.
* '''2009''' Mr. Niteen Salvi takes over as acting headmaster (offg. headmaster)
* '''2010''' Dr. Thomas Charles Williams takes over as the new principal.
* '''2010''' Mrs. Sangita James takes over as the new principal.
* '''2015''' Mrs. Sangita James resigns as Principal after 5 years. Mr. Brian Robbins takes over as the principal.
* '''2016''' Dr. Wilfred Noronha takes over as the new principal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-icse-schools-asked-to-train-students-in-yoga-for-june-21-celebration-2204833|title=ICSE schools asked to train students in yoga for June 21 celebration|date=22 April 2016|website=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]]|accessdate=16 February 2019}}</ref>

==Notable alumni==
* [[Freddie Mercury]] - singer, songwriter, record producer, and lead vocalist of the rock band [[Queen (band)|Queen]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Mercury An Intimate Biography of Freddie Mercury|first=Lesley-Ann|last=Jones|year=2012|ISBN=9781451663976|publisher=Touchstone|pages=327}}</ref>
* [[Akbar Al Baker]] - group chief executive officer, [[Qatar Airways]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://apex.aero/2016/12/14/akbar-al-baker-group-chief-executive-qatar-airways|title=Akbar Al Baker: Group Chief Executive, Qatar Airways|date=14 December 2016|website=APEX – Airline Passenger Experience|accessdate=16 February 2019}}</ref>
* [[Anmol Vellani]] - founder-director of the [[India Foundation for the Arts]]. Theatre director<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/theatre/article3016258.ece | title=Dancing from liberty to slavery | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=20 March 2012 | access-date=17 February 2019 | author=C. K. Meena | author-link=C. K. Meena | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322073917/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/theatre/article3016258.ece | archive-date= 22 March 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and writer.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://wiki.indianfolklore.org/index.php?title=Papers_by_Anmol_Vellani | title=Papers by Anmol Vellani | publisher=National Folklore Support Centre (NFSC) Wiki | access-date=| archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415010245/http://wiki.indianfolklore.org/index.php?title=Papers_by_Anmol_Vellani | archive-date= 15 April 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Derrick Branche]] - British film actor.<ref name=Blake>{{cite book|last=Blake|first=Mark|title=Is this the real life? : the untold story of Queen|year=2010|publisher=Aurum|location=London|isbn=978-1845135973|page=12|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VyBp_VEiIVYC&q=derrick+branche+bombay&pg=PA12}}</ref>
* [[Sameer Iqbal Patel]] - Bollywood writer and director {{citation needed|date=October 2020}}
*[[Sorabh Pant]] - stand-up comedian and writer.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}
*[[Udayanraje Bhonsle]] (STEN '83) - current [[Chhatrapati]], member, [[Rajya Sabha]], former member, [[Lok Sabha]].
* [[Victory Rana]] - Lt General (Retd), Nepalese Army, also former Force Commander of the UN Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/press/en/1999/19991210.sga716.doc.html|title=Major-General Victory Rana appointed Force Commander of United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus – Meetings Coverage and Press Releases|website=www.un.org|accessdate=16 February 2019}}</ref> Former Royal Nepalese Ambassador to Myanmar <ref>{{cite web|url=https://mm.nepalembassy.gov.np/former-ambassadors/|title=Former Ambassadors }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://findarticles.com/?noadc=1|title=FindArticles.com – CBSi|website=findarticles.com|accessdate=16 February 2019}}</ref>
* [[Zul Vellani]] - actor, producer, director, and writer.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://peterspanchgani.org Official website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Peter's School}}
[[Category:Boys' schools in India]]
[[Category:Schools in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Boarding schools in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Education in Satara district]]
[[Category:Panchgani]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1902]]
[[Category:1902 establishments in India]]

College of Agriculture, Vellayani

2026-04-22T05:47:46Z

Udesign: Started first stub w/ sources

{{Short description|Agriculture college in Kerala, India}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox university
| name = College of Agriculture, Vellayani
| native_name = കാർഷിക കോളേജ്, വെള്ളായണി
| image = Logo of College of Agriculture, Vellayani.png
| type = [[Government]] [[College]]
| established = {{Start date and age|1955||}}
| city = [[Vellayani]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]]
| country = [[India]]
| postalcode = 695 522
| affiliation = [[Kerala Agricultural University]]
| accreditation = [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]]
| dean = Dr. Jacob John

| free_label = Campus Demonym
| free = AGRICOS
| free_label2 = Abbreviation
| free2 = CoAV, AGC
| website = {{URL|https://coavellayani.kau.in/}}
| sports_free1 = College of Agriculture, Vellayani
| coordinates = {{coord|8|25|45|N|76|59|16|E|type:edu_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| campus = {{convert|250|hectare|}}
}}
[[File: College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram.png|thumb|alt=Dean's Office (Lalindloch Palace), College of Agriculture, Vellayani|Dean's Office (Lalindloch Palace), College of Agriculture, Vellayani]]

'''College of Agriculture, Vellayani''' is the '''first agriculture college in [[Kerala]]''' under [[Kerala Agricultural University]] and situated in [[Vellayani]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite journal|url=https://zenodo.org/record/8098563|title=The Queen, The Palace and The College: Sagas Untold |journal=History of Maharani Sethu Lakshmi Bayi, Lalindloch Palace and College of Agriculture, Vellayani|first1=Adarsh|last1=S|first2=Arun|last2=Chacko|first3=Radhakrishnan A.|last3=G|first4=Noor Fidha P. K.|last4=V|date=30 June 2023|via=Zenodo|doi=10.5281/zenodo.8098563}}</ref> The campus has an area of 250 hectare bordered on three sides by [[Vellayani Lake]].<ref>{{cite news|title=College with a royal past|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/diamond-jubilee-heritage-meets-science-at-college-of-agriculture-vellayani/article8370725.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=17 September 2017}}</ref>

==History==
The '''Lalindloch Palace''' of the [[Travancore royal family]] acts as the administrative block and office of the [[Dean of Faculty]], [[Agriculture]] of the College of Agriculture, Vellayani. '''Senior Maharani [[Sethu Lakshmi Bayi]]''', the then [[Regent]] of [[Travancore]], lived at this palace after her regency with her daughters Lalitha and Indira. The word '''Lalindloch''' is a combination of the names '''Lalitha''' and '''Indira''' and '''loch''', a Scottish word for '''lake''' ([[Vellayani Lake]]). In 1955, the palace and estate was handed over to the Government of [[Travancore–Cochin]] for creating the College of Agriculture, Vellayani.<ref>{{cite news|title=Manu Pillai's The Ivory Throne looks at the Travancore royal family|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/manu-pillais-the-ivory-throne-looks-at-the-travancore-royal-family/article8257520.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=27 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=of India|first1=The Times|title=Manu S. Pillai's 'The Ivory Throne' getting a screen adaptation|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/features/manu-s-pillais-the-ivory-throne-getting-a-screen-adaptation/articleshow/68467267.cms}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://harpercollins.co.in/blog/announcements/the-ivory-throne-all-set-for-a-screen-adaptation/|title=The Ivory Throne All Set For A Screen Adaptation|date=18 March 2019|website=HarperCollins Publishers India Books, Novels, Authors and Reviews}}</ref><ref name="auto"/>

==Overview==
The College of Agriculture, Vellayani, was established in 1955 for the course B.Sc. (Hons.) Agriculture. It is one of [[India|India's]] leading Centers of Undergraduate and Postgraduate education in [[agriculture]].<ref name="kau.in">{{cite web|url=http://coavellayani.kau.in/|title=College of Agriculture, Vellayani|website=}}</ref> Postgraduate programmes were started in the college in 1962. PhD courses were created in 1965. The [[Kerala Agricultural University]] was established in 1972, and the College of Agriculture, Vellayani, became a significant constituent of the University. Currently, the college offers training, workshops, seminars, conferences, certificate courses, diplomas, bachelor's, postgraduate diplomas, master's, and doctoral degrees in agriculture and allied sciences. '''Prof. M. C. Cherian''' was the '''first principal''' and '''Prof. A. P. A Britto Muthunayakam''' was the '''first vice principal''' of the college. The instructional farm started functioning in 1955 and Regional Agriculture Research Station, [[Vellayani]] was established in 1981.<ref name="kau.in"/> '''The campus demonym is AGRICOS and the campus slogan is ''"IN UNITY WE STAND"'' ''' [[File:Prof. M. C. Cherian.jpg|thumb|Prof. M. C. Cherian]] [[File:Prof. Britto Muthunayakam.jpg|thumb|Prof. Britto Muthunayakam]] [[File:COLLEGE UNION FLAG COA VELLAYANI.png|thumb|College Union Flag of College of Agriculture, Vellayani]]The college ground, popularly known as the [[Vellyani Agricultural College Ground]] hosted an international under-19s Test match between [[India]] and [[Australia]] in March 1994 in which cricketers like [[VVS Laxman]], [[Hrishikesh Kanitkar]], [[Pankaj Dharmani]], [[Sridharan Sriram]] from [[India]] and [[Michael Hussey]], [[Andrew Symonds]] and [[Brett Lee]] from [[Australia]] played against each other. The ground also hosted P. Ramachandra Rao Trophy in 1989, the [[Ranji Trophy]] in 1990, 1995, 1996 and 1998, the [[Vijay Merchant]] Trophy in 1988, 1990, and 1991 and the [[Cooch Behar Trophy]] in 1990, 1991.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/1239_f.html|title=The Home of CricketArchive|website=cricketarchive.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/53/53734.html|title=The Home of CricketArchive|website=cricketarchive.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/1239_a.html|title=The Home of CricketArchive|website=cricketarchive.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/61/61505.html|title=The Home of CricketArchive|website=cricketarchive.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/1239_misc.html|title=The Home of CricketArchive|website=cricketarchive.com}}</ref><ref name="auto"/> The college hosted [[Taekwondo]], [[Netball]], [[Triathlon]] in the [[2015 National Games of India]]<ref>{{cite news |title= Kerala to host 35th National Games from January 31 |url= http://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/kerala-to-host-35th-national-games-from-january-31/article6152611.ece |newspaper= The Hindu |date= 27 June 2014 |accessdate= 27 June 2014}}</ref>
[[File:COAV NETBALL 1.jpg|thumb|Netball (National Games, 2015) at Indoor Stadium, College of Agriculture, Vellayani]]
[[File:COAV TRIATHLON 2.jpg|thumb|alt=Triathlon (National Games, 2015) at College of Agriculture, Vellayani|Triathlon (National Games, 2015) at College of Agriculture, Vellayani]]
[[File:COAV TRIATHLON 1.jpg|thumb|alt=Participants of Triathlon (National Games, 2015) posing victory at College of Agriculture, Vellayani|Participants of Triathlon (National Games, 2015) posing victory at College of Agriculture, Vellayani]]The Alumni Association of College of Agriculture Vellayani came into being on 9 January 1999.

==List of Heads of the Institution==

'''Principal'''
*Prof. M. C. Cherian
* Prof. L. S. S. Kumar
* Dr. C. K. N. Nair
* Prof. P. Kumara Pillai
'''Dean'''
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* Dr. J. Sam Raj
* Dr. N. S. Mony
* Dr. N. Sadanandan
* Dr. M. M. Koshy
* Dr. C. Sreedharan
* Dr. P. Balakrishna Pillai
* Dr. K. M. Rajan
* Dr. P. A. Wahid
* Dr. R. Vikraman Nair
* Dr. G. Sreekandan Nair
* Dr. C. Sundareshan Nair
* Dr. K. Harikrishnan Nair
* Dr. L. Rajamony
* Dr. Sverup John
* Dr. C. S. Jayachnadran Nair
* Dr. S. Devanesan
* Dr. B. R. Reghunath
* Dr. A. Anil Kumar
* Dr. Roy Stephen
* Dr. Jacob John
}}

==Departments==
*Department of [[Agricultural Microbiology]]
*Department of [[Agricultural Economics]]
*Department of [[Agricultural Engineering]]
*Department of Agricultural [[Entomology]]
* Department of [[Agricultural Extension]]
* Department of Agricultural [[Meteorology]]
* Department of Agricultural [[Statistics]]
* Department of [[Agronomy]]
* Department of [[Biotechnology]]
* Department of Community Science
* Department of [[Floriculture]] and [[Landscape Architecture]]
* Department of Fruit Science
* Department of [[Nematology]]
* Department of [[Organic Agriculture]]
* Department of [[Physical Education]]
* Department of [[Plant Breeding]] & [[Genetics]]
* Department of [[Plant Pathology]]
* Department of [[Plant Physiology]]
* Department of [[Plantation]], [[Spices]], Medicinal and Aromatic [[Crops]]
* Department of Post Harvest Technology
* Department of Seed Science and Technology
* Department of [[Soil Science]] & [[Agricultural Chemistry]]
* Department of Vegetable Science

==Notable alumni==
{{alumni|date=October 2023}}
*[[P. K. Ramachandran Nair]], [[Doctor of Science]], [[distinguished professor]], [[University of Florida]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ffgs.ifas.ufl.edu/emeritus-faculty/nair-p-k-ramachandran/|title=nair-p-k-ramachandran - School of Forest, Fisheries, & Geomatics Sciences - Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences - University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences - UF/IFAS|first=School of Forest Fisheries and Geomatics|last=Sciences|website=ffgs.ifas.ufl.edu}}</ref>
* [[Jacob Thomas (police officer)|Jacob Thomas]], [[Indian Police Service]]
* Srimat Swami Bhajanananda ji Maharaj, vice president, [[Ramakrishna Mission]]<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://belurmath.org/vice-presidents-of-ramakrishna-math-and-ramakrishna-mission/|title=Vice-Presidents | Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Mission}}</ref>
* Shri. Ajith Radhakrishnan, senior specialist, [[World Bank]]
* Dr. Saiju Pyarajan, director, Center for Data and Computational Sciences, [[Harvard Medical School]]
* Dr. Bony De Kumar, director of operations, [[Yale School of Medicine]]
* Shri. Babu Ahmed., [[Indian Administrative Service]]
* Shri. Nizamudeen, [[Indian Administrative Service]]
* Dr. K. K. Narayanan, managing director, Metahelix Life Sciences, [[Tata Group]]
* Shri. Shaji K V, chairman, [[National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development]]
* Dr. G. Byju, director, [[Central Tuber Crops Research Institute]]
* Shri. Jagan Gopinath, vice president, [[Arvind (company)]] Limited
* Shri. S. S. Nagesh, chief, Agriculture Division, [[Kerala State Planning Board]], (former Assistant General Manager, [[National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development]])
* Dr. P. Rajendran, former [[vice chancellor]], [[Kerala Agricultural University]] and chairman, Kerala Farmers Welfare Fund Board
* Dr. K. U. K. Nampoothiri, former director, [[Central Plantation Crops Research Institute]]
* Dr. George Thomas C., chairman, [[The Kerala State Biodiversity Board]]

==In Popular Culture==
The palace forms a major plot in [[Manu S. Pillai]]'s book, [[The Ivory Throne]], which covers the journey of [[Sethu Lakshmi Bayi]].<ref name="auto"/>

This college also witnessed [[Filmmaking]] of [[Film]]s such as [[Ente Sooryaputhrikku]], [[Superman (1997 film)]], [[F. I. R. (1999 film)]], [[Winner (2003 film)]], [[Celluloid (film)]], [[Vettaiyan]], HER (2024, Malayalam movie) and Love Under Construction (2025, Malayalam Webseries).

The history of this campus is published as a popular article named 'The Queen, The Palace and The College: Sagas Untold - History of Maharani Sethu Lakshmi Bayi, Lalindloch Palace and College of Agriculture, Vellayani in "AHAM"; the College Magazine of College of Agriculture, Vellayani 2021-22 (pages 18-24). (Read the article @ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/371956328_The_Queen_The_Palace_and_The_College_Sagas_Untold_-_History_of_Maharani_Sethu_Lakshmi_Bayi_Lalindloch_Palace_and_College_of_Agriculture_Vellayani)

A review paper regarding the architectural marvel of the Lalindloch Palace (College of Agriculture, Vellayani), Thiruvananthapuram named "Lalindloch Palace of Maharani Sethu Lakshmi Bayi at Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram: Application of Heritage Informatics" has been published in 'Informatics Studies' (ISSN 2583-8954 (Online). Vol. 12, Issue 3 Third Quarterly Issue. July - September 2025. P 23-40). [Read the article @ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/402863931_Lalindloch_Palace_College_of_Agriculture_Vellayani_of_Maharani_Sethu_Lakshmi_Bayi_at_Vellayani_Thiruvananthapuram_Application_of_Heritage_Informatics]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|College of Agriculture, Vellayani}}
* [http://coavellayani.kau.in Official website]

[[Category:Agricultural universities and colleges in Kerala]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Thiruvananthapuram district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1955]]
[[Category:1955 establishments in India]]

Wanaparthy Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T02:14:49Z

Udesign: creating some pg from scratch

{{Short description|Constituency of the Telangana legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Wanaparthy
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Telangana (78-Wanaparthy highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Wanaparthy Assembly constituency within Telangana
| mla = [[Tudi Megha Reddy]]
| party = Indian National Congress
| latest_election_year = 2023
| state = [[Telangana]]
| district = [[Wanaparthy district|Wanaparthy]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Nagarkurnool Lok Sabha constituency|Nagarkurnool]]
| established = 1951
| electors = 2,27917
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 78
}}
'''Wanaparthy Assembly constituency''' is a constituency of the [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]], India.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref> It is one of the 14 constituencies in [[Mahbubnagar district]].

[[Tudi Megha Reddy]] is currently representing the constituency.

==Mandals==
The assembly constituency presently comprises the following mandals:
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| [[Wanaparthy]]
|-
| [[Pebbair]]
|-
| [[Gopalpeta]]
|-
| [[Peddamandadi]]
|-
| [[Ghanpur, Mahbubnagar district|Ghanpur]]
|-
!Atmakur
|-
!Narva
|-
!Amarchintha
|-
|}

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year of election
! MLA
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
! colspan=8| [[Hyderabad State]]
|-
| 1952
| [[Suravaram Pratapareddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=1}}
|-
| 1953
| [[M.R. Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party|rowspan=1}}
|-
! colspan=4| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
| 1957
| Padmanabha Reddy
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}
|-
| 1962
| rowspan="2" | [[Rani Kumudini Devi]]
|-
| 1967
|-
| 1972
| Ayyappa
|-
| 1978
| Moolamalla Jayaramulu
|-
| 1980
| D.K.Satya Reddy
|-
| 1983
| rowspan="2" | Dr. A. Balakrishnaiah
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 1985
|-
| 1989
| [[G. Chinna Reddy|Dr. Gillela Chinna Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1994
| [[Ravula Chandra Sekar Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| 1999
| rowspan="2" | [[G. Chinna Reddy|Dr. Gillela Chinna Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 2004
|-
| 2009
| Ravula Chandra Sekar Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
! colspan=4| [[Telangana]]
|-
| 2014
| [[G. Chinna Reddy|Dr. Gillela Chinna Reddy]]<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4055-andhra-pradesh-2014/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 14 September 2021}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 2018
| [[Singireddy Niranjan Reddy]]<ref name=election2018/>
| {{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|-
| 2023
| [[Tudi Megha Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==

=== Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Telangana Assembly Elections, 2023]]: Wanaparthy (Assembly constituency)}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Tudi Megha Reddy]]|votes=1,07,115|percentage=50.25|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharat Rashtra Samithi|candidate=[[Singireddy Niranjan Reddy]]|votes=81,795|percentage=38.37|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Anugna Reddy Bujala|votes=9,185|percentage=4.31|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Mandla Maiboos|votes=3,982|percentage=1.87|change=}}{{Election box candidate|party=Alliance of Democratic Reforms Party|candidate=Arjuna Yadav Kundhella|votes=2,393|percentage=1.12|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Munipally Rajinikanth|votes=2,146|percentage=1.01|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Katravath Ramulu|votes=2,013|percentage=0.94|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=1,938|percentage=0.91|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=25,320|percentage=11.88|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=2,13,164|percentage=|change=}}{{Election box gain with party link
| winner =Indian National Congress
|loser =Bharat Rashtra Samithi
| swing =
}}{{Election box end}}

=== Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Telangana Assembly Elections, 2018]]: Wanaparthy (Assembly constituency)<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9691-telangana-general-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Telangana General Legislative Election 2018 - Statistical Report |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 20 February 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| candidate =[[Singireddy Niranjan Reddy]]
| votes =1,11,956
| percentage =60.31
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Dr. Gillela Chinna Reddy|votes=60,271|percentage=32.47|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Kotha Amarendar Reddy|votes=3,168|percentage=1.71|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Bujala Venkateshwar Reddy|votes=2,266|percentage=1.22|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party (Kainth)|candidate=Aavula Bahujana Satyam Sagarudu|votes=2,203|percentage=1.19|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=2,014|percentage=1.08|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=51,685|percentage=27.84|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,85,647|percentage=81.40|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
|loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2014 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Telangana Assembly Elections, 2014]]: Wanaparthy (Assembly constituency)}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate =Dr. Gillela Chinna Reddy
| votes =59,543
| percentage =35.38
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Telangana Rashtra Samithi|candidate=[[Singireddy Niranjan Reddy]]|votes=55,252|percentage=32.83|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Ravula Chandra Sekar Reddy]]|votes=45,200|percentage=26.86|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Kotham Prashant|votes=2,759|percentage=1.64|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Vanguri Madduletty|votes=1,489|percentage=0.88|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=860|percentage=0.51|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=4,291|percentage=2.55|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,68,291|percentage=71.04|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of Telangana Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|16.36|78.06|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Telangana}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Telangana]]
[[Category:Mahbubnagar district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:Politics of Telangana]]

Vijaybhoomi University

2026-04-15T01:46:46Z

Udesign: creating first entry initial version

{{Short description|Private university in Raigad, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{AI-generated|date=September 2025}}
{{Promotional|date=June 2025}}
{{notability|Org|date=June 2025}}
}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Vijaybhoomi University
| image = Vijaybhoomi University Logo.png
| established = 2018
| type = [[Private university|Private]]
| affiliation = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]
| president = Sanjay Padode
| city = [[Karjat]]
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| postcode = 410210
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|19.020641|73.522448}}
| campus_size = 53 Acres
| website = http://vijaybhoomi.edu.in/
}}
[[File:Vijaybhoomi University Campus.png|thumb|53 Acres Green VU Campus, Karjat]]
The '''Vijaybhoomi University (VU)''' is a private, liberal professional university based in [[Karjat]], Maharashtra, India, established in 2018 under the Vijaybhoomi University Act passed by the Government of Maharashtra.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vijaybhoomi University, Raigad Act, 2018 |url=http://www.bareactslive.com/MAH/mh851.htm |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> It is recognized by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]] and aims to blend liberal education with professional degrees in management, design, technology, law, and music.

== Campus ==
VU's 53-acre residential campus is located in the foothills of the Western Ghats, approximately 60 km from Mumbai. It includes design labs, recording studios, moot courts, digital classrooms, and sports facilities.

== Constituent Schools ==
Vijaybhoomi University consists of:
* Jagdish Sheth School of Management (JAGSoM)
* Vijaybhoomi School of Law
* Vijaybhoomi School of Science & Technology
* Vijaybhoomi School of Design
* The True School of Music

== Programs ==

=== Undergraduate ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Program !! Degree !! Duration !! School
|-
| BBA || BBA (General / Hons / Hons with Research) || 3–4 years || JAGSoM
|-
| BBA in Accounting & Finance (KPMG in India Co-designed) || BBA (Hons / Research) || 4 years || JAGSoM
|-
| Integrated BBA + MBA || BBA + MBA || 5 years || JAGSoM
|-
| BBA LL.B (Hons) || Law + Business || 5 years || School of Law
|-
| BFA (Music Production) || BFA (Hons) || 3–4 years || True School of Music
|-
| BPA (Contemporary Performance) || BPA (Hons) || 3–4 years || True School of Music
|-
| BPA (Hindustani Classical – Vocals) || BPA (Hons) || 3–4 years || True School of Music
|-
| B.Tech in Sound Engineering || B.Tech || 4 years || True School of Music
|-
| B.Des || Bachelor of Design (Hons) || 4 years || School of Design
|-
| B.Tech (Artificial Intelligence) || B.Tech || 4 years || School of Science & Tech
|-
| B.Tech (CSE – AI Major) || B.Tech || 4 years || School of Science & Tech
|}

=== Postgraduate ===
* **MBA** (JAGSoM) – 2 years

== Admission ==
Admissions are based on performance in national entrance exams and the university’s internal process (VUSAT + Personal Interview).

'''UG accepted scores''': VUSAT, JEE, CUET, SAT, IPMAT, CLAT, LSAT, UCEED, NID-DAT, MHT-CET
'''PG accepted scores''': CAT, XAT, GMAT, CMAT, NMAT, JAGMAT

== Scholarships ==
VU offers scholarships and grants based on merit, domicile, gender, and performance:
* 100% waiver for EWS and armed forces martyrs’ wards
* 50% waiver for Maharashtra domicile students
* 50% waiver for national/state athletes or performers
* 25% waiver for children of armed forces (serving/retired)
* Girl student grant (10% fee rebate)
<ref>{{Cite web |title=Final Admission Policy 2025–26 |url=https://www.vijaybhoomi.edu.in/admissions |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref>

== Rankings ==
* **AACSB Accredited** (JAGSoM) – one of the 15 such institutions in India<ref>{{Cite web |title=AACSB Accredited Schools – Jagdish Sheth School of Management |url=https://www.aacsb.edu/accredited/j/jagdish-sheth-school-of-management |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref>
* **QS Global Business Rankings 2025** – JAGSoM ranked in 101+ band for PGDM (Marketing & Analytics), 151+ for Finance<ref>{{Cite web |title=QS World University Rankings: Business Masters |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/business-masters-rankings/2025 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref>

== Accreditation ==
Vijaybhoomi University is recognized by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Private University List – UGC|url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/privateuniversitylist.aspx?id=21&Unitype=3|access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.vijaybhoomi.edu.in Official website]
* [https://jagsom.edu.in JAGSoM website]
* [https://trueschool.in The True School of Music]

[[Category:Universities in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Private universities in India]]

Malti Maheshwari

2026-04-10T17:17:38Z

Udesign:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Malti Maheshwari
| image =
| office = Member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Gandhidham Assembly constituency|Gandhidham]]
| term_start = 2017
| term_end =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}
'''Malti Maheshwari''' (born 1988)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Malti Kishor Maheshwari(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- GANDHIDHAM (SC)(KACHCHH) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Gujarat2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=5124 |access-date=2025-04-19 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is a politician from [[Gujarat]], India. She was a member of 14th and 15th [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] from [[Gandhidham Assembly constituency|Gandhidham constituency]] which is reserved for Scheduled Caste community in Kutch district.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-09-19 |title=Kutch: ખાતમૂહુર્ત કરવા ગયેલ ગાંધીધામના ભાજપના ધારાસભ્યનો સ્થાનિક લોકોએ વિરોધ કરતા રાજકારણ ગરમાયું |url=https://gujarati.abplive.com/news/gujarat/bjp-mla-maltiben-maheshwari-of-gandhidham-was-protested-by-local-people-794329 |access-date=2022-11-07 |website=gujarati.abplive.com |language=gu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Malti Kishor Maheshwari in Gujarat Assembly Elections 2022 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/gujarat/malti-kishor-maheshwari-gandhidham-sc-candidate-s06a005c04/ |access-date=2025-04-19 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Maheshwari is from [[Gandhidham]], [[Kutch district]], Gujarat. She married Kishor Maheshwari, an employee of [[Kandla Port|Deendayal Port Authority]]. She completed her post graduate diploma in HRM at KSKV, Bhuj in 2010. Earlier, she did her BCom also at KSKV, Bhuj in 2009. She is into logistics business.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Maheshwari won from [[Gandhidham Assembly constituency]] representing the Bharatiya Janata Party in the [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]. She polled 83,760 votes and defeated her nearest rival, B. T. Maheshwari of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 37,831 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-08 |title=Gandhidham Election 2022 Final Results LIVE: BJP Candidate MALTI KISHOR MAHESHWARI wins from Gandhidham, Details Inside |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/gandhidham-election-result-2022-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-result-winner-loser-tally-bjp-congress-aap-gujarat-assembly-election-result-news-1568101 |access-date=2025-04-19 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-09 |title=Gujarat Election Results 2022: Full list of winners & constituencies |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/gujarat-election-results-2022-full-list-of-winners-constituencies/articleshow/96105904.cms |access-date=2025-04-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-09 |title=Gujarat Assembly Election Results 2022: Full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-elections-2022-winning-candidates-constituency-8312674/ |access-date=2025-04-19 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> She became an MLA for the first time winning the [[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] where she polled 80,121 votes and defeated her nearest rival, Kishor Gangjibhai Pingol of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 37,281 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-12-18 |title=Gandhidham election results: BJP leader Maheshwari Malti Kishor wins |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/assembly-elections-2017/gujarat-assembly-election-2017/story/gandhidham-gujarat-assembly-election-live-results-2017-latest-updates-1109712-2017-12-18 |access-date=2025-04-19 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Maheshwari, Malti}}
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Kutch district]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Women members of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]

State Institute of Film and Television

2026-03-29T20:20:56Z

Udesign: creating some article basic info

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2016}}
{{Coord|28.9091125|N|76.6051112|E|display=title}}
{{Infobox college
| name = '''State Institute of Film and Television'''
| image = SIFTV Logo.png
| image_upright =
| caption =
| motto =
| founder =
| established = 2011
| type = Film Institute
| mission =
| focus =
| president =
| ceo =
| chairman =
| head_label = Head of Department
| head = Mahesh Thottathil
| faculty =
| adjunct_faculty =
| staff =
| key_people =
| budget =
| endowment =
| debt =
| num_members =
| subsidiaries =
| owner =
| non-profit_slogan =
| location =
| city = [[Rohtak]]
| state = [[Haryana]]
| province =
| country = [[India]]
| coor = {{coord|28|54|31|N|76|36|24|E|type:edu_region:IN|display=inline}}
| address =
| academic_affiliation = [[State University of Performing And Visual Arts]]
| website = http://supva.ac.in/
| dissolved =
| footnotes =
}}

The '''State Institute of Film and Television''' ('''SIFTV''') is a [[Film School]] under the [[State University of Performing And Visual Arts]] located in [[Rohtak]], [[Haryana]], [[India]]. The institute was established in 2011 by the [[Government of Haryana]] to grow regional cinema.

==History==
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2023}}
The institute was established in 2011. The Integrated Institutional Campus at Rohtak comprises four institutions, namely State Institute of Design (SID), State Institute of Fine Arts (SIFA), '''State Institute of Film and Television''' ('''SIFTV''') and State Institute of Urban Planning and Architecture (SIUPA)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dada Lakhmi Chand State University of Performing and Visual Arts {{!}} History |url=https://dlcsupva.ac.in/UI/AboutUS/History.aspx |access-date=February 18, 2026 |website=Dada Lakhmi Chand State University of Performing and Visual Arts {{!}} History}}</ref>. These institutions are being established at a capital expenditure of Rs.300.0 crores by Govt. of Haryana through Government Technical Institution Society (GTIS), Rohtak. After 2014 these institutes were affiliated to [[State University of Performing And Visual Arts]].

==Courses==
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2023}}
The Institute of Film and Television is a part of the larger campus with necessary and modern facilities for training students in the art of film making. While students grasp the practical aspect of film making, they also learn the finer nuances of this art. They begin to view their art in context with the moving image and the impact it has on the viewers. There are five fields of this art in which training is offered. A common thread that binds all the courses is a one-year foundation course where all students, irrespective of their chosen discipline, learn all aspects of film making at a basic level. This is considered essential to imbibe team spirit and equipping a student so that he/she understand the job responsibilities and crafts of other crew members of a film making team. From the second year onwards the focus shifts to a better understanding of the student’s chosen field of specialisation. Other than acquiring professional skill in the specialization, a student also learns aesthetics and finer points of the art. Intensity of practical work increases in proportion to theoretical inputs and there is frequent interaction with visiting faculty from the film and television industry. Study tours also enrich students’ experience. By the third year a student acquires sufficient knowledge of his/her field of specialization, and enough practical exercises are stated where he/she can showcase conceptual and technical skills culminating in the year end project that compares to a near professional, finished film. This is his/her show reel. The institute offers following streams: Acting, Cinematography, Direction, Editing, Sound Recording and Sound Design.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! S.No. !! Course !! Duration in Years !! Intake Capacity
|-
| 1 || Acting || 4 || 15
|-
| 2 || Cinematography || 4 || 15
|-
| 3 || Direction || 4 || 15
|-
| 4 || Editing || 4 || 15
|-
| 5 || Sound Recording & Sound Design || 4 || 15
|}

== Admission process ==

*'''1. Eligibility'''
** 10+2 examination passed or appearing under recognised Central/State Board of Secondary Education/ Council for Indian School of Certificate Examination, New Delhi. The minimum 10+2 aggregate percentage should be 50% or more. or 3 years Diploma recognised by AICTE or a State Board of Technical Education with aggregate percentage of 50%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hstes.org.in/pdf/2015_pdf/SUPVA/1%20Brouchur%2011-5-15%20%20for%20pdf.pdf|title=SUPVA Brochure|date=11 May 2015|access-date=11 May 2015|publisher=www.hstes.org.in}}</ref>
*'''2. Entrance Examination Process'''
** (a) Written Test
** (b) Skill Test

==See also==
* [[Bhartendu Academy of Dramatic Arts|Bhartendu Natya Academy]]
* [[Film and Television Institute of India]]
* [[Government Film and Television Institute]]
* [[Jyoti Chitraban Film and Television Institute]]
* [[K. R. Narayanan National Institute of Visual Science and Arts]]
* [[M.G.R. Government Film and Television Training Institute]]
* [[State Institute of Urban Planning and Architecture]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://supva.ac.in/index.php/2015-06-15-07-16-53/2016-02-17-06-16-24 State Institute of Film and Television Official Website]
* [https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/State+Institute+of+Film+and+Television/@28.9091172,76.6029225,17z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x390d8572f2d8633d:0x5d13b0db8f76fef6 State Institute of Film and Television on Google Maps]
* [https://www.facebook.com/pages/State-Institute-of-Film-TV/393090960762050?fref=ts State Institute of Film and Television on Facebook]

{{Film schools in India}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:2011 establishments in Haryana]]
[[Category:Arts organizations established in 2011]]
[[Category:Education in Rohtak]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2011]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Haryana]]

Kochi Orthodox Diocese

2026-03-29T09:36:37Z

Udesign:

{{Short description|Diocese of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox diocese
|jurisdiction =
|name = Diocese of Kochi
|image = Malankara Emblem.png
|imagewidth =
|alt =
|caption = '''Catholicate Emblem'''
|country = [[India]]
|headquarters = Zion Seminary, Koratty East P.O, Chirangara, Chalakudy- 680 308
|coordinates =
|denomination =
|border = Orthodox
|territory = [[Kochi]]
|metropolitan = H. G. [[Yakob Irenios|Yakob Mar Irenios]]
|established = 1876, by [[Ignatius Peter IV]]
|website = [https://mosc.in/dioceses/diocese-of-kochi/ Kochi Diocese]
|first_incumbent = Karottu Veettil Semavoon Mar Dionysius
|diocese = Kochi Diocese
|rite = [[Malankara Rite]]
|bishop =
|parent_church = [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]]
}}

The '''Diocese of Kochi''' is one of the 32 diocese of the [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]]. The diocese was created after the Mulanthuruthy Synod in 1876. Yakob Mar Irenios is the Metropoliton of the diocese.<ref>{{cite web |title=Metropolitans of Kochi |url=http://www.stkuriakoseorthodoxchurchkoratty.com/metropolitans-of-kochi-diocese/ |website=stkuriakosorthodoxchurch |publisher=Koratty church}}</ref> The head office is located in Zion Seminary, Korratti East, Chalakkudi.<ref name="Encyclopedia">{{cite book|title=Malankara Orthodox Church Encyclopedia (Malayalam)|publisher=[[Orthodox Theological Seminary, Kottayam]]|pages=264|edition=1993}}</ref>

==History==
Kochi is one of seven dioceses created after the Mulanthuruthi Christian association (synod) conducted under the leadership of Ignatios Pathros III, Patriarch of Antioch in 1876.<ref name="Encyclopedia"/> Others are Kottayam, Kandanadu, Angamali, Niranam, Kollam, Thumpamon.<ref name="Encyclopedia"/> The diocese was created with 21 parishes in Kochi State and [[Malabar region|British Malabar]]. Semavun Mar Dionysius was the first Metropolitan.<ref name="Encyclopedia"/> [[Pulikkottil Joseph Mar Dionysious II|Dionysious V]], [[Vattaserill Mar Dionysius|Dionysious VI]], Poulose Mar Athanasios, Poulose Mar Severios, Daniel Mar Pilexinos, Yuhanon Mar Severios, Yakob Mar Policurpos etc. led the diocese in different times.<ref>{{cite web |title=Former Metropolitans of Kochi |url=http://www.stkuriakoseorthodoxchurchkoratty.com/former-metropolitans-of-kochi-diocese/ |website=stkuriakosorthodoxchurch |publisher=Koratty church}}</ref> [[Baselios Geevarghese I]], [[Baselios Augen I]], [[Baselios Mar Thoma Mathews I]] also led the diocese.<ref name="Encyclopedia"/>
Maliankara, Paloor, Kokamangalam, Kottakayal, churches founded by St. Thomas is situated in this diocese. Dionysious II, Dionysius V, [[Parumala Thirumeni]] came from this diocese.<ref name="Encyclopedia"/>
Later, the diocese divided into the Malabar and Kunnamkulam dioceses. The tombs of Yuhanon Mar Severios, Yakob Mar Policurpos are in the Zion Aramana. In the time of 1992, there were 38 parishes and eight chapels.<ref name="Encyclopedia"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Diocese of Kochi|url=http://mosc.in/dioceses/diocese-of-koc|website=mosc.in|publisher=[[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]]}}</ref>

Zachariah Mar Anthonios Metropolitan was in charge of Kochi Diocese before the current Metropolitan Yakob Mar Irenious.

==Diocesan Metropolitans==
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%;"
|-
! colspan="4" style="background-color: #7F1734; color: white;" | Kochi Orthodox Diocesan Metropolitan
|-
! style="background-color: #D4B1BB; width: 15%;" | From
! style="background-color: #D4B1BB; width: 15%;" | Until
! style="background-color: #D4B1BB; width: 35%;" | Metropolitan
! style="background-color: #D4B1BB; width: 35%;" | Notes

|- valign="top" style="background-color: white;"
| style="text-align: center;" | 17-May-1877
| style="text-align: center;" | 02-Oct-1886
| Karottu Veettil Semavoon Mar Dionysius
| 1st Metropolitan of the diocese

|- valign="top" style="background-color: #F7F0F2;"
| style="text-align: center;" | 1886
| style="text-align: center;" | 1907
| Kadavil [[Athanasius Paulose Kadavil|Paulose Mar Athanasios]]
| 2nd Metropolitan of the diocese

|- valign="top" style="background-color: white;"
| style="text-align: center;" | 1907
| style="text-align: center;" | 1909
| Pulikkottil Joseph Mar Dionysius II ([[Dionysius V]])
| 3rd Metropolitan of the diocese, Ruled as Malankara Metropolitan

|- valign="top" style="background-color: #F7F0F2;"
| style="text-align: center;" | 1909
| style="text-align: center;" | 1934
| [[Dionysius Vattasseril|Geevarghese Mar Dionysius of Vattasseril]] (Dionysius VI)
| 4th Metropolitan of the diocese, Ruled as Malankara Metropolitan

|- valign="top" style="background-color: white;"
| style="text-align: center;" | 1934
| style="text-align: center;" | 1958
| [[Baselios Geevarghese II]] Catholicos
| 5th Metropolitan of the diocese, Ruled as Malankara Metropolitan

|- valign="top" style="background-color: #F7F0F2;"
| style="text-align: center;" | 1958
| style="text-align: center;" |
| Paulose Mar Severios
| 6th Metropolitan of the diocese

|- valign="top" style="background-color: white;"
| style="text-align: center;" | 01-Oct-1966
| style="text-align: center;" | 1973
| Yuhanon Mar Severios
| 7th Metropolitan of the diocese

|- valign="top" style="background-color: #F7F0F2;"
| style="text-align: center;" | 1973
| style="text-align: center;" | 1975
| [[Baselios Augen I]] Catholicos
| 8th Metropolitan of the diocese, Ruled as Malankara Metropolitan

|- valign="top" style="background-color: white;"
| style="text-align: center;" | 1975
| style="text-align: center;" | 1978
| [[Baselios Mar Thoma Mathews I]] Catholicos
| 9th Metropolitan of the diocese, Ruled as Malankara Metropolitan

|- valign="top" style="background-color: #F7F0F2;"
| style="text-align: center;" | 1978
| style="text-align: center;" | 26-Dec-1986
| Yakob Mar Policarpus
| 10th Metropolitan of the diocese

|- valign="top" style="background-color: white;"
| style="text-align: center;" | 1987
| style="text-align: center;" | 1991
| [[Baselios Mar Thoma Mathews II]] Catholicos
| 11th Metropolitan of the diocese, Ruled as Malankara Metropolitan

|- valign="top" style="background-color: #F7F0F2;"
| style="text-align: center;" | 1991
| style="text-align: center;" | 2009
| Zachariah Mar Anthonios
| 12th Metropolitan of the diocese

|- valign="top" style="background-color: white;"
| style="text-align: center;" | 2009
| style="text-align: center;" | Incumbent
| [[Yakob Irenios|Yakob Mar Irenios]]
| 13th Metropolitan of the diocese
|}

==Parish list==
{{div col}}
* Areepalam St. Mary's Orthodox Church
* Ayyampilly St. John's Orthodox Church
* Chalakkudy St. Thomas Orthodox Church
* Chembukkavu St. Thomas Orthodox Church
* Cherai St. Mary's Orthodox Church
* Chavarmpadom St. George Orthodox Church
* Chuvanammanu St. George Orthodox Church
* Elamkulam St. Gregorios Orthodox Church
* Ernakulam St. Mary's Orthodox Cathedral
* Fort Kochi St. Peter and Paul's Orthodox Church
* Irinjalakkuda St. Mary's Orthodox Church
* Kanaikode St. Mary's Orthodox Church
* Kanjiramattom St. Ignatius Orthodox Church
* Kannara St. George Orthodox Church
* Karippakkunnu Mar Baselios Orthodox Church
* Kattilappoovam St. Mary's Orthodox Church
* Koratty St. Kuriakose Orthodox Church
* Mattancherry St. George Orthodox Koonankurishu Church
* Manthuruthel St. John the Baptist Orthodox Church
* [[St. Thomas Orthodox Cathedral, Mulanthuruthy|Mulanthuruthy Marthoman St. Thomas Cathedral]]
* Marackal St. George Orthodox Church
* Murikkungal St. Mary's Orthodox Church
* Nehru Nagar St. Gregorios Orthodox Church
* Padamugal St. John the Baptist Orthodox Church
* Palarivattom St. George Orthodox Valiyapali
* Pengamuck St. Peter's and St. Paul's Orthodox Church
* Poolakkal St. George Orthodox Church
* Thampurattimoola St. Mary's Orthodox Church
* Thevara St. Thomas Orthodox Church
* Thenidukku Mar Gregorios Orthodox Church
* Thirumarayur St. George Orthodox Church
* Thripunithara St. Gregorios Orthodox Church
* Thrissur St. Ignatious Orthodox Cathedral
* Vadavukode St. Mary's Orthodox Church
* Vadayamparambu Mar Behanan Orthodox Church
* Vaniyampara St. George Orthodox Church
* Vattayi St. Mary's Orthodox Church
* Vyttila St. Gregorios Orthodox Church
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://malankaraorthodoxchurch.in/ Website of Malankara Orthodox Church]
{{Dioceses of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church}}

{{coord missing|India}}

[[Category:Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church dioceses]]
[[Category:1876 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Dioceses established in the 19th century]]
[[Category:Oriental Orthodox dioceses in India]]

{{Malankara-Orthodox-Syrian-Church-stub}}

Moyon people

2026-03-27T08:53:09Z

Udesign:

{{Short description|Naga tribe in India and Myanmar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
|group = Moyon (Moyon Naga)
|image = "Moyon" written in Meitei script.jpg
|image_caption= "Moyon" written in [[Meitei script]]
|population = 2,516 approx,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/ST.html|title=Census of India 2011|publisher=MHA, Govt of India}}</ref> Manipur
|languages = [[Moyon language]] ([[first language|L1]]) [[Meitei language]] ([[second language|L2]])<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meitei {{!}} Ethnologue |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mni/ |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=[[Ethnologue]] |language=en}}</ref>
|religions = [[Christianity]]
|related = [[Meitei people]], [[Monsang people]], other [[Naga people]]
|footnotes =
}}
{{Naga people}}

The '''Moyon people''', also known as '''Bujuur people''' or the '''Moyon Naga''', are a [[Tibeto-Burmese]] [[ethnic group]] predominantly resides in the [[Northeast India]]n state of [[Manipur]] and, some in [[Sagaing Region]] in [[Myanmar]]. Moyons share similar ancestry with Monsang Nagas, Moyon origins can be traced back to ancient times of Moirang Kingdom, as they were contemporary, the Moyon King "Kuurkam" also known as "Shamshangba Ningthou" (Long hair king) by Meiteis is well recorded in Meitei Chronicles. Kungjuur is an important Historical place for the Moyons. They are listed as a Scheduled Tribe (STs) by India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lawmin.nic.in/ld/subord/rule9a.htm|title=1THE CONSTITUTION (SCHEDULED TRIBES)|access-date=2016-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920212634/http://lawmin.nic.in/ld/subord/rule9a.htm|archive-date=2017-09-20|url-status=dead}}</ref>
They use [[Meitei language]] as their [[second language]] (L2) according to the [[Ethnologue]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meitei {{!}} Ethnologue |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mni/ |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=[[Ethnologue]] |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Naga tribes}}
{{Hill tribes of Northeast India}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Manipur]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Manipur]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Myanmar]]
[[Category:Naga people]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of India]]
[[Category:Tribes of India]]

Garhwal division

2026-03-25T05:13:14Z

Udesign: rework information after review

{{short description|Administrative division in India}}
{{Duplicated citations|reason=DuplicateReferences script detected:
* https://garhwal.uk.gov.in/pages/display/110-divisional-commissioner-details (refs: 2, 7)
|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Coord|30.5|N|78.5|E|display=title}}
{{ref improve|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Garhwal
| native_name =
| other_name = Garhdesh Kedarkhand
| settlement_type = [[Divisions of India|Administrative division]]
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage |size=290| spacing=3 | border=2|position=center|color_border = green
| photo1a = Kedarnath Temple with Snow Covered Mountains in Background.jpg
| photo2a = Auli hill station.jpg
| photo2b = Bedni Bugyal 3.jpg
| photo3a = Lakshman temple, Rishikesh.jpg
| photo3b = Valley of Flowers (7752972812).jpg
| photo4a = Snow Covered Mussoorie Ridge (14808229616).jpg
| photo4b = Mt. Nanda Devi.jpg
| photo5a = DEBAPRAYAG- photo Debabrata Ghosh, Birati.jpg
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption = '''Clockwise from top:''' [[Kedarnath temple|Kedarnath Mandir]], [[Bedni Bugyal]], [[Valley of Flowers]], [[Nanda Devi|Mt. Nanda Devi]], Confluence of [[Bhagirathi]] and [[Alaknanda]] at [[Devaprayag]], [[Mussoorie]] covered with snow, Lakshman Jhula on [[Ganges]] at [[Rishikesh]], [[Auli, India|Auli Ski Resort]]
| image_map = India̜ Garhwal.png
| map_caption = Location in India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttarakhand]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Pauri]]
| seat1_type = Largest city
| seat1 = [[Dehradun]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 1969<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pauri.nic.in/history/|title = History | District Pauri Garhwal, Government of Uttarakhand | India}}</ref>
| parts_type = [[List of districts in India|Districts]]
| p1 = {{bulleted list
| [[Chamoli district|Chamoli]]
| [[Dehradun district|Dehradun]]
| [[Haridwar district|Haridwar]]
| [[Pauri Garhwal district|Pauri Garhwal]]
| [[Rudraprayag district|Rudraprayag]]
| [[Tehri Garhwal district|Tehri Garhwal]]
| [[Uttarkashi district|Uttarkashi]]
}}
| area_total_km2 = 32,887
| area_blank1_title = Under irrigation
| area_blank1_km2 =
| population_total = 5,857,294
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_as_of = 2011 census
| demographics_type1 = [[Languages of India|Languages]]
| demographics2_title1 = [[Languages with official status in India|Official]]
| demographics2_info1 = [[Hindi]]<ref name="2011lang">{{cite web |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |title=Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 50th report (July 2012 to June 2013) |publisher=Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |access-date=4 December 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-date=8 July 2016 }}</ref>
| demographics2_title2 = [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India|Additional official]]
| demographics2_info2 = [[Sanskrit]]<ref name="sanskrit">{{cite news|last=Trivedi |first=Anupam |title=Sanskrit is second official language in Uttarakhand |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/sanskrit-is-second-official-language-in-uttarakhand/story-wxk51l8Re4vNxofrr7FAJK.html |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=19 January 2010 |access-date=30 August 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120201065836/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NorthIndia/Sanskrit-is-second-official-language-in-Uttarakhand/Article1-499467.aspx |archive-date=1 February 2012 }}</ref><ref name="sanskrit2">{{cite news|title=Sanskrit second official language of Uttarakhand|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/Sanskrit-second-official-language-of-Uttarakhand/article15965492.ece |work=The Hindu |date=21 January 2010 |access-date=30 August 2017 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303145846/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/Sanskrit-second-official-language-of-Uttarakhand/article15965492.ece|archive-date=3 March 2018}}</ref>
| demographics2_title3 = Native
| demographics2_info3 = [[Garhwali language|Garhwali]], [[Jaunsari language|Jaunsari]]
| population_demonym = [[Garhwali people|Garhwali]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| blank_name_sec1 = Highest peak of Garhwal division
| blank_info_sec1 = [[Nanda Devi]] (7,816 m (25643 ft)
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| blank1_name_sec2 = Main crops
| blank1_info_sec2 =
| website = https://garhwal.uk.gov.in/
| footnotes =
| leader_title = [[Commissioner]]
| leader_name = Vinay Shankar Pandey<ref>{{Cite web |title=Divisional Commissioner details: Office of Commissioner Garhwal, Pauri |url=https://garhwal.uk.gov.in/pages/display/110-divisional-commissioner-details |access-date=14 September 2022 |website=garhwal.uk.gov.in}}</ref>
}}
'''Garhwal''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|g|a:r|ˌ|w|ɔː|l}} {{respell|GAHR|wawl}}; {{IPA|gbm|ˈɡəɽʰʋaːɭ|lang}}) is one of the two administrative divisions of the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Uttarakhand]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Home: Office of Commissioner Garhwal, Pauri|url=https://garhwal.uk.gov.in/|access-date=5 September 2021|website=garhwal.uk.gov.in}}</ref> Lying in the [[Himalayas]], it is bounded on the north by [[Tibet Autonomous Region]] of [[China]] on the east by [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]], on the south by [[Uttar Pradesh]] state, and on the northwest by [[Himachal Pradesh]] state. It includes the districts of [[Chamoli District|Chamoli]], [[Dehradun District|Dehradun]], [[Haridwar District|Haridwar]], [[Pauri Garhwal]], [[Rudraprayag District|Rudraprayag]], [[Tehri Garhwal District|Tehri Garhwal]], and [[Uttarkashi District|Uttarkashi]]. The people of Garhwal are known as [[Garhwali people|Garhwali]] and speak the [[Garhwali language]]. The administrative center for Garhwal division is the town of [[Pauri]]. The Divisional Commissioner is the administrative head of the Division, and is a senior Indian Administrative Service officer. As the administrative head of the division, the Commissioner is overall incharge of the 7 districts in the Garhwal region of [[Uttarakhand]], and is aided in his duties by an additional commissioner and the district magistrates. Vinay Shankar Pandey is the current divisional commissioner of the Garhwal Division.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Divisional Commissioner details: Office of Commissioner Garhwal, Pauri |url=https://garhwal.uk.gov.in/pages/display/110-divisional-commissioner-details |access-date=26 July 2022 |website=garhwal.uk.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=कमिश्नर गढ़वाल सुशील कुमार ने संभाला कार्यभार |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttarakhand/pauri/story-commissioner-garhwal-sushil-kumar-took-charge-5227497.html |access-date=26 July 2022 |work=Hindustan |date=2 December 2021 |language=hindi}}</ref>

==History==
Initially settled by [[Kol people|Kols]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kanu |first=Saurabh |date=2024-07-26 |title=Kol Tribes Of Uttarakhand |url=https://wandersky.in/kol-tribes-of-uttarakhand/ |access-date=2026-02-06 |language=en-US}}</ref>, the region witnessed successive waves of [[Kirata|Kiratas]], [[Khasas]], and [[Indo-Scythian Kingdom|Indo-Sythians]]. [[Kuninda Kingdom|Kunindas]] were the first rulers of the region. They were followed by the [[Katyuri kings]] of [[Khasas|Khasas]] origin.<ref>https://books.google.com/books/about/History_of_Uttaranchal.html?id=7_Ct9gzvkDQC</ref>
{{Chota Char Dham}}
The [[Garhwal Himalayas]] appear to have been a favourite locale for the voluminous mythology of the Puranic period. The traditional name of Garhwal was '''Kedarkhand''' means "the land of [[Kedarnath Temple|Kedarnath]]", and '''Garhdesh'''.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r-dZQ8GcXz4C&q=Kedarkhand&pg=PR4|title=Where Gods Dwell|pages=Xviii|isbn=9780143066026|last1=Budhwar|first1=Kusum|year=2010|publisher=Penguin Books India }}</ref> Excavations have revealed that it formed part of the [[Mauryan Empire]].<ref>'Ancient Communities of the Himalaya', Page 48, Dinesh Prasad Saklani, 1998</ref>

The earliest reference regarding Garhwal and its pride spots are cited in the Skanda Purana and the [[Mahabharata]] in the [[Vana Parva|Van Parva]]. [[Skanda Purana]] defines the boundaries and extend of this holy land.<ref name="Garhwal Himalayas: A Study in Historical Perspective - Ajay S. Rawat - Google Books" >{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=olP_A60L-CMC|title=Garhwal Himalayas: A Study in Historical Perspective|first=Ajay S.|last=Rawat|date=20 November 2002|publisher=Indus Publishing|isbn=9788173871368|access-date=20 March 2020|via=Google Books}}</ref> It also finds mention in the 7th-century travelogue of [[Xuanzang|Huen Tsang]]. However, it is with [[Adi Shankara|Adi Shankaracharya]] that the name of Garhwal will always be linked, for the great 8th-century spiritual reformer visited the remote, snow-laden heights of Garhwal, established a [[Joshimath]] and restored some of the most sacred shrines, including [[Badrinath]] and [[Kedarnath]].{{cn|date=March 2022}}

The history of Garhwal as a unified whole began in the 15th century, when king Ajai Pal merged the 52 separate principalities, each with its own garh or fortress. For 300 years, Garhwal remained one kingdom, with its capital at [[Srinagar, Uttarakhand|Srinagar]] (on the left bank of [[Alaknanda River|Alaknanda river]]). Then Pauri and Dehradun were perforce ceded to the Crown as payment for British help, rendered to the Garhwalis during the Gurkha invasion, in the early 19th century.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.euttaranchal.com/uttarakhand/history-of-uttarakhand|title=eUttaranchal - Rediscover Uttarakhand - Tourism, Culture & People|website=www.euttaranchal.com|access-date=20 March 2020|archive-date=20 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320102056/https://www.euttaranchal.com/uttarakhand/history-of-uttarakhand|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The earliest ruling dynasty of Garhwal known is of the [[Katyuri kings|Katyuri]]s. The Katyuri Raja of Uttarakhand ([[Kumaon Kingdom|Kumaon]] and [[Garhwal Kingdom|Garhwal]]) was styled 'Sri Basdeo Giriraj Chakara Churamani'. The earliest traditions record that the possessions of Joshimath Katyuris in Garhwal extended from [[Satluj]] as far as [[Gandaki River|Gandaki]] and from the snows to plains, including the whole of [[Rohilkhand]]. Tradition gives the origin of their Raj at [[Joshimath]] in the north near [[Badrinath]] and subsequent migration to Katyur Valley in [[Almora]] district, where a city called [[Baijnath, Uttarakhand|Kartikeyapura]] was founded.<ref name="Garhwal Himalayas: A Study in Historical Perspective - Ajay S. Rawat - Google Books" />

Katyuris ruled Uttarakhand up to the 11th century and in certain pockets even after their decline. In Garhwal their disruption brought into existence 52 independent chiefs. One of the important principalities in that period was that of Parmars, who held their sway over Chandpur Garhi or Fortress.<ref name="Garhwal Himalayas: A Study in Historical Perspective - Ajay S. Rawat - Google Books" /> Katyuris ruled Uttarakhand up to the 11th century and in certain pockets even after their decline. Kanak Pal was progenitor of this dynasty. Raja Ajay Pal, a scion of the Parmars in the 14th century is credited with having brought these chiefs under his rule.<ref name="Garhwal Himalayas: A Study in Historical Perspective - Ajay S. Rawat - Google Books" /> After his conquest Ajay Pal's domain was recognised as Garhwal owing to exuberance of forts. It is possible that after annexing all principalities, Raja Ajay Pal must have become famous as Garhwala, the owner of forts. With the passage of time his kingdom came to be known as Garhwal.<ref name="Garhwal Himalayas: A Study in Historical Perspective - Ajay S. Rawat - Google Books" />

===Garhwal Kingdom===
[[File:Flag of the Princely State of Tehri Garhwal.svg|thumb|right|Princely flag of [[Garhwal Kingdom|Kingdom of Garhwal]].]]
{{main|Garhwal Kingdom}}
[[Garhwal Kingdom]] was founded by [[Parmar (Rajput clan)|Parmar]]s. Nearly 700 years ago, one of these chiefs, Ajai Pal, reduced all the minor principalities under him and founded the Garhwal Kingdom. He and his ancestors ruled over Garhwal and the adjacent state of [[Tehri-Garhwal]], in an uninterrupted line till 1803, when the [[Gurkha]]s invaded Kumaon and Garhwal, driving the Garhwal chief into the plains. For 12 years the Gurkhas ruled the country with an iron rod, until a series of encroachments by them on British territory led to the [[Gurkha War]] in 1814. At the termination of the campaign, Garhwal and Kumaon were converted into British districts, while the [[Tehri]] principality was restored to a son of the former chief.

The British district of Garhwal was in the [[Kumaon Division]] of the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]], and had an area of {{Convert|5629|sqmi|km2|abbr=on}}. After annexation, Garhwal rapidly advanced in material prosperity. In 1901, the population was 429,900. Two battalions of the [[Indian army]] (the 39th Garhwal Rifles) were recruited in the district, which contained the military cantonment of Lansdowne. Grain and coarse cloth were exported, and [[salt]], [[borax]], livestock and [[wool]] were imported. Trade with [[Tibet]] was considerable. The administrative headquarters was at the village of [[Pauri]], but [[Srinagar, Uttarakhand|Srinagar]] was the largest city. It was an important mart, as was [[Kotdwara]], the terminus of a branch of the [[Oudh]] and [[Rohilkhand]] railway from [[Najibabad]].

During the turn of the 19th century, the Gurkhas attacked Garhwal and drove the rulers of Garhwal down to the plains (Rishikesh, DehraDun). [[Pradyumna Shah]] died fighting at the [[battle of Khurbura]]. Thereafter the rulers of Garhwal took the help of the British forces in India and regained their kingdom. The rulers of Garhwal gave away 60% of their kingdom for the support the British gave them in driving back the Gurhkas.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}

During the [[World War II|Second World War]], the Raja Narendra Shah contributed his troops and aircraft to the British war effort. In recognition for his services, the British gave him the title of "Maharaja", made him a Knight Commander of the [[Order of the Star of India]] (KCSI) and knighted him. Thus his full title was Sir Maharaja Narendra Shah KCSI.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}

==Geography==
[[File:Nanda devi.jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[Nanda Devi]] is the second-highest mountain in India.]]
[[File:Valley of flowers uttaranchal full view.JPG|200px|right|thumb|[[Valley of Flowers National Park]], a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]]]

The region consists almost entirely of rugged mountain ranges running in all directions and separated by narrow valleys, which in some cases become deep gorges or ravines. The only level portion of the district was a narrow strip of waterless forest between the southern slopes of the hills and the fertile plains of [[Rohilkhand]]. The highest mountains are in the eastern [[Chamoli district]], the principal peaks being [[Nanda Devi]] {{convert|7816|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, [[Kamet]] {{convert|7756|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, [[Chaukhamba]] {{convert|7138|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, [[Trisul]] {{convert|7120|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, [[Dunagiri (mountain)|Dunagiri]] {{convert|7066|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, and [[Kedarnath (Mountain)|Kedarnath]] {{convert|6940|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}.

The [[Alaknanda River]], one of the main sources of the [[Ganges]], receives with its affluents the whole drainage of the district. At [[Devprayag]] the [[Alaknanda]] joins the [[Bhagirathi]], and thenceforward the united streams bear the name of the [[Ganges]]. Cultivation is principally confined to the immediate vicinity of the rivers, which are employed for irrigation.

In June 2013 a multi-day [[cloudburst]] centered in the mountainous valleys of the area resulted in widespread damage and over 5,000 deaths.<ref name="AP">{{cite news | url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-202_162-57593939/india-raises-flood-death-toll-reaches-5700-as-all-missing-persons-now-presumed-dead/ | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130717084739/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-202_162-57593939/india-raises-flood-death-toll-reaches-5700-as-all-missing-persons-now-presumed-dead/ | url-status=dead | archive-date=17 July 2013 | title= India raises flood death toll to 5,700 as all missing persons now presumed dead| date=16 July 2013 | access-date=16 July 2013 | work=CBS News}}</ref> It was India's [[2013 North India floods|worst natural disaster]] insofar as death toll since the [[2004 tsunami]].

{{wide image|Himalaya Panorama Alok Prasad.jpg | 2800px | A panorama of [[Garhwal Himalaya]] from [[Dhanaulti]]}}

==Demographics==
===People===
The culture of Garhwal differs from that of [[Kumaon region]] and [[Mahasu (region)|Mahasu region]] which are its neighbour regions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=UK |date=26 September 2024 |title=Garhwali vs Kumaoni |url=https://www.uttarakhandi.com/garhwali-vs-kumaoni/ |access-date=17 December 2025 |website=Uttarakhandi |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Geographical and Socioeconomic Survey of Jaunsar Bawarj {{!}} PDF {{!}} Agriculture {{!}} Shiva |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/826389044/Geographical-and-Socioeconomic-Survey-of-Jaunsar-Bawarj |access-date=17 December 2025 |website=Scribd |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=G. A. Grierson |first=Editor |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.76297 |title=Linguistic Survey Of India, Vol. 9 (indo-aryan Family Central Group) Part 2 |date=1908 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass}}</ref> The majority of the inhabitants are [[Garhwalis]].The culture of the present Garhwal is an amalgamation of influences from the indigenous population coupled with traditions superimposed by immigrants who settled in the region. A majority of the people are involved in the agriculture, tourism and the defence industry.{{cn|date=March 2022}}

===Languages===
Native to {{sigfig|2.846502|2}} million people, Hindi has official status and is widely used in administration and education. [[Garhwali language|Garhwali]], spoken by about {{sigfig|2.279217|2}} million people as of the 2011 census, is the majority language in all but the two southern districts of Haridwar and Dehradun, where the language with the largest proportion of speakers according to the census was [[Hindi]]. Other languages with large numbers of speakers are [[Urdu]] ({{sigfig|252815|2}}, mostly in Haridwar and Dehradun), [[Jaunsari language|Jaunsari]] ({{sigfig|135505|2}} people mostly in the Jaunsar–Bawar region of Dehradun), [[Nepali language|Nepali]] ({{sigfig|85501|2}} speakers, with the largest concentration in Dehradun), and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] ({{sigfig|75889|2}}, mostly in Dehradun).<ref name="census2011-C16"/> The set of indigenous languages also includes [[Mahasu Pahari language|Mahasu Pahari]] (found in the north-western district of Uttarkashi in the north-west), and the [[Sino-Tibetan languages]] [[Jad language|Jad]] (also in Uttarkashi) and [[Rongpo language|Rongpo]] (of Chamoli district).<ref name = "ethnologue2019">{{cite web|editor-last1 = Eberhard| editor-first1 = David M.| editor-last2 = Simons| editor-first2 = Gary F.| editor-last3 = Fennig| editor-first3 = Charles D.| year=2019|title=India – Languages|edition=22nd|website = Ethnologue|publisher=SIL International|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/IN/languages | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190401120331/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/IN/languages | archive-date = 1 April 2019}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible "
|- valign=top
! colspan=11| Garhwal division: mother-tongue of population, according to the [[2011 Indian Census]].<ref name="census2011-C16">{{cite report |title=C-16 Population By Mother Tongue – Uttarakhand |url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0500.XLSX |publisher = Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=14 July 2020}}</ref>
|- valign=top
! rowspan=2 | Mother tongue code
! rowspan=2 | Mother tongue
! colspan=7 | District
! colspan=2 | Garhwal division
|- valign=top
! Uttarkashi
! Chamoli
! Rudraprayag
! Tehri Garhwal
! Dehradun
! Garhwal
! Hardwar
! | People
! | Percentage
|- valign=top
|| 002007 || [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| align=right | 839
| align=right | 472
| align=right | 102
| align=right | 813
| align=right | 9,258
| align=right | 435
| align=right | 3,708
| align=right style="background: #ffffcc" | 15,627
| align=right | 0.3%
|- valign=top
|| 006102 || [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
| align=right | 1,128
| align=right | 1,348
| align=right | 371
| align=right | 3,427
| align=right | 14,805
| align=right | 1,020
| align=right | 3,201
| align=right style="background: #ffffcc" | 25,300
| align=right | 0.4%
|- valign=top
|| 006195 || [[Garhwali language|Garhwali]]
| align=right | 266,621
| align=right | 350,667
| align=right | 228,916
| align=right | 560,020
| align=right | 285,563
| align=right | 572,792
| align=right | 14,638
| align=right style="background: #ffffcc" | 2,279,217
| align=right | 38.9%
|- valign=top
|| 006240 || [[Hindi]]
| align=right | 24,035
| align=right | 19,956
| align=right | 10,167
| align=right | 37,092
| align=right | 1,014,363
| align=right | 91,360
| align=right | 1,649,529
| align=right style="background: #ffffcc" | 2,846,502
| align=right | 48.6%
|- valign=top
|| 006265 || [[Jaunsari language|Jaunpuri/Jaunsari]]
| align=right | 3,066
| align=right | 59
| align=right | 22
| align=right | 6,046
| align=right | 126,098
| align=right | 126
| align=right | 88
| align=right style="background: #ffffcc" | 135,505
| align=right | 2.3%
|- valign=top
|| 006340 || [[Kumauni language|Kumauni]]
| align=right | 425
| align=right | 3,719
| align=right | 172
| align=right | 861
| align=right | 18,597
| align=right | 4,645
| align=right | 1,805
| align=right style="background: #ffffcc" | 30,224
| align=right | 0.5%
|- valign=top
|| 006439 || [[Pahari language|Pahari]]
| align=right | 7,190
| align=right | 95
| align=right | 9
| align=right | 250
| align=right | 5,199
| align=right | 21
| align=right | 417
| align=right style="background: #ffffcc" | 13,181
| align=right | 0.2%
|- valign=top
|| 014011 || [[Nepali language|Nepali]]
| align=right | 7,162
| align=right | 5,394
| align=right | 1,444
| align=right | 5,876
| align=right | 56,281
| align=right | 8,289
| align=right | 1,055
| align=right style="background: #ffffcc" | 85,501
| align=right | 1.5%
|- valign=top
|| 016038 || [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| align=right | 958
| align=right | 433
| align=right | 83
| align=right | 541
| align=right | 56,927
| align=right | 1,377
| align=right | 15,570
| align=right style="background: #ffffcc" | 75,889
| align=right | 1.3%
|- valign=top
|| 022015 || [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| align=right | 1,317
| align=right | 563
| align=right | 155
| align=right | 622
| align=right | 64,762
| align=right | 2,860
| align=right | 182,536
| align=right style="background: #ffffcc" | 252,815
| align=right | 4.3%
|- valign=top
|| 031001 || [[Bhotia language|Bhotia (also called "Jad")]]
| align=right | 1,124
| align=right | 6,201
| align=right | 9
| align=right | 5
| align=right | 276
| align=right | 16
| align=right | 10
| align=right style="background: #ffffcc" | 7,641
| align=right | 0.1%
|- valign=top
|| 115008 || [[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan]]
| align=right | 20
| align=right | 5
| align=right | 0
| align=right | 9
| align=right | 9,892
| align=right | 8
| align=right | 16
| align=right style="background: #ffffcc" | 9,950
| align=right | 0.2%
|- valign=top
| align=center | –
|| [[Languages of India|Others]]
| align=right | 16,201
| align=right | 2,693
| align=right | 835
| align=right | 3,369
| align=right | 34,673
| align=right | 4,322
| align=right | 17,849
| align=right style="background: #ffffcc" | 79,942
| align=right | 1.4%
|- valign=top class=sortbottom
| colspan=2 | Total
| align=right | 330,086
| align=right | 391,605
| align=right | 242,285
| align=right | 618,931
| align=right | 1,696,694
| align=right | 687,271
| align=right | 1,890,422
| align=right style="background: #ffffcc" | 5,857,294
| align=right | 100.0%
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikivoyage-inline|Garhwal}}

{{Garhwal}}
{{Uttarakhand}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Historical regions of North India|state=expanded}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Garhwal Division}}
[[Category:Garhwal division| ]]
[[Category:Divisions of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:History of Garhwal| ]]

Battle of Khadki

2026-03-24T22:06:25Z

Udesign: adjust content

{{Short description|1817 Indian colonial conflict}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=April 2008}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Khadki
| partof = the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]]
| image = Kirkee.jpg
| caption =
| date = 5 November 1817
| place = [[Khadki]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|18.564|73.851|type:event_region:IN|display=it}}
| map_type = Maharashtra#India
| map_relief = yes
| latitude =
| longitude =
| map_size =
| map_marksize =
| map_caption = Location within [[Maharashtra]]
| map_label = Khadki
| territory = [[Pune]] captured by the British
| result = British victory<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nam.ac.uk/online-collection/detail.php?acc=1971-02-33-219-1 |title='Battle of Kirkee fought on the 5th November 1816 on which memorable occasion 4785 [sic] British troops defeated the Mahratta Army' | Online Collection | National Army Museum, London |access-date=21 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108160151/http://www.nam.ac.uk/online-collection/detail.php?acc=1971-02-33-219-1 |archive-date=8 January 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| status =
| combatant2 = {{flagicon|East India Company}} [[East India Company|East India Co.]]
| combatant1 = {{flag|Maratha Confederacy}}
| commander1 = [[Bapu Gokhale]]
| commander2 = [[Charles Barton Burr]] John Ford
| strength1 = 28,000
| strength2 = 3,000
| casualties1 = 500
| casualties2 = 86
| notes =
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Third Anglo-Maratha War}}
}}
The '''Battle of Khadki''', also known as or the '''Battle of Ganeshkhind''' and '''Battle of Kirkee''', took place at modern day [[Khadki]], India, on 5 November 1817 between the forces of the British [[East India Company]] and the [[Maratha Confederacy]] under the leadership of [[Mudhoji II of Nagpur|Appasaheb Bhonsle]].{{citation needed|date=July 2022}} The forces of the East India Company achieved a decisive victory, with Khadki later becoming a military cantonment under British rule.

==Prelude==
===Maratha Confederacy in decline===
The [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]] proved disastrous for the Maratha Confederacy. Due to titular figureheads that were [[Chhatrapati|Chhatrapatis]] and [[Peshwas]], the Maratha Sardars took advantage of the reduced strength and command of the Chhatrapatis and Peshwas over Maharashtra and the Maratha Confederacy started to decline. The Confederacy was in very high debt due to battles and governance, and was not receiving any income from taxes, since the Sardars were corrupt and were keeping the money to themselves. [[Mahadji Scindia]] did restore the Maratha authority in Northern India with the help of his cavalry, French-trained gunners, and artillery. Mahadji comprehensively defeated the British forces in the [[First Anglo-Maratha War]], but after his death in 1794, the Maratha Sardars weren't capable of fighting off the British. Though leaders like [[Mudhoji II Bhonsle]] and [[Daulatrao Scindia]] did put up a valiant effort. But after the death of [[Mahadji Scindia]], the Maratha confederacy had fallen into a state of constant decline.

==Armies==
The [[Maratha Army]] consisted of Huzurat or Sarkari Fauz and had the following Generals when the battle began: [[Bapu Gokhale]], assisted by Anandrao Babar, Vithalrao Vinchurkar, assisted by Rajwade, Govindrao Ghorpade Mudholkar, Tryambakrao Rethrekar, Shaikh Miraj, Dafle, Bahirji Shitole-Deshmukh, Mor Dixit, assisted by [[Sardar]] Kokare, Sardar Appa Desai Nipankar, assisted by Sardar Pandhare, Sardar Naropant Apte, Sardar Yashwantrao Ghorpade Sondurkar, Sardar Wamanrao Raaste, Sardar Chintamanrao Patwardhan, assisted by Bapu Narayan Bhave Ramdurgkar, Sardar Mutalik on behalf of [[Pant Pratinidhi family|Pant Pratinidhi]], Sardar Naik Anjurkar, Sardar Purandare, and Sardar Nagarkar, assisted by Moreshwar Kanitkar, [[Sardar Raghoji Salve]]. All these [[Sardar|sardars]] (the equivalent of Earls or Dukes) had both cavalry and infantry. The army's Artillery was led by Laxmanrao Panshe and his nephew.

The [[East India Company]]'s force here was led by Lieutenant Colonel [[Charles Barton Burr]], 7th Regiment Native Infantry,<ref>{{cite journal |author=A.—Z. |title=Biographical Sketch of Lieutenant-Colonel Charles Barton Burr, C.B.|journal=Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British India and Its Dependencies |volume=13 |issue=January-June |publisher=Kingsbury, Parbury, & Allen |location=London |date=1822 |pages=20–30 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Eg8oAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22Charles+Barton+Burr%22&pg=PA20}}</ref> who marched to Khadki on 1 November, and Captain John Ford, Dapooree Battalion,<ref name="Wilson1888">{{cite book |last=Wilson |first=William John |title=History of the Madras Army, from 1746 to 1826: with an Account of the European Artillery, Engineers, and Infantry up to their Amalgamation with the Royal Army in 1861, and of the Native Cavalry and Infantry up to 1887 |volume=4 |publisher=R. Hill, Government Press |location=Madras |date=1888 |pages= |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmadrasa04wils}}</ref>{{rp|23}} who marched towards on 4 November.

Bapu Gokhale commanded a total force of 28,000 men (20,000 horse and 8,000 infantry) with 20 guns. The British force numbered only 3,000, of whom 2,000 were cavalry and 1,000 infantry, with 8 guns.<ref name="Naravane">{{cite book |last=Naravane |first=M. S. |title=Battles of the Honorourable East India Company (Making of the Raj) |publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation |year=2014 |isbn=9788131300343 |location=New Delhi |pages=80–82}}</ref>

==Battle==
[[File:Plan of action at the Battle of Khadki.jpg|thumb|304px|Plan of the action{{efn|name=fn1}}]]
A detachment commanded by Burr advanced from [[Dapodi]] village near the confluence of [[Pavana River|Pavana]] and [[Mula River (India)|Mula]] rivers. His detachment was placed in [[Pune]] for the protection of the Peshwa. Before the battle, the Peshwa's commander, Moropant Dixit, had tried to bring Captain Ford onto his side, but these overtures were refused.{{efn|name=fn2}}

First, Vinchurkar's gun infantry targeted the British Resident Elphinstone's house by firing from the other side of the river. After he left, Kokare's cavalry burned all the bungalows of the British in the vicinity. The residency was left and was at once sacked and burned, and Mr. Elphinstone retired to join the troops at Khadki. A message to advance was sent to Colonel Burr who moved towards Dapodi to meet Captain Ford's corps; the corps united and together pushed on to the attack. Amazed by the advance of troops whom they believed had been bribed or panic-struck, the Maratha skirmishers fell back, and the [[Maratha Army]], already anxious from the ill-omened breaking of their standard, began to lose heart. [[Bapu Gokhale|Gokhale]] rode from rank to rank cheering and taunting, and opened the attack pushing forward his cavalry so as to nearly to surround the British. In their eagerness to attack a Portuguese battalion, which had come up under cover to enclosures, some of the English sepoys became separated from the rest of the line. Gokhale seized the opportunity for a charge with 6000 chosen horsemen. Colonel Burr who saw the movement, recalled his men and ordered them to stand firm and keep their fire. The cavalry charge proved ineffectual. The charge was broken by a deep morass in front of the English. As the horsemen floundered in disorder, the British troops fired on them with deadly effect. Only a few of the Maratha horses pressed on to the bayonets; the rest retreated or fled. The failure of their great cavalry charge disconcerted the Marathas. They began to drive off their guns, the infantry retired, and, on the advance of the British line, the field was cleared. The next morning, the arrival of the light battalion and auxiliary horse from [[Shirur, Maharashtra|Sirur]] prevented Gokhale from renewing the attack. The European loss was sixty-eight and the Maratha loss was 500 killed and wounded.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency — Poona |url=http://pune.gov.in/puneCollectorate/Gazette/Poona-II/history_marathas.html#. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422232813/http://pune.gov.in/puneCollectorate/Gazette/Poona-II/history_marathas.html |archive-date=2014-04-22 |website=pune.gov.in |publisher=Gazetteer Department, Government of Maharashtra}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
A few battles were later fought against the [[House of Bhonsle|Bhosale]] faction at [[Sitabuldi Fort|Sitabuldi]] in [[Nagpur]] and against the [[Pindari|Pindaris]]. The Peshwa, the chief executive of the Maratha Confederacy, was militarily defeated in the Battle near [[Asirgarh Fort|Asirgarh]]. The next skirmish occurred after 5 November at [[Yerawada|Yerwada]] where Sardar Yashwant Ghorpade's forces were lured away by the British by bribing. This paved the way for battalions coming from Ghodnadi and [[Jalna, Maharashtra|Jalna]] and gunners of Panshes artillery to join the British, resulting in the Peshwa fleeing Pune. The East India Company took over the [[Shaniwar Wada|Shaniwarwada]], the seat of the Peshwa, on 17 November 1817. By 1818, the Peshwa had surrendered to the East India Company.

==The battlefield today==
After the battle, the East India Company troops crossed the river at a place called Yelloura ford, whose precise location is still unidentified. It is speculated that the place was probably where the bund of [[Bund Garden, Pune|Bund Garden]] exists today. "Yelloura" is perhaps a corruption of Yerwada of today. This corroborates well with the mention of a nearby hill in Valentine Blacker's account.<ref name="Blacker1821">{{cite book |last=Blacker |first=Valentine |author-link=Valentine Blacker |title=Memoir of the Operations of the British Army in India: During the Mahratta War of 1817, 1818, & 1819 |publisher=Black, Kingsbury, Parbury, & Allen |location=London |date=1821 |page= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E2JNAAAAcAAJ}}</ref> Also, the morass which played a crucial role in the battle is unidentified as of today.{{efn|name=fn3}} It is expected to have existed in the Range Hills Colony, the Military Station Depot of Khadki or near the [[Symbiosis Institute of Management Studies Pune|Symbiosis Institute of Management]] or towards the [[College of Agriculture, Pune]]. Another meaning of word "morass" is "a complicated or confused situation", so perhaps it does not refer to a physical feature. It may just describe the result of the charge. An account of the battle by James Grant Duff is well known to historians. Duff observed the battle from a position on the hills of [[Bhamburda]].<ref name="Duff1826">{{cite book |last=Duff |first=James Grant |author-link=James Grant Duff |title=A History of the Marathas |volume=3 |publisher=Longmans, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green |location=London |date=1826 |pages=406–454 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_7A5AQAAIAAJ}}</ref> This location is likely to have been on the hill that faces behind the present-day Hanuman Nagar or Pandav Nagar.

==Notes==
{{notelist|refs=
{{efn|name=fn1|The temple indicated as "Pagoda" in the map above is not the Chatushshrungi temple as earlier thought. At the location there exists a Ganesh temple named "Paarvatinandan" which is known to have been regularly visited by the Peshwas before their campaigns. Diplomatic correspondence between the Peshwa and Mountstuart Elphinstone days before the battle refer to a "pooja" (worship programme) intended to be performed by the Peshwa at a local temple justifying the troop build up around Ganeshkhind.}}
{{efn|name=fn2|There is an account of the battle from the "Peshwyaanchee Bakhar", the official record of the reign of the Peshwas. It was written in the [[Modi script]] (translations are available) but does not include maps. The fact that the "Zaree Pat" staff broke prior to the battle has been recorded here, that being perceived as a bad omen. There is also a mention of the morass which obstructed the cavalry charge and that the Peshwa watched the battle unfolding from Parvati Hill with the help of a telescope.}}
{{efn|name=fn3|The morass which caused the Maratha cavalry charge to break is likely to have survived till today. Results of field work being carried out presently will be reported shortly to [[Bharat Itihas Sanshodhak Mandal]], Pune, India.}}
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Athale |first=Anil A. |title=Marathas' Struggle for Empire: Anglo-Maratha Wars, 1679–1818 |publisher=Reliance Publishing House |date=2018 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QdxJwi1lZkIC&q=anglo+maratha+athale |isbn=9788175101203}}
* {{cite book |last=Burton |first=Reginald George |title=The Mahratta and Pindari War Compiled for General Staff, India |date=1910 |location=Simla |publisher=Government Monotype Press |page= |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.181195/page/n63/mode/2up}}
* {{cite news |last=Campbell |first=J. M. |title=Poona |work=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency |volume=18 |issue=3 |publisher=Government Central Press |location=Bombay |date=1885 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XUBR8W0LbSAC&pg=PP5}}
* {{cite book |last=Crawford |first=Archur |author-link=Arthur Crawford |title=History of Poona and Deccan in a Perspective |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |location=Bombay |date=1987 |url= |isbn=9788121201230}}
* {{cite book |last=Desai |first=Walter Sadgun |title=Bombay and the Marathas Up to 1774 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Limited |date=1970 |url=}}
* {{cite book |last1=Diddee |first1=Jaymala |last2=Gupta |first2=Samita |title=Pune: Queen of the Deccan |date=2000 |publisher=[[Elephant Design|Elephant Design Pvt Ltd]] |location=Kothrud, Pune, India |isbn=8187693002}}
* {{cite book |last=Elphinstone |first=Mountstuart |author-link=Mountstuart Elphinstone |title=Report on the Territories Conquered from the Paishwa |publisher=Government Gazette Press |location=Calcutta |date=1821 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NdQRAAAAYAAJ}}
* {{cite book |last=Frere |first=Mary |author-link=Mary Frere |title=Old Deccan Days |edition= |publisher=John Murray |location=London |date=1868 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TupLAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR1}} The particular chapter referring to the narration by Jadowrow, pages 315–319.
* {{cite book |last=Khoprekar |first=V. G. |title=Konkan: From the Earliest to 1818 A.D.}}
* {{cite book |last=Kulkarni |first=A. R. |title=Medieval Maratha Country |publisher=Diamond Publications |location=Pune |date=1996 |isbn=9788184830729 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OY5LDwAAQBAJ}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090401224252/http://cms.unipune.ernet.in/~sukratu/welcomekhadki.html Some political background for this battle]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110721155408/http://cms.unipune.ernet.in/~sukratu/diagram2.jpg Map of the battle events]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110721155510/http://cms.unipune.ernet.in/~sukratu/diagram1.jpg A recent satellite picture of the same area]
* [http://www.wikimapia.org/#y=18552370&x=73840141&z=13&l=0&m=a Annotated picture of the area] from [[Wikimapia]]

{{MarathaEmpire}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khadki 1817}}
[[Category:Battles in 1817|Battle of Khadki]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Maratha Empire]]
[[Category:History of Pune]]
[[Category:1817 in India]]
[[Category:Battles involving the British East India Company]]
[[Category:November 1817]]

Ajay (actor)

2026-03-22T23:53:36Z

Udesign:

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ajay
| image = Ajay Actor.jpg
| caption = Ajay in 2015
| birthname =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Vijayawada]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| occupation = [[Actor]]
| yearsactive = 2000–present
| spouse = {{marriage| Swetha Ravuri | 2005}}
| children = 2
| homepage =
}}

'''Ajay Ravuri''' is an Indian actor known for his work primarily in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] cinema, with a few [[Tamil language|Tamil]] films to his credit.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/special-the-ajay-starrer-gets-a-new-release-date/articleshow/69579901.cms|title='Special': The Ajay starrer gets a new release date|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Career ==
Ajay played negative roles in several films including ''[[Vikramarkudu]]'' (2006) and ''[[Arya 2]]'' (2009).<ref name="DC"/> He played the lead in two films in 2009: ''[[Aa Okkadu]]'' and ''[[Saarai Veerraju]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ajay in and as 'Aa Okkadu' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2009/Feb/23/ajay-in-and-as-aa-okkadu-27884.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=15 May 2012 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2009/Dec/09/ajay-ban-gaya-gentleman-111370.html|title=Ajay ban gaya gentleman|date=9 December 2009|work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> However, both films were box office failures.<ref name="DC">{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140522/entertainment-tollywood/article/ajay-turns-hero-again|title=Ajay turns hero again!|first=Suresh|last=Kavirayani|date=23 May 2014|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Ajay was born and brought up in [[Vijayawada]]. His family later moved to [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-08|title=రేప్ సీన్ చేస్తే తెలుస్తుంది.. విలన్ అంటే కూలిపని, హోటల్‌లో ప్లేట్లు కడిగా: అజయ్ ఇంటర్వ్యూ|url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/tollywood-actor-ajay-about-his-personal-life-and-love-story-with-swetha/articleshow/83335891.cms|url-status=live|access-date=|website=Samayam Telugu|language=te|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223120623/https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/tollywood-actor-ajay-about-his-personal-life-and-love-story-with-swetha/articleshow/83335891.cms |archive-date=23 December 2021 }}</ref> Ajay married Swetha Ravuri in 2005 who entered the Mrs India Worldwide finals in 2017. The couple has two children.<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 July 2017|title=Dreams unlimited|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2017/jul/04/dreams-unlimited-1624279.html|url-status=live|website=The New Indian Express|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715093040/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2017/jul/04/dreams-unlimited-1624279.html|archive-date=15 July 2017|access-date=23 December 2021}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{Pending films key}}

=== Telugu ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Kauravudu]]'' || Dattu's henchman ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2001 || ''Timepass'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kushi (2001 film)|Kushi]]'' || Sheru ||
|-
| ''[[Student No.1]]'' || Satya's Batchmate ||
|-
| rowspan="1" |2002 || ''[[Nee Sneham]]'' || College Student ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2003 || ''[[Okkadu]]'' || Ajay's friend||
|-
| ''[[Simhadri (2003 film)|Simhadri]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2004 || ''[[Varsham (2004 film)|Varsham]]'' || Venkat's friend||
|-
| ''[[Sye (2004 film)|Sye]]'' || Bhikshu Yadav's henchman||
|-
| rowspan="7" |2005 || ''Success'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana]]'' || The boy who blackmails Lalli ||
|-
| ''[[Veerabhadra (film)|Veerabhadra]]'' || Peddiraju's brother ||
|-
| ''[[Athanokkade]]'' || Anna's brother ||
|-
| ''[[Athadu]]'' || Pratap Reddy
|
|-
| ''[[Sri (2005 film)|Sri]]'' || Ravi ||
|-
| ''[[Chatrapathi (2005 film)|Chatrapathi]]'' || Ajay ||
|-
| rowspan="5" |2006 || ''[[Pournami (2006 film)|Pournami]]'' || Chandrakala's catcaller ||
|-
| ''[[Pokiri (2006 film)|Pokiri]]'' || Ajay ||
|-
| ''Seetharamudu'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Vikramarkudu]]'' || Titla ||
|-
| ''[[Sainikudu]]'' || Ajay Kumar ||
|-
| rowspan="6" |2007 || ''[[Desamuduru]]''|| Tambi Durai's henchman ||
|-
| ''[[Lakshmi Kalyanam (2007 film)|Lakshmi Kalyanam]]'' || Giridhar ||
|-
| ''[[Dhee (film)|Dhee]]'' || Ballu's brother ||
|-
| ''[[Sri Mahalakshmi]]'' || Isra Qureshi||
|-
| ''Bhayya'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Athidhi (2007 film)|Athidhi]]'' || Kaiser's Brother ||
|-
| rowspan="11" |2008
| ''[[Ontari (film)|Ontari]]'' || Panda ||
|-
| ''[[Nagaram (2008 film)|Nagaram]]'' || Balu ||
|-
| ''[[Kalidasu]]'' ||Ajay ||
|-
| ''[[Bujjigadu]]'' || Machi Reddy's son ||
|-
| ''[[Victory (2008 Telugu film)|Victory]]'' || Contract Killer ||
|-
| ''[[Gunde Jhallumandi]]'' || Ajay ||
|-
| ''[[Souryam]]'' ||Ajay ||
|-
| ''[[Vaana (film)|Vaana]]'' || Johnny||
|-
| ''[[Chintakayala Ravi]]'' || Ajay ||
|-
| ''[[Netru Indru Naalai (2008 film)|Ninna Nedu Repu]]''
| Moodu Poorana
|
|-
| ''[[King (2008 film)|King]]'' ||Kittu ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2009 ||''[[Aa Okkadu]]'' || Bujji ||
|-
| ''[[Arya 2]]'' || Subbi Reddy ||
|-
| ''[[Saarai Veerraju]]'' || Veerraju ||
|-
| rowspan="8" |2010 ||''[[Kalavar King]]''|| Narender ||
|-
| ''[[Yagam (2010 film)|Yagam]]''|| ||
|-
| ''Sye Aata''|| Pandaa Mahadv ||
|-
| ''[[Gaayam 2]]''|| Aziz ||
|-
| ''Bhairava''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Golimaar (film)|Golimaar]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Brindavanam (2010 film)|Brindavaanam]]''|| Bhoomi's cousin ||
|-
| ''[[Kalyanram Kathi]]''|| Krishna Mohan's family member ||
|-
| rowspan="14" |2011 ||''[[Mirapakaay]]''|| Kittu's son ||
|-
| ''[[Vastadu Naa Raju]]''|| Ajay ||
|-
| ''[[Katha Screenplay Darsakatvam Appalaraju]]''|| K.T. ||
|-
| ''[[Dongala Mutha]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Vykuntapali]]''|| Kranthi Kumar ||
|-
| ''[[Veera (2011 film)|Veera]]'' || Deva ||
|-
| ''[[Virodhi (2011 film)|Virodhi]]''|| Gogi ||
|-
| ''[[Oosaravelli]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Daggaraga Dooranga]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Raaj (film)|Raaj]]'' ||Priya's former lover ||
|-
| ''[[Dookudu]]'' || Nayak's henchman & Ajay's colleague||
|-
| ''[[Bejawada (film)|Bejawada]]''|| Jaya Krishna ||
|-
| ''[[Rajanna]]''|| Rajanna's aide ||
|-
| ''Rakta Patham'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2012 || ''[[Ishq (2011 film)|Ishq]]'' || Siva ||[[Nandi Awards of 2012|Nandi Award for Best Supporting Actor]]{{Br}}Nominated−[[SIIMA|SIIMA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role]]
|-
|''[[Gabbar Singh (2012 film)|Gabbar Singh]]'' || Gabbar Singh's brother ||
|-
| ''[[Uu Kodathara? Ulikki Padathara?]]'' || [[Mantrik]] ||
|-
| ''[[Damarukam]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="9" | 2013 || ''[[Mirchi (film)|Mirchi]]'' ||Uma's aide
|
|-
| ''[[Ongole Gitta]]'' || Adikeshavulu's brother ||
|-
| ''[[Balupu]]'' || Babji ||
|-
| ''[[Baadshah (2013 film)|Baadshah]]'' || Baadshah's henchman ||
|-
| ''[[Ramayya Vasthavayya]]'' || Ramu's elder brother ||
|-
| ''[[Dalam (film)|Dalam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Bhai (2013 film)|Bhai]]'' || Tony ||
|-
| ''[[Aadu Magaadra Bujji]]'' || Shankar Anna ||
|-
| ''[[Biskett]]''||
|
|-
| rowspan="12" | 2014 || ''[[Legend (2014 film)|Legend]]'' || Jeetendra's brother ||
|-
| ''[[Yevadu]]'' || Ajay ||
|-
|''[[Heart Attack (2014 film)|Heart Attack]]'' || Amu ||
|-
|''[[Autonagar Surya]]'' || Giri ||
|-
| ''Premalo ABC'' || J. Ranadheer ||
|-
|''[[Rabhasa]]'' || Obul Reddy ||
|-
|''[[Rough (film)|Rough]]'' || Sooraj ||
|-
|''[[Power (2014 Telugu film)|Power]]'' || Kundan ||
|-
|''[[Aagadu]]'' || Collector Bharath ||
|-
|''[[Dikkulu Choodaku Ramayya]] '' || Gopala Krishna ||
|-
|''[[Rowdy Fellow]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Joru]]'' || Bhavani ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2015
|''[[Rudhramadevi (film)|Rudhramadevi]]''|| Prasad Adhitya ||
|-
|''[[Subramanyam for Sale]]'' || Govind ||
|-
|''[[Bhale Bhale Magadivoy]]'' || Ajay ||
|-
| rowspan="9" | 2016 || ''[[Dictator (2016 film)|Dictator]]'' || Inspector Prabhakar ||
|-
|''[[Lacchimdeviki O Lekkundi]]'' || Mahesh ||
|-
|''[[Appatlo Okadundevadu]]'' || Nadayar ||
|-
|''[[Savitri (2016 film)|Savitri]]'' || Dora Babu's brother||
|-
|''[[Okka Ammayi Thappa]]'' || Krishna's brother ||
|-
|''[[Janatha Garage]]'' || Bose ||
|-
|''[[Thikka]]'' || Sadhu Bhai||
|-
|''Siddhartha'' || ||
|-
|''[[A Aa]]'' || Nagavalli's brother ||
|-
| rowspan="9" | 2017 || ''[[Om Namo Venkatesaya]]'' || [[Garuda]] ||
|-
|''[[Venkatapuram (film)|Venkatapuram]]'' || Ajay ||
|-
|''[[Katamarayudu]]'' || Konda Babu ||
|-
| ''[[Goutham Nanda]]'' || Borabanda Bujji Yadav ||
|-
|''[[Keshava (film)|Keshava]]'' || Nakul ||
|-
|''[[LIE (film)|LIE]]'' || Ajay ||
|-
|''[[Nene Raju Nene Mantri]]'' || Hema Chander ||
|-
|''[[Balakrishnudu]]'' || Pratap Reddy ||
|-
|''[[Hello (2017 film)|Hello]]'' || Rishi ||
|-
| rowspan="13" | 2018 || ''[[Agnyaathavaasi]]'' || Aditya Bandaru ||
|-
|''[[Touch Chesi Chudu]]'' || Police Officer ||
|-
|''[[MLA (2018 Telugu film)|MLA]]'' || Marthaali<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/mla/movie-review/63427634.cms|title=MLA Telugu Movie Review {3/5}: Entertaining, 'time-pass' kind of a film to watch along with your family|website=indiatimes.com|access-date=3 April 2018}}</ref>||
|-
|''[[Bharat Ane Nenu]]'' || Arvind Krishna ||
|-
|''[[Officer (2018 film)|Officer]]'' || Prasad ||
|-
|''[[Nela Ticket]]'' || Anwar ||
|-
|''[[Pantham]]'' || Naayak's client ||
|-
|''[[Lover (2018 film)|Lover]]'' || Bhai ||
|-
| ''[[Ego (2018 film)|Ego]]'' || DCP ||
|-
|''[[Srinivasa Kalyanam (2018 film)|Srinivasa Kalyanam]]'' || Ajay ||
|-
|''[[Nartanasala (2018 film)|Nartanasala]]'' || Satya's brother ||
|-
|''[[Kavacham (2018 film)|Kavacham]]'' || Ajay Bhupati ||
|-
| ''[[Padi Padi Leche Manasu]]'' || Dr. Rakesh ||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2019 || ''[[Mr. Majnu]]'' || Local Goon ||
|-
| ''Special'' || || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/special-movie-review-exceptional-story-went-wrong-in-execution/articleshow/69894684.cms|title=Special movie review: Exceptional story went wrong in execution|work=The Times of India |date=21 June 2019|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ranarangam]]'' || Sanjay ||
|-
| ''[[90ML (2019 Telugu film)|90ML]]'' || Seshu ||
|-
| ''[[Prati Roju Pandage]]'' || Nagaraju ||
|-
| ''[[Mathu Vadalara]]'' || Tejaswi Thota ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2020 || ''[[Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo]]'' || Appala Naidu's brother-in-law ||
|-
| ''[[Sarileru Neekevvaru]]'' || Nagendra's Henchman ||
|-
| ''[[Bheeshma (2020 film)|Bheeshma]]'' || Ajay Varma ||
|-
|''[[Dirty Hari]]''
| Police Officer
|
|-
|''[[Solo Brathuke So Better]]''
| Ravanudu
|
|-
| rowspan="10" |2021
|[[Super Over (film)|''Super Over'']]
| Ajay
|
|-
|''April 28 Em Jarigindi''
|
|
|-
|''[[Power Play (2021 film)|Power Play]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Thellavarithe Guruvaram]]''
|
|
|-
|[[Sashi (film)|''Sashi'']]
| Ajay
|
|-
|''[[Ardha Shathabdham]]''
| Ravinder
|
|-
|''[[Thimmarusu|Thimmarusu: Assignment Vali]]''
| Bhupati Raju
|
|-
|''[[Most Eligible Bachelor (film)|Most Eligible Bachelor]]''
| Harsha's brother-in-law
|
|-
|''[[Anubhavinchu Raja]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Pushpa: The Rise]]''
|Molleti Mohan Rao
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |2022
|''[[Hero (2022 Indian film)|Hero]]''
|Police CI
|
|-
|''[[Super Machi]]''
|
|
|-
|''69 Sanskar Colony''
|
|
|-
|''[[Bloody Mary (2022 film)|Blood Mary]]''
| CI Prabhakar
|
|-
|''[[Acharya (2022 film)|Acharya]]''
|Vedanna
|
|-
|''[[Sarkaru Vaari Paata]]''
|[[Assistant commissioner (police)|ACP]] Ajay Kumar
|
|-
|''[[The Warriorr]]''
|Ravi
|
|-
|''[[18 Pages]]''
|Rakesh Talwar
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2023
|''[[Chakravyuham:The Trap]]''
| CI Satyanarayana
|
|-
|''[[Das Ka Dhamki]]''
|Dhanunjay
|
|-
|[[Virupaksha (film)|''Virupaksha'']]
|Aghora
|
|-
|''[[Mama Mascheendra]]''
|Bhanu Prasad and Prasad
|[[Dual role]]
|-
|''[[Rules Ranjann]]''
|Swapna's brother
|
|-
|''[[Extra Ordinary Man]]''
|Traffic Police Officer Bhaskar
|
|-
| rowspan="10" |2024
|''[[Guntur Kaaram]]''
|Gelatin Babji
|
|-
|''[[Prathinidhi 2]]''
|Prabhat Mishra
|
|-
|''[[Maruthi Nagar Subramanyam]]''
|Bhupathi
|-
|''[[Saripodhaa Sanivaaram]]''
|Govardhan
|
|-
|''[[Mathu Vadalara 2]]''
|Tejeswi Thota, Aakash
|
|-
|''[[Devara: Part 1]]''
|Officer Shivam
|
|-
|''[[Pottel]]''
|Patel
|
|-
|''[[KA (film)|KA]]'' || Gurunadham’s son-in-law||
|-
|''[[Appudo Ippudo Eppudo]]''
|Munna
|
|-
|''[[Pushpa 2: The Rule]]''
|Molleti Mohan Rao
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2025
|[[Thala (2025 film)|''Thala'']]
|
|
|-
|''[[Mazaka]]''
|Ajay
|
|-
|''[[Bhairavam]]''
|Nagaraju
|
|-
|''[[Sundarakanda (2025 film)|Sundarakanda]]''
|Shiva
|
|-
|''[[K-Ramp]]''
| Albert Joy
|
|-
|}

=== Tamil ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" |2007
|''[[Kireedam (2007 film)|Kireedam]]''
|Varadarajan
|
|-
|''[[Malaikottai]]''
|Guna
|
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Netru Indru Naalai (2008 film)|Netru Indru Naalai]]''
| Poorana
|
|-
| 2009
|''[[Sindhanai Sei]]''
|Police Inspector
|
|-
|2011
|''[[Velayudham]]''
|Ulaganathan's partner
|
|-
|2014
|''[[Koottam]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="1" |2015
|''[[10 Endrathukulla]]''
|Telangana Don
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016
|''[[Uyire Uyire]]''
|Shiva
|
|-
|''[[24 (2016 film)|24]]''
|Mithran (Viraj)
|
|-
| rowspan="1" |2019
|''[[Bodhai Yeri Budhi Maari]]''
|Commissioner
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|''[[The Warriorr]]''
|Ravi
|
|-
| ''[[Gatta Kusthi]]'' || Das
|
|-
|2023
|''[[Thunivu]]'' || Ramachandran
|
|-
|2024
|''[[Siren (2024 film)|Siren]]''||Anbazhagan (Anbu)
|
|-
|2025
|''[[Coolie (2025 film)|Coolie]]''||Xavier
|
|}

=== Kannada ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="3" |2008
| ''[[Satya in Love]]'' ||
|
|-
|''Citizen''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Arjun (2008 film)|Arjun]]'' || Ajaya
|
|-
|2009
|''[[Vayuputra]]''
| Punja
|
|-
|2011
|''[[Saarathi]]''
|Pratap
|
|-
|2012
|''[[Katari Veera Surasundarangi]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2013
|''[[Myna (film)|Myna]]''
|Anirudh Desai
|
|-
|''[[Brindavana]]''
|Varadha
|
|}

=== As voice actor ===
*''[[Keka (film)|Keka]]'' (2008) for [[Anoop Kumar (Tamil actor)|Anoop Kumar]]
* [[Animal (2023 Indian film)|''Animal'']] (2023) for [[Siddhant Karnick|Siddharth Karnick]] (Telugu Version)

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Network
!Notes
|-
|2021
|''[[Unheard (TV series)|Unheard]]''
|Mallesh
| rowspan="3" |[[Disney+ Hotstar]]
|<ref>{{cite web |date=6 September 2021 |title=Disney Plus Hotstar's Telugu series Unheard gets release date |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/disneyhotstar-unheard-series-get-streaming-date-7491899/ |website=The Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[9 Hours]]''
|Dasarath Ramayya
|
|-
|2024
|[[Yakshini (TV series)|''Yakshini'']]
|Mahakal
|
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|2496992}}
{{Nandi Award for Best Supporting Actor}}{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
|commons-search =
|d = yes
|d-search =
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 =
}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ajay}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Male actors from Vijayawada]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Vijayawada]]
[[Category:Actors from Krishna district]]
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]
{{India-film-actor-stub}}

Zakaria Street

2026-03-21T01:30:06Z

Udesign: creating the stub first draft

{{short description|Street in Kolkata, India}}
{{Distinguish|Zakaria Paliashvili street}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{infobox street
| name = Zakaria Street
| native_name = {{Plainlist|*{{native name|bn|জাকারিয়া স্ট্রিট}}
*{{native name|ur|زکریا اسٹریٹ}}
*{{native name|hi|ज़कारिया स्ट्रीट}}}}
| marker_image =
| image = Ramadan Nights Come Alive at Zakaria Street 10.jpg
| caption = The street in 2026
| other_name =
| former_names =
| postal_code = 700073
| addresses =
| length_km =
| length_ref =
| width =
| location = [[Central Kolkata]], India
| metro_system = [[Kolkata Metro]]
| coordinates = {{coord|22.5771521|N|88.358129|E|display=title, inline}}
| metro = [[Mahatma Gandhi Road metro station (Kolkata)|M.G. Road]], [[Central metro station (Kolkata)|Central Metro]]
| client =
| maint = [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]]
| direction_a = West
| terminus_a = [[Rabindra Sarani]]
| direction_b = East
| terminus_b = [[Chittaranjan Avenue]]
| junction =
| commissioning_date =
| construction_start_date =
| completion_date =
| inauguration_date = 
| demolition_date =
| designer =
| status =
| known_for = Restaurants
}}
'''Zakaria Street''' is a street that joins [[Rabindra Sarani]] with [[Chittaranjan Avenue]] (Central Avenue) in [[Central Kolkata]]. [[Nakhoda Mosque]] is situated in this street. It is the biggest ramadan market in Kolkata.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/amp/my-kolkata/news/ramazan-mirrors-spirit-of-kolkata/cid/1859481|title=Ramazan mirrors friendly spirit of Kolkata in face of divisiveness|first=Debraj|last=Mitra|date=7 April 2022|newspaper=The Telegraph|access-date=26 June 2022|archive-date=26 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626165827/https://www.telegraphindia.com/amp/my-kolkata/news/ramazan-mirrors-spirit-of-kolkata/cid/1859481|url-status=live}}</ref> Mohammad Ali Park is located very close to this street.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/photos/lifestyle/kolkata-zakaria-street-ramzan-iftar-special-food-107302/|title=খাবারের গন্ধে ম-ম জাকারিয়া স্ট্রিট|language=bn|date=29 May 2019|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=26 June 2022|archive-date=28 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628213440/https://bengali.indianexpress.com/photos/lifestyle/kolkata-zakaria-street-ramzan-iftar-special-food-107302/|url-status=live}}</ref> This street is very popular to food bloggers.<ref>{{cite news|title=Zakaria Street is a heaven for food bloggers|first=Bishwabijoy|last=Mitra|date=30 May 2019|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/zakaria-street-is-a-heaven-for-food-bloggers/articleshow/69583312.cms|access-date=26 June 2022|archive-date=26 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626170215/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/zakaria-street-is-a-heaven-for-food-bloggers/articleshow/69583312.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==History==
During the colonial period, the British authority divided the city of Kolkata into two parts. There was a part of the British whose name was White Town. Zakaria Street was then part of Black Town.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vervemagazine.in/travel-and-spaces/just-passing-through-kolkata|title=JUST PASSING THROUGH KOLKATA|first=Neal|last=Bhaumik|date=11 September 2019|website=Verge|access-date=26 June 2022|archive-date=27 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627144242/https://www.vervemagazine.in/travel-and-spaces/just-passing-through-kolkata|url-status=live}}</ref> Zakaria Street was developed as a residential area in the past. In the nineteenth century, Haji Nur Muhammad Zakaria, a Muslim businessman from the [[Kutchi Memon]] community, lived on Armanitola Street. This street is named after him. Later, especially after the riots of 1910, some Muslim families left the area. In 1911, as part of the development work of Calcutta Improvement Trust on the street, it demolished several slums owned by some Muslims, leading to frequent inter-communal territorial fights between the prosperous Marwaris and working class Muslims of this area.<ref>{{cite book|first=Ritajyoti|last=Bandyopadhyay|title=Streets in Motion: The Making of Infrastructure, Property, and Political Culture in Twentieth-century Calcutta|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2022|url=|isbn=9781009109208|doi=10.1017/9781009109208|s2cid=250200020 }}</ref> Then several [[Marwari people|Marwari]] families started to dominate in this area. Frequent riots drove many Marwaris away from the street in the 1950s.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/streetwise-kolkata-beyond-food-and-citys-largest-mosque-zakaria-street-is-a-story-of-muslims-and-marwaris-7246388/|title=Streetwise Kolkata: Beyond food and city's largest mosque, Zakaria Street is a story of Muslims and Marwaris|date=30 March 2021|first=Neha|last=Banka|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=26 June 2022|archive-date=26 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626154035/https://indianexpress.com/article/research/streetwise-kolkata-beyond-food-and-citys-largest-mosque-zakaria-street-is-a-story-of-muslims-and-marwaris-7246388/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Food street==
[[File:Crowds, Cuisine & Community at Iftar Hour in Zakaria street 2026 34.jpg|thumb|Restaurants at the street during [[Ramadan]] in 2026]]
There are about 100 temporary stalls on this street during the month of [[Ramadan (month)|Ramadan]]. There are also at least thirty restaurants open throughout the year.<ref>{{cite news|title=Have the polls impacted the Ramzan mood on Zakaria Street?|first1=Bishwabijoy|first2=Shamaymita|last1=Mitra|last2=Chakraborty|date=14 May 2019|newspaper=Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/kolkata/has-the-polls-impacted-the-ramzan-mood-on-zakaria-street/articleshow/69309668.cms|access-date=26 June 2022|archive-date=26 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626162808/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/kolkata/has-the-polls-impacted-the-ramzan-mood-on-zakaria-street/articleshow/69309668.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> A variety of food is sold in front of the [[Nakhoda Mosque]] on the street. This place is usually famous for [[sahri]] and [[iftar]] food during [[Ramadan]] season. A variety of [[kebab]]s are available on this street. [[Haleem]] is available at Sufia and [[Aminia]] Restaurant on Zakaria Street. Chicken Changeji, a North Indian dish, is sold on many more restaurants, including Dilli 6 on this street. [[Halwa]] and [[Shemai|Lachcha Sewai]] are also available here.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/5-foods-to-try-at-kolkatas-zakaria-street-2877139|title=Food Trail: Explore Kolkata's Zakaria Street For The Most Indulgent Iftar Treat|date=14 June 2022|first=Somdatta|last=Saha|website=NDTV|access-date=26 June 2022|archive-date=26 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626165819/https://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/5-foods-to-try-at-kolkatas-zakaria-street-2877139|url-status=live}}</ref> Royal India Hotel sells mutton chap and biryani here.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/kolkata/zakaria-street/amp_poishow/38485689.cms|title=Zakaria Street: Eating out in Kolkata|date=17 June 2015|newspaper=Times of India|access-date=26 June 2022|archive-date=26 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626160653/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/kolkata/zakaria-street/amp_poishow/38485689.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> This street is popular for [[Bakarkhani]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/lifestyle/zakaria-street-in-ramzan-looks-like-a-food-street-1.626370|title=রমজানি স্বাদে জাকারিয়া যেন শহরের ফুড স্ট্রিট|language=bn|first=Rriju|last=Basu|date=11 June 2017|newspaper=Anandabazar Patrika|access-date=26 June 2022|archive-date=28 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428164818/https://www.anandabazar.com/lifestyle/zakaria-street-in-ramzan-looks-like-a-food-street-1.626370|url-status=live}}</ref>

During Ramadan, the area around Zakaria Street becomes one of Kolkata's busiest evening destinations, attracting visitors from across the city who gather for iftar and late-night meals. The neighbourhood around the nearby Nakhoda Mosque fills with food stalls, shops selling religious items, and vendors offering traditional dishes influenced by Mughal and Awadhi cuisine. The atmosphere is particularly lively around sunset and before dawn, when people break their fast or eat the pre-fast meal, turning the street into a vibrant cultural space associated with Ramadan traditions in the city.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-06-15 |title=Ramzan in Chitpur, the food haven of Kolkata |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/ramadan-2018-kolkata-zakaria-street-chitpur-iftar-food-5218516/ |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Ramadan in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}
{{Streets of Kolkata}}

[[Category:Ramadan]]
[[Category:Streets in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Restaurant districts and streets in India]]

Komal Shah (art collector)

2026-03-19T16:08:58Z

Udesign: starting a entry

{{Short description|Indian–American art collector}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Komal Shah
| other_names = Komal Shah Garg
| birth_place = [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], India
| alma_mater = [[Gujarat University]] (B.S.) [[Stanford University]] (M.A.) [[University of California, Berkeley]] (M.B.A.)
| occupation = Art collector, philanthropist, investor, business executive, computer engineer
| known_for = Shah Garg Foundation, and Shah Garg Collection
| spouse = Gaurav Garg
}}
'''Komal Shah''' is an Indian-born American art collector, philanthropist, business executive, and computer engineer.<ref name="Durón">{{Cite web |last=Durón |first=Maximilíano |date=2018-09-11 |title=Komal Shah and Gaurav Garg |url=https://www.artnews.com/art-collectors/top-200-profiles/komal-shah-gaurav-garg/ |access-date=2023-05-29 |website=ARTnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> She is one of the most influential collectors in California and is known for her art collection, the Shah Garg Collection, which has a substantial number of female artist's work.<ref name="NYT23" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Waddoups |first=Ryan |date=2023-05-23 |title=Komal Shah Raises a Glass to Generations of Women Trailblazers |url=https://www.surfacemag.com/articles/komal-shah-making-their-mark-book-launch/ |access-date=2023-05-29 |website=Surface magazine |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=McLean |first=Matthew |date=2020-04-29 |title=Komal Shah: 'No One Would Ever Describe them as "All Male" Collections' |url=https://www.frieze.com/article/komal-shah-no-one-would-ever-describe-them-all-male-collections |access-date=2023-05-29 |website=Frieze |language=en}}</ref> Shah formerly worked at [[Oracle Corporation|Oracle]], [[Netscape]], and [[Yahoo!]].<ref name="NYT23" /> She lives in [[Atherton, California|Atherton]], California.<ref name="NYT23" />

== Early life and education ==
Komal Shah was born and raised in [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], India.<ref name="NYT23">{{Cite news |last=Sheets |first=Hilarie M. |date=2023-03-22 |title=Komal Shah, Champion of Female Artists, Works to Raise Their Profiles |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/22/arts/design/komal-shah-women-artists-art-basel-hong-kong.html |access-date=2023-05-29 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Shah attended [[Gujarat University]] where she studied Computer Engineering (B.S. degree 1991). She came to the United States to continue her schooling in 1991. Shah has a master's degree at [[Stanford University]], and MBA degree from the [[Haas School of Business]] at the [[University of California, Berkeley]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harrelson |first=Sarah |date=January 18, 2023 |title=Meet The Computer Programmer-Turned-Collector Reframing the Role of 'Women's Work' |url=https://www.culturedmag.com/article/2023/01/18/komal-shah-fog-design-art-san-francisco-collector |access-date=2023-05-29 |website=Cultured magazine |language=en}}</ref>

== Art collection ==
Shah is one of the most influential collectors in the state of California, and she serves on the board of trustees for the [[San Francisco Museum of Modern Art]].<ref name=":0" /> She previously served on the board of trustees for the [[Asian Art Museum (San Francisco)|Asian Art Museum]] in San Francisco.<ref name=":1" />

Her and her husband's art collection is made of some 300 pieces, devoted to modern and contemporary works by women artists.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Sutton |first=Benjamin |date=2023-05-08 |title='Nothing beats mileage for developing your own collecting vision': Komal Shah on what she collects and why |url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2023/05/08/collectors-eye-komal-shah |access-date=2023-05-29 |website=[[The Art Newspaper]]}}</ref> It has taken over a decade to assemble.<ref name=":0" /> Artists in the collection include [[Elizabeth Murray (artist)|Elizabeth Murray]], [[Trude Guermonprez]], [[Rina Banerjee]], [[Jennifer Bartlett]], [[Laura Owens]], [[Carol Bove]], [[Carrie Moyer]], [[Phyllida Barlow]], [[Jaune Quick-to-See Smith]], and [[Cecily Brown]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Desmarais |first=Charles |date=March 4, 2019 |title=Bay Area collector Komal Shah on art by women and artists of color |url=https://datebook.sfchronicle.com/art-exhibits/bay-area-philanthropist-komal-shah-on-collecting-art-by-women-and-artists-of-color |access-date=2023-05-29 |website=Datebook, [[San Francisco Chronicle]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

Highlights from the collection have been exhibited at several locations from 2023 through 2027. The exhibition was entitled ''[[Making Their Mark: Works from the Shah Garg Collection]]''.<ref name="Making Their Mark Foundation">{{cite web |title=Making Their Mark |url=https://www.makingtheirmark.org/making-their-mark-exhibition |website=Making Their Mark Foundation |access-date=18 March 2026}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
She is married to Gaurav Garg, a co-founder and managing partner of Silicon Valley–based Wing Venture Capital.<ref name="Durón" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.shahgargfoundation.org/ Shah Garg Foundation]
* [https://www.shahgargfoundation.org/making-their-mark-art-by-women Making Their Mark: Art by Women in the Shah Garg Collection]
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shah, Komal}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:People from Atherton, California]]
[[Category:Gujarat University alumni]]
[[Category:Stanford University alumni]]
[[Category:Haas School of Business alumni]]
[[Category:American art collectors]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Silicon Valley people]]
[[Category:Yahoo! people]]
[[Category:American software engineers]]
[[Category:American women computer scientists]]
[[Category:American computer scientists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Shilpa Mudbi

2026-03-14T05:28:11Z

Udesign: creating first post basic info

{{Short description|Indian folk artist}}
{{Infobox artist
| spouse = Aditya Kothakota
| notable_works = Yellammana and Other Stories
| known_for = researcher, vocalist, performer, theater artist, actor, documentary filmmaker
| alma_mater = University of Technology Sydney
| education = Masters in Media Arts and Production
| resting_place_coordinates =
| name = Shilpa Mudbi
| birth_place = Bangalore
| known for = Co-founder of Urban Folk Project
}}

'''Shilpa Mudbi''' is an Indian researcher, singer, performer, theater artist, actress, and documentary filmmaker. She is currently working on preserving and archiving diverse folk-art forms in Karnataka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=Bangalore Mirror |last2= |last3= |first3= |title=Strings of the past |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/sunday-read/strings-of-the-past/articleshow/62676242.cms |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref> Along with her husband and Sumitra Sunder, she co-founded the Urban Folk Project. As a part of this project, they performed 70-80 shows of Yellamanata and Other Stories across the country.<ref>{{Cite web |title='The songs of my ancestors' |url=https://newstrailindia.com/inner.php?id=10759 |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=NEWS TRAIL |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-12-31 |title=Tracing the roots through folklore |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/tracing-the-roots-through-folklore/article38082242.ece |access-date=2024-01-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Couple learns Many versions of Yellamma's Myths through ancient songs |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/spirituality/2018/mar/31/couple-learns-many-versions-of-yellammas-myths-through-ancient-songs-1794886.html |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== Yellamanata and Other Stories ==
Mudbi leads the team in performing [[Renuka|Yellammana]] padas with traditional instruments such as the chowdki and the [[Shruti]], sometimes in the morning at Bangalore Cubbon Park.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pailoor |first=Anitha |title=Singing their way into hearts |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/singing-their-way-hearts-700180.html |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> Shilpa's efforts extend to reviewing and preserving the "Chowdki" and "shruti", essential instruments intertwined with the narratives of Yellamma, making her a key force in reviving these traditions. As a trained filmmaker, she explores the roots of this music, connecting it with North Karnataka's cultural fabric.

These Bengalureans are trying to save Chowdki, a percussion instrument which was once prevalent in the belt of north Karnataka, [[Maharashtra]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]. According to folklore, it has been around for at least 2,500 years.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=Bangalore Mirror |last2= |last3= |first3= |title=Strings of the past |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/sunday-read/strings-of-the-past/articleshow/62676242.cms |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref>

== Weekly Web Folk Sessions ==
During the pandemic, Mubdi conducted Weekly Web Folk Sessions that encouraged participants to pick up an instrument and learn a folk song for a collective singing experience. Each session, lasting five to six minutes, effectively combines both information and musical elements.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-06 |title=Sing your heart out |url=https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai-guide/things-to-do/article/sing-your-heart-out-22716225 |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable" style="24:95%;"
!Year
!Film
!Role
|-
|2024
|[[Killer Soup]]
|Head Constable Asha Ritu<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=2024-01-11 |title='Killer Soup' review: A wicked concoction of love and payback |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1060771/killer-soup-review-black-comedy-is-sublime-as-well-as-ridiculous |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref>
|}

== Awards and recognition ==
In 2023, she was listed in the [[Deccan Herald]], in their fifth edition of Changemakers awards “DH Changemakers: 23 to Watch in 2023” <ref>{{Cite web |last=DHNS |title=DH Changemakers: 23 to Watch in 2023 - Editor's note |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/specials/dh-changemakers-23-to-watch-in-2023-editors-note-1176827.html |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian singers]]
[[Category:Indian theatre people]]
[[Category:Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Humcha

2026-03-10T14:00:19Z

Udesign:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2012}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Hombuja
| other_name = Humcha, Humbaj, Hamchawadi
| nickname = Pombuchha
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = HUMCHA TEMPLE.JPG
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Humcha Basadi
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|13|52|29|N|75|14|2|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Shimoga District]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 644
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type =
| area_code = 577436
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Ripponpet]]
| website = http://hombujapadmavati.org/
| footnotes =
| official_name = Humcha
}}
'''Humcha / Hombuja''' is a small town near [[Ripponpet]], [[Hosanagara]] taluk in [[Shimoga district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Karnataka]]. Humbaja Atishaya Jain Teerth Kshetra is famous for being home to an ancient temple of [[Padmavati (Jainism)|Goddess Padmavati]], and to the Humbaj ''[[Matha]]'' (seminary/monastery), an important institution of the [[Jain]] community. This temple is considered to be very holy and is known for its cultural and historical heritage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.humchapadmavati.com/Legend_Related_to_Humcha.html |title=Humcha Padmavati Mata |publisher=Humchapadmavati.com |access-date=2012-02-22}}</ref> Other notable highlights of the place are a lake that reputedly never dries up and a tree that likewise always remains green.

Jain devotees of this holy place are everywhere throughout India and also in foreign countries. Thousands of devotees come to the Hombaja every year for fulfillment of their desires.

==History==
Humcha is an important Jain pilgrim centre from the period of 8th - 16th century. Santara rulers made it their capital. Also Hombuja is said to be garbhasthala or origin of Jainism in the southern India.

===[[Santara dynasty]]===
The History of this region is also associated with Santara or Bhairarasa dynasty. Santara or Bhairarasa is the name of a medieval ruling dynasty of Karnataka, India.

Jinadatta Raya, a Jain prince from Mathura in Northern India was the supposed founder of the dynasty. He is said to have migrated to the town of Humcha with an idol of the Jain deity Padmavati, laying the foundation of the kingdom in Humcha. The area covered by their kingdom included territories in the Malenadu region as well as the coastal districts of Karnataka. The dynasty founded by Jinadatta appears to have split into two branches by the 12 century C.E. One branch being stationed in Hosagunda of Shimoga district and Kalasa in the Western ghats, chikkamagalur district. Gradually these branches (or only the Kalasa branch) shifted their capitals to Keravashe (14 km north-east of Karkala) and Karkala both in the old South Canara district. Hence the territory they ruled was also known as the Kalasa-Karkala kingdom.

[[Edgar Thurston]] mentions that the Bhairarasas or Santaras were among the powerful [[Bunt (community)|Bunt]]<ref>[[Edgar Thurston|Thurston, Edgar]]; [[K. Rangachari]] (1909). [[Castes and Tribes of Southern India]] Volume 1.[https://archive.org/stream/castestribesofso01thuriala#page/152/mode/2up Pg. 152] Madras: Government Press</ref> chiefs who seem to have exercised control over a greater part of the [[Tulu Nadu|Tuluva]] country before the rise of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]]. The Santaras were Jains and had matrimonial relations with the Saivite Alupa royal family of the canara region. The Santaras built a number of Jain monuments and were responsible for the spread of Jainism in the Tulu Nadu and Malenadu region of Karnataka. During this period the Santara ruler Veera Pandya Bhairarasa erected the monolith of Bahubali in Karkala.

The kingdom seems to be streched from Sagara Karnataka to todays Bantwala and Narasimharajpura in the East to Arabian Sea in west on Udupi Manipal region.

The Santaras became the feudatories of the Vijayanagara Empire after its rise.

The dynasty passed into oblivion after invasions by the Nayakas of Keladi and later by Hyder Ali

==The Jain Matha (Mutt) at Hombuja==
{{Main|Humcha Jain temples}}
[[File:HUMCHA TEMPLE (cropped).JPG|left|thumb|300px|[[Humcha Jain temples]]]]
{{Jainism}}
The [[Bhattaraka]] seat at Humcha, famous for the Humcha [[Padmavati (Jainism)|Padmavati]] temple, was founded in the ''8th century AD'', during the reign of Jinadatta Raya, founder of the ruling dynasty of [[Santara dynasty|Santara]].<ref>Jinmanjari: Contemporary Jaina Reflections, Volumes 17-22, Bramhi Society, 1998, p. 43</ref> We can find first references of Santharas in the inscriptions installed by the Chalukyan king Vinayaditya. Santhara kingdom was established by Jinadattaraya. He was a staunch follower of Jainism and had donated a village by name Kumbhasikapura for carrying out day to day abisheka of Jain idols.<ref>[http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/82783/8/08_chapter%201.pdf SANTARAS OF HUMCHA - A CULTURAL STUDY, Kuvempu University PhD Thesis, Sarvamangala G., JULY 2008]</ref><ref>[http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/137904/11/11_chapter%204.pdf JAINISM IN SOUTHERN KARNATAKA Upto 1565 AD By Dr. Shakuntala Prakash Chavan, 2005, CHAPTER - IV HUMCHA: THE CAPITAL OF SANTARA DYNASTY AND A SEAT OF GODDESS -PADMAVATI]</ref>

Vikrama Santha had built a separate residence to his guru Mouni Siddantha Bhattaraka of kunda Kundanvaya tradition in 897 A.D. The Gudda Basadi was built by him and he had donated the idol of Lord Bahubali to be installed at the temple. Bhujabali Santha had built a Jain temple at Hombuja and had named it after him. Further, he had donated the village Harivara for the well-being of his guru Kanakanandi deva. Nanni Santha, brother of Bhujabali Santha was a staunch follower of Jainism & was very much involved in pooja and other rituals.

An inscription of A.D. 1103 states that Malla Santha in memory of his wife Veera Abbarasi and in honour to his Guru Vadigaratta Ajithasena Pandita Deva had laid the foundation stone of a temple at Hombuja. This temple was built in front of the present Pancha Basadi. Bhujbalaganga Permadi (A.D. 1115) one of the rulers of Hombuja had renovated a temple and had donated several villages to it. This temple was built by Dadiga and Madhava the founders of Ganga kingdom. Nanniyaganga, son of Bhujabalaganga renovated the same temple in A.D. 1122 and donated some lands to the temple. Nanniyaganga built 25 Jain temples for popularising the religion. Veerasantha (A.D. 1172) who succeeded Nanniyaganga was called as "Jinadevana Charana Kamalgala Bhrama" as a mark of respect to his contribution to Jainism.

In 1048 AD, the Mahamandaleshwara Chandarayarus made a donation to a Bhattaraka of Balagara-gana at Balligame near Banavasi in present-day [[Karnataka]].<ref>Religious Institutions and Cults in the Deccan, C. A.D. 600-A.D. 1000, By Ramendra Nath Nandi, Motilal Banarsidass, 1973, p. 151</ref> Thus, the Bhattaraka seat at Humcha may be one of the oldest of its kind. The most widespread Bhattaraka order has historically been the MulaSangh-NandiSangh-BalatkaraGana-SaraswatiGachchha ([[Balatkara Gana|MNBS]]) order. It has seats at [[Surat]], [[Idar, Gujarat|Idar]], [[Ajmer]], [[Jaipur]], [[Chittor]], [[Nagaur]], [[Delhi]], [[Gwalior]], [[Chanderi]], [[Sironj]] and many other places. There are perhaps hundreds of thousands of Tirthankara idols, spread across the country from Surat to Decca (in Bangladesh), bearing inscriptions mentioning this order. Most of these idols were installed by the Bhattarakas of this order in the past seven or eight centuries. Many of these Bhattarakas were great scholars and prolific authors.

The ancient institution at Humcha is the original home of the MNBS order. It is headed by Sri Devendrakeerthi Bhattarakha Swamiji. He is the only existing Bhattaraka of the MNBS order, since all the Bhattaraka seats in [[north India]] became extinct in the early part of the 20th century. Several [[Jain]] organizations are run by the institute at Humcha. This temple also features a 21 feet idol of Lord [[Parshvanatha]].

The Panchakuta Basadi was built in 1077 by Chattaladevi.<ref>{{citation |title=Humcha's Jain heritage |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/629199/humchas-jain-heritage.html |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=21 August 2017 }}</ref>

An annual Rathayatra Mahotsava of Lord Parshwanatha and Goddess Padmavati is held with other programmes at Humcha during the months of March/April under the guidance of Devendrakeerthi Bhattarakha Swamiji.

Important events during annual Rathotsava are

* Ganadhara Valaya Aradhana
* Kalyana Mandira Aradhana
* Bhaktamara Aradhana
* Nagavahanotsava
* Simhavahanotsava
* Pushparathotsava
* Moolanakshatra
* Maharathotsava
* 108 Kalasha Abhisheka to Lord Parshwanatha at Guddada Basadi
* Kunkuma Utsava & Dhwajarohana

'''Places to visit in Humcha'''

1 Padmavathi Basadi

2. Parshwanath Basadi

3. Kshetrapala Basadi

4. Saraswati temple

5. Bogar Basadi

6. Muttina kere

7. Pancha Basadi

8. Makkala Basadi

9. Kumadvati Teertha.

10. Guddada Basadi

11. Palace Ruins

==See also==
* [[Balatkara Gana]]
* [[Jainism]]
* [[Jainism in Karnataka]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.humchapadmavati.com Website Dedicated to Humcha, Parsvanath and Padmavati]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070924174630/http://www.jaintirths.com/karnataka/humbaj.htm Sri Humbaj Tirth]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927084522/http://www.teerthdarshan.com/english/teerth/humbaj.htm Legends and brief history]
* [http://www.weedioh.com/Video.aspx?VideoId=2494 Video link]
* [http://www.hombujapadmavati.org Hombuja Jain Math official website]
{{Jainism Topics}}

[[Category:Jain temples in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Villages in Shimoga district]]
[[Category:8th-century Jain temples]]

Veeragase

2026-03-08T07:53:01Z

Udesign:

{{Short description|Type of dance}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox dance
| name = Veeragase/Guggla
| image = LORD VEERABHADRA.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Veeragase/Guggla of lord veerabhadra
| native_name =
| etymology =
| genre =
| signature =
| instruments = *[[Sambal (drum)|Sambal]]
*Dimmu
*[[Cymbal|Cymbals]]
*[[Shehnai]]
*Karadi
*Chamala
| inventor =
| year =
| origin = Karnataka, India
}}
'''Veeragase''' or '''Guggla''' is a dance form prevalent in the state of [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. It is a vigorous dance based on [[Hindu mythology]] and involves very intense energy-sapping dance movements performed by [[Jangam]]a. Veeragase is one of the dances demonstrated in the [[Mysore Dasara|Dasara]] procession held in [[Mysore]]. This dance is performed during festivals and mainly in the [[Hindu month]]s of [[Shravana (month)|Shravana]] and [[Kartika (month)|Karthika]]. It is performed at all important functions of [[Lingayats|Veerashaiva]] Lingayat household. The Veeragase artists are called as puravanta in village side.

==Veerashaivism and Veeragaase/Guggla==
[[File:Veeragaase 06.JPG|thumb|Veeragase on a street]]
The basic tenets of Guggla are drawn from Veeragama (One of the 28 key Shaiva [[Āgama (Hinduism)|Agama]]s) and usually Veeragaase performers during their acts will convey some stories from the main six Shaiva puranas like Shiva/Linga/Skanda/Agni/Matsya/Kurma - Puranas, and some Kannada Veerashaiva puranas like Girija Kalyana/Prabhulingaleele/Basava purana/Chennabasaveshwara charite...etc. Most popularly conveyed story is of Daksha-yajna.

The custom of bringing Devagange (Gange taruvud - ಗಂಗೆ ತರುವುದು/Devaru taruvudu - ದೇವರು ತರುವುದು) into homes from nearby water-sources (usually from wells) is a tradition in Veerashaiva [[Lingayat]] household for every important functions held (like Marriage, House-warming, Naming, Lingadhaarana <Lingayat-Baptism>...etc.), some [[Vokkaliga]]s in Karnataka also perform this custom - in this custom Veerabhadra is taken to please mother Ganga, Veeragaase is performed while bringing her home - in Veeraagama Ganga is considered to be the mother of Veerabhadra as he was sprouted out of Shiva's hairs and Ganga has taken residence on Shiva's head.

==Daksha Yajna==
[[File:Veeragaase 10.JPG|thumb|Veeragase on an indoor stage.]]
''Veeragase'' gets its name from the [[Hindu]] legendary warrior lord - [[Veerabhadra]]; Ajaata putra (Non biological child - who didn't take birth formally) of lord Shiva. According to Puranas, the Hindu supreme deity Lord Shankara ([[Shiva]]) was married to Sati (who is also known as [[Dakshayini]] - since she was the favourite child of Daksha - He got maata [[Mahadevi|Aadishakti]] incarnated as his child after doing long penance to her). Daksha(the prajapati - one of the eight [[manasputra]]s of Brahma and a stauch Vaishnavite - Vishnu happens to be his<Daksha's> grandfather in vasthu roopa) was against this marriage because Shiva had beheaded Brahma(Daksha's father) and being Moola-purusha Shiva actually didn't follow any rules(As he was nirguNi) designed by Daksha which made him not to belong to any of the class-categories classified by Daksha(being a Prajaapati, it was his duty to classify everybody from Lord Vishnu - to smallest organism)) and hence bore enmity with Lord [[Shiva]]; He married his favouritest daughter Sati to Lord Shiva after multiple insistence from his aaraadhya(celebrated) Lord Vishnu and his father Brahma. Added to this enmity Lord Shiva after marriage, did not do proper conventional(Conventions designed by Daksha in his Shaastras) reverence which is to be done by a son-in-law to his father-in-law, instead Lord Shiva blessed him for Daksha's prosperity; which yet enraged Daksha's ego, so he decided to perform a mahaa[[yagna]] to which he invited all except the Aadipurusha Lord Shiva himself. In vasthu roopa since Sati was Daksha's favourite child; she couldn't refrain from attending her father's greatest of yajnas. To this, much against [[Shiva]]'s wishes, Daakshayini went to the [[yagna]] uninvited, By then Daksha's favoritism for Sati was perished since she was vaamaangi(left part of the body) of his enemy and he used the situation to insult Mahadeva. Unable to bear the insults - She cursed her father for his ego and showed her nija rupa(as Adishakti); she cursed everybody from Vishnu to Brahma to each individual present over there; Even after many condolences from Vishnu and Brahma, Daakshayini got herself burnt with her own powerful radiance. Hearing this news, Mahaarudra Mahakaala Lord [[Shiva]] got very angry and started to perform the Rudra[[Tandava]] dance which created turmoil in the world. In this rage he created Veerabhadra and BhadrakaaLi out of his JaTa (tied hair-matts), who went to Daksha[[yagna]], disrupted it and beheaded Daksha, after defeating Vishnu, Bhaga, Poosha, Adityas...etc. When Daksha's wife pleaded mercy, he died and bestowed Daksha with a goat's head. This story is narrated by the dancers performing Veeragase.<ref name="myth">The mythology related to ''Veeragase'' is explained by {{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/10/22/stories/09220331.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706072212/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/10/22/stories/09220331.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=6 July 2007|title=Myth Retold|author=V. R. Devika|work=Online edition of the Hindu, dated 2001-10-22|publisher=2001, The Hindu|access-date=2007-04-29}}</ref>

==Performers==
''Veeragase'' is to be performed only by the [[Jangama]] also called Maheshwaras - clan of [[Veerashaiva]]/[[Lingayat]] community. The performers of ''Veeragase'' are also called ''[[Jangam|Lingadevaru]]''.<ref name="szcc">A description of the ''Veeragase'' dance form is provided by {{cite web|url=http://www.szcc.tn.nic.in/05_folk/karnataka/Veeragase/veeragase.html|title=Veeragase|work=Online Webpage of South Zone Cultural Centre|publisher=South Zone Cultural Centre, [[Thanjavur]], [[India]]|access-date=2007-04-29 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070820075200/http://www.szcc.tn.nic.in/05_folk/karnataka/Veeragase/veeragase.html  |archive-date = 2007-08-20}}</ref> The dancers put on a white traditional headgear and a bright red coloured dress. They also adorn themselves with a necklace made of [[Rudraksha]] beads, a hip-belt called ''rudra muke'', an ornament resembling a snake and worn around the neck called ''Nagabharana'' and anklets.<ref name="dress">A description of the dress worn by ''Veeragase'' dancers is provided by {{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/01/05/stories/2004010500060300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040728211522/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/01/05/stories/2004010500060300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2004-07-28|author=A. Chithraa Deepa|title=Folk and fun|access-date=2007-04-29|location=Chennai, India|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2004-01-05}}</ref> The dancers smear ''[[vibhooti]]'' on their foreheads, ears and eyebrows. They carry a wooden plaque of Lord Veerabhadra in their left hand and a sword in their right hand.

Female artists do not traditionally perform this art, but females have started to be a part of stage performance of non-religious nature which merely as a folk dance .{{citation needed|date=August 2012}}

==Performance==
The dance troop usually consists of two, four or six members. A lead singer in the troupe narrates the story of ''Daksha'' ''[[yajna]]'' as the dance is being performed.<ref name="dress" /> A huge decorative pole called ''Nandikolu'' which has an orange flag at the top is held by one of the dancers. Traditional percussion instruments called ''sambal'' and ''dimmu'' lend music to the dance. [[Cymbal]]s and [[shehnai]] and other instruments like ''karadi'' and ''chamala'' are also used. The dance also involves a ritualistic piercing of a needle across the mouth.<ref name="pierce">A brief description of Veeragaase is provided by {{cite web|url=http://www.udupipages.com/home/culture/folk1b.html|author=S.A.Krishnaiah, Chief Co-ordinator (Research Wing), Regional Resources Centre for Folk Performing Arts, [[Udupi]]|title=Folk Arts - Music and Dance|work=Online webpage of Udupipages.com|publisher=2001, Shathabdi Graphics Pvt. Ltd., [[Udupi]]|access-date=2007-04-29 |url-status=usurped|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070102054226/http://www.udupipages.com/home/culture/folk1b.html  |archive-date = 2007-01-02}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Dollu Kunitha]]
* [[Yakshagana]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

{{commons category|Veeragase}}

{{Karnataka topics}}{{Dance in India}}

[[Category:Karnataka folklore]]

Thar Desert

2026-03-06T04:16:59Z

Udesign: further reworked citations after review and fixed typos

{{Short description|Arid region in India and Pakistan}}
{{pp-pc|small=yes}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}

{{Infobox ecoregion
|name = Thar Desert Great Indian Desert
|image = Thar desert Rajasthan India.jpg
|image_size =
|image_alt =
|caption = Thar Desert in [[Rajasthan]], India
|map = Ecoregion IM1304.png
|map_size =
|map_alt =
|map_caption = Map of the Thar Desert ecoregion
|ecozone = [[Indomalayan realm|Indomalayan]]
|biome = [[Deserts and xeric shrublands]]
|animals =
|bird_species =
|mammal_species =
|border = [[Northwestern thorn scrub forests]]
|border1 = [[Rann of Kutch]] salt marsh
|area = 264091<ref name="Mares">{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Deserts|year=1999|isbn=978-0-80613-146-7|publisher=[[University of Oklahoma Press]]|editor=Michael A. Mares, Oklahoma Museum of Natural History|pages=291-292}}</ref>
|country = India
|country1 = Pakistan
|state = India: [[Rajasthan]]
|state2 = [[Gujarat]]
|state3 = [[Haryana]]
|state4 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|state5 = Pakistan: [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]]
|state6 = [[Sindh]]
|region_type = States of India and provinces of Pakistan
|elevation =
|geology =
|seas =
|rivers =
|climate = [[Desert climate|Desert]]
|soil =
|conservation = Vulnerable<ref name = wwf>{{WWF ecoregion|id=im1304|name=Thar Desert}}</ref>
|global200 =
|habitat_loss =
|habitat_loss_ref =
|coordinates = {{Coord|27|N|71|E|scale:5000000_source:GNS|display=title, inline}}
|protected = 41,833 km2 (15.8
|protected_ref = )<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Eric |last1=Dinerstein |first2=David |last2=Olson |first3=Anup |last3=Joshi |first4=Carly |last4=Vynne |first5=Neil D. |last5=Burgess |display-authors=2 |year=2017 |title=An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm |journal=BioScience |volume=67 |issue=6 |pages=534–545 [Supplemental material 2 table S1b] |doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014 |pmid=28608869 |pmc=5451287 }}</ref>
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The '''Thar Desert''' ({{ipa|hi|t̪ʰaːɾ|langpron}}), also known as the '''Great Indian Desert''', is an [[arid]] region in the north-western part of the [[Indian subcontinent]] stretching across India and Pakistan. Spread across an area of {{cvt|264091|km2}}, it is one of the [[List of deserts by area|largest]] [[Subtropics|subtropical]] [[desert]]s in Asia by area. About two-thirds of the desert area lies in India, with the remaining in Pakistan. It forms about six percent of the geographical area of India, with majority of the desert lying in the [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Rajasthan]], with portions extending into [[Gujarat]], [[Haryana]], and [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. Towards the west, it extends into the [[Provinces of Pakistan|provinces]] of [[Sindh]] and [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] in Pakistan. It is bordered by the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]] to the north, west and northeast, [[Rann of Kutch]] to the south, and the [[Aravali Range]] to the east.

During the [[Last Glacial Maximum]], an [[ice sheet]] covered the [[Tibetan Plateau]], which reflected more [[solar radiation]] into space, resulting in cooling the overlying atmosphere during that period. Without the [[thermal low]] pressure caused by the heating, there was no [[monsoon]] over the Indian subcontinent, which led to the deposition of dust and the [[desertification]] of the region. The upliftment of the Aravallis brought about changes in the [[hydrography]] of the region, and the [[Ghaggar-Hakra River]] system that fed the region dried up, and the region became [[aridification|increasingly arid]]. Over the years, wind blown [[sediments]] and [[sand]] from the [[alluvial plain]]s and the coast accumulated in the region.

The topography consists of sandy plains intercepted by eroded hills of low elevation. The region has a tropical [[desert climate]] with extremely hot [[summer]]s and cooler [[winter]]s. Majority of the rainfall is obtained from the [[southwest monsoon]], which on average is less than {{cvt|500|mm}} annually. The rainfall varies over the years, often with large spells of drought. There are very few sources of water, with the inland [[Luni River]] system being the only major river system in the region. Rain water is often stored in natural and man-made [[reservoir]]s for use in the dry season.

The natural vegetation of the region is composed of trees, thorny [[Shrubland|scrubs]] and scattered [[grasslands]]. The desert is home to several animal and bird species. The Thar Desert is one of the most widely populated deserts in the world, with the [[Thar people]] inhabiting the area. The population is clustered into small villages, with majority of them [[nomadic]] in nature. Limited [[agriculture]], [[herding]] of animals, and [[eco tourism]] drive the economy of the region.

==Geography==
The Thar Desert is located in the north-western part of the [[Indian subcontinent]] stretching across the border between India and Pakistan, and is the eastern most extension of the [[Sahara desert|Sahara]]–[[Arabian desert]] formation.<ref name="Mares"/><ref name="Springer">{{cite book|title=The Indian Paleogene|year=2018|isbn=978-3-31977-443-5|publisher=[[Springer Publishing]]|editor1=Satish C. Tripathi|editor2=Sunil Bajpai|editor3=Vandana Prasad|pages=152-154}}</ref> It is spread across an area of {{cvt|264091|km2}}, with {{cvt|195091|km2}} of the desert area lying in India, with the remaining in Pakistan. The desert forms about six percent of the geographical area of India, with majority of the desert lying in the state of [[Rajasthan]], with portions extending into [[Gujarat]], [[Haryana]], and [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<ref name="Mares"/><ref name="Springer"/> Towards the west, it extends into the provinces of [[Sindh]] and [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] in Pakistan.<ref name="Mares"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=K. K. |first2=S. P. |last2=Mehra |title=Faunal Ecology and Conservation of the Great Indian Desert |year=2009 |chapter=The Thar of Rajasthan (India): Ecology and Conservation of a Desert Ecosystem |editor-last=Sivaperuman |editor1-first=C. |editor2-last=Baqri |editor2-first=Q. H. |editor3-last=Ramaswamy |editor3-first=G. |editor4-last=Naseema |editor4-first=M. |publisher=[[Springer Publishing]] |location=Berlin Heidelberg |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1007/978-3-540-87409-6_1 |isbn=978-3-540-87408-9 }}</ref> The northeastern part of the Thar Desert lies between the [[Aravalli Hills]], which separates the same from the [[Central Highlands (India)|Central highlands]] and the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]] to the east. The desert stretches from the alluvial plains of the [[Indus River]] in the west and northwest, to the [[Great Rann of Kutch]] in the south.<ref name="Mares"/>

== Origin and formation ==
{{anchor|Ice|Tibet}}

[[File:Sarasvati river.jpg|thumb|upright=0.85|[[Vedic period|Vedic]] and present-day course of [[Ghaggar-Hakra River]] as proposed by {{harvtxt|Clift et al.|2012}} and {{harvtxt|Khonde et al.|2017}}. 
1 = ancient river; 2 = today's river; 3 = Thar desert; 4 = ancient shore; 5 = today's shore; 6 = today's settlements; 7 = dried-up [[Indus Valley civilisation|Harappan]] Hakkra course, and pre-Harappan [[Sutlej]] paleochannels]]

In the [[Mesozoic era]] (252 to 66 [[million years ago|mya]]), the area was a low lying [[peneplain]], covered by shallow waters. [[Erosion]] resulted in the formation of three layers of [[planation surface]]s during the post-Mesozoic (66 to 2.6 mya), and early [[Pleistocene]] (2.6 mya to 11,000 years ago) periods. As the [[Himalayas]] arose during the mid-[[Miocene]] period (23.4 to 5.3 mya), it gave rise to the [[monsoon]].<ref name="Springer"/>

During the [[Last Glacial Maximum]] (26,000–20,000 years ago), an estimated {{cvt|2400000|km2}} [[ice sheet]] covered the [[Tibetan Plateau]].<ref>{{cite journal|first=Matthias|last=Kuhle|year=1998|title=Reconstruction of the 2.4 million km2 Late Pleistocene Ice Sheet on the Tibetan Plateau and its Impact on the Global Climate|journal=Quaternary International|volume=45/46|pages=71–108|doi=10.1016/S1040-6182(97)00008-6|bibcode=1998QuInt..45...71K}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Kuhle|first=M|year=2004|chapter=The High Glacial (Last Ice Age and LGM) ice cover in High and Central Asia|title=Development in Quaternary Science 2c (Quaternary Glaciation – Extent and Chronology, Part III: South America, Asia, Africa, Australia, Antarctica)|editor1-last=Ehlers|editor1-first=J.|editor2-last=Gibbard|editor2-first=P.L.|pages=175–99}}</ref><ref name=K1999>{{cite journal|last=Kuhle|first=M.|year=1999|journal=GeoJournal|volume=47|issue=1–2|title=Tibet and High Asia V. Results of Investigations into High Mountain Geomorphology, Paleo-Glaciology and Climatology of the Pleistocene|pages=3–276|doi=10.1023/A:1007039510460| s2cid=128089823}}</ref> The low [[latitude]] ice sheet significantly affected [[radiative forcing]], and reflected at least four times more [[solar radiation]] per unit area into space than ice at higher latitudes, resulting in further cooling of the overlying atmosphere during that period.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kuhle|first=M.|year=1988|title=The Pleistocene Glaciation of Tibet and the Onset of Ice Ages – An Autocycle Hypothesis|journal=GeoJournal|volume=17|issue=4|id=Tibet and High-Asia I. Results of the Sino-German Joint Expeditions (I)|pages=581–96|doi=10.1007/BF00209444| s2cid=129234912 }}</ref> Without the [[thermal low]] pressure caused by the heating, there was no monsoon over the [[Indian subcontinent]]. This lack of monsoon caused [[pluvial|extensive rainfall]] over the Sahara region, while resulted in more dust deposited towards the [[Arabian Sea]] in the east. It also resulted in changes to the [[life zone|biotic life zones]] on the Indian subcontinent, as fauna responded to this shift in climate with species like [[Javan rusa]] deer migrating into India.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Matthias|last=Kuhle|year=2001|title=The Tibetan Ice Sheet; its Impact on the Palaeomonsoon and Relation to the Earth's Orbital Variations|journal=Polarforschung|volume=71|pages=1–13|issue=1/2}}</ref>

{{anchor|Sarasvati|Saraswati|IVC}}

The [[Aravalli Range]] formed rapidly, and reached significant altitude during the early [[Holocene]] period (11,700 years ago).<ref name="Springer"/> Between 10,000 and 8,000 years ago, a channel of the [[Ghaggar-Hakra River]], identified with the paleo [[Sarasvati River]], after its confluence with the [[Sutlej River]] flowed into the [[Nara Canal|Nara River]], a [[distributary|delta channel]] of the [[Indus River]], but then changed its course. The upliftment of the Aravallis brought about changes in the hydrography of the region, with increase in waters flowing through the [[Yamuna River]], while depriving the headwaters of the Ghaggar-Hakra system.<ref name="Springer"/> This left the Ghaggar-Hakra as a system of monsoon-fed rivers that no longer reached the sea, which ended up in the Thar desert.{{sfn|Giosan et al.|2012}}{{sfn|Maemoku|Shitaoka|Nagatomo|Yagi|2013}}{{sfn|Clift et al.|2012}}{{sfn|Singh et al.|2017}} Starting from around 4,500 to 5,000 years ago, when the monsoons that fed the river system diminished further, as the Aravallis blocked the monsoon winds from the east, the region became [[aridification|increasingly arid]]. The [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] had prospered in the area,{{sfn|Giosan et al.|2012}}{{sfn|Clift et al.|2012}}{{sfn|Singh et al.|2017}}{{refn|group=lower-alpha|In contrast to the mainstream view, {{harvtxt|Chatterjee|Ray|Shukla|Pande|2019}} suggest that the river remained perennial till 4,500 years ago.}} with several settlements along the course of the river system.{{sfn|Sankaran|1999}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=94098|title=Mythical Saraswati River|work=[[Press Information Bureau]]|date=20 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009182551/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=94098 |archive-date=9 October 2016}}</ref> When monsoons diminished even further, the dried-up Hakra became an intermittent river, and the urban Harappan civilisation declined, becoming localized in smaller agricultural communities.{{sfn|Giosan et al.|2012}}{{refn|group=lower-alpha|name="Giosan"|{{harvtxt|Giosan et al.|2012}}:
* "Contrary to earlier assumptions that a large glacier-fed Himalayan river, identified by some with the mythical Sarasvati, watered the Harappan heartland on the interfluve between the Indus and Ganges basins, we show that only monsoonal-fed rivers were active there during the Holocene."
* "Numerous speculations have advanced the idea that the Ghaggar-Hakra fluvial system, at times identified with the lost mythical river of Sarasvati (e.g., 4, 5, 7, 19), was a large glacier fed Himalayan river. Potential sources for this river include the Yamuna River, the Sutlej River, or both rivers. However, the lack of large-scale incision on the interfluve demonstrates that large, glacier-fed rivers did not flow across the Ghaggar-Hakra region during the Holocene
* "The present Ghaggar-Hakra valley and its tributary rivers are currently dry or have seasonal flows. Yet rivers were undoubtedly active in this region during the Urban Harappan Phase. We recovered sandy fluvial deposits approximately 5;400 y old at Fort Abbas in Pakistan (SI Text), and recent work (33) on the upper Ghaggar-Hakra interfluve in India also documented Holocene channel sands that are approximately 4;300 y old. On the upper interfluve, fine-grained floodplain deposition continued until the end of the Late Harappan Phase, as recent as 2,900 y ago (33) (Fig. 2B). This widespread fluvial redistribution of sediment suggests that reliable monsoon rains were able to sustain perennial rivers earlier during the Holocene and explains why Harappan settlements flourished along the entire Ghaggar-Hakra system without access to a glacier-fed river."
{{harvtxt|Valdiya|2013}} dispute this, arguing that it was a large perennial river draining the high mountains as late as 3700–2500 years ago. {{harvtxt|Giosan|Clift|Macklin|Fuller|2013}} have responded to, and rejected, Valdiya's arguments.}}{{sfn|Clift et al.|2012}}{{sfn|Maemoku|Shitaoka|Nagatomo|Yagi|2013}}{{sfn|Singh et al.|2017}} Over the years, sand accumulated due to wind blown [[sediment]]s from the alluvial plains and the coast.<ref name="Springer"/>

== Topography and geology ==
[[File:Thar Desert satellite.jpg|thumb|upright|Topography map of Thar Desert]]

The eastern part of the Thar Desert, that lies in the western foothills of the Aravallis, consists of sandy plains intercepted by eroded hills of low elevation. It rises to about {{cvt|325|m}} in elevations as it reaches the Aravallis, which continue as the plateau of the central India beyond the range. The sandy plains extend across to the west, with the altitude dropping to {{cvt|150|m}} at the [[India-Pakistan border]].<ref name="Mares"/> Much of the desert area is covered by [[sand dunes]] that are formed due to accumulation of wind blown sand deposited over the [[sediment]]s from the alluvial plains. The sand is highly mobile due to the strong winds that rise each year before the onset of the monsoon.<ref>{{cite book |last=Laity |first=J. J. |year=2009 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wtAbzLLTcwcC&pg=PA30 |title=Deserts and Desert Environments |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-1-44430-074-1 |page=30 }}</ref><ref name="Geo">{{cite book|title=Records of the Geological Survey of India|volume=8-10|year=1875|publisher=[[Geological Survey of India]]|pages=19-20}}</ref> Much of the bedrock is composed of [[igneous]] and [[metamorphic]] rocks.<ref name="Mares"/>

The geology of the region varies across its area. The oldest rocks are found in the [[Barmer district|Barmer]] region in the south, which are [[volcanic rocks]] composed of [[felsite]]. In the [[Pokhran]] area, there are various colored [[shales]], with varying hardness. Pale colored [[sandstones]] composed primarily of [[quartz]] are found south of [[Jodhpur]]. Sandstones with [[fossils]] belonging to the [[Jurassic]] period (201.4 to 143.1 mya) are found to the east of Balmer, and to the east and north of [[Jaisalmer]]. In the Jaisalmer region, the underlying sandstone beds are covered with layers of sandstone and [[limestone]], which also consist of numerous fossils, and are used extensively as building materials. Towards the west and north west of Jaisalmer, a tract of dark coloured sandstone rocks with [[calcium]], capped by red coloured red sandstone layer, and interspersed with yellow [[ammonite]] rocks.<ref name="Geo"/>

== Climate and hydrography ==
[[File:Johad.JPG|thumb|A [[taanka]] used to store rainwater]]

The region has a [[desert climate]]. In the summer months of April to June, average maximum temperature ranges {{cvt|40-42|C}} with average minimum of {{cvt|23-27|C}}. The maximum temperature often reaches above {{cvt|50|C}} during the peak summer. In the winter months of December to February, the minimum temperature reaches {{cvt|-2|C}}, with average maximum of {{cvt|18-24|C}} with average minimum of {{cvt|3.5-10|C}}.<ref name="Mares"/> The region receives most of the rainfall during the southwest monsoon from June to September.<ref name="Mares"/> Average annual rainfall ranges from {{cvt|100-300|mm}}, and occurs during the short July-to-September southwest monsoon.<ref name="Mares"/><ref name="Sinha1996">{{cite journal |last1=Sinha |first1=R. K. |last2=Bhatia |first2=S. |last3=Vishnoi |first3=R. |name-list-style=amp |year=1996 |title=Desertification control and rangeland management in the Thar desert of India |journal=RALA Report |pages=115–123 }}</ref> The distribution of rainfall also varies significantly across years.<ref name="Mares"/> The semi arid parts in the east have fewer sand dunes and receive slightly more precipitation.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Sharma, K. K.|author2=S. Kulshreshtha|author3=A. R. Rahmani|year=2013|title=Faunal Heritage of Rajasthan, India: General Background and Ecology of Vertebrates|publisher=[[Springer Publishing]]}}</ref>

The depth of the [[water table]] in the region varies between {{cvt|10-40|m}}, and the water is mostly [[brackish]].<ref name="Mares"/> The region is drained by a minor inland river system. [[Luni River]] is the longest and major river in the desert.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Carling|first1=Paul A.|last2=Leclair|first2=Suzanne F.|date=2018-07-16|title=Alluvial stratification styles in a large, flash-flood influenced dryland river: The Luni River, Thar Desert, north-west India|journal=Sedimentology|volume=66|issue=1|pages=102–128|doi=10.1111/sed.12487|issn=0037-0746|doi-access=free}}</ref> Other minor rivers that form part of the Luni river system include [[Bandi River|Bandi]], [[Ghaggar River|Ghaggar]], [[Guhiya River|Guhiya]], [[Jawai River|Jawai]], [[Jojari River|Jojari]], [[Liladi River|Liladi]], and [[Sukri River|Sukri]] rivers.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jain |first1=Sharad K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKs1gBhJSWIC&q=Bandi&pg=PA747 |title=Hydrology and Water Resources of India |last2=Agarwal |first2=Pushpendra K. |last3=Singh |first3=Vijay P. |year=2007 |publisher=[[Springer Publishing]] |isbn=978-1-40205-180-7 |page=747}}</ref> There are numerous [[endorheic]] salt water lakes–[[Sambhar Lake|Sambhar]], [[Kharaghoda]], [[Didwana]], [[Pachpadra Lake|Pachpadra]], and [[Phalodi]]. These lakes accumulate water during the monsoon rains and often evaporate slowly during the dry season. The salt content of these lakes comes from the weathering of the surrounding rocks in the region.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ramesh |first1=R. |last2=Jani |first2=R. A. |last3=Bhushan |first3=R. |name-list-style=amp |year=1993 |title=Stable isotopic evidence for the origin of salt lakes in the Thar desert |journal=Journal of Arid Environments |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=117–123 |doi=10.1006/jare.1993.1047 |bibcode=1993JArEn..25..117R }}</ref> The {{cvt|649|km}}-long [[Indira Gandhi Canal]], which channels water from the [[Indus River]] system, is a major source for [[irrigation]] and [[drinking water]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Indira-Gandhi-Canal|title=Indira Gandhi Canal|work=[[Britannica]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> Water reservoirs known as tobas, [[johad]]s and [[taanka]]s are used to store rain water.<ref name="Mares"/><ref>{{cite web|author1=Amanda Suutari|author2=Gerry Marten|url=http://www.ecotippingpoints.org/our-stories/indepth/india-rajasthan-rainwater-harvest-restoration-groundwater-johad.html|title=Water Warriors: Rainwater Harvesting to Replenish Underground Water|date=June 2015|work=Eco tipping point|access-date=1 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Rainwater harvesting in rural India - taankas in the Thar Desert|author=Megan Konar|author-link=Megan Konar|journal=Waterlines|volume=25|issue=4|date=April 2007|pages=22-24}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Map of Vedic India.png|thumb|Thar Desert (orange) during [[Vedic Period]]]]

Lithic tools belonging to the prehistoric [[Aterian]] culture of the [[Maghreb]] from the [[Middle Paleolithic]] era have been found in the Thar Desert.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gwen Robbins Schug, Subhash R. Walimbe|title=A Companion to South Asia in the Past|date=2016|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|page=64|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7xv-CwAAQBAJ|isbn=978-1-11905-547-1|access-date=6 May 2016}}</ref> The [[Indus Valley Civilization]] flourished along the vicinity of the Ghaggar-Hakra River between 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE.<ref>{{cite journal |display-authors=4 |vauthors=Clift PD, Carter A, Giosan L, Durcan J, Duller GA, Macklin MG, Alizai A, Tabrez AR, Danish M, VanLaningham S, Fuller DQ |title=U-Pb zircon dating evidence for a Pleistocene Sarasvati River and capture of the Yamuna River |journal=Geology |volume=40|issue=3 |date=March 2012 |pages=211–214 |issn=0091-7613 |doi=10.1130/G32840.1 |bibcode=2012Geo....40..211C }}</ref><ref> {{cite book |last=Wright |first=Rita P. |author-link=Rita P. Wright |title=The Ancient Indus: Urbanism, Economy, and Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gAgFPQAACAAJ |access-date=29 September 2013 |year=2009 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-57219-4 |page=1}}</ref> After the collapse of the Indus Valley Civilisation, which occurred around 1900 BCE, groups of [[Indo-Aryan peoples]] [[Indo-Aryan migrations|migrated into north-western India]] and started to inhabit the region.{{sfn|Witzel|1995|p=3}}{{sfn|Samuel|2010|p=41}} During the [[Vedic period]] (1500 BCE to 500 BCE), various [[Rigvedic tribes|tribes]] inhabited the region, and the [[Kuru kingdom]], the earliest Vedic state was formed by a super-tribe which joined several tribes in a new unit.<ref>{{cite book|last=Samuel |first=Geoffrey |year=2010 |title=The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|page=48-56}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Witzel |first=Michael |year=1995 |title=Early Sanskritization. Origins and Development of the Kuru State |journal=Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=1–26 |url=http://www.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com/ejvs0104/ejvs0104article.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611142934/http://www.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com/ejvs0104/ejvs0104article.pdf |archive-date=11 June 2007}}</ref> Prior to the "second urbanisation" that occurred in the Indo-Gangetic Plains, small settlements of the [[Painted Grey Ware culture]] arose in the Ghaggar-Hakra valley.<ref>{{cite book|last=Heitzman|first=James|date=31 March 2008|title=The City in South Asia|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-134-28963-9|url=https://archive.org/details/cityinsouthasia0000heit|url-access=registration|pages=[https://archive.org/details/cityinsouthasia0000heit/page/12 12]–13}}</ref>

By the third century BCE, a large part of the Indian subcontinent was under the control of the [[Mauryan Empire]], including portions of the desert.<ref>{{cite book|last=Thapar|first=Romila|author-link=Romila Thapar|year=1977|title=A History of India. Volume One|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|page=78}}</ref> The [[Kushan Empire]] expanded out of what is now Afghanistan into the northwest of the Indian subcontinent in the middle of the 1st century CE.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Loewe|first1=Michael|last2=Shaughnessy|first2=Edward L.|author-link1=Michael Loewe|author-link2=Edward L. Shaughnessy|title=The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 BC|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cHA7Ey0-pbEC|year=1999|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-52147-030-8|access-date=1 November 2013|pages=87–88}}</ref> The [[Gupta Empire]] flourished between the 2nd and 6th centuries CE, reaching its peak in the 5th century CE, when its territory incorporated the present Thar Desert region.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic-art/285248/1960/The-Gupta-empire-at-the-end-of-the-4th-century |title=Gupta dynasty: empire in 4th century |encyclopedia=[[Britannica]] |access-date=16 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330103811/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic-art/285248/1960/The-Gupta-empire-at-the-end-of-the-4th-century |archive-date=30 March 2010}}</ref> In the eastern part of the region, the [[Brahmin dynasty of Sindh|Brahmin dynasty]] ruled in the 7th to 8th centuries CE, which was later annexed to the [[Umayyad Caliphate]] in early 8th century CE, and the [[Abbasid Caliphate]] later.<ref>{{cite book|author=Nagendra Kumar Singh|title=Muslim Kingship in India|publisher=Anmol Publications|year=1999|isbn=978-8-126-10436-9|pages=43-45}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Derryl N. Maclean|title=Religion and society in Arab Sindh|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|year=1989|isbn=978-9-004-08551-0|pages= 140-143}}</ref> The [[Pratihara dynasty]] ruled the eastern part of the region between the 8th and 11th centuries CE.<ref>{{cite book|title=A History of Rajasthan |first1=Rima |last1=Hooja |publisher=Rupa & Company |year=2006 |pages=274–278}}</ref> [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] annexed the region to the [[Ghaznavid]] Empire in the 11th century CE.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K8kO4J3mXUAC&q=ghaznavid+mansura&pg=PA6 |title=Economic History of Medieval India, 1200-1500|last=Habib|first=Irfan|date=2011 |publisher=[[Pearson Education]]|isbn=978-8-131-72791-1|page=6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6lI9AAAAMAAJ&q=ghaznavid+mansura|title=An Observation: Perspective of Pakistan|last=Abdulla|first=Ahmed|date=1987|publisher=Tanzeem Publishers}}</ref>

[[File:Ecoregion_IM1304.png|thumb|Expanse of Thar Desert along the India-Pakistan border]]

In the later [[Middle Ages]], the western part of the region was ruled by several [[Rajput states]]. These states started forming in the late 7th century CE, and rose to political prominence later.<ref>{{cite book|author=Hermann kulke|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V73N8js5ZgAC|title=A History of India|date=2004|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-32920-0|page=116}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Alain Danielou|author-link=Alain Danielou|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xlwoDwAAQBAJ|title=A Brief History of India|date=2003|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-59477-794-3|page=87}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=21SgAAAAMAAJ|title=Studying Early India: Archaeology, Texts and Historical Issues|date=2006|publisher=Anthem|isbn=978-1-84331-132-4|page=116}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Satish Chandra|author-link=Satish Chandra (historian)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XAkVclcWWeUC|title=Historiography, Religion, and State in Medieval India|date=1996|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|page=115}}</ref> The eastern part of the region was ruled by the [[Soomra dynasty|Soomras]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Siddiqui |first=Habibullah |title=The Soomras of Sindh: their origin, main characteristics and rule – an overview (general survey) (1025–1351 CE) |url=http://www.uok.edu.pk/faculties/sindhi/docs/soomroEng.pdf |journal=Literary Conference on Soomra Period in Sindh |archive-date=3 June 2023 |access-date=4 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603002419/https://uok.edu.pk/faculties/sindhi/docs/soomroEng.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |date=2007 |title=The Arab Conquest |journal=International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics |volume=36 |issue=1 |page=91}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Dani |first=Ahmad Hasan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D_xtAAAAMAAJ&q=soomra+dynasty |title=History of Pakistan: Pakistan through ages |date=2007 |publisher=Sang-e Meel Publications |isbn=978-9-693-52020-0 |pages=218}}</ref> and the [[Samma (tribe)|Sammas]] from later 11th to early 16th century CE.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Census Organization (Pakistan) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=63maAAAAIAAJ&q=yadav+rajputs |title=Population Census of Pakistan, 1972: Larkana |author2=Abdul Latif |publisher=Manager of Publications |year=1976}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Rapson |first1=Edward James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mBNZAAAAYAAJ&q=Samma+ |title=The Cambridge History of India: Turks and Afghans, edited by W. Haig |last2=Haig |first2=Sir Wolseley |last3=Burn |first3=Sir Richard |last4=Dodwell |first4=Henry |date=1965 |publisher=Chand |page=518}}</ref> The period was marked by the conflict between the [[Mughal Empire]] and the other dynasties that ruled the region. The conflict originated with the invasion by [[Timurid dynasty|Timurid]] king [[Babur]], which was resisted by the Rajput states under [[Rana Sanga]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Giles Tillotson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ApDrAAAAMAAJ |title=Mughal India |date=1991 |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |isbn=978-0-14011-854-4 |page=4}}</ref> The conflicts continued for over 200 years, with the initial phase remaining indecisive. The Mughals gained an upper hand between the mid 15th and late 16th centuries, while the Rajputs retook control later after the Mughal empire began to collapse in the late 16th century.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sharma |first=G.N |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jIs9AAAAMAAJ |title=Mewar and Mughal Emperors |date=1954 |publisher=S.L Aggarwal |page=42}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Hooja |first=Rima |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qqd1RAAACAAJ |title=A History of Rajasthan |date=2005 |publisher=Rupa and company |pages=530–532|isbn=978-8-12911-501-0 }}</ref> The [[Marathas]] took control over most of the region in the 18th century CE.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sen |first=S.N |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bXWiACEwPR8C |title=An Advanced History of Modern India |date=2010 |publisher=Macmillan |page=11|isbn=978-0-230-32885-3 }}</ref> In 19th century CE, the region came under the suzerainty of the [[British Raj]], wherein it was composed of a large number of [[princely states]], with powers divided amongst the local rulers and the British.<ref>{{cite book|title=Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV|year=1907|page=60}}</ref>

The [[partition of India]] resulted in the formation of the independent states of India and Pakistan, and the Thar Desert region was split between the two countries. It resulted in large scale conflicts, and mass migration of people across the borders.<ref>{{cite book| title=The idea of Pakistan | author=Stephen P. Cohen | author-link=Stephen P. Cohen | year=2004 | isbn=978-0-815-71502-3 | publisher=[[Brookings Institution]]| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-78yjVybQfkC | page=212}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZdLhnFet4w4C&pg=PA39|title=Remembering Partition: Violence, Nationalism and History in India|last=Pandey|first=Gyanendra|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2001|isbn=978-0-521-00250-9|page=39|access-date=7 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Bharadwaj, Prasant|author2=Khwaja, Asim|author3=Mian, Atif|date=30 August 2008|title=The Big March: Migratory Flows after the Partition of India|journal=Economic & Political Weekly|volume=43}}</ref> After the [[Political integration of India]], and [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956|reorganisation]] of Indian states, majority of the eastern part of the desert became part of the [[Rajasthan]] state, with minor portions in [[Haryana]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], and [[Gujarat]].<ref name="Mares"/><ref name="Springer"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend7.htm |title=Seventh Amendment |work=Indiacode |access-date=19 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501011646/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend7.htm |archive-date=1 May 2017}}</ref> The western third became part of the [[Sindh]] and [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] provinces in Pakistan.<ref name="Mares"/><ref name="Springer"/> In 1965 and 1971, further population exchanges took place in the Thar region between India and Pakistan; 3,500 people, mostly Muslims, moved from India to Pakistan, while thousands of Hindu families migrated from Pakistani to the Indian section.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U7imPH4KVJUC&q=arif+hasan+thar+desert+migration&pg=PA15|title=Migration and Small Towns in Pakistan|last1=Hasan|first1=Arif|last2=Raza|first2=Mansoor|publisher=IIED|year=2009|isbn=978-1-843-69734-3|pages=15–16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://himalmag.com/just-another-border/|title=Not just another border|last=Maini|first=Tridivesh Singh|date=15 August 2012|work=Himal South Asian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newslens.pk/families-separated-pak-india-border-yearn-see-loved-ones/|title=Families separated by Pak-India border yearn to see their loved ones|last=Arisar|first=Allah Bux|date=6 October 2015|work=News Lens Pakistan|access-date=25 December 2016|archive-date=25 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225150022/http://www.newslens.pk/families-separated-pak-india-border-yearn-see-loved-ones/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Demographics and economy ==
[[File:Désert-du-Thar.jpg|thumb|Desert tribes near [[Jaisalmer]]]]

{{Main|Thar people}}

The [[Thar people]] are the natives of the region.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gambier |first1=Yves |last2=Stecconi |first2=Ubaldo |title=A World Atlas of Translation |date=15 February 2019 |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company |isbn=978-9-027-26296-7 |page=137 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5meEDwAAQBAJ&dq=Thari+language+in+rajasthan&pg=PA137 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Frawley |first1=William J. |title=International Encyclopedia of Linguistics |date=1 May 2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-199-77178-3 |page=291 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ftQEAAAQBAJ&dq=Dhatki+language+in+India&pg=PA291 }}</ref> The Thar Desert is the most widely populated desert in the world, with a population density of 83 people per km2.<ref>{{cite report|editor=Singh, P|year=2007|url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/aboutus/committee/wrkgrp11/tf11_grass.pdf|title=Report of the Task Force on Grasslands and Deserts|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111210071534/http://planningcommission.nic.in/aboutus/committee/wrkgrp11/tf11_grass.pdf |archive-date=10 December 2011|publisher=[[Government of India]]}}</ref> The inhabitants are composed of various religions including [[Hindu]]s, and [[Muslim]]s, and belong to different ethnicities.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/856630/thar-desert-is-an-oasis-of-inter-religious-harmony-in-pakistan-it-must-not-be-destroyed|title=Thar desert is an oasis of inter-religious harmony in Pakistan. It must not be destroyed|date=7 November 2017|access-date=1 June 2025|work=Scroll.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1167315|title=Mithi: Where a Hindu fasts and a Muslim does not slaughter cows|last=Raza|first=Hassan|date=5 March 2012|work=Dawn|access-date=1 June 2023}}</ref> The most spoken languages are [[Rajasthani languages]] such as [[Marwari language|Marwari]] in central and eastern regions, [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] in the southwest, and [[Lahnda]] in the northwest region of the Thar.<ref name="Brit">{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Thar-Desert|title=Thar Desert|work=[[Britannica]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf|title=Census Data 2011|publisher=[[Government of India]] |access-date=11 December 2014}}</ref>

[[File:House in the Thar.JPG|thumb|Huts in the Thar Desert]]

Majority of the people live in rural nomadic communities in the harsh environment of the Thar Desert.<ref name="Brit"/> People live in small huts which are shaped like a cylindrical [[bee hive]] topped by a conical thatched roof.<ref name="People">{{cite book|title=Sindhi Society and Culture|author=Ghulam Ali|year=2010|publisher=Culture Department, Government of Sindh|page=183}}</ref> The huts are distributed in small randomly formed clusters, while carefully planned for privacy so that the entrances of adjacent huts never face each other.<ref>{{cite book|title=Traditional Buildings: A Global Survey of Structural Forms and Cultural Functions|author=Allen Noble|year=2009|isbn=978-0-857-73902-5|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]]|page=273}}</ref> [[Middle class]] people in permanent settlements live in single-storeyed dwellings with large rectangular courtyards, and wide [[verandah]]s. It is supported by [[timber]] made from local wood and plastered on the upper side with a type of clay.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wzccindia.com/sam-hut-thar-desert-rajasthan/#|title=Sam hut|work=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> The wood of ''[[Prosopis cineraria]]'' (khejri) provides high-quality fuel wood, and building material. Its roots also encourage [[nitrogen]] fixation, which produces higher crop yields.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ecoworld.com/Home/Articles2.cfm?TID=341|title=Arid Agriculture: State-of-the-Art Agro-Forestry vs. Deserts on the March|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061219083939/http://www.ecoworld.com/Home/Articles2.cfm?TID=341 |archive-date=19 December 2006 |work=Eco World |date=14 August 2003|access-date=1 June 2012}}</ref>

Water scarcity remains the major problem in the desert with dependence on temporary storage of rain water, and prolonged periods of drought.<ref>{{cite book|title=Dry: Life Without Water|author1=Ehsan Masood|author2=Daniel Schaffer|year=2006|isbn=978-0-674-02224-9|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|pages=82=83}}</ref> Villages often consists of a few water sources such as temporary wells, and storage ponds.<ref name="People"/> The people spend a considerable amount of time fetching water for themselves or their animals.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mohammad Aslam Uqaili |first1=Mohammad Aslam |last2=Khanji |first2=Harijan |title=Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development |date=2011 |page=145 |isbn=9783709101094 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rndnOvfTDW4C&dq=thari+people&pg=PA145}}</ref> The Thar desert region has offered suffered from poor development due to the harsh environment and access to outside world.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Parwani |first1=Lalchand |title=Life Style of Thar Problems and opportunities in 21st century |journal=University of Sindh, Jamshoro |url=https://www.academia.edu/30945006}}</ref>

[[File:Camel_rides_in_Jaisalmer,_Thar_Desert_15.jpg|thumb|[[Camel]] rides in the desert]]

Most of the people are involved in herding animals, limited [[agriculture]], and in handicrafts.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Nasim |first1=S |title=Thar|journal=Developing teachers' skills in Thar desert area, Sindh, Pakistan |date=2007 |url=https://ecommons.aku.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1108&context=book_chapters }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1393111 | title=Culture: Shawl Weavers of Thar | date=4 March 2018 |access-date=1 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Raza |first1=Fawwad |title=Modern Agriculture Techniques in the Desert of Thar |work=Scientia Magazine |url=https://scientiamag.org/modern-agriculture-techniques-in-the-desert-of-thar/ |access-date=1 November 2024 |date=31 March 2021}}</ref> Agriculture happens in specifc areas supplanted by stored water, or irrigation from canals. Khadins are special crop enbankments which prevent water run off and used for agriculture. Drought resistant varieties of [[green gram]], [[sesame]], [[millets]], [[cluster beans]], [[chickpea]], and [[jowar]] are grown in the region. Shrubs like [[melon]], [[cucumber]], [[citrus fruits]], and [[date palms]], are grown near water bodies.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://agroecologyfund.org/food-security-and-drought-mitigation-in-indias-thar-desert/|title=Food and drought mitigation in Thar desert|work=Agro ecology|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> The Thar region is a major [[opium]] production and consumption area.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://main.icmr.nic.in/sites/default/files/icmr_bulletins/bulljan-mar08.pdf |title=ICMR Bulletin vol.38, No.1-3, Pattern and Process of Drug and Alcohol Use in India |access-date=10 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328054240/https://main.icmr.nic.in/sites/default/files/icmr_bulletins/bulljan-mar08.pdf |archive-date=28 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/video/will-rajasthan-opium-farmers-vote-for-change-1401355-2018-12-03 |title=Will Rajasthan opium farmers vote for change? |access-date=10 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510113738/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/video/will-rajasthan-opium-farmers-vote-for-change-1401355-2018-12-03 |archive-date=10 May 2022}}</ref> The [[Tharparkar cattle|Thari]] cow breed originated from [[Tharparkar District|Tharparkar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://afs.okstate.edu/breeds/cattle/tharparkar|title=Breeds of Livestock - Tharparkar Cattle — Breeds of Livestock, Department of Animal Science|work=[[Oklahoma State University]]|access-date=5 August 2019}}</ref>

The [[Government of India]] initiated departmental exploration for oil in 1955 and 1956 in the area,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/2nd/2planch18.html |title=Planning Commission plans|access-date=16 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060414235126/http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/2nd/2planch18.html |archive-date=14 April 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[natural gas]] was discovered in 1988 in the [[Jaisalmer basin]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oilindia.nic.in/ourcomp_spread_rajasthan.htm |title=Spread in Rajasthan|work=Oil India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060630062216/http://oilindia.nic.in/ourcomp_spread_rajasthan.htm |archive-date=30 June 2006}}</ref> The region is also home to several [[solar energy]] generation units, such as the [[Bhadla Solar Park]], with a generation capacity of over 2 gigawatts.<ref>{{cite web |title=Soaking Up Sun in the Thar Desert |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/149442/soaking-up-sun-in-the-thar-desert |work=[[NASA]] | access-date=1 June 2025 |date=19 February 2022}}</ref> [[Desert safari]] on [[camels]] have become increasingly popular with tourists frequenting the desert seeking adventure on camels, resulting in the development of the [[ecotourism]] industry.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/travel/pushkar-fair-where-camels-culture-and-tourists-come-together-in-the-heart-of-rajasthan-101731674766993.html|title=Pushkar Fair: Where camels, culture and tourists come together in the heart of Rajasthan|work=[[The Hindustan Times]]|date=15 November 2024|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>

==Biodiversity==
=== Vegetation ===
[[File:Khejri.jpg|thumb|''[[Prosopis cineraria]]'' tree]]

The natural vegetation of the dry area is classified as [[northwestern thorn scrub forest]], which consist of small, loosely-scattered patches of greenery.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Champion |first1=H. G. |first2=S. K. |last2=Seth |year=1968 |title=A revised survey of the forest types of India |publisher=Government of India Press |oclc=549213 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Negi |first=S. S. |year=1996 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZrP3-4IFtMUC&pg=PA182 |title=Biosphere Reserves in India: Landuse, Biodiversity and Conservation |publisher=Indus Publishing Company |location=Delhi |isbn=978-8-17387-043-9 }}</ref> The densities and sizes of these green patches increase from west to east, aligning with the pattern of increase in rainfall. There are 168 plant species belonging to 48 families reported from the area.<ref name="UNESCO">{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5448/#:~:text=**Species**:%20*%20**Reptiles**%20Laungwala%20Toad%2Dheaded%20Agama%2C%20Sindh,Hairy%2Dfooted%20Gerbil%2C%20Desert%20hare%2C%20and%20Long%2Deared%20hedgehog|title=Desert National Park|work=[[UNESCO]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> Some species of trees grow in low-lying areas of the desert.<ref name="Mares"/> Other vegetation consists of [[shrub]]s, and [[perennial]] herbs.<ref name="Kaul">{{cite book |last=Kaul |first=R. N. |year=1970 |title=Afforestation in arid zones |series=Monographiiae Biologicae |volume=20 |location=The Hague |oclc=115047 }}</ref> The [[endemic]] floral species include ''[[Calligonum polygonoides]]'', ''[[Prosopis cineraria]]'', ''[[Acacia nilotica]]'', ''[[Tamarix aphylla]]'', and ''[[Cenchrus biflorus]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Khan |first1=T. I. |last2=Frost |first2=S. |name-list-style=amp |year=2001 |title=Floral biodiversity: a question of survival in the Indian Thar Desert |journal=Environmentalist |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=231–236 |doi=10.1023/A:1017991606974 |s2cid=82472637 }}</ref> Plant species include ''[[Aerva javanica]]'', ''[[Balanites roxburghii]]'', ''[[Calotropis procera]]'', ''[[Capparis decidua]]'', ''[[Clerodendrum multiflorum]]'', ''[[Commiphora mukul]]'',
''[[Commiphora wightii]]'', ''[[Cordia sinensis]]'', ''[[Crotalaria burhia]]'', ''[[Ephedra foliata]]'', ''[[Euphorbia caducifolia]]'', ''[[Euphorbia neriifolia]]'', ''[[Grewia tenax]]'', ''[[Leptadenia pyrotechnica]]'', ''[[Lycium barbarum]]'', ''[[Maytenus|Maytenus emarginata]]'', ''[[Mimosa hamata]]'', ''[[Suaeda fruticosa]]'', ''[[Vachellia jacquemontii]]'', ''[[Ziziphus nummularia]]'' and ''[[Ziziphus zizyphus]]''.<ref name="UNESCO"/><ref name="Kaul"/> Herbs and grasses include ''[[Cenchrus biflorus]]'', ''[[Cenchrus ciliaris]]'', ''[[Citrullus colocynthis]]'' ''[[Cenchrus setiger]]'', ''[[Cynodon dactylon]]'', ''[[Dactyloctenium|Dactyloctenium scindicum]]'', ''[[Desmostachya bipinnata]]'', ''[[Lasiurus scindicus]]'', ''[[Ochthochloa|Ochthochloa compressa]]'', ''[[Panicum turgidum]]'', ''[[Panicum antidotale]]'', ''[[Dichanthium annulatum]]'', ''[[Sorghum halepense]]'', ''[[Sporobolus|Sporobolus marginatus]]'', ''[[Saccharum spontaneum]]'', ''[[Tribulus terrestris]]'', and species of ''[[Eragrostis]]'', ''[[Phragmites]]'', and ''[[Typha]]''.<ref name="Kaul"/>

The soil of the Thar Desert remains dry for much of the year, so it is prone to [[wind erosion]]. High-velocity winds blow soil from the desert, depositing some of it on neighboring fertile lands, and causing sand dunes within the desert to shift. To counteract this problem, sand dunes are stabilised by erecting micro [[windbreak]] barriers with scrub material and then by [[afforestation]] of the treated dunes by planting the seedlings of shrubs such as ''[[Calligonum polygonoides]]'', ''[[Cassia auriculata]]'', and ''[[Ricinus communis]]'', and trees such as ''[[Acacia senegal]]'', ''[[Prosopis juliflora]]'', and ''[[Albizzia lebbeck]]''.<ref name="Sinha1996"/>

=== Fauna ===
[[File:Chinkara.jpg|thumb|[[Chinkara]] found in the Thar Desert]]

The fauna of Thar has characteristics of both [[Mesic habitat|mesic]] and desert habitats. About 60 species of [[mammals]], 51 species of [[reptiles]], and eight [[amphibian]] species have been reported from the desert. About 69% of the [[herpetofauna]] and 54% of mammalian fauna are affiliated with the Sahara region.<ref name="UNESCO"/> Important mammal species include [[Chinkara]], [[Vulpes vulpes|Desert fox]], [[Vulpes bengalensis|Indian fox]], [[Felis silvestris|Desert Cat]], [[Gerbillus gleadowi|Hairy-footed Gerbil]], [[Desert hare]], and [[Long-eared hedgehog]] Hemeichinus auritus.<ref name="UNESCO"/><ref name="Ani">{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencing.com/animals-thar-desert-5365810/|title=Animals of the Thar desert|work=Sciencing|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>

Reptilian species include 14 species of [[lizards]] and seven species of [[snakes]]. Endemic reptile species of the Thar Desert include [[Rajasthan toad-headed lizard]], and [[Lytorhynchus paradoxus|Sindh awl-headed snake]]. Other species of reptiles include [[Uromastyx hardwickii|Indian spiny-tailed lizard]], [[Dwarf gecko]], [[Persian gecko]], [[Desert monitor]], and [[Saw-scaled viper]].<ref name="UNESCO"/> In 2023, fossil remains of ''[[Tharosaurus indicus]]'', a new species of [[sauropod]] dinosaur was found in the Thar Desert. It was discovered in the outcrops belonging to the [[Jaisalmer Formation]], dating to the [[Bathonian]] age of the [[Middle Jurassic]] era.<ref name="Tharosaurus">{{Cite journal |last1=Bajpai |first1=S. |last2=Datta |first2=D. |last3=Pandey |first3=P. |last4=Ghosh |first4=T. |last5=Kumar |first5=K. |last6=Bhattacharya |first6=D. |year=2023 |title=Fossils of the oldest diplodocoid dinosaur suggest India was a major centre for neosauropod radiation |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=13 |issue=1 |at=12680 |doi=10.1038/s41598-023-39759-2 |pmid=37542094 |pmc=10403599 |bibcode=2023NatSR..1312680B |doi-access=free }}</ref>

More than 100 bird species of [[Bird migration|migratory]] and resident desert birds, are found in the desert. Significant bird species include the [[endangered species|endangered]] [[Gyps bengalensis|Oriental white-backed vulture]], and [[Gyps indicus|Indian vulture]], [[Saxicola macrorhyncha|White-browed bushchat]], [[Amandava formosa|Green munia]], and the visiting [[Houbara bustard]].<ref name="UNESCO"/> The [[Great Indian Bustard]], classified as [[critically endangered]], and one of the world’s heaviest flying birds, inhabits the open shrub lands of the desert.<ref name="Ani"/><ref>{{cite journal|title=Status, threats and conservation of the Great Indian Bustard ''Ardeotis nigriceps'' (Vigors) in Pakistan |author=Khan, A.A. |author2=Khaliq, I. |author3=Choudhry, M.J.I. |author4=Farooq, A. |author5=Hussain, N. |name-list-style=amp |journal=Current Science |volume=95 |issue=8 |year=2008 |pages=1079–1082 |archive-date=2011-06-05 |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/oct252008/1079.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605032723/http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/oct252008/1079.pdf}}</ref> The [[Indian peafowl]] is a resident breeder in the Thar region, and has adapted to the desert ecosystem.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/full/10.5555/19822612007|title=Adaptations and commensality of the peafowl|author=I K Sharma|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>

===Protected areas===
There are several [[protected area]]s in the Thar Desert:
* '''In India''':
** [[Desert National Park]] in Rajasthan covers {{cvt|3162|km2}},<ref>{{cite journal |last=Rahmani |first=A. R. |year=1989 |title=The uncertain future of the Desert National Park in Rajasthan, India |journal=Environmental Conservation |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=237–244 |doi=10.1017/S0376892900009322 |s2cid=83995201 }}</ref> The [[Akal Wood Fossil Park]] forms part of the protected area.<ref name=Singh2007>{{cite web|author=Singh, P|year=2007|url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/aboutus/committee/wrkgrp11/tf11_grass.pdf|title=Report of the Task Force on Grasslands and Deserts|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111210071534/http://planningcommission.nic.in/aboutus/committee/wrkgrp11/tf11_grass.pdf |archive-date=10 December 2011|work=[[Government of India]]}}</ref>
** [[Tal Chhapar Sanctuary]] covers {{cvt|7|km2}} and is an [[Important Bird Area]] located in the [[Churu district]], in Rajasthan.<ref name=Singh2007/>
** [[Sundha Mata conservation reserve]] covers {{cvt|117.49|km2}} and is located in the [[Jalore District]] of Rajasthan.<ref>{{cite web|work=[[Wildlife Institute of India]] |date=2015 |url=http://www.wii.gov.in/nwdc_conservation_reserves |title=Conservation Reserves |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150410212243/http://www.wii.gov.in/nwdc_conservation_reserves |archive-date=10 April 2015 }}</ref>
* '''In Pakistan''':
** [[Lal Suhanra National Park|Lal Suhanra Biosphere Reserve and National Park]] is a [[UNESCO]] declared biosphere reserve, which covers {{cvt|65,791|ha}} the [[Cholistan Desert|Cholistan]] region of the Thar Desert.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/mabdb/br/brdir/directory/biores.asp?mode=all&code=PAK+01|title=UNESCO – MAB Biosphere Reserves Directory|work=[[UNESCO]]|access-date=21 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/ecological-sciences/biosphere-reserves/asia-and-the-pacific/pakistan/lal-suhanra/|title=Lal Suhanra|work=[[UNESCO]]|access-date=28 December 2016}}</ref>
** [[Nara Desert Wildlife Sanctuary]] covers {{cvt|6300|km2}}, and is located in [[Mirpurkhas District]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ghalib |first1=S. A. |last2=Khan |first2=A. R. |last3=Zehra |first3=M. |last4=Abbas |first4=D. |display-authors=1 |year=2008 |title=Bioecology of Nara Desert Wildlife Sanctuary, Districts Ghotki, Sukkur and Khairpur, Sindh |journal=Pakistan Journal of Zoology |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=37–43 |issn=0030-9923 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wildlifeofpakistan.com/sanctuaries.html|title=Protected Areas|access-date=21 April 2020|archive-date=3 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203175230/http://www.wildlifeofpakistan.com/sanctuaries.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== See also ==
* {{anl|Arid Forest Research Institute}}
* {{anl|Cholistan Desert}}
* {{anl|Nara Desert}}
* {{anl|Great Rann of Kutch}}
* {{anl|Teri (geology)}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
* {{Cite journal | last1 =Chatterjee | first1 =Anirban|last2=Ray|first2=Jyotiranjan S.|last3=Shukla|first3=Anil D.|last4=Pande|first4=Kanchan|date=20 November 2019| title =On the existence of a perennial river in the Harappan heartland| journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=9|issue=1 |pages=17221 |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-53489-4 |pmid=31748611 |pmc=6868222 |issn=2045-2322|bibcode=2019NatSR...917221C}}
* {{citation | last1 =Clift | first1 =Peter D. | ref ={{sfnref|Clift et al.|2012}} | last2 =Carter | first2 =Andrew | last3 =Giosan | first3 =Liviu | last4 =Durcan | first4 =Julie | display-authors =etal | year =2012 | title =U-Pb zircon dating evidence for a Pleistocene Sarasvati River and capture of the Yamuna River | journal =Geology | volume =40 | issue =3 | pages =211–214 | doi =10.1130/g32840.1 | bibcode =2012Geo....40..211C | s2cid =130765891 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Giosan | year =2012 | ref={{sfnref|Giosan et al.|2012}} | title =Fluvial landscapes of the Harappan civilization | journal =PNAS|volume= 109 |issue=26 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.1112743109 |pages=E1688–E1694 | display-authors =etal | pmid =22645375 | pmc=3387054 |bibcode=2012PNAS..109E1688G| doi-access =free }}
* {{cite journal | last1 =Giosan | first1 =Liviu | last2 =Clift | first2 =Peter D. | last3 =Macklin | first3 =Mark G. | last4 =Fuller | first4 =Dorian Q. | title =Sarasvati II | journal =Current Science | date =10 October 2013 | volume =105 | issue =7 | pages =888–890 | jstor =24098502 | url =https://www.jstor.org/stable/24098502 }}
* {{Citation | last1 =Khonde | first1 =Nitesh | last2 =Kumar Singh | first2 =Sunil | last3 =Maur | first3 =D. M. | last4 =Rai | first4 = Vinai K. | last5 =Chamyal | first5 =L. S. | last6 =Giosan | first6 =Liviu | year =2017 | title =Tracing the Vedic Saraswati River in the Great Rann of Kachchh | journal =Scientific Reports | volume =7 | issue =1 | page =5476 | doi =10.1038/s41598-017-05745-8 | pmid =28710495 | pmc =5511136 | bibcode =2017NatSR...7.5476K |ref={{sfnref|Khonde et al.|2017}}}}
* {{cite book |last1=Maemoku |first1=Hideaki |last2=Shitaoka |first2=Yorinao |last3=Nagatomo |first3=Tsuneto |last4=Yagi |first4=Hiroshi |editor1=Giosan, Liviu |editor2=Fuller, Dorian Q. |editor3=Nicoll, Kathleen |editor4=Flad, Rowan K. |editor5=Clift, Peter D. |title=Climates, Landscapes, and Civilizations |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D7aw5mfscBMC |series=American Geophysical Union Monograph Series 198 |year=2013 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-118-70443-1 |chapter=Geomorphological Constraints on the Ghaggar River Regime During the Mature Harappan Period}}
* {{cite journal |last=Sankaran |first=A. V. |title=Saraswati – The ancient river lost in the desert |journal=Current Science |volume=77 |number=8 |date=25 October 1999 |pages=1054–1060 |jstor=24103577 |url=http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/oct25/articles20.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040919123504/http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/oct25/articles20.htm |archive-date=19 September 2004 }}
* {{cite journal |last =Singh |first=Ajit |year=2017 |title=Counter-intuitive influence of Himalayan river morphodynamics on Indus Civilisation urban settlements |journal=Nature Communications |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=1617 |doi=10.1038/s41467-017-01643-9 |pmid=29184098 |pmc=5705636 |bibcode=2017NatCo...8.1617S |display-authors=etal |ref={{sfnref|Singh et al.|2017}} }}
* {{cite journal |last=Valdiya |first=K.S. |year=2013 |title=The River Saraswati was a Himalayan-born river |journal=Current Science |volume=104 |issue=1 |page=42 |url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/104/01/0042.pdf }}

== Further reading ==


* Bakliwal, P. C. and Sharma, S. B. (1980). "On the migration of the river Yamuna". ''Journal of the Geological Society of India'', Vol. 21, Sept. 1980, pp. 461–463.
* Bakliwal, P. C. and Grover, A. K. (1988). "Signature and migration of Sarasvati river in Thar desert, Western India". ''Record of the Geological Survey of India'' V 116, Pts. 3–8, pp. 77–86.
* Burdak, L. R. (1982). "Recent Advances in Desert Afforestation". Forestry Research Institute, Dehradun.
* Government of India. Ministry of Food & Agriculture booklet (1965), "Soil conservation in the Rajasthan Desert", Work of the Desert Afforestation Research station, Jodhpur.
* Gupta, R. K. & Prakash Ishwar (1975). ''Environmental analysis of the Thar Desert''. English Book Depot., Dehradun.
* Kaul, R. N. (1967). "Trees or grass lands in the Rajasthan: Old problems and New approaches". ''Indian Forester'', 93: 434–435.
* Rajawat, A. S., Sastry, C. V. S. and Narain, A. (1999-a). "Application of pyramidal processing on high resolution IRS-1C data for tracing the migration of the Saraswati river in parts of the Thar desert". in "Vedic Sarasvati, Evolutionary History of a Lost River of Northwestern India", ''Memoir Geological Society of India'', Bangalore, pp. 259–272.
* Rajesh Kumar, M., Rajawat, A. S. and Singh, T. N. (2005). "Applications of remote sensing for educidate the Palaeochannels in an extended Thar desert, Western Rajasthan", 8th annual International conference, Map India 2005, New Delhi.
* Ramasamy, S. M. (1999). "Neotectonic controls on the migration of Sarasvati river of the Great Indian desert". in "Vedic Sarasvati, Evolutionary History of a Lost River of Northwestern India", ''Memoir Geological Society of India'', Bangalore, No. 42, pp. 153–162.
* Yashpal, Sahai Baldev, Sood, R.K., and Agarwal, D.P. (1980). "Remote sensing of the 'lost' Saraswati river". ''Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences'' (Earth and Planet Science), V. 89, No. 3, pp. 317–331.
* Zaigham, N. A. (2003). [http://comsats.org/Publications/Books_SnT_Series/03.%20Water%20Resources%20in%20the%20South%20-%20Present%20Scenario%20and%20Future%20Prospects%20(Nov.%202003).pdf#page=66 "Strategic sustainable development of groundwater in Thar Desert of Pakistan"]. Water Resources in the South: Present Scenario and Future Prospects, Commission on Science and Technology for Sustainable Development in the South, Islamabad.

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Wikivoyage inline}}
* {{WWF ecoregion|id=im1304|name=Thar Desert}}
{{Geography of India}}
{{Geography of Pakistan}}
{{GeoSouthAsia}}
{{Sindh topics}}
{{Deserts}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Thar Desert| ]]
[[Category:Deserts of India]]
[[Category:Deserts of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Deserts and xeric shrublands]]
[[Category:Natural regions of India]]
[[Category:Ecoregions of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Ergs]]
[[Category:Geography of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Geography of Sindh]]
[[Category:Tharparkar District]]
[[Category:Environment of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Environment of Sindh]]
[[Category:Indomalayan ecoregions]]

Akshata Krishnamurthy

2026-03-04T22:21:19Z

Udesign:

{{Short description|Aerospace engineer and researcher}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Akshata Krishnamurthy
| image = DrAkshataKrishnamurthy-1.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1990|12|27|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| citizenship = [[India]]n
| alma_mater = [[R.V. College of Engineering]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]]) [[University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign]] ([[Master of Science|MS]]) [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] ([[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])
| occupation = {{infobox engineering career
| discipline = [[Space Systems]]
| employer = [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory|NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]
| significant_projects = [[Mars 2020]] [[NISAR]] [[TESS]] [[ASTERIA (spacecraft)|ASTERIA]]
| significant_awards = [[Luigi G. Napolitano Award]] [[International Astronautical Federation|IAF Emerging Space Leader]]
}}
}}
'''Akshata Krishnamurthy''' (born 27 December 1990) is an Indian space systems engineer working as Principal Investigator and Science Phase Lead at the [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory|NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Power lists like Fortune India MPW help shun self-doubt: NASA's Krishnamurthy |first=Manoj |last=Sharma |date=2 August 2024 |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/multimedia/power-lists-like-fortune-india-mpw-help-shun-self-doubt-nasas-krishnamurthy/117897 |publisher=Fortune India |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=NASA JPL NISAR Project Team|url=https://nisar.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/team/project-team/|publisher=NASA JPL|access-date=14 November 2024|archive-date=1 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241101131041/https://nisar.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/team/project-team/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

She is currently working on [[Mars 2020]].<ref name=":0" /> She was named to [[Fortune India 500|Fortune India's]] "Most Powerful Women"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=-Manoj |title=Akshata Krishnamurthy - Most Powerful Women in 2024 - Fortune India |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/mpw/akshata-krishnamurthy?year=2024 |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=www.fortuneindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Education ==
Krishnamurthy was born on 27 December 1990 in [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], India. She completed her schooling and undergraduate education at [[R.V. College of Engineering]] before moving to the [[United States]] to pursue a [[Master's degree]] in [[Aerospace Engineering]] from the [[University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign]].<ref>{{cite thesis |title=Development and characterization of an inertial electrostatic confinement thruster |degree=M.S. |year=2012 |last1=Krishnamurthy |first1=Akshata |url=https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/items/42102|publisher=[[University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign|UIUC]] |access-date=21 December 2023}}</ref>

Krishnamurthy earned her PhD in [[Aerospace|Aeronautics and Astronautics]] from the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT).<ref>{{cite thesis |title=Instrument systematics calibration and performance validation for high precision photometry missions |year=2020 |degree=Ph.D. |url=https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/128056|publisher=[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] |hdl=1721.1/128056 |access-date=21 December 2023|type=Thesis |last1=Krishnamurthy |first1=Akshata }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Thesis Defense Presented by Akshata Krishnamurthy |url=https://space.mit.edu/events/thesis-defense-presented-by-akshata-krishnamurthy-january-6-2020/|publisher=MIT |date=6 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926220713/https://www.space.mit.edu/events/thesis-defense-presented-by-akshata-krishnamurthy-january-6-2020/ |archive-date=26 September 2020 }}</ref> Her PhD research focused on instrument calibration and performance improvement for space-based telescope missions for exoplanet detection. The results of her research contributed to the [[Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite]] (TESS) and [[ASTERIA (spacecraft)|Arcsecond Space Telescope Enabling Research in Astrophysics]] (ASTERIA) missions. Krishnamurthy and her colleagues contributed to the discovery of several exoplanets and the characterization of [[HD 59640]] as an eruptive variable star with flares.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Günther |first1=Maximilian N. |last2=Zhan |first2=Zhuchang |last3=Seager |first3=Sara |last4=Rimmer |first4=Paul B. |last5=Ranjan |first5=Sukrit |last6=Stassun |first6=Keivan G. |last7=Oelkers |first7=Ryan J. |last8=Daylan |first8=Tansu |last9=Newton |first9=Elisabeth |last10=Kristiansen |first10=Martti H. |last11=Olah |first11=Katalin |last12=Gillen |first12=Edward |last13=Rappaport |first13=Saul |last14=Ricker |first14=George R. |last15=Vanderspek |first15=Roland K. |date=2020-01-20 |title=Stellar Flares from the First TESS Data Release: Exploring a New Sample of M Dwarfs |journal=The Astronomical Journal |volume=159 |issue=2 |pages=60 |doi=10.3847/1538-3881/ab5d3a |doi-access=free |arxiv=1901.00443 |bibcode=2020AJ....159...60G |issn=0004-6256}}</ref> Other projects included the [[Mars 2020]] [[Mars Oxygen ISRU Experiment]] (MOXIE).<ref>{{cite book |date=2018 |doi=10.1109/AERO.2018.8396586 |s2cid=49539396 |last1=Meyen |first1=Forrest |last2=Krishnamurthy |first2=Akshata |last3=Hoffman |first3=Jeffrey |title=2018 IEEE Aerospace Conference |chapter=System Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA) of the Mars oxygen ISRU experiment (MOXIE) |pages=1–10 |isbn=978-1-5386-2014-4 }}</ref>

At [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]], she was the President of the Graduate Association of Aeronautics and Astronautics (GA^3) student organization<ref>{{cite web |title=Graduate Association of Aeronautics and Astronautics |url=https://ga3.mit.edu/history |website=Graduate Association of Aeronautics and Astronautics (GA3) |publisher=MIT |access-date=21 December 2023}}</ref> and Co-Chair of the MIT India Conference.<ref>{{cite web |title=MIT India Conference|url=https://mit-india-conference.com/2018-conference/ |website=MIT India Conference |publisher=MIT |access-date=21 December 2023}}</ref>

== Career ==
Krishnamurthy interned at NASA's [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] as part of the ASTERIA mission while working on her PhD. In April 2021, she and her colleagues received the [[NASA]] Group Achievement Award for their work with the [[CubeSat]] [[ASTERIA (spacecraft)|ASTERIA]].<ref>{{cite web |title=NASA Group Achievement Award|url=https://ai.jpl.nasa.gov/public/awards/ |website=NASA Group Achievement Award |publisher=NASA |access-date=21 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ASTERIA Group Achievement Award |url=https://scienceandtechnology.jpl.nasa.gov/community/awards-and-recognitions/areas-achievement |website=NASA Group Achievement Award |publisher=JPL |access-date=21 December 2023}}</ref> Following graduation, she was employed as a systems engineer and science data system lead at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.<ref>{{cite web |title='How I Got a Job At NASA': Aerospace Engineer Shares 5 Tips to Build a Career in Space |date=13 May 2024 |url=https://thebetterindia.com/349546/akshata-krishnamurthy-nasa-aerospace-engineer-rocket-scientist-space-career-mit/ |publisher=[[The Better India]] |first=Sowmya |last=Mani |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref> She also started as a systems engineer on the [[NISAR|NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR)]] mission<ref name="auto">{{cite web|title=SSPI's 20 under 35 Profile|url=https://www.sspi.org/cpages/dr-akshata-krishnamurthy|website=SSPI's 20 under 35 list|publisher=[[Society of Satellite Professionals International|SSPI]]|access-date=21 December 2023|archive-date=23 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223232038/https://www.sspi.org/cpages/dr-akshata-krishnamurthy|url-status=dead}}</ref> and later became the Science Phase Lead.<ref>{{cite web|title=NISAR Project|url=https://nisar.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/team/project-team/?page=0&per_page=40&order=position%20asc&search=&subtitle=&hover=false&show_email=false&show_institution=true&category=229|website=NISAR Project|publisher=NASA|access-date=31 May 2024|archive-date=1 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601035856/https://nisar.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/team/project-team/?page=0&per_page=40&order=position%20asc&search=&subtitle=&hover=false&show_email=false&show_institution=true&category=229|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Krishnamurthy is currently a robotic operations systems engineer working on the Mars 2020 [[Perseverance (rover)|Perseverance]] Mission robotic operations and a principal investigator on a strategic university research program with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=SURP Research|url=https://scienceandtechnology.jpl.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/posters/2023/SP23005.pdf|website=SURP Research|publisher=NASA|access-date=31 May 2024}}</ref> She previously served as an instrument engineer on NASA's [[TESS|Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS)]] and as a co-investigator on [[ASTERIA (spacecraft)|ASTERIA]] missions. She is the first Indian to operate the [[Perseverance (rover)|Perseverance Mars rover]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/akshata-krishnamurthy-becomes-first-indian-to-operate-mars-rover-know-more-about-her-difficult-journey-11701779539224.html |title=Akshata Krishnamurthy becomes first Indian to operate Mars rover - Know more about her difficult journey |date=December 5, 2023 |website=www.livemint.com |publisher=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |id={{ProQuest|2897523609}} }}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
* [[Luigi G. Napolitano Award]] from the [[International Astronautical Federation]] for contributions to [[Aerospace engineering|aerospace science]] (2017)<ref>{{cite web |title=Luigi G. Napolitano Award|url=https://www.iafastro.org/activities/honours-and-awards/iaf-young-pioneer-award/former-luigi-g-napolitano-award.html |publisher=IAF |access-date=21 December 2023}}</ref>
* Dr. Robbin Chapman Excellence Through Adversity Award from the MIT Office of Graduate Education (2018)<ref>{{cite web |title=Robbin Chapman Excellence Through Adversity Award |url=https://oge.mit.edu/community-diversity/awards-recognition/mit-rise-awards/ |website=Robbin Chapman Excellence Through Adversity Award |publisher=MIT |access-date=21 December 2023 |archive-date=23 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223232039/https://oge.mit.edu/community-diversity/awards-recognition/mit-rise-awards/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Amelia Earhart Fellowship by the [[Zonta International|Zonta International Foundation]] (July 2018)<ref>{{cite web |title=Zonta Amelia Earhart Fellow|url=https://space.mit.edu/akshata-krishnamurthy-named-zonta-amelia-earhart-2018-fellow/ |website=Graduate Association of Aeronautics and Astronautics (GA3) |date=9 May 2018 |publisher=MIT |access-date=21 December 2023}}</ref>
* Emerging Space Leader Award by the [[International Astronautical Federation]] (September 2018)<ref>{{cite web |title=Emerging Space Leader Award |url=https://www.iafastro.org/activities/next-generation/emerging-space-leaders-grant-programme/iaf-emerging-space-leaders-2018.html |website=Emerging Space Leader Award |publisher=IAF |access-date=21 December 2023}}</ref>
* [[MIT]] Graduate Woman of Excellence Award (2019)<ref>{{cite web |title=MIT Graduate Woman of Excellence Award |url=https://oge.mit.edu/community-diversity/awards-recognition/celebration-of-graduate-women/ |website=MIT Graduate Woman of Excellence Award |publisher=MIT |access-date=21 December 2023 |archive-date=23 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223233607/https://oge.mit.edu/community-diversity/awards-recognition/celebration-of-graduate-women/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Space and Satellite Professionals International]]'s 20 under 35 list of top space professionals (2021)<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{cite web |title=SSPI's 20 under 35 Media Coverage |url=https://news.satnews.com/2021/09/23/sspis-20-under-35-professionals-to-be-honored-at-satellite-innovation/ |website=Satnews|access-date=21 December 2023}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krishnamurthy, Akshata}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Mars 2020]]
[[Category:Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni]]
[[Category:Planetary scientists]]
[[Category:NASA people]]
[[Category:MIT School of Engineering alumni]]
[[Category:Jet Propulsion Laboratory faculty]]
[[Category:Indian aerospace engineers]]
[[Category:Scientists from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian engineers]]
[[Category:Women scientists from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Engineers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women engineers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Lalaji

2026-03-03T23:19:56Z

Udesign: General cleanup and content improvements

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Lalaji
| image =

| caption =
| director = {{ubl|Chamankant Gandhi|Lalit Mehta}}
| producer =
| writer =
| narrator =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Yashodhra Katju]]|[[Yakub (actor)|Yakub]]|Krishnakant|[[Amar (actor)|Amar]]}}
| music = Vasant Kumar Naidu
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = National Studios
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1942}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Lalaji''''' is a [[Hindi film|Hindi Language]] [[film]]. It was released in [[Bollywood films of 1942|1942]].<ref name=gomolo>{{cite web|last1=gomolo|title=Lalaji 1942|url=http://www.gomolo.com/lalaji-movie/1030|website=gomolo.com|publisher=gomolo|accessdate=9 July 2014|archive-date=14 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714144841/http://www.gomolo.com/lalaji-movie/1030|url-status=dead}}</ref> The film starred Yashodhra Katju, [[Yakub (actor)|Yakub]], [[Amar (actor)|Amar]], Sunalini Devi, Krishnakant and Maya Devi. It was directed by Chamankant Gandhi and Lalit Mehta for National Studios with music composed by Vasant Kumar Naidu.<ref name=citwf>{{cite web|last1=citwf|title=Lalaji 1942|url=http://www.citwf.com/film192604.htm|website=citwf.com|publisher=Alan Goble 2005 – 2013|accessdate=9 July 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id =0381358 |title =Lalaji }}

[[Category:1942 films]]
[[Category:1942 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1942 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:1942 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]

{{1940s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Preethi Vathsalya

2026-03-03T22:17:08Z

Udesign: General improvements to article content

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Preethi Vathsalya
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[H. R. Bhargava]]
| producer = Bhargava D. V. Rajaram
| story = B. L. Venu (Based on Novel)
| writer = B. L. Venu
| screenplay = B. L. Venu
| starring = [[Tiger Prabhakar]] [[Aarathi]] [[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]] [[Sridhar (Kannada actor)|Sridhar]]
| music = [[Rajan–Nagendra]]
| cinematography = D. V. Rajaram
| editing =
| studio = Kalakruthi
| distributor = Kalakruthi
| released = {{Film date|1984|09|15|df=y}}
| runtime = 133 min
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}

'''''Preethi Vathsalya''''' is a 1984 Indian [[Kannada]]-language film, directed by [[H. R. Bhargava]] and produced by Bhargava and D. V. Rajaram. The film stars [[Tiger Prabhakar]], [[Aarathi]], [[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]] and [[Sridhar (Kannada actor)|Sridhar]]. The film has [[Film score|musical score]] by [[Rajan–Nagendra]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharatmovies.com/kannada/info/preethi-vatsalya.htm|title=Preethi Vathsalya|accessdate=2015-01-21|publisher=bharatmovies.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nthwall.com/ka/Preethi-Vatsalya-1984/9219802206|title=Preethi Vathsalya|accessdate=2015-01-21|publisher=nthwall.com|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122001652/http://www.nthwall.com/ka/Preethi-Vatsalya-1984/9219802206|archivedate=22 January 2015}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Tiger Prabhakar]] as Prabhakar
*[[Aarathi]] as Saroja
*[[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]] as Shankar
*[[Sridhar (Kannada actor)|Sridhar]]
*Saroja
*[[Sudheer (Kannada actor)|Sudheer]] as Manohar
*Vishwa Vijetha
*[[Vijay Kashi|Vijaykashi]]
*[[Ramesh Bhat]]
*Aravind
*[[Uma Shivakumar]]
*M. S. Karanth
*[[Srinivasa Murthy]]
*[[Rajanand]]
*Hanumanthachar
*[[Keerthiraj]]
*Thimmayya
*[[Lohithashwa]]
*[[Anuradha (actress)|Anuradha]]
*Mico Chandru
{{div col end}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Rajan–Nagendra]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://play.raaga.com/kannada/album/Preethi-Vatsalya-songs-K0000572|title=Preethi Vatsalya Songs|accessdate=2015-01-21|publisher=raaga.com}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Nagutha Naliyuva" || [[S. Janaki]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || Doddarange Gowda || 04:35
|-
| 2 || "Snehithare Nimage" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam || [[R. N. Jayagopal]] || 04:18
|-
| 3 || "Hayya Hayya" || S. Janaki, S. P. Balasubrahmanyam || Shyamasundara Kulkarni || 04:23
|-
| 4 || "Ushe Moodidaaga" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam || [[R. N. Jayagopal]] || 04:34
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1339348}}

{{H. R. Bhargava}}

[[Category:1984 films]]
[[Category:1984 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1984 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Rajan–Nagendra]]
[[Category:Films directed by H. R. Bhargava]]

{{1980s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Aathma Bandhana

2026-03-03T22:00:33Z

Udesign: Revised and enhanced article content

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aathma Bandhana
| image = Aathma Bandhana.jpg
| caption = [[Lobby card]]
| director = Srikanth Nahata
| screenplay = Srikanth Nahata
| based_on = ''[[Vaa Arugil Vaa]]''
| starring = [[Shashikumar]] [[Jayapradha]] [[Vaishnavi (Malayali actress)|Vaishnavi]] [[Doddanna]]
| producer = M. Rajagopal
| music = [[Rajan–Nagendra]]
| cinematography = D. V. Ramana
| editing = D. Venkatarathnam
| studio = Sri Sarvashakthi Films
| released = {{film date|df=yes|1992|04|28}}
| runtime = 131 minutes
| language = Kannada
| country = India
}}

'''''Aathma Bandhana''''' is a 1992 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[horror film]] directed by Srikanth Nahata <ref>[http://chiloka.com/celebrity/srikanth-nahatha Srikanth Nahatha biography]</ref> and produced by M. Rajagopal. The film stars [[Shashikumar]], [[Jayapradha]] and [[Vaishnavi (Malayali actress)|Vaishnavi]].<ref>[http://chiloka.com/movie/atma-bandhana-1992 Atma Bandhana (ಆತ್ಮ ಬಂಧನ) 28 April 1992- Drama]</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|number=1339789303900200966|user=NFAIOfficial|title=A lobby card for #Kannada horror drama #AathmaBandhana (1992), starring Shashikumar, Jayaprada and Vaishnavi in maj… |date=18 December 2020}}</ref>

The film is a revenge drama of a woman, played by Vaishnavi, who is mercilessly killed by her in-laws and her spirit enters into a doll. The doll takes revenge against each person involved in her murder. The film was a remake of Tamil film ''[[Vaa Arugil Vaa]]'' (1991) which itself was loosely inspired by the 1988 American film ''[[Child's Play (1988 film)|Child's Play]]''. The film's music was composed by [[Rajan–Nagendra]] and cinematography is by D. V. Ramana.

== Cast ==
*[[Shashikumar]]
*[[Jayapradha]]
*[[Vaishnavi (Malayali actress)|Vaishnavi]]
*[[Doddanna]]
*Kaminidharan
*[[Thoogudeepa Srinivas]]
*[[Vajramuni]]
*[[Ramakrishna (Kannada actor)|Ramakrishna]]
*[[Mysore Lokesh]]
*[[Shani Mahadevappa]]

== Soundtrack ==
The music of the film was composed by [[Rajan–Nagendra]] with lyrics by [[Chi. Udaya Shankar]].<ref>[http://play.raaga.com/kannada/album/Athma-Bandhana-songs-K0000317 Athma-Bandhana-songs-K0000317]</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Rajeshwari Yogeshwari
| extra1 = [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length1 = 4:59
| title2 = Keluvararilla Nammanu
| extra2 = K. S. Chithra
| length2 = 4:29
| title3 = Hatthira Hatthira Nee
| extra3 = K. S. Chithra, [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length3 = 4:29
| title4 = Nanna Hrudayadalli
| extra4 = K. S. Chithra, S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length4 = 4:46
| title5 = Prema Yendare Yenu
| extra5 = K. S. Chithra, S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length5 = 4:28
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=10198036}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aathma Bandhana}}
[[Category:1992 films]]
[[Category:1992 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1992 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian horror films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Rajan–Nagendra]]
[[Category:1992 horror films]]
[[Category:Films about witchcraft]]
[[Category:Indian horror film remakes]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]

{{1990s-Kannada-film-stub}}
{{1990s-horror-film-stub}}

Thutturi

2026-03-03T21:48:32Z

Udesign: creating initial post w/ infobox

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Thuthoori Film Poster.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[P. Sheshadri]]
| producer = M/S Soundarya Arts
| screenplay = {{unbulleted list|J.M.Prahlad|[[P.Sheshadri]]}}
| starring = Karthik Sharma [[Kishan Shrikanth]] [[H. G. Dattatreya]]
| music = [[Hamsalekha]]
| cinematography = H.M.Ramachandra
| editing = B.S.Kemparaju
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2006|5|12}}<ref>[http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/3104/kannada/thutturi/index.htm Thutturi], ''Now Running''</ref>
| runtime = 120 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}
'''''Thutturi''''' ('''''The Bugle''''') is a [[National Film Awards|National Award]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2007/aug07/53rd_nfa-2005.pdf |title=53rd National Film Award 2005 |access-date=22 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517023805/http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2007/aug07/53rd_nfa-2005.pdf |archive-date=17 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> winning (2006) Kannada [[children's film]] directed by [[P. Sheshadri]], starring Karthik Sharma, [[Kishan Shrikanth]], Prathama and [[H. G. Dattatreya]]. The film was released on 12 May 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/thut/20060519.htm |title=Thuttoori: Take your children! |publisher= |website=Rediff |date=19 May 2006 |accessdate=22 March 2013}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film is an attempt to highlight and raise consciousness of the problem of the need for nearby playgrounds for children in each locality.

Confined to homes for most of the year with heaps of homework and preparation for dreaded examinations, children jump with joy with declaration of summer holidays. That is when they are'allowed to go out and play. Lack of a playground in the locality compels them to play in streets. An old man, Dattanna, gives his permission for them to play on his land. He is impressed with the way they clear up the whole place. He becomes one with them in creating a beautiful playground there and proclaims that the playground henceforth belongs to them. In their company he finds a new meaning to his life. He starts spending more and more time playing and roaming around joyfully with the children.

Dattanna's son, Hari, and grandson, Abhi, arrive from America. Hari forbids his son from playing there. His admonition embarrasses and hurts the old man. To retrieve Abhi and the old man from "street children", Hari virtually orders them to pack up and move to America immediately, much against his wishes. Hari's rudeness shocks the old man. He loses his speech and becomes bed-ridden. Hari cleverly uses this opportunity to keep the children away. He is unmoved by children's pleadings and their parents' request and, arranges for demolition of the playground to build a commercial complex. The children obstruct the demolition. Children and parents are taken to the police station. The embarrassed parents punish their children and order them to remain indoors.

Finally, these children manage to regain their playground with the help of old man. Hari endorses the old man's gift of a playground to children. The film ends with the old man appealing to all parents to dealing with children in the right way and grooming them for their all round development providing space for both study and play.

== Cast ==
*Karthik Sharma as Shivalingu
*[[Kishan Shrikanth]]
*[[H. G. Dattatreya]]

==Awards==
[[File:P. Sheshadri receiving the National Film Award for Best Film on Environment Conservation for Thutturi.jpg|thumb|250px|P. Sheshadri receiving the National Film Award for Best Film on Environment Conservation from [[President of India|President]] [[Pratibha Patil]]]]
* [[53rd National Film Awards|2005]]: [[National Film Award (India)|National Film Award]] for [[National Film Award for Best Film on Environment Conservation/Preservation|Best Film on Environment Conservation / Preservation]]<ref name="53rdawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/53rd_nff_2006.pdf|title=53rd National Film Awards|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|accessdate=19 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029195640/http://dff.nic.in/2011/53rd_nff_2006.pdf|archive-date=29 October 2013|url-status=dead}} - {{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/05/20/stories/2011052062700200.htm |title=Kannada film industry bags four national awards |date=20 May 2011 |accessdate=22 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208142835/http://www.hindu.com/2011/05/20/stories/2011052062700200.htm |archive-date=8 February 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* 2006: [[Karnataka State Film Awards]]: [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Children Film|Best Children Film]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/current_state_award05_06.asp |title=Karnataka State Film Awards 2005-06 |publisher= |website=Viggy |date=13 March 2011 |accessdate=3 January 2018}}</ref>

==International Awards==
* Best Audience Award (9th Dhaka International Film Festival)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dhakafilmfest.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=45&Itemid=54 |title=9th Dhaka International Film Festival |publisher=Dhakafilmfest.org |accessdate=22 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003002842/http://www.dhakafilmfest.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=45&Itemid=54 |archive-date=3 October 2011 |url-status=usurped }}</ref>
* Earth Vision Award of 2005-06 (15th Tokyo Global Environmental Film Festival<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.earth-vision.jp/english/3-0film_entries.htm |title=EARTH VISION-Tokyo Global Environmental Film Festival |website=Earth-vision |accessdate=22 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130714061142/http://www.earth-vision.jp/english/3-0film_entries.htm |archive-date=14 July 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|2777740|Thutturi}}

{{P. Sheshadri}}

[[Category:2006 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2006 films]]
[[Category:Indian children's films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Hamsalekha]]
[[Category:Best Film on Environment Conservation/Preservation National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films directed by P. Sheshadri]]
[[Category:2006 children's films]]

Sahayathrikaykku Snehapoorvam

2026-03-03T21:38:45Z

Udesign: creating first post initial version

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sahayathrikakku Snehapoorvam
| image = Sahayathrikakku Snehapoorvam.jpg
| caption =
| director = M. Shankar
| producer =
| writer = Sathrughnan
| narrator =
| starring = [[Kunchacko Boban]] [[Kavya Madhavan]]
| music = [[Mohan Sithara]]
| cinematography = Prakash Kutti
| editing = P. C. Mohan
| studio = Surya Creations
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2000|7|28}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Sahayathrikaykku Snehapoorvam''''' ({{Translation|With love to the fellow female traveller}}) is a 2000 Indian [[Malayalam]] [[comedy film]] directed by M. Shankar, who previously directed ''[[Nakshatratharattu]]'' (1998).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.keralatalkies.org/sahayatri/|title=Sahayathrikakku Snehapoorvam - Mini Site|work=keralatalkies.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010629020345/http://www.keralatalkies.org/sahayatri/|archive-date=29 June 2001}}</ref> It stars [[Kunchacko Boban]] and [[Kavya Madhavan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malayalam.filmibeat.com/features/kavya-madhavan-s-girls-fans-opens-up-about-her-heros-in-malayala-cinema-074100.html|title=കാവ്യ മാധവനും ആ ഭാഗ്യമുണ്ടായി; മമ്മൂട്ടി മുതൽ പൃഥ്വിരാജ് വരെ, ഏറ്റവും കൂടുതൽ നായകന്മാരായി അഭിനയിച്ച താരങ്ങള്‍|work=Filmibeat|date=11 August 2021|language=ml}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=November 2025}}
Saji and his friend, Maya Zachariah, are college mates and are jobless after completing their graduation in journalism. They are the happy-go-lucky kind who spend days making merry with their friends. They decide to try their luck in television serial production. Maya writes the script and Saji acts as the hero. Saji's father agrees to invest money in the project as he himself has cherished a dream of becoming an actor. However, Saji's brother opposes the plans.

Saji and his friends` attempts to evade his brother, often leading to some comic situations. As the shoot progresses, Saji faces a severe challenge as he is passing through the most critical facet of his life. His family plunges into a serious financial crisis. A financier files suit against his father for breach of promise which comes as a bolt from the blue for Saji. Now, he is badly in need of a job. Responsibility is born out of necessity, and his brother somehow manages to get a state minister to recommend Saji for an opening as a reporter on a television channel. On the other side, Maya too faces a similar problem. She too comes out as the second claimant for the same post. The events that unfold as both Maya and Saji compete for the same post through various events comprise the rest of the movie.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Kunchacko Boban]] as Sajin a.k.a. Saji
* [[Kavya Madhavan]] as Maya
* [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] as Janardhanan [[Julius Caesar]]
* [[Thesni Khan]] as hostel warden / [[Calpurnia (wife of Caesar)|Calpurnia]]
* [[Jagadish]] as Vytila Radhakrishnan
* [[Ambili Devi]] as Saji's sister<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malayalam.filmibeat.com/news/ambili-devi-adithyan-jayan-marriage-049465.html|title=അമ്പിളി ദേവിയുടെയും ജയന്‍ ആദിത്യന്റെയും വിവാഹം! സെറ്റില്‍ ആഘോഷമാക്കി നടിയുടെ മുന്‍ ഭര്‍ത്താവ്!|language=ml|date=26 January 2019|work=[[Oneindia|filmibeat]]}}</ref>
* [[Maniyanpilla Raju]] as Mathachayan Saji's elder brother
* [[N. F. Varghese]] as Saji's father
* [[Joemon Joshy]]
* [[Devan (actor)|Devan]] as Channel GM
* [[Narendra Prasad]] as Maya's father
* [[Kottayam Naseer]] as Saji's friend
*Saju Kodiyan as Saji's friend
*Joby as Saji's friend
* Monilal as Saji's friend
*[[Kaviyoor Renuka]] as Saji's mother
*Yamuna as Maya's elder sister
*[[Tony]] as Maya's brother in law
*Laxmi Rattan
*[[Bindu Varapuzha]] as Seriel actress
*[[Gayathri (Malayalam actress)]] as
*[[Menaka Mahesh]] as Maya's mother
*[[Bindu Panicker]] as Girija
*[[Ponnamma Babu]] as Warden
*[[Priyanka Anoop]] as Karthiyayni
*[[Jose Pellissery]] as Gopi
*[[Sudheesh]] as Robin
*Harisree Martin as Blind Man
}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Sahayathrikaykku Snehapoorvam
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Mohan Sithara]]
| cover =
| alt =
| caption =
| released = July 2000
| recorded = 2000
| venue =
| studio = Chetana, [[Thrissur]]
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|42:05}}
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| label = [[Satyam Audios]]
| prev_title = [[Deepasthambham Mahascharyam]]
| prev_year = 1999
| next_title = [[Varnakkazhchakal]]
| next_year = 2000
}}
The soundtrack album of the film is composed by [[Mohan Sithara]] for the lyrics penned by [[S. Ramesan Nair]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Sahayaathrikaykku Snehapoorvam (2000)|url=https://en.msidb.org/m.php?3512 |website=MSIDb |access-date=6 June 2023 |publisher=Malayalam Movie Database }}</ref>
{{Track listing
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 42:05
| title1 = Chellam Chellam
| extra1 = [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length1 = 05:25
| title2 = Alasa Kolasa
| extra2 = K. J. Yesudas, K. S. Chithra
| length2 = 04:54
| title3 = Olive Thaliritto
| extra3 = K. J. Yesudas
| length3 = 05:25
| title4 = Anaadhiyam
| extra4 = K. S. Chithra
| length4 = 05:30
| title5 = Alasa Kolasa
| extra5 = K. J. Yesudas
| length5 = 04:54
| title6 = Pranaya Kavithakal
| extra6 = [[Mohan Sithara]]
| length6 = 05:40
| title7 = Anaadhiyam
| extra7 = K. J. Yesudas
| length7 = 05:30
| title8 = Muthuvilakkiloru
| extra8 = [[M. G. Sreekumar]]
| length8 = 04:47
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''indiainfo.com'' wrote that "Shankar, who earlier directed Kunchacko Boban in the successful film ''Nakshatrathalatu'', attempts a light-hearted love story with him this time around. The subject is interesting and differs from the usual run-of-the-mill plots".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.indiainfo.com/malayalam/reviews/sahaya.html |title=''Sahayatrikal Snehapoorvam'': Wacky race for a job | first=Unni R.|last=Nair|website=movies.indiainfo.com |access-date=24 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010211010228/http://movies.indiainfo.com/malayalam/reviews/sahaya.html |archive-date=11 February 2001 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20040108101120/http://sify.com/movies/malayalam/review.php?id=6007554&ctid=5&cid=2428</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|13300924}}

[[Category:2000 films]]
[[Category:2000 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mohan Sithara]]

Nenapinangala

2026-03-03T21:30:34Z

Udesign: new...

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Short description|2013 Kannada film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Nenapinangala (ನೆನಪಿನಂಗಳ)
| image =
| caption =
| director = Dhanuchandra Mavinakunte
| producer = G Ramakrishna
| writer = Dhanuchandra Mavinakunte
| screenplay =
| story =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*Hemanth
*Supreetha
*Ramesh Bhat
*[[Sudha Belawadi]]
}}
| narrator =
| music = C R Bobby
| cinematography = G Renukumar
| editing = Kumar Kotekoppa
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|03|21}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Nenapinangala''''' is a 2013 Indian [[Kannada]]-language film directed by
Dhanuchandra Mavinakunte starring Hemanth, Supreetha, Ramesh Bhat and [[Sudha Belawadi]] in lead roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/nenapinangala-gets-a-good-review/articleshow/19477543.cms|title=Nenapinangala gets a good review|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 April 2013 |access-date=10 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2011/Jun/23/nenapinangala-audio-released-265709.html|title=Nenapinangala audio released|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=23 June 2011}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* Hemanth as Surya
* Supreetha as Pallavi
* [[Ramesh Bhat]]
* [[Sudha Belawadi]]
* [[Karibasavaiah]]
* Ninasam Ashwath
* Nagendra Urs
* Shankar Bhat
* Dr Chikkahejjaji Mahadev
* Shashikala
* Vishwa
* Kuri Sunil
* [[Chitra Shenoy]]
}}

==Music==

{{Infobox album
| name = Nenapinangala
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Bobby CR
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2013
| recorded = 2013
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 30:13
| language = Kannada
| label = Anand Audio
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year = 2012
| year = 2014
| next_title =
| next_year = 2013
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube|51rDXd1YwF8| Nenapinangala - Full Album}}
}}
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 30:13
| title1 = Idu Obba Premiya
| extra1 = [[Shamitha Malnad]]
| length1 = 2:22
| title2 =  Heegeke Noduve
| extra2 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]]
| length2 = 4:42
| title3 = Preethisuva
| extra3 = Chetan Sosca
| length3 = 4:53
| title4 = Yaaro Evanu
| extra4 = [[Chaitra H. G.]]
| length4 = 4:11
| title5 = Ondondu Muthina Haniyu
| extra5 = Rajesh Krishnan
| length5 = 4:19
| title6 =  Mella Mella Nanndage
| extra6 = [[Lakshmi Nataraj]]
| length6 = 3:42
| title7 = E Bandhana Noothara
| extra7 = Hemanth Kumar
| length7 = 4:28
| title8 = E Putta Hrudayada
| extra8 = Rajesh Krishnan
| length8 = 1:08
| title9 = Heegeke Ee Jagadolu
| extra9 = [[Hemanth Kumar]]
| length9 = 0:41
| title10 = Ondu Mathu Helade
| extra10 = [[L. N. Shastri]]
| length10 = 1:47
}}

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===

Srikanth Srinivasa of [[Rediff.com]] scored the film at 2 out of 5 stars and says "Nenapinangala is a reasonably good movie given that a bunch of newcomers are involved in its making. It has some excellent performances by Supreetha and Ramesh Bhat"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-nenapinangala-is-worth-a-watch/20130325.htm|title=Review: Nenapinangala is worth a watch|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=25 March 2013}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' scored the film at 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "Hemanth, though impressive, has to get training in expression and body language. Ramesh Bhat is graceful. Music director CR Bobby has given some excellent numbers. G Renukumar’s cinematography is okay".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/nenapinangala/movie-review/19130684.cms|title=NENAPINANGALA MOVIE REVIEW|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=14 May 2016}}</ref> ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' scored the film at 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "CR Bobby has managed to give a few melodious tunes. At least, three songs stand out for its quality. Renukumar as the cinematographer passes muster. The minus points are the comedy that are wasted and the length that that should have been pruned at the editing table".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/nenapinangala-realistic-streak/articleshow/21214694.cms|title= Nenapinangala : Realistic streak|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|access-date=23 March 2013}}</ref> B S Srivani of [[Deccan Herald]] wrote "He stretches the climax unnecessarily and all the good work comes nearly undone with it. Story is nothing out of the ordinary, but this is a rare instance of performances, music and dialogues all pitching in to transform ordinary into extraordinary. This playground of memories has plenty of positives to take home".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/content/320891/love-betrayal-make-up-memory.html|title=Love and betrayal make up memory basket|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|access-date=23 March 2013}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|14097592}}

[[Category:2013 drama films]]
[[Category:2013 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Kannada-language drama films]]

Valli Vara Pora

2026-03-03T04:51:20Z

Udesign: creating the pg more to come

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Valli Vara Pora
| image = Valli Vara Pora.jpg
| caption = Title card
| director = S. V. Solai Raja
| producer = M. Padmanabhan S. Nivethan
| screenplay = S. V. Solai Raja
| story = [[Gireesh Puthenchery]]
| starring = {{ubl|[[Pandiarajan]]|Mohana|[[Nirosha]]}}
| music = K. S. Mani Oli
| cinematography = M. V. Kalyan
| editing = S. Ashok Mehta
| studio = Greenways Film International
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1995|02|10}}
| runtime = 130 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Valli Vara Pora''''' ({{translation|Valli is about to arrive}}) is a 1995 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy film]] directed by S. V. Solai Raja in his debut. The film stars [[Pandiarajan]], Mohana and [[Nirosha]], with [[Vinu Chakravarthy]], [[Vijaya Lalitha]], [[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]], [[Charle]], Muralikumar, [[Pasi Narayanan]] and [[Kumarimuthu]] playing supporting roles. It is a remake of the 1993 [[Malayalam]] film ''[[Meleparambil Anveedu]]''.<ref name="hindutamil">{{Cite web |date=6 November 2013 |title='நய்யாண்டி' தயாரிப்பாளர் மற்றும் இயக்குநர் மீது வழக்கு! |trans-title=Case has been filed upon producer and director of ''Naiyyandi'' |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/209454-.html |access-date=14 February 2020 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta |archive-date=21 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821163515/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/209454-.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was released on 10 February 1995,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Valli varappora ( 1995 ) |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=valli%20varappora |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925074321/http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=valli%20varappora |archive-date=25 September 2012 |access-date=5 October 2016 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref> and failed at the box office.<ref name="hindutamil" />

==Plot==
{{more plot|date=March 2023}}
Meenakshi and Ayyasamy have three sons : Periyapandi, Thangapandi and Chinna Paandi. The three brothers are bachelors, Chinna Paandi is the only graduate of his family. Kavitha, a relative, is in love with Chinna Paandi but he has no feelings towards her. Chinna Paandi sets out for a Kerala village to work as manager of a courier company. There, he meets a Kerala woman named Pavalam, she falls in love with him but her father Menon wants Pavalam to get married against her will. Chinna Paandi and Pavalam fall in love with each other and they try to elope from the village, unfortunately, the villagers finally catch them. Menon, the village chief, accepts for their marriage and both get married. Later, that same day, he learns of his transfer to his native village. Chinna Paandi is afraid of whether or not his parents would agree to their marriage, so he keeps Pavalam undercover as a maid in his home. His brothers Periyapandi and Thangapandi fall in love with Pavalam. What transpires next forms the rest of the story.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Pandiarajan]] as Chinna Paandi
*Mohana as Pavalam
*[[Nirosha]] as Kavitha
*[[Vinu Chakravarthy]] as Menon
*[[Vijaya Lalitha]] as Meenakshi
*[[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]] as Ayyasamy
*[[Charle]] as Thangapandi
*Muralikumar as Periya Paandi
*[[Pasi Narayanan]] as Narayanan
*[[Kumarimuthu]] as Postman
*Bhavani Prasad
*Usha Nayar
*Manager Cheena as Marriage broker
*Karikalan
*[[Idichapuli Selvaraj]]
*Sundaram
*Appadurai
}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by K. S. Mani Oli, with lyrics by [[Piraisoodan]], Pattukottai Shanmugasundaram and Ramadaasan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=En Aasai Machaan / Valli Vara Pora |url=https://avdigital.in/products/en-aasai-machaan-valli-vara-pora |access-date=1 January 2023 |website=AVDigital |archive-date=1 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101064723/https://avdigital.in/products/en-aasai-machaan-valli-vara-pora |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Duration
|-
| "Ammadi Rathiri" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] || 4:50
|-
| "Thaluku Kuluki" || [[Shahul Hameed]], [[Suresh Peters]] || 3:28
|-
| "Ponnu Romba Joruthan" || [[Pushpavanam Kuppusamy]], [[Anitha Kuppusamy]] || 2:56
|-
| "Jinggu Jangu" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Swarnalatha]] || 4:49
|-
| "Rootula Juttula" || [[Malgudi Subha]] || 4:02
|-
| "Theendamal" || Malgudi Subha || 4:24
|}

==Reception==

Thulasi of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' wrote the director's debut film has taken off impressively, so hats off.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=துளசி |date=26 February 1995 |title=வள்ளி வரப்போறா |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1995-02-26/page/n64/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230220130428/https://archive.org/details/kalki1995-02-26/page/n64/mode/2up |archive-date=20 February 2023 |access-date=1 January 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=63 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1995 Indian films]]
[[Category:1995 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1995 comedy films]]
[[Category:1995 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:1995 films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Malayalam films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Bishnu Shrestha

2026-03-02T06:26:41Z

Udesign: cleanup details for accuracy and added references

{{short description|Gurkha soldier}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Bishnu Prasad Shrestha
| native_name = विष्णु श्रेष्ठ kulkarni
| native_name_lang = ne
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1975}}
| birth_place = [[Parbat district|Parbat]], [[Nepal]]
| occupation = Gurkha soldier ([[8th Gorkha Rifles]])
| known_for = Showing bravery in Maurya Express robbery incident
| awards = [[Sena Medal]] [[Uttam Jeevan Raksha Padak]]
}}

'''Bishnu Prasad Shrestha'''<ref name="pibgovindia" /> (born 1975) is a [[Nepalis|Nepalese]] [[Gurkha]] soldier in the [[Indian Army]] (7th battalion the [[8th Gorkha Rifles]]) and recipient of the [[Sena Medal]]<ref name= Sena368>{{cite press release | url= https://archive.pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=79889| title= 368 Republic Day Gallantry and other Defence Decorations Announced| publisher= Press Information Bureau, Ministry of Defence, Government of India| date= 25 January 2012 | url-status= live| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20230213100837/https://archive.pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=79889| archivedate= 13 February 2023| accessdate= 29 April 2025}}</ref> for bravery and the [[Uttam Jeevan Raksha Padak]] medal<ref name= "pibgovindia">{{cite press release |url= http://pibmumbai.gov.in/scripts/detail.asp?releaseId=E2012PR2065 |title=Jeevan Raksha Padak announced |publisher= Press Information Bureau, Indian Government| website= pibmumbai.gov.in |date=6 January 2012 | place= Mumbai |url-status= dead| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20130807180349/http://pibmumbai.gov.in/scripts/detail.asp?releaseId=E2012PR2065| archivedate= 7 August 2013 |accessdate= 29 April 2025}}</ref><ref name="xnepali">{{cite web |url= https://xnepali.net/a-gurkha-soldier-who-fought-40-train-robbers-to-be-felicitated-in-the-republic-day-of-india/ |title= A Gurkha soldier, who fought 30 train robbers| first= Anand| last= Nepal| website= XNepali.com| date= 16 January 2011 |publisher= | accessdate= 29 April 2025}}</ref> for his gallant conduct during an armed train robbery.

==Early life, family and education==
Shrestha was born in Bachchha Deurali Khola, ward no. 9 of [[Parbat District|Parbat district]] in the western part of [[Nepal]].

He and his family moved to [[Pokhara]] after being recruited to an Indian [[Gorkha regiments (India)|Gurkha regiment]]. His father Gopal Babu also served in the same 7/8 Platoon, retiring in 1981.<ref name= "myrepublica1">{{cite web |url=http://archives.myrepublica.com/portal/index.php?action=news_details&news_id=27100 |title=Lone Nepali Gorkha who subdued 40 train robbers |publisher= | first1= Manoj| last1= Adhirkari| first2= Santosh| last2= Pokharel| work= myrepublica.com |date=13 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20131222133313/http://archives.myrepublica.com/portal/index.php?action=news_details&news_id=27100 |archivedate=22 December 2013 |accessdate= 28 April 2025}}</ref><ref name="myrepublica2">{{cite web |url=http://archives.myrepublica.com/portal/index.php?action=news_details&news_id=27132 |title=Govt's special honor for gallant Gorkha| date= 13 January 2011 |place= Kathmandu |publisher= | work= myrepublica.com |archive-date=3 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103142216/http://archives.myrepublica.com/portal/index.php?action=news_details&news_id=27132 |url-status=dead |accessdate= 29 April 2025}}</ref>

==Train robbery incident==
[[File:Sena Medal.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Sena Medal]], awarded by the Indian government "''for such individual acts of exceptional devotion to duty or courage as have special significance for the Army''"|282x282px]]
In September 2010, Bishnu Shrestha was a 35{{efn|Sometimes reported as 45<ref name= "takes on" />}}-year-old Gurkha soldier who had just retired.<ref name= "myrepublica1" /> He was traveling from [[Ranchi]] to [[Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh]] via the Maurya Express (Hatia-Gorakhpur) train when between 15 and 40<ref name= "telegraphindia">{{cite news |url= http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100904/jsp/bengal/story_12895050.jsp |archive-url= https://archive.today/20130204044854/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100904/jsp/bengal/story_12895050.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 February 2013 |title= 6 arrested for train robbery, injuring 20 |publisher= | work= telegraphindia.com |date=3 September 2010 |accessdate=3 January 2014}}</ref><ref name= "myrepublica1" /> robbers, armed with "guns, daggers and tangis" stopped the train they were on near [[Chittaranjan]], [[West Bengal]], and robbed and injured other passengers.<ref name= "takes on" />

Shrestha was asleep when the bandits reached him.<ref name= "takes on" /> Awakened, he was preparing to hand over his valuables, but an 18-year-old girl next to him was grabbed by the robbers who intended to rape her. The girl, who was traveling with her parents,<ref name= "myrepublica1" /> called for help. As one of the bandits was snatching a woman's earrings, Shrestha pulled out the large, curved [[kukri|khukuri]] that all Gurkha soldiers carry and attacked the criminals, injuring three of them, he recalled,<ref name="telegraphindia" /> although another report stated three bandits were killed and eight more were injured.<ref name= "myrepublica1" />

Shrestha told the ''[[Times of India]]'':
{{quote|I am a soldier and get paid to protect citizens of this country. I could not sit back and watch as passengers were looted. I pulled out my khukuri and attacked the criminals. I succeeded in connecting with at least three of them. The blows were severe and they must have got themselves admitted to some hospital. By then, the criminals started fighting back. They fired a shot that missed me. At one point of time, the khukuri fell from my hand and I was overpowered. They picked it up and used it on me.<ref name= "takes on">{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Soldier-takes-on-dacoits-on-trainGang-Of-30/articleshow/6488820.cms | title=Soldier takes on dacoits on train Gang Of 30 | publisher= | work= [[Times of India]] | date=4 September 2010 | accessdate=19 September 2014}}</ref>}}

Bleeding and defeated, Shrestha succeeding in preventing the assault of the girl, but the thieves continued robbing the passengers.<ref name= "takes on" />
Six robbers were arrested, according to a security commandant,<ref name="telegraphindia" /> and Rs 10,470 in cash, 33 mobile phones, 14 wristwatches, an ATM card, two pistols, live cartridges, and seven daggers in their possession were seized from them.<ref name="telegraphindia"/> Shrestha recovered full use of his injured hand after receiving two months of medical treatment. Another source reported that loot was recovered elsewhere that totaled "around 400,000 Indian rupees in cash, 40 gold necklaces, 200 cell phones, 40 laptops and other items that the fleeing robbers dropped in the train",<ref name= "myrepublica1" /> although the news report did not mention if these figures were confirmed by the authorities.

==Aftermath==
Shrestha was pleased by the appreciation he received and thanked the media for covering the news, remarking:
{{quote|The Indian media brought the incident to light and the [[Mass media in Nepal|Nepalese media]] too gave it due importance. I may have even been sent to jail on the charge of robbery had the girl and the Indian media not come forward to my support. I was hardly recognized even in [[Baidam]] [his neighbourhood]. Now the whole country knows me.<ref name="myrepublica2" />}} He was honored by many organizations (public and private), including mothers' groups, schools and political leaders.<ref name="myrepublica2" />

When the intended rape victim's family offered him a cash reward, he refused it, explaining, "Fighting the enemy in battle is my duty as a soldier. Taking on the thugs on the train was my duty as a human being."<ref name="myrepublica1"/> However, his regiment gave him a "cash reward of Rs. 50,000 and terminated his voluntary retirement, so that he could get a customary promotion after he receives the medals", as well as "cash rewards from the government, special discounts" on certain air and train travel fares.<ref name="xnepali" />

==In popular culture==
Bollywood music director, singer and actor [[Himesh Reshammiya]] announced that he would make a [[biopic]] on him based upon his heroics of the [[Maurya Express]] train robbery.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/bollywood/news/himesh-reshammiya-acquired-rights-of-biopic-on-an-army-officer-bishnu-shrestha-01510361.html| title= कन्फर्म / आर्मी ऑफिसर बिष्णु श्रेष्ठ की बायोपिक बनाएंगे हिमेश रेशमिया, 4 नई फिल्मों में खुद करेंगे एक्टिंग| work= [[Dainik Bhaskar]]| language= hi| trans-title= Confirmed / Himesh Reshammiya will make the biopic of Army Officer Bishnu Shrestha, will himself act in 4 new films| date=31 March 2019| accessdate=1 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/himesh-reshammiya-buys-the-rights-of-the-bishnu-shrestha-biopic/articleshow/68654305.cms | title=Himesh Reshammiya buys the rights of the Bishnu Shrestha biopic| website=[[The Times of India]]| agency= TNN| date=31 March 2019| accessdate= 28 April 2025}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shrestha, Bishnu}}
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Gurkhas]]
[[Category:People from Parbat District]]
[[Category:People from Pokhara]]
[[Category:Newar people]]

Thorangtlang Wildlife Sanctuary

2026-02-25T03:29:23Z

Udesign: creating some article w/ infobox

{{Short description|Wildlife sanctuary in Mizoram, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Thorangtlang Wildlife Sanctuary
| iucn_category = IV
| image =
| image_caption =
| map = India Mizoram#India
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| map_width = 220
| map_caption = Location in Mizoram, India
| map_alt = Location of Thorangtlang Wildlife Sanctuary in Mizoram, India
| location = Lunglei district, Mizoram, India
| nearest_city = Lunglei
| coordinates = {{coord|23|18|N|92|33|E|type:forest|display=inline,title}}
| area_km2 = 50
| established = 23 April 2002; 2 November 2015 (updated notification); eco-sensitive zone notified 25 June 2019
| governing_body = Department of Environment & Forests, Government of Mizoram
| designation = Wildlife sanctuary
| website =
}}

'''Thorangtlang Wildlife Sanctuary''' (also spelled Thorangtland) is a [[List of wildlife sanctuaries of India|wildlife sanctuary]] located in [[Lunglei district]] in the Indian state of [[Mizoram]]. It preserves subtropical evergreen and semi-evergreen forest ecosystems and lies close to the India–Bangladesh border.<ref name="forestsclearance">{{cite web |url=https://forestsclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/wildlife/Userdetail/12111912561213BT2EHBiodiversityreportPKIPHIB.pdf |title=Thorangtlang Wildlife Sanctuary – Biodiversity Report |publisher=Forest Clearance / Government of India |access-date=25 November 2025 }}</ref><ref name="mizforest">{{cite web |url=https://forest.mizoram.gov.in/page/protected-areas |title=Protected Areas |publisher=Forest Department, Government of Mizoram |access-date=25 November 2025 }}</ref>

==Location and geography==
The sanctuary occupies hilly terrain in southern Mizoram, south of Aizawl and near Lunglei town. Elevations reach about 1,396 m, and the area forms part of the Naga–Mizoram mountain biogeographic zone. The region receives high annual rainfall and is drained by several small streams.<ref name="forestsclearance" /><ref name="moef">{{cite web |url=https://moef.gov.in/uploads/2019/07/thorangtlang.pdf |title=Gazette Notification: Thorangtlang Wildlife Sanctuary and Eco-sensitive Zone |publisher=Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change |date=25 June 2019 |access-date=25 November 2025 }}</ref>

==History==
The forest tract was first recorded as Reserve Forest in 1982. A state notification declared part of it as Thorangtlang Wildlife Sanctuary on 23 April 2002, with an area of 50 km2.<ref name="forestsclearance" /> A subsequent notification on 2 November 2015 revised the sanctuary's recorded area to 180.0 km2. In June 2019, an eco-sensitive zone surrounding the sanctuary was formalised by the Government of India.<ref name="moef" /><ref name="mizforest" />

==Flora and fauna==
The sanctuary acts as a corridor for the migration of elephants from Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite web |last=OurTeam |date=12 February 2017 |title=Mizoram Discover Aizawl with our Quick Guide |url=https://www.outlooktraveller.com/explore/features/mizoram-a-quick-guide-aizawl |access-date=25 November 2025 |website=Outlook Traveller |language=en }}</ref>

Important wild animals of the region include the [[Muntjac|Barking deer]] (Sakhi), Gaur/Indian bison (Ramsial), [[Himalayan black bear]], [[Hoolock gibbon]] (Hauhuk), [[Leaf monkey]] (Dawr), Leopard (Keite), [[Rhesus macaque]] (Zawng), [[Sambar deer|Sambar]] (Sazuk), Tiger (Sakei), and [[Wild boar]] (Sanghal); while notable birds comprise the Bhutan peacock pheasant (Varihaw), Great Indian hornbill (Vapual), Imperial pigeon (Bullut), Khalij pheasant (Vahrit), Pied hornbill (Vahai), Red jungle fowl (Ramar), and Wreathed hornbill (Kawlhawk).<ref>{{Cite news |title=Thorangtlang Wildlife Sanctuary |url=https://forest.mizoram.gov.in/page/thorangtlang-wildlife-sanctuary |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250207041740/https://forest.mizoram.gov.in/page/thorangtlang-wildlife-sanctuary |archive-date=7 February 2025 |access-date=25 November 2025 |language=en }}</ref>

A study in the Journal of Threatened Taxa documented 36 species of pteridophytes (ferns and fern-allies) within the sanctuary.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Barbhuiya |first1=H.A. |title=Pteridophytes of Thorangtlang Wildlife Sanctuary, Mizoram, India |journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa |year=2014 |url=https://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/article/view/1582 |access-date=25 November 2025 }}</ref>

==Conservation and management==
Thorangtlang Wildlife Sanctuary is administered by the Forest Department of Mizoram. The eco-sensitive zone notified in 2019 aims to regulate development around the boundary and reduce pressure on the habitat.<ref name="moef" /> Recent management guidelines highlight community participation, scientific wildlife monitoring and habitat protection as priorities.<ref name="forestsclearance" />

==Visitor information==
The sanctuary is accessible from Lunglei. Entry permissions and visitor arrangements are available through the Mizoram Forest Department and state tourism services.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.incredibleindia.gov.in/en/mizoram/lunglei/thorangtland-wildlife-sanctuary |title=Thorangtland Wildlife Sanctuary |publisher=Incredible India |access-date=25 November 2025 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Protected areas of India]]
* [[Kathlaur Kushlian Wildlife Sanctuary]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official|https://forest.mizoram.gov.in/page/protected-areas|Forest Department – Protected Areas, Government of Mizoram }}
* {{cite web |url=https://moef.gov.in/uploads/2019/07/thorangtlang.pdf |title=Gazette Notification: Thorangtlang Wildlife Sanctuary and Eco-sensitive Zone |publisher=Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change |date=25 June 2019 }}
* {{cite web |url=https://forestsclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/wildlife/Userdetail/12111912561213BT2EHBiodiversityreportPKIPHIB.pdf |title=Thorangtlang Wildlife Sanctuary – Biodiversity Report |publisher=forestsclearance.nic.in }}

[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Mizoram]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Mizoram]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 2002]]

Auditing in India

2026-02-22T23:06:43Z

Udesign: started data

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
'''Auditing in [[India]]''' is a system of independently reviewing the records/activities and expressing an opinion thereon.

==Types==

===Social audit===
{{main|Social audit}}
Social audit is a process of reviewing official records and determining whether state reported expenditures reflect the actual monies spent on the ground.<ref>{{citation|last1=Aiyar |first1=Yamini |last2=Samji |first2=Salimah |url=http://knowledge.nrega.net/193/1/transparency-accountability_Andhra.pdf |title=Transparency and Accountability in NREGA – A Case Study of Andhra Pradesh |publisher=Accountability Initiative |date=1 February 2009 |page=8 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191334/http://knowledge.nrega.net/193/1/transparency-accountability_Andhra.pdf |archivedate=29 October 2013 }}</ref>

Civil society organisations (CSOs), [[Non-governmental organization]] (NGOs), political representatives, [[Civil service|civil servants]] and workers of [[Dungarpur district]] of [[Rajasthan]] and [[Anantapuram district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] collectively organise such social audits to prevent mass corruption under the [[Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act]] (MGNREGA).<ref>{{citation |last=Dobhal |first=Harsh |title=Writings on Human Rights, Law, and Society in India: A Combat Law Anthology : Selections from Combat Law (2002–2010) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CcbLvuT1jbkC |date=2011 |publisher=Socio Legal Information Cent |isbn=978-81-89479-78-7 |page=420 }}</ref>

===Statutory audit===
{{main|Financial audit}}
Statutory audit refers to the audit based on the laws applicable on the entity for the time being in force. It is governed by the [[Indian Accounting Standards]] (Ind-AS) issued by [[Institute of Chartered Accountants of India]] from time to time. A [[Chartered accountant]] holding a ''certificate of practice'' in India is qualified to be a [[statutory auditor]]. This is as per convention of [[Companies Act 2013]].

===Other===
* [[Internal Audit]]
* Government Audit
* [[Environmental audit]]
* Logistics Audit

==CAG==
{{Main|Comptroller and Auditor General of India}}
The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India is an authority, established by the Constitution under [[Constitution of India]]/Part V Chapter V/Sub-part 7B/Article 148, who [[audit]]s all [[receipt]]s and [[cost|expenditure]] of the [[Government of India]] and the [[States and union territories of India|state governments]], including those of bodies and authorities substantially financed by the government. The CAG is also the [[external auditor]] of [[State-owned enterprise|Government-owned corporations]] and conducts supplementary audit of government companies, i.e., any non-banking/ non-insurance company in which Union Government has an equity share of at least 51 per cent or subsidiary companies of existing government companies. The reports of the CAG are taken into consideration by the [[Public Accounts Committee (India)|Public Accounts Committee]]s (PACs) and Committees on Public Undertakings (COPUs), which are special committees in the [[Parliament of India]] and the state legislatures. The CAG is also the head of the Indian Audit and Accounts Department, the affairs of which are managed by officers of [[Indian Audit and Accounts Service]], and has over 45,000 employees across the country.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}}

The CAG is ranked 9th and enjoys the same status as a judge of [[Supreme Court of India]] in [[Indian order of precedence]]. The current CAG of India is [[Girish Chandra Murmu]], who assumed the office on 8 August 2020. He is the 14th CAG of India.

==ICAI==
{{main|Institute of Chartered Accountants of India}}
The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India was established under the Chartered Accountants Act, 1949 passed by the Parliament of India with the objective of regulating accountancy profession in India.<ref name="act">Act No. XXXVIII of 1949. See [http://www.mca.gov.in/Ministry/actsbills/pdf/The_Chartered_Accountants_Act_2006.pdf "Chartered Accountants Act 1949 as amended in 2006"]</ref> ICAI is the second largest professional accounting body in the world in terms of membership second only to [[American Institute of Certified Public Accountants|AICPA]].<ref>{{citation |title=Ranking of Accountancy bodies as per |url=http://worldranking.blogspot.com/2009/08/top-professional-accountancy-bodies.html |publisher=World Ranking Guide Blog }}</ref> It prescribes the qualifications for a Chartered Accountant, conducts the requisite examinations and grants license in the form of [[Professional certification|Certificate of Practice]]. Apart from this primary function, it also helps various government agencies like [[Reserve Bank of India|RBI]], [[Securities and Exchange Board of India|SEBI]],{{citation needed|date=January 2016}} [[Ministry of Corporate Affairs|MCA]], [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India|CAG]], [[Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India|IRDA]], etc. in policy formulation. ICAI actively engages itself in aiding and advising economic policy formulation. For example, ICAI has submitted its suggestions on the proposed Direct Taxes Code Bill, 2010. It also has submitted its suggestions on the Companies Bill, 2009. The government also takes the suggestions of ICAI as expert advice and considers it favorably. ICAI presented an approach paper on issues in implementing Goods and Service Tax in India to the [[Minister of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]]. In response to this, Ministry of Finance has suggested that ICAI take a lead and help the government in implementing [[Goods and Services Tax (India) Bill|Goods and Services Tax]] (GST).<ref>{{citation |title=Finmin eyes ICAI role in GST roll-out |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/finmin-eyes-icai-role-in-gst-rollout/330443 |newspaper=The Financial Express |date=3 July 2008 }}</ref> It is because of this active participation in formulation economic legislation, it has been designated by A. P. J. Abdul Kalam as a "''Partner in Nation Building''".

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Auditing]]
[[Category:Accounting in India]]
[[Category:Corporate governance in India]]

The Case that Shook the Empire

2026-02-22T19:42:15Z

Udesign: creating first details w/ sources

{{Short description|2019 book}}
{{Infobox book
| italic title = 
| name = The Case that Shook the Empire
| image = File:The_Case_that_Shook_the_Empire.jpg
| image_size =
| border =
| alt =
| caption =
| author = Raghu Palat Pushpa Palat
| audio_read_by =
| title_orig =
| orig_lang_code =
| title_working =
| translator =
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country =
| language = English
| series =
| release_number =
| subject = [[O'Dwyer v. Nair Libel Case]]
| genre = [[History]]
| set_in =
| publisher = [[Bloomsbury Publishing]]
| publisher2 =
| pub_date =
| english_pub_date =
| published = 2019
| media_type =
| pages = 187
| awards =
| isbn = 978-93-89000-27-6
| isbn_note =
| oclc =
| dewey =
| congress =
| preceded_by = 
| followed_by = 
| native_wikisource =
| wikisource =
| notes = Basis of ''[[Kesari Chapter 2]]''
| exclude_cover =
| website =
| module =
}}
'''''The Case that Shook the Empire''''' is a book by Raghu and Pushpa Palat about the [[O'Dwyer v. Nair Libel Case]] held in London in [[English law]] against the Indian politician and lawyer [[C. Sankaran Nair|Sir C. Sankaran Nair]], by former [[List of governors of Punjab (British India)|Lieutenant Governor of the Punjab]], [[Michael O'Dwyer|Sir Michael O'Dwyer]]. It forms the basis of the Hindi film ''[[Kesari Chapter 2]]''.<ref name=Schell2025>{{cite web |last1=Schell |first1=Frank |date=17 July 2025 |title=The case that shook the empire |url=https://www.gatewayhouse.in/the-case-that-shook-the-empire/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250803162242/https://www.gatewayhouse.in/the-case-that-shook-the-empire/ |archive-date=3 August 2025 |access-date=3 August 2025 |website=Gateway House |language=en}}</ref><ref name=Thampi>{{cite web |last1=Thampi |first1=Madhavi |date=17 October 2019 |title=The Malabar Angle |url=https://openthemagazine.com/lounge/books/the-malabar-angle/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250803164937/https://openthemagazine.com/lounge/books/the-malabar-angle/ |archive-date=3 August 2025 |access-date=3 August 2025 |website=Open The Magazine |language=en}}</ref>

==Authors==
''The Case that Shook the Empire'' is written by [[C. Sankaran Nair|Sir C. Sankaran Nair]]'s great-grandson Raghu Palat and his wife Pushpa Palat.<ref name=Seb2025>{{cite news |last1=Sebastian |first1=Meryl |date=19 June 2025 |title=Jallianwala Bagh: C Sankaran Nair called out a massacre - and shamed the British Empire |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c24ql23qm73o |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250803161847/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c24ql23qm73o |archive-date=3 August 2025 |access-date=3 August 2025 |work=BBC News}}</ref>

==Content==
The book comprises fourteen chapters, preceded by a foreword, preface, and prologue, and followed by a bibliography and acknowledgements, with no index included. Texts are generally referenced with footnotes on most pages.

The chapters are entitled:
*1. An Indian in British India
*2. The land of plenty
*3. Masters of machination
*4. Indians do not matter
*5. The Jallianwala Massacre
*6. Martial Law
*7. Backlash
*8. The trigger
*9. The trial
*10. The verdict
*11. Reverberations
*12. Grey skies
*13. Thereafter
*14. Afterward

===Bibliography===
The bibliography lists sources that include ''[[The Butcher of Amritsar]]'' by [[Nigel Collett]], ''[[Mr Justice McCardie (1869-1933)]]'' by [[Antony Lentin]], ''[[A Grammar of Politics]]'' by [[Harold Laski]], ''The Life of General Dyer'' by [[Ian Colvin]], the autobiography of [[C. Sankaran Nair|Sir C. Sankaran Nair]], ''[[India as I Knew It]]'' by [[Michael O'Dwyer]], [[Lepel Griffin|Sir Lepel Henry Griffin]]’s ''Ranjit Singh'', works by [[Ian A. Talbot]], [[Stanley Wolpert]]’s ''An Era of Judgment'', and both the Hunter Report and Congress Report.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web |title=Raghu and Pushpa Palat, renowned authors and historians, on their book: The Case That Shook the Empire |url=https://rotaryclubofbombay.org/raghu-and-pushpa-palat-renowned-authors-and-historians-on-their-book-the-case-that-shook-the-empire-one-mans-fight-for-the-truth-about-the-jallianwala-bagh-massacre/ |publisher=Rotary Club of Mumbai |access-date=8 August 2025 |date=23 May 2025}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Case that Shook the Empire}}
[[Category:2019 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Books about imperialism]]
[[Category:21st-century history books]]
[[Category:Indian biographies]]
[[Category:Books about legal history]]

{{India-book-stub}}

Prem Khandu Thungan

2026-02-19T14:08:11Z

Udesign: General cleanup and improvements

{{Short description|1st Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh}}
{{BLP sources|date=May 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Prem Khandu Thungon
| image = Prem Khandu Thungon
n.jpg
| imagesize = 200
| office = [[Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh]]
| term_start = 13 August 1975
| term_end = 18 September 1979
| lieutenant_governor = K. A. A. Raja R. N. Haldipur
| predecessor = ''Position established''
| successor = [[Tomo Riba]]

{{Collapsed infobox section begin|Union ministerial offices|titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey}}

| office1 = [[Minister of Housing and Urban Affairs#Ministers of state|Minister of State for Urban Affairs and Employment]]
| term_start1 = 18 January 1993
| term_end1 = 13 September 1995
| primeminister1 = [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
| minister1 = [[Sheila Kaul]]
| predecessor1 = [[M. Arunachalam (politician)|M. Arunachalam]]
| successor1 = [[S. S. Ahluwalia]]

| office2 = [[Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation#Ministers of state|Minister of State for Water Resources]]
| term2 = 19 January 1993{{snd}}10 February 1995
| primeminister2 = P. V. Narasimha Rao
| minister2 = [[Vidya Charan Shukla]]
| successor2 = [[P. V. Rangayya Naidu]]

| office3 = [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)#Minister of State for Industry (1947–1999)|Minister of State for Industry (Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises)]]
| term3 = 2 July 1992{{snd}}18 January 1993
| primeminister3 = P. V. Narasimha Rao
| minister3 = P. V. Narasimha Rao

| office4 = [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)#Minister of State for Commerce (1947–1999)|Minister of State for Commerce and Industry]]
| term4 = 21 June 1991{{snd}}2 July 1992
| primeminister4 = P. V. Narasimha Rao
| minister4 = P. V. Narasimha Rao
| successor4 = [[P. J. Kurien]]

{{Collapsed infobox section end}}

| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1946|6|5|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Shergaon]], [[West Kameng district]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]] (1979-present) [[Janata Party]] (until 1979) 
| spouse = Phurpa Lamu Thungon
| children = 2
}}

'''Prem Khandu Thungon''' (born 5 June 1946)<ref name="loksabha">{{Cite web|url=http://164.100.47.194/loksabha/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/2936.htm|title=Shri P.W. Thungon: Members Bioprofile|website=Lok Sabha|publisher=[[National Informatics Centre]]|access-date=2018-11-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116215957/https://164.100.47.194/loksabha/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/2936.htm|archive-date=16 November 2018}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. He was the first chief minister subsequent to the erstwhile [[North-East Frontier Agency]] becoming a union territory in 1972, and the first assembly elections held in 1978. As of 2023, he remains the youngest chief minister of the state. He also served as Deputy Minister for Supply and Rehabilitation (1980-1982) and Deputy Minister in the Ministry of Education, Culture and Social Welfare (1982-1984) in [[Third Indira Gandhi ministry]].Then he served as Minister of State in the Ministry of Commerce and Industry (1991-1992), Ministry of Industry- Department of Heavy Industry and Public Enterprises (1992-1993), Ministry of Urban Affairs and Employment (1993-1995) in [[P. V. Narasimha Rao ministry]].

== Political career ==
[[North-East Frontier Agency]] (NEFA) conducted its first elections for the state legislature in 1977.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Bose |first=M. L. |title=History of Arunachal Pradesh |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |year=1997 |isbn=81-7022-665-1 |location=New Delhi |language=English}}</ref> Thungon became the youngest chief minister of Arunachal Pradesh at the age of 29.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pema Khandu set to be 3rd youngest CM of Arunachal |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2016/jul/17/pema-khandu-set-to-be-3rd-youngest-cm-of-arunachal-881674.html |access-date=2023-04-10 |website=The New Indian Express|date=17 July 2016 }}</ref>

In the first parliamentary election in the state, the [[1977 Indian general election]], Thungon was elected uncontested from the [[Arunachal West Lok Sabha constituency]] on an [[Indian National Congress]] party ticket. In the [[1980 Indian general election]], Thungon won the seat amongst four other candidates with 41,736 votes of the total 98,260 valid votes cast.<ref name=":1" />

=== Corruption cases ===
In 1998, the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) registered a case followed by chargesheeting ten people 5 years later. This included Thungon, who was then a Minister of State in the Ministry of Urban Affairs and Employment in the [[Rao ministry|P. V. Narsimha Rao ministry]], and Maheshwari who opened a bank account in the name of a non-existent person to divert money.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2015-07-22 |title=Graft case: Former minister P K Thungon convicted in corruption case |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/graft-case-ex-union-minister-p-k-thungon-3-others-convicted/ |access-date=2023-04-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref> In July 2015, special CBI judge Ajay Kumar Jain found Thungon and three others guilty of criminal conspiracy, cheating, and forgery under sections of the Indian Penal Code and Prevention of Corruption Act.<ref name=":0" /> Subsequently, the court sentenced Thungon to 4.5 years in jail and a fine of INR 10,000. The court observed that all financial records in the case were fudged but nobody complained. The judgement further added, "The saddest part is that its knowledge was apparent both at the Centre and the state level, but no action was taken... On the other hand, the entire government machinery worked to shield the offences committed but he minister and bureaucrats. Fortunately, the offences surfaced during investigation in some other case." Thungon was 68 years old at the time of conviction.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shakil |first=Sana |date=2015-07-28 |title=Ex-union minister PK Thungon gets 4.5 yrs jail in corruption case |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ex-union-minister-pk-thungon-gets-4-5-yrs-jail-in-corruption-case/articleshow/48236899.cms |access-date=2023-04-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

CBI registered another graft case in 1996 against Thungon, [[Sheila Kaul]], the then Urban Affairs and Employment Minister, Tulsi Balodi, Lakhpa Tsering, and Krishna. It concerned allotment of government shops and stalls between September 1993 and June 1994. The five accused were charged with dishonesty and fraud in the allotment in contravention of rules. Proceedings against Kaul and Balodi were abated as they died during the trial. In March 2016, Thungon was sentenced three and half years. In addition, special CBI judge Sanjeev Aggarwal imposed a fine of INR 100,000 on Thungon.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 March 2016 |title=Ex-Union Minister PK Thungon Gets Jail Term In 1993-94 Graft Case |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ex-union-minister-pk-thungon-gets-jail-term-in-1993-94-graft-case-1282642 |url-status=live |access-date=10 April 2023 |work=NDTV |agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref>

CBI lodged another case in 1996 against 18 people including Thungon in regard to alleged irregularities in allotment of government quarters. The chargesheet in the case was filed only in 2003 with offences for forgery, criminal conspiracy and corruption framed in 2009. In 2017, special CBI judge Kamini Lau acquitted 15 people, including Thungon on the grounds of insufficient evidence almost 21 years later. The other three died during the course of the trial.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-12-27 |title=Former Arunachal Pradesh CM P.K. Thungon acquitted in Housing scam |url=https://thenortheasttoday.com/states/arunachalpradesh/former-arunachal-pradesh-cm-p-k-thungon-acquitted-in/cid2528573.htm |access-date=2023-04-10 |website=thenortheasttoday.com |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Chief Ministers of Arunachal Pradesh}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thungan, Prem Khandu}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:Indian Buddhists]]
[[Category:People from Bomdila]]
[[Category:People from West Kameng district]]
[[Category:Chief ministers of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:India MPs 1980–1984]]
[[Category:India MPs 1984–1989]]
[[Category:India MPs 1989–1991]]
[[Category:India MPs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:Arunachal Pradesh MLAs 1978–1980]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Chief ministers from Janata Party]]
[[Category:Indian politicians convicted of crimes]]
[[Category:Indian prisoners and detainees]]
[[Category:Janata Party politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Arunachal Pradesh]]

Jaya Jaya Sankara International School

2026-02-19T01:17:28Z

Udesign: starting new info

{{moresources|date=August 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Orphan|date=March 2018}}

{{Infobox University
|name = Jaya Jaya Sankara International school, Chennai
|native_name =
|latin_name =
|image =
|motto = Vidhya Vishistam Dhanam
|established = 2001
|closed = current
|type = [[Private school|Private]]
|principal = Mrs.T.V.Manamalli
|head =
|undergrad =
|postgrad =
|doctoral =
|city = [[Chennai]]
|state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
|country = [[India]]
|campus =
|free_label =
|free =
|colors =
|colours =
|mascot =
|nickname =
| logo = [[File:Jaya Jaya Sankara International School logo.jpg]]
|website ={{URL|http://jjsis.org}}
|coor = {{Coord|13.044184|N|80.0717317|E|display=title}}
}}

'''Jaya Jaya Sankara International School''' is a CBSE school with an affiliation no. 1930178, located in [[Nazarethpettai|Nazarathpet]], Chennai, India.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Jaya jaya Sankara |first1= International School|title=Jaya Jaya Sankara International School|url=http://jjsis.org/|website=Jaya Jaya Sankara International School|accessdate=2 November 2016}}</ref>

==History==
The school was founded in the year 2001, under the guidance of Sri Paramacharya Maha, Swami Sri Chandrasekharendra, Saraswathi Swamigal, Sri Jayendra Saraswathi swamigal and Sri Vijendra saraswathi Swamigal under Kanchi Kamakoti Mutt . currently the school is operating officially under the trust/society Jaya Mata Charitable Trust. This school is affiliated to CBSE for 1- 10 th standard and 11 - 12 is affiliated to State board.

==Activities==
=== Club Activities ===

Following Club teams are available in the school
* Eco Club
* Health and Wellness Club
* Steve Job Computer Club
* Literary Club
* AEP
* Maths Club
* Disaster Management Club are the various club activities performed by the Department.

=== Special Activities ===
Apart from Club teams, focus is provided on various other activities to enrich students skills.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Special Activities|title=Special Activities|url=http://jjsis.org/Activities.html|website=Special Activities|accessdate=2 November 2016}}</ref> Some of the activities are listed below

* Mass Bajan
* Yoga
* Volleyball
* Art and craft

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official website|http://jjsis.org/}}

[[Category:Schools in Chennai]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2001]]
[[Category:2001 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]

Mohammed Hanif Khan Shastri

2026-02-14T23:43:11Z

Udesign: new first data v1 - done

{{short description|Indian Sanskrit scholar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
[[File:Padma Shri Mohammed Hanif Khan Shastri.jpg|thumb|The President, Ram Nath Kovind presenting the Padma Shri Award to Mohammed Hanif Khan Shastri, at an Investiture Ceremony, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on 16 March 2019]]

'''Mohammed Hanif Khan Shastri''' was an Indian [[Sanskrit]] scholar.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/Gita-Koran-and-harmony/article14956592.ece|title=Gita, Koran and harmony|date=2011-03-22|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-09-18|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He is the winner of National Communal Harmony Award, in the individual category for the year 2009.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/ComHarmAwd_0.pdf|title=List of Communal Harmony Award winners up to 2012|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|access-date=2017-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170615220050/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/ComHarmAwd_0.pdf|archive-date=15 June 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/meet-dr-mohammed-hanif-khan-shastri/story-GsSumz0nQPcuB4i0GL7x5L.html|title=Meet Dr Mohammed Hanif Khan Shastri|date=2011-08-07|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=2017-09-18|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/communalism-terrorism-big-challenges-pm_722870.html|title=Communalism, terrorism big challenges: PM|date=2011-07-29|work=Zee News|access-date=2017-09-18|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=14ohPAkGQRYC&q=%22khan+shastri%22&pg=PA133|title=The Pearson Current Events Digest 2010|last=Thorpe|first=Edgar Thorpe, Showick|date=2010|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=9788131732922|language=en}}</ref> The Government of India awarded him fourth highest civilian award [[Padma Shri]] (Literature & Education) in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://padmaawards.gov.in/AwardeeTickets2019.aspx|title=Padma Shri Awardees List 2019|website=padmaawards.gov.in|access-date=2019-03-19}}</ref> He has been professor at [[Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.india.com/news/india/international-yoga-day-gets-support-from-minority-leaders-418497/|title=International Yoga Day gets support from minority leaders|last=Chakravorty|first=Rishabh|date=2015-06-11|work=India.com|access-date=2017-09-18|language=en}}</ref>

He died on 26 January 2020. He worked with a great enthusiasm in his last days, but due to prolonged illnesses and suffering from a weak body. He is known for his work in the field of religious literature.

== Early life ==
Khan Shastri was born in district [[Sonbhadra district|Sonbhadra]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110912/bathinda.htm#9|newspaper=The Tribune|location=Chandigarh, India|title='Gita holds the key to Indian philosophy'|first=Megha|last=Mann|access-date=2020-12-01}}</ref> In an interview to [[Doordarshan]], he informs that he was the first of his family to pass 5th standard and thus the environment was not academically inclined. On his failure in high school, his teacher Pundit Ratanlal Shastri, urged him to study one chapter of the [[Bhagavad Gita]] every day, which would ensure god's benevolence and thus put an end to all his troubles. This exposure to the Bhagwad Gita, instilled in him a sense of curiosity about the secrets in the text, and the desire to share them with others. This desire led him to attempt to excel in Sanskrit, without which he couldn't see fruition of his goal of unravelling Bhagwad Gita's secrets.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ddinews.gov.in/hi/vaartavali-special-interview-sanskrit-scholar-mohammad-hanif-khan-shastri-30072017|title=Vaartavali: Special interview with Sanskrit scholar Mohammad Hanif Khan Shastri {{!}} 30/07/2017 {{!}} DD News|website=www.ddinews.gov.in|language=hi|access-date=2017-09-18}}</ref>

== Academics ==
Khan Shastri has a MA in Sanskrit, subsequently he studied [[Puranas]] under Sampoorna Anand in Varanasi, and gained the degree of [[Acharya#Acharya (degree)|Acharya]] and [[Shastri (degree)|Shastri]] and also a doctorate in [[Comparative religion|Comparative Religion]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TXoLAQAAMAAJ&q=%22khan+shastri%22+-ayub|title=Sanskrit Studies: New Perspectives|last=Sastri|first=Satyavrat|date=2007|publisher=Yash Publications|isbn=9788189537258|language=en}}</ref> His doctoral thesis was ''Mahamantra Gayatri Aur Surah Fatiah Ka Arth Prayog Evam Mahatmya Ki Drishtri Se Tulnatmak Adhyayan'' (Comparative analysis of [[Gayatri Mantra]] and [[Surah Fatiah]], with reference to meaning and importance).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== Books ==
Amongst the eight books he has written are:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pibmumbai.gov.in/scripts/detail.asp?releaseId=E2010PR159|title=National Communal Harmony Awards 2009 announced|website=pibmumbai.gov.in|access-date=2017-09-18}}</ref>
* Mohangita
* Geeta Aur Quran men Samanjasya
* Ved aur Quran se Mahamantra Gayatri aur Surah Fatiha
* Vedon men Manav Adhikar
* Meljol
* Mahamantra gayatree ka baudhik upyog
* Shreemadbhagwadgeeta aur quran
* Vishwabandhutva ka pratyachh pramad

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shastri, Mohammed Hanif Khan}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sanskrit scholars from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature and education]]

Y. D. Sharma (professor)

2026-02-12T06:19:59Z

Udesign: creating initial bio basic info

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Y. D. Sharma
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1951|7|22|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Gangtok, Sikkim|Gangtok]], [[Sikkim]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| residence =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Molecular biology]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[National Institute of Malaria Research]] | [[AIIMS Delhi]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[Agra University]] | [[M. J. P. Rohilkhand University]] | [[AIIMS Delhi]] | [[University of Connecticut Health Center]] | [[Public Health Research Institute]] }}
| doctoral_advisor = {{ublist | Marvin Lawrence Tanzer }}
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on molecular biology of [[malaria]]
| awards = {{ublist| 1994 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] | 1997 Dr. M.O.T. Iyangar Memorial Prize | 2001 National Academy of Vector Borne Diseases Award }}
}}
'''Yagya Dutta Sharma''' (born 22 July 1951) is an Indian molecular biologist, professor and head of the department of biotechnology at the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi]]. An elected fellow of all three major Indian science academies — [[Indian National Science Academy]], [[Indian Academy of Sciences]], and [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] — Sharma is known for his research on the molecular biology of [[malaria]]. The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]] for his contributions to medical sciences in 1994.

== Biography ==
[[File:AIIMS central lawn.jpg|thumb|235px|All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi]]
Born on 22 July 1951, Y. D. Sharma did his early college studies at [[Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University]] (formerly known as Agra University) from where he earned his bachelor's (BSc) and master's (MSc) degrees.<ref name="Indian fellow - Y D Sharma">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail/P06-1423 |title=Indian fellow - Y D Sharma |date=2017 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=21 October 2017 |archive-date=6 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206113328/http://insaindia.res.in/detail/P06-1423 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Subsequently, he did his doctoral studies at [[M. J. P. Rohilkhand University]] and after securing a PhD for his thesis on ''serum [[glycoproteins]]'' in 1981, he did the first part of his post-doctoral work at the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi]] where his work was based on [[Dental fluorosis|fluorosis]]. Moving to the [[University of Connecticut Health Center]] in 1982, Sharma continued his post-doc work at the laboratory of Marvin Lawrence Tanzer on molecular biology and biochemistry of [[collagens]]. However, when he moved to [[Public Health Research Institute]] in 1984, his focus shifted to molecular [[parasitology]] which remained the main theme of his researches thereafter. He returned to India to join [[National Institute of Malaria Research]] (erstwhile Malaria Research Centre) as a Pool Officer but his stay at NIMR lasted only six months until he was appointed as an associate professor at AIIMS Delhi where he established a laboratory for researches on molecular parasitology.<ref name="Indian fellow - Y D Sharma" /> Sharma continues at AIIMS as a professor since 1998 and heads the department of biotechnology<ref name="Department of Biotechnology">{{Cite web|url=http://www.aiims.edu/aiims/hospital%20zone/faculty_LIst_upto_10_10_14_15_11_14.pdf |title=Department of Biotechnology |date=2017 |publisher=AIIMS, Delhi}}</ref><ref name="Faculty profile">{{Cite web |url=http://103.13.242.103/~aiims/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=745&lang=en |title=Faculty profile |date=2017 |publisher=AIIMS Delhi |access-date=11 March 2017 |archive-date=9 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109111019/http://103.13.242.103/~aiims/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=745&lang=en |url-status=dead }}</ref> while serving as the coordinator of Bioinformatics Centre of the institution.<ref name="Bioinformatics Centre">{{Cite web |url=http://btisnet.gov.in/SubDICaiims.asp |title=Bioinformatics Centre |date=2017 |publisher=AIIMS Delhi |access-date=2017-03-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312063024/http://btisnet.gov.in/SubDICaiims.asp |archive-date=2017-03-12 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2011, he also served as a part of the two-member committee constituted to investigate the plagiarism charges against one of the senior doctors of AIIMS.<ref name="AIIMS to probe plagiarism charges against senior doctor">{{Cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/aiims-to-probe-plagiarism-charges-against-senior-doctor/story-ABk1sRNY3Y6u4hEgnIcNdN.html |title=AIIMS to probe plagiarism charges against senior doctor |date=23 June 2011 |newspaper=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
[[File:Symptoms of Malaria.png|thumb|175px|left|Symptoms of malaria]]
During his days at [[Public Health Research Institute]], Sharma was successful in cloning the knob protein gene of ''[[Plasmodium falciparum]]'', one of the protozoan parasites causing malaria, in 1984.<ref name="Indian fellow - Y D Sharma" /> At AIIMS, he led a group of researchers who carried out molecular epidemiological studies of the parasites causing [[malaria]] and their studies widened the understanding of the parasites' resistance to [[chloroquine]] and [[Antifolate|antifolate drugs]].<ref name="BurmaChakravorty2011">{{cite book|author1=D. P. Burma|author2=Maharani Chakravorty|title=From Physiology and Chemistry to Biochemistry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4CaQ3-x3LXMC&pg=PA259|year=2011|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-3220-5|pages=259–}}</ref> Sharma is credited with the identification of ''P. falciparum'' strains in India, isolation of ''P. falciparum'' and ''[[Plasmodium vivax]]'', another non-cultivable protozoan parasite,<ref name="Research profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.aiims.edu/en/2014-12-09-12-35-52/biotech_research.html |title=Research profile |date=2017 |publisher=AIIMS Delhi}}</ref> as well as the development of a [[genomic library]] of ''[[Plasmodium vivax]]''.<ref name="Indian fellow - Y D Sharma" /><ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{cite web | url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research |page=71 |date=1999}}</ref> It was his group which reported the first incidence of malaria in humans caused by ''[[Plasmodium knowlesi]]'', a primate malarial parasite.<ref name="Faculty profile" /> These studies are reported to have relevance in developing [[immunotherapeutic]] reagents. Sharma 's research have been documented by way of several articles<ref name="On ResearchGate">{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Yagya_Sharma4 |title=On ResearchGate |date=2017 }}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected bibliography'' section}} and the online repository of scientific articles of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] has listed a number of them.<ref name="Browse by Fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/view/fellows/Sharma=3AYagya_Dutta=3A=3A.html |title=Browse by Fellow |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref> His work has been cited by many researchers<ref name="BakerBaker2001">{{cite book|author1=J. R. Baker|author2=John Robin Baker|author3=R. Muller, D. Rollinson|title=Advances in Parasitology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Iaf--6vvbkwC&pg=PA74|year=2001|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-12-031750-9|pages=74–}}</ref><ref name="SmithSimons2003">{{cite book|author1=H. John Smith|author2=Claire Simons|title=Proteinase and Peptidase Inhibition: Recent Potential Targets for Drug Development|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JRSdVwX-K6wC&pg=PA454|date=2 September 2003|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-203-21917-1|pages=454–}}</ref><ref name="Strategies1991">{{cite book|author=Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Committee for the Study on Malaria Prevention and Control: Status Review and Alternative Strategies|title=Malaria: Obstacles and Opportunities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HUYrAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA115|date=1 January 1991|publisher=National Academies|pages=115–|isbn=9780309045278|id=NAP:13766}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Advances in Parasitology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZaTYMPCyK8EC&pg=PA145|date=13 February 1990|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-08-058075-3|pages=145–}}</ref> and he has mentored over 70 master's and doctoral students in their studies.<ref name="Faculty profile" />

== Awards and honors ==
The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] awarded Sharma the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards, in 1994.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="Medical Sciences">{{Cite web |url=http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Medical_SCIENCES.htm |title=Medical Sciences |date=2017 |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224074105/http://www.csir.res.in/External/Heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Medical_SCIENCES.htm |archive-date=2013-02-24 }}</ref> The [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] elected him as a fellow in 1993<ref name="NASI Year Book 2015">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf |title=NASI Year Book 2015 |date=2017 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |access-date=11 March 2017 |archive-date=6 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806211716/http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="NASI fellows">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=S |title=NASI fellows |date=2017 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |access-date=11 March 2017 |archive-date=16 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316043224/http://nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=S |url-status=dead }}</ref> and he received Dr. [[M.O.T. Iyengar]] Memorial Prize of the [[Indian Council of Medical Research]] for his researches on malaria in 1997.<ref name="Faculty profile" /> Sharma became an elected fellow of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]]<ref name="Fellow profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Sharma,_Prof._Yagya_Dutta |title=Fellow profile |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref> in 2000 and the [[Indian National Science Academy]] 2006;<ref name="INSA Year Book 2016">{{Cite web |url=http://www.insaindia.res.in/pdf/YearBook_2016.pdf |title=INSA Year Book 2016 |date=2017 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy}}</ref> in between, he received the National Academy of Vector Borne Diseases Award in 2001.<ref name="National Academy of Vector Borne Diseases Award">{{Cite web |url=http://www.navbd.org/awards.html |title=National Academy of Vector Borne Diseases Award |date=2017 |publisher=National Academy of Vector Borne Diseases |access-date=11 March 2017 |archive-date=5 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205032631/http://www.navbd.org/awards.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> He is a life member of the Indian Society for Malaria and Other Communicable Diseases<ref name="ISMOCD members">{{Cite web |url=http://ismocd.org/index.asp?page=finallist.htm |title=ISMOCD members |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Society for Malaria and Other Communicable Diseases}}</ref> and a member of [[New York Academy of Sciences]], [[American Society for Microbiology]], [[American Association for Advancement of Science]], and [[American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene]].<ref name="Research profile" />

== Selected bibliography ==
* {{Cite journal |last=Mohammad Tauqeer Alam, Richa Agarwal, Yagya D. Sharma |title=Extensive heterozygosity at four microsatellite loci flanking Plasmodium vivax dihydrofolate reductase gene |journal=Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology |date=2007 |volume=153 |issue=2 |pages=178–185 |doi=10.1016/j.molbiopara.2007.03.003|pmid=17418906 }}
* {{Cite journal |vauthors=Thakur A, Alam MT, Sharma YD |title=Genetic diversity in the C-terminal 42 kDa region of merozoite surface protein-1 of Plasmodium vivax (PvMSP-1(42)) among Indian isolates |journal=Acta Trop. |date=2008 |volume=108 |issue=1 |pages=58–63 |doi=10.1016/j.actatropica.2008.08.011|pmid=18823930 }}
* {{Cite journal |vauthors=Alam MT, Bora H, Singh N, Sharma YD |title=High immunogenecity and erythrocyte-binding activity in the tryptophan-rich domain (TRD) of the 74-kDa Plasmodium vivax alanine-tryptophan-rich antigen (PvATRAg74) |journal=Vaccine |date=2008 |volume=26 |issue=31 |pages=3787–94 |doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.05.059|pmid=18579264 }}
* {{Cite journal |vauthors=Ahmed A, Sharma YD |title=Ribozyme cleavage of Plasmodium falciparum gyrase A gene transcript affects the parasite growth |journal=Parasitol Res |date=2008 |volume=103 |issue=4 |pages=751–63 |doi=10.1007/s00436-008-1036-y|pmid=18523802 |s2cid=23199947 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Hema Bora, Manoj K Das, Anwar Ahmed, Yagya D Sharma |title=Variations in the Mitochondrial DNA Markers in the Anopheles (Cellia) Sundaicus Population From the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India |journal=Acta Trop |date=2009 |volume=112 |issue=2 |pages=120–124 |doi=10.1016/j.actatropica.2009.07.007|pmid=19595665 }}

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Malaria prophylaxis]]
* [[Antimalarial medication]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India|Medicine}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note|2}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.gettyimages.in/detail/news-photo/dr-yd-sharma-professor-and-head-of-department-of-news-photo/90558666#dr-yd-sharma-professor-and-head-of-department-of-biotechnology-all-picture-id90558666 |title=Y. D. Sharma |date=2017 |publisher=Getty Images}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Sharma%20YD%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18523802 |title=Y. D. Sharma |date=2017 |publisher= US National Library of Medicine |work=List of articles}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.indiamedicaltimes.com/2011/06/25/aiims-to-probe-plagiarism-charges-against-dr-muhammad-irshad/ |title=AIIMS to probe plagiarism charges against Dr Muhammad Irshad |date=25 June 2011 |publisher=India Medical Times |work=News report}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Medical Science}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Y. D.}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Medical Science]]
[[Category:Indian molecular biologists]]
[[Category:Indian medical writers]]
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University alumni]]
[[Category:All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi]]
[[Category:University of Connecticut alumni]]

Anusha Dandekar

2026-02-08T09:00:23Z

Udesign: Refined content and updated sections

{{Short description|Indian-Australian singer and actress}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anusha Dandekar
| image = Anusha Dandekar grace the Mamma Mia Pink Carpet at Jio World Centre BKC Bandra (cropped).jpg
| caption = Dandekar in 2023
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1982|1|9|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Khartoum]], [[Sudan]]
| death_date = 
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| citizenship = Australia
| other_names =
| education =
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| occupation = {{hlist|[[VJ (media personality)|VJ]]|host|actress|singer|model}}
| years_active = 2003–present
| employer =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| style =
| height = 
| television =
| spouse =
| children =
| parents =
| relatives = {{Unbulleted list|[[Shibani Dandekar]] (sister)|[[Farhan Akhtar]] (brother-in-law)}}
| awards =
| website = 
| signature =
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}}
'''Anusha Dandekar''' (born 9 January 1982) is an [[Indian-Australian]] VJ, actress, and singer based in India. She is best known as a television host on [[MTV (India)|MTV India]] and for her appearances in Bollywood films. Dandekar has also worked as a judge on reality television and has been active in music, fashion, and advocacy.

==Early life==
Anusha Dandekar was born on 9 January 1982 in [[Khartoum, Sudan]], to a [[Marathi people|Marathi]] family from [[Pune, India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Long distance love |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160122/jsp/t2/story_65088.jsp#.Vz4oz-Rn2W4 |date=22 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126055500/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160122/jsp/t2/story_65088.jsp#.VqcKNx3LeL8 |archive-date=26 January 2016 |website=The Telegraph |access-date=11 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Gahlaut |first1=Kanika |title=Not an item |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/20030616-mtv-vj-anusha-dandekar-hates-being-labelled-an-item-girl-792709-2003-06-15 |website=India Today |access-date=19 May 2016 |date=16 June 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Kharade |first=Pallavi |title=People like anything about celebrities |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune-times/People-like-anything-about-celebrities-/articleshow/1874763.cms |access-date=11 January 2012 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=9 August 2006 |quote=Very few people know that, being a Maharashtrian, Anusha speaks fluent Marathi.}}</ref>

She was raised in [[Kingsgrove]], a suburb of [[Sydney, Australia]], along with her sisters [[Shibani Dandekar|Shibani]] and Apeksha Dandekar. In the early 2000s, she moved to [[Mumbai]] to pursue a career in the entertainment industry.<ref name="toi">{{cite news |last=Sen |first=Zinia |title=I've never faced racism |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv-/Ive-never-faced-racism-Anusha/articleshow/4720648.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219233506/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-01/tv/28199656_1_music-album-racial-attacks-anusha-dandekar |url-status=live |archive-date=19 December 2013 |access-date=11 January 2012 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=1 July 2009}}</ref>

== Career ==
[[File:Anusha dhandekar first album launch.jpg|upright|thumb|left|Dandekar at the launch of her first single]]

In 2002, at the age of 19, Dandekar moved to [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]] to pursue a career in the entertainment industry. She was cast as an anchor in [[MTV (Indian TV channel)|MTV]]'s ''House of Style''. She later hosted ''MTV Dance Crew'', ''MTV Teen Diva'', ''[[MTV News]]'' and ''MTV Love School''<ref>{{cite news |title=Anusha Dandekar not keen to work on small screen |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/anusha-dandekar-not-keen-to-work-on-small-screen/articleshow/55997403.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=15 December 2016}}</ref> for the network.

In 2008, she won ''Best VJ'' at the [[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan]] Fun Fearless Female Awards.<ref name="Masala">{{cite news |title=Cosmopolitan awards 2008 |url=http://www.masala.com/photos/cosmopolitan-awards-2008-8675.html?page=23&img=23 |agency=masala.com |date=25 November 2008}}</ref> As of 2014, Dandekar is a judge on ''India's Next Top Model'' alongside model-actress [[Lisa Haydon]].<ref>{{cite news |title=We need to bring back concept of supermodels: Anusha Dandekar |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/we-need-to-bring-back-concept-of-supermodels-anusha-dandekar_1902917.html |publisher=[[Zee News]] |date=3 July 2016}}</ref><ref name=Sify2014>{{cite web |title=Anusha Dandekar, Lisa Haydon launch 'India's Next Top Model' |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/anusha-dandekar-lisa-haydon-launch-india-s-next-top-model-imagegallery-bollywood-phppQsjjficga.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717022611/http://www.sify.com/movies/Anusha-Dandekar-Lisa-Haydon-launch-India-s-Next-Top-Model-imagegallery-Bollywood-phppQsjjficga.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 July 2015 |date=1998–2014 |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=27 July 2015}}</ref>

In 2003, Dandekar made her acting debut in [[Bollywood]] with ''[[Mumbai Matinee]]'' and went on to do ''[[Viruddh]]'' in 2005,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mulla |first1=Zainab |title=Anusha Dandekar birthday: MTV Love School 2 hosts Karan Kundra & Anusha Dandekar are truly in love! |url=http://www.india.com/buzz/anusha-dandekar-birthday-mtv-love-school-2-hosts-karan-kundra-anusha-dandekar-are-truly-in-love-pics-1631811/ |agency=India.com |date=9 January 2017}}</ref> alongside Bollywood veterans [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Sharmila Tagore]] and [[John Abraham]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Can you recognise this young girl? She has grown up to be one of India's most popular VJ |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/can-you-recognise-this-young-girl-she-has-grown-up-to-be-one-of-indias-most-popular-vj/articleshow/58354772.cms |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Her performance in the film won her the Best Debut Award at the [[Maharashtra Times]] Awards in 2006.<ref>{{cite news |title=Here are the talkies! |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/09/14/stories/2005091401140100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110084405/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/09/14/stories/2005091401140100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 November 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=14 September 2005 |access-date=13 February 2008 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> She then went on to star in the musical ''Miss Bollywood''. Later in 2006, she starred in ''[[Anthony Kaun Hai?]]'' alongside [[Arshad Warsi]] and [[Sanjay Dutt]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Anthony Kaun Hai |url=http://www.zeenews.com/nri/inner1.asp?aid=197510&sid=SHT&ssid=4 |publisher=[[Zee News]] |date=1 October 2007 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930202409/http://www.zeenews.com/nri/inner1.asp?aid=197510&sid=SHT&ssid=4 |archive-date=30 September 2007}}</ref> In 2012, she made her [[Marathi (language)|Marathi]] film debut with her role in ''Jai Jai Maharashtra Majha''.<ref>{{cite news |title=How Anusha overcame her nauvari woes |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Search&Key=TOIPU/2012/06/06/24/Ar02402.xml&CollName=TOI_PUNE_ARCHIVE_2009&DOCID=483577&Keyword=%28%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3EAnusha%3Cand%3E%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3EDandekar%29&skin=pastissues2&AppName=2&ViewMode=GIF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919204925/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Search&Key=TOIPU/2012/06/06/24/Ar02402.xml&CollName=TOI_PUNE_ARCHIVE_2009&DOCID=483577&Keyword=%28%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3EAnusha%3Cand%3E%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3EDandekar%29&skin=pastissues2&AppName=2&ViewMode=GIF |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 September 2018 |work=[[Pune Times]] |date=6 June 2012}}</ref>

In 2012, Dandekar made her music debut with single ''Better Than Your Ex''. The song, in the [[English language]], was released in June.<ref>{{cite news |title=Anusha's Better Than Your EX! |url=http://www.mtvindia.com/thebuzz/music/anushas-better-than-your-ex-9337.html |agency=[[MTV India]] |date=7 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Chaudhuri |first1=Nupur |title=MARATHI MULGI GETS HER DUE |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Search&Key=TOIPU/2012/04/29/23/Ar02300.xml&CollName=TOI_PUNE_ARCHIVE_2009&DOCID=468569&Keyword=%28%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3EAnusha%3Cand%3E%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3EDandekar%29&skin=pastissues2&AppName=2&ViewMode=GIF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919204918/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Search&Key=TOIPU/2012/04/29/23/Ar02300.xml&CollName=TOI_PUNE_ARCHIVE_2009&DOCID=468569&Keyword=%28%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3EAnusha%3Cand%3E%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3EDandekar%29&skin=pastissues2&AppName=2&ViewMode=GIF |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 September 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=29 April 2012}}</ref>

A fashion icon, Dandekar has also graced the covers of ''[[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan]]'', ''[[Elle (India)|Elle]]'' and ''[[Seventeen (American magazine)|Seventeen]]''. She has also endorsed the brands [[Reebok]], [[Toni & Guy]], [[Crocs]] and [[Lee Jeans]].<ref>{{cite web |title=OC INTERVIEW: OPEN CHEST INTERVIEW WITH MTV VEEJAY, ANUSHA DANDEKAR |url=http://www.openchest.com/oc-in-print/veejay-model-anusha-dandekar/ |website=openchest.com |access-date=20 June 2017 |archive-date=20 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620011602/http://www.openchest.com/oc-in-print/veejay-model-anusha-dandekar/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2017 she became a mentor on a show ''[[India's Next Top Model]]'', which is aired on [[MTV (Indian TV channel)|MTV India]].

== Discography ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:12em;"| Title
! scope="col" colspan="3" | Peak chart positions
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:8em;"| Notes
|-
! scope="col" style="width:2.8em;font-size:90%;"| [[Billboard 200|US]]
! scope="col" style="width:2.8em;font-size:90%;"| [[Canadian Albums Chart|CAN]]
! scope="col" style="width:2.8em;font-size:90%;"| [[UK Albums Chart|UK]]
|-
| 2012
! scope="row" | ''Better Than Your Ex''
| — || — || —
| Single
|-
| colspan="6" style="font-size:90%" | "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory.
|-
|}

== Filmography ==
=== Film ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Ref.
|-
|2003
|''[[Mumbai Matinee]]''
|Anusha, the temptress
|
|-
|2005
|''[[Viruddh]]''
|Jenny
|
|-
|2006
|''[[Anthony Kaun Hai?]]''
|Rosa
|
|-
|2008
|''[[Hello (2008 film)|Hello]]''
|Shefali
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2010
|''[[City of Gold (2010 film)|City of Gold]]''
|Manasi
|
|-
|''[[Lalbaug Parel]]''
|Manasi
|
|-
|2011
|''[[Delhi Belly (film)|Delhi Belly]]''
|VJ Sophaya
|
|-
|2012
|''Jai Jai Maharashtra Maaza''
|Ashwini Stevenson
|
|-
|2018
|''[[Bhavesh Joshi Superhero]]''
|Dancer in the song "Chavanprash"
|
|-
|2023
|''[[Baap Manus]]''
|Krisha
|
|-
|2024
|''[[Juna Furniture]]''
|Avni Pathak
|
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
! Title
! Role
!Notes
|-
|2008
|''MTV Dance Crew''
| rowspan="6" |Host
|
|-
|2009
|''MTV Teen Diva''
|
|-
|2010
|''[[MTV Rock On]]''
|
|-
|2015-2018
|''[[India's Next Top Model]]''
|
|-
|2016-2019
|''[[MTV Love School]]''
|
|-
|2019-2021
|''[[MTV Supermodel of the Year|Supermodel of the Year]]''
|
|}

=== Special appearances ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
|''MTV Troll Police''
| rowspan="2" |Guest
|
|-
|''[[Ace of Space 1]]''
|
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{{awards table}}
!{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|2004
| ''[[Mumbai Matinee]]''
| [[Stardust Awards|Stardust Award]] for Most Exciting New Face
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
|2006
| ''[[Viruddh]]''
| [[Stardust Award for Breakthrough Performance – Female]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
|2006
| ''[[Viruddh]]''
| [[Maharashtra Times]] Sanmaan Best Debut Award
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
|2007
| Herself
| [[Filmfare Awards|Filmfare Award]] for Best Face
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
|2009
| Herself
| [[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan]] Fun Fearless Female Award for Best VJ
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Masala"/>
|-
|2010
| Herself
| [[Femina (India)|Femina]]'s List of 50 Most Beautiful Women in India Award
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Anusha Dandekar}}
* {{official website|http://www.anushadandekar.com}}
* {{IMDb name|1458356}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dandekar, Anusha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Actresses from Pune]]
[[Category:People from Khartoum]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Sudanese emigrants to Australia]]
[[Category:Actresses from Sydney]]
[[Category:Australian film actresses]]
[[Category:Australian women singers]]
[[Category:Australian video jockeys]]
[[Category:Australian game show hosts]]
[[Category:Australian women television presenters]]
[[Category:Australian people of Marathi descent]]
[[Category:Australian people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Actresses of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Australian expatriate actresses in India]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Australian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Australian singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Australian women singers]]

Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences

2026-02-01T20:18:16Z

Udesign:

{{Short description|Medical University in Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences
| image = File:Svims logo(2).svg
| image_size = 190px
| motto = Śrīnivāsō vijayatē (Victory To Lord Venkateshwara)
| established = {{start date and age|1993|2|2}}
| type = [[State university (India)|State university]]
| director = Dr. R. V. Kumar
| dean = Dr. Alladi Mohan
| campus =
| campus_size =
| city = [[Tirupati (city)|Tirupati]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| country = [[India]]
| nickname = SVIMS
| affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]], [[National Medical Commission|NMC]]
| website = http://svimstpt.ap.nic.in/|
| logo = File:Svims logo(3).svg
| logo_size =
}}

'''Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences (SVIMS)''' is a medical [[State university (India)|state university]] and a specialty hospital in [[Tirupati]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]. SVIMS was conceived along the lines of the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences Delhi|AIIMS Delhi]], and was established by an act of the Andhra Pradesh State Legislature. The [[foundation stone]] was laid on 18 April 1986 by [[N. T. Rama Rao]], the then [[Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh]]. The hospital began functioning on 2 February 1993 and later became a Medical [[State university (India)|State university]] in 1995. The current Director-cum-Vice Chancellor is Dr. R. V. Kumar.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/004200807052170.htm |title=The Hindu News Update Service |access-date=26 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110171738/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/004200807052170.htm |archive-date=10 November 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/09/03/stories/2007090355721300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110171743/http://www.hindu.com/2007/09/03/stories/2007090355721300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-11-10|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2007-09-03|title=ISRO official dies of accident injuries}}</ref>

== Rankings ==
The [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) ranked Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences 72 overall in India<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nirfindia.org/2019/OverallRanking.html|title="National Institutional Ranking Framework 2019 (Overall)"|website=National Institutional Ranking Framework. Ministry of Human Resource Development. 2019.|access-date=July 17, 2019}}</ref> in 2019, 77 among universities<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nirfindia.org/2019/UniversityRanking.html|title="National Institutional Ranking Framework 2019 (Universities)"|website=National Institutional Ranking Framework. Ministry of Human Resource Development. 2019.|access-date=July 17, 2019}}</ref> and 29th in the medical ranking.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nirfindia.org/2019/MedicalRanking.html|title="National Institutional Ranking Framework 2019 (Medical)"|website=National Institutional Ranking Framework. Ministry of Human Resource Development. 2019.|access-date=July 17, 2019}}</ref>

== Academics ==
The college offers the {{frac|4|1|2}}-year [[M.B.B.S.]] course with a one-year compulsory rotating [[internship]]. There are 175 seats which are filled through [[National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Undergraduate)|NEET UG]] exam.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}}

=== Postgraduate and doctoral courses ===
Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences offers postgraduate courses in almost all disciplines. Similarly, it offers a variety of doctoral courses including [[MCh|MCh]] [[Neurosurgery]], [[Cardiac surgery|Cardiac Surgery]] among others and [[Doctorate of Medicine|DM]] in [[Cardiology]], [[Neurology]] There are more than 28 post graduate and post doctoral courses.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://svimstpt.ap.nic.in/ }}

{{Tirupati topics}}
{{Universities in Andhra Pradesh|collapsed=true}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Medical and health sciences universities in India]]
[[Category:Medical colleges in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1993]]
[[Category:1993 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:State universities in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Tirupati]]

Arif Alvi

2026-01-14T13:29:50Z

Udesign:

{{short description|President of Pakistan from 2018 to 2024}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=November 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Arif Alvi
| image = President of Pakistan Dr Arif Alvi.jpg
| caption = Official portrait, 2018
| nationality = Pakistani
| office1 = 13th [[President of Pakistan]]
| term_start1 = 9 September 2018
| term_end1 = 10 March 2024
| primeminister1 = [[Imran Khan]] [[Shehbaz Sharif]] [[Anwaar ul Haq Kakar]] [[Shehbaz Sharif]]
| predecessor1 = [[Mamnoon Hussain]]
| successor1 = [[Asif Ali Zardari]]
| office3 = Member of the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]]
| term_start3 = 13 August 2018
| term_end3 = 6 September 2018
| constituency3 = [[NA-241 Karachi South-III]]
| successor3 = [[Aftab Siddiqui]]
| predecessor3 = [[Imran Khan]]
| term_start4 = 1 June 2013
| term_end4 = 31 May 2018
| constituency4 = [[NA-241 Karachi South-III]]
| successor4 = Arif Alvi
| predecessor4 = [[Khushbakht Shujaat]]
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Politician]]|[[Dentist]]}}
| party = [[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf|PTI]] (1996–present)
| otherparty = [[Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan|JIP]] (1979–1988)
| spouse = Samina Alvi
| children = 4
| residence = [[Karachi]]
| education = [[De'Montmorency College of Dentistry]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]]) [[University of Michigan]] ([[Master of Science|MS]]) [[University of the Pacific (United States)|University of the Pacific]] ([[Master of Science|MS]])
| native_name = عارف علوی
| native_name_lang = ur
| parents = Habib-ur-Rehman Elahi Alvi (father)
| birth_date = 29 July 1949
| birth_place = [[Karachi]], [[Federal Capital Territory (Pakistan)|Federal Capital Territory]], [[Dominion of Pakistan]]
}}
'''Arif-ur-Rehman Alvi'''{{efn|{{Langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|عارف الرحمٰن علوی}}}}}} (born 29 July 1949) is a Pakistani politician and former dentist who served as the 13th [[president of Pakistan]] from September 2018 to March 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-04 |title=Zardari, Achakzai's nomination papers for presidential elections accepted |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1819111 |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref> He was a [[Member of the National Assembly of Pakistan|member of the National Assembly]] from 2013 until [[2018 Pakistani presidential election|being elected president]] in 2018. Alvi entered politics in 1979 by joining [[Jamaat-e-Islami (Pakistan)|Jamaat-e-Islami]], but later resigned and became one of the founding members of the [[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf]].<ref name="geo/5sept2018" />

Alvi was elected to the National Assembly, from [[NA-241 Karachi South-II|NA-250 Karachi-XII]] in [[2013 Pakistani general election|2013]] and was re-elected in [[2018 Pakistani general election|2018]] from [[NA-241 Karachi South-II|NA-247 Karachi South-II]]. He was later nominated as the PTI's candidate for the [[2018 Pakistani presidential election|presidential election]]. He was elected as the 13th [[President of Pakistan]] after defeating [[Fazal-ur-Rehman (politician, born 1953)|Fazal-ur-Rehman]] and [[Aitzaz Ahsan]], after which he resigned from the National Assembly and was sworn into office on 9 September 2018, succeeding [[Mamnoon Hussain]].

==Early life and education==
Arif Alvi was born on 29 July 1949. His father, Habib-ur-Rehman Elahi Alvi, was also a dentist, in [[Lucknow]], [[British Raj|British India]] who migrated to Karachi after the [[history of Pakistan|establishment of Pakistan]],<ref name="bbc/4sept2018">{{cite news |last1=Suhail |first1=Riyaz |date=4 September 2018 |title=ڈینٹسٹ سے صدر پاکستان کا سفر |work=BBC News اردو |url=https://www.bbc.com/urdu/pakistan-45410923 |access-date=27 April 2022 |archive-date=6 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906013633/https://www.bbc.com/urdu/pakistan-45410923 |url-status=live }}</ref> and opened a dental clinic in [[Saddar Town]].<ref name="economictimes/4sept2018">{{cite news |title=Pakistan new President Arif Alvi is son of Nehru's dentist |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/pakistan-new-president-arif-alvi-son-of-nehrus-dentist-pti-website/articleshow/65677018.cms |access-date=4 September 2018 |work=The Economic Times |date=4 September 2018 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225211415/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/pakistan-new-president-arif-alvi-son-of-nehrus-dentist-pti-website/articleshow/65677018.cms%20 |url-status=live }}</ref> His father became politically affiliated with [[Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan]].<ref name="nawaiwaqt/3sept2018">{{cite news |title=ڈاکٹر عارف الرحمان علوی نے سیاسی سفر کا آغاز جماعت اسلامی سے کیا |url=https://www.nawaiwaqt.com.pk/03-Sep-2018/897941 |access-date=4 September 2018 |work=Nawa-i-Waqt |date=3 September 2018 |language=ur-PK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904210400/https://www.nawaiwaqt.com.pk/03-Sep-2018/897941 |archive-date=4 September 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> According to the PTI website, Alvi's father was a dentist of [[Jawaharlal Nehru]].<ref name="bbc/4sept2018" /><ref name="geo/5sept2018">{{cite web |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/209950-dr-arif-alvis-father-was |title=Dr Arif Alvi's father was Jawaharlal Nehru's dentist | Life & Style |access-date=5 September 2018 |work=Geo.tv |date=5 September 2018 |archive-date=5 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905175552/https://www.geo.tv/latest/209950-dr-arif-alvis-father-was |url-status=live }}</ref>

After his father started a campaign against compulsory [[catechism]], Alvi was then expelled from the [[Church of India, Burma and Ceylon|Anglican]] [[Karachi Grammar School]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Dr Arif Alvi: A sneak peek into the life of a modest president |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1872859/1-dr-arif-alvi-sneak-peek-life-modest-president |access-date=9 January 2019 |work=The Express Tribune |date=23 December 2018 |archive-date=1 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201014151/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1872859/1-dr-arif-alvi-sneak-peek-life-modest-president/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He completed his early education in Karachi,<ref name="ary/4sept2018">{{cite news |title=ڈاکٹرعارف علوی - طلبہ سیاست سے ایوانِ صدرتک - |url=https://urdu.arynews.tv/president-of-pakistan-dr-arif-alvi/ |access-date=4 September 2018 |work=ARY News |date=4 September 2018 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225211458/https://urdu.arynews.tv/president-of-pakistan-dr-arif-alvi/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and moved to [[Lahore]] in 1967 for education in dentistry.<ref name="nawaiwaqt/3sept2018" /> Alvi received a [[Bachelor of Dental Science|Bachelor of Dental Surgery]] degree from [[De'Montmorency College of Dentistry]]. He completed his master's degree in [[prosthodontics]] from the [[University of Michigan]] in 1975.<ref>{{cite news |title=The cleric, the lawyer and the partyman |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1794826/1-presidential-election-cleric-lawyer-partyman/ |access-date=4 September 2018 |work=The Express Tribune |date=4 September 2018 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225211324/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1794826/1-presidential-election-cleric-lawyer-partyman/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Alvi received a master's degree in [[orthodontics]] in 1984 from the [[University of the Pacific (United States)|University of the Pacific]] in San Francisco, California.<ref name="dunyanews/4sept2018">{{cite news |title=Who is Arif Alvi? |url=http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/455433-Pakistan-President-Dr-Arif-Alvi-profile |access-date=4 September 2018 |work=Dunya News |date=4 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907074328/http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/455433-Pakistan-President-Dr-Arif-Alvi-profile |archive-date=7 September 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> After returning to Pakistan, he started practicing dentistry and set up Alvi Dental Hospital.<ref name="ary/4sept2018" />

==Professional career==
In 1981, Alvi was Chairman of the first Pakistan International Dental Conference. In 1987, he became Chairman of the Third Pakistan International Dental Conference. He became Patron of the Fifth Pakistan International Dental Conference.<ref name="thenews/9sept2018">{{cite news |title=Dr Arif Alvi takes oath today |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/366128-dr-arif-alvi-takes-oath-today |access-date=9 September 2018 |work=The News |date=9 September 2018 |language=en |archive-date=10 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910054341/https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/366128-dr-arif-alvi-takes-oath-today |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1997, Alvi became a Diplomate of the [[American Board of Orthodontics]]. He prepared the constitution of the Pakistan Dental Association and went on to become its president. He also served as Chairman of the 28th Asia Pacific Dental Congress.<ref name="economictimes/4sept2018" /><ref name="pakistantoday/5sept2018">{{cite news |title=Newly-elected President Arif Alvi is son of Nehru's dentist |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2018/09/05/newly-elected-president-arif-alvi-is-son-of-nehrus-dentist/ |access-date=5 September 2018 |work=pakistantoday.com.pk |date=5 September 2018 |archive-date=5 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905144118/https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2018/09/05/newly-elected-president-arif-alvi-is-son-of-nehrus-dentist/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

He served as Dean of the Faculty of Orthodontics of the [[College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan]]. In 2006, he was elected as the President of Asia Pacific Dental Federation. The next year, he was elected as a Councillor of the [[FDI World Dental Federation]].<ref name="economictimes/4sept2018" /><ref name="pakistantoday/5sept2018" />

==Political career==
Alvi began his political career as a polling agent and joined a religious party.<ref name="tribune/25june2015">{{cite news|title=Extraordinary Pakistanis: Dr Arif Alvi|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/909107/extraordinary-pakistanis-dr-arif-alvi/|access-date=26 February 2017|work=The Express Tribune|date=25 June 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226213045/https://tribune.com.pk/story/909107/extraordinary-pakistanis-dr-arif-alvi/|archive-date=26 February 2017}}</ref>
[[File:Imran Khan Arif Alvi.jpg|thumb|With Imran Khan in 2018 during the PTI's election campaigning process]]
While studying at [[De'Montmorency College of Dentistry]], he became an active member of the student unions.<ref name="geo/4sept2018" /> He became politically affiliated with [[Islami Jamiat-e-Talaba|Islami Jamiat Talaba]], a student wing of [[Jamaat-e-Islami (Pakistan)|Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan]] (JI)<ref>{{cite news |title=Alvi set to grab presidency in a three-way race |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/292554/alvi-set-to-grab-presidency-in-a-three-way-race/ |access-date=4 September 2018 |work=Daily Times |date=4 September 2018 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225211333/https://dailytimes.com.pk/292554/alvi-set-to-grab-presidency-in-a-three-way-race/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and went on to become president of the student union.<ref name="dunyanews/4sept2018-1">{{cite news |title=Dr Arif ur Rehman Alvi - 10 things to know about the newly elected 13th President of Pakistan |url=https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/455436-Facts-about-Dr-Arif-Alvi-13-elected-President-of-Pakistan-PTI-candidate |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907072606/https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/455436-Facts-about-Dr-Arif-Alvi-13-elected-President-of-Pakistan-PTI-candidate |archive-date=7 September 2018 |access-date=4 September 2018 |work=Dunya News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Who is Dr Arif Alvi? |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/363815-who-is-dr-arif-alvi |access-date=4 September 2018 |work=The News |date=4 September 2018 |language=en |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225211340/https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/363815-who-is-dr-arif-alvi%20 |url-status=live }}</ref> In an interview, he told that during his early days, he was a critic of the [[Ayub Khan (general)|Ayub Khan]] regime and was shot twice while participating in a protest in 1969 at [[The Mall, Lahore]]; a bullet still remains lodged in his body.<ref name="bbc/4sept2018" />

He became politically active after [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] announced the [[1977 Pakistani general election]].<ref name="ary/4sept2018" />

He ran for a seat on the [[Provincial Assembly of Sindh]] as a candidate of the JI from a constituency in Karachi in 1979<ref name="geo/4sept2018">{{cite news |title=Profiles: Pakistan's presidential candidates |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/209414-profiles-pakistans-presidential-candidates |access-date=4 September 2018 |work=Geo News |date=4 September 2018 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225211439/https://www.geo.tv/latest/209414-profiles-pakistans-presidential-candidates%20 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=پروفائلز: صدر پاکستان کے امیدوار کون ہیں؟ |url=https://urdu.geo.tv/latest/189630 |access-date=4 September 2018 |work=Geo News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904125448/https://urdu.geo.tv/latest/189630 |archive-date=4 September 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Arif Alvi set to be elected President today |url=https://nation.com.pk/04-Sep-2018/arif-alvi-set-to-be-elected-president-today |access-date=4 September 2018 |work=The Nation |date=4 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904045624/https://nation.com.pk/04-Sep-2018/arif-alvi-set-to-be-elected-president-today |archive-date=4 September 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> but was unsuccessful.<ref name="economictimes/4sept2018" /><ref name="nawaiwaqt/3sept2018" /><ref name="pakistantoday/5sept2018" /> In 1988, he quit JI and left politics.<ref name="nawaiwaqt/3sept2018" /> According to Alvi, he left the party because he had become disillusioned with their narrow focus on politics and had "always felt honest leadership is the real solution to Pakistan’s problems".<ref name="tribune/25june2015" />

After getting inspired by [[Imran Khan]], he joined [[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf]] in 1996<ref name="bbc/4sept2018" /><ref name="geo/4sept2018" /> and became one of the founding members of the party.<ref name="tribune/25june2015" /><ref name="tribune/9aug2016" /> He participated in preparing the party constitution of PTI.<ref name="economictimes/4sept2018" />

He remained a member of the PTI central executive council for a year before becoming president of PTI's Sindh chapter in 1997.<ref name="dawn/19aug2018">{{cite news |last1=Mansoor |first1=Hasan |title=Arif Alvi: The 'founder' of PTI also rises |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1427905/arif-alvi-the-founder-of-pti-also-rises |access-date=19 August 2018 |work=DAWN.COM |date=19 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819071300/https://www.dawn.com/news/1427905/arif-alvi-the-founder-of-pti-also-rises |archive-date=19 August 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Alvi ran for the seat of the Provincial Assembly of Sindh as a candidate of PTI from Constituency PS-89 (Karachi South-V) in the [[1997 Pakistani general election]], but was unsuccessful.<ref name="dawn/19aug2018" /> He came in third receiving 2,200 votes and lost the seat to [[Saleem Zia]].<ref name="nawaiwaqt/3sept2018" /><ref name="ecp/pas-88-97">{{cite web |title=Sindh Assembly election results 1988-97 |url=https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/Results%201988%20-%201997/Sindh.pdf |publisher=ECP |access-date=18 August 2018 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225211317/https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/Results%201988%20-%201997/Sindh.pdf%20 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="thenews/5sept2018">{{cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/364042-alvi-s-rise-from-a-poor-start|title=Alvi's rise from a poor start|website=www.thenews.com.pk|date=5 September 2018|access-date=6 September 2018|archive-date=5 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905022516/https://www.thenews.com.pk/amp/364042-alvi-s-rise-from-a-poor-start|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2001, he became the vice president of PTI.<ref name="dawn/19aug2018" />

He ran for the seat of the Provincial Assembly of Sindh as a candidate of PTI from Constituency PS-90 (Karachi-II) in the [[2002 Pakistani general election]], but was unsuccessful.<ref name="dunyanews/4sept2018" /><ref name="dawn/19aug2018" /> He came in at sixth place securing 1,276 votes and lost the seat to Umer Sadiq, a candidate of the [[Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal]] (MMA).<ref name="thenews/5sept2018"/><ref>{{cite web |title=2002 election results |url=https://www.ecp.gov.pk/ge/ge2002vol2.pdf |publisher=ECP |access-date=18 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126141507/https://www.ecp.gov.pk/ge/ge2002vol2.pdf |archive-date=26 January 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2006, he became secretary general of PTI, a position he served in until 2013.<ref name="dawn/19aug2018" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Arif Alvi's name being considered for new president: Imran Ismail |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2018/08/12/arif-alvis-name-being-considered-for-new-president-imran-ismail/ |access-date=18 August 2018 |work=pakistantoday.com.pk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818150756/https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2018/08/12/arif-alvis-name-being-considered-for-new-president-imran-ismail/ |archive-date=18 August 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Imran Khan's party nominates Dr Arif Alvi for Pak president's post |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/imran-khan-s-party-nominates-dr-arif-alvi-for-pak-president-s-post-118081800369_1.html |access-date=18 August 2018 |work=Business Standard|date=18 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818125712/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/imran-khan-s-party-nominates-dr-arif-alvi-for-pak-president-s-post-118081800369_1.html |archive-date=18 August 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

He was elected to the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]] as a candidate of PTI from [[Constituency NA-250|Constituency NA-250 (Karachi-XII)]] in the [[2013 Pakistani general election]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Karachi partial re-polling: PTI's Arif Alvi wins NA-250 seat|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/551758/karachi-partial-re-polling-ptis-arif-alvi-wins-na-250-seat/|access-date=26 February 2017|work=The Express Tribune|date=20 May 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227145927/https://tribune.com.pk/story/551758/karachi-partial-re-polling-ptis-arif-alvi-wins-na-250-seat/|archive-date=27 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=NA-250 PTI candidate Arif Alvi wins|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1012319|access-date=26 February 2017|work=DAWN.COM|date=20 May 2013|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227070829/https://www.dawn.com/news/1012319|archive-date=27 February 2017}}</ref> He received 77,659 votes and defeated [[Khushbakht Shujaat]].<ref>{{cite web |title=2013 election results |url=https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202013%20report/Election%20Report%202013%20Volume-II.pdf |publisher=ECP |access-date=18 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201140612/https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202013%20report/Election%20Report%202013%20Volume-II.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Upon his successful election, he became the only PTI member to win a National Assembly seat from Sindh in the 2013 general elections.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pyrrhic victory? The battle for NA-250|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1012686|access-date=26 February 2017|work=DAWN.COM|date=21 May 2013|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227070832/https://www.dawn.com/news/1012686|archive-date=27 February 2017}}</ref>

During the [[2014 Tsunami March]], police invoked the Anti-Terrorism Act against Alvi and several other PTI leaders for allegedly inciting violence.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Imran |first1=Mohammad |title=Non-bailable arrest warrants issued against KP minister Shaukat Ali Yousafzai |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1463402 |access-date=7 April 2024 |work=DAWN.COM |date=12 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref> He was implicated in cases stemming from the 2014 attacks on [[National Assembly of Pakistan|Parliament House]] and [[Pakistan Television Corporation]] (PTV).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ahmad |first1=Zulfiqar |title=2014 PTV-Parliament House attack case: Setting aside immunity, President appears before court |url=https://www.brecorder.com/news/40158804 |access-date=7 April 2024 |work=Brecorder |date=5 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref> On one occasion, Alvi and other PTI leaders went to the police station and forcibly secured the release of a PTI lawmaker from jail and were also accused of assaulting the policemen present.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Reporter |first1=The Newspaper's Staff |title=PTI, PAT leaders face sedition case |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1129376 |access-date=7 April 2024 |work=DAWN.COM |date=2 September 2014 |language=en}}</ref> In 2018, The Anti-Terrorism Court (ATC) granted pre-arrest bail to PTI leaders, including Alvi, in cases related to the 2014 attack on Parliament House and PTV.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Asad |first1=Malik |title=PTI leaders granted pre-arrest bail in parliament, PTV attack case |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1388266 |access-date=7 April 2024 |work=DAWN.COM |date=9 February 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2016, he was made president of the PTI Sindh chapter.<ref name="tribune/9aug2016">{{cite news|title=Political reshuffle Dr Arif Alvi new PTI Sindh president|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1158230/political-reshuffle-dr-arif-alvi-new-pti-sindh-president/|access-date=26 February 2017|work=The Express Tribune|date=9 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226213032/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1158230/political-reshuffle-dr-arif-alvi-new-pti-sindh-president/|archive-date=26 February 2017}}</ref>

He was re-elected to the National Assembly as a candidate of PTI from Constituency [[NA-247 (Karachi South-II)]] in the [[2018 Pakistani general election]].<ref>{{cite news |title=PTI's Arif Alvi elected new Pakistan president: Reports |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/ptis-arif-alvi-elected-new-pakistan-president-reports/articleshow/65672835.cms |access-date=4 September 2018 |work=The Economic Times |date=4 September 2018 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225211355/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/ptis-arif-alvi-elected-new-pakistan-president-reports/articleshow/65672835.cms%20 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Call for probe into more discarded ballot papers |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/349880-call-for-probe-into-more-discarded-ballot-papers |work= The News|access-date=3 August 2018 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803042805/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/349880-call-for-probe-into-more-discarded-ballot-papers |archive-date=3 August 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> He received 91,020 votes and defeated Syed Zaman Ali Jaffery, a candidate of [[Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite web |title=NA-247 Result - Election Results 2018 - Karachi South 2 - NA-247 Candidates - NA-247 Constituency Details - thenews.com.pk |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/election/constituency/NA-247 |website=www.thenews.com.pk |access-date=4 September 2018 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180812130019/https://www.thenews.com.pk/election/constituency/NA-247 |archive-date=12 August 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Presidency (2018–2024)==
[[File:Shinzo Abe and Arif Alvi at the Enthronement of Naruhito (1).jpg|thumb|With Japanese Prime Minister [[Shinzo Abe]] during the [[2019 Japanese imperial transition#Enthronement Ceremony|enthronement ceremony]] of Emperor [[Naruhito]], October 2019]]
On 18 August 2018, he was nominated by PTI as its candidate for the office of [[President of Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Dr Arif Alvi nominated by PTI for president's post |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1427784/dr-arif-alvi-nominated-by-pti-for-presidents-post |access-date=18 August 2018 |work=DAWN.COM |date=18 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818113748/https://www.dawn.com/news/1427784/dr-arif-alvi-nominated-by-pti-for-presidents-post |archive-date=18 August 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 4 September 2018, he was elected as [[List of Presidents of Pakistan|13th]] President of Pakistan in the [[2018 Pakistani presidential election]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Arif Alvi elected 13th president of Pakistan |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1794750/1-presidential-election-voting-commences/ |access-date=4 September 2018 |work=The Express Tribune |date=4 September 2018 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225211454/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1794750/1-presidential-election-voting-commences/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He received 352 electoral votes and defeated [[Fazal-ur-Rehman (politician, born 1953)|Fazal-ur-Rehman]] and [[Aitzaz Ahsan]] who secured 184 and 124 votes, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chaudhry |first=Fahad |date=2018-09-05 |title=PTI's Arif Alvi officially declared winner of 13th presidential election |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1431104 |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en |archive-date=5 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905173823/https://www.dawn.com/news/1431104 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=PTI's Dr Arif Alvi elected 13th President of Pakistan: unofficial results |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1430542/ptis-dr-arif-alvi-elected-13th-president-of-pakistan-unofficial-results |access-date=4 September 2018 |work=DAWN.COM |date=4 September 2018 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225211327/https://www.dawn.com/news/1430542/ptis-dr-arif-alvi-elected-13th-president-of-pakistan-unofficial-results%20 |url-status=live }}</ref> Upon getting elected as the President, Alvi thanked Prime Minister Imran Khan, and the government coalition for their support.<ref>{{cite news |title=Arif Alvi says he is elected President of entire nation, not a particular party |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/363840-arif-alvi-says-he-is-elected-president-of-entire-nation-not-a-particular-party |access-date=4 September 2018 |work=The News |date=4 September 2018 |language=en |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225211359/https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/363840-arif-alvi-says-he-is-elected-president-of-entire-nation-not-a-particular-party%20 |url-status=live }}</ref> He became the third [[President of Pakistan]] whose family migrated to Pakistan from India after the [[Partition of India]].<ref name="geo/5sept2018" /> On 5 September 2018, he relinquished his National Assembly seat.<ref>{{cite news |title=President-elect Dr Arif Alvi tenders resignation from NA seat |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2018/09/05/president-elect-dr-arif-alvi-tenders-resignation-from-na-seat/ |access-date=5 September 2018 |work=Pakistan Today |date=5 September 2018 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225211352/https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2018/09/05/newly-elected-president-dr-arif-alvi-tenders-resignation-from-na-seat/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On 9 September, he replaced [[Mamnoon Hussain]] and was sworn in as 13th President of Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news |title=Arif Alvi sworn in as 13th President of Pakistan |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1431893/arif-alvi-sworn-in-as-13th-president-of-pakistan |access-date=9 September 2018 |work=DAWN.COM |date=9 September 2018 |archive-date=13 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813121937/https://www.dawn.com/news/1431893/arif-alvi-sworn-in-as-13th-president-of-pakistan |url-status=live }}</ref> On 17 September, he addressed the National Assembly for the first time in his capacity as president.<ref>{{cite news |title=President Arif Alvi makes inaugural address to lawmakers in joint session of parliament |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1433482/president-arif-alvi-makes-inaugural-address-to-lawmakers-in-joint-session-of-parliament |access-date=17 September 2018 |work=DAWN.COM |date=17 September 2018 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225211424/https://www.dawn.com/news/1433482/president-arif-alvi-makes-inaugural-address-to-lawmakers-in-joint-session-of-parliament%20 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:18th Summit of Non-Aligned Movement gets underway in Baku 039.jpg|thumb|With Azerbaijani President [[Ilham Aliyev]] during the [[18th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement]], October 2019]]
In 2018, he started the [[Presidential Initiative for Artificial Intelligence & Computing]] (PIAIC).<ref>{{cite news |title=Arif Alvi's initiative on AI lauded |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/624046-arif-alvi-s-initiative-on-ai-lauded |access-date=21 March 2024 |work=www.thenews.com.pk |language=en}}</ref>

On 8 September 2023, Alvi marked the conclusion of his five-year term as the country's fourth democratically elected president. However, he continued in office beyond this date due to the absence of an electoral college required to elect his successor. This made him the second President in the country's history to have an extended term.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Khan |first1=Iftikhar A. |title=Arif Alvi fourth president to complete full term |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1774681/arif-alvi-fourth-president-to-complete-full-term |access-date=22 March 2024 |work=DAWN.COM |date=8 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

His term as President of Pakistan ended on 8 March 2024.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Butt |first1=Naveed |title=Alvi given farewell guard of honour |url=https://www.brecorder.com/news/40292768 |access-date=9 March 2024 |work=Brecorder |date=9 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Syedna Mufaddal Saifuddin conferred Nishan e Pakistan.jpg|thumb|Conferring the [[Nishan-e-Pakistan]] on [[Mufaddal Saifuddin]], December 2023]]
On 3 April 2022, he dissolved the National Assembly of Pakistan on the advice of Prime Minister [[Imran Khan]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-04-03 |title=Pakistan heads for early election amid move to remove PM Imran Khan |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-60972186 |access-date=2022-04-26 |archive-date=3 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403200502/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-60972186 |url-status=live }}</ref> in order to prevent the moving of the [[No-confidence motion against Imran Khan|scheduled no-confidence motion]] that intended to remove Khan from the office of PM. The dissolution was appealed to the [[Supreme Court of Pakistan]], which declared the move unconstitutional and restored the National Assembly on 7 April,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhatti |first=Haseeb |date=2022-04-07 |title=Supreme Court restores National Assembly, orders no-confidence vote to be held on Saturday |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1683857 |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en |archive-date=20 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120111537/https://www.dawn.com/news/1683857 |url-status=live }}</ref> which then proceeded to carry out the no-confidence motion on the night of 9 April. The motion was successful after 174 MNAs voted in its favour (172 were needed), thus ending Imran Khan's term as prime minister.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Timeline of events leading up to voting on no-confidence motion |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/410390-timeline-of-events-leading-up-to-voting-no-confidence-motion |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=www.geo.tv |language=en-US |archive-date=26 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426230845/https://www.geo.tv/latest/410390-timeline-of-events-leading-up-to-voting-no-confidence-motion |url-status=live }}</ref> Alvi was criticized for this move and the Supreme Court also declared Alvi's decision "contrary to the Constitution and the law and of no legal effect".<ref name="thefridaytimes/9mar24" />

In April 2022, President Alvi faced criticism for missing the oath-taking ceremony of Prime Minister [[Shehbaz Sharif]] due to illness. Some accused him of showing bias towards the PTI instead of fulfilling his duties impartially according to the Constitution.<ref name="thefridaytimes/9mar24" /><ref name="thenews/9mar24" />

In August 2023, Arif Alvi declined to sign into law two bills, the Official Secrets Amendment Bill 2023 and the Pakistan Army Amendment Bill 2023.<ref>{{cite news |date=19 August 2023 |title=President Alvi signs Army, Official Secrets Acts into law |url=https://www.brecorder.com/news/40258747 |access-date=9 March 2024 |work=Brecorder |language=en}}</ref> However, in a surprising disclosure, Alvi later revealed that he withheld his signature on these bills due to his disagreement with their provisions. He further asserted that his staff at the President House had acted against his directives, undermining his authority.<ref>{{cite news |date=20 August 2023 |title=President Alvi says did not sign Official Secrets Amendment Bill 2023, Pakistan Army Amendment Bill 2023 |url=https://www.brecorder.com/news/40258852 |access-date=9 March 2024 |work=Brecorder |language=en}}</ref> This caused controversy because, according to the Constitution, Alvi should have either approved or rejected the bills within ten days. But the bills were confirmed later without his clear decision.<ref name="thefridaytimes/9mar24" />
[[File:The Prime Minister and First Lady of Pakistan with The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge.jpg|thumb|With [[Prince William]] and [[Princess Kate]] at the [[Aiwan-e-Sadr]], October 2019]]
In March 2024, Alvi faced criticism for violating the Constitution when he delayed summoning a session of the National Assembly for newly elected MNAs to take oath following the [[2024 Pakistani general election]]. He waited until the last moment to do so after twice rejecting summaries from the caretaker prime minister, citing concerns over the allocation of reserved seats to PTI.<ref name="thefridaytimes/9mar24" />

[[The Friday Times]] wrote that Alvi's presidency was marked by a troubled legacy riddled with controversies and disputes with elected governments and state institutions. He was often viewed as a president who closely aligned himself with his party, the PTI, rather than serving as a unifying figure for the nation.<ref name="thefridaytimes/9mar24">{{cite news |title=President Arif Alvi: An Era Full Of Constiutional Controversies |url=https://thefridaytimes.com/09-Mar-2024/president-arif-alvi-an-era-full-of-constiutional-controversies |access-date=9 March 2024 |work=The Friday Times |date=9 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref> [[The News International|The News]] in its editorial wrote that despite criticism from legal experts, the judiciary, and political opponents, Alvi's presidency faced allegations of prioritizing party interests over national concerns. These factors may shape how history perceives his time in office.<ref name="thenews/9mar24">{{cite news |title=Alvi's legacy |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/1165993-alvi-s-legacy |access-date=9 March 2024 |work=www.thenews.com.pk |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Alvi is married to Samina Alvi. The couple has four married children.<ref name="dunyanews/4sept2018-1" />

Alvi is an avid reader, with subjects of interest including [[Quantum mechanics|quantum physics]], the [[Fourth Industrial Revolution|fourth industrial revolution]], [[artificial intelligence]], [[blockchain]] and [[cloud computing]], while in terms of intellectual influences he considers his mentors to be [[Plato]], [[Karl Marx]], [[Abul A'la Maududi|Mawdudi]] and [[Thomas Piketty]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lakhani |first=Bilal |date=23 December 2018 |title=Dr Arif Alvi: A sneak peek into the life of a modest president |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1872859/dr-arif-alvi-sneak-peek-life-modest-president |website=[[The Express Tribune]]}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of presidents of Pakistan]]
* [[Constitution of Pakistan]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Presidents of Pakistan}}
{{Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alvi, Arif}}
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Pakistani Muslims]]
[[Category:Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan politicians]]
[[Category:Muhajir people]]
[[Category:Alvis]]
[[Category:Orthodontists]]
[[Category:Pakistani expatriates in the United States]]
[[Category:Pakistani dentists]]
[[Category:Pakistani MNAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Pakistani people of Arab descent]]
[[Category:Pakistani MNAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf MNAs]]
[[Category:Politicians from Karachi]]
[[Category:Presidents of Pakistan]]
[[Category:University of Michigan School of Dentistry alumni]]
[[Category:University of the Pacific (United States) alumni]]

Menaka (1935 film)

2026-01-10T00:39:28Z

Udesign: new the stub initial version - done

{{short description|1935 film by P. K. Raja Sandow}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Menaka
| image = Menaka 1935 poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = P. K. Rajasandow
| screenplay = Kandhasamy Mudaliar
| based_on = {{based on|''Menaka''|[[Vaduvur Duraisami Iyengar|Vaduvoor K. Duraiswamy Iyengar]]}}
| starring = T. K. Shanmugam [[T. K. Bhagavathi]]
| cinematography = Nemai Ghosh
| music = T. K. Muthusamy
| studio = Sri Shanmuganandha Talkie Company
| released = {{film date|df=yes|1935|4|6}}<ref name="lakshmansruthi">{{Cite web |title=1935 - மேனகா - ஸ்ரீ சண்முகானந்தா டாக்கி கம்பெனி |trans-title=1935 - Menaka - Sri Shanmuganandha Talkie Company |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1935-cinedetails25.asp |url-status=usurped |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil |access-date=28 September 2017 |archive-date=28 September 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170928140159/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1935-cinedetails25.asp }}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Menaka''''' is a 1935 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by P. K. Rajasandow and produced by Sri Shanmuganandha Talkie Company. The film stars [[T. K. Shanmugam]] and T. K. Bhagavathi with [[N. S. Krishnan]] (in his cinematic debut), [[S. V. Sahasranamam]], [[K. R. Ramasamy (actor)|K. R. Ramasamy]] and T. K. Muthusamy in supporting roles. The film is about two lovers who get separated because of the designs of some envious persons and their reunion after much anguish.

''Menaka'' was an adaptation of the stage play of the same name which itself was adapted from a novel of the same name written by [[Vaduvur Duraisami Iyengar|Vaduvoor K. Duraiswamy Iyengar]]. The film's screenplay was written by Kandhasamy Mudaliar. The film was released on 6 April 1935, was successful at the box-office and became a trendsetter for social-themed films in Tamil.

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=October 2020}}

== Cast ==
The list was adapted from the database of [[Film News Anandan]]<ref name="lakshmansruthi" />
{{Col-begin|width=60%}}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Male cast
*[[T. K. Shanmugam]] as Naina Mohamed
*T. K. Bhagavathi as Varaswami
*T. K. Sankaran as Sambasiva Iyer
*T. K. Muthusami as Perundevi
*P. K. Diwakar
*[[N. S. Krishnan]] as Sama Iyer
*[[S. V. Sahasranamam]]
*[[K. R. Ramasamy (actor)|K. R. Ramasami]]
*Mohideen
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Female cast
*M. S. Vijayal as Menaka
*K. T. Rukmini as Noorjehan
*T. K. Rajasundari
*T. K. Vimala
{{Col-end}}

== Production ==
M. Somasundaram who earlier worked as entrepreneur in Coimbatore decided to venture into film production along with partner S. K. Mohideen.<ref name="hin">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=27 August 2010 |title=The making of 'Menaka' |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/the-making-of-menaka/article596717.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=7 July 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170912005607/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/The-making-of-lsquoMenaka/article16146081.ece |archive-date=12 September 2017}}</ref> For their debut film, they decided to produce a film adaptation of stage play ''Menaka'' which was staged by TKS Brothers for which Somasundaram bought the story rights for {{INR}}16,000.<ref name="du">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=4 January 2008 |title=Menaka 1935 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/menaka-1935/article3022401.ece |access-date=7 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928145337/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/menaka-1935/article3022401.ece |archive-date=28 September 2017}}</ref> Male actor T. K. Muthusamy portrayed Perundhevi, a widow since no female was willing to shave her their head for the role.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Baskaran |first=S. Theodore |title=The eye of the serpent: an introduction to Tamil cinema |publisher=East West Books |year=1996 |pages=8 |author-link=S. Theodore Baskaran}}</ref>

N. S. Krishnan who portrayed a comic negative role in the play reprised the role in the film which also marked his acting debut.<ref name="hin" /> During the shoot, he was initially reluctant to be a part of a scene where he was supposed to be tied together with an actress. Krishnan jokingly remarked that "being a chaste man, only his wife should touch him".<ref name="du" /> Rajasandow who understood the humour became friends with Krishnan. The film was entirely shot at Ranjith Studios, Bombay and was completed within 3 months with the cost of {{INR}}80,000 (worth {{INR}}16 crore in 2021 prices).<ref name="hin" />

== Award ==
The film won an award from the Government of the Madras Presidency.<ref name="hin" />

== Remake ==
The film was remade in 1955 with the [[Menaka (1955 film)|same title]] by V. C. Subbaraman. K. R. Ramasamy, who portrayed a comic role in the 1935 version played a leading role in this version. However this version failed to replicate the success of the 1935 version.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=4 September 2011 |title=Menaka 1955 |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/menaka-1955/article2421868.ece |access-date=7 July 2017 |archive-date=29 June 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170629011224/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/menaka-1955/article2421868.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Legacy ==
''Menaka'' was the first Tamil film where a novel was adapted into a feature film and the success of the film also triggered a series of social themed films in Tamil cinema. The film made N. S. Krishnan popular and he went on to become a famous comedian in Tamil.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=20 November 2014 |title=Comedian by destiny |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/lighter-vein-column-ns-krishnan-part-2/article6618097.ece |access-date=7 July 2017 |archive-date=26 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141126213201/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/lighter-vein-column-ns-krishnan-part-2/article6618097.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=0258797|title=}}

[[Category:1935 drama films]]
[[Category:1930s Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1935 Indian films]]
[[Category:1935 films]]
[[Category:Films about social issues in India]]
[[Category:Films based on Tamil novels]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Pramod Panju

2026-01-06T16:19:04Z

Udesign:

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use Indian English|date = July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pramod Panju
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1990|01|10|df=y}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/pramod-has-a-busy-birthday-lined-up-ahead-of-him/articleshow/80185636.cms|title=Pramod has a busy birthday lined up ahead of him|work=Times of India|date=9 January 2019}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Mandya, Karnataka]], India
| other_names = Pramod
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2009–present
}}

'''Pramod Panju''' (born 10 January 1990) is an Indian actor who works predominantly in the [[Kannada cinema|Kannada film]] and [[List of Kannada-language television channels|television]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/Panju-forays-into-Sandalwood/articleshow/47826845.cms|title=Panju forays into Sandalwood|website=The Times of India|date=26 June 2015 |accessdate=14 July 2020}}</ref> He began his career in television with popular serials such as ''Chukki'', ''Punar Vivaha'', and ''Mahadevi'' before making his film debut with ''[[Geetha Bangle Store]]'' (2015).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/movies/geetha-bangle-store/cast-crew.html|title=Geetha Bangle Store|work=FilmiBeat|access-date=25 March 2016}}</ref> Known for his versatility and natural acting style, Pramod has appeared in critically acclaimed films like ''[[Premier Padmini (film)|Premier Padmini]]'' (2019), ''Matte Udbhava'' (2020), and ''[[Rathnan Prapancha]]'' (2021), the latter earning him widespread recognition.

Pramod’s performance in ''Rathnan Prapancha'' won him the [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Supporting Actor]] (2021) and a [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor - Kannada|Filmfare Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor – Kannada]] (2022). He was also nominated for the [[SIIMA Award]] in the same category. Apart from these, he has featured in commercial entertainers such as ''Bond Ravi'' (2022) and appeared in a pivotal role in the pan-Indian blockbuster ''[[Salaar: Part 1 – Ceasefire]]'' (2023).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/salaar-demanded-a-lot-of-energy-says-pramod/articleshow/95717542.cms|title=Salaar demanded a lot of energy, says Pramod|work=The Times of India|date=23 November 2022}}</ref>

==Early life==
Pramod Panju was born on 10 January 1990 in [[Mandya]], [[Karnataka]], India. He grew up in a middle-class family and completed his schooling at St. Anne’s High School, [[Maddur, Karnataka|Maddur]]. Later, he pursued his graduation from Surana College, [[Bengaluru]]. From an early age, Pramod was passionate about acting and performing arts, which led him to explore opportunities in television before entering films.

Pramod began his career in the Kannada entertainment industry as a television actor. He appeared in several popular serials, which helped him gain recognition among audiences. He portrayed [[Shiva]] character in the teleseries, ''Mahadevi''. In ''[[Sanju Mattu Naanu]]'', he played the romantic lead as Karthik.

==Career==
Pramod Panju made his film debut with ''[[Geetha Bangle Store]]'' (2015), a rural romance that earned him critical appreciation for his natural performance. He later appeared in ''[[Premier Padmini (film)|Premier Padmini]]'' (2019), a slice-of-life drama alongside [[Jaggesh]], which showcased his ability to handle mature and layered characters. In 2020, he starred in ''Matte Udbhava'', a comedy-drama directed by [[Kodlu Ramakrishna]].

His breakthrough role came with ''[[Rathnan Prapancha]]'' (2021), where he portrayed Udaal Babu Rao, a character that brought him widespread recognition and critical acclaim. This performance earned him the [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Supporting Actor]] and nominations for [[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare]] and [[SIIMA Awards]] in the same category. Following this success, Pramod featured in the mass entertainer ''Bond Ravi'' (2022) and played a pivotal role in the pan-Indian blockbuster ''[[Salaar: Part 1 – Ceasefire]]'' (2023).

In 2025, he played the role of Abhi in the triangular love story, ''[[Bhuvanam Gaganam]]'' (2025). His upcoming projects include ''Alankar Vidyarthi'', and ''Halka Don''.

==Filmography ==
*''All films are in Kannada unless otherwise noted.''

{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Geetha Bangle Store]]''
| Veerabhadra
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/Geetha-Bangle-Stores/movie-review/48942489.cms|title=GEETHA BANGLE STORES REVIEW|website=Times Of India|accessdate=14 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/500690/a-riveting-rural-romance.html|title=A riveting rural romance|website=Deccan Chronicle|accessdate=14 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Premier Padmini (film)|Premier Padmini]]''
| Driver Nanjudi
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/270419/premier-padmini-movie-review-sensibly-real.html|title=Premier Padmini movie review: Sensibly real|website=Deccan Chronicle|date=27 April 2019 |accessdate=14 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|''Matte Udbhava''
| Ganesh
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/matte-udbhava/movie-review/74000832.cms|title=Matte Udbhava Movie Review: A movie marred only by cringe-worthy comedy|website=Times Of India|accessdate=14 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''[[Rathnan Prapancha]]''
|Udaal Babu Rao
|Winner - [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Supporting Actor]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/karnataka-state-film-awards-rakshit-shetty-to-archana-jois-see-full-list-of-winners-9398693|title=Karnataka State Film Awards: Rakshit Shetty To Archana Jois, See Full List Of Winners|website=NDTV.com|date=5 October 2025}}</ref> Nominated - [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Kannada]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Nominations for the 67th Parle Filmfare Awards South 2022 with Kamar Film Factory |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-67th-parle-filmfare-awards-south-2022_-55551.html |access-date=5 August 2023 |work=filmfare.com |date=7 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pramod bags a pivotal role in Dhananjaya's next a|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/pramod-bags-a-pivotal-role-in-dhananjayas-next/articleshow/80373570.cms|access-date=2021-07-28|website=The Times of India|date=21 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''Bond Ravi''
|Bond Ravi
|
|
|-
|2023
|''[[Salaar: Part 1 – Ceasefire]]''
|Baachi Raja Mannar
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]] film
|
|-
|2025
|''[[Bhuvanam Gaganam]]''
|Abhi
|
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2026
| style="background:#FFFFCC;" | ''[[Halka Don]]'' {{Dagger|alt=Films that has not yet been released}}
|Don
|Kannada-Telugu bilingual film; Filming
|
|-
| style="background:#FFFFCC;" | ''English Manja'' {{Dagger|alt=Films that has not yet been released}}
|TBA
|Filming
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2020/jun/27/english-manja-starring-actor-pramod-first-look-poster-revealed-2161892.html|title='English Manja' starring actor Pramod first look poster revealed|website=India Express|date=27 June 2020 |accessdate=14 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Television===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Serial
!Role
!Channel
!Ref
|-
|''Lakumi''
|
|[[Star Suvarna]]
|
|-
|''Chukki''
|
|Star Suvarna
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nettv4u.com/about/Kannada/tv-serials/chukki|title=Chukki Kannada Serial|accessdate=14 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
|''Punar Vivaha''
|Ranjith
|[[Zee Kannada]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/vk-gallery/cinema/punar-vivaha-kannada-serial-heroine-anusha-naik-husband-family-children/photoshow/75141527.cms|title=Punar-Vivaha Kannada|accessdate=14 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
|''Mahadevi''
|[[Shiva]]
|Zee Kannada
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/Watch-Mahadevi-serial-soon-on-Zee-Kannada/articleshow/48528293.cms|title=Watch Mahadevi serial on Zee Kannada|website=Times Of India|date=18 August 2015 |accessdate=14 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Sanju Mattu Naanu]]''
|Karthik
|[[Colors Kannada]]
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/sanju-mattu-naanu-triangular-love-story-pratham-bhuvan-sanjana-take-twist-729800|title=Sanju Mattu Naanu: The triangular love story of Pratham, Bhuvan, Sanjana to take a twist|first=Prakash|last=Upadhyaya|date=7 June 2017|newspaper=International Business Times|accessdate=11 November 2019}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|10713865}}
* {{Instagram|pramod_panju_fans_maddur}}

{{Portal bar|India|Films|Television}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Panju Pramod}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kannada male actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Mandya]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada television]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Karnataka State Film Award winners]]
{{India-screen-actor-stub}}

Priti Patkar

2025-12-16T04:51:23Z

Udesign: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Indian social worker and activist}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| caption = Priti Patkar
| image = Priti_Patkar.jpg
| name = Priti Patkar
| other_names = Priti tai, Preeti Patkar
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]]
| alma_mater = [[Tata Institute of Social Sciences]], Nirmala Niketan College of Social Work
| known_for = her work with women and children in [[red light districts]] of Mumbai. She conceptualised and founded world's first night care center for children of women working in red light districts.
| website =
}}
'''Priti Patkar''' is an Indian social worker and human rights activist. She is the co-founder and director of the organisation [[Prerana]], which works in the red-light districts of Mumbai, India to protect children vulnerable to [[commercial sexual exploitation]] and [[Human trafficking|trafficking]].

==Personal life==

Priti Patkar was born in [[Mumbai]]. Her father was a government servant and her mother ran a daycare program.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://philanthropyforum.org/members/priti-patkar/|title=Priti Patkar Profile|access-date=9 May 2014|archive-date=12 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512220203/http://philanthropyforum.org/members/priti-patkar/|url-status=live}}</ref> She is a Gold Medalist from The Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai where she completed a Masters in Social Work.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.infolona.com/news/unsung_heroes/find/|title=Unsung heroes|access-date=9 May 2014|archive-date=13 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513060515/http://www.infolona.com/news/unsung_heroes/find|url-status=live}}</ref> She is married to social activist [[Pravin Patkar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gitamritam.com/2012/patkar/|title=Priti & Pravin Patkar|access-date=9 May 2014|archive-date=12 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512221747/http://www.gitamritam.com/2012/patkar/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Activism==

Priti Patkar has been working for the protection and rescue of children and women victims of human trafficking and commercial sexual exploitation for over 30 years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theweekendleader.com/Heroism/2058/saving-children.html|title=Saving children|website=www.theweekendleader.com|language=en|access-date=2018-02-19|archive-date=15 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215204016/http://www.theweekendleader.com/Heroism/2058/saving-children.html|url-status=live}}</ref> She founded Prerana in 1986, after a research visit for her Masters in Social Work to the Kamathipura Red Light Area – where she witnessed three generations of women soliciting customers on the same street.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2014/nov/26/how-priti-patkar-and-prerana-changed-the-lives-of-children-of-sex-workers|title=How Prerana's Priti Patkar has changed the lives of sex workers' children|last=Mumbai|first=Arunima Rajan in|date=2014-11-26|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-02-19|archive-date=20 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220033107/https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2014/nov/26/how-priti-patkar-and-prerana-changed-the-lives-of-children-of-sex-workers|url-status=live}}</ref>

She is accredited with several path-breaking social interventions for the protection and dignity of children and women victims of human trafficking and commercial sexual exploitation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/others/Women-of-substance/articleshow/16109415.cms|title=Woman of substance|access-date=9 May 2014|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303215347/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/others/Women-of-substance/articleshow/16109415.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Patkar has to her credit the largest number of legal interventions and writ petitions in India to protect the rights and dignity of child and female victims of child sexual exploitation and trafficking.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://powai.info/2011/03/22/priti-patkar-of-powai-chief-of-ngo-prerana-is-a-woman-of-might/|title=Woman of Might|access-date=9 May 2014|archive-date=3 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503153855/http://powai.info/2011/03/22/priti-patkar-of-powai-chief-of-ngo-prerana-is-a-woman-of-might/|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.theguardian.com/cities/2014/nov/26/how-priti-patkar-and-prerana-changed-the-lives-of-children-of-sex-workers How Prerana’s Priti Patkar has changed the lives of sex workers' children] – 2014 Guardian newspaper article
* [http://www.preranaantitrafficking.org/ Prerana Anti-Trafficking, Mumbai] – official website
* [http://www.thebetterindia.com/6473/prerana-lighting-the-lamp-of-self-esteem-for-the-children-of-sex-workers/ Prerana - Lighting the Lamp of Self Esteem for the Children of Sex Workers] – article at The Better India website
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140104141714/http://india.ashoka.org/fellow/priti-patkar Priti Patkar] – archived profile from the Ashoka website
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130905065027/http://ibnlive.in.com/shows/Real-Heroes/379944.html Priti Patkar runs night shelters for children of sex workers] – archived from IBN Live

{{Nari Shakti Puraskar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patkar, Priti}}
[[Category:Indian women activists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Scientists from Mumbai]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women educational theorists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:Women educators from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:Activists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Women scientists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Social workers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Educators from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]

Anna (1793 ship)

2025-12-15T15:44:40Z

Udesign: started a entry

{{Short description|British East India ship launched at Calcutta in 1793}}
{{other ships|Anna (ship)}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
|image=
|image_caption=
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
| country=Great Britain
| flag={{shipboxflag|Kingdom of Great Britain|civil}}
|yard_number=
|owner=*1797:Farlie & Co.{{sfnp|Hackman|2001|p=222}}
*1812:Dempster<ref name=RS1812/>
|builder=George Foreman & Nathaniel Bacon, Calcutta
|name=''Anna''
|nickname=''Bengal Anna''
|launched=14 January 1793
|acquired=
|fate=Lost c.1811
|notes=
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
|type=[[Ship]]
|tons_burthen=684<ref name=LoM>{{Cite web |url=http://www.1812privateers.org/Great%20Britain/marque1793-1815.pdf |title=Letter of Marque, p.50 - accessed 25 July 2017. |access-date=5 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020052005/http://www.1812privateers.org/Great%20Britain/marque1793-1815.pdf |archive-date=20 October 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{sfnp|Phipps|1840|p=97}}{{sfnp|Hackman|2001|p=222}} ([[Builder's Old Measurement|bm]])
|length=
|beam=
|draught=
|propulsion=Sail
|speed=
|complement=*1796:90,<ref name=LoM/>
*1805:100
|armament=*1796:18 × 12&6-pounder guns<ref name=LoM/>
*1805:14 × 9-pounder guns<ref name=LoM/>
|notes=Teak built.
}}
}}

'''''Anna''''' was launched at [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] in 1793. She was often called '''''Bengal Anna''''' to distinguish her from ''Bombay'' {{ship||Anna|1790 ship|2}}. ''Bengal Anna'' made three voyages for the [[British Empire|British]] [[East India Company]] (EIC). She was lost on the coast of [[Chittagong]] c.1811, after participating in a military expedition.

==Career==
Captain Mungo Gilmore sailed from Calcutta on 23 December and was at [[Sagar Island|Saugor]] on 15 February 1795. ''Anna'' reached the [[Cape of Good Hope]] on 19 April and [[Saint Helena|St Helena]] on 5 May; she arrived at [[Deptford]] on 18 August.<ref name=BL>[http://searcharchives.bl.uk/IAMS_VU2:IAMS045-001114536 British Library: ''Anna'' (2).]</ref> Gilmore acquired a [[letter of marque]] on 22 December 1795. ''Anna'' was admitted to the Registry of Great Britain on 27 September 1796.{{Sfnp|House of Commons|1814|p=86}}

She first appears in ''Lloyd's List'' in 1797 with "Gilmour", master, and Farlie & Co., owner.<ref name=LR1797>[https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015004281278?urlappend=%3Bseq=41 ''Lloyd's Register'' (1797), Supple. "A".]</ref>

On 31 July 1797 ''Bengal Anna'', ''Bombay Anna'', and {{ship||Coromandel|1793 ship|2}} arrived in Portsmouth with invalids and prisoners from the West Indies. They had made a rapid voyage of about a month.<ref>[http://find.galegroup.com/ttda/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=TTDA&userGroupName=upenn_main&tabID=T003&docPage=article&searchType=AdvancedSearchForm&docId=CS50469122&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0] "Ship News." ''Times'' [London, England] 2 Aug. 1797.</ref> The vessels may have gone out to the West Indies in connection with Admiral Sir [[Hugh Cloberry Christian]]'s expedition to the West Indies, thought they are not listed amongst the vessels that left on 24 January 1796.<ref>''[[Lloyd's List]]'' [http://www.1812privateers.org/LLOYDS/1796/02-02-1796.jpg №2790.]</ref>

''Anna'', Mungo Gilmore, master, arrived in England on 2 August 1799 from China.{{sfnp|Hardy|1800|p=223}} This voyage was apparently at the behest of the EIC, though it does not appear in the list of voyages maintained at the British Library. On 9 December ''Bengal Anna'' and ''Bombay Anna'' were at Madeira taking on wine. They were in company with ''Calcutta'', which shortly thereafter was captured and recaptured. They had sailed from Spithead on 20 November.<ref>''Naval Chronicle'', Vol. 3, p.79.</ref>

Captain Patrick Clark sailed from Calcutta on 1 July 1800, bound for England. ''Anna'' was at Saugor on 10 October. She reached St Helena on 14 January 1801 and arrived at Long Reach on 16 April.<ref name=BL/>

On 9 November 1802 ''[[Lloyd's List]]'' reported that ''Anna'', Scott, master, had put into [[Île de France]] (Mauritius) in distress.<ref>[https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.c2735020?urlappend=%3Bseq=393 ''Lloyd's List'' №4306.]</ref>

Captain Thomas Scott sailed from [[Khejuri II#Khijri|Kedgeree]] 28 February 1804, bound for England. She was at Saugor on 2 July, and left Bengal on 5 July in company with the country ship {{ship||Mornington|1799 ship|2}}, and ''Maria'', [[Northampton (1801 ship)|''Northampton'']], and ''Princess Mary''.<ref name=LL>[https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.c2735021?urlappend=%3Bseq=407 ''Lloyd's List'', №4513.]</ref>

She reached St Helena on 29 September,<ref name=BL/> and was still there on 4 October, together with ''Mornington''.<ref name=LL/> ''Anna'' arrived at Deptford on 22 December.<ref name=BL/> Captain Scott acquired a letter of marque on 11 March 1805.<ref name=LoM/>

On 24 March 1810, ''Anna'', Captain Thomas Scott, delivered [[Charles Andrew Bruce]] to assume the governorship of Prince of Wales Island (now called Penang). (Bruce died in office, in December).

''Anna'' then participated as a transport vessel in the British invasion of [[Invasion of Isle de France|Île de France]] (Mauritius), on 3 December 1810.

{{main|Transport vessels for the British invasions of Île Bourbon and Île de France (1810)}}

The British government then chartered ''Anna'' and eight other vessels as [[cartel (ship)|cartels]] to carry back to France the French troops that they had captured in these campaigns.<ref>[https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.c2735025?urlappend=%3Bseq=55 ''Lloyd's List'' №4547.]</ref>

==Fate==
''Anna'' was lost on the coast of Chittagong while returning from Mauritius.{{sfnp|Phipps|1840|p=97}} She was last listed in the ''Register of Shipping'' in 1812.<ref name=RS1812>[https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015024214317?urlappend=%3Bseq=60 ''Register of Shipping'' (1812), Seq. №A948.]</ref>

==Citations==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==
* {{cite book |last=Hackman |first=Rowan |year=2001 |title=Ships of the East India Company |location=Gravesend, Kent |publisher=World Ship Society |isbn=0-905617-96-7 }}
* {{cite book |last=Hardy |first=Charles |year=1800 |title=A Register of Ships, Employed in the Service of the Hon. the United East India Company, from the Union of the Two Companies, in 1707, to the Year 1760: Specifying the Number of Voyages, Tonnage, Commanders, and Stations. To which is Added, from the Latter Period to the Present Time, the Managing Owners, Principal Officers, Surgeons, and Pursers; with the Dates of Their Sailing and Arrival: Also, an Appendix, Containing Many Particulars, Interesting to Those Concerned in the East India Commerce|publisher=Hardy}}
* {{cite book|last=Phipps|first=John, (of the Master Attendant's Office, Calcutta)|year=1840|title=A Collection of Papers Relative to Ship Building in India ...: Also a Register Comprehending All the Ships ... Built in India to the Present Time ...|publisher=Scott}}
* {{cite book |author=((House of Commons, Parliament, Great Britain)) |year=1814 |title=Minutes of the Evidence Taken Before the Select Committee on Petitions Relating to East-India-Built Shipping |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |ref={{SfnRef|House of Commons|1814}}}}

{{1811 shipwrecks}}

[[Category:1793 ships]]
[[Category:British ships built in India]]
[[Category:Age of Sail merchant ships of England]]
[[Category:Ships of the British East India Company]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1811]]
[[Category:Hired armed vessels of the Royal Navy]]

2010 Varanasi bombing

2025-11-30T18:14:57Z

Udesign: added references

{{Short description|Terrorist bombing attack in Varanasi, India}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}

{{Infobox terrorist attack
|title=2010 Varanasi bombing
|location=Varanasi, India
|target=Sheetla Ghat
|date=7 December 2010
|time=18:20 IST
|timezone=[[UTC+05:30]]
|type=[[Bombing]]
|fatalities=2
|injuries=38
|perps=[[Indian Mujahideen]]
}}
{{Terrorist attacks in India (since 2001)}}

The '''2010 Varanasi bombing''' was a [[bombing|blast]] that occurred on 7 December 2010, in one of the holiest [[Hindu]] cities, [[Varanasi]]. The explosion occurred at Sheetla Ghat, adjacent to the main [[Dashashwamedh Ghat]], where the sunset ''[[aarti]]'', the evening prayer ritual to the [[holy river]], [[Ganges]] had commenced, on these stone steps leading to it, where thousands of worshipers and tourists had gathered.<ref name="nyt"/><ref name="bg">{{cite news|url=https://www.boston.com/news/world/asia/articles/2010/12/08/lethal_blast_starts_stampede_in_india/|title=Lethal blast starts stampede in India|date=8 December 2010|agency=Associated Press| access-date= 9 December 2010 }}</ref> It killed two people including a two-year-old girl who was sitting on her mother's lap. The mother was one of three critically injured out of the 38 injured. In the ensuing panic after the blast, a railing broke causing a stampede leading to an increase in the number of injuries.<ref name="bg"/> The bomb was hidden inside a milk container on the Sheetla Ghat.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/ap/top/all/7329201.html|title=Police question brothers in India holy city blast|date=7 December 2010|work=Houston Chronicle| access-date= 9 December 2010 }}</ref> The blast occurred a day after the anniversary of the 1992 [[Babri Masjid demolition]], in which a mosque was demolished at [[Ayodhya]] leading to nationwide religious riots killing over 2,000 people. Subsequently, the [[Islamist]] militant group, [[Indian Mujahideen]], claimed responsibility of the blast, via email to Indian media. This was the second terrorism-related incident in the city which was rocked by the [[2006 Varanasi bombings|serial blasts of 2006]], in which 28 people were killed, it included an explosion at the [[Sankat Mochan Hanuman Temple, Varanasi|Sankatmochan Temple]], some two kilometres away.<ref name="nyt"/><ref name="Joyson">[http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/12/07/india.explosion/?hpt=T2 2010 Varanasi bomb blast ] ''[[CNN]]'', 7 December 2010.</ref><ref name=cs>{{cite news|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-South-Central/2010/1207/Explosion-rocks-one-of-India-s-holiest-cities |title=Explosion rocks one of India's holiest cities |date=7 December 2010 |work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]] |access-date=9 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110120071649/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-South-Central/2010/1207/Explosion-rocks-one-of-India-s-holiest-cities |archive-date=20 January 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy }}</ref>

Sitala Ghat is the southern extension of the [[Dashashwamedh Ghat]], and its stone steps lead to Sitala Mata Temple. Also close by is the historic [[Kashi Vishwanath Temple]], the Shiva temple which has one of the 12 [[Jyotirlinga]] of India. The present ghat was re-furbished in c. 1740 by Pt. Narayana Diksit the preceptor of [[Peshwa]] [[Baji Rao I]], the Prime Minister of the [[Maratha Empire]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://varanasi.nic.in/ghat/ghat21-40.html|title=Ghats of Varanasi – 40: Sitala Ghat|publisher=[[Varanasi]] Official website|access-date=10 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716223537/http://varanasi.nic.in/ghat/ghat21-40.html|archive-date=16 July 2011|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
[[Image:WikiprojectIndiacities varanasi.png|right|thumb|150px|Location of [[Varanasi]] in India]]

==Aftermath==
[[File:Ganga Aarti at Varanasi ghats.jpg|thumb|210px|Evening ''[[Ganges|Ganga]] [[Aarti]]'' at the adjacent [[Dashashwamedh Ghat]], [[Varanasi]] in 2008, with people watching from the steps above.]]
After the incident 20 injured were admitted to [[Banaras Hindu University|BHU Hospital]], 13 in Kabir Chaura Hospital, while 4 were sent to Heritage Hospital in the city. Six foreigners tourist were also injured including an Italian, Alessandro Mantelli, who was later said to be out of danger, French national Rachael, Ki Taro from Japan, South Korean Wan Sen Kim, Italian Livio DiMajo and a German citizen, Ozel.<ref name="ze">{{cite news|url=http://www.zeenews.com/news673011.html|title=Terror strikes Varanasi: 1 killed|date=8 December 2010|publisher=[[Zee News]]| access-date= 15 December 2010 }}</ref> The death of the Italian tourist was wrongly reported in some media agencies, while he was recuperating in a city hospital.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/specials/cwg/Story/122574/varanasi-blast-triggers-a-blame-game.html|title=Varanasi blast triggers a blame game|date=9 December 2010|work=[[India Today]]|access-date=15 December 2010 |archive-date=8 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110208184458/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/specials/cwg/Story/122574/varanasi-blast-triggers-a-blame-game.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The responsibility for the attack was claimed by the Pakistan-based [[Islamist]] militant group, [[Indian Mujahideen]], via email.<ref name="nyt">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/08/world/asia/08bomb.html |title=India on Alert as Bomb Hits Hindu Holy City |date=7 December 2010 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=9 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110120121843/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/08/world/asia/08bomb.html |archive-date=20 January 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20101213015318/http://sify.com/news/pakistan-based-indian-mujahideen-behind-varanasi-attack-india-news-international-kmjxaheaejg.html Pakistan-based Indian Mujahideen behind Varanasi attack: India] ''[[Sify.com]]'', 9 December 2010.</ref><ref name="Prabhu">[http://www.centralchronicle.com/viewnews.asp?articleID=53415 Child killed, 20 injured in Varanasi blast: IM claims responsibility]{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ''Central Chronicle'', 7 December 2010.</ref> In an email, dated 6 December, which was traced to [[WiFi]] connections in the [[Vashi]] suburb in [[Navi Mumbai]] by the Mumbai Police, the Indian Mujahideen claimed that had carried out the blast as a revenge for the supposedly "biased" [[Babri Masjid]] [[Ayodhya debate#Timeline of the debate|verdict of 30 September 2010]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/IM-sends-email---biased--Babri-verdict-its-theme/721703|title=IM sends email, 'biased' Babri verdict its theme|date=8 December 2010|work=[[The Indian Express]]| access-date= 9 December 2010 }}</ref><ref name="ht">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/IM-claims-blast-says-it-s-retaliation-for-Babri-verdict/H1-Article1-635634.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101210053633/http://www.hindustantimes.com/IM-claims-blast-says-it-s-retaliation-for-Babri-verdict/H1-Article1-635634.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 December 2010|title=IM claims blast, says it's retaliation for Babri verdict|date=7 December 2010|work=[[Hindustan Times]]| access-date= 9 December 2010 }}</ref><ref name="exb">{{cite news|url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Varanasi-blast-Terror-mail-traced-to-Vashi-Dr-Shahnawaz-main-suspect/721924/|title=Varanasi blast: Mail from Vashi suggests IM alive in Mumbai|date=8 December 2010|work=The Indian Express|access-date=10 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010224021/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Varanasi-blast-Terror-mail-traced-to-Vashi-Dr-Shahnawaz-main-suspect/721924/|archive-date=10 October 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The bomb blast occurred at one of the steps of the Sitala ghat leading to the famous Sheetla Devi temple, which was surrounded by devotees and foreign tourists. After the incident the Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh [[Mayawati]] and Union Minister of Home Affairs [[P. Chidambaram]] visited the site, and appealed for peace. A national security alert was sounded and police intensified patrols in major cities like New Delhi, Mumbai, and Bangalore.<ref name="nyt"/> Elsewhere in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] and Cyberabad the intelligence alerted local police on possible attacks on Dutch nationals in the city, after intercepting SMSs opposing the anti-Islam Dutch film ''[[Fitna (film)|Fitna]]'' (Devilry) by Dutch politician [[Geert Wilders]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Terror-alert-against-attack-on-Dutch-nationals/articleshow/7073533.cms|title=Terror alert against attack on Dutch nationals? TNN|date=10 December 2010|work=The Times of India| access-date= 10 December 2010 }}</ref>

On 11 December, a 50-year-old woman, visiting the town to watch the ''[[Ganges|Ganga]] [[Aarti]]'' on the Dasashwamedh Ghat, succumbed to her injuries at a local hospital.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/Varanasi-blast-victim-succumbs/articleshow/7085941.cms|title=Varanasi blast victim succumbs|date=12 December 2010|work=The Times of India| access-date= 15 December 2010 }}</ref>

==Investigations==
The following day, [[Mumbai Police]] investigations showed that Pakistan-based Bhatkal brothers, Riyaz and Iqbal, the chiefs of the Indian Mujahideen (IM) being the brains behind the explosion, which was carried out by Dr Shahnawaz presently based both in Dubai and Pakistan. He is the brother of IM foot soldier Mohammed Saif, who was arrested in the [[Batla House encounter]] on 19 September 2008 in which IM commander Atiq Amin was killed, while Dr Shahnawaz along with Khalid, Abu Rashid and Bada Sajid or Mohammed Sajid had fled to Nepal and now hold Nepalese passports.<ref name="exb"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/varanasi-blast-terror-mail-traced-to-vashi;-dr-shahnawaz-main-suspect/721924/|title=Varanasi blast: Dr Shahnawaz, Bhatkal brothers emerge as main suspects after mail traced to Vashi|date=8 December 2010|work=The Indian Express| access-date= 10 December 2010 }}</ref>

On 8 December, three people, two identified as Shahnawaz and Assadullah, were arrested by the [[Uttar Pradesh]] state Anti-Terror Squad (ATS) and are linked to the [[13 September 2008 Delhi bombings|Delhi serial blasts]] as well as the [[Batla House encounter]], both in 2008. The arrests suggested the revival of the Indian Mujahiddin terror outfit, which was dormant after the last encounter in 2008, a fact that is worrisome both for the state as well as the central government. The group however was previously suspected to be involved in the September [[2010 Jama Masjid attack]], in which two tourists were wounded in a machine gun attack, just before the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]] in [[Delhi]].<ref name=cs/><ref name="cn">{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/varanasi-blast-reemergence-of-im-worries-govt/136914-3.html?from=tn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013220901/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/varanasi-blast-reemergence-of-im-worries-govt/136914-3.html?from=tn|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 October 2012|title=Varanasi blast: re-emergence of IM worries govt|date=9 December 2010|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]| access-date= 9 December 2010 }}</ref>

In the subsequent investigations at the site, which was cordoned off soon after the incident and screened by the investigating agencies, [[improvised explosive device]] (IED) was recovered from a metal dustbin, though no residue of the explosives, remains of any circuit or detonator were found, the device did not have [[Shrapnel shell|shrapnel]] in it, thus there were no burn or shrapnel injuries, and all the injured were hit by pieces of wall that broke following the explosion, all suggesting the use of [[plastique]] explosive, [[PETN]], [[TNT]] or [[C-4 (explosive)|C4]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Varanasi-blast-marks-arrival-of-plastic-bombs/articleshow/7090386.cms|title=Varanasi blast marks arrival of plastic bombs|date=13 December 2010|work=The Times of India| access-date= 15 December 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/No-shrapnels-in-Varanasi-bomb-Police/articleshow/7064110.cms|title=No shrapnels in Varanasi bomb: Police|date=8 December 2010|work=The Times of India| access-date= 15 December 2010 }}</ref> Early results revealed used of [[Semtex]], a general-purpose plastic explosive containing [[RDX]] and pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN); however, the final report of the Forensic Science Institute, Gujarat is awaited.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/IM-used-Semtex-in-Varanasi-blast-Report/articleshow/7085947.cms|title=IM used Semtex in Varanasi blast: Report|date=12 December 2010|work=The Times of India| access-date= 15 December 2010 }}</ref>

A writer for ''[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]'' suggested that the blast not having occurred on the anniversary of Babri Mosque destruction on 6 December, and the shoddy design of the attack, were indicative of the weakening of the Indian Mujahideen due to police action.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thediplomat.com/indian-decade/2010/12/20/signals-from-the-varanasi-blast/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120721153626/http://thediplomat.com/indian-decade/2010/12/20/signals-from-the-varanasi-blast/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 July 2012 |title=Signals From the Varanasi Blast |author=Rajeev Sharma |date=20 December 2010 |work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |access-date=20 December 2010}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/2876.html Photo Gallery] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101208211733/http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/2876.html |date=8 December 2010 }}. IBNLive.
* [http://www.ndtv.com/video/player/news/varanasi-blast-caught-on-camera/180342 Varanasi blast: Caught on camera] at ''[[NDTV]]''

{{Varanasi division topics}}
{{Islamic terrorism in Asia}}
{{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Varanasi bombing}}
[[Category:2010 murders in India]]
[[Category:Religious building bombings in India]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:December 2010 crimes in Asia]]
[[Category:December 2010 in India]]
[[Category:Filmed improvised explosive device bombings]]
[[Category:History of Varanasi]]
[[Category:Attacks on Hindu temples in India]]
[[Category:Indian Mujahideen attacks]]
[[Category:Islamic terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Manmohan Singh administration]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in India in 2010]]
[[Category:2010 building bombings]]
[[Category:2010s in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Hindu temple bombings]]

I Luv My India

2025-11-17T05:49:55Z

Udesign:

{{More citations needed|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox television
| image = I Luv My India intertitle.jpg
| caption = A promotional logo image of "I Luv My India"
| genre = Comedy
| country = India
| network = [[SAB TV]]
| writer = Damini K Shetty Raaj Shetty S Farhan
| producer = [[Tony Singh (director)|Tony Singh]] Deeya Singh
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 60

| director = Meesha D Gautam
| language = Hindi
| runtime = 24 minutes
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2012|02|20}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2012|05|11}}
}}
'''''I Luv My India''''' is an Indian comedy television series, which made its debut in 2012 on [[Sony SAB|SAB TV]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Launch of 'I LUV My India' serial on SAB TV |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/more/photos/view/stills/parties-and-events/id/1409903 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064725/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/more/photos/view/stills/parties-and-events/id/1409903 |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 March 2016 |date= |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] }}</ref> It was created by [[Tony Singh (director)|Tony Singh]] and Deeya Singh's DJ's A Creative Unit and deals with the theme, "What happens when the west meets the east?" highlighting Indian value systems.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dilnaz Irani and Anjali Mukhi to shine in I Luv My India |url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/news/dilnaz-irani-and-anjali-mukhi-shine-i-luv-my-india |date=8 February 2012 |publisher= |access-date=19 February 2012 |archive-date=4 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504144238/http://www.tellychakkar.com/news/dilnaz-irani-and-anjali-mukhi-shine-i-luv-my-india |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=SAB whips up patriotism with comedy in new show |url=http://www.exchange4media.com/45297_sab-whips-up-patriotism-with-comedy-in-new-show.html |date=8 February 2012 |publisher= }}</ref> The public launch function took place at [[Dilli Haat]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sab TV's new show focuses on Indian value system |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/sab-tvs-new-show-focuses-on-indian-value-system/229053-44-124.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709025814/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/sab-tvs-new-show-focuses-on-indian-value-system/229053-44-124.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 July 2012 |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]] |date= 10 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bharat calling! |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/tv-guide/bharat-calling-791 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120730114742/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/tv-guide/bharat-calling-791 |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 July 2012 |publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=11 February 2012 }}</ref>

==Plot==
The story is based on a NRI family which has been far away from [[Indian culture]] and India is suddenly forced to come back and adjust to all things Indian. It won't be hard to guess that it would be complete chaos. This is exactly the scenario where the Sethi family, who has been living in [[London]] for years, come back to India temporarily and then stay forever, and soon fall into several problems.

{{Clear}}

==Cast==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Actor!! Character !! Details
|-
|[[Himani Shivpuri]]||Deep Sethi||The grandmother of Prem, Dimple and Jazzy, and a typical Punjabi housewife, a caring mother, hardcore patriot and complete Indian by heart. She believes that Indian culture is the best but is upset that her own family doesn't follow it. She wants her eldest grandson Prem to marry an Indian girl from Punjab so that at least there is someone after her who will try to infuse some Indian-ness in her family.
|-
|[[Arun Bali]]||Premnath Sethi|| The grandfather of Prem, Dimple and Jazzy, and the eldest among the Sethi family. He has lived in London for 45 years after he had to sell off all his property for his sister's marriage. He believes in hard work, is a loving husband, stable, cool-headed, adaptable, fun loving person, doesn't like people who brag about themselves and is sarcastic with them. Premnath considers himself a British national first because he believes that London made him what he is today and it is his karmabhoomi. When it comes to India he can't hear a word against it.
|-
| [[Imran Khan (TV actor) | Imran Khan]]
| Ravindra Sethi
| Premnath's eldest son and a responsible son of the family who has run the family business. He is close to his mother and has a little Indian-ness in him as he is the only son who has seen India and played in the fields. After his marriage, he follows his wife's view as she has made him realise that they should follow the culture where they live. He is always torn between his wife and mother as both want him to listen. He tries to stay away from their clashes as he knows both his wife and mother are right in their own way.
|-
|Dilnaz Irani
|Vinny Sethi||Ravindra's wife and a very sophisticated British Indian whose family has lived in London for generations and have no idea about India or Indian culture. Vinny is very British in her behaviour from talking to eating to dressing. She respects her mother-in-law but doesn't like it when she forces them to follow Indian culture.
|-
| [[Ayaz Ahmed]]
| Prem Sethi
| The protagonist and Ravindra and Vinny's son. He is the most ladla grandson of Sethi family. He is smart, intelligent and ambitious about extending his grandfather's business. He knows that in the end he has to join the family business so he wants to take it slow, doesn't want to rush into things, enjoy his life and is a bit of a confused soul. He has a British girlfriend. A bit stubborn and is not fond of India as he has heard stories about India from his friends but somewhere there is a hidden Indian inside him who is jumping to come out. He loves his Dadi (grandma) and Dada (grandpa) a lot and listens to them.
|-
|Indresh Malik||Rajinder Sethi||Premnath's second son and the laziest and the most laidback person of the house. Has become so negative that he blames his Indian roots for the failure in the business, feels that if he had been a Britisher then his business would have been successful. When told to join the family business gives an excuse that he is insomniac and doesn't sleep in the night but the real reason is that he is always either eating, sleeping or watching TV due to which he is sleepless in the night. Always says that when he starts sleeping in the night he will start working. Premnath is a little fed up and has given up on him.
|-
|Anjali Mukhi ||Simran Sethi a.k.a. Simmi||Rajinder's wife and a very loud, outspoken lady and a wannabe British obsessed with her own beauty. Simmi shifted to London for a few years before her marriage and wanted to be Miss India but couldn't and is now pushing her daughter to compete for Miss Britain. She thinks she is more beautiful than her daughter. Has a fake accent and tries to use big English words although she doesn't know their meaning. The young people of the family always correct her though she feels that they are fooling her. She wants to prove that she is better than Sweety and imitates her.
|-
|Rishi Dev||Jazzy Sethi|| He is Rajinder's son and a 16-year-old teenage son; he bores his entire family with rap and talks in rap even in the toughest situation. He also makes rap of every possible old Bollywood songs which irritates his grandfather but deep encourages him, as at least he is improving his Hindi. He has a dream of becoming the next Punjabi pop star of UK and is in a college band.
|-
|Priyanka Udhwani||Dimple||Rajinder's daughter and Jazzy's sister. She is a simple girl with no ambition in life but she is forced to fulfill her mother's dream. She hates it when her mother puts her on a diet and makes her eats tasteless food so that she doesn't put on weight and her skin remains good. Dimple's dream is to marry a wealthy loving guy and have babies.
|-
|Rohan Tiwari||Surinder Sethi a.k.a. Sam||He is Premnath's youngest son and has crossed 35 years of age but has still not completed his MBBS. He gives free advice about medicines to his family that is always wrong. Most of the time he can't remember the names of the medicines and mixes it up. He decided to become a doctor because he thought that God has sent him to serve people on earth. His wanted to marry his girlfriend but she ditched him. Later she became a doctor. Sam now quickly wants to get his degree and marry some girl as he has almost crossed his marriageable age.
|-
|(unknown)|| Harban||Premnath's sister in Punjab, who has been asked to look for a girl for Prem in India. Harban immediately takes the responsibility of finding a girl as she doesn't want them to come to India. She fears that if they come back she might lose all the property her brother gave her to look after. This fears her future and the future of her son, Jagtap who desperately and comically dreams of being an NRI.
|-
|Archana Taide||Pammi||The ayurvedic Hakim's daughter Pammi is a beautiful, vivacious girl with Indian values and integrity. She is a perfect match for Prem, as she knows her culture and tradition well and is the kind of girl who Prem's dadi (Deep) is looking out for. She is a girl who believes in god and humanity. She will fight for what is right and can't listen to anything against her country and will defend it with passion. She respects Deep and Premnath as they had helped her father set up the ayurvedic centre.
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.sabtv.com/comedy/show.php?id=37 ''I Luv My India''] on the [[SAB TV]]

{{SAB TV Programmes}}

[[Category:Sony SAB original programming]]
[[Category:Indian comedy television series]]
[[Category:2012 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2012 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Punjab, India]]

Kamaria Ahir

2025-11-12T23:30:48Z

Udesign: starting pg

{{Short description|Subdivision of Ahir Caste in India}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
'''Kamaria''' is a subdivision of [[Ahir]]<ref name=":7"/><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.530143/page/n101/mode/2up?q=Kamaria&view=theater|title=Abhiras Their History And Culture|last=Survavanshi|first=Bhagwansingh|date=1962|language=en}}</ref> or [[Yadav]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cG5uAAAAMAAJ&q=kamaria+ahir|title=Coalition Politics and Power Sharing|last=Majeed|first=Akhtar|date=2000|publisher=Manak Publications Pvt. Limited|isbn=978-81-86562-96-3|language=en}}</ref> caste in [[India]].

The Ahir Para of Mathura, i.e. the Sadar Bazaar, was established by two families originally from [[Kannauj district|Kannauj]], Chaudhari Parivar (the Head Family) and ''Dudh Parivar'' (the Milk Family). The Milk Family belonged to Tulsi Ram, a [[Sepoy]] of Deshwar [[gotra]] of the Kamaria clan.<ref name="Lucia Michelutti">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8OIUAQAAIAAJ&q=phatak+ahir | title=The Vernacularisation of Democracy: Politics, Caste, and Religion in India Volume 1 of Exploring the political in South Asia | publisher=Routledge, Original from the University of California | author=Lucia Michelutti | year=2008 | pages=101 | isbn=9780415467322}}</ref>{{page needed|date=December 2024}} As of today, this family owns the Mahadev Ghat Akhara.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v8bfCgAAQBAJ&dq=Mahadev+Ghat,+Yadav&pg=PA53|title=Power and Influence in India: Bosses, Lords and Captains|last1=Price|first1=Pamela|last2=Ruud|first2=Arild Engelsen|date=2012-07-26|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-19799-4|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Lucia Michelutti"/>{{page needed|date=December 2024}} Kamaria Ahir used to have [[Zamindar|Zamindari]] in Jaurasi, a village in [[Gwalior]], [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xjIKAQAAIAAJ&q=kamaria+zamindar|title=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute|last=Institute|first=Deccan College Post-graduate and Research|date=1964|publisher=Dr. A. M. Ghatage, director, Deccan College Postgraduate and Research Institute|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XW7aAAAAMAAJ&q=kamaria+zamindar|title=Caste Dimensions in a Village|last=Mutatkar|first=Ramchandra Keshav|date=1978|publisher=Shubhada-Saraswat|language=en}}</ref>{{page needed|date=December 2024}} Kamaria Ahirs are mostly found in western [[Uttar Pradesh]] and in some parts of Madhya Pradesh, which includes [[Mathura]], [[Agra]], [[Etawah]] (most numerous in Etawah),<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Rani |first=Usha |date=1978 |title=Cultural Geography of Ahir's in Uttar Pradesh |url=https://core.ac.uk/reader/144511410 |type=Master's thesis |chapter=Chapter IV: The Ahirs of Uttar Pradesh |page=132}}</ref> [[Mainpuri]], [[Etah]], [[Firozabad district|Firozabad]],<ref name=":7">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bgpEIb4tNjgC&q=etawah+mainpuri+kamaria|title=Caste in Question: Identity Or Hierarchy?|last=Gupta|first=Dipankar|date=2004-12-08|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-0-7619-3324-3|language=en}}</ref> [[Jhansi]], [[Gwalior]], [[Bhind]], [[Shivpuri]], and [[Jabalpur]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jUwFL3IipK0C&dq=Kaoras+or+Kamarias&pg=PA60|title=Dimensions of Human Cultures in Central India: Professor S.K. Tiwari Felicitation Volume|last=Abbasi|first=A. A.|date=2001|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-7625-186-0|language=en}}</ref>

== Notables ==
[[File:The Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, Shri Mulayam Singh Yadav meeting the Deputy Chairman Planning Commission, Shri Montek Singh Ahluwalia to finalize Annual Plan 2005-06 of the State, in New Delhi on December 30, 2004.jpg|thumb|203x203px|[[Mulayam Singh Yadav]], a Kamaria Ahir (standing at right)]]
Notable figures include:

* [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]],<ref name="Sarkar">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RG4ZEAAAQBAJ&q=kamariya+&pg=PT131|title=Politics as Social Text in India: The Bahujan Samaj Party in Uttar Pradesh|last=Sarkar|first=Jayabrata|date=2021-03-30|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-000-37037-9|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s9cYoZaNxMcC&dq=mulayam+yadav+kamaria&pg=PA213|title=Why Ethnic Parties Succeed: Patronage and Ethnic Head Counts in India|last=Chandra|first=Kanchan|date=2007-02-15|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-89141-7|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sOYJEAAAQBAJ&dq=mulayam+yadav+kamaria&pg=PT44|title=The Vernacularisation of Democracy: Politics, Caste and Religion in India|last=Michelutti|first=Lucia|date=2020-11-29|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-000-08400-9|language=en}}</ref> the founder of [[Samajwadi Party]] (SP), Former Chief Minister of [[Uttar Pradesh]] and former Defense Minister of India.{{cn|date=December 2024}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Ahir]]
[[Category:Caste]]

Battle of Purandar

2025-11-12T22:05:39Z

Udesign:

{{Short description|1665 battle in India}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Infobox Military Conflict
| conflict = Battle of Purandar
| partof = [[List of battles involving the Mughal Empire|Mughal conquests]]
| date = {{start and end dates|1665|3|31|1665|6|11|df=yes}}<ref name="w860">{{cite web | title=History of Medieval Deccan | first=H. K. | last=Sherwani | url=https://ia801501.us.archive.org/33/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.127053/2015.127053.History-Of-Medieval-Deccan-Vol-i-1295-1724_text.pdf | access-date=12 November 2025 | page=568}}</ref> {{nwr|({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=03|day1=31|year1=1665|month2=6|day2=11|year2=1665}})}}
| place = [[Purandar Fort|Purandar]]
| territory = Mughals occupy 23 forts of Marathas
| result = [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] victory<ref name=SC>{{Cite book|first=Satish|last=Chandra|title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part - II|publisher=Har Anand Publications|year=2005|pages=316|isbn=9788124110669 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rm9MC4DDrcC&q=satish+chandra|quote=After the disgrace of Shaista Khan and Shivaji's raid on Surat....Aurangzeb appointed Mirza Raja Jai Singh, who was one of his trusted noble...he was given an army of 12,000.....Jai Singh was not only given full military authority....he was made the viceroy of the Deccan in place of Prince Muazzam...in order to isolate Shivaji, and even tried to win over the Sultan of Bijapur....he also induced some of the Maratha deshmukhs...marching to Pune, Jai Singh decided to strike at the heart of Shivaji's territories....Jai Singh closely besieged Purandar, (1665) beating off all Maratha attempts to relieve it. With the fall of the fort in sight, and no relief likely from any quarter, Shivaji opened negotiations with Jai Singh.}}</ref><Ref>
{{cite book|url=http://m.friendfeed-media.com/6e9ec7f58014456d2d5fd015cc8af9d2974509c0|title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges|page=825|publisher=Greenwood Press|author=Jacques, Tony|date=30 November 2006|isbn=978-0-313-33536-5|archive-date=26 June 2015|access-date=28 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626120848/http://m.friendfeed-media.com/6e9ec7f58014456d2d5fd015cc8af9d2974509c0|url-status=dead}}
</ref><ref name="pjt"/>
| status =
| combatant1 = [[Maratha Empire|Maratha kingdom]]
| combatant2 = [[Mughal Empire]]
| commander1 = [[Shivaji]] [[Murarbaji]]{{KIA}}
| commander2 = [[Jai Singh I|Jai Singh]] [[Diler Khan]]
| strength1 = Unknown
| strength2 = 12,000<ref name=SC/>
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| notes =
| image = The Surrender of Shivaji Maharaj to the Mughal noblemen Mirza Raja Jai Singh I at Purandar. Painted by Mueller.jpg
| caption = The Surrender of [[Shivaji]] to [[Jai Singh I|Mirza Raja Jai Singh I]] at [[Purandar Fort|Purandar]].
}}
The '''Battle of Purandar''' was fought between the [[Mughal Empire]] and the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] in 1665.

== Background ==
The Mughal Emperor, [[Aurangzeb]], appointed [[Jai Singh I|Jai Singh]] to lead a 12,000-man army against Maratha king [[Shivaji]]. [[Shaista Khan]] and [[Bahadur Shah I|Muazzam]] were both replaced by Jai Singh after their failure against Shivaji in previous campaigns. Jai Singh was given full military power and made viceroy of [[Deccan]] by the Mughal Emperor.<ref name="SC" />

==Siege ==

Jai Singh started his campaign by isolating Shivaji; he persuaded some Maratha nobles to join him and offered to reduce the tribute of the [[Bijapur Sultanate]] if they joined him. Jai Singh then besieged Purandar and beat off all Maratha attempts to relieve the fort. In 1665, [[Shivaji]] sued for peace.<ref name="pjt">{{Cite book |last=Srivastava |first=Ashirbadi Lal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f6k9AAAAIAAJ |title=The Mughal Empire, 1526-1803 A.D. |date=1964 |publisher=Shiva Lal Agarwala |pages=376–379 |language=en |quote=After Jai Singh had promised him a safe conduct Shivaji proceeded on the morning of 24th June 1665, to meet the Rajput general in his camp. Jai Singh, however, sent word that unless Shivaji agreed to hand over all his forts, he need not come for an interview. Shivaji agreed and proceeded on and was welcomed at the door of the tents by Jai Singh's Bakhshi. Jai Singh himself advanced a few steps, embraced Shivaji, and seated him by his side. Jai Singh had instructed Diler Khan and Kirat Singh to bunch an attack on Purandar, while Shivaji was with him so as to convince the latter of the hopelessness of the Maratha position.}}</ref> Shivaji is noted to have said when receiving Jai Singh: <ref name="EralyA"/><ref>{{cite book | last=Sardesai | first=H. S. | title=Shivaji, the Great Maratha | publisher=Cosmo Publications| publication-place=New Delhi|volume=2 | date=2002 | isbn=978-81-7755-284-3|page=347|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=deHZAUDHzYwC&pg=PA347}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|"I have come as a guilty slave to seek forgiveness, and it is for you either to pardon or to kill me at your pleasure. I will make over my great forts, with the country of Konkan, to the Emperor's officers, and I will send you my son to enter the imperial service. As for myself, I hope that after the interval of one year, when I have paid my respects to the Emperor, I may be allowed, like other servants of the State who exercise authority in their own provinces, to live with my wife and family in a small fort or two. Whenever and wherever my services are required. I will on receiving orders, discharge my duty loyally."}}

== Aftermath ==
In the [[Treaty of Purandar (1665)|Treaty of Purandar]], signed by Shivaji and Jai Singh on 11 June 1665, Shivaji agreed to give up 23 of his forts, keeping 12 for himself, and pay compensation of 400,000 gold [[Pagoda (coin)|hun]] to the Mughals.{{sfn|Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period|1960|p=258}} Shivaji agreed to become a vassal of the Mughal empire, and to send his son Sambhaji, along with 5,000 horsemen, to fight for the Mughals in the Deccan, as a ''[[mansabdar]]''.{{sfn|Sarkar, History of Aurangzib|1920|p=77}}{{sfn|Gordon|1993|p=74}}

Sambhaji was taken as a political prisoner to ensure compliance with the treaty. Shivaji himself wished to be excused from attending the court but agreed to send his son [[Sambhaji]].<ref name="lal" >{{Cite book |last=Mehta |first=Jaswant Lal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC |title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813 |date=2005-01-01 |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=978-1-932705-54-6 |pages=47 |language=en}}</ref> To this end, he wrote letters to Aurangzeb, requesting forgiveness for his actions and security for himself along with a robe of honour. He also requested Jai Singh to support him in getting his crimes pardoned by the emperor, stating "Now you are protector and a father to me, so I beg you to fulfil the ambition of your son."<ref>{{cite book | last=Wink | first=André |author-link=Andre Wink|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kGL3IQAACAAJ| title=Land and Sovereignty in India - Agrarian Society and Politics under the Eighteenth-Century Maratha Svarājya| publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] | publication-place=[[Cambridge]] | date=2007-12-03 | isbn=978-0-521-05180-4 | series=Volume 36 of University of Cambridge Oriental Publications|page=58|chapter=Brahman,king and emperor|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/landsovereigntyi0000wink/page/9/mode/1up}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|publisher=Books India International|title= Shivaji, Bhakha Sources and Nationalism|year= 2001|author= Mahendra Pratap Singh|author-link=Mahendra Pratap Singh|page=201}}</ref> On September 15, 1665, Aurangzeb granted his request and sent him a letter and a firman along with a robe of honor. Shivaji responded with a letter thanking the emperor:<ref name="EralyA">{{cite book|title=Emperors Of The Peacock Throne The Saga of the Great Moghuls|first=Abraham |last=Eraly|author-link=Abraham Eraly|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h7kPQs8llvkC|page=661|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|year=2007|chapter=The Maratha Nemesis|isbn=978-93-5118-093-7 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h7kPQs8llvkC&pg=PT629}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|Shiva, the meanest of life-devoting slaves who wears the ring of servitude in his ear and the carpet of obedience on his shoulder—like an atom ... [acknowledges] the goodnews of his eternal happiness, namely favours from the Emperor ... This sinner and evil-doer did not deserve that his offences should be forgiven or his faults covered up. But the grace and favour of the Emperor have conferred on him a new life and unimaginable honour ...}}

In the treaty, Shivaji also agreed to help the Mughals against Bijapur,<ref name="lal"/> by sending some Maratha officers with Jai Singh against Bijapur. After the failed campaign against Bijapur, Jai Singh arranged a meeting between Aurangzeb and Shivaji, which proved to be a disaster, allowing Shivaji to escape and a renewal of the war between the Mughals and the Marathas.<ref name="SC" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation |last=Gordon |first=Stewart |author-link=Stewart N. Gordon |title=The Marathas 1600–1818 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C |date=1993 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-26883-7 }}
* {{citation |last1=Haig |first1=Wolseley | author1-link = Wolseley Haig | last2=Burn |first2=Richard | author2-link = Richard Burn (Indologist) |title=The Cambridge History of India, Volume IV: The Mughal Period |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoI8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA258 |year=1960 |orig-year=first published 1937 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |ref={{sfnref|Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period|1960}} }}
* {{citation |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |title=History of Aurangzib: Based on Original Sources |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M3NHAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA77 |year=1920 |publisher=Longmans, Green and Company |ref={{sfnref|Sarkar, History of Aurangzib|1920}} |author-link=Jadunath Sarkar }}
{{refend}}

{{MarathaEmpire}}

[[Category:Battles involving the Maratha Empire|Purandar 1665]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1665|Purandar]]
[[Category:1665 in India]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Mughal Empire|Purandar]]
[[Category:1660s in the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:History of Pune district]]

Lalpa Kohhran Thar

2025-10-31T16:14:52Z

Udesign: new first pg basic info

{{Short description|Millennialist Christian sect in India}}
'''Lalpa Kohhran Thar''' ({{literal translation|The Lord's New Church}}) is a [[Millennialism|millennialist]] [[Christian sect]] and dissenters of the [[Mizoram Presbyterian Church Synod|Presbyterian Church in Mizoram]], India.''<ref name=":17">{{Cite web|date=2017-11-30|title=Lalpa Kohhran The Legacy Continues|url=https://www.easternpanorama.in/index.php/other-articles/3378-flashback-february-2006|access-date=2021-06-17|website=Eastern Panorama|language=en-gb}}</ref>'' Started by a World War I veteran Khuangtuaha in 1942, it flourishes in [[Serchhip district]].<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|date=2010-06-18|title=Largest family in the world?|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-largest-family-in-the-world-1397960|access-date=2021-06-17|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref> Originally from Hmawngkawn village, the followers resettled at the fringe of Baktawng village, the locality now called Tlangnuam. Sometimes referred to as the [[Mormons]] of Mizoram, they are recognised for practising [[Polygamy in Christianity|polygamy]] and at one time housing the single biggest family in the world.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Muzaffar|first=Maroosha|date=2021-06-15|title=Patriarch of 'world's largest family' with 38 wives and 89 children dies aged 76|language=en-GB|work=The Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/mizoram-ziona-patriarch-dies-chhuanthar-b1865349.html|access-date=2021-07-09}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2021-06-15|title=Man with 39 wives, 94 children dies aged 76|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/world/man-with-39-wives-94-children-dies-aged-76-c4a379c8-9e7c-470f-a0bf-c836603d7d48|access-date=2021-07-09|website=www.iol.co.za|language=en}}</ref> As of 2021, the adherents have spread to various parts of Mizoram pursuing different professions, and are estimated to number over 2,000 followers in 433 families.<ref name=":15">{{Cite web|last=Khojol|first=Henry L.|date=2021-06-14|title=Mizoram: Zion-a resurrect? World's largest family says patriarch alive, delays funeral|url=https://www.eastmojo.com/mizoram/2021/06/14/mizoram-zion-a-resurrect-worlds-largest-family-says-patriarch-alive-delays-funeral/|access-date=2021-06-17|website=EastMojo|language=en-US}}</ref>

As the most popular leader of the sect, [[Ziona]] (1945–2021) was globally renowned for fathering a single largest family in the world, with 39 wives, 94 children and 33 grandchildren and one great-grandchild at the time of his death.<ref name="Story2">{{Cite news|date=16 December 2011|title=Indian with 39 wives, 94 kids is the strangest story of 2011|newspaper=The Hindu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2720021.ece|url-status=live|access-date=3 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221092551/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2720021.ece|archive-date=21 February 2014}}</ref> He was chosen in 2007 for entry as the biggest family in the ''[[Guinness World Records]]'',<ref name=":222">{{Cite web|date=2007-01-01|title=A Mizo village of one man, 50 wives, over 100 kids|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/a-mizo-village-of-one-man-50-wives-over-100-kids/story-EnmXVVgq1N5CzHolZRsZqK.html|access-date=2021-06-14|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> but he declined to avoid publicity.<ref name=":24">{{Cite web|last=Udas|first=Sumnima|date=2011-10-31|title=Is 160 enough? One Indian man's family|url=https://www.cnn.com/2011/10/31/world/asia/india-record-family/index.html|access-date=2021-06-14|website=CNN}}</ref> His family is eventually listed as the "Biggest Family" in the world in 2011 by the World Record Academy,<ref name=":92">{{Cite web|date=2011-02-21|title=Biggest family: Ziona Chana has 39 wifes and 94 children: a world record (Video)|url=http://www.worldrecordacademy.com/society/biggest_family_Ziona_Chana_has_39_wifes_and_94_children_a_world_record_112126.html|access-date=2021-06-14|website=www.worldrecordacademy.com}}</ref> and ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' in 2011,<ref name=":102">{{Cite web|last=Abidi|first=Adnan|date=2011-10-21|title=The Biggest Family in the World|url=https://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204618704576644570946388168.html|access-date=2021-06-14|website=The Wall Street Journal|language=en-US}}</ref> and then by the London World Records in 2019.<ref name=":112">{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=Naveen|date=2019-03-13|title=The world's biggest family: The man with 39 wives, 94 children and 33 grandchildren|url=https://londonworldrecords.com/news/the-worlds-biggest-family-the-man-with-39-wives-94-children-and-33-grandchildren/|access-date=2021-06-14|website=London World Records|language=en-US}}</ref> He was also featured in ''[[Ripley's Believe It or Not!]]'' top 11 strangest stories for the year 2011,<ref name="Story22">{{Cite news|date=16 December 2011|title=Indian with 39 wives, 94 kids is the strangest story of 2011|newspaper=The Hindu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2720021.ece|url-status=live|access-date=3 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221092551/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2720021.ece|archive-date=21 February 2014}}</ref> and in 2013's ''Ripley Believe It or Not'' book 9.<ref name="Gregory22">{{Cite news|last=Gregory|first=Andrew|date=21 October 2011|title=World's largest family with 181 members live in 100-room, four-storey house in India|newspaper=Daily Mirror|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/worlds-largest-family-with-181-members-86797|url-status=live|access-date=19 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621143908/https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/worlds-largest-family-with-181-members-86797|archive-date=21 June 2018}}</ref><ref name="Inc.20132">{{cite book|author=Ripley's Entertainment Inc.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LVRrAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA42|title=Ripley's Special Edition 2014|date=27 August 2013|publisher=Scholastic|isbn=978-0-545-62260-8|pages=42–}}</ref><ref name=":42">{{cite web|date=11 November 2012|title=Reviews in Brief|url=http://www.ripleys.com/weird/inside-ripleys-world/reviews-in-brief/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220224728/http://www.ripleys.com/weird/inside-ripleys-world/reviews-in-brief/|archive-date=20 February 2014|access-date=3 February 2014|work=Ripley's Believe It or Not|publisher=Ripley Entertainment Inc.}}</ref>

== Origin and history ==

=== Khuangtuaha Pawl ===
Lalpa Kohhran Thar was started by Khuangtuaha (full name Khuangtuahthanga). Khuangtuah was born in 1891 at Sialsuk village, and was the second child of eight siblings, four brothers and four sisters. He fought in the Abor War of 1912 and then in [[World War I]] as a volunteer in the [[British Army]]. He received two war medals for his service in France.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dokhuma|first=James|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.467548|title=Zoram Tualto Kohhran Chanchin|year=1997|edition=2|location=Aizawl (India)|pages=52|language=Mizo|trans-title=Indigenous Denominations in Mizoram}}</ref> A spiritual enlightenment in 1935 prompted him to devote his life in evangelism. He established followers at Hmawngkawn village, where he allegedly had an [[Apparitional experience|apparition]] of three strangers who told him that he was destined to be one of the three stars and instructed him of new religious practices.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dokhuma|first=James|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.467548|title=Ibid.|date=1997|pages=53}}</ref> He was the first to adopt a kind of [[spiritual sex]] called ''khurbing'' by which men and women form illicit extramarital couples.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Vanlalchhuanga|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.467455/page/n1/mode/2up?q=khuangtuaha|title=An Zirtirnate|publisher=Gosen Press|year=1984|location=Aizawl (India)|pages=51–54|language=Mizo|trans-title=Their Teachings}}</ref> As a previously Mizo traditional drummer, he also advocated the use of ''khuang'' (Mizo traditional drum) for worship purposes. The British missionaries perceived the Mizo traditional drum deeply rooted in and associated with pagan rituals,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jackson|first=Kyle|date=2021|title=Possessing Christianity in Northeast India: Kelkang, 1937|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0026749X1900026X/type/journal_article|journal=Modern Asian Studies|language=en|volume=55|issue=2|pages=468–513|doi=10.1017/S0026749X1900026X|s2cid=225863733|url-access=subscription}}</ref> and denounced the use as an instrument of worship.''<ref name=":17" />''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Angom|first=Rebecca|date=2020|title=Christianization and its Impact on Mizo Culture|url=https://www.al-kindipublisher.com/index.php/jhsss/article/view/232|journal=Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Studies|language=en|volume=2|issue=1|pages=55–61}}</ref> He also reintroduced the use of Mizo wine, which was also proscribed by the church. His followers then began to be known as ''Khuangtuaha Pawl'' ("''Pawl''" means group or sect or organisation).<ref name=":1" /> The original members were about 30 in number.<ref name=":25">{{Cite web|last=Baruah|first=Sriparna B.|date=2011|title=Baktwang – The Carpentry Hamlet of Mizoram|url=http://www.sriparna.in/baktwang-the-carpentry-hamlet-of-mizoram/|access-date=2021-07-11|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-07-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711065919/http://www.sriparna.in/baktwang-the-carpentry-hamlet-of-mizoram/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Upon these subversive practices, the Presbyterian Church officially condemned the group as dissenters for upholding liberal, "wrong and dangerous" theology and [[excommunicated]] them in 1942.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|date=2010-06-19|title=Man, 38 wives and 94 children|language=en|work=Deccan Herald|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/76240/man-38-wives-94-children.html|access-date=2021-07-09}}</ref> Another factor leading to the excommunication was the birth of Khuangtuaha's illegitimate child.<ref name=":18">{{Cite web|last=Agarwala|first=Tora|date=2021-06-25|title=Explained: Who was Ziona Chana, the patriarch of the 'world's largest family'?|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/ziona-chana-death-world-largest-family-mizoram-religious-cult-heir-7373834/|access-date=2021-07-11|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> Supported by his brother Chana (full name Challianchana), Khuangtuaha formally established a new sect on 12 June 1942.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-02-20|title=Mizo Man Has 39 Wives, 94 Children, 33 Grandchildren|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/mizo-man-has-39-wives-94-children-33-grandchildren/712484|access-date=2021-06-17|website=Outlook}}</ref> His followers settled with him in a localised area on the outskirts of the village.<ref name=":29">{{Cite web|date=2021-06-15|title=Khuangtuaha, Chana leh Ziona pawlte|trans-title=The sect of Khuangtuaha, Chana and Ziona|url=https://theaizawlpost.org/khuangtuaha-chana-leh-ziona-pawlte/|access-date=2021-07-12|website=The Aizawl Post|language=Mizo}}</ref> The sect still celebrate the foundation date as "''Bawkte Kut''" (literally meaning "Festival of the Hut" referring to the initial settlement) every year.<ref name=":23">{{Cite web|last=Halliday|first=Adam|date=2014-06-13|title=Cause to celebrate with world's largest family|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/cause-to-celebrate-with-worlds-largest-family/|access-date=2021-06-23|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> For inciting immoral social life, the British soldiers imprisoned him for three months in 1942, and again for nine months in 1943.<ref name=":1" />

A popular account that he and his sect were evicted from Hmawngkawn by the village chief,<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-02-20|title=Mizo Man Has 39 Wives, 94 Children, 33 Grandchildren|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/mizo-man-has-39-wives-94-children-33-grandchildren/712484|access-date=2021-07-10|website=Outlook}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-07-23|title=Mizoram: Man with 38 wives, 90 children, celebrates his 74th Birthday|url=https://northeastindia24.com/mizoram-man-with-38-wives-90-children-celebrates-his-74th-birthday/|access-date=2021-07-10|website=northeastindia24.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":65">{{Cite web|last=ToMZ|date=2017-08-07|title=World's Largest Family - Ziona, who is believed to head the world's largest family in the world|url=https://www.timesofmizoram.com/2017/08/world-largest-family-ziona-who-is.html|access-date=2021-06-14|website=Times of Mizoram}}</ref><ref name=":19">{{Cite web|date=2021-06-25|title=Who was Ziona Chana who married 39 women and had world's largest family|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/who-was-ziona-chana-who-married-39-women-and-had-worlds-largest-family/2278402/|access-date=2021-07-11|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref> with the support from British officers,<ref name=":20">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2010-09-15|title=Man with 160-member family in Mizoram|url=https://assamtribune.com/man-with-160-member-family-in-mizoram|access-date=2021-07-10|website=Assam Tribune|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":8" /> is not true. Followers joined him and settled at Hmawngkawn from different parts of Mizoram. To the dismay of his followers who revered him as an immortal prophet or a demi-god, he died in 1955. He is interred at Hmawngkawn cemetery, where the inscription on his tombstone reads:<blockquote>Kan pa hmangaih ram hruaitu Khuangtuahthanga Mizoram hmingthang berte zinga mi chu March 30, 1955-ah Lalpa hnenah a chawl ta. Kum 64. Chhakchhuak. [Our father and beloved leader Khuangtuahthanga one of the most famous people in Mizoram died on 30 March 1955 to rest with the Lord. Age 64. Chhakchhuak (name of the clan).]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dokhuma|first=James|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.467548|title=Ibid.|date=1997|pages=62}}</ref></blockquote>There are two memorial stones erected in Hmawngkawn, one of which bears the headline inscription:<blockquote>Kan pa nunhlun zirna sikul hawngtu hmasa ber Khuangtuahthanga chu March 30, 1955-ah Lalpa hnenah a chawl ta. [Our father who opened the first school of everlasting life Khuangtuahthanga rests with the Lord on 30 March 1955.]<ref name=":1" /></blockquote>The sect observes the date as a holy day in place of [[Good Friday]].<ref name=":1" />

=== Chana Pawl ===
Khuangtuaha was succeeded by his younger brother Chana. (Some reports indicating Khuangtuaha as father of Chana<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-15|title=Patriarch of 'world's largest family' with 38 wives and 89 children dies aged 76|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/mizoram-ziona-patriarch-dies-chhuanthar-b1865349.html|access-date=2021-06-15|website=The Independent|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2021-06-13|title=Mizoram man, head of world's largest family, dies at 76|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/mizoram-man-head-of-worlds-largest-family-dies-at-76-267928|access-date=2021-06-17|website=The Tribune|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-13|title=Head Of World's Largest Family: Man With 39 Wives, 94 Children, 33 Grandchildren Dies At 76|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/society-news-head-of-worlds-largest-family-man-with-39-wives-94-children-33-grandchildren-dies-at-76/385105|access-date=2021-06-17|website=Outlook}}</ref> are false.) Born in 1910, Chana was more modernised and educated up to secondary education. Against the advice of his father, Thlohva, who clung to Mizo paganism, not to follow his brother Khuangtuaha, he converted to Christianity and later joined his brother. He married seven wives and that started the practice of polygamy in the sect. Khuangtuaha also followed suit and had three wives by the time he died.<ref name=":30">{{Cite book|last=Dokhuma|first=James|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.467548|title=Ibid.|date=1997|pages=65}}</ref> Unlike his brother, Chana did not forsake [[materialism]] and embraced [[allopathic medicine]] such as use of [[Medication|pharmaceutical medications]]. He was known to foretell important political events including disbandment of Mizo tribal chieftainship by the government, departure of British missionaries, [[Independence of India]] and the [[Adolf Hitler|rise and fall of Hitler]]. He also introduced a proper worship place called ''Inpui'' (mansion or temple), a complex of his quarters, church and community hall, constructed in 1956. With his revolutionised leadership, the sect became popularly known as ''Chana Pawl''.<ref name=":1" />

==== Migration and resettlement ====
In 1966, Mizoram faced a social and political turbulence following the [[Mizo National Front uprising]] that struggled for independence from India.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Panwar|first=Namrata|date=2017|title=Explaining Cohesion in an Insurgent Organization: The Case of the Mizo National Front|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09592318.2017.1374602|journal=Small Wars & Insurgencies|language=en|volume=28|issue=6|pages=973–995|doi=10.1080/09592318.2017.1374602|s2cid=148965712|url-access=subscription}}</ref> In 1967, the Government of India exercised village conglomeration policy for effective administration under the insurgency.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nunthara|first=C.|date=1981|title=Grouping of Villages in Mizoram: Its Social and Economic Impact|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4370043|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=16|issue=30|pages=1237–1240|jstor=4370043|issn=0012-9976}}</ref> Under the political strategy named Protected and Progressive Villages (PPVs), small villages were forced to merge into bigger villages which were easily accessible for transportations and communications.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sundar|first=Nandini|date=2011|title=Interning Insurgent Populations: The Buried Histories of Indian Democracy|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27918119|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=46|issue=6|pages=47–57|jstor=27918119|issn=0012-9976}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Goswami|first=Namrata|date=2009|title=The Indian Experience of Conflict Resolution in Mizoram|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09700160902907118|journal=Strategic Analysis|language=en|volume=33|issue=4|pages=579–589|doi=10.1080/09700160902907118|s2cid=154851791|issn=0970-0161|url-access=subscription}}</ref> For Hmawngkawn, the nearest grouping centre was Baktawng, 50 km from Hmawngkawn, and Chana's sect was allowed to relocated at the western fringe of the village. They were 20 families and started from scratch in a dense forest.<ref name=":27">{{Cite web|last=Mazumdar|first=Jaideep|date=2010-09-03|title=Big Fat Family|url=https://openthemagazine.com/features/india/big-fat-family/|access-date=2021-07-11|website=Open|language=en-GB}}</ref> They gave the new habitation a name ''Tlangnuam'' ("Serene Hill").<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":34">{{Cite web|title=Places of Interest {{!}} Serchhip District, Government of Mizoram {{!}} India|url=https://serchhip.nic.in/places-of-interest/|access-date=2021-06-14|language=en-US}}</ref>

Due to severe hardship during resettlement, some followers were discouraged and inclined to renounce their faith. The sect faced a severe [[Population Bottleneck|bottleneck survival]]. But a [[Materialism|materialistic]]-oriented Chana was a hardworking man, and soon developed various professional trades for the church members. With focussed [[division of labour]], families were motivated to take up manual jobs of their interest; they became specialised in farming, carpentry and tinsmith. By the time Mizoram was given an inclusive administrative system as [[Union Territory]] in 1972,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sharma|first=Arvind K.|date=1997|title=District Councils in the North-East|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0019556119970345|journal=Indian Journal of Public Administration|language=en|volume=43|issue=3|pages=783–793|doi=10.1177/0019556119970345|s2cid=187091493|url-access=subscription}}</ref> political and economic lives were rehabilitated.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Prasad|first=R.N.|date=1991|title=Administration of Justice in Mizoram|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0019556119910109|journal=Indian Journal of Public Administration|language=en|volume=37|issue=1|pages=111–123|doi=10.1177/0019556119910109|s2cid=152963928|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Chana's community became a self-sustaining "industrial colony," and a formidable social and political force as they managed to get majority of votes in government elections, especially in those of [[village council]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dokhuma|first=James|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.467548|title=Ibid.|date=1997|pages=78–79}}</ref>

==== Official name ====
The sect by then were known by different names such as Khuangtuaha Pawl, Khurbing and Chana Pawl. As they became a consolidated community without any officially approved recognition, Darhmingliana, the Administrative Officer of Baktawng, suggested them the name ''Lalpa Kohhran Thar''. In 1971, the sect approved the new name.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dokhuma|first=James|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.467548|title=Ibid.|date=1973|pages=80}}</ref>

=== Ziona and Chhuanthar ===
As Chana died on 27 February 1997, his eldest son Ziona became an elected successor.<ref name=":65"/> Ziona was born on 21 July 1945 as Zionthanga. Popularly known among the Mizo natives as Pu Ziona,<ref>{{Cite news|title=Pu Ziona, Father Of World's Largest Family Dies At 76|language=en|newspaper=Ukhrul Times|url=https://ukhrultimes.com/pu-ziona-father-of-worlds-largest-family-dies-at-76/|access-date=14 June 2021}}</ref><ref name=":03">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2016-10-22|title=World's Biggest Family in Mizoram|url=https://mizoramtourism.org/general/worlds-biggest-family-in-mizoram|access-date=2021-06-14|website=Mizoram Tourism|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":34"/> he is often misnamed in the non-native media as Ziona Chana.<ref name=":14">{{Cite news|date=2021-06-14|title=Ziona Chana: Head of 'world's largest family' dies in India's Mizoram state|language=en-GB|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-57465379|access-date=2021-06-14}}</ref><ref name="Marry22">{{Cite news|date=23 July 2013|title=Mizoram man with 39 wives raring to marry again|newspaper=The Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/Mizoram-man-with-39-wives-raring-to-marry-again/articleshow/21260695.cms|url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141003002852/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/Mizoram-man-with-39-wives-raring-to-marry-again/articleshow/21260695.cms|archive-date=3 October 2014}}</ref><ref name="Academy22">{{Cite web|title=Family: Ziona Chana has 39 wifes and 94 children: a world record (Video)|url=http://www.worldrecordacademy.com/society/biggest_family_Ziona_Chana_has_39_wifes_and_94_children_a_world_record_112126.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221230459/http://www.worldrecordacademy.com/society/biggest_family_Ziona_Chana_has_39_wifes_and_94_children_a_world_record_112126.html|archive-date=21 February 2014|access-date=15 March 2015|publisher=Worldrecord Academy}}</ref> The sect called him by the honorific title "Hotupa" (literally meaning leader or master).<ref name=":72">{{Cite web|date=2011-11-09|title=Man with 160-member family in Mizoram|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/203573/man-160-member-family-mizoram.html|access-date=2021-06-15|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref> He became the most prolific polygamous man of the sect. He married his first wife Zaṭhiangi, who was three years his senior, at the age of 17;<ref name=":82">{{Cite news|last=Delhi|first=Amrit Dhillon|date=2021-06-14|title=Ziona Chana, head of 'world's largest family', dies — leaving 38 widows|language=en|work=[[The Times]]|url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/ziona-chana-head-of-worlds-largest-family-dies-leaving-38-widows-x86ntcxb2|access-date=2021-06-15|issn=0140-0460}}</ref> and the last in 2004.<ref name=":122">{{Cite web|last=Chaturvedi|first=Amit|date=2021-06-15|title=Family of Mizoram's Ziona claims he's still alive, refuses to perform last rites|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/family-of-mizoram-s-ziona-claims-he-s-still-alive-refuse-to-perform-last-rites-101623741717816.html|access-date=2021-06-16|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> By the time he took up the leadership, he already had more wives than his father.<ref name=":65"/> He married ten of his wives in the span of one year.<ref name="Inc.201322">{{cite book|author=Ripley's Entertainment Inc.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LVRrAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA42|title=Ripley's Special Edition 2014|date=27 August 2013|publisher=Scholastic|isbn=978-0-545-62260-8|pages=42–}}</ref> It is not known exactly how many wives he had had in his lifetime. By 2005, three were dead and some abandoned him.<ref name=":132">{{Cite web|last=WalesOnline|date=2005-11-21|title=Cult leader'sclaims of 100 children|url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/world-news/cult-leadersclaims-of-100-children-2368729|access-date=2021-06-17|website=WalesOnline|language=en}}</ref> At the time of his death in 2021, he had 38 wives, 89 children and 33 grandchildren.<ref name=":022">{{Cite web|last=Nath|first=Hemanta Kumar|date=13 June 2021|title=Mizoram's Ziona Chana, head of world's largest family, passes away at 76|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/mizoram-ziona-chana-head-of-world-largest-family-dies-at-76-1814359-2021-06-13|access-date=14 June 2021|language=en|newspaper=India Today}}</ref><ref name=":14"/><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Gupta|first1=Swati|last2=Rahim|first2=Zamira|date=2021-06-14|title=The head of the 'world's biggest family' has died at age 76|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/06/14/asia/india-record-family-man-dies-scli-intl/index.html|access-date=2021-06-16|publisher=CNN}}</ref>

==== Social revival ====
Ziona set up a different system of communal living from his predecessors. He constructed separate church and residence. The church is named ''Hnam Thlan Run Pui'' ("Mansion of the Chosen People").<ref name=":27" /> His massive four-storied house called ''Chhuanthar Run'' (CTR, meaning "Abode of the New Generation") enclosed more than 100 rooms for 200 inhabitants of Ziona's direct family.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-02-22|title=Indian man with 39 wives, 94 children and 33 grandchildren|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/8340679/Indian-man-with-39-wives-94-children-and-33-grandchildren.html|access-date=2021-07-12|website=The Telegraph}}</ref> Ziona had a double bedroom in the ground floor of this mansion and his wives took turns to sleep with him according to a roster. His younger wives stayed close to his room on the same floor and there were always seven to eight wives attending to his needs during the day. All older wives live in the dormitories on the first floor of the mansion, while the younger wives live on the ground floor.<ref name="Gregory22"/><ref name="Record2">{{Cite news|date=22 February 2011|title=Man has 39 wives, nearly 100 children|publisher=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-family-idUSTRE71L4VH20110222|url-status=live|access-date=19 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924151358/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/02/22/us-india-family-idUSTRE71L4VH20110222|archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="Academy22"/> His community became a major tourist attraction in Mizoram.<ref name=":34"/><ref>{{Cite web|last=Panwar|first=Sanya|date=2016-03-03|title=Travelling to Mizoram: Why you must make plans (Like right now!)|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/travel/travelling-to-mizoram-why-you-must-make-plans-like-right-now/story-yN3ZF5Wshtadh9eY34VRVJ.html|access-date=2021-07-11|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> To receive visitors, he constructed a separate guesthouse named ''Khualbuk''.<ref name="Marry22"/>

Ziona's personality and social organisation attracted many people and he was joined by many new followers, with a total of about 3,000 members in the sect,<ref name=":18" /> in 350 families.<ref name=":5" /> About 300 families live in Tlangnuam itself.<ref name=":27" /> In one of the most pivotal and moral revolutions of the sect, Ziona prohibited illicit extramarital sex.<ref name=":18" /> Since his father, the sect leader did not intervene in marriage proceedings, which are solely decided and organised by the elected priests.<ref name=":30"/>

Ziona introduced formal education. During his lifetime, the community has government recognised schools up to higher secondary education, all named ''Chhuanthar''. He ensured that all children have education.<ref name=":19" /> He also introduced sport facilities for the children. There is a football field-sized ground called ''Chhuanthar Stadium.'' The stadium is used for all sports and mass gatherings.<ref name=":21">{{Cite web|last=Lalremruata|first=A.H.|date=2012-01-18|title=Larsap-in Pu Zion-a leh a chhungte tlawh|trans-title=Governor visits Pu Ziona and family|url=https://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/post/larsap-in-pu-zion-a-leh-a-chhungte-tlawh|access-date=2021-07-11|website=dipr.mizoram.gov.in|language=Mizo}}</ref> For festivals and official programmes, Ziona introduced a military-like system for all members. They have properly ranked uniforms and duties including mass parades.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2016-07-22|title=Ziona, who has 38 wives and 89 children, turns 72|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/Ziona-who-has-38-wives-and-89-children-turns-72/article14502917.ece|access-date=2021-07-11|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The work culture started by Chana and fostered by Ziona made the sect one of the most industrious communities in Mizoram. They are recognised and supported by the state government,<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":26" /> and the Governor and Chief Ministers of Mizoram in persons.<ref name=":21" /><ref name=":14"/> As his family said, not a day (other than religious days) would pass without Ziona working from morning to evening.<ref name=":19" /> One advantage of having one big family is an efficient workforce. Even when other families are in need of help, Ziona would deploy his workforce freely for assistance.<ref name=":8" />

Ziona also developed a liberal world view. In contrast to his predecessors, who largely lived in seclusion from neighbouring communities and government establishments, Ziona allowed members to participate in the various social organisations of the [[Mizo people]], and cast vote independently in government elections.<ref name=":28">{{Cite news|last=McCoy|first=Terrence|date=2014-04-14|title=Indian politicians court man with 'world's biggest family:' 39 wives, 127 offspring|language=en-US|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2014/04/14/indian-politicians-court-man-with-worlds-biggest-family-39-wives-127-offspring/|access-date=2021-07-11|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> The community is part (an official branch) of the [[Young Mizo Association]], the largest non-governmental organisation in Mizoram.<ref name=":20" /> Women are also members of the [[Mizoram Hmeichhe Insuihkhawm Pawl]], the biggest women's organisation among the Mizo people. The government had also constructed MHIP building for them.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MLALADS 27- Tuikum|url=https://dcserchhip.mizoram.gov.in/page/mlalads-27-tuikum|access-date=2021-07-11|website=dcserchhip.mizoram.gov.in|language=en}}</ref>

Ziona instituted a community service day. On every Monday, no one is allowed to run their own errands. The elders draw schedules for each individual to perform community work of their ability. Routine works include cleaning streets, repairing roads, repairing of someone else's house, caring for someone else's farm, and helping families in need of workforce.<ref name=":27" /> The monthly [[tithe]] (contribution of one-tenth of their earnings) is utilised mainly for this day.<ref name=":5" /> Even the children have to do sweeping streets in the morning before they attend their schools.<ref name=":27" />

==== World record ====
By 2005, with 15 wives and more than 100 children, Ziona could have been eligible for as heading the biggest family in the ''[[Guinness World Records]]''.<ref name=":132"/> In 2007, he was formally proposed for entry into the Guinness, but as the officials visited him for verification and documentary evidences, he refused to have his photograph taken.<ref name=":222"/> In 2011, he explained to a ''[[CNN]]'' reporter, the reason he declined the record was that "he doesn't want the publicity."<ref name=":24"/> Still, he is known as the Guinness world record holder for having the biggest family,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-13|title=Mizoram News {{!}} Ziona Chana head of the world's largest family with 38 wives and 89 children passes away {{!}} The head of the world's largest family dies, 38 wives and 89 children in the family|url=https://www.latestindianewstoday.com/mizoram-news-ziona-chana-head-of-the-worlds-largest-family-with-38-wives-and-89-children-passes-away-the-head-of-the-worlds-largest-family-dies-38-wives-and-89-children-in-the-family/|access-date=2021-06-14|website=Latest India News Today|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":65"/> even in government sources.<ref name=":03"/><ref name=":34"/> But Guinness has no record for biggest/largest human family.<ref name=":14"/><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhattacharjya|first=Samhati|date=2018-07-12|title=Largest family on Earth? Ukrainian man with 346 living relatives applies for Guinness World Record|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/largest-family-earth-ukrainian-man-346-living-relatives-applies-guinness-world-record-774612|access-date=2021-06-14|website=International Business Times|language=en}}</ref>

Ziona's family is recorded by the World Record Academy as setting the world record for the "Biggest Family". At the time of the record entry in 2011, Ziona had 39 wives, 94 children, 14-daughters-in-laws and 33 grandchildren.<ref name=":92"/> The same year, ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' listed the family as "The Biggest Family in the World".<ref name=":102"/> Ziona was listed as "head of the world's biggest family" in the London World Records in 2019.<ref name=":112"/>

In 2011, ''Ripley's Believe It or Not!'', while recording Ziona's family as the largest living family in the world, observed: "It's a safe bet that Ziona Chana would not be impressed watching ''19 Kids and Counting'' or ''Sister Wives''. The 75-year-old Indian man had 39 wives, 94 children and 33 grandchildren and 1 great grandchild."<ref name="Story23">{{Cite news|date=16 December 2011|title=Indian with 39 wives, 94 kids is the strangest story of 2011|newspaper=The Hindu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2720021.ece|url-status=live|access-date=3 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221092551/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2720021.ece|archive-date=21 February 2014}}</ref> Ziona and his family was included in 2013's ''Ripley Believe It or Not'' book 9.<ref name="Inc.201323">{{cite book|author=Ripley's Entertainment Inc.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LVRrAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA42|title=Ripley's Special Edition 2014|date=27 August 2013|publisher=Scholastic|isbn=978-0-545-62260-8|pages=42–}}</ref><ref name=":42"/>

== Beliefs and practices ==
The central theological theme of Lalpa Kohhran Thar is [[millennialism]]. As conceived by Khuangtuaha, they are chosen to be part of the thousand-year-reign of Jesus Christ,<ref name=":31">{{Cite web|last=|first=|last2=|last3=|first3=|date=2011-02-21|title=The Family Guy: 39 wives, 94 children|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/news/india/the-family-guy-39-wives-94-children/articleshow/16103666.cms|access-date=2021-07-12|website=Mumbai Mirror|language=en}}</ref> the concept known to them as ''Kum Sang Rorel''.<ref name=":31" /> They believe in the literal event of the Bible's Revelation Chapter 20, expecting Jesus to rule in this world.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-10-17|title=Facts to know about Chana, the man with the world's largest family|url=https://thenortheasttoday.com/states/mizoram/facts-to-know-about-chana-the-man-with-the-worlds-largest/cid2550603.htm|access-date=2021-07-12|website=The Northeast Today|language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name=":36">{{Cite web|date=2011-02-20|title=Mizo man has 39 wives, 94 children, 33 grandchildren|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-mizo-man-has-39-wives-94-children-33-grandchildren-1510550|access-date=2021-07-12|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref>

Lalpa Kohhran Thar is judged by other Christian denominations as having elements hardly of Christianity.<ref name=":18" /> But the members claim that they are fully Christians and are not much different from other denominations. As their public spokesman C. Lalrinthanga explained, "Where we differ is putting into practice what the [[Gospel]] tells us, like charity, hard work, honesty, helping thy neighbours, simplicity and equality. We also have a very strong Mizo influence in everything we do, unlike other churches where Mizo cultural practices have made way for [[Western Christianity|Western-style rituals]]."<ref name=":27" />

Football tournaments are organised twice in a year. The first held in February is to commemorate the dead members calling the event as ''Pindan Lehlamte Hun Chan'' (literally "Time for Next Door People"), and the next in December called ''Thilsiamte Hun Chan'' ("For Nature") is specifically for awareness for nature conservation.<ref name=":29" />

=== Polygamy ===
Polygamy is the most outstanding practice of Lalpa Kohhran Thar. Khuangtuaha had decreed that a man may marry as many wives as he can support.<ref name=":182">{{Cite web|date=2011-11-09|title=Man with 160-member family in Mizoram|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/203573/man-160-member-family-mizoram.html|access-date=2021-06-17|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref> Members believe this practice as "divinely ordained."<ref name=":18" /> The practice was started by Chana, who married seven wives while living at their original settlement in Hmawngkawn.<ref name=":30" /> Ziona gave the explanation as: "I believe God has chosen us to be like this [to have big families]... I never wanted to get married but that's the path God has chosen for me. It's not my wish to keep marrying again and again."<ref name=":24"/> Ziona's marriages were seen in the family as an act of chivalry as his wives either were from a poor family or orphans.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Daniels|first=Colin|date=2011-10-23|title=181 members of same family live together|url=http://www.digitalspy.com/fun/a347047/181-members-of-same-family-live-in-one-house/|access-date=2021-07-12|website=Digital Spy|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Mayank|date=2020-06-26|title=Unbelievable: World's Largest Family With 181 Members Lives In Mizoram|url=https://www.bouncefeed.com/unbelievable-worlds-largest-family-with-181-members-lives-in-mizoram/|access-date=2021-07-13|website=BounceFeed|language=en-US}}</ref> The senior wives welcome the newcomers and there are never rivalries between them.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Koh|first=Maureen|date=2012-02-21|title=Wife No.39 is 'luckiest woman in the world'|url=https://www.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne+News/Asia/Story/A1Story20120220-329009.html|access-date=2021-07-12|website=www.asiaone.com}}</ref> His eldest son Nunparliana said in the ''[[New York Post]]'', "Most of the women whom my father married were poor and orphan women of this village. By marrying them, he has set an example in the history of mankind."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Venezia|first=Todd|date=2011-02-20|title=Sprawl in the family|url=https://nypost.com/2011/02/20/sprawl-in-the-family-2/|access-date=2021-07-13|website=New York Post|language=en-US}}</ref>

However, polygamy is not an imposition and men are not entirely free to choose such marriages or their wives; they have to be approved by the priests.<ref name=":30" /> Only few elite and affluent members are eligible for having or would afford multiple wives. As Ziona's grandson Hmingthanzauva explained, saying, "My grandfather is specially appointed by God to have as many wives as possible and to look after them. But for me, having one wife and one son is quite enough. There is no rule or tradition as such that we have to follow polygamy, for me it's actually unbearable."<ref name=":24"/>

=== Festivals and ceremonies ===
Lalpa Kohhran Thar observes traditional Christian festivals such as Christmas and New Year. But they discard Good Friday and replaced it with the death anniversary of Khuangtuaha on 30 March.<ref name=":1" /> The foundation day of the sect is observed on 12 June as a festival named "''Bawkte Kut''".<ref name=":31" /><ref name=":36" />

Ziona's birthday is celebrated on 21 July with all-day activities including church service, parading, and choral performances.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2016-07-21|title=Ziona, who has 38 wives and 89 children, turns 72|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Ziona-who-has-38-wives-and-89-children-turns-72/article14501045.ece|access-date=2021-07-12|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The day concludes with a feast.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Man From Mizoram, With World's Largest Family, Celebrates Birthday|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/say-happy-birthday-to-the-man-who-has-worlds-largest-family-1434430|access-date=2021-07-12|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> They normally celebrate the occasion for two days, the second day being entirely mass dancing called ''khuallampui.''<ref name=":29" />

== Community life ==
The community life of Lalpa Kohhran Thar is described as "a blend of [[democracy]] and [[communism]]."<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=|first=|last2=|last3=|first3=|date=2010-06-19|title=Meet the world's largest family|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/news/india/meet-the-worlds-largest-family/articleshow/16027269.cms|access-date=2021-07-09|website=Mumbai Mirror|language=en}}</ref> Members are free to choose their profession, education, and public services including voting in government elections. Most of them are artisans and are acclaimed for being industrious and hardworking.<ref name=":18" /> Some are well educated and hold important government services. As a prominent example, C. Larinthanga, who joined the sect in 2007<ref name=":18" /> and holds the responsibility of public relations is a bank officer under the [[Government of Mizoram]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|date=2011-11-09|title=Man with 160-member family in Mizoram|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/203573/man-160-member-family-mizoram.html|access-date=2021-07-09|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref> Some have become medical doctors, engineers, bureaucrats, school teachers, and armed forces.<ref name=":27" /> All families give monthly tithe which are used for various developmental activities of the church and welfare of the members.<ref name=":5" /> Nunparliana had proudly remarked: "There's no poverty here because we share everything."<ref name=":27" />

Their work culture and productivity are more familiar to most Mizo people than their religious practices. One of their most popular products is a cooking pot popularly known as "Mizo cooker" along with other aluminium utensils.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|last=Chhandammawia|date=2019-11-26|title=Baktawng-a Chhuanthar Tlangnuam Carpentry Cluster Society chu Commerce & Industry Minister Dr. R. Lalthangliana tukin khan a tlawh a, thawktuten lo dawngsawngin an hmunhma te an fanpui bakah an hmalak dante an hrilhfiah a ni.|trans-title=Commerce & Industry Minister Dr. R. Lalthangliana visited Chhuanthar Tlangnuam Carpentry Cluster Society at Baktawng this morning.|url=https://www.zonet.in/baktawng-a-chhuanthar-tlangnuam-carpentry-cluster-society-chu-commerce-industry-minister-dr-r-lalthangliana-tukin-khan-a-tlawh-a-thawktuten-lo-dawngsawngin-an-hmunhma-te-an-fanpui-bakah-an-hm/|access-date=2021-07-09|website=Zonet|language=Mizo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Lalnunmawii|date=2019-10-07|title=Art & Culture buatsaih exhibition kharna hun hmang|language=Mizo|trans-title=Closing function of exhibition organised by Art and Culture|work=dipr.mizoram.gov.in|url=https://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/post/art-culture-buatsaih-exhibition-kharna-hun-hmang|access-date=2021-07-09}}</ref> Every family has either carpentry or tinsmith workshop, and their products are also exported to neighbouring regions.<ref name=":27" /> Carpentry is one of their major achievements through ages, and about 70% of the families are entirely dependent on it.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Handicraft {{!}} Serchhip District, Government of Mizoram {{!}} India|url=https://serchhip.nic.in/handicraft/|access-date=2021-07-11|language=en-US}}</ref> Their products such as doors and window frames are available in the cities. Door panels are their major product accounting for 23% of their carpentry output.<ref name=":25" />

In 2020, the [[Small Industries Development Bank of India]] recognised the achievement by providing Cluster Development Programme on Carpentry.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Zoliani|first=Mina|date=2010-03-10|title=Cluster Development Programme on Carpentry|url=https://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/post/cluster-development-programme-on-carpentry|access-date=2021-07-09|website=dipr.mizoram.gov.in|language=en}}</ref> They received INR 50000000 (~USD6.7 million) for the project.<ref name=":6" /> In 2012, following several fires in different parts Mizoram making many families homeless, they donated Mizo cookers and window frames to the victim families.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|last2=|last3=|first3=|date=2012-02-27|title=Sect donates utensils, window frames to families ravaged by fires|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/sect-donates-utensils-window-frames-to-families-ravaged-by-fires/articleshow/12060127.cms|access-date=2021-07-09|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> The Mizoram Science, Technology and Innovative Council, under the Directorate of Science and Technology, Government of Mizoram, provides a project for sawdust processing and charcoal manufacture since 2021.<ref name=":26">{{Cite web|date=2021-04-01|title=Development of Sawdust Briquetting and Charcoal Making Plant at Chhuanthar Tlangnuam (Baktawng Village)|url=https://sstp.dst.gov.in/ss?pgId=13|access-date=2021-07-09|website=sstp.dst.gov.in}}</ref>

Many families are agricultural farmers, and their products are appreciated by the state government. In 2013, the government declared and awarded Tlangnuam as the "Best Village" in Mizoram for successful farmings under the New Land Use Policy.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013|title=Report of the 'State Level Selection Committee' on NLUP award 2013|url=https://nlup.mizoram.gov.in/page/report-of-the-state-level-selection-committee-on-nlup-award-2013.html|access-date=2021-07-09|website=mizoram.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2013|title=Report on observation of 'Kuthnathawktute Ni' at Serchhip for Serchhip district on 14/1/2013 starting from 11:00 am|url=http://164.100.185.15/kuthnathawk2013.html|access-date=2021-07-09|website=|publisher=Serchhip District, Government of Mizoram}}</ref> The main achievement for the award was cultivation and crafting of brooms.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lalremruata|first=A. H.|date=2013-04-11|title=Serchhip district-ah Soil & Water Conservation Department ten NLUP tanpuina an sem|trans-title=Soil & Water Conservation Department distribute NLUP grants at Serchhip district|url=https://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/post/serchhip-district-ah-soil-water-conservation-department-ten-nlup-tanpuina-an-sem|access-date=2021-07-09|website=dipr.mizoram.gov.in|language=Mizo}}</ref> In 2014, the government funded them for mass cultivation of [[aloe vera]] for soap industry.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kawlni|first=Zonuna|date=2014-08-08|title=Baktawng-a Sahbon siamtu ten mipui mamawh phuhru zolo|trans-title=Baktawng soap makers yet to produce more|url=https://lenkawl.khampat.com/2014/09/baktawng-sahbon-siamtu-ten-mipui-mamawh.html|access-date=2021-06-09|website=lenkawl.khampat.com|language=Mizo}}</ref> The soap industry was created using the funds from the National Mission on Medicinal Plants under the National Medicinal Plants Board, Government of India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-04 |title=NMMP |url=https://horticulture.mizoram.gov.in/page/nmmp |access-date=2021-07-09|website=horticulture.mizoram.gov.in|language=en}}</ref> In 2014, they were featured alongside Bollywood actress [[Sakshi Tanwar]] for a television promotional advertisement of soap.<ref name=":0" />

In Serchhip district elections, the sect become a formidable voting community. They tend to vote for a particular candidate or party in unison despite Ziona's permission to exercise individual's voting rights and support political party of their choice.<ref name=":8" /> For this reason, they became the main centre of attention for candidates. Ziona's family alone can make decisive votes, as one of his wives Rinkimi proudly said, "When we go to vote, we always cast our ballots for the same candidate or party. That means more than 160-odd votes are assured from one family."<ref name=":28" />

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Christianity in Mizoram]]
[[Category:Polygamy in Asia]]
[[Category:Polygamy in Christianity]]